Democracy Q&amp A

1
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rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif; oD[ armifarmif

pmtkyftvSqif ausmfwifhOD;
xkwfa0jzefŒcsd a&pD;oH
yHkESdyfjcif; yxrt}udrf/ 2010 jynfhESpf Zefe0g&Dv
tkyfa& (500)
wefzdk; bwf 200
3
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'DaeŒ[m jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk t_yD;wdkifz,f&Sm;_yD; vlŒtcGifhta&;/

'Drdkua&pDa&;eJŒ _idrf;csrf;a&;pwhJ aumif;jrwfjcif;rsm;eJŒ jynfhpHkpnfyifwJh EdkifiHwpfckjzpfapvdk-uolawGu
&Spfav;vHk;jynfolŒ'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHk}uD;vdkŒ ac:a0:_yD; ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk &moufyef wnfwHh
cdkif_rJapvdk-uolawGu &Spfav;vHk;qlylr+ ta&;tcif;vdkŒ ac:a0:wJh ordkif;0iftjzpftysuf}uD; jzpfyGm;cJh
wm tESpfESpfq,fwif;wif; jynfhajrmufwJhaeŒjzpfygw,f?
vGecf w
hJ hJ tESpEf pS q
f ,fe;D yg;jzpfwhJ (1989) ckEpS &f ŒJ tapmydik ;f umv aeŒwpfaeŒrSm tJ'w
D ek ;f
u (NLD) ygwD&JŒ twGif;a&;rª;tjzpf wm0ef,lxm;wJh owif;pmq&m}uD;OD;0if;wifu urm&Gwf
0*~D&yfuGufxJu pma&;q&mr (aemifrSm NLD ukd,fpm;jyKjynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fjzpfvmol)
a&$ul arESif;&JŒtdrfrSm 'Drdkua&pDa&;qkdif&m aqG;aEG;a[majymyGJ wpfckudk OD;aqmifjyKvkyfcJhygw,f?
tJ'DyGJrSm vlwpfa,mufu OD;0if;wifudk “jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJ[m tckqdk&if ESpfoHk;q,feD;yg; -umjrifh
cJh_yD? tckxdvnf; atmifyGJr&ao;bl; æ bma-umifhtJoavmuf -umae&wmvJ”vdkŒ ar;jref;cJhyg
w,f? 'DtcgrSm OD;0if;wifu“odyf-umw,fvdkŒawmh ajymvdkŒr&ygbl;? pydefEdkifiHrSmqdk&if tm%m&Sif
AdkvfcsKyf}uD; z&efudku ESpfav;q,feD;yg; tkyfpdk;cJhwmyJ”vdkŒ jyefajzcJhygw,f?
tJ'Da[majymaqG;aEG;yGJ jyKvkyfcJh_yD; r-umrDrSm OD;0if;wif axmifxJa&mufoGm;ygw,f?
tckolaxmifxJ a&mufaecJhwm tESpfESpfq,feD;yg;&dSaeyg_yD? (1962) ckESpfupwGuf&if jrefrmjynfrSm
ppftm%m&Sifpepf }uD;pdk;aecJhwm (46)ESpf &dSae_yDqdkwJh oabmygyJ?
4
vuf a wG Œ usus avh v moH k ; oyf _ yD ; ajym&&if &S p f a v;vH k ; ta&;awmf y H k } uD ; twG i f ;
jrefrmjynfolawG vdkvm;awmif;qkdcJh-uwJh t&mawG &&dSa&;[mvnf; ppftm%m&SifpepfatmufrSm
(46)ESpfwdkif jzwfoef;cJh-u_yD;wJh aemufrSmawmif aemifvmhr,fh ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; atmifjrifjynfh
ajrmufzdkŒ tvm;tvm enf;yg;aew,fqdkwmudk awGŒjrif-u&rSmjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtajctae&JŒ tudsK;
quftjzpf jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDa&; jy\em[m EdkifiHwum tm±Hkpl;pdkufr+&JŒ A[dkcsuf teD;odkŒ wa&GŒa&GŒ
csOf;uyfa&muf&dSvmaeygw,f? 'Dtaetxm;awGa-umifh wpfzufrSm jrefrmEdkifiH[m urBmay:rSm ppf
tm%m&SifpepfatmufrSm ESpfumvt&Snf-umqHk;ae&wJh EdkifiHtjzpf pHcsdefopfwif&awmhr,fhyHk &dSae_yD;
tjcm;wpfzufrSmawmh jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJ&JŒ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; &Snf-umcufcJwJh oGifjyifvuQ%mawG
a-umifh 'Drdkua&pDbufawmfom; urBmhEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ urBmhEdkifiHa&; awG;ac:ynm&Sifrsm;tae
eJŒ tcsdefawGydk-umvmwmeJŒtr# jrefrmhta&;udk urBm}uD;&JŒ _idrf;csrf;vkH_cHKwnf_idrfa&; tay:
oufa&mufr+}uD;rm;wJh ta&;udpPwpf&yftjzpf oabmxm;_yD; ajz&Sif;zdkŒ 0dkif;0ef;}udK;yrf; vm-uawmh
rSmrdkŒ atmifyGJ&oGm;csdefrSm jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDatmifyGJ[m jrefrmjynfolawGtwGufomru urBmwpfv$m;
u 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJh jynfoloef;aygif;rsm;pGmwdkŒtwGufyg tusdK;aus;Zl;}uD;rm;pGm jzpfxGef;apr,fh
urBmvHk;qdkif&m atmifyGJ( Global Victory )}uD;wpfck rvGJraoGjzpfvmrSm jzpfygw,f/
'gayr,fh vuf&dStcsdefrSmawmh jrefrmjynfolawG[m ppftm%m&SifpepfqdkwJh euf±ªdif;us,f
ajym -urf;wrf;oavmuf aumufusppf Of;vJra+ wGeŒJ jynfEh u S af ewJyh ifv,fjyifukd ausmjf zwf_yD; wpfzuf
urf;ajcudk ta&mufoGm;EdkifzdkŒ tyef;w}uD; ul;cwfae-u&qJJ jzpfygw,f?
zdvpfydkif/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;/ ta&SŒOa&my jynfolawG&JŒ tHkºuGv+yf&Sm;r+awGeJŒ Ed+if;,SOf-unfhvdkuf
wJth cg &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D [m b,fEikd if uH vlxv k y+ &f mS ;r+awGxufrqdk ydrk }kd u;D rm;jyif;xefcw hJ m
tmvHk;todjzpfayr,hf q,fpkESpf ESpfck vGefajrmufvmwJhtxd atmifyGJr&ao;wmeJŒ ywfouf_yD;
avhvmoH;k oyf a0zefajymqdk ae-uwmawG &dyS gw,f? tjrifawGu trdsK;rdsK;yg? wcsKd Œu jynfoal wG[m
olwdkŒeJŒ xdkufwefwJh tpdk;&udk &aejcif;omjzpfw,fqdk_yD; jynfolawGudk tjypfjrif-uw,f? wcsdKŒu
(e0w) (etz) ppftkyfpk[m &ufpuf-urf;-uKwf aumufuspfpOf;vJvGef;vSw,fvdkŒ ajym-uw,f?
wcsdKŒu w±kwfeJŒ±k&Sm;a-umifhvdkŒ ajym-uw,f? wcsdKŒu tmqD,Hudk vufnd‡K;xkd;-uw,f? wcsdKŒu
typf&yftzG@J awGa-umifv h Œkd ajym-uw,f? wcsKd Œu( NLD )&JŒ OD;aqmifrn + zhH si;f vdŒk qdjk y;D ajym-uw,f?
tjrifawGuawmh trsm;}uD;ygyJ?
5
'Dpmtkyx f rJ mS tJ't
D jriftrsKd ;rdsL;tjyif tjcm;jrefrmh'rD u
kd a&pDa&;eJŒ ywfoufqufE, G af ewJh
ta-umif;jcif;&mrsm;udk wwfEdkifoavmuf pHkEdkifor#pHkatmif a&G;cs,fpkpnf;_yD; aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;yg
w,f? tJovdk wifjywJhae&mrSm tjzpftysufawG[m ordkif;qdkif&mtjzpftysufawG jzpfwma-umifh
ordkif;pmtkyfwpftkyfvdk jzpf&yfrsm;udk tpOfvdkuf wifjy&rSm jzpfayr,fh ynm&SifawG tav;xm; &nf
n$ef;udk;um;&avmufatmif cdkifrmcefŒjim;wJh ordkif;pmtkyf}uD;wpftkyf jzpfvmavmufwJhtxd
a&;om;jyKpkzŒkd vH;k 0tajctae ray;wma-umifh ordik ;f yH&k yd rf sm;udk tweftoifh xif[yfEikd _f yD; pmzwfol
rsm;vnf; zwf±+&mrSmydk_yD; ayghayghyg;yg; jzpfEdkifr,fh tar;tajzyHkpHudkyJ toHk;jyKxm;ygw,f?
'gayr,fh 'DpmtkyfxJu tar;rsm;[m ppftpdk;& tqufquf vufatmuf jrefrmEdkifiHrSm
jynfolrsm;twGif; trSefwu,fyJ aqG;aEG;ajymqdkae-uwJh t"du ta-umif;t&m}uD;rsm;udk
xif[yfr+&dS_yD; tajzawG[mvnf; 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJh jynfolvlxk}uD; &ifxJu qENoabmxm;awGudk
udk,fpm;jyKw,fqdkwJh tcsufudkawmh tcdkiftrm tmrcH ajym-um;vdkygw,f/
(bGJŒjzL)
pm_yD;ESpf 2009ckESpf/ rwfv27 &uf?
6
ar;? ? tckqdk&if &Spfav;vHk; ta&;tcif; jzpfysufcJhwm tESpf

20 wif;wif; jynfhoGm;cJh+yD? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dta&;tcif;rSm yg0ifqENjy
cJh=uolawG tJ'Dwkef;u awmif;qdkcJh=uwJht&mawG (tESpfom&tm;
jzifh) bmwckrS r&ao;bl;? 'Dtaetxm;udk=unfh+yD; wcsdK@u (tJ'D
wcsKd @xrJ mS &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;tcif;wke;f u ud,
k w
f ikd yf g0if qENjycJ=h uol
awGvnf; ygygw,f) &Spfav;vHk; ta&;tcif;rSm qENjyolawGbufu
±_H;edrfhcJhw,f? wenf;ajym&&if &Spfav;vHk; ta&;tcif;[m olwdk@
twGuf ±_H;edrfhr_wckvdk@ cHpm;ajymqdkcJh=uwmawG&dSw,f? tJ'Doabm
xm;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; cifAsm;&J@tjrifudk ajymygOD;?
ajz? ? 'Dar;cGef;udk rajzcifa0g[m& toHk;tE_ef;udpPudk usaemf

t&if&Sif;csifw,f? yxr&Sif;csifwmu &Spfav;vHk; ta&;tcif;qdkwJh
toH;k tE_e;f yJ? &Spaf v;vH;k [m ta&;tcif; r[kwyf gb;l ? vltyk pf w k pk
( group )? vl r sd K ;pk w pk ( nationality ) vl @ tod k i f ; t0d k i f ; wck
(community) u olwdk@&JŒ rauseyfcsufawGudk azmfxkwf&mu
tm%mydkifawGeJŒ xdyfwdkufawGwJh ta&;tcif;rsdK; r[kwfbl;? cifAsm;
taeeJ@ (1974-75-76) ckESpfawGrSm jzpfyGm;cJhwJh tjzpftysufawGudk
tvkyo f rm; ta&;tcif;/ OD;oef@ta&;tcif;/ rdi_ ;f &mjynft h a&;tcif;
pojzifh ac:a0:oHk;E_ef;Edkifygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh tJ'D tjzpf
tysufawGtwGif; yg0ifqENjycJh=uolawG&JŒ awmif;qdkcsufawGxJrSm
tm;vHk;eJ@ oufqkdifaewJh vGwfvyfcGifh/ vltcGifhta&;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pD
wkd@yg0ifcJhwmrSefayr,fh tJ'Dawmif;qdkwJh tcGifhta&;awG&J@ t0ef;
yrm%t&a&m yg0ifqifEGJol ta&twGuft&a&m jzpfysufwJhae&m
awG&J@ ta&twGuft&a&m tjzpftysufawG&J@ =umjrihfwJhtcsdef
umv twdkif;twmt&yg &Spfav;vHk;eJ@ Ed_if;,SOf&if odyfrajymy
avmufwma=umifhjzpfygw,f?
&Spfav;vHk;uawmh b,fvdk±_axmifhrsdK;uyJ=unfh=unfh
}uD ; rm;jyif ; xef e uf ± _ d i f ; vS w ma=umif h tJ ' D t jzpf t ysuf [ m
ta&;tcif ; wpf c k q d k w J h omref a 0g[m& toH k ; tE_ e f ; rsd K ;eJ @
azmfjyoifhwJh t&mrsdK;r[kwfygbl;? &Spfav;vHk;[m jynfol@'Drdkua&pD
7
ta&;awmf yHk}uD;(wpfenf;) 'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdkwJh vlxktHkºuGv_yf&Sm;r_}uD; jzpfygw,f?
ay:vGix f if &Sm;atmif Edi_ ;f ,SOw f ifpm;+yD;ajym&if txufuajymcJw h hJ ta&;tcif;awG[m
wif;epf (yifaygif)/ abmfvDabmpwJh upm;enf;awGrSm upm;&wJh yGJi,fawGeJ@wl+yD;
&Spfav;vHk;u awmh aemufqHk;AdkvfvkyGJ}uD;eJ@ wlygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Drdkua&pDudk vdkvm;wJh
jynfolawG taeeJ@ &Spfav;vHk;udk omrefta&;tcif;wpfcktjzpf oabmrxm;oifh/
ajymqdkoHk;E_ef;zdk@ vnf; roifhygbl;?
tzdEydS cf H jrefrmjynfoal wG&@J &Snv f sm;cufc=J urf;wrf;wJh trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmuf
a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;/ zGH+zdK;wdk;wufa&; ±kef;uefr_jzpfpOf}uD;xJrSm xl;jcm;wJh
0daooawGeJ@ jynfhpHkwJh tauG@tcsdK; tvSnfhtajymif;wpfck/ jynfol taxmif taomif;
wdk@&JŒ aoG;/ ac|;/ b0/ toufawG paw;ay;qyfcJh&+yD; ,ae@wdkifvnf; qufvuf ay;qyf
ae&qJjzpfwhJ ta&;awmfy}kH uD;wpfcq k wkd thJ csuu f kd tav;teuf todrw S jf yK&if; &Spaf v;
vHk; jynfol@'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD; 'grSr[kwf &Spfav;vHk; vlxktHkºuGr_}uD;vdk@
av;av;pm;pm; ac:a0:oHk;E_ef;oifhygw,f?
wpfqufwnf;yJ/ tJ'DvlxktHkºuGr_}uD;udk t=urf;zuf+zdKcGJ+yD; tm%mudk
qufvufxdef;csKyfcJhwJh (e0w)(etz) ppftkyfpkawGeJ@ olwdk@&J@aemufvkdufaemufygawG
oHk;E_ef;avh&dSwJh ‘&Spfav;vHk;qlylaomif;usef;r_ta&;tcif;’qdkwJh tac:t0:ta=umif;
quf+yD;aqG;aEG;csifygw,f?
olwdk@ajymwJh qlylaomif;usef;r_ ta&;tcif;qdkwmrsdK; urBmrSm r&dSbl; r[kwf
bl;? &dSygw,f? ta=umif;&if;u rckdifvHk/ tajccHoabmxm;u tjyKoabmxuf tysuf
oabmudk ydkaZmif;ay;? vkyf[efut=urf;zufr_/ yg0ifqifEGJolawGu tpGef;a&muf
w,loefawG/ tJovdrk sKd ; vlpv k t l yk af wG&ŒJ v_y&f mS ;r_awGukd qlyal omif;use;f r_v@kd ac:Edik yf g
w,f? teD;pyfqHk; Oyrmjy&&if emZDvufopfvli,fawG&JŒ vkyf&yfawG? r=umao;rD ESpf
awGe@J 'DEpS x
f rJ mS tmz&duEdik if t H csKd @rmS jzpfymG ;cJw h hJ Edik if jH cm;om; qef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ;r_awG
[m qlylaomif;usef;r_vdk@ trnfwyfEdkifwJh tjzpftysufawGyg?
jrefrmEdkifiH &Spfav;vHk; 'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHk}uD;uawmh tJ'Djzpf&yfawGeJ@
tESpfom&a&m toGifo¾mef t&yg vm;vm;rSrwlygbl;? &Spfav;vHk; 'Drdkua&pD ta&;
awmfyHk}uD;[m tHkusif;zGJ@wnfvmwJh tajccH ta=umif;w&m;awGt&a&m/ vwfwavm
ta=umif;w&m;t&yg usKd ;a=umif;cdik v f rkH _ tjynft h 0&dw S thJ jyif tJ'g&ŒJ tusKd ;quftjzpf
EdkifiHweHwvsm;u jynfolwpf&yfvHk; vSnf;aeavSatmif jrif;aZmif;rusef yg0ifqifEGJcJh
=u+yD; (Adv
k af e0if;eJ@ Adv k pf ed v
f iG wf @kd &ŒJ &uf&ufpufpuf EdyS u f yG +f zdKcGi;f zd@k }udK;pm;cJrh a_ wGa=umifh
jynfolawG a'gorD;[kef;[kef; awmufcJh=u&wJh) ta&;awmfyHkjrpfzsm;ydkif;umveJ@ (rqv
axmuf v S r f ; a&;awG p euf a =umif h acgif ; jzwf r _ a wG ay:vmwJ h ) ta&;awmf y H k jrpf
atmufydkif;umvawGu vGJ&if wurBmvHk; &ifoyf±_armtHh=o csDK;usL;&avmufatmif
pnf;urf;&dw S /hJ nDnw G w f hJ vlxt k ºkH uGvy_ &f mS ;r_}uD;wpfck jzpfygw,f? (1938ckEpS u f ausmif;
8
om;acgi;f aqmif udak tmifausmu f sq;kH cJw
h hJ tjzpftysuu f kd ‘atmifausmt f a&;tcif;’vd@k
rac:bJ ‘1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk’vdk@ ac:r,fqdk&if &Spfq,fh&Spfudkvnf; ‘&Spfav;vHk;
jynfol@'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHk}uD;’vdk@ rac:Edkifp&m bmta=umif;rS r&dSygbl;?
tckcifAsm;&J@ &Spfav;vHk;[m ±_H;edrfhr_wpfckvm;qdkwJh ar;cGef;udk ajzygr,f?
EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk rdrd&J@ toufyrm opPmapmifhod ±dkaovdkuf
em umuG,fapmifha&Smufygr,fvdk@ opPmqdk+yD; ppfOD;pD;csKyfwm0ef xrf;aqmifaewJh Adkvf
ae0if;[m tJ'w D ikd ;f odjynfo/d urBmoday;xm;wJh opPmuwdukd azmufzsu+f yD; (1962)ckEpS f
rwfv(2)&uf ae@rSm EdkifiHawmftm%mudk odrf;,lcJhw,f? tJ'Dtcsufudk t&ifqHk;
tav;teuf rSwfom;xm;zdk@ vdkygw,f? tJ'Dvdk EdkifiHawmfudk ay;xm;wJh uwdopPmudk
azmufzsuf+yD; tm%modrf;cJhjcif;twGuf olay;wJh ta=umif;jycsufu ‘jynfaxmifpk}uD;
+ydKuGJawmhr,fh tE W&m,fa=umifh’qdkwmjzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dta=umif;jycsufeJ@ ywfouf+yD; ±_axmifh
ESpfcku aqG;aEG;p&m&dSygw,f? yxr±_axmifhu
Ad k v f a e0if ; [m tJ't D a=umif;jycsu[ f m b,favmufrsm; rcdik v f kH
jynfaxmifpk+ydKuGJr,fh vd u
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tE W & m,f u d k ra=unmciftxd tJ't D a=umif;jycsuf Adv k af e0if;
pdk;&drfylyefzdk@aeaeomom acg i ;
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f k d tck a emuf yikd ;f rSm
tm%mrod r f ; cif r S m ay:xGufvmwJh wyfrSL;}uD;tcsdK@&JŒ ajympum;awG
pmwrf;awGt& od&cSd &hJ jcif;ygy?J tJ't D m%modr;f r_
tJ ' D t a=umif ;
[m wyfrawmfxdyfydkif; acgif;aqmifawG pka0;wdkif
acgif ; xJ r S m awmif
yif+yD;rS ay:xGufvmwJh qHk;jzwfcsuf r[kwfbl;qdk
vHk;vHk;r&dSchJwm wmudk tJ'Dwkef;u awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if awmf
xif & S m ;ygw,f awmfrsm;rsm; tJ'Dtm%modrf;r,fh tpDtpOfudk
odawmifrodcJh=ubl;qdkwJhtcsufu jyoaeyg
w,f?
‘jynfaxmifpk+ydKuGJr,fh tE W&m,fa=umifh’qdkwJh ta=umif;jycsuf[mvnf;
tm%modrf;+yD;wJhaemufrSmrS awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifwpfa,muf (b,folvJqdkwm
rrSwfrdawmh)u a&;,lvm+yD; Adkvfae0if;u zwf=unfhum oabmwl+yD; wdkif;jynfudk
a=unmvdkufwJh ta=umif;jycsuf jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh Adkvfae0if;[m jynfaxmifpk
+ydKuGrJ ,fh tE &W m,fukd pd;k &dryf yl efz@kd aeaeomom tm%mrodr;f cifrmS tJ't D a=umif; acgi;f
xJrSmawmif vHk;vHk;r&dSchJwm xif&Sm;ygw,f? 'Dtcsuf rSefrrSef a&S@rDaemufrD yk*~Kdvf}uD;rsm;
xHrSm avhvmpHkprf;=unfhEdkifygw,f? 'gu ±_axmifhwpfckyg?
aemuf±_axmifhwpfcku olta=umif;jycJhwJh tJ'DtE W&m,f tJ'Dwkef;u trSef
wu,f&SdaeraeqdkwJh tcsufjzpf+yD; tJ'Dtcsufudk u|efawmfwkd@ avhvm=unhf=u&
9
atmifyg? ‘jynfaxmifpk+ydKuGJr,fh tE W&m,f’vdk@ Adkvfae0if; &nf!$ef;cJhwJh tE W&m,fu
(1947)ckepf tajccHOya'rSmygwJh ‘cGJxGufcGifh’ jzpfygw,f? t*FvdyfqDu vGwfvyfa&;
&,l&mrSm wpfEdkifiHvHk; pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; nDnDn$wfn$wfeJ@ wpfoHwnf; xGufEdkif=uapzdk@
twGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; trSL;jyKwJh EdkifiHacgif;aqmif}uD;awGu tajctae tcsdeftcg
tay: rlwnf+yD; jynfe,fawGtwGuf txl;ojzifh tJ'Dwkef;u ArmuvGJ&if tiftm;
t}uD;qHk; vlrsdK;jzpfwJh &Srf;vlrsdK;awGtwGuf &nf&G,fxnfhoGif;cJhwJh Oya'yk'fr jzpfygw,f?
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; (10)ESpf
t=umrSm cGx J uG v
f u kd cGx J u
G Ef ikd w
f ,f
vdk@ qdkxm;wJh tJ'Dyk'frtwdkif; (10)
ESpf=umvmwJh (1958)ckESpfrSm jynf
axmifpku cGJxGufa&;udpPeJ@ ywfouf
+yD; &Srf;acgif;aqmifwcsKd@qDu toH
awG xGufvmwmrSefygw,f? tJ'D
toH[m (1958)ckESpfrSm ppfwyf&JŒ
yxrt}udrf tm%modrf;r_a=umifh
aysmuf u G , f o G m ;cJ h + yD ; (1960)a&G ;
aumufyGJrSm (yxp) tEdkif&um tpdk;
& jzpfvmcJh+yD;wJhaemufrSm jyefxGuf
vmwmvnf; rSefygw,f? 'gayr,fh
tJ'Dwkef;u yxptpdk;& acgif;aqmif
jzpfcJhwJh 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek&J@ &Spfav;vHk;
ta&;awmf y H k t wG i f ; eJ @ aemuf y d k i f ;
ajym=um;csufawGt& tJ'Dvdk toH
xGuv f mwm&J@ t"duta=umif;&if;u ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG hf ydrk &kd &daS &;aps;qpfz@kd zdtm;ay;r_
om jzpf+yD; Adkvfae0if; tm%mrodrf;rD wpf&uftvdkrSmyJ tJ'DudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; jynf
axmifpk tpdk;&acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ &Srf;jynfe,facgif;aqmifawGt=um; vkyfief;pOfqdkif&m
tao;pdwf tcsuftvuf (Technical Process)awGuvGJvdk@ tajccHtm;jzifh a=ua=u
vnfvnf nd‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;cJh+yD; jzpfw,fvdk@ od&dS&ygw,f? tJ'DtjyifrSm tvGwfoabm
&&dcS w
hJ hJ oabm wlncD suaf wGukd aemufwpfae@(rwfv 2 &uf)v$waf wmftpnf;ta0;rSm
wifjy+yD; w&m;0if twnfjyKEdik zf @kd twGuf acgi;f aqmifawG[m rwfv (1)&ufae@ nOfeh uf
wJhtxd aqG;aEG; +yD;rS rdrdwkd@aetdrftoD;oD;udk jyef+yD; tdyf&m0ifcJh=uwmjzpfygw,f?
tJ'DaemufrSmawmh tm;vHk;od=uwJhtwdkif; tJ'Dnoef;acgifausmf+yD;p tcsdefrSmyJ
tJ'Dacgif;aqmif tm;vHk;vdkvdk[m Adkvfae0if;&JŒ zrf;qD;jcif;ukd cHcJh=u&ygw,f?
10
OD;EkeJ@ tJ'Dae@u tzrf;cHcJh=u&wJh acgif;aqmifawGxJu wcsKd@&J@ aemufydkif;
ajym=um;csuftm;vHk;udk avhvmoHk;oyf=unfhvdkuf&if tJ'Dwkef;u tm%modrf;&mrSm
Adv k af e0if;jycJwh hJ ta=umif;jycsu[ f m bmrSt"dyg` ,f r&db S ;l qdw k m xif&mS ;ygw,f? usaemf
tckwifjycJw h hJ ±_axmifEh pS cf t
k &=unf&h if Adv k af e0if;tm%modr;f wm[m tm%modr;f csif
vdk@ukd odrf;cJhwm? (wpfenf;)tm%mvdkcsifvkd@ odrf;cJhwmqdkwm ay:vGifvSygw,f?
tJ'DaemufrSmawmh Adkvfae0if;[m (wpfydkif;uol@&J@ wkdif;jynfcspfpdwfa=umifh
jzpfcsifvnf;jzpfr,f? usefwpfydkif;u yk*~dKvfa&;}uD;jrifhr_udk wyfrufwJh ol@&J@qENa=umifh
jzpfr,f) ol rSefr,faumif;r,f xifwmawGudk vkyfygawmhw,f? (1962)ckESpf Zlvkdifv
(7)&ufae@rSm &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;awGudk owfw,f? aemufwpfae@reuf
t±k%frwufcifrSm jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;ordkif;rSm tifrwef tpOftvm}uD;cJhwJh ausmif;
om;or*~taqmuftOD;udk azmufcGJzsufqD;ypfw,f? tJ'Daemuf qifhuJqifhuJqdkovdkyJ
+idrf;csrf;a&;aqGaEG;yGJqdkwmudk ac:w,f? tJ'DaqGaEG;yGJ ysufoGm;awmh vuf0Jvdkvm;wJh
tiftm;pkawGudk odrf;usHK;zrf;qD;w,f? yk*~vduydkifvkyfief;awGudk jynfolydkifodrf;w,f?
rqvygwD&J@ oaE<jzpfwJh tjrKawygwDudk wnfaxmifw,f? usefEdkifiHa&;ygwDtm;vHk;udk
w&m;r0ifa=unmw,f? tajccHOya'a&;qG/J vlxq k ENc, H yl eJG @J twnfjyK+yD; a&G;aumufyJG
vkyf/ jynfol@v$wfawmfqdkwmudk zGJ@pnf;/ oluyJ toGiftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ OD;aqmifwJh t&yfom;
tpdk;& qdkwmukd xlaxmifcJhygw,f?
jrefrmjynfrSm Adkvfae0if; tJovdkawG vkyfaewJhtcsdef[m urBmrSm tar&duef
OD;aqmifwJh t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;tkyfpkeJ@ qdkAD,ufOD;aqmifwJh uGefjrLepfEdkifiHrsm;tkyfpkwkd@
t=um; axmufvSrf;a&; tm;+ydKifr_/ oabmw&m;a&; tm;+yKdifr_/ ,Ofaus;r_tm;+yKdifr_
yHok ¾mefe@J qifEaJ$ ewJh ppfat;wdu k yf t
JG &deS tf [kef tawmfav;jrifah ewJt h csed f jzpfygw,f?
wpfcsdefwnf;rSm tJ'Dppfat;&J@ a&mifjyef[yfr_wpfcktjzpf tm&S/ tmz&dueJ@ vufwif
tar&du pwJh a'o}uD;awGrmS ppft&m&d}S uD;awGu OD;aqmifwhJ tm%modr;f yGaJ wG w+cdr;f
+cdrf; ay:aygufaewJhumvvnf; jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu ordkif;a&;tajctaet&
ppfat;wdkufyGJ&J@ ESpfbufacgif;aqmifawG jzpf=uwJh tar&duefeJ@ qdkAD,ufwkd@[m tJ'D
tm%modr;f yGaJ wGrmS b,forl eS +f yD; b,forl mS ;ovJqw kd mxuf b,fou l igb h ufom;vJ/
b,fou l ol@bufom;vJ qdw k mudyk J =unf+h yD; axmufcrH /_ qef@usirf a_ wGvyk cf =hJ uygw,f?
tJ'Dtcsdefu ppft&m&dS}uD;awG&JŒ tm%modrf;r_awG[m wpfrdk;vHk;azsmufqdyf qdkovdk
jzpfaewma=umifh Adv k af e0if;&J@ tm%modr;f r_[m ork'&N mxJuswhJ a&wpfpufvkd jzpfomG ;
cJh+yD; EdkifiHwum&J@ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tm±kHpdkufwm rcHcJh&ygbl;? vltcGifhta&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;
qdkwJh toHawG[mvnf; tJ'Dwkef;u tckavmuf acwfrpm;vSao;wmrdk@ Adkvfae0if;&J@
qJAif;Zlvkdifvkyf&yftwGif;eJ@ aemufydkif; ausmif;om;awG&J@ atmf[pfuef@uGufoHawG[m
vnf; ol@&@J jynfaxmifp}k uD;r+yKduaJG &;/ qd&k , S v f pfa&; avvH;k rd;k vH;k awGatmufrmS rdeS af zsmh
aysmufuG,f oGm;cJh&ygw,f?
11
tifrwef y&d,m,fa00kpfºuG,f0+yD; tifrwef yg;eyfaumufuspfwJh jrif;
orm;wOD;tjzpf oleJ@acwf+yKdifawG&JŒ azmfjyjcif;udkcHcJh&wJh Adkvfae0if;[m qdk&S,fvpfa&;
aºuG;a=umfoHeJ@ qdkAD,uftkyfpkudk rsufpypfxm;EdkifcJhovdk Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDudk
qufvuf wkdufcdkufjcif;jzifh tar&dueftkyfpkudk vSrf;xdef;xm;EdkifcJhwJhtjyif vGwfvyf+yD;
wufºuGaomfvnf; bufrvdu k w f Jh =um;aeEdik if jH cm;a&;rl0g'qdw
k meJ@ wwd,urBmEdik if aH wG
&J@ &ifaiG@uv kd nf; vSr;f vSKx H m;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? 'ga=umifh oabmw&m;a&;e,fvpk pfyx JG J acgi;f
epfaewJh ppfat;wdkufyGJ acgif;aqmifEdkifiH}uD; ESpfckua&m/ udk,hf&J@jynfwGif;a&; jy\
emaygif;pHkeJ@ tjyifudkawmif vSrf;r=unfhEdkifavmufatmif aomuAsmxkºuG,fae=u&wJh
wwd,urBmEdkifiHqdkwmawGuyg Adkvfae0if;udk olwkd@oGm;r,fhvrf;ay:u taESmifh
t,Sufwpfcktjzpf rjrifcJh=uwJhtjyif tE W&m,fjzpfvmEdkifolwpfa,muf (potential
danger)tjzpfawmif r,lqcJh=uygbl;? ukefukefajym&&if 'Duae@ (etz)&ifqdkifae&wJh
(de-facto)vm;/ (de-jury)vm;qdkwJh jy\emawmif Adkvfae0if;rSm&dScJhwm r[kwfygbl;?
'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;wus a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcHcJh&wJh t&yfom;tpdk;&wpf&yfudk
bmr,fr,f&& ta=umif;jycsufrSr&SdbJ jzKwfcsz,f&Sm; tm%modrf;cJh+yD; awmfvSefa&;
aumifpD qdkwJhtrnfeJ@ wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfaewJh ppfAdkvfwpfpkudk (de-facto)vm;/ (de-
jury)vm;qd+k yD; jynfwiG ;f jynfy b,fou l rS us,u f s,af vmifavmif ar;cGe;f xkwf qef;ppf
wmrsKd ; r&Scd yhJ gb;l ? usaemf tavhtvm/ trSwt f om; tm;enf;wma=umifh jzpfcsijf zpfEikd f
ygw,f? Adkvfae0if;tpdk;&udk tJovdkar;cGef;xkwfwmrsdK; usaemfb,fwkef;urS r=um;cJhzl;
ygbl;?
EdkifiHwumu ar;cGef;rxkwfwJhudpPeJ@ ywfoufvdk@uawmh usaemf tay:rSm
wwfEdkifoavmuf tusOf;csKyf &Sif;jycJh+yD;yg+yD? jynfwGif;u ar;cGef;rxkwfcJh=uwmua&m
bma=umifv h ?J
(1962) ck E S p f tm%mod r f ; r_ r wd k i f r D t xd Ad k v f a e0if ; [m Ed k i f i H a &;rS m
}uD ; }uD ; rm;rm; trS m ;t,G i f ; / tpG e f ; txif ; r&d S c J h w J h ol w pf a ,muf j zpf y gw,f ?
'gh t jyif zuf q pf a wmf v S e f a &;rS m a&S @ wef ; uyg0if c J h w J h &J a bmf o H k ; usd y f 0 if w pf O D ; /
(62)ck E S p f r wd k i f r D u mvwavsmuf r S m wyf r awmf a cgif ; aqmif w pf O D ; tjzpf (Ed _ i f ;
,SOfcsuft&) b,fygwD/ b,f0g'/ b,fyk*d~Kvf bufudkrS rvdkufbJ tajctaeudk
apmif h = unf h a ecJ h o l w pf O D ; jzpf w ,f ? ol @ &J @ Ek d i f i H a &;t&if ; tED S ; awG x J r S m (58)
tm%modrf;yGJeJ@ 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmcJhayr,fh (1960)rSm wdkif;jynfudk ol ay;xm;
wJh uwdtwdkif; a&G;aumufyGJvkyfay;+yD; tEdkif&wJhygwDudk tm%mjyeftyfcJhw,f
qd k w J h aemuf x yf t &if ; tES D ; wpf c k (wpf e nf ; )emrnf a umif ; wpf c k xyf x nf h E d k i f c J h
wma=umif h (1962)tm%mod r f ; csd e f r S m ol @ ud k jynf w G i f ; u b,f v uf 0 J v uf , m
uG e f j rLepf / qd k & S , f v pf E d k i f i H a &;orm;urS jyif ; jyif ; xef x ef qef @ usif u ef @ uG u f
ajymqd k w mrsd K ; rvk y f c J h = uygbl ; ? Ad k v f a e0if ; &J @ zrf ; qD ; xd e f ; od r f ; jcif ; cH c J h & wJ h
12
0ef } uD ; csKyf OD ; Ek u qd k & if ol @ ud k v mzrf ; wJ h ol a wG u d k “Ad k v f a e0if ; a&m tzrf ; cH &
ovm;”vdk@ pdk;&drfw}uD; ar;cJhrdwJhtxdawmif Adkvfae0if;&J@ EdkifiHa&;yHk&dyf aumif;
rGefcJhygw,f? 'grSr[kkwf EdkifiHa&;orm;awG tJ'Dvdk Za0Z0gjzpfoGm;avmufatmif
Adkvfae0if;[m taetxdkif yd&daooyfcJhygw,f? ol@vlawGu EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawGudk
vdu k zf rf;aewJh tcsed rf mS olu w±kwo f ±H ;Hk &JŒ {nfch aH zsmaf jzyGw
J pfcrk mS cyfwnfwnf &daS ewm
uk=d unf&h if ol[m tm%modr;f zd@k b,favmuf tuGuaf phaph pDpOfcw hJ ,fqwkd m ay:vGiw f hJ
tjyif wu,fvdk@ tm%modrf;yGJratmifjrifcJh&if acgif;a&SmifEdkifzdk@ ol b,favmuf uGuf
ausmf±kdufzdk@ pOf;pm;xm;EdkifcJhw,fqkdwm xif&Sm;vSygw,f?
tmvHk;od=uwJhtwdkif; tJ'Dtm%modrf;yGJ[m orRwp0fa&$odkuf&JŒ om;i,f
wpfOD; aoqHk;oGm;cJhwmuvGJ&if wjcm;aoG;xGufoH,dkr_ r&dScJhbl;? tJ'Dtcsufuvnf;
Adkvfae0if;&JŒ tm%modrf;r_tay: tqdk;jrif±_axmifhu oHk;oyfzdk@ tcGifhtvrf;awGudk
wpdwfydkif; tm;enf;apcJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif tJ'Dtcsdefu jrefrmh ajray:EdkifiHa&; todkif;
t0dik ;f &JŒ tiftm;w0ufjzpfwhJ qd&k , S v f pfawGuvnf; Adv k af e0if;udk olw@dk vv l @kd ,lqxm;
=uwma=umifh +yD;cJw h ahJ &G;aumufyu JG yxpudk r±_rvS t±_;H ay;cJ&h vd@k usqif;cJ&h wJh olw@dk &@J
EdkifiHa&;oduQmudk Adkvfae0if;u jyefq,fay;vkdufovdkawmif ,lq=u+yD; udswf0rf;omae
=uwmawGawmif &dScJhygw,f? tJ'Dawmh tm%modrf;yGJudk qef@usifuef@uGufajymqdkr_awG
xGufrvmwm &Sif;ygw,f?
tm%m&ygwD}uD;bufu =unfhjyefawmhvnf; udk,hfygwDtwGif;udpP (OD;/ Adkvf/
ociftuGJ)/ wpfEdkifiHvHk;ta&;udpP (cGJxGufcGifh) ('Dae&mrSm 'Djy\em[m Adkvfae0if;
tm%modrf;&mrSm ta=umif;jycJhoavmuf tajctaerqdk;wm odyf&Sif;ayr,fh EdkifiHa&;
acgi;f aqmifawGukd txdu k t f avsmuf acgi;f pm;aeapwJh jy\emwpfcak wmh jzpfw,fqw kd hJ
tcsufudk rSwfom;xm; oifhygw,f?) awGa=umifh enf;enf;yef;ae=uwJhtcsdefrSm olwkd@
tjrift& odyrf qd;k vSwhJ Adv k af e0if;&JŒ tckvkd tm%modr;f vdu k rf [
_ m olw@dk twGuf cg;cg;
oD;oD; qef@usifuef@uGuf&r,fh udpPwpfck [kwfyHkr&cJhygbl;?
wwd,tiftm;pkjzpfwJh (yrnw)trSL;jyKwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;awGtwGuf
usawmhvnf; jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efeJ@ qdk&S,fvpfyef;wdkifodk@ ta&mufvSrf;r,fqdkwJh
Adkvfae0if;&JŒ a=unmcsuf[m olwkd@&J@ tajccHrl0g'eJ@ wpfxyfwnf; jzpfaewJhtjyif olwkd@
ukd,fwdkifu tm%m& zqyv tpdk;&&J@ EdSyfuGyfr_udk awmufav#mufcHpm;vmcJh&wm
qdak wmh Adv k af e0if;&JŒ tm%modr;f yG[ J m olw@dk twGuf taygi;f vuQ%maqmifwhJ jzpf&yf
vdkvdkawmif jzpfaeygw,f? 'ga=umifh olwkd@u Adkvfae0if;udk 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ qdk&S,fvpfa&;
&J@ &efolvdk@ rjrifcJh=u±kHomru aemifwpfae@ae@rSm olwkd@&JŒ &Jabmf&JbufjzpfvmEkdifol
(Potential Comrade)wpfa,muftjzpfawmif jrifcJh=uyHk&ygw,f?
wu,fawmh u|eaf wmftckwifjycJw h hJ ajray:Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkawGukd xm;ygO;D ?
tJ'Dtcsdefu zqyv yxptpdk;&awGudk vufeufpGJudkif ykefuefwdkufcdkufae=uwJh ocif
13
oef;xGef;&J@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ ocifpdk;&J@ tvHeDygwDawGuawmif Adkvfae0if;&J@
tm%modrf;yGJudk jyif;jyif;xefxef qef@usifuef@uGuf ±_wfcsajymqdk=uwmrsdK; r&dScJhbl;vdk@
usaemfrSwfom;rdcJhygw,f?
tJ'aD wmh tm;vH;k ud+k cKH =unf&h if Edik if w
H umrSm ppfat;wdu k yf JG acgi;f aqmifEikd if }H u;D
ESpfckpvHk;uvnf; ruef@uGuf/ wwd,urBmtiftm;pkuvnf; rodvdkufrodzmomae/
jynfwiG ;f ajray:Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkawGuvnf; tomapmif=h unfh aewmuvG+J yD; b,fvdk
rS jyif;jyif;xefxef rwHk@jyef/ awmwGif;vufeufudkif tiftm;pkawGuvnf; zmodzmom
ae? tJovdkrsdK; 0ef;usiftaetxm;rSm Adkvfae0if;[m oludk,fwdkif toufeJ@vJ apmifh
xdef;umuG,fygr,fvdk@ uwdjyKxm;wJh EdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk azmufzsuf+yD;
'Drdkua&pDenf;us a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcHxm;&wJh tpdk;&wpf&yfudk jzKwfcsz,f&Sm;
tm%modrf;cJholjzpfw,fqdkwJh toufyrmta&;ygvSwJh tcsufu zsmatmufa&muf
oGm;+yD; vuf0Jtkyfpktzdk@ Adkvfae0if;[m jrefrmjynf&J@ uyfpx±kdavvm; qdkwJhtjrifawG/
vuf,mtkypf t k zd@k Adv
k af e0if;[m ql[mwdv k m;/ yDEakd cs;avvm;qdwk hJ tjrifawG/ jynfwiG ;f
u Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkawGtzd@k Adv k af e0if;[m Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk qufcrH ,fh trsKd ;om;
acgif;aqmif}uD;avvm;qdkwJh tjrifawG us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ ysH@ESH@aecJhyHk&+yD; Adkvfae0if;[m
tkypf tk m;vH;k twGuf pdwu f ;l ,Of &ifcek pf &m rif;orD;av; (od@k r[kw)f rif;om;av;wpfyg;
jzpfvmcJh&ygawmhw,f?
tJ't D ajctaersKd ;rSm Adv k af e0if;&J@
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtrnfcH tpdk;&[m
(de-jure)vm; (de-facto)vm; b,fou l rS
ar;cGef;rxkwfcJh=uwm tifrwefudk ±kd;pif;
&Sif;vif;wJh udpPwpfckjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh
vnf; 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&wpf&yfudk jzKwfcs+yD;
wufvmwJh Adkvfae0if;tpdk;&udk ukvor*~
tygt0if jrefrmEdkifiHyg0ifaewJh b,fEdkifiH
wum tzG@J tpnf;urS xkwyf ,fwmrsKd ; r&dS
cJhygbl;? xkwfy,fzdk@a0;pG tzGJ@0iftjzpfu
acwW&yfqdkif;xm;jcif;rsdK;awmif r&dScJhygbl;?
ukefukefajym&&if Adkvfae0if;&J@ tm%m
odrf;yGJudk b,ftzGJ@tpnf;/ b,fEdkifiHurS
awmif a0zefjypfwifwmrsdK; rvkyfcJhygbl;?
tJ'Dwkef;u tajctaet&yf&yf
t& Adv k af e0if;&J@ tm%modr;f yGu J kd jynfwiG ;f
a&mjynf y uyg txuf r S m wif j ycJ h o vd k
14
cyfaygah ygyh J oabmxm;cJ=h uayr,fh tJ'jD zpf&yf&@J wu,ft h ESpo f m&uawmh jrefrmEdik if rH mS
'Drkdua&pDpepf uG,fvGeftedpPa&muf oGm;cJhwmjzpfw,f qdkwmyJjzpfygw,f? tJ'D
tcsdefwkef;u tJovdk b,folrS (b,folrS) rjrifcJh=uayr,fh aemufydkif;rSm Adkvfae0if;
vSrf;vmwJh ajcvSrf;wdkif;u jrefrmEdkifiHrSm tm%m&Sifpepfwpf&yf ay:xGufvmae+yDqdkwJh
tcsufudk owdrjyKrdbJ raeEdkifatmifudk jzpfvmapygawmhw,f?
b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf jynfwGif;eJ@ EdkifiHwumu rsufvHk;awGxJrSmawmh Adkvfae0if;
tpdk;&[m (de-jure)tjzpf &dSaeqJygyJ? (Take it for granted)? 'gayr,fh &nfrSef;csuf
}uD;rm;+yD; uGuaf usmjf rifwhJ Adv k af e0if;u ol@tpd;k &[m wu,fawmh Edik if w H umOya'awG
t& w&m;Oya'eJ@ avsmfnDwJh (Legitimate) tpdk;&wpf&yf r[kwfbl;qdkwmudk odyg
w,f? 'ga=umifh tajccHOya'rl=urf;a&;qGJ/ jynfolawGqDu t}uHHjyKcsufawG awmif;cH/
vlxq k ENc,H yl eJG @J twnfjyK/ a&G;aumufyv JG yk /f v$waf wmfz@JG pnf;/ tpd;k &zG@J pwJh Edik if w H um
pHEe_ ;f awGe@J uduk n f w
D hJ vkyif ef;pOfawGukd wpfc+k yD;wpfck tuGuaf phaph vkyaf qmifc+hJ yD;aemuf
ol@tpdk;&udk tm%modrf;tpdk;&wpfcktjzpfuae jynfolawG&J@ qENeJ@tnD 'Drdkua&pD
enf;vrf;wus ay:xGuv f mwJw h &m;0if t&yfom;tpd;k &wpf&yftjzpfo@kd toGiaf jymif;vJ
cJhygw,f?
tJ't D csed af vmufrmS ausmcsv@kd "m;jyrSe;f odae=u+yDjzpfwhJ jrefrmEdik if aH &;orm;
wcsKd@u Adkvfae0if;&JŒ tJ'Dvkyf&yf[m EdkifiHa&; rsufvSnfhjyuGufwpfckom jzpfw,f? EdkifiH
awmftm%mudk ppfwyfu jynfolawGvufxJ jyefv$Jtyfw,fqdkwm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;
vufxu J tm%m OD;ae0if;vufxJ a&mufomG ;wmomjzpfw,f pojzifh oH;k oyfajymqdck hJ
=uayr,fh tJ'Dpum;[m EdkifiHwumrajymeJ@ jynfwGif;u jynfoltrsm;pk}uD;&J@ em;udk
aygufatmifawmif rus,favmifEdkifcJhygbl;? rjrif=u&wm=um+yDjzpfwJh v$wfawmf
tpnf;ta0;}uD;awGeJ@ a&wkda&&Snf qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef; qdkwm}uD;awG&J@
avvH;k rd;k vk;H }uD;awGatmufrmS Edik if aH &;orm;wcsK@d &@J tJ'o D ;kH oyfajymqdrk a_ wG[m ab;xdik f
bdkifus bkajymabmufqdkorm; awG&J@ (pyspfoD;csOf) rvdkwrm jrnfwGefawmufwD;oHawG
tjzpfom rdSefazsmhwdk;wdwfoGm;cJh&ygw,f?
'gayr,fh tJ'v D x l qk ENc,
H yl /JG tajccHOya'/ v$waf wmf/ a&G;aumufcH t&yfom;
tpdk;&qdkwmawG tm;vHk;[m twkta,mifawGom jzpfw,fqdkwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;wcsdK@&J@
ajym=um;csuf rSefw,frrSefbl;qdkwmudkodzdk@ jrefrmjynfolawG[m odyf=um=um rapmifh
vdu k =f u&ygb;l ? q,fpEk pS w f pfcak usm=f umatmif rauseyfcsuaf wGukd atmift h ;D rsKd odyx f m;
cJh=u&wJh jrefrmEkdifiH wpfeHwpfvsm;u puf±kHtvkyform;trsm;tjym;wkd@[m (1974)
tajccH O ya'rS m ygwJ h +id r f ; csrf ; pG m qEN j ycG i f h & d S o nf qd k w J h t csuf u d k ud k i f p G J + yD ; tJ ' D
tajccHOya't& v$wfawmfeJ@ tpdk;&ay:aygufcJh+yD; aemufwpfESpfawmif rjynfhao;wJh
umvjzpfwJh tJ'DESpfZGefvrSmyJ rdrdwkd@&J@ rauseyfcsufawGudk Oya'abmiftwGif;u azmf
xkwfawmif;qdkwJh +idrf;csrf;wJh qENjyyGJ}uD;wpfck qifE$JcJh=uygw,f?
15
tJ'D qENjytvkyform;awG&J@ awmif;qdkcsufawGudk OD;ae0if;&J@ jrefrmh
qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD(rqv)tpdk;&u b,fvdkwHk@jyefajz&Sif;cJhygovJ? tmvHk;od=uwJh
twdkif;ygyJ? (1962) Zlvdkifv (7) &ufae@wkef;u jyocJhzl;wJh ppftm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ tpG,f
azG;azG;udk jynfolawGaemufwpf}udrfjrifawG@cJh=u&jyef+yD; qefr&dSvdk@ qefawmif;wJh
tvkyform;awG[m puf±kHxJawGeJ@ vrf;rawGay:rSm twkef;t±kef; aoyGJ0ifcJh=u&/
tJovdk raoolawG[mvnf; tusO;f axmifawGxrJ mS ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm oGm;a&mufaexdik f
'kuQcHpm;cJh=u&ygawmhw,f?
OD;ae0if;ppftm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ tpG,fazG;azG;udk jrifvdkuf&olawG ta&twGuf
'Dwpf}udrfrSmawmh qJAif;Zlvdkifwkef; uxuf ydkrsm;vmcJhyg+yD? 'gayr,fh jrefrmjynfolvlxk
trsm;pk}uD;uawmh pdwrf csr;f ajr@pmG yifo h uf±ud_ cf =hJ uwmu vG+J yD; tJ'jD zpf&yfukd ‘tpd;k &eJ@
tvkyform;awG&J@ yÉdyuQwpfcktjzpfom ±_jrifcJh=uovdk EdkifiHwumrSmvnf; tJ'D
ta&;tcif;[m trSwfw&r[kwfwJh trSwfwrJhjzpf&yfwpfcktjzpfom a0;vGifhaysmuf
uG,foGm;cJhygw,f?
'gayr,fh tJ'Dta&;tcif;
upvdk@ EdkifiHa&;jyefvnfEdk;=um;vm ( 8-8-88)ae@rS m
cJ=h uwJh ausmif;om;awGuawmh tJ'D &efukefwpf+rdK@vHk;
ta&;tcif;udk arhaysmufEikd pf rG ;f r&dcS hJ ppf a jrjyif w ck t vm;
=uygbl;? tJ'Dta&;tcif; jzpf+yD;vdk@ xif r S w f r S m ;&avmuf a tmif
(6)vt=um (1974)ckEpS f 'DZifbmv ppfom;awG/ ppfum;awG
xJrmS Edik if aH &;Ed;k =um;wJh ausmif;om; ysm;yef ; cwf v _ y f & S m ;jyaewJ h = um;u
awGu ukvor*~twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf
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todef;/ toef;wkd@
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ajrudk A[djk yKum qENjyyGw J pfck qifEcJ$ hJ vrf ; ay:xG u f v m=u+yD ;
=ujyefygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'Dwpf}udrf wcJeuf
rSmvnf; OD;ae0if;[m ol@&J@ tm%m w+yKd i f w nf ;
&Sif tpG,af zG;azG;udk xyfrjH yocJjh yefyg woHwnf;
w,f? 'gayr,fh ordkif;tpOftvm
aumif;awG &dcS =hJ uwJh ausmif;om;awG
eJ@ tvkyo f rm;awG[m tvkyo f rm;
ta&;tcif; ESpfywfvnfqdkwJh acgif;pOfeJ@ (1975) ckESpf/ ZGefv (6) &ufae@rSm aemufxyf
qENjyyGJwpfck qifE$JcJh=ujyefygw,f? 'Dwpf}udrfrSmvnf; OD;ae0if;&J@ rif;om;acgif;aqmif;
u|wfuscJhjyefygw,f? aoG;&JwJh ausmif;om;awG[m (1976) ckESpf rwfv (23) &ufae@rSm
usa&mufwJh urBmh+idrf;;csrf;a&;acgif;aqmif}uD;eJ@ jrefrmhtrsdK;om;pmqdk}uD; q&m}uD;
16
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,E W&m;}uD;udk aemufwpf}udrf pdefac:tefwkcJh=ujyefygw,f? 'Dwpf}udrfrSmvnf; ausmif;
om;awG[m OD;ae0if;&J@ uwWDygtdwfpGyfxm;wJh oHvufoD;udk jrefrmjynfolawG aemuf
w}udrf jrifatmif vSpfjyEdkifcJhr_qdkwJh atmifyGJudk &&dScJh=uygw,f?
'gayr,fh jynfwGif;rSma&m EdkifiHwumrSmyg OD;ae0if;&J@ (rqv)tkyfpkuawmh
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awG wpfpHkwpfckaom twkdif;twmtxd vufyef;usoGm;wJh tajctaeeJ@ EkdifiHwumrSm
ppfat;wku d yf tJG &deS &f aeqJ tajctaeawGtay:rSm tvdu k of ifph ;D &if; OD;ae0if;&JŒ (rqv)
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r,fh atmifjrifpGm ausmfv$m;EdkifcJhwJh a&G;aumufcH w&m;0iftpdk;&wpfck”qdkwJh 0wf±kH+cHK
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tckazmfjycJw h hJ ta&;tcif;awGrmS OD;aqmifqENjycJ=h uwJh tvkyo f rm;/ ausmif;
om;eJ@ jynfolawG&J@ tE Wdr &nfrSef;csufawG ratmifjrifrjynfh0cJh=uayr,fh tJ'D ta&;
tcif;awGa=umifh rif;om;acgif;aqmif;xm;wJh OD;ae0if; (rqv)tpdk;&&J@ ppftm%m
&SifpepftwGif; bDvl;±kyfudk jrifawG@vmcJh=uwJh jrefrmjynfolta&twGufuawmh wae@
wjcm; wd;k vmcJw h m taotcsmygy?J 'g[m tJ't D a&;tcif; tqufqufrmS jynfoal wG&@J
toufawG/ b0awG paw;ay;qyfc=hJ u&r_twGuf &&dcS w hJ hJ avsmaf =u;ygy?J tJ't D a&;tcif;
awGa=umifh OD;ae0if; (rqv)tkyfpk&J@ uwWDygtdwf pGyfxm;wJh oHvufoD;udk jrifawG@cGifh&
vmcJ=h uwJh jrefrmjynfot l a&twGuf wpfae@wjcm; wk;d vmcJw h ,fqw dk hJ tcsu[ f m trSef
yJvm;? 'gudk usaemfwkd@ bmeJ@ oufaoxlrvJ?
taumif;qHk;aom ypPnf;oufao vloufaouawmh (1988)ckESpf rwfv/
ZGefvta&;tcif;rsm;eJ@ t&dSef,lcJh+yD; tJ'DESpf =o*kwfv (8) &ufae@rSm txGÉftxdyf
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OD;aqmifwhJ rwfveJ@ ZGev f ta&;tcif;awGukd OD;ae0if;&J@ (rqv) ppftyk pf u k xH;k pHtwdik ;f
&uf&ufpufpuf/ =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf; ESdyfuGyfjycJhwJh=um;u (8-8-88)ae@rSm &efukef
w+rdK@vHk; ppfajrjyifwpfcktvm; xifrSwfrSm;& avmufatmif ppfom;awG/ ppfum;awG
ysm;yef;cwfv_yf&Sm;jyaewJh=um;u jynfoltaxmif taomif;/ todef;/ toef;wkd@
vrf;ay:xGuv f m=u+yD; wcJeuf w+yKdiw f nf; woHwnf; urBm}uD;udak y;yd@k vu kd wf hJ owif;
pum;uawmh “OD;ae0if;&J@ (rqv)ppftkyfpk[m usKyfwkd@tonf;=um;u ppfrSefwJh
rJwjym;pDay;+yD; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufxm;wJh w&m;0if tpdk;& r[kwfbl;” qdkwmyJjzpf
ygw,f?
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17
ta=umif;a=umif;awGa=umifh urBm}uD;&J@ yifra&pD;xJrSm r&dSbJ urf;eab;u csHKuav;
wckrSm+idaewJh jrefrmEdkifiHudk urBmu jrifawG@oGm;cJh=uyg+yD? 'g[m&Spfav;vHk; vlxktHkºuGr_
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jrefrmjynfqw kd m &drS eS ;f awmifrod? &drS eS ;f od&ifawmif urBmb h ,fae&mrSm&drS eS ;f rodavmuf
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[m (ol@pdwfxJrSm b,fvdkyJ&dSonfjzpfap) rqvacwfwavsmufvHk; avoHawmif r[
cJhwJh ygwDpHkqdkwJhpum;udk ajymvmyg&w,f? oludk,fwkdif xlaxmifcJhwJh (rqv)ygwDudk
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olav#mufvmcJhwJh vlrdkufvrf;udk ZGwfqufav#mufzdk@ }udK;pm;ao;ayr,fh jynfolawG&J@
jywfom;wJh ydik ;f jzwfcsuef @J rav#mw h hJ ZGaJ wGa=umifh OD;pdev
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[mvnf; ygwDpHkuwdudk qufay;cJh&ygw,f?
ol@uzkd ,f&mS ; tm%modr;f cJw h hJ Adv
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armifarmif ay;cJhwJh uwdukd quf+yD;xdef;
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aemufqHk;awmh jrefrmjynfolawG&JŒ wu,fh
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pmydk'f[m jrefrmjynfolawG&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDa&;
18
±kef;uefr_ jzpfpOf}uD;xJrSm atmifyGJudk azmf!¸ef;wJhpmydk'f jzpfw,fqdkwm taotcsm avh
vmqef;ppfolwdkif; txift&Sm;jrifawG@EdkifwJh tcsufwckjzpfygw,f? (26) ESpfwmumv
twGif; }uD;rm;rsm;ajrmifvSwJh jynfolawG&JŒ paw;ay;qyfr_awG&JŒ tusdK;quftjzpf
(8-8-88)ae@uae (18-9-88)ae@txd wvausmf=um wkdawmif;wJh umvtwGif;
jynfoal wG&&dw S hJ Edik yf aJG wG (atmifyrJG [kw)f u rlvu ar#mrf eS ;f cJ=h uwmxuf rsm;pGm ydrk rkd sm;
jym;cJhwma=umifh tJ'Dwkef;u&&dScJhwJh EdkifyGJawGudk pufwifbmv (18) &ufae@ tm%m
odrf;r_uae tck(8-8-2008)txd jzpfysufcJhor#eJ@ E_dif;,SOf+yD; &Spfav;vHk;[m ±_H;edrfhcJh
w,fvdk@ wcsdK@u (cHpm;csufudk a&S@wef;wif+yD;)ajymqdkcJh=uwm jzpfygw,f? wu,fawmh
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awGuawmh urBmhordkif;rSm r}uKHzl; r=um;zl;wJh yrm% jzpfw,fqdkwm avhvmolwdkif;
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19
jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif (e0w)(etz)wkd@[m jynfwGif;rSm Oya'pum;

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20
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21
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22
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23
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24
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kd u
f kd ar;cGe;f xkw&f awmhr,fqw
kd hJ
pum;wcGef; ygw,f? tJ'Dpum;rSm jrefrmjynfrSm ppfwyfESpfrsdK;&dScJhwJh
yHkrsdK; xif[yfaew,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ tJ'Dpum;eJ@ywfouf
+yD; cifAsm;&JŒtjrifudk ajymygOD;?
ajz ? ? a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒtjrifudk usaemf oabmwlyg

w,f? 'gayr,fh a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒtjrifu a,bk,s qefae
w,fvkd@ ,lqwJhtwGuf usaemfu tJ'Dt,ltqudk tao;pdwfxyf
+yD; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmcsifw,f? usaemfhtjrift& acwfopfjrefrmhppf
orkid ;f rSm ppfwyf(4)ck&wSd ,f? tJ'gawGuawmh Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;wyf/
Adkvfarmifarmifwyf/ Akdvfae0if;wyfeJ@ Adkvfoef;a&$wyfwkd@yJ jzpfygw,f?
tJ'DcGJjcrf;pdwfjzmcsufudk usaemf tao;pdwf &Sif;jyygr,f?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wyfqdkwmeJ@ ywfoufvkd@awmh odyfrsm;
rsm;&Sif;jyzkd@ vdkr,frxifygbl;? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m b,fvdkvlrsdK;
jzpfw,fqw kd m pmtkyaf ygi;f taxmiftaomif;xJrmS yg&+Sd yD; jzpfygw,f?
tJ'DpmawGxJrSm azmfjycsufawGt& AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;&JŒ yHk&dyf[m
aumif;pGm ay:vGifae+yDjzpfvkd@ 'Dae&mrSm tJ'DyHk&dyfudk usaemfxyf+yD;
26
tus,cf sŒJ wmrsKd ; rvkyaf wmhygb;l ? tus,cf sŒJ !¸e;f zG@J p&m tcsut f vufvnf; usaemfrh mS
r&dSygbl;? usaemfh&JŒtajztwGuf +cHKiHkrdapEdkifr,fh ol@&JŒ pdwf"mwfeJ@ ywfouf+yD; oludk,f
wkdif&JŒ ajympum;wpfckudkyJ udk;um;azmfjyygr,f? oludk,fwdkifa&;om;wJh aqmif;yg;wyk'f
xJrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u “vlwa,muf[m tajccHtm;jzifh ±kd;om;&r,f (sincere)/
trSefw&m;udk cspfjrwfEdk;&r,f (love of truth)/ 'grSvlyDor,f”vkd@qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;[m ajymwJhtwdkif; vkyfwJhol[kwf r[kwf/ vlyDool [kwfr[kwf qdkwmudk
awmh oltouf&iS af exdik o f mG ;wJh b0u jycJ+h yD;jzpfwmrk@d tus,cf sŒJ &Si;f jyp&mvdrk ,f rxif
awmhygbl;?
'Dawmh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vdkvlrsdK;u wnfaxmifzGJ@pnf; au|;arG;jyKpk ysdK;
axmifchJwJh ppfwyf[m b,fvdkppfwyfrsdK; jzpfrvJ? ±kd;om;+yD; trSefw&m;udk cspfjrwfEdk;wJh
ppfwyfjzpfvdrfhr,fvkd@ a,bk,stm;jzifh ,lqEdkifygw,f? tJ'Dppfwyf zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmif
pOfu wnf&cSd w hJ hJ jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ ordik ;f a&; tajctaeuvnf; rsKd ;csppf w d "f mwfukd tjrifrh m;
qHk; wGef;tm;ay;aewJh 0ef;usiftaetxm;rsdK; jzpfwma=umifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒ
ppfwyf[m wdkif;jynftusdK;twGuf udk,fusdK;udkomru toufudkyg pGef@v$wfr,fqdkwJh
rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf jyif;xefwJh/ rdrdwkd@acgif;aqmif&JŒ tajccH *k%f&nfESpfckjzpfwJh ±kd;om;r_eJ@
trSefw&m;udk cspfjrwfEdk;r_wkd@udk toufyrm ±kdaoapmifha&SmufumuG,fwJh ppfwyfjzpfcJh
w,fqw kd hJ tcsuef @J ywfouf+yD; oufaoom"u taxmuftxm;awG trsm;}uD;&dcS w hJ m
udkvnf; avhvm=unfh&if odEdkifygw,f?
Adv
k rf LS ;csKyfarmifarmif&ŒJ ud, k af &;&mZ0if tao;pdwu f akd wmh usaemf rodygb;l ?
usaemf ol@ta=umif; p odwJhae&mu zufqpf*syefawG jrefrmEdkifiHudk tkyfpdk;aewJhumv
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;trSL;jyKwJh wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifawGudk/ jynfolawG zufqpf&JŒ n‡Of;
yef ; Ed S y f p uf w mcH a e&wJ h t jzpf u d k vspf v sK±_ x m;&aumif ; vm;vk d @ rausreyf j zpf + yD ;
Adv
k af tmif}uD;eJ@ wGu J m Adv k af e0if;udk acgi;f aqmifwif *syefuakd wmfveS zf @dk jyifqifwhJ udpyP g?
ol[m OD;ausmf+idrf;/ OD;AaqGwkd@vkd qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifawGeJ@ &if;EDS;ol/ ocifpdk;/ ocif
oef;xGe;f trSL;jyKwJh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfacgi;f aqmifawGukd tjrifr=unfo/l owif;pmq&m
awGudk txiftjrifao;ol/ wdkif;jynfudk EdkifiHa&;orm;awGvufxJ v$Jxm;vkd@uawmh
ig;yg;arSmufvdrfhr,f? wkdif;jynfaumif;zkd@ igwkd@ppfwyfu vkyfrS&r,fvkd@ ±_jrifolwOD;tjzpf
=um;zl;em;0 pum;awGt& usaemfodxm;ygw,f?
wkdif;jynfaumif;zkd@ igwkd@ppfwyfvkyfrS&r,fqdkwJh tawG;tac: AdkvfrSL;csKyf
armifarmifacgif;xJ b,ftcsdefrSmp+yD; oaE<wnfcJhw,fqdkwJh tcsufukd rajymEdkifayr,fh
tJ't D awG;tac: wpwp±kyv f ;kH ay:vmwmuawmh Akv d af e0if; umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfjzpf+yD;
r=umrDumvawGrmS jzpfygw,f? pmtvGezf wfov l @dk ausm=f um;+yD; (tJ'w D ek ;f u) oabm
w&m;a&; tawG;tac:eJ@ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;t& tompD;&aewJh jrefrmuGefjrLepf
acgi;f aqmifawGe@J wyfxu J uGejf rLepfvv kd m;wJh wyfrLS ;awGukd tiftm;csed cf iG v f #mn‡Ed ikd zf @dk
27
ppfwyfudk qdk&S,fvpftawG;tac:udkifpGJ+yD; udk,fhajcaxmufay: udk,f&yfwnfEdkifwJh trm
cHtrsdK;om;a&; tiftm;pk}uD;w&yftjzpf wnfaxmifvdkpdwf jyif;jyoltjzpf vlodrsm;wJh
AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmif[m ol@&JŒ tJ'DtawG;tac:udk (1950) jynfhvGefpESpfawGrSm pwif
taumiftxnfazmfcJhygw,f? tJovdkvkyfaqmifwJhae&mrSm wyfwGif;u ol@&JŒ nmvuf
±kH;u AdkvfrSL;csKyf atmif}uD;jzpf+yD; wyftjyifbufu ol@&JŒnmvuf±kH;uawmh uGefjrLepf
acgi;f aqmif}uD; ocifp;kd &JŒ taE 0W gou d wynfwh OD;jzpfczhJ ;l wJh OD;cspv
f id_ f jzpfw,fv@dk od&yg
w,f?
EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;awG&JŒ ajym=um;csuft& tJ'DumvawGwkef;u
OD;ae0if;[m ppfwyf&JŒ t}uD;tuJjzpfayr,fh ppfwyf&JŒ wu,fhta&;t&mawGudk vuf
awG@pDrHcef@cGJaewmu AdkvfarmifarmifeJ@ Adkvfatmif}uD;wkd@jzpfw,fvkd@ od&ygw,f? t"du
uawmh Adkvfarmifarmifjzpfw,fvkd@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmif[m ODcspfvd_if&JŒ
tultnDeJ@ (1954) ckESpfavmuf apmapmuwnf;up+yD; wyfxJrSm qdk&S,fvpfoifwef;
awG ay;cJhw,fvkd@ od&ygw,f? tcdsefumv twdtus rodayr,fh usaemfh txif tJ'D
umv0ef;usifavmufrSmyJ p+yD; wyfrawmf udk,fhajcaxmufay:udk,f &yfwnfEdkifa&;
twGuf (bwf*sufeJ@ ywfouf+yD; tpdk;&tay: rDScdkae&wmrsdK; rjzpfapzkd@twGuf) wyfr
awmf&JŒ udk,fykdifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awG (bDtD;'DpD/ =u,fig;yGifh pojzifh) xlaxmifcJhw,fvkd@
od&ygw,f? 'g[m 'Duae@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ OD;aqmifwJh ppfwyfu av#mufvSrf;zkd@
}udK;pm;aewJh wyfrawmfu EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmiftcef;u¾rSm yg0ifa&;qdkwJh pDrHudef;&JŒ
rlvtp jrpfzsm;ydkif;yJ jzpfygw,f?
ppfwyf&JŒ yxrqHk;t}udrf tm%modrf;yGJjzpfwJh (1958)ckESpf tm%modrf;yGJudk
trsm;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ tm%modrf;yGJvkd@ odxm;=uayr,fh wu,fawmh tJ'g[m
AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmif&JŒ tm%modrf;yGJomjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkqD oGm;
+yD; ppfwyfudk tm%mv$Jtyfay;zkd@ awmif;qdkcJh=uwm AdkvfarmifarmifeJ@ Adkvfatmif}uD;
wkd@ESpfa,mufqdkayr,fh aemufydkif; a&'D,dktifwmAsL;wckrSm Adkvfarmifarmifu “Adkvf
atmif}uD;udk usKyfac:oGm;cJhwmyg” vkd@ ajymcJhwJh pum;udk =unfh&if tJ'DZmwfvrf;&JŒ
Zmwf!¸ef;a&;q&mtppf[m Adkvfarmifarmifomjzpfw,fqdkwmudk awG@=u&rSmyg? olwkd@
ESpfa,muf OD;EkqDoGm;+yD; tm%mv$Jay;zkd@ ajymwJhudpP[m OD;ae0if;eJ@wdkifyif/ ('grSr[kwf)
OD;ae0if;udk today;+yD;rS vkyfwmjzpfrSm aocsmayr,fh tJ'DyGJrSm wu,fh oabmw&m;
a&;q&m}uD;uawmh AdkvfarmifarmifygyJ? wenf;ajym&&if Adkvfarmifarmif[m tESpfESpf
tvvu ol=uHpnfvmcJhwJh “trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;wGif wyfrawmfu OD;aqmifr_u¾rS
yg0ifa&;”qdkwJh ar#mfrSef;csufudk vlod&Sif=um; pwiftaumiftxnfazmfvkdufwmyJ jzpfyg
w,f?
tJ'yD rJG mS OD;Ek&ŒJ yg;eyfr/_ tpOftquf olw@dk &ŒJ tpfu}kd uD;ozG,f &Sv d mcJw
h hJ OD;Ek&ŒJ
yk*~dKvfa&;t&dSeft0gudk tm%modrf;zkd@ =uHpnfwJh ppfacgif;aqmifawG rvSefEdkifr_wkd@a=umifh
28
tJ'Dwkef;u tm%modrf;ppftpdk;&&JŒ oufwrf;[m (2)ESpf0ef;usifom =um&SnfcJhayr,fh
tJ'Dumvwdkuav;twGif;rSmawmif ppfwyf&JŒvkyf&yfawGrSm Adkvfarmifarmif&JŒ ajc&m
vuf&mawG txift&Sm; xif[yfaewmudk awG@jrifEdkifygw,f? (zqyv)uGJwJh'%feJ@
jynfwGif;ppf'%fa=umifh 'Drdkua&pDqdkwmudk tawmftwef pdwfemaumif; emae=uzG,f
&dw
S /hJ ('grrS [kw)f 'Dru kd a&pDtavhtusihf tawG@t}uKH enf;yg; vGe;f r_a=umifh 'Dru kd a&pDukd
wefzdk;xm;&aumif;rSef; jynfhjynfh00 oabmaygufem;vnfEdkifpGrf; r&dS=uao;wJh jynfol
wcsKdŒu ESpfoufvufcHcsifp&m vkyf&yfwcsKdŒ&dScJhayr,fh tJ'Dwkef;u ppfwyf&JŒvkyf&yfawG
[m r=umcifrSm jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒaumif;uif,HrSm odkif;zGJ@vmawmhr,f ppftm%m&Sifpepf
wdrfndKwdrfrnf;}uD;awG&JŒ twdwfedrdwfawGvkdygyJ? tJ'DtcsufawGudk (1959)ckESpf
ara';ae@rSmajymwJh OD;Ek&JŒrdef@cGef;udk avhvm=unfh&if awG@Edkifygw,f? 'ghtjyifh t*Fvdyf
acwfu {&mr &mZ0wfaumifawGukd yk@d whJ udu k ;kd u|e;f ok@d Edik if aH &;orm;awGudk yk@d +yD; EdyS pf uf
n‡Of;yef;wJh tavhtx yxrqHk;t}udrf ay:xGufcJhwmvnf; tJ'Dtm%modrf; ppftpdk;&
vufxufrSm jzpfygw,f? aemuf+yD; EdkifiHwckvHk;eJ@ oufqdkifwJh b¾maiGawGudk toHk;jyK
+yD; ppfwyfyikd f pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awGukd ajymifajymifwif;wif;/ ay:ay:xifxif xlaxmifvm
wmvnf; tJ'pD pftpd;k &vufxufrmS jzpfygw,f? wcsed u f ordik ;f a&;vdt k yfcsut f & xGuf
ay:vmcJw h mjzpfwhJ “wyfrawmftiftm;&drS S wdik ;f jynftiftm;&drS nf”qdw k hJ oDcsi;f [m tJ'D
wkef;u tm%modrf;ppftpdk;&&JŒ vkyf&yfawGudk aumif;pGm tvkyftau|;jyKcJhygw,f?
ppftpdk;&[m +rdKŒjya'oawG (txl;ojzifh &efukefeJ@ rE Wav;wkd@vdk +rdKŒ}uD;awG)rSm ol@
tac: jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;awGudk tm;oGefcGefpdkuf vkyfudkifcJhovdk awmpGef e,f
zsm;rSmvnf; olyek af ygi;f pHu k kd tjyif;txefwu kd cf u kd f acsre_ ;f cJyh gw,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm awm
xJu uGefjrLepfolykefawGudk vdkvm;w,fvkd@ ,lq&wJh +rdKŒay:u EdkifiHa&;orm; rSefor#udk
vnf; zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJhygw,f? vuf0Jvdkvm;wJh ausmif;om;or*~eJ@ ausmif;om; acgif;
aqmifawGudkvnf; ESdyfuGyfcJhygw,f?
tJ'Dvkyf&yftm;vHk;[m uGefjrLepfawGudk tpOftquf tjrifr=unfvifcJhwJh/
wdkif;jynfudk ppfwyfOD;aqmifrS &r,fqdkwJh tawG;tac:&dSwJh/ ppfwyfudk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&eJ@
oD;jcm;uif;vGww f hJ (Institution) wckjzpfapcsiw f hJ Advk rf LS ;csKyfarmifarmif&ŒJ tawG;tac:
awGudk xif[yfaewJhtwGuf (1950) jynfhvGefESpfrsm;upvkd@ a&G;aumufyGJvkyfay;+yD;
tEdkif& (yxp)tpdk;&vufxJ tm%mjyefv$Jay;cJh&wJh (1960)ckESpfavmuftxdumv
twGif; &dScJhwJh ppfwyf[m AdkvfrSL;csKyf armifarmif&JŒ ppfwyfjzpfw,fvkd@ usaemfqdkcsifyg
w,f? tJ'pD pfwyf[m vkyef nf;vky[ f eftrsm;pke@J tE rdW ar#mrf eS ;f csut f ydik ;f rSm ausm±k;d u
ppf0g'jzpfwJh zufqpf0g'taiG@toufawG v$rf;rkd;aecJhayr,fh t&if;cHapwemtydkif;rSm
wdik ;f jynfaumif;pm;a&;udk trSew f u,f vdv k m;cJw h hJ ppfwyfjzpfw,fv@dk usaemf tuJjzwf
csifygw,f?
29
wwd,tydkif;uawmh OD;ae0if;&JŒppfwyfqdkwJh tydkif;jzpfygw,f? OD;ae0if;
ta=umif; ol@&JŒ taE W0godu wynfhwpfOD;jzpfol a'gufwmarmifarmifa&;wJh bkef;awmf
bGJ@pmtkyf}uD;xJrSm tawmfrsm;rsm;yg0if+yD; tcsKdŒaom EdkifiHa&;orm;awGa&;wJh pmtkyf
awGxrJ mS vnf; }udK=um;}udK=um; yg&cSd +hJ yD;jzpfv@dk tJ'rD mS yg+yD; ta=umif;awGuakd wmh usaemf
'DrSmxyfrajymawmhygbl;? oleJ@ywfouf+yD; jzpfEdkifor# tjynfhpHkqHk; yHk&dyfwck&&dSEdkifapzkd@
ol@ta=umif; vlodenf;ao;w,fvkd@ ,lqrdwJh ta=umif;awGudkyJ wifjyoGm;ygr,f?
ol@ta=umif; a&;om;csuftrsm;pkt& OD;ae0if;[m &JabmfoHk;usdyfqdkwJh
a0g[m&eJ@rSwGJ+yD; vlodrsm;vmcJhwm jzpfygw,f? ol[m tJ'Dt&ifuwnf;u pmwkduf
pma&;b0eJ@ jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;r_ a&pD;a=umif;&JŒ tpGeftzsm;em;rSm yg0ifcJhw,f
vkd@ a'gufwmarmifarmif&JŒ pmtkyfxJrSm azmfjyxm;ayr,fh &JabmfoHk;usdyfrwdkifrD ol&JŒ
Edik if aH &;jzwfoef;r_ta=umif; wjcm; b,fEikd if aH &;orm;&JŒ a&;om;csurf S usaemf rsm;rsm;
pm;pm; rzwfzl;ygbl;? 'g[m usaemfh&JŒ pmzwfrESH@r_eJ@ tavhtvm tm;enf;r_a=umifh
vnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f?
OD;ae0if;ta=umif; usaemf avh
vmrSwfom; od&dSxm;oavmufxJu vl
trsm; od&dSxm;=u+yD;om;jzpfw,fvkd@ us
aemf xifwJh tcsuftvufawGudk (usrf;
av;rSm pdk;wJh ±_axmifht&) csefvSyf+yD; vlod
enf;ao;w,fvkd@ usaemf xifwJh tcsuf
tvufawGudkom a&;om;azmfjyoGm;yg
r,f? &nf&G,fcsufuawmh tJ'Dtcsuft
vuf ESpfrsdK;aygif;uae OD;ae0if;&JŒ wpHkwck
aom twdkif;twmtxd jynfhpHkwJh yHk&dyfwck
xGufay:vmr,f? 'DtcgrSm tJ'DvdkvlrsdK;
vufatmufrSm umvwcktxd jzwfoef;
cJh&wJh jrefrmppfwyf[m b,fvkdtaet
xm; &drS ,fqw kd mudk rSe;f qoH;k oyf=unfEh ikd zf @dk
jzpfygw,f?
'Duae@ 0g&ifhEdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;rsm;qdkwJh acgif;pOfatmufrSm jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ trsdK
om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;wkd@twGuf tdkrif;
rpGrf;jzpfae=uwJh rdrdwkd@&JŒtouft&G,fudkrS riJhuGufEdkifbJ waxmifhwae&mu wwyf
wtm; yg0if}udK;yrff;aqmif&Gufae=uwJh a&SŒrDaemufrD rsdK;cspfEkdifiHa&;orm;}uD;wpk&JŒ
OD;pD;OD;aqmiftjzpf wm0ef,x l m;wJh vuf&rSd mS touf(90)ausmaf e+yDjzpfwhJ ocifoed ;f az
u ol@&JŒ tdrf+cH0if;xJrSmvkyfwJh EdkifiHa&; tcrf;tem;wckrSm OD;ae0if;[m &JabmfoHk;usdyf
30
ppfynmoifzkd@ [dkifeefu|ef;udk xGufcGm=ur,fh oabFmay:a&mufrS ocifjzpfvmwJhol
jzpfw,fvkd@ &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if AdkvfrSL;atmifu rSwfcsufcswmudk ol=um;zl;cJha=umif;
ajymqdkcJhygw,f? [dkifeefudk oGm;+yD; v#Kd@0Sufppfynmoif,lr,fh rsdK;cspfvli,fawGudk a&G;
cs,zf @dk wm0ef&w Sd hJ ocifacgi;f aqmifwOD;u v$wrf ,fv h t l a&twGuf rjynfah o;vk@d }uH&m
r&jzpfaepOfrSm tdrfa&SŒu jzwfav#mufoGm;wJh ,cif&if;ESD;+yD;om; vli,fwOD;jzpfol
armif±_armifudk jrifvkd@ vSrf;ac:vdkuf+yD; ppfynmoifzkd@ oGm;rvm;vkd@ ar;wJhtcg oGm;
r,fvkd@ajymwmeJ@ a&G;cs,fvdkufa=umif;/ oGm;r,fhae@ ol oabFmay:wufvmwJhtcg
oabFmay: a&mufEiS ahf e=u+yD;jzpfwhJ &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifawGu “b,fov l ”J vk@d ar;wJth cg
“ocif±_armif” vkd@ajymcJha=umif;/ t&ifu ocif±_armifqdkwJh trnfudk r=um;bl;=ubJ
oabFmay:a&mufrS =um;zl;=uwma=umifh oabFmay:a&mufrS ocifjzpfvmolvkd@
ajym&wmjzpfa=umif; pojzifh tJ'rD ed @f ceG ;f rSm ocifoed ;f azu ajymqdo k mG ;cJw
h m jzpfygw,f?
tJ'gu OD;ae0if;&JŒ vlodenf;ao;wJh yHk&dyfwuGufjzpfygw,f? tJ'Daemufawmh
[dkifeefu|ef;ay:u b0rSm ol@&JŒ yHk&dyf[m tjcm;aom &JabmfoHk;udsyf0ifrsm;xuf ydk+yD;
xl;jcm;vSw,fqdkwm r&dScJhygbl;? twnfrjyKEdkifwJh tcsuftvuf wckawmh &dSygw,f?
tJ'guawmh tJ'rD mS &daS ecdu k f Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;u ole@J &if;ES;D wJh olawGukd “Adv k af e0if;[m
udk,feJ@ rxdkufwefwJh ae&mudk ,lcsifwJh pdwf&dSoljzpfw,f”vkd@ ajymqdkcJhw,fqdkwJh tcsuf
jzpfygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u Adkvfae0if;eJ@ywfouf+yD; trSefwu,fyJ tJovdk ajymcJh
jcif; &dSr&dSqdkwmudk twnfrjyKEdkifayr,fh olwkd@ESpfOD;=um; yÉdyuQ oHk;}udrfjzpfcJhzl;w,f
qdkwJh tcsufuawmh ordkif;rSm txift&Sm;jzpfygw,f? yxrqHk; w}udrfu zufqpf*syef
acwfrmS Adv k af rmifarmife@J Adv
k af tmif}uD;wk@d jrefrmhEikd if aH &;bufe@J ppfbufacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f
udk tm;rvdktm;r& jzpf+yD; *syefudkawmfvSefzkd@ }uHpnfcJh=upOfwkef;u jzpfygw,f? olwkd@
ESpOf ;D [m Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;trde@f e@J q+kd yD; &efuek u
f kd qif;/ Adv
k af e0if;udk acgi;f aqmifwif+yD;
*syefudkawmfvSefzkd@ pnf;a0;jyifqif=uygw,f? tJ'Dowif;udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; odoGm;
wJhtcg a'goxGuf+yD; Adkvfae0if;udk tjyif;txef qlyl}udrf;armif;ygw,f?
'kwd,t}udrfu zufqpfawmfvSefa&;vkyfzkd@ ppfwdkif;awG cGJa0owfrSwfwJh
v#KdŒ0Suftpnf;ta0;rSm jzpfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;rSm Adkvfae0if;wm0efuswJh e,fajru
jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'o jzpfygw,f? tJ'De,fajrxJrSm yg0ifwJh [Hom0wDc±kdifeJ@ +rdKŒe,ftcsKdŒ
udk awmfveS af &;tzG@J 0ifwOD;u (trnfrrSwrf ad wmh) ppfqifa&;tajctaet& ol@wikd ;f xJ
xnfhay;zkd@ tJ'D tpnf;ta0;rSm awmif;qdkwJhtcgAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u oabmwl+yD;
xnfhay;vdkufygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm Adkvfae0if;u a'goaygufuGJ+yD; “usaemfhudk r,Hk&if
vnf; wm0efray;ygeJ@? tckvdkvkyfwmawmh bmaumif;ovJ”vkd@ t"dy`g,f&wJh pum;rsdK;
udk rcHr&yfEdkif ajymqdkcJhygw,f? Adkvfae0if;&JŒ tJ'Dvkyf&yfa=umifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tyg
t0if tJ'DrSm&dSaewJh acgif;aqmifawG[m ±kwfw&uf a=umifoGm;=u+yD; aemufrdepf
31
tenf;i,f=umrS tJ'Dtjzpftysufudk tm;vHk;u rodovdkvkyf+yD; tpnf;ta0;udk
qufvkyf=uum r=umcifrSm tpnf;ta0;udk ±kyfodrf;vdkufw,fvkd@ od&ygw,f?
wwd,t}udru f awmh *syefawmfveS af &;&JŒ aemufq;kH ae@&ufwckrmS Adv k af rmif
armif/ Adkvfatmif}uD;wkd@ tpDtpOfeJ@yJ &efukefudk ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfu odrf;ydkuf
vdkuf+yDqdkwJhta=umif; Adkvfae0if; vufrSwfeJ@ toHv$ifh a=unmwJhudpP jzpfygw,f? tJ'D
udpP[mvnf; ol@&JŒcGifhjyKcsufrygbJ vkyfcJhwJhudpPjzpfwma=umifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m
t}uD;tus,f a'gyG+yD; Adkvfae0if;udk tjyif;txef qlyl}udrf;armif;cJhwJhtjyif &mxl;uyg
csvdkufygw,f?
Adv
k af e0if;[m acwfopfjrefrmhwyfrawmfukd xlaxmifco hJ l Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;eJ@
tJovkd yÉdyuQav;awG &dScJhzl;ygw,f? 'gtjyifh wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifawGjzpf=uwJh
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ Adv k v
f usmf / Adv k af Z,s/ zqyv acgi;f aqmifawG jzpf=uwJh OD;Ek/ OD;ode;f
azjrifh/ OD;ausmf+idrf;/ OD;AaqG/ ocifA[def; polwkd@[m wuUodkvfausmif;omor*~ todkuf
t0ef;u vmolawGjzpf=u+yD; oluawmh tJovdkr[kwfwJhtwGuf Adkvfae0if;[m
wuUodkvfausmif;om;awGudk rvdkrkef;xm;wJhpdwf &ifxJrSm usdwf&dSaeoljzpf+yD; (1962)
ckESpf/ Zlvdkif (7)&ufae@u ol&JŒvkyf&yfawG[m tJ'Dpdwf"mwf&JŒ xif[yfcsufwck jzpfw,f
vkd@ qdkolawGvnf; &dSygw,f? &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;awGudk ypfcwfowfjzwf/
&efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~ taqmuftOD;udk 'dkif;erdkufeJ@ +zdKcszsufqD;cJh+yD;wJh
aemuf wkid ;f jynfukd ajymqdw k hJ a&'D,t kd oHvi$ hf rde@f ceG ;f xJrmS “"m;"m;csi;f / vSv H cHS si;f &ifqikd f
r,f”vkd@ }udrf;0g;cJhwJh pum;[mvnf; wuUodkvfeJ@ wuUodkvftodkuft0ef;eJ@ ywfouf
wJh ol&JŒ tikH@pdwf/ tusdwftcJ yGifhxGufvmwmjzpfw,fvkd@ tJ'DvlawGu qdk=uygw,f?
Adkvfae0if;[m ^m%feD^m%feuf ºuG,f0olwpfa,mufjzpfw,fvkd@ ol&JŒ jrif;
orm;b0udk odrDvdkufolawGu tudk;tum;awGeJ@ ajymjy=uygw,f? ol[m trsuf
apmifrmef}uD;oljzpfwhJ wcsed w f nf;rSm &Jabmf&b J ufawGtay: u±k%mxm;oljzpfw,fv@dk
vnf; 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Eku ajymzl;w,fvkd@ usaemf rSwfom;&zl;ygw,f? Adkvfae0if;
eJ@ acwf+yKdifwOD;jzpf+yD; 'Duae@txd jrefrmhordkif;a&jyifus,f}uD;xJrSm ol,Hk=unf&m
bufudk OD;wnful;cwfaeqJjzpfwJh ocifwifjruawmh ol@&JŒ 'DbufacwftwGif;a&;wJh
aqmif;yg;wyk'fxJrSm OD;ae0if;[m ,kwfrmolwa,mufr[kwfbl;/ yk*~dKvfa&;}uD;jrifhr_udk
tvdk&dSolwOD;om jzpfw,fvkd@ a&;xm;wmudk zwfvdkuf&ygao;w,f?
tJ'Dawmh twnfjyKEdkifwJh tcsuftvufawGa&m/ twnfrjyKEdkifwJh tcsuf
tvufawGa&mudk aygif;csKyfwGufcsuf+yD; yHkazmf=unfhvdkufwJhtcg Adkvfae0if;[m udk,feJ@
rxdu k wf efwhJ ae&mudk &,lvo kd /l Om%feOD m%feufrsm;ol/ trsuaf pmifrmef}uD;ol/ &Jabmf
&JbufawGudk oem;=uifemwwfol/ yk*~Kdvfa&;}uD;jrifhr_udk tvdk&dSol pojzifh ol&JŒ
t=urf;zsif; yHk&dyfudk rSef;qjrifa,mifrdvmygw,f?
32
Akdvfae0if; jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay:rSm yg0ifujyoGm;cJhwJh umvtwdkif;
twmudk rSwfwrf;jyK=unfhr,fqkd&if &JabmfoHk;udsyf0ifwOD;tjzpf oabFmeJ@vdkufyg
oGm;cJhwJh (1941) ckESpfuae uG,fvGefwJh (2004) ckESpftxdvkd@ t=urf;zsif; qdkEdkifr,f
xifygw,f? ESpfumvtm;jzihf (63) ESpfjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh ol@&JŒyHk&dyftppftrSefudk
trsm;jynfol yDyDjyifjyif xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jrifawG@cJh=u&wmawGuawmh (1962)ckESpfuae
(1988)ckESpftxd (26) ESpfwmumvjzpfw,fvkd@ usaemfajym&if trsm;vufcHEdkif=ur,f
xifygw,f? txufrSm azmfjycJhwJh ol@&JŒyHk&dyfawG[mvnf; tJ'DumvtwGif;rSm xif&Sm;
yDjyifcJhw,f qdkwmudk jrifawG@=u&rSm jzpfygw,f?
Akdvfae0if;[m wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf jzpfvmcJhayr,fh tJ'Dupvkd@
(1962) ckESpftxd (1958 rS 1960 txdumvryg) ppfOD;pD;csKyf[m t&yfom; umuG,f
a&;0ef}uD;&JŒ vufatmufrSm &dScJhwmrkd@ tJ'DumvtwGif; jrefrmppfwyf[m Akdvfae0if;&JŒ
vufatmufrSm vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; &dScJhw,fvkd@ rqdkEdkifygbl;? tdrfapmifhtpdk;&umv (58-
60)rSm 0wfpHkjynfh tprf;avhusifhcJh+yD;aemuf (1962) ckESpf rwfv (2) &ufae@usrSom
ppf w yf [ m awmf v S e f a &;aumif p D O uU X / jynf a xmif p k j ref r mEd k i f i H 0ef } uD ; csKyf /
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvrf;pOfygwD OuUX/ EdkifiHawmfaumifpDOuUX/ jynfaxmifpk qdk&S,fvpforRw
jrefrmEdkifiH orRw pwJh &mxl;yHko¿meftrsdK;rsdK;udk tcsdeftcgeJ@ tajctae tm;avsmfpGm
&,lcJhwJh Akdvfae0if;&JŒ “waoG; woH wrdef@” atmufudk a&muf&dScJhwmjzpfwJhtwGuf
(1962)ckESpfeJ@ Akdvfae0if; jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; uef@vefumaemufudk 0ifoGm;cJhwJh (1988) ckESpf
Zlvdkifvt=um; (26) ESpfausmfumvtwGif; wnf&dScJhwJh ppfwyf[m Akdvfae0if;&JŒ
ppfwyfjzpfw,fvkd@ ,lq&rSmjzpfygw,f?
tJ'DumvtwGif;&SdcJhwJh jrefrmppfwyf[m OD;ae0if;ppfwyfjzpfw,fvkd@ aumuf
csuq f EJG ikd +f yDqwkd t
hJ cg tJ'pD pfwyf&ŒJ xl;jcm;wJh 0daootcsut f vufawG (character-
istics)u bmawGvJ qkdwmudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm=unfh=u&atmifyg?
tzGJ@tpnf;wckrSm tJ'DtzGJ@tpnf;udk acgif;aqmifaewJhol&JŒ yifudk,fp±kduf
vuQ%mawG a,bk,stm;jzifh xif[yfaeavh&dSw,fqdkwJhtcsufudk usaemf a&SŒrSm Adkvf
csKyfatmifqef;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifwkd@eJ@ OyrmjycJh+yD; jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh (1962)
ckESpfu (1988) ckESpftxd (26) ESpfwmumvtwGif; wnf&dScJhwJh jrefrmppfwyf[mvnf;
usaemf txufrmS azmfjycJ+h yD;jzpfwhJ Akv d af e0if;&JŒ yifu,
kd pf ±kud vf uQ%mawG xif[yfaewJh
ppfwyfwck jzpfw,fqdkwmudk pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf avhvmolwdkif; jrifawG@=ur,fxifygw,f?
txl;ojzifh trsufapmifrmef}uD;jcif;qdkwJh p±kdufvuQ%musawmh txift&Sm; tay:
vGifqHk;jzpfygw,f? qJAif;Zlvdkifta&;tcif;upvkd@ &Spfav;vHk;jynfol@'Drdkua&pD ta&;
awmfy}kH uD;txd jynfoal wG&ŒJ qENazmfxw k rf a_ wGtay: Akvd af e0if;tpd;k &&JŒ wk@H jyef ajz&Si;f yHk
awGu Akdvfae0if;tygt0if olavhusifhay;xm;wJh acgif;aqmiftqifhqifh&JŒ trsufapmif
rmef}uD;vSwJh p±kdufvuQ%mudk azmf!¸ef;jyoaeygw,f? jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_ "avhxHk;wrf;
33
awGxJu tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m usifhxHk;wckjzpfwJh rif;usifhw&m;q,fyg;xJu “cE WDp onf;cH
jcif;”qdkwJh w&m;eJ@ Akdvfae0if;eJ@ ol@&JŒ ppfwyfwkd@ udkufnDr_&dS r&dSqdkwmuawmh trsm;
od+yD;om;jzpfrkd@ xyf+yD; tajzxkwfray;vdkawmhygbl;?
'Dae&mrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyf armifarmif&JŒ ppfwyfeJ@ Akdvfae0if;&JŒ ppfwyft=um;
t"duuswJh uGJjym; jcm;em;r_wckudk oHk;oyfwifjyvkdygw,f? ppfwyfESpfckpvHk;[m wdkif;
jynfukd Edik if aH &;orm;awG vufxx J m;vk@d rjzpfb;l / igw@dk vyk af y;rS wkid ;f jynf aumif;pm;r,f
qdkwJh t,ltq&dSolawGcsnf; jzpf
ayr,fh Adkvfarmifarmifu Adkvfae
0if;eJ@ pm&if yk*~dKvfa&;ar#mfrSef;csuf
trsm;}uD; ykdenf;ygw,f? olu
“wkdif;jynfudk ppfwyfu,frSjzpf
r,f”vkd@ ,lqoljzpf+yD; “wkdif;jynf
udk igu,frSjzpfr,f”vkd@ ,lqol
[kwyf kH r&ygb;l ? Akv d af e0if;uawmh
“wkdif;jynfudk ppfwyfu,frSjzpf
r,f? tJ'Dppfwyfudkvnf; ig acgif;
aqmifrSjzpfr,f”vkd@ ,lqoljzpf
a=umif;/ (26)ESpfwmumvtwGif;
tm%m,E W&m; eHygwf wpf ae&m
rSm t+rJwnf&dSaeapzkd@ Akdvfae0if;
b,fyHkb,fenf; }udK;pm;cJhw,f
qkw d t hJ csuf awGu oufaojyae
ygw,f ? (tJ ' D t a=umif ; awG e J @
ywfouf+yD; Akv d af e0if;acwf txl;
ojzifh rqvacwfudk udk,fwdkif twGif;usus jzwfoef;cJh=uwJh ppfbufe,fbuf EdkifiHa&;
orm;a[mif;}uD;tcsKdŒu pmeJ@a&;om;rSwfwrf;wifxm;=uw,fqdkwJh owif;awG &&dS
xm;ygw,f? r=umcif zwf±_=u&vdrfhr,fvkd@ ar#mfvifh&ygw,f?)
tm;vHk;od=uwJhtwdkif; (1962)ckESpfrSm rv$Jomvkd@ ppfwyfu odrf;ydkufcJh&wJh
EdkifiHawmftm%mudk (1974) tajccHOya't& jynfolwkd@vuf0,fokd@ jyefvnfv$Jajymif;
ay;cJhw,f qdkwm[mvnf; atmufajca'oE W&tqifhtcsKdŒrSm wu,fh t&yfom;tppf
awG tm%m,E W&m;xJ yg0ifvmcJhw,fqdkayr,fh xdyfqHk;tqifhrSmawmh Akdvfae0if;tyg
t0if xdyfwef;acgif;aqmiftm;vHk; abmif;bDc|wf+yD; ykqdk;0wfvdkuf=uwmyJjzpfwJhtjyif
tJ'D ykq;kd ajymif;0wfvu kd =f uwJh acgi;f aqmifawGuyJ ppfwyf&ŒJ aomhcsuaf e&mawGukd quf
vufxdef;csKyfxm;=uwmrkd@ jrefrmEdkifiH[m tESpfom&tm;jzifh ppftpdk;& vufatmuf
34
rSmyJ quf&dSaecJhwmjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dawmh xdyfqHk;u acgif;aqmifawG&JŒ vkyf&yfawGvdkyJ
ppfbufu t+idrf;pm;,l+yD; jynfe,f/wdkif;/ c±kdif/ +rdKŒe,ftqifh t&yfbuf tkyfcsKyfa&;
,E W&m;xJ a&mufoGm;=uwJh ppfAdkvfvlxGufawG&JŒ vkyf&yfrSefor#[mvnf; jrefrm
ppfwyf&JŒ vkyf&yfvkd@yJ qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f? (26) ESpfwmumvtwGif; tJ'D ppfAdkvfvlxGuf
awGa&m/ wyfxJrSm&dScJh=uwJh acgif;aqmifawGyg wdkif;jynfaumif;pm;a&;twGuf bmawG
b,fvkdvkyfcJh=uygovJ? tajzrSefrrSefqdkwJh tay:uae wGufenf;rSefcJhjcif;&dSr&dS jyefokH;
oyfwJh ±_axmifht& ajymr,fqdk&ifawmh &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD;[m tJ'D ppfAdkvfvl
xGufawG/ vuf&dSppfAdkvfawG wdkif;jynfaumif;pm;a&;qdk+yD; bmawG b,fvkdvkyfcJh=uovJ
qdkwmudk tm;vHk;jrifomatmif axmifjyvkdufwJh rSefwcsyfyJ jzpfygw,f?
rdrdeJ@ rxdkufwefwJh t&mudk &,lvdkr_/ trsufapmifrmef}uD;r_/ yk*~dKvfa&;}uD;
jrifrh u
_ kd rufarmr_pwJh tajccH twWpw d w
f csKŒd &daS ewJh Akv
d af e0if;[m ta=umif;a=umif;awG
a=umifh tm%m&SifwOD; jzpfvmwJhtcgrSm ol&JŒ tJ'D twWpdwfawG[m ydkrdk zGH@+zdK;}uD; xGm;
vmcJh+yD; wcsdefu ol@&JŒ ^m%frsufpd/ ynmrsufpdtwGif;rSm cyfao;ao;om&dScJhwJh wdrfndK
wdrfrnf;[m aemufqHk;rSm tuef@towfrJh }uD;xGm;vmcJhum pHkvHk;uef;wJhtjzpfqDukd
a&mufoGm;cJh+yD; ed*Hk;rSmawmh ol@rSm wcsdefu &dScJhzl;wJh EdkifiHa&;t&if;tEDS;wcsKdŒudkyg vHk;vHk;
vsm;vsm; vufvGwfqHk;±_H;oGm;cJh&mu olvdkcsifwmvnf; wckrS &&dScJhjcif;r&dSbJ avmu
}uD;xJu vlrodolrod rsufemi,fi,feJ@ xGufcGmoGm;cJh&ygawmhw,f?
'gayr,fh Akdvfae0if;[m (1962)ckESpfrwdkifrD ol&&dSxm;cJhwJhEdkifiHa&; t&if;tESD;
awGtjyif jrif;orm;wOD;tjzpf ^m%feD^m%feuf ºuG,f0r_qdkwJh xl;jcm;wJh t&nftaoG;
wckyg &dSoljzpfwma=umifh (26)ESpfwmumvtwGif; ol@&JŒ t&dSeft0g[m tvGef }uD;rm;
cJh+yD; ppfwyfudk ol@pdwfwdkif;us yHkoGif;cJhyHkuvnf; xl;c|efajymifajrmufvGef;vSwmrkd@ ol
EdkifiHawmf tm%mudk xdef;csKyfxm;cJhwJh (26)ESpfvHk;vHk; jrefrmppfwyf[m vlawGeJ@ zGJ@pnf;
xm;wJh tzG@J tpnf;wckqw kd hJ tESpo
f m&awmif aysmufu, G +f yD; }udK;qGq
J &m}uD; Akv
d af e0if;
tvdu k s ujy&wJh ±kyaf o;±kyu f av;w±kyo f zG,f &dcS whJ mudk awG@jrifc=hJ u&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh
vnf; (1962)u (1988)txd umvtwGif;&dScJhwJh jrefrmppfwyf[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
ppfwyfuae tESpfom&t& cGJxGufvmcJhwJh Adkvfarmifarmifppfwyf&JŒ xl;jcm;wJh p±kduf
vuQ%mawG ydkrdkzGH@+zdK; tm;aumif;vmcJhwJh ppfwyfjzpfw,fvkd@ ajymEdkifavmufp&m ckdifrm
wJh tcsut f vuf taxmuftxm;awG trSeyf &J cSd ahJ yr,fh tJ'D (26)ESpw f m umvtwGi;f
Akv
d af e0if;&JŒ yH&k yd u
f }uD;rm;vGe;f vSwma=umifh ppfwyf[m Akv d af e0if; aemufausmbufrmS
aysmufuG,faeovdk jzpfcJhygw,f? qdkvdkwmuawmh tJ'DumvtwGif; jrefrmppfwyf&JŒ
vkyf&yftrsm;pk[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; pwifwnfaxmifpOfu ar#mfrSef;cJhwJh ppfwyf&JŒ
vkyf&yfawGeJ@ uGmjcm;aecJh+yDjzpfayr,fh 'gawG[m Akdvfae0if;wOD;wnf;&JŒ vkyf&yfawG
tjzpfom ay:vGifcJh+yD; olvdkovdk yHkoGif;cJhwJh ppfwyf&JŒ vkyf&yfawG r[kwfwJhyHkrsdK; aygufae
cJhwm jzpfygw,f?
35
txufrmS azmfjycJ+h yD;jzpfwhJ acgi;f aqmifaumif;wa,mufrmS r&dt S yfwhJ pdwaf e
pdwx f m;/ tusiphf ±ku d f tawmfrsm;rsm;&dw S hJ Akv
d af e0if; uHtm;avsmpf mG (jrefrmjynfoal wG
bufu =unf&h if uHraumif; ta=umif;rvSpmG ) Edik if aH cgi;f aqmif jzpfvmcJ+h yD; olu, kd wf ikd f
pdww f ikd ;f us ydik yf ikd Ef ikd Ef ikd f au|;arG;okwof if jyKpkysKd ;axmifay;cJw h hJ jrefrmppfwyf&ŒJ xl;jcm;wJh
p±kdufvuQ%mawGudk jrefrmjynfolawGeJ@ urBmhjynfolawG rsuf0g;xifxif yDyDjyifjyif
awG@cJh=u&+yD; tHh=orifoufrdcJh=u&wmuawmh e0w trnfeJ@ Adkvfapmarmif OD;aqmif+yD;
tm%modrf;,lcJhwJh (1988)ckESpf pufwifbmv (18) &ufae@upvkd@ 'Duae@txdumv
rSm jzpfygw,f?
'DumvtwGi;f wyfrawmfacgi;f aqmif ESpaf ,muf&cSd ahJ yr,fh Adv k af pmarmif[m
ppfwyfudk tcsdefwdkuav; (2)ESpfom }uD;pdk;cGifh&cJhwJhtjyif ol}uD;pdk;wJh umvrSmvnf;
Adv k af e0if;u ol@aemufrmS &daS eao;wmrk@d tJ'u D mvudk Akv d af e0if;acwftwGi;f xnfo h iG ;f
oifw h ,fv@dk ,lqygw,f? 'ga=umifh Adv k af pmarmif ppfwyft}uD;tuJtjzpfu z,f&mS ;jcif;
cHvkduf&wJh (1992)ckESpfupvkd@ tckxdumvudk acwfopfArmhwyfrawmf&JŒ pwkwâcwf
jzpfwJh Adkvfoef;a&$acwf jzpfw,f? (wenf;) tJ'DumvtwGif; wnf&dScJh/ wnf&dSqJjzpfwJh
jrefrmppfwyf[m Adkvfoef;a&$ppfwyf jzpfw,fvkd@ qdkcsifygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ppfwyf/ Adkvfarmifarmifppfwyf/ Adkvfae0if;ppfwyfqdk+yD;
acwfopfArmhwyfrawmf&JŒ rwljcm;em;wJh acwf (3)acwfta=umif; usaemf avhvm rSwf
om;rdoavmuf a&SŒrSm wifjycJh+yD;+yD? vuf&dSrSm pwkwâcwfudka&mufaewJh Adkvfoef;a&$
ppfwyf[m ol@a&SŒacwf (3)acwfu ppfwyfawGeJ@ tESpfom&tm;jzifh bmawGwl+yD;
bmawG uGJovJ? 'Dtcsufudk avhvmqef;ppf oHk;oyfjcif;u udk,fhEdkifiHudk cspfjrwfEdk;wJh/
udk,fhEdkifiH +idrf;csrf;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;wkd@ukd vdkvm;wJh jrefrmjynfolwdkif;
vuf&dS rdrdwkd@EdkifiH }uKHawG@&ifqdkifae&wJh jy\emrsm;udk rSefrSefuefuef em;vnfoabm
ayguf+yD; a&SŒbmqufvkyfoifhw,fqdkwJh udpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; taxmuftul jzpfapr,fh
tcsuftvufawG &&dSEdkifaprSm jzpfwma=umifh rkcstudsK;&dSaprSm jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmvlrsKd ;wdik ;f aus;nDaemifyjkH yifukd =um;zl;=ur,fxifygw,f? tJ'yD jkH yifxu J
teD;pyfq;kH qG, J v l @dk &or# tcsut f vufawGu, kd +l yD; E_id ;f ,SOaf jym&&if Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;
&JŒ ppfwyf[m olawmfoljrwf &aoh&[ef;awGqD a&mufoGm;wJh aus;om;i,feJ@wl+yD;/
Adkvfarmifarmif/ Adkvfae0if;/ Adkvfoef;a&$wkd@&JŒ ppfwyfawGuawmh vlqdk;"m;jyawGqD
a&mufomG ;wJh aus;om;i,fe@J wlygw,f? ta=umif;uawmh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;&JŒ ppfwyf
[m jrifawG@}uKHqHk=u&olwdkif; cspfcifjrwfEdk;=uwJh olawmfoljrwfawGqD a&mufoGm;wJh
aus;om;i,fvdk jrefrmjynfolawG 'Duae@xdwdkif w±_dufrufruf/ vGrf;woo jzpfae=u
&qJ ppfwyfjzpfae+yD; usefppfwyf (3) ckuawmh jrifawG@}uKHqHk=u&olwdkif; pufqkyfrkef;wD;
&G&H mS =uwJh vlq;kd "m;jyawGqD a&mufomG ;wJh aus;om;i,fvdk jrefrmjynfoal wGukd rsu&f nf
yifv,f a0apchJwJh ppfwyfjzpfcJha=umif; ordkif;u oufaojycJh+yD; jzpfvkd@ygyJ?
36
acwfa[mif;yJjzpfjzpf/ acwfopfyJjzpfjzpf/ b,fEdkifiH/ b,fvlrsdK;rSmyJjzpfjzpf
wyfrawmfwck OD;xdyyf efqif&r,fh tjrifrm;qH;k opPmw&m;[m jynfow l @dk &ŒJ tusKd ;pD;yGm;
yJjzpfygw,f? tJ't D ajccH tESpo f m&uae jrefrmppfwyf&ŒJ aoGzv D mr_[m Adv k af rmifarmif
vufxufrSm pwifoaE<wnfvmcJh+yD; Adkvfae0if;vufxufrSm vlvm;ajrmufcJhum Adkvf
oef;a&$ vufxufrmS awmh tzG@H +zdK; t}uD;rm;qH;k tqifu h kd a&muf&aSd e+yDv@dk qd&k ygvrd rhf ,f?
Adkvfarmifarmifppfwyfu trsdK;om;jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; aºuG;a=umfoHeJ@
'Drdkua&pDudk ausmcdkif;+yD; +rdK@jyqif;&Jom; jynfolawG/ wdkif;pGefjynfzsm;u wkdif;&if;om;
jynfolawGudk idkaºuG;apcJhw,f? twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudk wu|ef;ykd@+yD; EdSyfpuf
n‡O;f yef;w,f? Adv k af e0if;ppfwyfu tJ'v D yk [
f efawGukd qufxed ;f xm;wJt h jyif qd&k , S v f pf
a&;aºuG;a=umfoHeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk t+yD;wdkif ajrjr‡Kyfo+*õKvfypfvkdufw,f? ta&;tcif;
tqufquf &efukef/ rE Wav;tygt0if +rdK@}uD;+rdK@i,fawG&JŒ +rdK@v,facgif ae@cif;a=umif
awmifrSm ausmif;om;/ tvkyform;/ &[ef;&Sifvl jynfolawGudk aoewfeJ@ ypfcwfEdSrfeif;
vkd@ vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm aoqHk;cJh=u&w,f?
Adkvfoef;a&$&J@ ppfwyfua&m b,fvdktajctae &dSovJ? txufrSm ajymcJhwJh
aoGzDr_ txGÉftxdyf a&mufoGm;cJhwJh acwfvkd@yJ qdk&ygawmhr,f? ol@vufxuf trsm;
jynfol jrifuGif;awGrSm axmifxm;wJh {&mrqdkif;bkwf}uD;wcku pmom;udkyJ erlem=unfh
vku d yf g? “wyfrawmfomtrd/ wyfrawmfomtz” vk@d jzpfygw,f? jyif;xefwhJ a0zefra_ wG
ae&mtESH@u xGufay:vmvGef;ru xGufay:vmawmhrS 'Dqkdif;bkwfyg pmom;[m jynfol
awGtwGuf &nf!¸ef;wm r[kwfbl;? wyfrawmfom;awGtwGufom &nf!¸ef;wm
jzpfw,fvkd@ ppfAdkvf}uD;wa,mufu avajyxkd;w,fvkd@ =um;&ygw,f? wyfrawmfom;
awG twGuo f m jzpfw,fq&kd if bma=umifh wyfrawmfwyfpcef;awGtwGi;f rSmyJ raxmifbJ
trsm;jynfol jrifuGif;rSm vmaxmif&ovJ? wu,fawmh tJ'DaºuG;a=umfoH[m Adkvf
ae0if;acwfuawmif &dScJhzl;wm r[kwfygbl;? aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;=unfh&if tJ'D aºuG;
a=umfoH[m jynfoludk tqkH;pGef apmfum;vkdufwJh aºuG;a=umfoHjzpfygw,f?
Adkvfae0if; jyKpkysdK;axmifay;cJhwmjzpfayr,fh Adkvfae0if;vufxufrSm tvHk;
t&yf ryDjyifvaS o;wJh vlxk qef@usiaf &; jrefrmppfwyf[m Adv k af pmarmif/ Adv k of ef;a&$w@dk
vufxufrSmawmh jynfhjynfh00 tawmiftvuf pHkvifvmcJh+yDvkd@ qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f?
+idrf;csrf;pGm qENjyawmif;qdkaewJh jynfolawGudk axmifeJ@csD owfjzwf+yD; tm%modrf;cJhwJh
tJ'Dppfwyf[m jynfwGif;jynfyu zdtm;awGa=umifh (1990)ckESpf/ arv (27)&ufae@rSm
wpHkwckaom twdkif;twmtxd vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJudk usif;yay;cJh
ayr,fh tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJ&v'fu olwkd@twGuf rSef;csufeJ@ESrf;xGufrudkuf jzpfoGm;wJhtcg
rSmawmh jynfolawGudk wkdif;odjynfod/ urBmoday;xm;wJh uwdopPmudk ajymifajymif
wif;wif; csdK;azmufvkdufwm tJ'Dppfwyfjzpfygw,f?
37
Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ ppfwyf[m b,fvdkppfwyfrsdK;jzpfovJ qdkwmudkawmh tESpf
ESpfq,feD;yg; umvtwGif; xyfjyefwvJvJ jrifawG@cJh=u&+yD; jzpfwmrkd@ txl;&Sif;jyzkd@
vdrk ,f rxifawmhygb;l ? Adv k of ef;a&$[m rdrt d m%m wnf+rJa&;twGuq f &kd if rdrd &yfwnf
&Sifoefae&wJh tawG;tac:udk azmfxkwfzefwD;ay;cJhwJh q&m}uD;(Adkvfae0if;)udkawmif
z,f&Sm;&JwJhol/ rdrd txuft&m&Sd (Adkvfapmarmif)udkawmif z,f&Sm;0HhwJhol/ Zmwfwlom;
(AdkvfxGef;=unf/ Adkvfausmfb/ Adkvfjrifhatmifponfh) pm;0hHwJhol/ rdrdudk txGÉftxdyf
a&mufatmif rdu k rf u
kd uf ef;uef; ycH;k eJ@xrf;wifay;cJo h l (Adv k cf ifneG @f )udv k nf; &Si;f ypf0w hH o hJ /l
'Dy,J if; vlowfr}_ uD;vd@k urBmo h rdik ;f rSm xm0& trnf;pufwifuseo f mG ;awmhr,fh r=um;0hH
remom &mZ0wfr_}uD;udk usL;vGef0Hhol/ aemufqHk; rdrdudk;uG,f&m bmomt,l0g'&JŒ
txGÉt f jrwfwckjzpfwhJ &[ef;oHCmawGuakd wmif Edik if w H um&JŒ rsupf ad tmufrmS ypfcwf
owfjzwf0HhwJhol/ tJovdk olrwlatmif xl;jcm;wJh 0daoovuQ%mawGeJ@ jynfhpHkwJh vl
wa,muf jzpfygw,f?
ajymr,Hk }uKHz;l rSod qdw k hJ vl@tcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufra_ wG[mvnf; tJ'v D v kd rl sKd ;
OD;aqmifwJh ppfwyf tkyfcsKyfwJhacwfrSm ay:aygufcJhwm jzpfygw,f? (VOA) em;axmifvkd@
axmif(3)ESpf tcsccH &hJ wm/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;arG;ae@ vGwv f yfa&;ausmufwikd rf mS Adv k cf sKyf
oDcsif;qdkvkd@ axmif(3)ESpf tcscH&wm/ ukefaps;E_ef;usqif;a&; awmif;qdkqENjyvkd@ axmif
wpfouf tcscH&wm/ ukvor*~u xkwfjyefxm;wJh vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;
ta=umif; &Gmom;awGudk &Sif;jy+yD; &GmujyeftxGufrSm vlpkvla0;eJ@ acsmif;t±kdufcH&wJh
vl@tcGifhta&;orm;awGu aq;±kHwuf
ukor_cH,l&wJhtjyif aq;±kHutqif;rSm
w&m;cHtjzpf pGJcsuftwifcH&+yD; axmif urBm}uD;rSm acwftqufquf
'%fESpf&Snf csrSwfcH&wm/ oHvufoD;eJ@ b,fwkef;urS b,fe,fy,frSmrS
txkd;cH&+yD; rsufvHk;uG,fvkrwwfjzpfae xdy fq Hk; (10)pm&if ;xJ
wJh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,feJ@ trSefw&m; r0ifcJhzl;wJh jrefrmEkdifiH[m
twdkif; jzpfapvdkol ol@rdom;pk0ifawGu Adkvfoef;a&$ vufxufa&mufrSyJ
w&m;cHjzpf+yD; axmif'%fcsrSwfcH&/ oHvuf urBmhtqdk;&Gm;qHk;
oD;eJ@ xk;d oGm;wJv h &l ŒJ tzG@J tpnf;u w&m; tm%m&S i f ( 10)OD ; pm&if ; &J Œ
vdkjzpfoGm;wm pojzifh æ pojzifh urBmh xdyfqHk;em;w0dkufrSm
b,fEidk if rH mS rS r}uKHb;l r=um;bl; avmufwhJ
vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_awG us,fus,f
jyef@jyef@ eufeuf±_dif;±_dif; jzpfyGm;aewm Adkvf
oef;a&$ppfwyf tkyfcsKyfaewJh jrefrmjynfrSm jzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dvkyf&yfawG&JŒ tusdK;quftjzpf jrefrmEdkifiHtygt0if urBmhEdkifiHaygif;pHk
yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;wJh urBmhukvor*~tzGJ@}uD;eJ@ ,Ofaus;wJh EdkifiHwumrdom;pk todkif;t
38
0dkif;u Adkvfoef;a&$ppfwyfudk b,fvdk oabmxm;+yD; b,fvdk wkH@jyef

ae=uovJqdkwm tm;vHk;todygyJ? EdkifiHaygif; (200)ausmf wnf&dSwJh
urBm}uD;rSm acwftqufquf b,fwkef;urS b,fe,fy,frSmrS
xdyfqHk; (10)pm&if;xJ r0ifcJhzl;wJh jrefrmEkdifiH[m Adkvfoef;a&$ vuf
xufa&mufryS J urBmt h qd;k &Gm;qH;k tm%m&Sif (10)OD;pm&if;&JŒ xdyq f ;kH
em;w0du k rf mS ESppf Of ae&m,lxm;Edik w f m wcsuw f nf;udk =unf±h eHk @J wif
Adkvfoef;a&$ppfwyf&JŒ yHk&dyfudk rSef;qEdkifrSmjzpfygw,f?
jynfou l kd tvkyt f au|;jyKzk@d qw kd hJ &nf&, G cf suef @J ±k;d om;+yD;
trSefw&m;udk cspfjrwfEdk;wJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; xlaxmifcJhwJh jrefrm
ppfwyf[m w,loeform; Adv k af rmifarmif&ŒJ tawG;tac:atmufrmS
pwif vrf;acsmv f mcJ&h mu yk*Kd~ vfa&;}uD;jrifv h o kd l Adv
k af e0if;&JŒ tawG;
tac:atmufrSm Oy"d±kyf tawmfuav; azmufjyef,dk,Gif;oGm;cJh+yD;
tm%m&rRufeJ@ t+idK;tmCmw }uD;rm;vSwJh Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ tawG;
tac:atmufrSmawmh rlv±kyfudk rSef;qjrifa,mif=unfhvkd@awmif r&
EdkifawmhwJhtxd ysufpD;oGm;cJh+yDqdkwmudk Adkvfoef;a&$OD;aqmifwJh
xdyfydkif;u ppfAdkvfwpkeJ@ rdrdwkd@&JŒ udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf olwkd@udk
rSefyghbk&m; vkyfaewJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifqdkol wpkuvGJ&if jrefrm
jynfoltm;vHk;u odjrifoabmaygufae=u+yD jzpfygw,f?
ud, k ahf oG;&if;om;&if; wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;tcsi;f csi;f uvGv J @dk
b,fEdkifiHjcm; ppfwyfwckudkrS &ifqdkif,SOf+yKdif wkdufcdkufcJhzl;jcif;r&dSwJh
vuf&jSd refrmhppfwyfxu J xdyyf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifp[ k m ukvor*~XmecsKyf
oGm;+yD; ,Ofaus;wJh urBmhrdom;pk todkif;t0dkif;&JŒ acgif;aqmifawGeJ@
rsufESmcsif;rqdkif&J=uayr,fh jynfwGif;rSmawmh olwkd@u vufckyfxJu
a&yrm jzpfae=u&&SmwJh jrefrmjynfolawGudk olwkd@vm&if twif;
tusyf vuftkyfcsDcdkif;+yD; ro'<ga&pm tuefawmhcH&wJh t&omudk
+rdef+rdef}uD; pm;oHk;ae=uygw,f? ‘EdkifiHawmf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh
zGH+zdK;a&;aumifpD’qdkwJh emrnfvSvSudk cH,lxm;wJh Adkvfoef;a&$wkd@
vlp[ k m wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ b¾maiGawGukd txde;f tcsKyf tuef@towfr&dS
xifovdk oHk;pGJae=uwJhtjyif rif;pdk;&mZmpdwf b,favmufrsm; xdyf
wufae=uovJq&kd if ysO;f rem;+rdKŒteD;u =uyfajy;&Gmw0ku d u f kd awmif
aejynfawmfvkd@ orkwf+yD; ajymif;a&GŒeef;pdkufcJh=uwJhtxdygyJ?
39
aiGa=u;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm ukefuscJh&wJh tJ'Daejynfawmf wnf

aqmufa&; vkyfief;[m EdkifiH&JŒ ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_twGuf
bmwckrS taxmuftuljzpfwmr[kwrf eS ;f tm;vH;k od=uayr,fh “b0&Sif
rif;w&m;}uD;”udk b,fAdkvfcsKyfurS vlod&Sif=um; ar;cGef; rxkwf0hHcJh=u
ygb;l ? Adv
k af rmifarmife@J Adv
k af e0if;wk@d qifu
h q
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ay;cJhwJh vlxkqef@usifa&; jrefrmppfwyf[m Adkvfoef;a&$ vufxufrSm
awmh ±kd;om;r_eJ@ trSefw&m;udk cspfjrwfEdk;r_qdkwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
xlaxmifcJhwJh ppfwyf&JŒ tESpfom&udk aq;azmfzkd@ &Smr,fqdk&ifawmif
&SmrawG@ Edik af wmhygb;l ? tajymifajrmufq;kH / t}uD;us,q f ;kH / tcrf;em;qH;k
aºuG;a=umfoHawG atmf[pfaeayr,fh wu,fhvufawG@rSmawmh vuf&Sd
ppfwyf[m tESpfAvm tum+yJŒ+yJŒeJ@ ‘tqif;vSqef; vl@aygufyef;’vdk
vlrsKd;/ usD;tmoD;vkd toD;rsKd; jzpfw,fqdkwm udk,fhjynfolawGua&m
EdkifiHwum jynfolawGuyg odae=uyg+yD?
tJ'gawGuawmh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ppfwyfeJ@ Adkvfae0if;
ppfwyf qdw k hJ a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ toH;k tE_e;f eJ@ ywfoufwhJ cifAsm;&JŒ
ar;cGef;tay: usaemf&JŒ tusOf;csKyfajz=um;csufyJjzpfygw,f? Õ
40
ar; ? ? cifAsm;&J@ ajz=um;csufxJrSm Adkvfoef;a&$ppfwyf&JŒ vkyfaqmifcsufawG&JŒ

tusdK;quftjzpf ukvor*~eJ@ ,Ofaus;wJh EdkifiHwum rdom;pktodkif;t0dkif;u b,fvdk
oabmxm;+yD; b,fvdkwkH@jyefae=uw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;todygyJqdkwJh tcsufwcsuf
yg0ifw,f? ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcHu (1990)a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk taumif
txnfazmfay;zkd@ ESpfpOf awmif;qdkvsuf&dSw,f? twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfu txl;udk,fpm;vS,f
cef@+yD; trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;&&dSatmif ulnDaqmif&Gufaew,f? vl@tcGifhta&;
aumifpDuvnf; txl;udk,fpm;vS,fcef@+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHu vl@tcGifhta&; tajctaeawG
wkd;wufvmatmif }udK;yrf;aew,f? 'gawG[m jynfwGif;rSm trsdK;om;nDnGwfa&;+yDKuGJr_
jy\emeJ@ }uKHawG@ae&wJh EdkifiHawGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; ukvor*~u =um;0ifzsefajz&mrSm
toHk;jyKavh&dSwJh a,bk,senf;vrf;awG jzpfw,fvkd@ usaemfwkd@ oabmayguf em;vnf
xm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'Duae@acwf urBmay:rSm ppfwyfu tm%modrf;+yD; tpdk;&
vkyfaewJh EdkifiHawG renf;raem&dSwJhtwGuf jrefrmEdkifiHu tm%modrf;tpdk;&udk
tar&duefeJ@ Oa&myEdkifiH}uD;awGu wkH@jyefta&;,lxm;yHkawG[m jyif;xefvGef;w,fvkd@
cifAsm; r,lqbl;vm;? wjcm; tm%modrf;ppftpdk;&awGtay: tJ'D EdkifiH}uD;awG&JŒ
wkH@jyefta&;,lr_u jyif;xefr_ rqdkpavmufom&dS+yD; jrefrmppftpdk;&tay: wkH@jyef
ta&;,lr_u wrifoufouf &nf&G,fcsuf&dS&dSeJ@ uGuf+yD; EdSyfuGyfaewJh yHkpHrsdK; jzpfaew,f
vkd@ ,lqp&m jzpfw,fqdk&if udkvdkeDvufopf EdkifiH}uD;awG[m jrefrmEdkifiHu rsdK;cspfacgif;
aqmifawG (etz)udk z,f&Sm;+yD; olwkd@&JŒ ±kyfao;±kyf (a':atmifqef;pk=unf)udk eef;wif
ay;jcif;jzifh jrefrmEdik if u
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jrifuiG ;f / qENjyvli,f wa,mufukd vHx k ed ;f wa,mufu atmufcH
abmif;bDom usefawmhwJhtxd ±kdufESuf uefausmuf+yD;wJhaemuf
tJ'Dvli,fudk ol@&JŒppfzdeyfeJ@ eif;xm;wJh jrifuGif;/ pk+yD;xdkifae=uwJh
&[ef;oHCmawmfawGudk &JawGu eHygwfwkwfawGeJ@ twif;0if±kduf
wJh jrifuGif;/ aoG;oH&J&JeJ@ acgif;u'%f&mudk vufeJ@tkyfxm;wJh
oHCmawmfwyg;udk &Jwa,mufu tcsKyfum;qD qGJac:oGm;wJh
jrifuiG ;f awG[m tpd;k &qef@usiaf &;orm;awG&ŒJ 0g'jzef@ vky}f uH ±ku d f
csufawGr[kwfwm wurBmvHk; od=uygw,f?
52
jrefrmppftpd;k &&JŒ zufqpfp±ku d f tay:vGiq f ;kH jzpfomG ;cJw

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uawmh a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;rSm *syefowif;axmuf em*tdqef
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aoewfeJ@ typfcH&wJhtcsdefrSm em*tdqefa&m/ qENjyjynfolvlxka&m
[m vHkxdef;wyfzGJ@awGudk xdyfwkduf&ifqdkif t=urf;zufaewJh tajc
taerSm &dSaewmr[kwfygbl;? em*tdqef[m vrf;ay:rSm aoewfeJ@
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wurBmvHk;u jrifawG@cJh&wJh tJ'Djzpf&yfudk rdrdwkd@udk qENjyolawGu
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jzpfygw,fvkd@ jrefrmppftpdk;& ta=umif;jyw,fqdk&ifawmh tJ'D
ta=umif;jycsuf[m (etz)&JŒ &,fp&mraumif;qHk; jyufvHk;awGxJu
wckyJ jzpfygvdrhfr,f?
tJ'DtcsufawGtm;vHk;tjyif (etz)ppfwyfu avhusifh
ay;xm;wJh vHkxdef;awG&JŒ qENjyyGJwdkif; jynfolvlxktay: jyKrlvkyf
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vsm;rwlbJ qENjyolawGudk +idK;ol&efbufawGozG,f onf;}uD;rnf;
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awGudkrS bma=umifhxl;+yD; emem=unf;=unf; jzpfcJh=u&wmvJqdkwJh
ar;cGef;&JŒ tajzudk &dyfpm;od&dSEdkifr,f xifygw,f? Õ
53
ar; ? ? (etz)[m bmoma&;tydkif;rSm bk&m;apwDta[mif;awG

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ynma&;tydkif;rSm wuUodkvf/ aumvdyf ody`HopfawGtrsm;}uD; wnf
aqmufay;cJhw,f? vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;tydkif;rSm vrf;wHwm;topfawG
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jzpfxGef;apwJh udpPawG r[kwfbl;vm;?
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awmfvSefa&;rSm oHCmawmfawGudk r[kwfr[wfpGyfpGJ+yD; EdSyfuGyfacsr_ef;cJhwJh vkyf&yfawG
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u wu,fh apwemtrSefeJ@ vkyfcJhw,fqdkOD;awmh “ukodkvfwyJ i&Jwydom”qdkwJh pum;
udkyJ ukd;um;&ygvdrfhr,f? wu,fawmh &[ef;oHCmawGudk owfwJhjypfr_udk b,fvkd
aumif;r_rsdK;eJ@rS jyefaxvkd@ r&Edkifygbl;?
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ynma&;tydkif;rSm wuUodkvfawGtrsm;}uD; wnfaqmufay;cJhw,fqkdwm
a,bk,stm;jzifhawmh aumif;wJhvkyf&yfyg? 'gayr,fh tJ'DwuUodkvfawG[m vlpOfrDwJh
54
wuUodkvfawG[kwf&JŒvm;? tJ'DwuUodkvfwnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;awGrSm
tusifhysufjcpm;r_awG uif;&Sif;&JŒvm;qdkwJh ar;cGef;awGudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&if/
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awG xyfrw H nfaqmufwm[m ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd tpOftquf ckcw H u kd cf u kd f
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qkdwJh ar;cGef;udkxnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&if (etz)[m tJ'Dvkyf&yftwGufvnf;
tjynfht0csD;usL;cHxdkufol [kwfr[kwfpOf;pm;&rSm jzpfygw,f?
vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;tydkif;eJ@ ywfoufvkd@ (etz)vufxufrSm
vrf;wHwm;awG tweftoifh wdk;yGm;vmwm rSefygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'DudpPrSm
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r_awG uif;&JŒvm; qdkwmjzpfygw,f? aemufwckuawmh q&m}uD;a&$Oa'gif;a&;
wJh “[pfwvm vkyfcJhor#” pmtkyfxJu tcef;wcef;eJ@ E_dif;,SOfjy&rSmjzpfyg
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udk &uf,S,fxm;wJh vrf; wHwm;awG trsm;}uD;wnfaqmuf azmufvkyfcJh
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}uD;awG oGm;vdk&mudk tjrefqHk;a&mufoGm;Edkifatmif ykd@ay;zkd@jzpfw,fvkd@ q&m
}uD;u a&;ygw,f? (88)ta&;awmfyHktwGif; qENjy jynfolvlxka=umifh ol@&JŒ
ppftiftm;awGudk vsifvsifjrefjref vG,fvG,fulul ra&$Œrajymif;Edkif jzpfcJh&wJh
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r[kwfbl;vkd@ b,folajymEdkifygovJ?
tJ'gawGxuf ydt k a&;}uD;wJh tcsuf
uawmh jrefrmjynfolvlxk}uD;&JŒ o
(etz)u abmxm; tjrifygyJ? bmoma&;tydkif;
vrf ; wH w m;awG rSm (etz)u Ak'<bmomeJ@ ywfouf
wnf a qmuf a zmuf v k y f j cif ; &J Œ +yD; bmomomoem wdk;wufa&; t
wGuf pGr;f pGr;f wrH aqmif&u G af y;cJw h ,f?
t"du &nf&G,fcsuf[m
tjcm;bmomawG twG u f v nf ;
qENjy jynfolawGudk
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acsr_ e f ; Ed k i f z k d @ ar;w,f? 'gqdk&if bmomaygif;pHku
r[kwfbl;vkd@ rd r d w k d @ bmom wnf w h H j yef @ yG m ;a&;
b,f o l a jymEd k i f y govJ twG u f aqmif & G u f a ewJ h o l a wG [ m
(etz)vufxufrSm t&rf;udk aysmf&$if
55
0rf;ajrmufae=uwJh oabmaygh? tJovdk[kwfr[kwf tJ'DvlawGudk udk,fwdkif

ar;=unfhoifhygw,f? olwkd@&JŒ tajztwGuf bmudkrS pdk;&drfylyef p&mrvdkwJh
tajctaersdK;udk t&ifzefwD;+yD;rS ar;zkd@awmh vdktyfygw,f?
,Ofaus;r_tydkif;rSmvnf; 'Dtwdkif;ygyJ? qdk/ u/ a&;/ wD;+yKdifyGJawG
usif;yay;wJhtwGuf jrefrmh*DwokckrtEkynmudk jynfolawG ydkrdkjrwfEdk;
wef;zdk; xm;+yD; vli,ftrsm;pk taemufwdkif; *DwokckrtEkynmxuf jrefrmh
*Dwokckr tEkynmudkydk+yD; av;pm;wefzdk;xm; vm=uygovm;? 'DudpPudk
aoaocsmcsm uGif;qif; ppfwrf;aumuf,l=unfhzkd@ oifhygw,f? 'gayr,fh
'Duae@ a,bk,s jrifawG@ae&wmuawmh vufrSwfcawG aomif;*%ef;em;
uyfaeayr,fh taemufwikd ;f *Dw pifjrifah zsmaf jzyGaJ wGrmS vlawG}udw}f udww f ;kd
ae+yD;/ jrefrmh*DwazsmfajzyGJawGrSmawmh usD;eJ@zkwfzkwfjzpfaewmudkygyJ?
'ghtjyif jrefrmh tEkynmavmuom; tm;vHk; 'Duae@rSm pdwfrcsrf;rajrŒ
jzpfae=uygw,f? avhvm=unfhvkdufyg? 'Dtcsufu (etz)&JŒ tay:,H a&$r_ef
}uJvkyf&yfudk rD;armif;xkd;jyaeygw,f?
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om;awG/ q&mawG &$ifvef;wufºuG jzpfae=uygovm;? a&$ausmif;ajymif
ajymif 0rf;acgifacgifqdkwJh pum;udk q&mawG t+rJowd&ae=uovdk wif;usyf
wJh pnf;urf;awG/ rl;,pfaq;0g;awGeJ@ avmif;upm;r_awG y&yGjzpfaewJh tJ'D
wuUodkvf topf}uD;awG[m ynmudk wu,fvdkcsifol ausmif;om;awG
twGufawmh usD;tmoD;awGvdkygyJ?
vrf ; yef ; quf o G , f a &;awG wd k ; wuf v mw,f r[k w f v m;vk d @
cifAsm;u ar;w,f? 'DudpPeJ@ ywfouf+yD; jynfolawGudk ar;=unfh&r,f? vrf;
wHwm;awGwdk;vmwJhtwGuf cifAsm;wkd@ oGm;&vm&wm t&ifuxuf p&dwf
pu tydkif;rSma&m tqifajyoufom vG,fulacsmarG@r_ tydkif;rSmyg wdk;wuf
vmw,fv@dk cHpm;=u&ovm;? vrf;wHwm;awG wk;d vmwJt h wGuf cifAsm;wk@d &ŒJ
pD;yGm;a&; tajctae t&ifuxufy+kd yD; wd;k wuf acsmifvnfvm=uovm;vk@d
ar;=unfh&if taumif;qHk;ygyJ? Õ
56
ar; ? ? wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&; qkwf,kwfae&wm olwkd@a=umifhr[kwfbl;? taemuf
EdkifiH}uD;awGu csrSwfxm;wJh '%fcwf ydwfqkd@r_awGa=umifh jzpfw,f? 'Duae@ (etz)eJ@
(NLD) ajyvnfa&;rSm (NLD)u awmif;qkdvkd@ taemuf EdkifiH}uD;awGu vkyfay;aewJh
pD;yGm;a&; '%fcwfydwfqkd@ta&;,lr_awGu t"du t[ef@twm;wck jzpfaew,fvkd@
(etz)u awmufav#muf ajymaewJhtjyif tJ'Dtcsuftygt0if tcsuf(4)csufudk
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu vkdufavsmrS awG@qHkaqG;aEG;Edkifr,fvkd@ r=umcifuyJajym
cJjh yefw,f? 'gt
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d q
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w,f? pD;yGm;a&; '%fcwfydwfqkd@r_awGa=umifh trSefwu,f'kuQcHpm;&wmu jynfol
vlxkomjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh (NLD)taeeJ@ jrefrmjynftay: pD;yGm;a&; '%fcwfydwfqkd@r_
awGvkyfzkd@ EdkifiHwumudk awmif;qdkwJhrl0g'udk pGef@v$wfoifhw,fvkd@ ajymae=uw,f?
'DudpPeJ@ ywfouf+yD; cifAsm;tjrifudkajymygOD;?
ajz ? ? 'Dar;cGef;udk ajzzkd@twGuf yxrqHk;usifh0wf p&%w&m;

(ethics) ud p P u d k oG m ;&r,f ? usif h 0 wf p &%w&m;qd k w m vl o m;
wa,muftaeeJ@ jyKusifhtyfwJh/ rjyKusifhtyfwJhudpPawGudk qdkvdkwm
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tqd;k udk cGjJ cm;odjrifEikd w
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cGJjcm;&mrSm toHk;jyKtyfwJh aywHjzpfygw,f? vlom;wa,muf[m tJ'D
^m%fynm &ifhoefr_ &dSvmavav wd&p>meftjzpfeJ@ a0;uGmvmavav
ygyJ?
tJ'D±_axmifht& vlyDovdkwJh vlwa,muf[m tajccHtm;
jzifh b,f[mtrSe/f b,f[mtrSm;/ b,f[m taumif;/ b,f[mtqd;k
qdkwmudk cGJjcm;odjrifEdkifzkd@ }udK;yrf;&r,f? tJ'Dtqifh+yD;&if ol[m ukd,f
ukd,fwdkifu trSefeJ@ taumif;udkvkyf+yD; trSm;eJ@tqdk;udk a&Smif&r,f?
wcsed wf nf;rSm taumif;vkyw f hJ vlukd cs;D usK;+yD; tqd;k vkyw
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pif;wJh p&%w&m; w&yfjzpfygw,f?
&yfuGufwckxJrSm tifrwef rdkuf±kdif;qdk;oGrf; &rf;um;wJh vl
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aumif;olaumif;awG taeeJ@ ol@udk b,fvkdwkH@jyef qufqHoifhovJ?
57
yxr acsmharmh azsmif;jzr,f? tJ'geJ@rS r&bl;qdk&if avoHcyfrmrmeJ@ a0zefr,f?
tJ'geJ@rS r&bl;qkd&if 0kdif;y,fxm;r,f? tJ'geJ@rS r&bl;qdk&ifawmh 0dkif;zrf;+yD;
&Jpcef;ykd@=uw,f r[kwfvm;?
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wJhtpdk;& r[kwfbl;vm;? (etz)[m jynfolawGudk ay;xm;wJh uwdopPmudk
zsufcJhwJh tpdk;&r[kwfbl;vm;? (etz)[m EdkifiHwumrdom;pk&JŒ tjrifo
abmxm;awGudk todrSwfjyK av;pm;jcif;r&dSwJh tpdk;& r[kwfbl;vm;? (etz)
[m ppftm%m&Sifpepf &moufyefwnfwhH cdkif+rJa&;twGuf ajymifajymifwif;
wif; }udK;yrf;aewJh tpdk;& r[kwfblvm;? (etz)[m rdrdtm%mwnf+rJa&;
twGuf b,favmuf}uD;rm;wJh &mZ0wfr_rsdK;udkrqdk ('DyJ,if;/ a&$0ga&mifawmf
vSefa&;/ em*pf)usL;vGefcJhwJh tpdk;& r[kwfbl;vm;? tJ'Dvdk tpdk;&rdsK;udk
oleJ@ wurBmxJrSmaewJh vl,Ofaus;awG/ vlaumif;olaumif;awGu
b,fvdkoabmxm; wkH@jyefoifhygovJ?
usaemftxufrSm ay;cJhwJhOyrmxJu &yfuGufxJrSm vl(3)rsdK;&dS
w,f? wrdsK;u tJ'Dvl[m qdk;oGrf; &rf;um;w,f qdkwm olwkd@odw,f?
'gayr,fh tJ'DvlqDrSm olwkd@vdkcsifwJh ypPnf;awG &dSaew,f? tJ'DypPnf;awG
udk tvum;avmufeD;eD; aps;E_ef;eJ@ tacsmifE_duf+yD; &aewmrkd@ olwkd@u
tJ'Dvludk tvkdvkduf t}udKufaqmifae=uygw,f? aemufwrsdK;uawmh
tJ'Dvl qdk;oGrf; &rf;um;wmudk olwkd@odw,f? 'gayr,fh olqkd;wmu
olwkd@udk bmrSvm+yD; wkduf±kduf rxdcdkufbl;? 'ga=umifh olwkd@u tJ'Dvludk
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uawmh tJ'v D q
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usi0hf wfwckjzpfw,f qdw k mudv k nf; odw,f? tJovkd odwt hJ wGuf tod
eJ@ vkyf&yf wxyfwnf;jzpfatmifusifhw,f?
tJ'Dvl(3)rsdK;rSm rdrd b,fvdkvlrdsK; jzpfcsifw,fqdkwm udk,fhzm
omud, k f a&G;cs,Ef ikd yf gw,f? ud,
k ahf &G;cs,rf [
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ta&;,lr_ jyKvkyfw,fqdkwm 'DoabmygyJ? tJ'D ta&;,lr_a=umifh jrefrmhpD;yGm;
a&; rwdk;wuf&wm jzpfw,fvkd@ (etz)u ajymw,f? 'gqdk&if tJ'Dta&;,lr_
awG ay:aygufvm&jcif;&JŒ ta=umif;&if;udk jyefpOf;pm;oifhygw,f? ta&;,l
r_awG[m (etz) wufwufvmcsif; (1988)ckESpfrSm pwif ay:aygufvmcJhwm
58
r[kwfygbl;? (e0w)(etz)wkd@&JŒ ppftm%m&Sifpepf a&&Snf wnfwhH
cdkif+rJatmifvkyfzkd@ }udK;yrf;r_awG ajymifajymifwif;wif; jzpfvm+yD;wJh
aemufrSmrS ta&;,lr_awG pwifay:aygufvmcJhwm jzpfygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; (etz)tay: '%fcwfydwf
qk@d whJ ta&;,lra_ wGcsrw S zf @dk b,fEikd if u H rkd S vlo&d iS =f um; awmif;qdw k m
rsdK; usaemfwkd@ r=um;zl;ygbl;? ol@udk v$wfay;vdkufwJh (1995)ckESpf
aemufyikd ;f Ekid if w
H csK@d u jrefrmjynf'rD u kd a&pDEikd if H r=umcifjzpfvmawmh
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a':atmifqef;pk=unfu jrefrmjynfu tajctae[m &Sifwkd@xifo
avmuf raumif;ao;ygbl;? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfw,fqdkwm EdkifiHa&; vGwf
vyfr&_ rSd S wd;k wufr,f? 'ga=umifh Edik if aH &; wd;k wufr&_ aSd tmif t&ifun l D
vkyfaqmifay;=uygOD;vkd@ ajymcJhwmyJ &dSygw,f? 'ga=umifh '%fcwf
ta&;,lzkd@ awmif;qdkwJhrl0g'udk pGef@v$wfrS awG@qkHaqG;aEG;Edkif r,fvkd@
a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd awmif;qdw k m[m “rcd;k wJo h u l kd aemifrcd;k awmh
ygbl;”vdk@ twif;0efcHcdkif;wmeJ@ wlaeygw,f? wu,fawmh (etz)&JŒ
jynfol@qef@usifa&; vkyf&yfawG r&dSawmhbl;qdk&if tJ'D ta&;,lr_awG
vnf; aysmufuG,foGm;rSmom jzpfygw,f?
rdrwd @dk rmS tjypfr&dyS gbvJ suf taemufEikd if }H uD;awGu olw@dk
&JŒ ±kyfao;±kyf (a':atmifqef;pk=unf)udk eef;wifay;jcif;jzifh jrefrm
EdkifiHudk oG,f0dkufaomenf;tm;
jzifh u|efjyKvdkwJh &nf&G,fcsuf
'%f c wf t a&;,l z k d @ a=umifo h m rdrw d @dk tusyt f wnf;
awmif;qdkwJhrl0g'udk pGef@v$wfrS jzpfatmif tckvdkta&;,lr_awG
awG@qkHaqG;aEG;Edkifr,fvkd@ vkyfaewm jzpfw,fqdkwJh pGyfpGJ
a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf u d k csuf [ m acwf r rD a wmh ygbl ; ?
awmif;qdkwm[m “rcdk;wJholudk udv k ekd D ydik &f iS Ef ikd if }H uD;awG csex f m;
aemif rcd k ; awmh y gbl ; ”vd k @ &pf c J
hw J
h tarG q d
k; awG a=umif h EdkifiH
twif ; 0ef c H c d k i f ; wmeJ @ wl a eygw,f ? pD;yGm;a&; tck txdemvefrxlEikd f
ao;wm jzpfw,fqdkwJh (etz)&JŒ
wu,f a wmh
tjcm; pGyfpGJcsufwckvdkyJ jywdkuf
(etz)&J Œ jynf o l @ qef @ usif a &;
xJ a&mufae+yDjzpfwJh pGyfpGJcsufjzpf
vkyf&yfawG ygw,f? ypdzdwfork'N&m tv,f
r&dSawmhbl;qdk&if æ u u|ef ; Ed k i f i H u av;wck j zpf w J h
udyfAm'D&JŒ 0ef}uD;csKyfu tJovkd
59
'%fcwf ta&;,lr_a=umifh jrefrmjynfu

aiG(100)qHk;±_H;&if (etz)u (95)qHk;±_H;+yD;
jynfolu(5)om qHk;±_H;wmjzpfygw,f
ajymwJh EdkifiHacgif;aqmifawGudk “usaemfwkd@wawG udkvdkeD

vufatmufu vGwfajrmufvmcJ=h uwm &mpkEpS f w0ufavmuf
&do
S mG ;yg+yD? tck tcsed t
f xd Edik if pH ;D yGm;a&; rwd;k wufvm wm[m
acgi;f aqmifawG&ŒJ t&nftaoG; nhzH si;f r_a=umifyh g? udv k ekd D tarG
qdk;qdkwmudk v$Jcsraeoifhawmhygbl;”vdk@ a0zefaxmufjycJhyg
w,f?
pD;yGm;a&;'%fcwfydwfqkd@ ta&;,lr_&J@ '%fudk t"du
cHpm;&wmu jynfolawGygqdkwJh pum;udkvnf; usaemf vufrcH
ygbl;? 'Duae@ jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;udk b,facwfueJ@rS rwl
atmif vHk;0OoHk csKyfudkifxm;wmu (etz)ppftkyfpkeJ@ ol@&JŒ
aqGawmf&Spfaomif; rsdK;awmfaygif;awG jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif
'%fcwfydwfqkd@ta&;,lr_awG[m “ypfrSwfa&G;ta&;,lr_”
(Targetted Sanction)om jzpfwJhtwGuf tJ'Dta&;,lr_ '%f
udk trsm;qHk;cH&wmu (etz)udk,fpm; tvkyfvkyfay;ae=uwJh
ukr`%D}uD;awG/ b%f}uD;awGom jzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxkudk
rxdbl;vkd@awmh rqdkvkdygbl;? '%fcwf ta&;,lr_a=umifh jrefrm
jynfu aiG(100)qHk;±_H;&if (etz)u (95)qHk;±_H;+yD; jynfolu
(5)om qHk;±_H;wmjzpfygw,f? oef;acgifxuf nOfhreufawmhwJh
jref r mjynf o l a wG t zk d @ awmh “rD ; yk H x J u vl a&aEG ; yl a vmif
oavmufom” &dSwmrkd@ xl;+yD; rylawmhygbl;? Õ
60
ar; ? ? a'gufwmZmenfwkd@/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ udk,fa&;

t&m&dSjzpfcJhzl;wJh rod*ô wkd@u '%fcwfydwfqkd@r_ ta&;,lr_awGu
(etz)udk oabmxm;ajymif;vJvmatmif rvkyfEdkifcJhygbl;vkd@
ajymae=uw,f? olwkd@tckrSbma=umifh tJovdk ajymae=uwmvJ?
ajz ? ? 'gqdk&if tmqD,Htygt0if tcsKdŒaomEdkifiHawG usifh

oHk;ae=uwJh acsmharmh ESpfodrfhazsmif;jza&;rl0g' (appeasement
policy)ua&m tvkyfjzpfcJhovm;vkd@ usaemfwkd@ ar;&r,f? tck
xdrSm tJ'Denf;vrf;ESpfckpvHk;u ay:vGifjrifomwJh &v'fwckckudk
rxkwv f yk f ay;Edik af o;bl;qdw
k m ESpzf ufpvH;k u 0efc&H ygr,f? 'gqkd
&if enf;vrf;ESpcf pk vk;H &JŒ rSm;Ekid /f rSeEf ikd af jcu &mckid Ef e_ ;f ig;q,fpv D @kd
ajym&rSmaygh? 'DtajctaerSm “usifh0wfp&%w&m;”udk xnfh
oGi;f pOf;pm;wJt h cg b,fenf;vrf;udk oH;k oifo h vJ? 'gt h jyif urBmh
orkdif;udk jyef=unfh&if EdkifiHwum&JŒ enf;o¿mefrsdK;pHkeJ@ay;wJh
zdtm;rygbJ ol@tvdktavsmuf apwem o'<gayguf+yD; jynfolukd
vGwfvyfr_ tyfESif;oGm;cJhwJh tm%m&Siftpkd;& wckrS ray:cJhzl;bl;
qdkwmudk awG@&rSmyg? taumif;qHk; Oyrmwckuawmh awmif
tmz&du EdkifiHygyJ?
trSefu pD;yGm;a&;t& '%fcwfydwfqkd@
urBmhorkdif;udk jyef=unfh&if ta&;,lr_jyKvkyfwJh enf;vrf;u rSm;,Gif;wJh enf;
Ed k i f i H w um&J @ vrf;r[kwfygbl;? (etz)vdk tpdk;&rsdK;[m '%f
enf ; o¿mef r sd K ;pH k e J @ ay;wJ h cwfta&;,lr_ rvGrJ aoGvyk zf @dk vdt k yfwhJ tpd;k &rsKd ;
yg? vdkaewmu urBmhEdkifiHwdkif; txl;ojzifh tdrfeD;
zd t m;rygbJ
csif; EdkifiHawGtaeeJ@ tJ'DtcsufudkvufcH+yD; yg0if
ol @ tvd k t avsmuf yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufvm=uzkd@yJ jzpfygw,f? jrefrm
apwem o'< g ayguf + yD ; EdkifiHu vkyftm;eJ@ o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfawGudk
jynfolukd atmufaps;eJ@ tacsmifEu d_ af ewmudk wjcm;olawG
vGwfvyfr_ tyfESif;oGm;cJhwJh owdrjyKrdatmif '%fcwfydwfqkd@ ta&;,lr_[m
tm%m&S i f t pk d ; &wck r S rSm;w,fv@dk odo}d uD;eJ@ usm;usm;rD;,yf atmf[pf
ray:cJ h z l ; bl ; ae=uzkd@ roifhygbl;? tJ'Dvdk vkyfae=uwJh jrefrm&JŒ
tdref ;D csi;f Edik if aH wG[m rD;yHwk ckukd ta0;uvlawG
61
ordkif;rSm vlxkqEN yifra&pD;udk

qef@usifol rSefor# jynfol&JŒ '%fcwfr_udkcH&+yD;
orkdif;&JŒ a&ykyftdkifxJrSm æ
vmr+idrf;Edkifatmif 0kdif;umay;xm;=uwJh vlawGeJ@ wlaeygw,f? olwkd@

tJ'Dvdk vkyfaejcif;jzifh wae@us&if tJ'DvlawG[m tJ'DrD;yHk&JŒrD; olwkd@udk
yg ul;pufavmifu|rf;wJh'%fudk rkcscH=u&ygvdrfhr,f?
(etz)tay: taemufEikd if }H uD;awGu '%fcwfyw d qf @dk ta&;
,lr_awG vkyfaewm rSm;w,f? tJ'gudk jyef±kyfodrf;ay; oifhw,fvkd@
a'guw f mZmenfw@dk v/kd rod*w
ô @dk vv
kd al wGu bma=umifah jymae=uovJ
qdwk meJ@ ywfouf+yD;ajym&&if olw@dk &ŒJ &nf&, G cf suf tppftrSeu f akd wmh
usaemfvnf; rodygbl;? rSef;q=unfh&ifawmh tajzESpfck &dSEdkifygw,f?
wckuawmh olw@dk [m jrefrmjynf&ŒJ Edik if aH &;udk ajcajcjrpfjrpf em;rvnf
vk@d / jrefrmjynf ppftm%m&Sipf epf&ŒJ obm0udk eufeuf±id_ ;f ±_id ;f oabm
raygufvkd@ jzpfEdkifygw,f? aemufwckuawmh tJ'D awmif;qdkr_rSm
olwkd@&JŒ udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;wckck yg0ifaewm jzpfEdkifygw,f? 'gudkawmh
twdtusrodwJhtwGuf usaemfpGyfpGJwJh oabmrsdK; rajymcsifygbl;?
yxrtcsufa=umifh jzpfzkd@rsm;w,fvkd@yJ ajymcsifygw,f?
'gayr,fh olwkd@vdk vlrsdK;awGudk usaemf wu,fhapwem
trSefeJ@ ajymcsifwJh pum;wcGef;awmh &dSw,f? arwWmeJ@ay;wJh owday;
csufwckvkd@ qdkEdkifygw,f? ,lvdku,l/ r,lvdku v$ifhypfwmuawmh
olwkd@ udpPyg? tJ'guawmh ordkif;rSm vlxkqEN yifra&pD;udk qef@usifol
rSefor# jynfol&JŒ '%fcwfr_udkcH&+yD; orkdif;&JŒ a&ykyftdkifxJrSm 0yfusef
&pfcJh &avh&dSw,fqdkwJh ed,mr w&m;wckygyJ? Õ
62
ar; ? ? (etz)u toHus,fus,feJ@ t+rJ
ajymavh&dSwJhpum; wck&dSw,f? tJ'guawmh
ol w k d @ t&if b,f t pd k ; &urS rvk y f E d k i f c J h w J h
wdkif;&if;om; vufeufudkif tzGJ@trsm;tjym;eJ@
+idr;f csr;f a&;&,lwhJ tvkyuf kd olw@dk vkyEf ikd cf w
hJ ,f
qdkwJh pum;yJ/ tJ'Dpum;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; cifAsm;
tjrifudk ajymygOD;?
ajz ? ? pma&;q&m}uD;yg&*l bmomjyefwJh “[dawmya'o qdkwJh pmtkyfxJrSm (rdwf

zG@J cef;)qdw
k hJ tcef;wcef; ygw,f? tJ't D cef;rSm tiftm;}uD;wJ&h efou l kd &ifqikd w f u
kd cf u
kd Ef ikd f
zk@d twGuf tjcm;olrsm; (tJ'x D rJ mS rdred @J &efzufjzpfczhJ ;l olrsm;yif yg0ifw,f)eJ@ rsm;Edik o f r#
rsm;rsm; r[mrdwfzGJ@+yD; rdrd&efoludk txD;usefjzpfatmif vkyf&r,fqdkwJh oabmw&m;
wckudk azmfjyxm;w,f?
jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ jynfwGif;ppftwGif; oaE<wnfcJh+yD; (1950)jynfhvGefp ESpfawGrSm
arG;zGm;vmcJu h m (1958)rSm 0wfpjkH ynfh tprf;avhusichf +hJ yD; (1962)rSm yGx J u
G cf uhJ m (1974)
rSm tarG;tawmifpHkvifcJhwJh ppftm%m&Sifpepf[m &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHk}uD; rwdkifrD
txd b,fvdk avmufavmufvm;vm; +yKdifzufrsdK;eJ@rS &ifqdkifcJh&zl;wm r[kwfygbl;? tJ'D
umvtwGif; ppftkyfpk&JŒ tajctaeu omom,m,mvkd@ qkd&ygr,f? wkdif;&if;om;
vufeufudkiftzGJ@awG qkdwmuvnf; olwkd@vlrsdK;pk tcGifhta&;twGufom wdkufyGJ0ifae
=uwmyg? olwkd@ ukvm;xdkifudk v_yfEdkifajc&dSwJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudkvnf; yJcl;±kd;reJ@
jrpf0u|ef;ay:pwJh tajccHa'oawGu armif;xkwf+yD; ta&S@ajrmufydkif; e,fpyfem;udk wGef;
ykd@xm;EdkifcJhyg+yD? jynfwGif;u twdkuftcHawGeJ@ wdk;wufwJh tawG;tac:&dSwJh ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifawGudkvnf; xdxdrdrd EdSyfuGyfxm;EdkifcJh+yD;yg+yD?
tJ'DatmifyGJawGa=umifh ukd,fhudk,fudk ,Hk=unfpdwf tjynfht0&dSaecsdefrSm ppf
tkyfpk[m &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD;eJ@ ezl;awG@'l;awG@ &ifqdkifvkduf&wm jzpfygw,f?
'gawmifrS ppftkyfpk[m &Spfav;vHk;udk (70)ckESpfawGu ay:aygufcJhzl;wJh ta&;tcif;awG
vdkyJ xif+yD; pOf;pm;vkd@&or# Om%feDOm%feufaygif;pHk toHk;jyK+yD; acsr_ef;tEdkif,lzkd@ }udK;
yrf;cJhao;wmyg? 'gayr,fh jynfolvlxk&JŒ tiftm;eJ@ wkH@jyefr_u olwkd@xifxm;wmxuf
tqrwef ydkrdk}uD;rm;jyif;xefwJhtwGuf ppftkyfpk[m jynfolawG&JŒqEN wckjzpfwJh ygwDpHk
pepfudk vdkufavsmay;cJh&ygw,f? tJovdkrwwfomvkd@ jynfol@qENwckudk vdkufavsm
ay;vdkuf&ayr,fh ol@&JŒ ae0ifcsdefteH@udk &ae+yDjzpfwJh ppftkyfpk[m a&G;aumufyGJ usif;y
r,fh&ufukd wwfEdkifor# tcsdefqGJ+yD;rS a=unmcJhygw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSm twdkuftcH
63
tiftm;pkawGudkvnf; enf;vrf;aygif;pHkoHk;+yD; EdSyfuGyfcJhygw,f? wcsdef
wnf;rSm 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkawG nD!w G pf nf;vH;k vk@d r&atmif? rJawG
uGo J mG ;+yD; tJ'g&ŒJ tusKd ;quftjzpf olw@dk tm%mudk qufvuf xde;f
csKyfxm;Edkifatmif enf;vrf;aygif;pHkoHk;+yD; }udK;yrf;cJhygw,f?
'gayr,fh tm;vHk;od=uwJh twdkif;ygyJ? jrefrmjynfolvlxk
}uD;&JŒ rarhravsmh rayghrvpfaom owda=umifh a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;rSm
ppftyk pf &k ŒJ ar#mv f ifch sut f m;vH;k a&pkeaf rsmoGm;cJ+h yD; (NLD)[m jrefrm
jynfolawG&JŒ wcJeufaxmufcH qENeJ@twl jrefrmEdkifiHudk w&m;0if
udk,fpm;jyKcGifh&&dSwJh tzGJ@}uD;tjzpfokd@ a&muf&SdoGm;cJhygawmhw,f?
tJ'rD mS wif ajcrudik rf d vufrudik rf jd zpfomG ;wJh ppftyk pf [k m
jrefrmjynfolwkd@&JŒ w&m;0ifudk,fpm;vS,fjzpfoGm;wJh (NLD)udk &if
qdkifEdkifzkd@ pOf;pm;vkd@&or# enf;vrf;aygif;pHkudk oHk;+yD;pwif }udK;yrf;yg
awmhw,f? wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkif tzGJ@awGeJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;&,lEdkifcJh
w,fqdkwm tJ'D}udK;yrf;r_&JŒ tusdK;qufwckom jzpfygw,f?
(1963)ckESpfwkef;uvnf; Adkvfae0if;[m +idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;
aEG;yGJ qdw k mudk ac:,lusi;f y+yD; awmfveS af &; tiftm;pkawGukd xde;f csKyf
Edkifzkd@ }udK;pm;cJhzl;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dwkef;uawmh ppftkyfpk[m tck
vdk (Edik if aH &;t&) aoaumifaygi;f vJ tajctaersKd ;rSm r±SLEkid rf u,fEikd f
vkyfcJh&wm r[kwfygbl;? tJ'Dwkef;u ppftkyfpk[m EdkifiHa&;t&a&m/
ppfa&;t&yg twdu k tf cHe@J awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawGtay: tompD;
&aewJh taetxm;uae aqG;aEG;yGJjyKvkyfcJhwmrkd@ aqG;aEG;yGJrSm ol@
bufu bmwckrS r,fr,f&& ay;cJhwm r&dSygbl;? 'ga=umifhvnf; +idrf;
csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ vmwufwJhtzGJ@ (13)ckxJu apm[efwmomar$;
acgif;aqmifwJh (KRC)tzGJ@ wzGJ@wnf;om ppftpdk;&eJ@ ajyvnfr_&+yD;
vufeufcscJhwm jzpfygw,f?
(1980)ckEpS rf mS Adv k af e0if;[m omoemawmf oef@&iS ;f wnf
wH h j yef @ yG m ;a&; *k d % f ; aygif ; pH k oH C mh t pnf ; ta0;}uD ; qd k w mud k
ta=umif;jyK+yD; awmwGif;tzGJ@awGudk taxGaxGvGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh
trdef@eJ@twl +idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJvkyfzkd@ urf;vSrf;jyefygw,f? tJ'D
w}udrrf mS 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Ek tygt0ifEikd if aH &;acgi;f aqmifa[mif;
wcsKŒd tJ'u D rf;vSr;f csuu f kd vufc+H yD; +rdKŒay: jyefa&mufvmcJ=h uayr,fh
tJ'Dtcsdefu tiftm;t}uD;qHk; awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@jzpfwJh Armjynf
uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@uawmh (rqv) udk,fpm;vS,f
tzGJ@eJ@ em&D0ufyJ aqG;aEG;+yD; ajyvnfr_r&bJjyefoGm;cJhw,fvkd@ aemuf
64
ykdif; Adkvfae0if;&JŒ rdef@cGef;wckrSm
yg ygw,f ? aqG ; aEG ; yG J tJ o
usefwJh awmfvSefa&; avmuf tcsdefwdkawmif;&wm
tif t m;pk } uD ; awG u uawmh (Auy)u tcsuf(3)
vufeufawGudk csuf awmif;qdkw,f? tJ'D (3)
qufvufpGJudkifxm;=uwma=umifh csufpvHk;udk rdrdwkd@u jiif;y,f
wu,fhtESpfom&u vdkufwma=umifh jzpfw,fvkd@
+id r f ; csrf ; a&; &oG m ;=uwmr[k w f b J Ad k v f a e0if ; u tJ ' D r d e f @ cG e f ; rS m
ajymxm;ygw,f? tJ'Dtcsuf
typf t cwf & yf p J a &;
(3)csufuawmh Armjynf uGef
oabmwl n D c suf a wG &xm;=uwmom
jrLepf y gwD u d k wnf & d S c G i f h a y;&
jzpf y gw,f ? r,f? Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ
vufeufudkifwyfudk wnf&dScGifh
ay;&r,f? Armjynf uGefjrLepf
ygwD xdef;csKyfxm;wJh e,fajr
awGukd wnf&cSd iG ahf y;&r,f qdw k mjzpfygw,f? tJ'D awmif;qkcd suaf wGukd =unfh
&if ppfa&;t&a&m/ EdkifiHa&;t&yg (twdkif;twm wcktxd) tiftm;aumif;
aewJh tpdk;&w&yftzkd@ b,fvdkrSvufcHEdkifp&m ta=umif;r&dSwmrkd@ ppftkyfpk
bufu=unfh&if 'Djiif;y,fr_[m usdK;a=umif;qDavsmfwJh jiif;y,fr_ jzpfw,f
vkd@ qdk&ygvdrhfr,f?
tck (e0w)(etz) vufxufrSm &&dScJhw,fqdkwJh awmwGif; vuf
eufudkiftzGJ@awGeJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;qdkwmudk jyef=unfh&atmifyg? tJ'Dvufeuf
udik tf zG@J (17)zG@J (aemufyikd ;f a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd (etz)tvdu k s qef@usif
uef@uu G af =umif; a=unmcsuaf wGxw k jf yefz@dk &dv S mwJt h cg b,fwek ;f u b,f
vdkzGJ@xm;rSef; rod&wJhtzGJ@awG trsm;}uD; ay:xGufvmwmudk awG@&ygw,f)
[m tJ'Dwkef;u (Auy)awmif;qdkwJh tcsuf(3)csufomru jynfwGif;xJ
txd0if+yD; w&m;0if pD;yGm;a&;vkycf iG q hf w kd hJ pwkwt ˆ cGit hf a&;udak wmif &ae=u
wmudk awG@&ygvdrhfr,f?
'ga=umifh 'Dtcsufwcsufwnf;udk =unfhwmeJ@wif (etz)[m
(rqv)wkef;uvdk r[kwfbJ EdkifiHa&;t& b,favmuf tm;enf;aew,f
qdkwmudk awG@jrifEdkifygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm aemufxyfwckajymp&m&dSwmu (etz)eJ@ tJ'D vuf
eufuikd tf zG@J awG[m +idr;f csr;f a&; &&dcS =hJ u+yDv@dk (etz)owif;pmawGrmS ok;H E_e;f
a&;om;ae=uayr,fh tar&dueftpdk;&&JŒ qkaiGxkwfxm;jcif;cH&wJh (wcsdefu
65
jrefrmppftkyfpk udk,fwdkifu bdef;"m;jyqdkwJh emr0daooewyf+yD; ac:
a0:cJw h )hJ cGeq
f m&JŒtzG@J e@J yhx J uG t f pkuu JG av;awGu vG+J yD; usew f hJ awmf
vSefa&;tiftm;pk}uD;awGu vufeufawGudk qufvufpGJudkifxm;=u
wma=umifh wu,fhtESpfom&u +idrf;csrf;a&; &oGm;=uwmr[kwfbJ
typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsufawG &xm;=uwmom jzpfyg
w,f?
rltm;jzifh typftcwf&yfpJa&;qdkwm +idrf;csrf;a&;qDokd@ OD;
wnfwJh tqifhwqifhvkd@ qdkEdkifayr,fh jrefrmjynfu typftcwf&yfpJ
a&; oabmwlncD suaf wGuawmh wcsed cf sed rf mS aocsmaygux f +yD; ayguf
uGJr,fh csdefudkufAHk;awGeJ@ wlaeygw,f? ta=umif;uawmh typftcwf
&yfpaJ &;&&dcS w hJ hJ umvwavsmuf (etz)u tJ't D zG@J awGtay: usio hf ;kH
cJhwJh +cdrf;ajcmuftEdkifusifh tusyfudkifwJh rl0g'eJ@ jynfolawG&JŒqENudk
rsufuG,fjyK+yD; (etz)u ZGwftwif; twnfjyKcJhwJh tajccH Oya'yg
wyfrawmfeJ@ywfoufwJh Oya'zGifhqdkcsufawGa=umifh jzpfygw,f?
tJ'DtajccHOya'xJrSm wyfrawmf[m wckwnf;aom vuf
eufukdiftzGJ@tpnf; jzpfw,fqdkwJh zGifhqdkcsufa=umifh olwkd@ ZGwftwif;
vkyfzkd@ &dSaewJh (2010)a&G;aumufyGJ +yD;aemuf umvwckckrSm tJ'Dcsdef
udkufAHk;awG aygufuGJEdkifp&m&dSygw,f?
vuf±kH;tm;udk;+yD; ppfrmefwufum igw
aum aumavh&w Sd hJ Armppfwyfe@J ordik ;f pG J v rf ; wyf r uf r _ /
wav#muf jzwfoef;cJhwJh tawG@t}uKH ta=umuf w &m;eJ @
awGay:uae &&dScJhwJh b0todt& vuf rmef r meqd k w J h
eufudk ZeD;/ r,m;/ orD;/ om; xuf arm[tcd k ; awG ±k d u f + yD ;
awmif cspfcifjrwfEdk;cJh=u&wJh awmfvSef
a&;tzGJ@awG tJ'Dtcsdefus&if ajr}uD;
rsuf p d p H k v H k ; uef ; aewJ h
vufcwfrvJG xdyw f udk 0f if aqmifrh =d urSm (etz)tzk d @
yg? tJ'DtzGJ@awGudk umuG,fa&;trnf &S O f h v nf ; av#muf o m
ay;+yD; vufeufqufudkifcGifh jyKxm;r,f ysm;vn;f p G J o mr,f h
qd&k ifvnf; tJ'g[mtrdu _ uf zkd smatmuf qk w f v rf ; ud k jrif E d k i f p G r f ;
vSJxnfhxm;vkdufwmrsdK;om jzpfwm r&S d a wmh a vmuf a tmif
a=umif h wcsd e f c sd e f r S m tJ ' D t rd _ u f [ m
zsmatmufu rvGJraoG jyefxGufvmrSm
tarS m if u rB m xJ
jzpfygw,f? tae=umoG m ;cJ h + yD
jzpf v k d @ ygyJ
66
'DESpf arvtwGif; jynfolvlxk&JŒ axmufcHqENrJ (90) &mckdif

E_ef;ausmfeJ@ twnfjyKcJhw,fqdkwJh tajccH Oya'qdkwm[m cJrl;aph}uD;
jzpfw,fqdkwmudk jrefrmjynfolawG/ urBmhjynfolawG od=uovdk tJ'D
Oya'eJ@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; tygt0if b,fjy\emudkrS rajz&Sif;Edkif
bl;qdkwmudkvnf; (etz)u odygw,f?
'gjzifh bma=umifh (etz)u 'Dvrf;udyk J ZGww f ;kd +yD; av#mufae
&wmvJ? pGv J rf;wyfrufr/_ ta=umufw&m;eJ@ rmefrmeqdw k hJ arm[tcd;k
awG ±kduf+yD; rsufpdpHkvHk;uef;aewJh (etz)tzkd@ &SOfhvnf;av#mufom
ysm;vnf;pGJomr,fh qkwfvrf;udk jrifEdkifpGrf; r&dSawmhavmufatmif
tarSmifurBmxJ tae=umoGm;cJh+yD jzpfvkd@ygyJ? ('Dta=umif;udk aemuf
ydik ;f rSmrS tus,af qG;aEG;ygr,f) vuf&o dS w
l @dk udik pf x
JG m;wJh rl0g'awGt&
,Ofaus;wJh vl@tokdif;t0kdif;xJ jyef0ifzkd@ b,fvdkrS rjzpfEdkifawmhwmudk
odaewJh jrefrmppftkyfpk[m tjcm;tjcm;aom udpPrsm;pGmwkd@vdkyJ
“+idrf;tzGJ@”awGudpPudkvnf; “aemifcgvm aemifcgaps;” oabmrsdK;
xm;cJhwm jzpfygw,f?
'gqdk&if vuf&dS (etz)a&m (2010)a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;rSm
ay:vmr,fh “t&yfom;tpd;k &”qdw k ma&m[m jrefrmjynfoal wGe@J Edik if H
wumu vufcHwJh “w&m;0if tpdk;& ” r[kwfbl;qdkwmudk odod}uD;eJ@
tJ'D+idrf;tzGJ@awG (cGefqmtzGJ@eJ@ cGJxGuf tpkuGJ rjzpfnpfus,f tzGJ@rsm;
ryg)[m ppftpdk;&&J@ typftcwf&yfpJa&; urf;vSrf;r_udk bma=umifh
vufcH oabmwlcJh=uwmygvJ? &Sif;ygw,f? tm;}uD;oleJ@ tm;enf;ol
&ifqdkifwkdufcdkufae&wJh wdkufyGJrSm (acwWr#yifjzpfap) tem;&jcif;[m
tm;enf;oltwGuf b,f±_axmifhu=unfh=unfh “aumif;csD;r*Fvm”
wyg;jzpfw,f r[kwfygvm;? Õ
67
ar; ? ? a'gufwmarmifarmifu ol orRwjzpfvmcsdefrSm
(3)vtwGif; a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;r,fvkd@ a=unmcJhw,f?
tJ'D urf;vSr;f r_ukd tJ'w D ek ;f uvlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_}uD;udk OD;aqmifr_
ay;ae=uwJh Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifawGxu J OD;EkuvG+J y;D b,forl S
vufrcHcJh=ubl;? tck ESpf ESpfq,f&dSvm+yD? 'Drdkua&pD r&
ao;bl;? 'Dtcsed rf mS wcsKŒd u tJ'J wD ek ;f u a'guw f marmifarmif
urf;vSrf;wmudk acgif;aqmiftm;vHk;u wnDwnGwfwnf;
vufccH =hJ u&if tckvkd cufc=J urf;wrf;wJh c&D;&Sn}f u;D udk av#muf
vSrf;cJh&rSm r[kwfbl;vkd@ aemifw&wJh avoHeJ@ ajymae=u
w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u OD;Eku rSefcJhwmvm;? usefwJh acgif;aqmif
awGu rSefcJhwmvm;?
ajz ? ? twdwfu jzpf&yfawGudk ypPKyèfuae jyef=unfhwJh

tcgrSm “wu,fvkd@ tJovdkrsm;jzpfcJh&if okd@r[kwf rjzpfcJh&if”
(if or if not)qdkwJh oHk;oyfyHkrsdK;udk usaemfpdwf0ifpm;avh r&dSyg
bl;? ta=umif;uawmh tjiif;yGm;p&mawGyJ ay:xGufvm+yD;
bmtusdK; jzpfxGef;r_rS &vmp&mr&dSbl;vkd@ ,Hk=unfwJhtwGuf
jzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh 'Dae&mrSmawmh cifAsm;&JŒ tar;&dSvmvkd@
usaemf ajzygr,f?
yxrqHk; pOf;pm;&rSmu a'gufwmarmifarmif&JŒ
urf;vSrf;r_udk vufrcHbl;vkd@ wkH@jyefcJh=uwJh acgif;aqmifawG&JŒ
ta=umif;jycsuaf wGxu J t"du ta=umif;jycsuf jzpfygw,f?
tJ'guawmh (3)vqkdwJh tcsdef[m vHk;0rvHkavmufr_ r&dSbl;
qdw k m jzpfygw,f? (26)ESpwf ikd w
f ikd f Edik if &H ŒJ wckwnf;aom Edik if H
a&;ygwDtjzpf pdwf}udKufxifovdk tkyfpdk;vmcJh+yD; wkdif;jynf&JŒ
t&if;tjrpf rSefor#udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;wJh (rqv)ygwD
ukd (26)ESpfqdkwJh q,fpkESpf(3)ckeD;yg; umvtwGif; 'Drdkua&pD
tavhtusifhawGeJ@ wpdrf;w&HqHovdk jzpfoGm;cJh=u&wJh
jynfolawGudk OD;aqmif+yD; tJ'D(3)vtwGif; 'a&maomyg;
zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmif&r,fh ygwDawGu b,fvdk ,SOf+yKdifEdkifrSmvJ?
68
tajccHOya'xJrmS ygwhJ “rqv onf Edik if aH wmf. wckwnf;aom OD;aqmifygwjD zpfonf”
qdkwJh yk'frudk jzKwfy,fvkduf±kHeJ@ (26)ESpfvkH;vkH; (rqv)ukyfwG,fxm;cJhwJh tjrpfawGudk
jzKwfy,fEdkifwm r[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umifh a'gufwmarmifarmif&JŒ urf;vSrf;csufu (26)ESpf
om;eJ@ (3)vom; vlESpfa,mufudk }udK;0dkif;xJxnfh+yD; xkd;ckdif;ovdk jzpfaeygw,f? 'gu
wcsufyg?
aemufpOf;pm;&rSm wcsufu Akdvfae0if;udk “twkjrif twwfoif”cJh=uwJh
(rqv)xJu npfywfwJhtkyfpk okd@r[kwf acgif;rmwJhtkyfpk&JŒ xl;jcm;wJhyifudk,fp±kduf
vuQ%m (characteristic)jzpfygw,f? tJ'D p±ku d v
f uQ%mudk (26)ESpw f m umvtwGi;f
Akvd af e0if;u jyocJ+h yD; (rqv)&JŒ ae0ifcsed f &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfykH umvtwGi;f rSmawmh
Adkvfcif!Gef@&JŒ axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@awGu jyocJhygw,f? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD; 'Da&
w&dyf&dyf jrifhwufvmcsdefrSm tJ'DtkyfpkbmawG vkyfcJhovJqdkwm jrefrmjynfolvlxk
trsm;pk}uD; todjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtkyfpk&JŒ “wefjyefoydwf” vkyf&yfawGudk vlxku wkH@jyef
cJh&mrSm tkyfcsKyfa&;ysufaewJh umvrSm jzpfwwfwJh xHk;pHtwdkif; tvGeftu|HawG &dScJhwm
rSefayr,fh vlxk&J@ tJ'Da'gorD;v#HxJrSm usdK;a=umif;cdkifvHkr_ wpdwfwydkif; &dSaew,fqdkwm
udkawmh qifjcifwHkw&m;&dSolwdkif; 0efcH=u&rSmyg?
t&Sif;qHk;uawmh tJ'Dtkyfpk&JŒ (1988)pufwifbm (18)&ufae@aemufykdif;
vkyf&yfawGygyJ? tJ'Dae@uae 'Duae@txd tJ'Dnpfywfacgif;rmtkyfpk[m &Spfav;vHk;
ta&;awmfyHktwGif; 'Drkdua&pDawmif;qdkcJh=uolawGtay: b,fvdkjyKrl qufqHcJhovJ?
'gawGuakd wmh cifAsm;&JŒar;cGe;f awGuakd jzwJt h ajzawGxrJ mS }udK=um;}udK=um; ygae+yDjzpfv@kd
xyfrajymawmhygbl;?
tJ'Dawmh a'gufwmarmifarmif&JŒ
urf;vSrf;csufudk,fE_dufu tm;enf;aewJh
a'guf w marmif a rmif [ m ay;xm;csu/f npfywfacgi;f rmtkypf &k ŒJ ta&;
ol p mtk y f } uD ; wtk y f a &;+yD ; awmfyHktwGif;eJ@ aemufydkif;umv vkyf&yf
tao;pdwf zGifhqdkcJhzl;wJh awGqdkwJh ay;xm;csufawGt& tJ'Durf;
(1947)tajccH O ya'ud k vSrf;csuf[m 'Drkdua&pDvdkvm;awmif;qdkwJh
jynfolawGtwGuf tusdK;jzpfxGef;zkd@ tvm;
Akdvfae0if; ppfzdeyfeJ@
tvmr&do S avmuf jzpfwmrk@d tJ'guykd ,fcscJh
eif;acswkef;u uef@uGufwJh
wJh acgif;aqmifawG&JŒ vkyf&yfudkrSefw,fvkd@
toH a v; usaemf jrifygw,f?
wck a vmuf a wmif wu,fawmh tJ'Dwkef;u (rqv)
rxGufcJhwm [m wu,fyJ wkdif;jynftay: apwem&dS
bma=umif h v J æ w,fqdk&if a'gufwmarmifarmif[mvnf;
trSefwu,fyJ tm%mtjynfht0 &SdwJh
69
tajccH O ya'qd k w m
bk&m;ocifu a&;qGJjyXmef;wm r[kwfbl;?
vlawGu a&;qGJjyXmef;wmom jzpfw,f?
'ga=umifh vdktyf&if ajymif;vdk@/ jyifvdk@&w,f
orRw jzpfw,fq&kd if olurf;vSr;f oifw h mu (3)vtwGi;f vkyaf y;r,fqkd

wJh a&G;aumufyJG r[kwyf gb;l ? (rqv)eJ@ vlxak cgi;f aqmifawG ESpzf ufpvH;k
yg0ifwJh ppfrSefwJh =um;jzwftpdk;&w&yf zGJ@pnf;ay;a&;om jzpfygw,f?
tJ'grsdK; vkyfzkd@udpP[m tajccHOya'eJ@ rnDbl;vkd@ a'gufwmarmifarmifu
ta=umif;jyygw,f? EdkifiHudk vlrsdK;jcm;awGvufatmufu vGwfajrmuf
atmif ±ke;f uefwu kd yf 0JG ifc=hJ uwJh acgi;f aqmifawGe@J wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmif
awG cufcufcJcJ nd‡E_dif;a&;qGJ twnfjyK jyXmef;cJh=u&wJh (1947)tajccH
Oya'udk ajcaxmufeJ@ cseif;+yD; tm%m&,lcJhwJh tkyfpkwpk&JŒ acgif;aqmif
(orRw)qko d ul olw@dk xifovkd a&;qGx J m;wJh (1974)tajccHOya' qdw k m
udkawmh onf;onf;rnf;rnf; umuG,fapmifha&Smufaewm &,fp&m
raumif;bl;vm;? tajccHOya'eJ@ rnDvdk@ =um;jzwftpdk;& zGJ@ray;Edkifygbl;
vkd@ wGifwGifjiif;cJhwJh tJ'D a'gufwmarmifarmif[m olpmtkyf}uD; wtkyf
a&;+yD; tao;pdwf zGiq hf ckd zhJ ;l wJh (1947)tajccHOya'udk Akv d af e0if; ppfzed yfe@J
eif;acswkef;u uef@uGufwJh toHav;wckavmufawmif rxGufcJhwm
bma=umifhvJ? ruef@uGufwJhtjyif bkef;awmfbGJ@ pmtkyf}uD;wtkyf a&;+yD;
awmhawmif Adkvfae0if;udk csD;ajr‡mufcJhao;w,f r[kwfvm;?
wu,fawmh tajccHOya'qdkwm bk&m;ocifu a&;qGJjyXmef;
wm r[kwb f ;l ? vlawGu a&;qGjJ yXmef;wmom jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh vdt k yf
&if ajymif;vdk@/ jyifvdk@&w,fqdkwm Oya'udk ta&udsK aomufxm;wJh
a'gufwmarmifarmif rodwm r[kwfygbl;? wu,fvkd@ 'gav;udkawmifrS
rodb;l qk&d ifvnf; a'guw f marmifarmif[m t*wdw&m;(4)yg;xJu wyg;
yg; 'grSr[kwf wyg;xufydkwJh t*wdw&m;awG&JŒ zkH;v$rf;jcif; cHae&vkd@yJ
jzpfygvdrfhr,f? Õ
70
ar; ? ? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD; 'Da&tjrifhqHk;csdefrSm vlxkacgif;
aqmiftrsm;pk (tm;vH;k eD;yg;)awmif;qdak e=uwmu =um;jzwf tpd;k &jzpfw,f?
'gayr,fh pufwifbmv(18)&ufae@rmS tm%modr;f +yD;wufvmwJh (e0w)u
=um;jzwftpdk;&awmh r&bl;? a&G;aumufyGJvkyfay;r,f ygwDawGzGJ@=uqdkawmh
tJ'Dacgif;aqmifawG[m =um;jzwftpdk;&awmif;qdkcsufudk pGef@v$wf+yD;
a'gufwmarmifarmif urf;vSrf;wkef;u vufrcHcJh=uwJh a&G;aumufyGJqdkwmudk
vufcHvdkuf+yD; ygwDawG zGJ@cJh=uw,f? 'g[m vlxkacgif;aqmifawG&JŒ &yfwnf
csuf rcdkifrmr_udk jyowJhoufao wckvm;?
ajz ? ? EdkifiHa&;qdkwm ouf&dSvlom;awGudk toHk;jyK+yD; upm;&wJh ppfwk&if
upm;enf;jzpfw,fqw kd hJ tcsuu f kd cifAsm;t&ifq;kH oabmayguzf @dk vdt k yfvrd rhf ,f?
t±kyaf wGo;kH +yD; upm;&wJh ppfw&k if upm;enf;rSm cifAsm;[m bk&ifuvG+J yD; usew f hJ
t±kyftm;vHk;udk xdk;au|;+yD; upm;Edkifw,f? yGJ+yD;&if Edkifzkd@ t"duyJ? ouf&dSvlom;
awGudk toHk;jyK+yD; upm;&wJh ppfwk&ifupm;enf;rSmawmh cifAsm;[m bk&ifrwkd@
&Jwudk w f @dk rqdx k m;eJ@ e,f±yk af wG&if;+yD; upm;r,fq&kd ifawmif tifrwef owdxm;
upm;&r,f? pm;yGJay:u ppfwk&if upm;yGJrSmvdk Edkifzkd@u t"dur[kwfbl;? t&if;
tESD; tenf;qHk; ay;qyf+yD;Edkifzkd@uom t"dujzpfw,f? tJovdkr[kwfbl;qdk&if
ppfyGJudk tEdkifwdkufoljzpfcJhayr,fh atmifyGJcHEdkifcGifhr&dSol jzpfoGm;wwfw,f? 'kwd,
urBmppfukd tEdik w f u
kd cf ahJ yr,fh ppfy+JG yD;+yD;csi;f vkyw
f hJ a&G;aumufyrJG mS ±_;H edro
hf mG ;cJ&h wJh
+Adwdefu 0ifpwefcsmcsD&JŒ jzpf&yfrSm 'Dtcsufudk awG@&SdEdkifw,f? EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif
jzpfvmolawG[m EdkifiHa&;&JŒ tJ'D obm0wckudkawmh obm0yuwdodpdwf (by
instinct)t& odxm;olawG jzpfygw,f?
cifAsm;ar;cGe;f qD jyefomG ;=u&atmif? &Spaf v;vH;k 'Da&tjrifq h ;kH tcsed rf mS
=um;jzwftpdk;& awmif;qdkaecJh=uayr,fh a'gufwmarmifarmifwkef;u urf;vSrf;
cJhwJh a&G;aumufyGJudk (e0w)u urf;vSrf;awmh vufcHvdkufwm[m vlxkacgif;
aqmifawG &yfwnfcsuf rcdkifrmwm r[kwfygbl;? tajctae tcsdeftcgeJ@ vdkuf
avsmnDaxG&dSwJh &yfwnfcsufukd ajymif;vJcsrSwfcJhwm jzpfwJhtwGuf rSefw,fvkd@
qdkEdkifygw,f?
a'gufwmarmifarmifumveJ@ (e0w)umvqkdwJh umvESpfck=um;
t"du rwljcm;em;wJh tcsufuawmh ppfwyf&J@ &yfwnfcsufygyJ? a'gufwm
armifarmif vufxufrSm ppfwyfudk (rqv)ygwD0if tjzpfu &yfpJvdkufwJhtwGuf
ppfwyf[m rltm;jzifh (rqv)tpd;k &eJ@ qENjyjynfov l x l q
k w
kd hJ tiftm;pkEpS cf =k um;
rSm b,fbufrS rvdkufwJh =um;aetiftm;pktjzpf &dSaecJhwmjzpfw,f?
71
(rqv)udk umuG,fzkd@ wufvma=umif;
xif & S m ;ay:vG i f a ewJ h
(e0w)[m a&S @ av#muf v nf ;
npfywfwJh enf;vrf;aygif;pHkudk toHk;jyKvmEdkifw,fqdkwJh
tcsufudk awG;rd=uayr,fh
vl x k a cgif ; aqmif a wG [ m æ
(e0w) wufvmwJhtcsdefrSmawmh tajctae[m vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;

ajymif;vJoGm;cJh+yDjzpfw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm ppfwyf[m jynfolvlxkudk axmifeJ@csD
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76
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wmvJ? aemuf+yD; (etz)[m Zm*em/ aZmfoufaxG;/ atmifausmq f ef;wk@d
tygt0if avab;ulnD u,fq,fa&;vkyfief;awGrSm a&S@wef;u yg0if
aqmif&GufaeolawGudk zrf;qD;cJhwm&JŒ wu,fhta=umif;&if; trSefu
bmvJ?
olwkd@&JŒ tJ'Dvkyf&yftm;vHk;[m rkefwdkif;'%fcHjynfolawGtay:
rpmemwJhtjyif &ufpufvGef;&m usvGef;w,fvkd@ EdkifiHwumu xifjrif
,lqoGm;rSmudk (etz)u rpdk;&drfbl;vm;?
ajz ? ? 'Dar;cGef;udk rajzcif cifAsm;taeeJ@ t&ifqHk; rjzpfrae

odxm;zkd@ vkdtyfwJhtcsufwcku (etz)&JŒ vkyf&yftm;vHk;[m olwkd@
tm%mwnf+rJa&; tawG;tac:u vmwmjzpfw,fqw kd hJ tcsuyf gy?J
tJ'D tawG;tac:udk wyfrufpGJvrf;r_/ ta=umufeJ@ rmefrme qdkwJh
arm[w&m; okH;yg;tay:rSm wnfaqmufxm;w,fqdkwmudk usaemf
a&SŒrSm ajymcJh+yD;+yD? wyfrufpGJvrf;r_qkdwmu olwkd@ rwefr&m &&Sdxm;
=uwJh tcGifhtm%meJ@ pnf;pdrfOpPmawGudk wyfrufpGJvrf; ae=uwm
jzpfw,f? ta=umufw&m;qdw k mu olw@dk tm%m vufvw G jf zpfomG ;
&if vlxku olwkd@udk vufwkH@jyef vufpm;acsrSmudk a=umufwmjzpf
w,f? rmefrmeqdkwmuawmh olwkd@tcktwdkif; “ighjrif;igpdkif; ighavS
igxdk;”wJh rl0g'udk rav#mhwrf; qkyfudkifxm;or# umvywfvHk; olwkd@
b,fawmhrS usqHk;p&mr&dSbl;? tckawmif jynfwGif;a&m jynfyrSmyg
bmwwfEdkifvkd@vJqdkwJh t,ltqjzpfw,f?
79
(etz)[m tjcm;tjcm;aom udpPrsm;rSmvdkyJ em*pfrSmvnf;
tJ'DtawG;tac:t& wkH@jyefcJhwmjzpfw,f? EdkifiHwum&JŒ urf;vSrf;r_udk
vufrcHwmu rdrdtkyfcsKyfwJh jynfolawGudk tarSmifxJrSmyJ xm;vdkwJh tm
%m&Siaf wG&ŒJ obm0twdik ;f Edik if w H um tzG@J tpnf;awG jrefrmjynfoal wG
eJ@ wdkuf±kdufxdawG@+yD; jynfolawG&JŒ b0eJ@ cHpm;csufawG t,ltq tawG;
tjrifawGudk jrifawG@/ =um;od oGm;=urSmudk pdk;&drfw,f? aemufwcsufu
tm%m&Siftpdk;&awG&JŒ xHk;pHtwdkif; jynfolawG&JŒ b0ta&;t&mawG/ 0if
a&mufulnD=ur,fh EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;awG&JŒ v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk tyfus
wmutp xdef;csKyfxm;csifw,f? 'gayr,fh em*pfuay;wJh '%f&m'%f
csufawG&JŒ yrm%u olwkd@vnf; r}uKHzl; r=um;zl;avmufatmif jyif;xef
vGe;f vSwmrk@d Edik if w H umtzG@J awGukd 0ifciG ahf y;vdu
k +f yDqw
kd meJ@ olw@dk pdww f idk ;f
us xdef;csKyfzkd@ rvG,fbl;qdkwmudkvnf; olwkd@ odaew,f? 'ga=umifh tJ'D
urf;vSrf;csufudk yxrydkif;rSm tif;rv_yf tJrv_yfaecJh+yD; &uftawmfav;&
vmrS wdka&&Sm;a&eJ@ cGifhjyKcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
tar&dueftpdk;&u ppfoabFmawGeJ@rS 0ifcsif&wJh ta=umif;u
awmh &Sif;ygw,f? EdkifiHwdkif;rSm ppfwyfqdkwm taumif;qHk; avhusifhxm;wJh
tzGJ@tpnf;jzpf+yD; tJ'D tzGJ@tpnf; toHk;jyKaewJh vufeufud&d,m wef
qmyvmqdkwmawGuvnf; taumif;qHk;awGom jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh
vnf; b,fEdkifiHrSmrqdk obm0ab;tE W&m,f wckckeJ@}uKH+yDqdk&if ppfwyf
uom a&SŒwef;u yg0ifulnDaqmif&Gufwmudk jrif=u&wmjzpfygw,f?
em*pfupd rP mS vnf; 'Dtwdik ;f ygy?J qlemrDwek ;f u oufqikd &f m Edik if t H pd;k &awG
eJ@ ndE‡ id_ ;f yl;aygi;f +yD; 'kuo
Q nfawGukd tjrefq;kH eJ@ txda&mufq;kH ulncD o hJ vdk
rsKd ; tar&duefppfwyf[m em*pf'%fcH jynfoal wGqD tjrefq;kH oGm;+yD; txd
a&mufqHk; ulnDzkd@}udK;yrf;cJhwmom jzpfygw,f? uyfab; u,fq,fulnD
80
a&$ 0 ga&mif a wmf v S e f a &;t+yD ; rS m ik y f v #d K ;oG m ;cJ h = u+yD ; em*pf t jzpf r S m

jynfolawG&JŒa0'emudk r=unfh&ufvkd@ jyefay:vmcJh=uwJh
ol & J a umif ; awG & J Œ ra=umuf r &G H Œ &G y f & G y f c |H c |H trsm;tusd K ;jyK
aqmif&GufcsufawGa=umifh “vdyfjymEdk;” vmcJh=uwJhæ
a&; tawG@t}uKH ºuG,f0ae+yDjzpfwJh tar&duefppfwyfu u,fq,fa&;

aemufusavav jynfolawG ydk+yD; 'kuQa&mufavavjzpfr,f qdkwmudk
aumif;aumif; od&dSxm;vkd@vnf; (etz)qDrSm tJovdk tjrefqHk; 0if
a&mufulnDcGifh awmif;cHcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
tar&duef ppfwyf&JŒ tJ'Durf;vSrf;r_udk (etz) y,fcscJhr_&JŒ
ta=umif;&if;awGuawmh txufu EdkifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;awGudpPrSm
wifjycJwh thJ csuaf wGtjyif tar&duef ppfoabFmawGaemufu tar&duef
ppfwyf}uD;vdu k v
f mavrvm;qdw k hJ cyfyg;yg; ta=umufw&m;uwa=umif;/
olwkd@&JŒ tar&duefqef@usifa&; pdwf"mwfcdkifrmyHkudk olwkd@&JŒ t"du r[m
rdwf}uD; w±kwfudk jyovdkwmu wa=umif;wkd@yJ jzpfvdrfhr,fvkd@ xifyg
w,f?
Zm*emwkd@/ aZmfoufaxG;wkd@/ atmifausmfqef;wkd@tygt0if
avab;u,fq,fa&;udpaP wGrmS wufwufºuGºuG yg0if ulnaD qmif&u G af e
olawGukd zrf;qD;cJw h muawmh (etz)u wcsucf w k f oH;k av;csujf ywf vdu k f
wmjzpfygw,f? yxrqH;k tcsuu f tJ'v D al wGtm;vH;k [m Edik if aH &; tusO;f
om;a[mif;awG jzpf=uygw,f? wpfenf;ajym&&if (etz)u &efoltjzpf
owfrSwfxm;olawG jzpfygw,f? Zm*emqdk&if ol@&JŒ a&'D,dk tifwmAsL;
awGa=umifh (etz)u +idK;aecJhwm =umyg+yD? txl;ojzifh (etz)[m ol@&JŒ
rif;om;acgif;aqmif;udk qGJc|wf+yD; rlvbDvl;±kyfoGifudk zGihfjyvdkufwJh “puf
wifbm a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;”udk tpysdK;ay;cJhol wa,muftjzpf
Zm*emudk “tjywfodrf;”zkd@ tuGufacsmif;aecJhygw,f? usefwJholawG[m
vnf; EkdifiHa&; tusOf;om;a[mif;awG jzpf=u+yD; (etz)u &efoltjzpf
jyKrlqufqHjcif;udk cHcJh&olawGjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvdk vlrsdK;awGu jynfol@
tusKd ;jyK vkyif ef;awGrmS wufwufºuGºuGyg0if aqmif&u G af ejcif;u jrefrm
81
jynfoal wGe@J Edik if w

H umtodik ;f t0dik ;f &JŒ tjrifrmS
(etz)udk rsufESmyef;rvS jzpfapygw,f? 'ghtjyif
tJ'DvlawGeJ@ a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&; t+yD;rSm
ikyfv#dK;oGm;cJh=u+yD; em*pftjzpfrSm jynfolawG&JŒ
a0'emudk r=unfh&ufvkd@ jyefay:vmcJh=uwJh ol&J
aumif;awG&JŒ ra=umufr&GHŒ &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|H trsm;
tusdK;jyK aqmif&GufcsufawGa=umifh “vdyfjymEdk;”
vmcJh=uwJh jynfwGif;u yk*~vdu tpktzGJ@i,f
uav;rsm;udkvnf; (etz)[m =unfhr&jzpfae+yD;
vef@oGm;atmif +cdrf;ajcmuf [ef@wm;csifaewm
vnf; &dSygw,f? aemuf+yD; olwkd@ZGwfvkyfzkd@ &dSaewJh
(2010)a&G;aumufyGJ rwkdifrDrSmvnf; ql;ajimifh
cvkwf jzpfvmEdkifr,fh tJ'DvlawGudk wwfEdkifor#
z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;xm; csifygw,f? tJ'D&nf&G,fcsuf
awGa=umifh cifAsm;ajymwJholawG zrf;qD; xdef;odrf;
jcif;cHcJh&wm jzpfygw,f? Õ
82
ar; ? ? cifAsm;pum;xJrSm EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;qdkwJh
tokH;tE_ef;udk =um;vdkuf&w,f? jynfwGif;jynfyu EdkifiH
a&;eJ@ vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;awGua&m/ ukvor*~uyg
a':atmifqef;pk=unftygt0if EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGudk
tjrefqHk;eJ@ ¹cGif;csufr&dS v$wfay;zkd@ awmif;qdkae=uayr,fh
(etz)uawmh jref r mjynf r S m Ed k i f i H a &;tusOf ; om;
wa,mufrS r&dSbl;vkd@ t+rJ woHwnf; ajymaeygvm;? olwkd@
bma=umifh tJovkd ajymae=uwmvJ?
ajz ? ? ppfwyfukd toH;k jyKtm%modr;f cJ+h yD; wkid ;f jynfukd w&m;r0iftyk pf ;kd aewJh tpd;k &
wdkif; oHk;avh&dSwJh vufoHk;pum;wckygyJ? Adkvfae0if;&JŒ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ rqv
tpdk;& oufwrf;wav#mufrSmvnf; tJovdkyJ wGifwGifatmfcJh=uwmygyJ? 'gayr,fh
Edik if aH &; tjrwfxw k zf @dk tcsed u f sa&mufvm+yDv@dk olw@dk zmomolw@dk wGuq f vmwJh tcgrsKd ;
awGrSm olwkd@xkwfjyefavh&dSwJh taxGaxG vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhqdkwJh txJrSm EdkifiHa&;
tusOf;om;vkd@ wkduf±kduf 0efrcHayr,fh tJ'DtusOf;om;awGeJ@ &mZ0wftusOf;om;awG
rwlb;l qdw k mudk t"dyg` ,zf iG q hf ckd suaf wG/ tJ't D usO;f om;awGtay: pGq J ckd whJ hJ yk'rf awGt&
cGJjcm;zGifhqdk+yD; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;qdkwJh trsdK;tpm;&dSa=umif; wzufvSnfheJ@ 0efcH=uavh
&dSygw,f? (1980)ckESpfwkef;u xkwfjyefcJhwJh vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh trdef@udkavhvm=unfh&if
tJ'Dtcsufudk txift&Sm; jrifawG@EkdifrSm jzpfygw,f?
rdrw
d @dk Eikd if rH mS Edik if aH &;tusO;f om; r&db S ;l vk@d tm%modr;f w&m;r0if tpd;k &awG
ajymae=uwm&JŒ &nf&, G cf suu f awmh Edik if rH mS Edik if aH &;jy\em r&db S ;l qdw
k t hJ csuf ay:vGif
apcsifvkd@ jzpfygw,f? EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; &dSw,fqdkwm[m EdkifiHrSm EdkifiHa&; jy\em &dS
aew,fvkd@ 0efcHvdkuf&m a&mufygw,f? tm;vHk; od=uwJhtwdkif; 'Duae@acwfrSm EdkifiHa&;
qdkwm oabmxm;csif; rwlolawG=um; pm;yGJ0dkif;rSm n‡dE_dif;aqG;aEG; tav#mhtwif;vkyf
aphpyfwJhenf;vrf;eJ@ tajz&Sm=u&wJh udpPrsKd;yg? 'Dawmh 'grsKd;udk ukd,fwkdifu t"rRenf;eJ@
tiftm;oH;k tm%modr;f vmcJw h hJ w&m;r0if tpd;k &awGu vkycf siw f hJ qENvnf;r&d/S vkyEf ikd f
wJh pGrf;&nfvnf; r&dSygbl;? qENr&dSwmu EdkifiHa&; aqG;aEG;yGJ pwifvdkufwmeJ@ w+yKdifeuf
olwkd@&JŒ w&m;r0ifwJhtjzpf xif;xif;}uD; ay:vGifoGm;wJh wcsdefwnf;rSm olwkd@ wif;jynfh
usyfjynfh qkyfudkifxm;wJh tm%mudk cGJa0ay;rS jzpfawmhr,fqdkwJh usdK;a=umif;qDavsmfr_
qdkif&m trSefw&m;eJ@ ezl;awG@'l;awG@ &ifqdkif&rSmudk pdk;&drfylyefwJhtwGuf jzpfygw,f?
pGr;f &nf r&dw S muawmh t"rRenf; ok@d r[kwf trSew f &m;udk ud,
k pf m;jyKjcif;r&dw S hJ tiftm;
udk tm;udk;avh &dSolawGrSm tifrwefcufcJ±_yfaxG; El;nHhodrfarG@ euf±_dif;+yD; ESvHk;&nfudpP
83
oufoufomjzpfwhJ pm;yG0J ikd ;f awG@qn Hk E‡d id_ ;f aqG;aEG;yGjJ zpfajrmuf taumiftxnf ay:vm
atmif vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; uif;rJhavh&SdwJh obm0a=umifhygyJ?
urBmay:u tm%modrf;tpdk;& tm;vHk;eD;yg;[m tm%mqkdwm vlxkqDu
tajccHw,fqw kd hJ t,ltqudk ,H=k unfoal wG r[kwb f J tm%mqdw k m aoewfajymif;0
u qif;oufwmjzpfw,fqw kd hJ t,ltqudk ,H=k unfoal wG jzpfygw,f? tJ'D obm0t&
olwkd@tjrifrSm EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJqdkwm wzufeJ@wzuf ^m%feD^m%feufeJ@ tusyfudkif
zdtm;ay;r_udk vdktyfovdk wvSnfhpDoHk;+yD; wzufu wzufudk tEdkif,lwJhupm;enf;
(lose or win Game)omjzpfygw,f? EkdifwJhvlu tukefvkH;&+yD; ±_H;wJhvlu wckrS r&wJh
tºuGif;oknupm;enf; (zero sum game)om jzpfygw,f? EdkifiHtusdK;twGuf wzufeJ@
wzuf apwemrSefrSefxm;+yD; tay;t,l tav#mhtwif;vkyf nd‡E_dif;appyfh tajz&SmwJh
aqG;aEG;yGrJ sKd ; (wenf;) ESpzf ufpvH;k u tEdik &f wJh upm;enf; ( win - win Game ) rsKd ;vnf;&dS
w,fqdkwm olwkd@em;vnfEdkifpGrf; r&Sd=uygbl;?
tm%m&SifawG[m tJ'DvdkrsdK; obm0&dSwJhtwGuf olwkd@tbd"mefrSm oabm
xm;rwlwhJ Edik if aH &; vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufqw kd m r&dyS gb;l ? “vGwv f yfpmG oabmxm; uGv J cJG iG ”hf
“+idrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJaexkdifr_”qdkwmawGudk olwkd@yg;pyfu atmfcsifatmfaer,f?
'gayr,fh tJ'gawGukd olw@dk vH;k 0 t,Ht k =unf r&dyS gb;l ? olw@dk trSew f u,f ukid pf x
JG m;wJh
0g'u “ige@J rwl ig&h efo”l qdw k hJ 0g'omjzpfygw,f? tJ'aD wmh olw@dk rmS Edik if aH &;aqG;aEG;zuf
qdw k mvnf; r&dyS gb;l ? olw@dk rsupf x d rJ mS Edik if aH &; aqG;aEG;yGv J yk zf @dk awmif;qdo
k q
l w
kd m olw@dk
udk tm%myv†ifay:u wGef;csr,fh olawGomjzpfygw,f?
tm%m&Siaf wG[m olw@dk u, kd o f w l @dk wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ u,fwif&iS af wGv@dk jrifavh&o Sd l
awG jzpf=uwJhtwGufvnf; olwkd@rSty jzpfwJh usefwJholawGudk wdkif;jynfudk acsmufxJqGJ
csr,fh olawGtjzpfom jrifyg
w,f? Edik if aH umif; zk@d vkyaf ewJh
Ed k i f i H a &;orm;awG tjzpf
olwkd@rjrifEdkifygbl;? tJ'Dawmh
Ed k i f i H w umu rsuf p d a 'guf urB m ay:u tm%mod r f ; tpd k ; &
axmuf+yD; =unfhaewmukd cH tm;vH k ; eD ; yg;[m tm%mqk d w m
ae&wJhtwGuf tJ'Dvdk vlrsdK; vlxkqDu tajccHw,fqdkwJh
tm;vH k ; ud k axmif x J x nh f t,ltqudk ,Hk=unfolawG r[kwfbJ
rxm;Edkifayr,fh tajctae tm%mqd k w m aoewf a jymif ; 0 u
ay;+yDqdkwmeJ@ olwkd@udk &mZ qif;oufwmjzpfw,fqdkwJh
0wfa=umif;t& yk'frtrsdK;rsdK; t,ltqudk ,Hk=unfolawG jzpfygw,f?
wyf + yD ; axmif x J x nf h a wmh
wmygyJ? 'DvdkeJ@ tJ'DvlawG[m
84
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; r&dSbl;vkd@
(etz)u ajymaewm&J Œ ta=umif ; &if ; ES p f c k u
jref r mjynf r S m Ed k i f i H a &;jy\emr&d S b l ; vk d @
ajymcsif w J h r±k d ; ajzmif h r _ e J @
wdkif;jynfrSm igwkd@vkyfwmom EdkifiHa&;
wjcm;olawGvkyfwm &mZ0wfr_qdkwJh
tjrifarSmufrSm;r_wkd@ jzpfw,f æ
tvdktavsmuf Oya'csdK;azmuf usL;vGefwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;awG jzpfoGm;ygawmhw,f?

tm%modrf;+yD;aemuf tm%m&Sifpepfudk usifhoHk;avh&dSwJh ppftpdk;&awG[m olwkd@ vuf
xufrSm EdkifiHa&;orm;qdkwJh tokH;tE_ef;udkawmif oHk;avh&dSwm r[kwfygbl;? 'gayr,fh
jrefrmjynfu (etz)uawmh rwwfomvkd@ ygwDpHkpepfudk cGifhjyKxm;&wJhtwGuf EdkifiHa&;
orm;qdkwJh tokH;tE_ef;udk aqmihf}uD;atmifh}uD; rvdkwrmpdwfeJ@ oHk;ae&+yD; tJ'D tokH;
tE_e;f udak wmifrS “Oya'csKd ;azmuf usL;vGew f hJ Edik if aH &;orm;”qdw k hJ wae&mwnf;rSmom
&Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; oHk;avh&Sd=uwmudk awG@=u&rSm jzpfygw,f? jynfol@qENeJ@ wufvmwJh tpdk;&
awGuawmh EdkifiH&dS&if EdkifiHa&; jy\em&dSw,fqdkwJh tcsufudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; oabm
ayguf vufcH=uygw,f? EdkifiHa&; jy\em&dS&if EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; qdkwmvnf; &dSr,f
qdw k m olw@dk u odygw,f? 'ga=umifh rdred @J oabmxm;csi;f rwdu k q f ikd o
f al wGukd vufeuf
pGJudkif ykefuefr_rjyKoa&GŒ olwkd@u &efolvkd@ rjrifygbl;? EdkifiHtudsK;twGuf rdrdeJ@ rwlwJh
vrf;a=umif;u aqmif&GufaeolawGvkd@ jrifygw,f? 'ga=umifh tajctaet& olwkd@udk
zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f wJth cg &mZ0wftusO;f om;awGxuf tqift h wef; ydjk rifw h hJ tcGit
hf a&;
awG ay;ygw,f? 'grsdK;udk (1948)u (1962)txd (Adkvfae0if; tdrfapmifhtpdk;& tkyfcsKyfwJh
ESpf ESpfryg) wnf&dScJhwJh 'Drdkua&pDacwfrSm awG@Ekdifygw,f? jrefrmjynfudk ESpfaygif; (100)
ausmf u|efjyKoGm;cJhwJh +Adwdo#udkvdkeD tpdk;&uawmif tJ'Dpepfudk usifhoHk;cJhygw,f?
tJ'Dawmh usaemfh &Sif;jycsufawGudk tESpfcsKyf+yD; jyefvnfazmfjy&&if jrefrmjynf
rSm EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; r&dSbl;vkd@ (etz)u ajymaewm&JŒ ta=umif;&if;ESpfcku jrefrm
jynfrSm EdkifiHa&;jy\em r&dSbl;vkd@ ajymcsifwJh r±kd;ajzmifhr_eJ@ wdkif;jynfrSm igwkd@vkyfwmom
EdkifiHa&; wjcm;olawGvkyfwm &mZ0wfr_qdkwJh tjrifarSmufrSm;r_wkd@ jzpfw,fvkd@
ajz=um;vkdygw,f? Õ
85
ar; ? ? (e-t-z)uawmh tJ'DEkdifiHa&; tusOf;om;
qdkolawG[m Oya'udk csdK;azmufvdk@ ta&;,lcH=u&wm
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tnD aexdik &f if ab;&efuif;uGmrSm jzpfw,fv@dk ajymavh&Sd
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rSefayr,fh (e0w)(etz)wkd@&JŒ w&m;Oya'udk vdkovdk toHk;csyHkuawmh urBmrSm
pHcsdefopfvkd@ qdk&rSmyg? olwkd@ tm%modrf;+yD; wufvmcJhwJh (1988)uae tcktxd
tESpf (20)umvtwGi;f w&m;Oya' orD;ysKd udk olw@dk t"rRjyK vkycf w hJ hJ t}udraf ygi;f
&maxmifcsD &dScJhwmudk rjywfowdjyK avhvmaeolwdkif; rSwfrdae=urSmyg? tJ'Djzpf&yf
awG[m avxJrSm aysmufuG,foGm;=uwm r[kwfygbl;? taotcsm rSwfwrf;rSwf
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orm;awGbufu vdu k yf gaqmif&u
G af y;aewJh a&SŒaeawGuakd wmif r[kwrf [wfpyG pf JG
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urf;ukefatmif qdk;0g;aeyg+yD? a&SŒaeOD;nDnDaxG;/ OD;atmifodef;/ OD;cifarmif&dSefwkd@udk
jypf'%fcsrSwfvdkufwm[m jrefrmEdkifiHu w&m;Oya' ±kyftavmif;udk xnfhoGif;
xm;wJh acgif;wvm;tzHk;ay:rSm aemufqHk;±kdufvdkufwJh oHcsufjzpfygw,f?
usaemfwkd@ bmyJvkyfvkyf w&m;Oya'eJ@tnDyJ vkyfygw,fvkd@ ajymavh
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av#mah ygah ygh ar;cGe;f uav;wckyJ ar;csiyf gw,f? jrefrmEdik if rH mS jyXmef;xm;wJh touf
(60)ausmf&if EdkifiH0efxrf;tjzpfu t+idrf;pm;,l&r,fqdkwJh w&m;Oya'[m ol tyg
t0if tcsKdŒaom ol@0dkif;awmfom;awGeJ@ oufqdkifjcif; &dSr&dSqdkwJh ar;cGef;av;yg? Akdvf
cif!Gef@udk z,f&Sm;pOfu w&m;Oya'&JŒ txufrSmb,folrS r&Sdbl;vkd@ vlod&Sif=um;
ajymqkdcJhwJh Akdvfa&$ref;vnf; tJ'Dar;cGef;udk ajz=unfhapcsifygw,f? Õ
86
ar; ? ? jrefrmjynfu ppftpdk;& tqufqufeJ@ ywfouf+yD; usaemf ar;
wma&m/ cifAsm;ajzwma&m tawmfav;pHkoavmuf &dSoGm;+yD? aemufydkif;rS
pOf;pm;vkd@&&ifvnf; quf+yD; ar;ao;wmaygh? tckawmh 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pk
awGbuf vSnfh=u&atmif? (NLD)[m (1990)a&G;aumufyGJrSm v$wfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,fae&m pkpkaygif;&JŒ (82)&mckdifE_ef; tEdkif&&dScJhw,f? udk,fpm;vS,f
ta&twGuft& ajym&if (396)OD;aygh? 'gayr,fh a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;(18)ESpf
wm umvtwGif;(NLD)[m tpdk;&jzpfrvmcJhwJhtjyif tckqdk&if (NLD)
v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f ta&twGuf[mvnf; tJ'Dwkef;uxuf trsm;}uD;
avsmhenf;oGm;cJh+yD? 'Dvdkjzpf&wm[m (NLD) acgif;aqmifawG&JŒ nHhzsif;
tm;enf;r_awGa=umifh jzpfw,fvkd@ 'Drdkua&pDbufawmfom;wcsKd@u ,lq
ae=uw,f? olw@dk u(NLD)[m *ENDcef;r nDvmcHrSm tpdk;&rzGJ@cJhjcif;jzihf ppf
tm%m&Sipf epf csKyf+idr;f oGm;apEdik rf ,fh taumif;qH;k tcGithf a&;udk vufvw$ f
qHk;±_H;cJh&w,fvkd@vnf; axmufjycJh=uw,f? tJ'Dtjriftay: cifAsm;oabm
xm;u b,fvdkvJ?
ajz ? ? au'g awGpepfwus arG;jrL+yD; uspfvspfodyfonf; cdkifrmpGm zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh

ygwDawGawmif {&mrtrSm;}uD;awG usL;vGefcJh=uzl;wmudk jrefrmhordkif;rSma&m/ urBmh
ordkif;rSmyg cifAsm;awG@cJhrSmyg? Akdvfae0if;&JŒ EdkifiHa&;om;a=umjzwfwJh '%fudk (26)ESpfwdkif
cHcJh&+yD;aemuf tvdktavsmuf ay:aygufvmwJh vlxktHkºuGr_}uD; wcktwGif; EdkifiHa&;
aemufcHtrsdK;rsdK;/ t,ltqtrsdKrsdK;/ a&csdef tedrfhtjrifh trsdK;rsdK;&dSwJhvlawG &nfrSef;csuf
wcktwGuf aygi;f pnf;rd=u&mu rD;±SL;oef@pif zGm;jrifvmcJw h mjzpfwhJ (NLD)rSm c|w, f iG ;f
tm;enf;csufawG tajrmuftjrm;&dSrSm aocsmygw,f?
'gayr,fh a&G;aumufy+JG yD;oGm;vd@k (18)ESp=f umvmwJhJ tcsed t f xd jynfovl xl &k ŒJ
ar#mfrSef;csufawG rjynfh0ao;wm&JŒ t"du ta=umif;&if;uawmh (e0w) (etz)
ppftkyfpk&JŒ uwdopPm ysuf,Gif;r_yJ jzpfygw,f? “rif;rSmopPm/ vlrSmuwd”qdkwJh jrefrm
wkd@&JŒ qdk±kd;pum;twdkif; wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfwJhvlawG opPmysuf,Gif;+yDqdk&if
tJ''D %fukd jynfoal wG axmif;varmif;ausatmif cH=u&p+rJyg? a&G;aumufy+JG yD;&if ppfwyf
u ppfwef;vsm;jyefr,f/ tEdkif&wJhygwDudk tm%mv$Jay;r,f/ v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f
awG tajccHOya'qG=J u/ ppfwyfuw&m;cH tjzpfrcHb;l qdw k hJ pum;awGukd (NLD)u ajymcJh
wm r[kwfygbl;? vuf&dS (etz)qdkwJh tpdk;&udk arG;zGm;ay;cJhwJh (e0w)qdkwJh tzGJ@&JŒ
acgif;aqmifqdkolu ajymcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
87
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awmife@J a0;wJah e&mudk xGuaf jy;jcif;jzifh
a&S m if w d r f ; Ed k i f y gw,f ? a&}uD ; &if a& rdrd &yfwnfae&m
vGwfwJh ukef;jrifhay: wuf+yD; a&Smifwdrf; ajcaxmuf a tmuf u
Edkifygw,f? rkefwkdif;wdkuf&if rkefwdkif;'%f ajr}uD;u rwnfr+idrf
cHEdkifwJh taqmuftOD;awGxJ 0ifa&muf v_yfcg&rf;wJhtcg }uKH&ovkdrsdK;
ckdv_H+yD; wdrf;a&SmifEdkifygw,f? ajrivsif opPmysuf,Gif;wJh
v_yf&ifawmh b,fvdkrS ra&Smifwdrf;Edkifyg tpd k ; &vuf a tmuf u
bl;? ajy;av&m a&mufav&m rSefor#
jynf o l a wG [ m
ajrtm;vHk; v_yfaewmrkd@ vlawG[m
'kuQ}uD;pGm
aqmufwnf&mr& jzpf=u&ygw,f?
tJovdkygyJ? rif;r_xrf;awG a&muf = u&ygw,f ?
opPmysuf&if jynfolawGtaeeJ@ vSnfh
ywf}uHzef+yD; cHomatmif cHEkdif=uao;
ayr,fh tkyfcsKyfolrif;tpdk;& udk,fwdkif
opPmysu, f iG ;f +yD qd&k ifawmh jynfoal wG[m tJ''D %fukd r±SLom ru,fomatmif rcsrd qHh
cH=u&ygawmhw,f? rdrd &yfwnfae&m ajcaxmufatmufu ajr}uD;u rwnfr+idrf v_yfcg
&rf;wJhtcg }uKH&ovkdrsdK; opPmysuf,Gif;wJh tpdk;&vufatmufu jynfolawG[m 'kuQ}uD;
pGm a&muf=u&ygw,f?
jynfoltay: opPmysuf,Gif;wJh tpkd;&w&yf ±_dŒor#rD;udk urBmay:rSm tawmf
qH;k qdwk vhJ al wG yg0ifz@JG pnf;xm;wJh taumif;qH;k ygww D &yfuawmif tuket f pif vdu k v
f H
+idrf;owfEdkifrSm r[kwfygbl;? tJ'DygwDudk,fwdkifawmif tJ'DrD;v#HawGxJ jymusaysmufqHk;
roGm;&avatmif tyef;w}uD; }udK;pm;ae&r,fhtjzpfudk awG;qpmem=unfhEdkifygw,f?
*E<Dcef;r nDvmcHeJ@ ywfoufvkd@uawmh usaemf a&SŒwae&mrSm ajymcJhovdkyJ
(tu,fIæ v#ifæ cJhvdrfhrnf)qdkwJh awG;qcsufawG trsdK;rsdK; &dSEdkifygw,f? usaemf avh
vmrdor# nDvmcHt+yD; xkwfjyefwJh a=unmcsufxJrSm “pufwifbmv (30)&ufae@
aemufqHk;xm;+yD; v$wfawmf ac:ay;&ef”qdkwJh pmom;udk xnfhzkd@awmif tjiif;tcHkawG
tawmfav; jzpfcJh&w,fvkd@ od&ygw,f? nDvmcH vkyfcdsefrSm vlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmif
qef;pk=unf[mvnf; tdrt f us,cf sKyf cscx
H m;&wm jzpfygw,f? nDvmcHxrJ mS a':atmif
qef;pk=unf&dSae&if tJ'Da=unmcsufxufydkaumif;/ ydkjywfwJhvkyfaqmifcsuf xGufay:
vmEdkifw,fvkd@ ar#mfvifh Edkifp&m&dSayr,fh olrygwJh ( NLD ) acgif;aqmifydkif;qDuawmh
tpdk;&zGJ@wJh vkyf&yfvdkrsdK; tifrwef avmif;a=u;jrifhwJhupm;enf;udk upm;vdrfhr,fvkd@
rar#mfvifhEdkifygbl;? tawG@t}uKHºuG,f0 odyfonf;uspfvspfcdkifrmwJh ygwDwck r[kwfbJ
pnf;urf;cyfavsmah vsmeh @J zG@J pnf;xm;wJh r[mrdw! f eG @f aygi;f tzG@J wckr#omjzpfwhJ (NLD)
88
taeeJ@ *ENn D vD mcHrvkyrf D uref;uwrf; ay:xGuv f mwJh (1§90)a=unmcsut f & (e0w)
,kwfrmaumufuspf vmawmhr,fh ajcvSrf;udk &dyfpm; od&dScJhayr,fh udk,hfbufu rvGef
atmif ru|Hatmif owdxm; xdef;odrf;+yD; a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk tcdkiftrm qkyfudkifxm;
jcif;jzifhom atmifyGJudk t&,lzkd@ ydkif;jzwfxm;cJhyHk&ygw,f? (e0w)taeeJ@ a&G;aumufyGJ
rwdkifrD wdkif;odjynfod urBmoday;xm;cJhwJh uwdu0wfawGudk vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; ajymif
ajymifwif;wif; csKd ;azmufwhJ txdawmh yufyufpufpufvyk rf mS r[kwb f ;l vk@d ,H=k unfxm;
wmuvnf; wa=umif;a=umifh udk,fhbufu ajcvSrf;u|HoGm;wmrdsK; (tpdk;& zGJ@vkdufwm
rsdK;) rjzpfatmif owd}uD;}uD;xm;cJhwmvnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f?
'guawmh tJ't f ek ;f u (NLD) acgi;f aqmifawGukd av#mah v#mah ygah ygh ouf
D csed w
oufn‡mn‡mawG;+yD; oHk;oyf=unfhwJh tydkif;yg? tJ'DtjrifeJ@ qef@usifbufu =unfhr,f
qdk&ifawmh tJ'Dwkef;u (NLD) acgif;aqmifydkif;[m tEdkif,l&JwJh (wenf;) tm%m&,l
&JwJh owWdr&dSolrsm;/ wHk;wdkufwdkuf usm;udkufudkuf jywfom;cdkifrmwJh pdwf"mwfr&dSolrsm;
tjzpf ,lqEdkifygw,f? tJ'D ±_axmifhu =unfh&if (NLD) acgif;aqmifawG[m ppftkyfpk&JŒ
obm0eJ@ tusifhp±kduf/ (90)a&G;aumufyGJ rwdkifrDeJ@ +yD;wJhaemuf ajymwJhpum;awG a&SŒ
aemufrnD jzpfvmwmawG/ olw@dk a&SŒqufr,fh ajcvSr;f udk xif&mS ;&Si;f vif;pGm jrifomapwJh
(1§90)a=unmcsufudk *ENDcef;rnDvmcH rvkyfrDuav;rSm tvsifpvdk xkwfjyefvkdufwm
awG pwJhvkyf&yfawGudk =unfh+yD; “igwkd@awmh vufOD;r_,l+yD; jywfom;wJh ajcvSrf;udk
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[m bmqdkwm qHk;jzwfzkd@ tifrwefcufcJrSm jzpfayr,fh jynfolvlxk}uD;u tm;udk;
,H=k unfavmufwhJ acgi;f aqmifaumif; qdw k mrsKd ;[m tJovdk tcufcq J ;kH tcsed rf mS jynfol
awG bmjzpfcsifaeovJ qdkwmudk tjrefqHk;
odjrifem;vnf oabmayguf+yD; jynfolawG&JŒ
jynfolvlxk}uD;u tm;udk; tJ'DqENudk udk,fpm;jyKwJh qHk;jzwfcsufrsdK;udk
,Hk=unfavmufwJh &J0Hhjywfom;pGm csrSwfzkd@ arG;zGm;vmol jzpfyg
acgif ; aqmif a umif ; w,f? teD;pyfqHk; Oyrmjy&&ifawmh zufqpf
qdkwmrsdK;[m tJovdk *syefawG&JŒ "m;=um;aoewf=um;rSm av#muf
tcuf c J q H k ; tcsd e f r S m vSrf;&if; zufqpf*syefawG ay;xm;wJh ppf0ef
jynfolawG }uD;qdkwJh &mxl;udk tumtuG,f,l+yD; zuf
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od j rif e m;vnf
oGm;cJhvkd@om AdkvfcsKyf[m ol@ukd trsdK;om;
oabmayguf + yD ; æ acgi;f aqmiftjzpfo@dk jynfjh ynf0h 0 a&muf&aSd pcJh
wJh aemufydkif;vkyf&yfawGudk qufvkyfEdkifcJhwm
89
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vHk;yg;yg;? EdkifiHvnf; a&tdk;atmufu
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w,f? uifaywdik &f ŒJ &ufpufvw S hJ vky&f yfawGta=umif; aumif;aumif;odaewJh
AdkvfcsKyf[m ol@toufudk y"merxm;bJ tifrwefrS tE W&m,f}uD;vSwJh
qHk;jzwfcsufudk cdkifrmjywfom;pGm csrSwfvkyfaqmifcJhol jzpfygw,f?
tJ'D±_axmifhu =unfh&ifawmh *ENDcef;rnDvmcHumvu (NLD)
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nDvmcHrSm (NLD)u &J&ifhjywfom;wJh vkyf&yfwck (tpdk;& zGJ@vkdufwmvnf;
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oGm;rvm;qdkwm b,folrSawmh aocsmayguf rajymEdkifygbl;? 'gayr,fh tJ'D
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ajz ? ? usaemf[m (NLD) ygwD0ifwa,muf r[kwfwJhtwGuf usaemfh

&JŒtjrifu tjyifujrifwJh tjrifyJ jzpfygvdrfhr,f? tjyifutjrif jzpfwJhtwGuf
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qifjcifr_awG/ olwkd@t=um; qufoG,fr_awG&JŒ jzpfay:wdk;wufr_awGpojzifh)
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vnf; t+rJwrf; xyfwlus=uwmawmh r[kwfygbl;? tajctae ta=umif;
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ygwDudk yJhudkifarmif;ESifvmcJholrsm;&JŒ tqdkygtpD&ifcHpmrsdK;vnf; xGufay:vm
Edik jf cif; r&dw S thJ wGuf usaemf&h ŒJ (NLD)ygwt D ay: tjrifrsm;[m tcsut f vuf
rcdkifrmr_eJ@ usaemfh&JŒ twWaemrwdwkd@tay: rlwnf+yD; rSefuefr_eJ@ ormorwf
usrp_ wJh tydik ;f awGrmS tm;enf;aeEdik yf gw,f? tJovdq k &kd if (NLD)udk OD;aqmif
wm0ef,lcJholrsm;eJ@ OD;aqmifwm0ef,laeolrsm;taeeJ@ em;vnfcGifhv$wf=uzkd@
y%mr yef=um;vdkygw,f?
ygwDwck&JŒ vkyf&yfawG rSefw,frSm;w,fqdk+yD; qef;ppfa0zefr_ jyK
vkyfwJh ae&mrSm t"dutm;jzifh tydkif;ESpfydkif;ukd =unfh+yD; a0zef=uwm jzpfyg
w,f? wydkif;u ygwD&JŒ rl0g'vrf;pOftykdif;jzpf+yD; aemufwykdif;u tJ'Drl0g'
vrf;pOfukd taumiftxnfazmf&mrSm usio hf ;kH wJh pnf;±k;H a&;enf;emeJ@ vky[ f ef
rsm;tykdif; jzpfygw,f?
jynfol@tudsK;pD;yGm;udk OD;xdyfxm; aqmif&Gufr,fqdk+yD; zGJ@pnf;xm;
=uwJh ygwDtzGJ@tpnf; rSefor#[m jynfol@qENudk udk,fpm;jyK+yD; jynfol@
ar#mfrSef;csufudk xif[yfwJh rl0g'vrf;pOfukd csrSwf=u&p+rJ jzpfygw,f? ukdvkdeD
91
acwf aESmif;ykdif;rSm ay:aygufvmwJh wkd;
wufwJh ygwDtzGJ@tpnf; rSefor#&JŒ rl0g'
vrf;pOfu vGwfvyfa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;/ qdk&S,f
wydkif;u ygwD&JŒ vpfa&; jzpfygw,f? zufqpfvufatmuf
rl 0 g'vrf ; pOf t yk d i f ; jzpf + yD ; rSm ay:aygufcJhwJh (zwyv)tzGJ@rSmusawmh
aemuf w yk d i f ; u tJ'Dar#mfrSef;csufawGtjyif zufqpfwdkuf
tJ'D rl0g'vrf;pOfudk zsufa&;qdkwJh ar#mfrSef;csuftopfwck yg0if
taumif t xnf a zmf & mrS m vmcJh+yD; vGwfvyfa&; &+yD;aemuf ay:ayguf
vmcJhwJh ygwDawG/ tzGJ@tpnf;awG&JŒ rl0g'
usifhoHk;wJh
vrf;pOfawGrmS awmh 'Dru kd a&pDa&;qdw
k hJ ar#mf
pnf ; ±k H ; a&;enf ; emeJ @
rSef;csuf topfwck xyfygvmcJhum vGwf
vk y f [ ef r sm;tyk d i f ; vyfa&;qdkwJh pum;&yf aysmufuG,foGm;cJhyg
w,f?
a,bk,stm;jzifh ajym&&ifawmh
ajray:rSm w&m;0if zGJ@pnf;&yfwnfEdkifwJh
ygwD trsm;pk[m jynfo@l qENukd xif[yfjcif;
r&dSwJh rl0g'vrf;pOf csrSwfrdr_qdkwJh trSm;udkawmh a&Smif&Sm;Ekdif=uavh&dSygw,f? ta=umif;
uawmh rdrdwkd@csrSwfcJhwJh vrf;pOf rSefuefjcif; &dSr&dSqdkwmudk jynfolawGxH csjytppfaq;cH
jcif;jzifh od&dSEkdifvkd@ jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh tpdk;&udk vufeufpGJudkif ykefuefaewJh ygwDrsdK;awG
usawmh rdrdwkd@udk,fwdkifu awmxJawmifxJrSm aexkdifae&+yD; rdrdwkd@ xdawG@ae&wJh jynf
olvlxkqdkwmvnf; tpdwftydkif;w&yfomjzpfwmrkd@ rdrdwkd@&JŒ rl0g'vrf;pOf rSefrrSef jynf
olawGqD csjytppfaq;cHzkd@qdkwJhudpPrSm }uD;rm;wJh tuef@towf&dSygw,f? tJ'D tajc
tae&JŒ tusdK;quftjzpf tJ'DvkdrsdK;ygwDawG[m (olwkd@tqdk) rl0g'/ vrf;pOf trSm;awG
csrSwfrdwmrsdK; awG&dSwwfygw,f? jrefrmjynfolawGtwGuf tjrifomqHk; Oyrmwck jy&
r,fqdk&if ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD(Auy)udk jy&rSmjzpfygw,f? (Auy)[m vufeufpGJudkif
awmfvSefr_udk pwifcJhwJh (1948)ckESpfrSm ESpfESpftwGif; ppftEdkifwdkufa&;/ tm%modrf;a&;
vrf;pOfudk csrSwfcJhygw,f? (Auy) awmckd+yD; &ufykdif;vydkif;twGif;rSm ppfwyfxJu tpdwf
tydkif;tcsKdŒ/ ppfwyfxJu u&ifwyf&if;awGeJ@ &JabmfjzLawGyg awmcdkvmcJh=uwJhtwGuf
(zqyv)tpd;k &&JŒ tm%mpuf[m &efuek ef @J teD;wpf0u kd rf mS yJ oufa&mufwt hJ xd tajc
taeudk a&muf&dS oGm;cJhwma=umifh (Auy)&JŒ tJ'Dvrf;pOf[m rSefoa,mif &dScJhygw,f?
'gayr,fh r=umcifrSmyJ (zqyv)tpdk;&[m wpdwfwydkif;tm;jzifh tdENd,EdkifiHu ae±l;
tpdk;& axmufyHhcJhwJh vufeufawGa=umifh tiftm;jyefvnf ckdifrmawmifhwif;vmr_&JŒ
tusKd;quftjzpf (Auy)tygt0if awmwGif;vufeufudkif tiftm;pkawG[m odrf;ydkuf
xm;wJh e,fajrawGudk wpwpjyefvnf qHk;±_H;oGm;cJh=u&ygw,f? tJ'Daemuf (1955)
92
ckESpfrSmawmh (Auy)[m vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ pGef@v$wf+yD; Oya'abmiftwGif; 0ifa&muf
um w&m;0ifygwt D jzpf &yfwnfa&;udak r#mrf eS ;f wJh (55 vrf;pOf)qdwk mudk ajymif;vJ csrw S f
cJyh gw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'v D rf;pOfuvnf; ta=umif;a=umif;a=umifh taumiftxnf ay:r
vmcJhbJ aemufqHk;rSmawmh tJ'Dvrf;pOfudk rSm;,Gif;w,fvkd@ oHk;oyf+yD; (1964)ckESpfrSm
ppftEdkifwdkufa&;/ tm%modrf;a&;vrf;pOfudk jyefvnfudkifpGJchJygw,f?
tckwifjycJhwmu ygwDawG[m a,bk,stm;jzifh rl0g'vrf;pOfydkif;rSm rSm;,Gif;
csrw S w
f mrsKd ; tjzpfenf;avh&w Sd ,f qdak yr,fh tcsKŒd aom ¹cGi;f csuuf pd rP sm;rSmawmh vrf;pOf
rSm;,Gif;wmrsdK;awGvnf; &dSwwfw,fqdkwmudk OyrmeJ@wuG jyocJhwmjzpfygw,f?
ajymcJhovdkyJ ygwDawG[m rl0g'vrf;pOftydkif;rSm rSm;,Gif;wmrsdK; tjzpfenf;
avh&Sdw,fqdkayr,fh aemufwydkif;jzpfwJh pnf;±kH;a&; tydkif;rSmawmh trSm;rusL;vGefrdwJh
ygwD r&dSbl;vkd@ qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f? ta=umif;uawmh vrf;pOfqdkwmu a,bk,stm;jzifh
rSm;Edkifajc enf;yg;wJh taumiftxnfrJh xdawG@vkd@r&wJh (intangible) oabmw&m;ydkif;
jzpf+yD; pnf;±k;H a&;qdwk muawmh tJ'D vrf;pOfukd tjynf0h qH;k eJ@ tjrefq;kH taumiftxnf
azmfEdkifa&;twGuf rSm;Edkifajcrsm;jym;wJh taumiftxnf&dS xdawG@vkd@&wJh (tangible)/
0d^mOfouf&dS vlyk*~KdvfawGudk pnf;±kH;odrf;oGif; vkyfaqmif&wJhtydkif; jzpfaevkd@ygyJ?
rwljcm;em;wJh vdif/ touft&G,f/ vlrsdK;/ bmom/ vlwef;pm;/ tv$m/ todynma&csdef
&Sd=uwJh vlawGudk wckwnf;aom yef;wdkifqDokd@ OD;wnf av#mufvSrf;wJh vrf;rSm wnD
w!Gwf wpnf;wvHk;wnf; ygvmatmif pnf;±kH;odrf;oGif;&wJhtvkyf[m b,favmuf
odrfarG@euf±_dif; cufcJrvJqdkwmudk rSef;q=unfh±kHeJ@ odEdkifrSmjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf;
ygwD tzGJ@tpnf;trsm;pkwkd@[m csrSwfxm;
wJh rl0g'vrf;pOf rSefyifrSefjim;aomfvnf;
pnf ; ±k H ; a&; enf ; y&d , m,f y d k i f ; u trS m ; rwljcm;em;wJh vdif/
t,Gif;awGa=umifh vrf;pOfudk taumif touft&G,f/ vlrsdK;/
txnf razmfEdkifawmhbJ wcsKdŒqdk vrf;ck bmom/ vlwef;pm;/ tv$m/
vwfrSmwif +yKduGJysufpD;/ wcsKdŒqdk vrf;ck todynma&csdef &Sd=uwJh
vwfrSm w0JvnfvnfeJ@ a&SŒrqufEdkif jzpf vlawGudk wckwnf;aom
ae=uwmudk awG@jrifae=u&wm jzpfygw,f? yef;wdkifqDokd@
(NLD) ta=umif; jyefoGm;=u&
OD;wnfav#mufvSrf;wJh
atmif? (NLD) [m tm%m&Sifpepf zsuf
vrf;rSm wnDw!Gwf
odr;f a&;/ 'Dru kd a&pD ay:xGe;f a&;udk awmif;qdk
wpnf;wvH;k wnf;ygvmatmif
wJh vlxktHkºuGv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;u arG;zGm;ay;
vdkufwJh tiftm;t}uD;qHk; OD;aqmifygwD pnf;±kH;odrf;oGif;&wJh
w&yfjzpfwmeJ@tnD ygwD&JŒ rl0g' vrf;pOfudk tvkyf[m æ
vnf; jynfolawG&JŒ tJ'DqENudk xif[yf+yD;
93
csrSwfcJhjcif; jzpfwma=umifh vrf;pOfydkif;rSm tjynfht0 rSefuefcJhw,fvkd@ qdkEdkifygw,f?
wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk udk,fwdkif udk,fus OD;aqmifyg0if v_yf&Sm;
cJh=uolrsm;vnf;jzpfwJh ygwDacgif;aqmifawG[m ta&;awmfyHk}uD;u ay;tyfvkdufwJh
cGeftm;eJ@ Edk;=um;wufºuGr_awGeJ@twl wufusdK;&if vufxkd;avSmf+yD; yef;wdkifta&muf
csDwufvdkwJh ydkif;jzwfr_&dSae=uwJh jynfol vlxkudk tpnf;ajyroGm;atmif/ awGa0
,drf;,dkifroGm;atmif a&OD;ykdif;rSm tjynfh
t0 xdef;xm;EdkifcJhwJhtwGuf ygwD[m pnf;
±kH;a&;tydkif;rSmvnf; rSefrSefuefuef udkif wbufu a&SŒwdk;=unfhvkd@
wG,faqmif&GufcJhw,f qdkwmudk awG@jrifEdkif wbufu
ygw,f? (NLD)[m tJ'Dvdk vrf;pOfydkif;rSm aemufqkwfoGm;&if
a&m pnf;±kH;a&;ydkif;rSmyg rSefuefcJhwJh twGuf wbufu a&SŒudk
vnf; (e0w)u enf;vrf;aygif;pHkeJ@ ESdyfuGyf qufwkd;rSmyJ jzpfygw,f?
aewJh=um;u jynfolawGtwGuf E_dif;,SOf wbufu aemufrqkwfbJ
a&G;cs,fp&m 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pk0if ygwD wif;cH&if wbufuvnf;
awG trsm;}uD ; &d S a ewJ h = um;u (90)a&G ; t&rf ; pG w f + yD ;
aumufyrJG mS ajr+yKdurf;+yKd tEdik &f &dcS w
hJ m jzpf
a&S Œ rwd k ; 0H h y gbl ; ?
ygw,f?
'gayr,f h a&G ; aumuf y G J t +yD ;
(e0w)u enf;y&d,m,fajymif;+yD; ESdyfuGyfvmwJh tcgrSmawmh (NLD)[m vrf;pOfydkif;
qkid &f m rSm;,Gi;f wJh ajcvSr;f awGukd pwifvrS ;f rdvm ygawmhw,f? yxrqk;H ajcvSr;f uawmh
(e0w)&JŒ a=unmcsuftrSwf (1§90)udk vufrSwfa&;xkd;vkdufwmyJ jzpfygw,f?
vufrSwfrxdk;&if ygwDzsufodrf;cH&rSmpdk;wJhtwGuf vufrSwfxdk;vdkuf&wm jzpfw,fvkd@
(tJ'Dwkef;u) ygwDA[dkacgif;aqmifawGu ta=umif;jycJh=uw,fqdkwJh toHawGudk =um;cJh
=u&ygw,f? (e0w)rSm tJ'D&nf&G,fcsuf trSefwu,f &dScsifvnf;&dSygvdrfhr,f? 'grSr[kwf
olw@dk u (NLD) acgi;f aqmifawG b,favmuf ,H=k unfcsuf cdik rf mjywfom;w,fqw kd mudk
prf;vdkufwmvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfEdkifygw,f? wu,fawmh (1989)ckESpf tmZmenfae@ tcrf;
tem;wufwJh udpPwkef;uwnf;u (e0w)u (NLD) acgif;aqmifawG (a':atmifqef;
pk=unf/ OD;0if;wifeJ@ OD;wifOD;ryg)&JŒ “rm*k%fowWd”udk odcJh+yD;jzpfwmrkd@ (1§90)udk ydkifpkd;
ydkifeif;xkwfjyefvdkufwm jzpfEdkifygw,f? tJ'Da=unmcsuftrSwf (1§90)[m &Spfav;vHk;
ta&;awmfyHk}uD;twGif; jynfolawG azmfxkwfjyocJh=uwJh qENudk t+yD;wdkif eif;acsypf
awmhr,fh (e0w)vkyif ef;pOf&ŒJ yxrqH;k tqifjh zpfw,f qdw k mudk omrefjynfoal wGawmif
od=uwJt h wGuf (NLD) acgif;aqmifawG rodbJaerSm r[kwfygbl;? tJovdk odod}uD;eJ@
rdrdudk wkyfaESmifxm;awmhr,fh }udK;wacsmif;eJ@wlwJh tJ'Da=unmcsufudk vufrSwfxdk;cJhwJh
ygwaD cgi;f aqmifawG&ŒJ “ygwD zsuo f rd ;f cH&rSmpk;d vk@d ” qdw
k hJ ta=umif;jycsu[ f m jynfoal wG
94
bufu=unfh&if vHk;0vufcHEdkifp&mr&dSygbl;? wu,fawmh EdkifiHa&;qdkwm ±_axmifhwcku
=unfh&if qef@usifbuf tiftm;pkcsif; tm;prf; =uwJh upm;yGJwck jzpfygw,f? wbufu
a&SŒwd;k =unfv h @dk wbufu aemufqw k o f mG ;&if wbufu a&SŒudk qufw;dk rSmyJ jzpfygw,f?
wbufu aemufrqkwfbJ wif;cH&if wbuf uvnf; t&rf;pGwf+yD; a&SŒrwdk;0Hhygbl;?
EdkifiHa&;rSm b,fbufurS rif;wkd@ aocsmayguf Edkifvdrfhr,fqdkwJh bk&m;ocif&JŒ
Asm'dwfawmfudk &&dSxm;wmr[kwfygbl;? pum;t& ajym &&if jynfolvlxktrsm;pk}uD;udk
ud k , f p m;jyKxm;wJ h b uf u awmif tJ ' D A sm'd w f a wmf u d k &&d S x m;ao;w,f v k d @
qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f?
wu,fawmh (e0w)[m tJ'D (1§90)a=unmcsufudk olwkd@ trSefwu,f
av#mufvSrf;r,fh vrf;a=umif;tjzpf b,fwkef;urS &nf&G,fcJhwmr[kwfygbl;? *E<Dcef;r
nDvmcHxJu olwkd@udk aoG;ysufoGm;apEdkifwJh vkyf&yfwckck xGufay:vmrSm pdk;wJhtwGuf
uref;uwef;a&;+yD; uref;uwef;xkwfjyefvdkufwJh aq;+yD;wkda=unmcsuf wckomjzpfyg
w,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; aemufydkif;rSm tJ'D a=unmcsuftwkdif; vkyfaqmifzkd@ (NLD)u
i,foyH gatmif atmf+yD; awmif;qdak eayr,hf ppftyk pf u k tJ'aD =unmcsuf ta=umif;av;
awmif rv_yfawmhwmjzpfygw,f?
(NLD) acgi;f aqmifawG[m xufjrufyg;eyfr,fq&kd if (e0w)tJovdk ajcvSr;f
awGvSrf;vmr,fqdkwmudk tJ'Duwnf;u odoifh+yD; &J0HhpGef@pm;r_&Sdr,fqdk&if tJ'Da=unm
csuu f kd tJ'uD wnf;u y,fcsco hJ if=h uygw,f? 'gayr,fh vufawG@rmS tJ'v D kd jzpfrvmcJw
h hJ
twGuf (NLD) acgif;aqmifawG[m xufjrufyg;eyfr_yJ r&dScJhavovm;/ &J0HhpGef@pm;r_yJ
r&dScJhavovm; pOf;pm;p&m jzpfcJh&wmuawmh trSefygyJ?
tJ't D &nftaoG; wckcck sKŒd wJv h @dk yjJ zpfjzpf ESpcf pk vH;k csKŒd wJv
h @dk yjJ zpfjzpf (1§90)udk
vufrw S xf ;dk cJ=h uwJh (NLD)ygwD A[dak cgi;f aqmifawGtay: olw@dk vyk &f yf&ŒJ oufa&mufr_
u odyfrodomvSayr,fh ygwDeJ@ jynfolawGtay: oufa&mufr_uawmh }uD;rm;euf±_dif;
jyif;xefvSygw,f? rn‡mwrf;ajym&&if ygwDeJ@ jynfolawGt=um; us,fjyef@euf&d_if;wJh
uGm[r_eJ@ ygwDeJ@jynfolawGtwGif; }uD;rm;jyif;xefwJh +yKduGJtm;enf;r_[m acgif;aqmif
awG&JŒ tJ'Dvkyf&yfu pwifcJhw,fvkd@ qdk&ygvdrfhr,f? (1§90)udk vufrSwfrxkd;cJh&if ygwD
zsufodrf;cH&r,f rcH&bl;qdkwm raocsmayr,fh aocsmwmwckuawmh tJ'Dvkyf&yf
aemufykdif;rSm ygwD[m (e0w)(etz) ppftkyfpk&JŒ qihfuJqifhuJ xdk;ESufr_awGudk cHcJh&+yD;
q,fpEk pS f ESpcf =k umwJt h csed rf mS '%f&my&yG aoG;tvl;vl;eJ@ vl±yk af wmif ray: awmhatmif
jzpfaewJh tcsufygyJ? 'DvdktajctaerSm tJ'Dwkef;u (NLD)acgif;aqmifawGom (1§90)
udk vufrSwfrxdk;cJh&ifqdkwJh tawG;eJ@ pdwful;zJ±kduf=unfhwmomv#if oem;p&m jrefrm
jynfolawGtwGuf ajzodrfhp&m pdwfxGufaygufwck jzpfygvdrfhr,f?
(1§90)udk vufrw S x f ;kd cJw
h hJ vrf;pOftrSm; +y;D wJah emuf ( NLD) acgi;f aqmifawG
xyfrSm;wJh vrf;pOftrSm;uawmh (1993)rSm pwifcJhwJh (e0w)&JŒ trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk
95
wufcJhjcif;ygyJ? (1§90)udk (NLD)u vufrSwfxdk;vkdufvkd@ olwkd@ aemifa&;twGuf (70)
&mckdifE_ef;avmuf pdwfat;vufat; jzpfoGm;wJh ppftkyfpk[m usefwJh(30)&mckdifE_ef;udk
jznfhqnf; taumiftxnfazmfzkd@ qufvuf}udK;yrf;&mrSm tJ'D trsdK;om;nDvmcH[m
ta&;ygwJh tqifhwqifh jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvkyf&yfrSmawmh ppftkyfpk[m (1§90)wkef;u
xufawmif ydktwifh&Jvm+yD; olwkd@&JŒ tE Wdr&nfrSef;csufudk a&SŒvkyfief;pOf}uD; (6)&yf&JŒ
qXrajrmufvkyfief;pOftjzpf ajymifajymifwif;wif; xnfhoGif;vmygawmhw,f? 'Dw}udrf
rSmvnf; (NLD) acgif;aqmifawG[m ppftkyfpk&JŒ zdtm;ay;r_atmufrSm 'l;axmuf OD;
!GwfcJh=ujyefygw,f? jynfolawGtwGuf wpHkwckaom twdkif;twmtxd ajymqdkEdkifzkd@
nDvmcH wufcJhwm jzpfw,fvkd@ olwkd@u
ta=umif;jycJh=uayr,fh wu,fhvufawG@
rSm tJ'D&nfrSef;csufvnf; atmifjrifcJhwm
qdk;&Gm;wJh EdkifiHa&;&moDOwk r[kwfygbl;? wu,fawmh tJ'D &nfrSef;csuf
tajctaeatmuf r S m atmifjrifw,f qdk&ifawmif (NLD)[m
(NLD)vdk r[mrdwf tJ'D qXrajrmuf tcsufudk vufcHoabm
wyf a ygif ; pk q ef q ef wlvkd@ nDvmcHwufwmjzpfw,fvkd@ ,lqEdkif
tzGJ@tpnf;wck rqdkxm;eJ@ wm jzpfwJhtwGuf &vdkufwmeJ@ ay;vdkuf&
wm wefw,fvkd@ b,fvdkrS rqdkEdkifygbl;?
bk & m;ocif & J @
'gayr,fh jrefrmjynfolawGtwGuf
ygwD q k d & if a wmif
uHaumif;axmufrpGmyJ (NLD)[m (1995)
pnf ; ±k H ; a&;qd k i f & m a':atmifqef;pk=unf tdrftus,fcsKyfu
trSm;awGudk usL;vGefrdrSm jyefvnf vGwfajrmufvm+yD;aemufrSm tJ'D
aocsmygw,f vrf;pOfrSm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyif wnfhrwfEdkifcJh
ygw,f? trsdK;om;nDvmcHu E_wfxGuf
vduk w
f hJ tJ'D trSm;jyifqifcsuf aemufyikd ;f rSm
awmh (NLD)[m aemufxyf jynfo@l qENukd
udk,fpm;rjyKwJh vrf;pOfcsrSwfrdwJh trSm;rsdK; usL;vGefrdjcif; r&dSawmhwm tcktxdygyJ?
(etz)&JŒ aemufqHk;trsdK;om;nDvmcH jyefpumeD;uav;rSm trSm;usL;vGefEdkifwJh tajc
taersdK; xyfrHay:aygufvmcJhao;ayr,fh 'Dw}udrfrSmawmh (NLD)acgif;aqmifawG[m
cdkifrmwnf=unf &J0hHjywfom;wJh ol&Jaumif; pdwf"mwftjynfheJ@ tJ'DtrSm;udk rusL;vGef
rdatmif a&Smif&mS ;Edik cf =hJ uygw,f? 'Dvyk &f yftwGuf (NLD) acgi;f aqmifawG[m orkid ;f rSm
*k%fjyKrSwfwrf;wifjcif; cH=u&rSm jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh vrf;pOftydik ;f eJ@ ywfouf+yD; ajym&&if (NLD)[m (1§90) vufrw S f
xdk;wkef;u w}udrf? (1993)rSm trsdK;om;nDvmcH wufwkef;uw}udrf vrf;pOftrSm;udk
ESpf}udrfwdkifcsrSwfcJhw,fvkd@ usaemfjrifygw,f? 'gayr,fh (NLD)[m trsdK;om; nDvmcH
96
wufwJh trSm;udkjyefjyifEdkifcJhovdk (1§90)trSm;[mvnf; (etz)u oludk,fwkdif

vufeJ@a&;wmudk oludk,fwdkifajceJ@zsuf+yD; (1§90) a=unmcsufudk ausmcdkif;cJh+yDrkd@
(NLD)taeeJ@ txl;xyfrH+yD; trSm;jyifp&m rvdkawmhbl;vkd@ qdk&rSma=umifh tck
vuf&dSrSm (NLD)[m rSefuefwJh vrf;pOfay:rSm av#mufvSrf;ae+yDvkd@ qdk&ygvdrfh
r,f?
pnf;±kH;a&;tydkif;eJ@ ywfoufvkd@uawmh usaemftxufrSm ajymcJhwJh
twdkif; tjcm;aomygwDrsm;vkdyJ (NLD)[m trSm;rsm;pGm usL;vGefcJhygw,f?
okd@aomfvnf; (e0w)(etz)ppftkyfpk&JŒ ajymr,Hk }uKHzl;rSodvkd@ qdk&avmuf
atmif jyif;xefqdk;&Gm;vSwJh zdEdSyfr_ enf;vrf;aygif;pHkatmufrSm &yfwnf &Sifoef
ae&wmjzpfw,fqw kd hJ ay;xm;csutf & (NLD)taeeJ@ tJovdk pnf;±kH;a&;trSm;
rsm;pGmudk usL;vGefrdwm[m obm0uswJh tjcif;t&mwckyJjzpfygw,f? ygwD
zGJ@pnf;yHku cdkifcdkifrmrmr&Sd/ ygwDnDvmcHvnf; vkyfr&/ xufjrufwJh ygwDacgif;
aqmifawG ESp&f n S f tusO;f csc&H / ygwaD cgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfu axmif
uswmxufawmif ydkqdk;wJh tajctaeatmufrSm ESpf&Snfvrsm; aexkdif&/ +rdK@e,f/
wdkif;tqifh ygwDqdkif;bkwfawG jzKwfcscH&/ ygwD0ifawG enf;rsdK;pHkeJ@ +cdrf;ajcmuf
[ef@wm; aESmifh,SufcH&pwJh qdk;&Gm;wJh EdkifiHa&; &moDOwk tajctae atmufrSm
(NLD)vdk r[mrdwf wyfaygi;f pkqefqef tzG@J tpnf;wck rqdx k m;eJ@ bk&m;ocif&ŒJ
ygwDqkd&ifawmif pnf;±kH;a&;qdkif&m trSm;awGudk usL;vGefrdrSm aocsmygw,f?
'ga=umifh (e0w)(etz)vufatmufrSm rao±kHwr,f toufvk&SLae&wJh
(NLD)ygw&D ŒJ pnf;±k;H a&;qdik &f m trSm;awGta=umif; axmufjy aqG;aEG; a0zefwm
rsdK; vkyfzkd@qENr&dSygbl;? pnf±kH;a&; trSm;awG &dScJhw,f? 'gayr,fh vrf;pOfudk xdcdkuf
apavmufwJh pnf;±kH;a&; trSm;rsdK;awmh r&dScJhbl;vkd@yJ ajymyg&ap? Õ
97
ar; ? ? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJh jrefrmjynfolawGu
vlxkacgif;aqmif/ trsdK;om;acgif;aqmiftjzpf ,lqxm;=u+yD; EdkifiHwum
todkif;t0dkif;u jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmiftjzpfac:a0: okH;E_ef;ae
=uayr,fh (e0w)(etz) ppftpd;k & acgi;f aqmifawGuawmh ol[m udv k ekd v
D uf
opf tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHawG&JŒ ±kyfao;±kyfom jzpfw,f? ol@udk jrefrmEdkifiHom;
wcsKd@u txif}uD;ae=uwm[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;orD;qdkwJh *k%fyk'fa=umifh
om jzpfw,f? ol jrefrmjynfjyef a&mufvmwmvnf; emrusef; jzpfaewJh
ol@rdcifudk jyKpkzkd@om jzpfw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm EdkifiHa&;orm;awGu yg;eyf vdrRm
pGm qGJoGif;vkd@ EdkifiHa&;e,fxJudk r&nf&G,fbJ a&mufvmwmom jzpfw,fvkd@
ajymae=uw,f? tJ'DtjrifESpfckrSm b,ftjrifurSefovJ? cifAsm;&JŒtjrifudk
jynfhjynfhpHkpHk &Sif;jyygOD;?
ajz ? ? w±kwfpma&;q&mwOD; a&;xm;wJh jzpf&yfrSef Zmwfvrf;wckudk jref
rmpma&;q&moHk;OD;u bmomjyefxm;wJh pmtkyf ESpftkyf&dSw,f? wcku a&$
wnfavsmif bmomjyefwJh “om;aumif;wa,muf”pmtkyfjzpfw,f? aemuf
wcku xufjrufeJ@ Edkif0if;aqGwkd@ yl;wGJbmomjyefwJh “tdk,ef[dkif;&JŒ aw;oH”
pmtkyf jzpfw,f? tJ'pD mtky&f ŒJ yifrausm±k;d u c&D;onfwif &xm;wpif; t&deS ef @J
armif;ESiv f mpOf &xm;vrf;ay:rSm &yfaewJh jrif;waumifukd toufay;+yD; wGe;f
z,foGm;cJhwJh tdk,ef[dkif; trnf&dS w±kwf vli,fav; wa,mufta=umif;
jzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dpmtkyfyg a&;om;azmfjycsufawG&JŒ tESpfcsKyfuawmh tJ'Dvli,f
av;[m &xm;vrf;ay:rSm &yfaewJhjrif;udk wGef;z,f&if; ol@toufudk pGef@&
aumif; pGef@&Edkifw,fqdkwm odw,f? jrif;udk rwGef;z,fvkd@vnf; ol@ukd b,fol
urS tjypfajym=urSm r[kwfbl;? 'gayr,fh &xm;u jrif;udk wdkufrd+yD; vrf;acsmf
wdr;f arSmuf oGm;cJ&h if &xm;ay:ygvmwJh c&D;onf &maygi;f rsm;pGmwk@d toufq;kH
±_H;zkd@ aocsmoavmuf&dSw,f? &xm;u t&dSefeJ@ vmae+yD/ &xm;vrf;ay:u
jrif;uvnf; z,fray;bl;/ tdk,ef[dkif;taeeJ@ bmvkyfrvJqdkwmudk pOf;pm;zkd@
puUef@ydkif;yJ tcsdef&w,f/ tJ'DpuUef@ydkif;rSm ol[m ol@toufukdpGef@+yD; c&D;onf
&maygif;rsm;pGm&JŒ toufudk u,fzkd@ qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f? 'g[m rsufpdwrdSwf
v#yfwjyufavmufyJ =umwJhtcsdeftwGif; obm0 yuwdpdwf (by instinct)
t& ±kwfw&uf wrk[kwfcsif; pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfvdkufwm jzpfayr,fh tJovdk ol
qH;k jzwfjzpfatmif t"du wGe;f aqmfcw hJ mu td, k ef[ikd ;f &ifxrJ mS &daS ewJh trsm;
98
tudsK; jynfol@tusdK;udk udk,fusdK;pGef@ xrf;aqmifo,fydk;vdkwJh pdwf"mwfjzpfw,f? ol@rSm
tJovdkrsdK; pdwf"mwf&dSw,fqdkwmudk tJ'D jzpf&yfrwdkifrD ol@&JŒ vkyfaqmifcsufawGrSm
awG@Ekdifw,f qdkwmyJ jzpfygw,f?
wu,fawmh tcsdefwdkav;twGif; vlwa,muf csufcsif;qHk;jzwf+yD; ajymqdk
vkyfaqmifvdkufwJh uHESpfyg; trlt&m[m tJ'D vkyf&yfrwdkifrD tJ'Dvl awG;ac:cH,lxm;wJh
tawG;tac: t,ltq&JŒ xif[yfcsuf w&yfom jzpfygw,f? tJ'D 0pDuHr_/ um,uHr_
[m pOf;pm;aezkd@awmif tcsdefr&wJh w'*FumvtwGif; ±kwfw&ufcsufcsif; xGufay:vm
wm jzpfayr,fh tJ'Dajymqdk vkyfaqmifr_awG[m tJ'Dvl&JŒ tpÇwW twGif;o¾mefudk
uGufuGufuGif;uGif; txif;om; t&Sif;om; azmfjyaewJh trlt&mawG jzpfygw,f?
wu,fvkd@ tdk,ef[dkif;ae&mrSm wb0vHk; udk,fusdK;om=unfhcJhwJh twWorm;wa,muf
qd&k if b,fvkd qH;k jzwfr,f xifovJ? tajzu pOf;pm;p&m rvdak vmufatmif &Si;f aerSmyg?
'ga=umifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m emrusef;jzpfaewJh rdcifudk jyKpkzkd@ jrefrm
jynfudk jyefa&mufvmcJhwm rSefayr,fh jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;xJ olr yg0ifvmwm[m (e0w)
(etz)wkd@ tapmydkif;rSm ajymcJh=uovkd (rqv)udk rausreyfjzpfae=uwJh EdkifiHa&; orm;
awGu vdrRmyg;eyfpGm usHK;oGif;wmukd cHcJh&wmjzpfw,fqdkwJh tcsufuawmh vHk;0rrSefyg
bl;? a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ &ifxrJ mS tpdik t f cJvu kd f xke@J xnfe@J wnf&aSd ewJh jrefrmjynf
olawGtay: cspcf if=uifemwJph w d /f pmemoem;wJh pdwaf wGa=umifo h m jzpfygw,f? olr[m
tajctaet& b0wavsmufvHk;eD;yg; trdEdkifiHeJ@ a0;uGmaecJh&ayr,fh olr&JŒ&ifxJrSm
jrefrmEdkifiHeJ@ jrefrmjynfolawG t+rJ&dSae
w,fqw kd hJ tcsuu f kd olr&JŒ “a=umuf&ŒHG
jcif;rS uif;vGwaf &;” pmtkyaf &SŒydik ;f rSmyg
wJh bdvyfjyefoef;ac: 'dk&moef;at;&JŒ tcsd e f w d k a v;twG i f ;
trSmpm tygt0if a&SŒrDaemufrD yk*~dKvf vl w a,muf
}uD;rsm;&JŒ ajymqdka&;om; csufrsm;t&
csuf c sif ; qH k ; jzwf + yD ;
od&dSEdkifygw,f? 'gu a':atmifqef;pk
=unf[m jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;xJudk trSwf
ajymqdk vkyfaqmifvdkufwJh
wrJh (unwittingly) 0ifa&mufvmrdcJh uH E S p f y g; trl t &m[m
wm jzpfw,fqdkwJh ajymqdkcsufeJ@ ywf tJ'D vkyf&yfrwdkifrD
oufwJh usaemfh&JŒ tjrifjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvl awG;ac:cH,lxm;wJh
a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf [ m tawG ; tac: t,l t q&J Œ
trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfatmif xif[yfcsuf w&yfom
qef;&JŒorD; jzpfaer_a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH jzpf y gw,f ?
om;wcsKd@u txif}uD; ae=uwmjzpf
w,fqdkwJh (e0w)(etz)wkd@&JŒ ajymqdk
99
csufeJ@ywfouf+yD; usaemfhtjrifudk ajymyg
r,f? a&$w*d b kH &k m; taemufbuf rkcu f a[m
ajymyGJrwdkifrDtxd tJ'Dajymqdkcsufu rSefuef
ygw,f? tm;vHk; od=uwJhtwdkif; &Spfav;vHk;
ta&;awmfyHk}uD;&JŒ jrpfzsm;ydkif;rSm jrefrmjynf
olawG&ŒJ 'Dru kd a&pD acgi;f aqmifu Advk rf LS ;csKyf
a[mif; OD;atmif}uD; jzpfygw,f?
usaemhftjrif ajym&&if a':atmif
qef;pk=unf&JŒ a&$wd*Hk vlxktpnf;ta0;udk
vlxktiftm; axmifaygif;rsm;pGm (wcsKd@u
ig;odef;vkd@ cef@rSef;=u+yD; wcsKd@uq,fodef;vkd@
cef@rSef;=uygw,f?) wufa&mufvm=uwm
[mvnf; a[majymr,fhol[m trsdK;om;
acgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒ orD;jzpf
w,fqdkwJhtcsufeJ@ jrefrmjynfolawG&JŒ “rif;
avmif;ar#mf” tawG;tac:a=umifhuvGJ+yD; bmrS r[kwfygbl;? 'gayr,fh y'krRmuGif;u
OD;atmif}uD;&JŒ a[majymcsuaf wGtay: vlx&k ŒJ tm;rvdk tm;r&jzpfr?_ a&$w*d akH [majymyGJ
rwdkifrD vufodyfxdk; jzef@a0cJhwJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ ywfoufwJh (rqv) axmuf
vSrf;a&;awG&JŒ tremy a&;om;csufawGa=umifh (rqv) tpdk;&tay: &GH&Smpufqkyfr_eJ@
a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: u±k%moufr_/ a&$wd*Hk a[majymyGJrSm ajym=um;cJhwJh rdef@cGef;
xJrSmawG@&wJh a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ ±kd;om;jzLpifr_eJ@ jynfol@qENeJ@ wxyfwnf;
usr_pwJh tcsufawG aygif;pnf;oGm;cJhwma=umifhom a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m vlxk
acgif;aqmifqdkwJhae&mudk &&dSoGm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh tJ'D a&$wd*Hk vlxktpnf;ta0;}uD; +yD;oGm;wJh tcsdefxdatmif jrefrm
vlxku a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk ol@zcif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ cGJ+yD; jrifEkdif=uao;wm
r[kwyf gb;l ? Adv
k cf sKyfukd cspcf ifav;pm;wJh pdwt f cHay:rSm ol@uakd xmufct H m;ay; ae=uwm
jzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh a':atmifqef;pk=unftaeeJ@ ol[mol@zcif t&dyfudkrSDcdk+yD; &Sifoef
aewJh yef;wyGifhr[kwfwJh ta=umif;jyozkd@ tcsdef odyfrapmifhcJh&ygbl;? ppfwyfu tm%m
odrf;/ ygwDawG zGJ@pnf;+yD;aemuf r=umcif ygwDwGif; tpnf;ta0;awG/ pnf;±kH;a&;c&D;pOf
awG/ r[mrdwf zGJ@pnf;a&; tpnf;ta0;awGeJ@ tm%mzDqefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_awGtwGif;
olr&JŒ &J&ifhajymifajrmufwJh vkyfaqmifcsufawG/ a[majymcsufawG xGufay:vmwJh tcg
rSmawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk jrefrmvlxku “AdkvfcsKyforD;”qdkwJh tjrifxuf “igwkd@
acgi;f aqmif”qdw k hJ tjrifrsKd ;eJ@ ajymif;vJ±j_ rifp jyKvmcJ=h uyg+yD? tJ'aD emuf (6)ESpef ;D yg;=um
100
tdrftus,fcsKyf tcscH&r_ jzpf&yft+yD; qufwdkufqdkovdk jyocJhwJh olr&JŒ &J0Hhjywfom;r_eJ@
ud, k uf sKd ;pGe@f tepfemcHra_ wGu olrudk (ppftyk pf ek @J ol@&ŒJ bufawmfom;awGrw S yg;) tjiif;
yGm;zG,fr&Sd vlxkacgif;aqmiftjzpfokd@ wGef;wifay;vdkufygawmhw,f?
'Dae&mrSm trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifqdkwJh pum;vHk; tokH;tE_ef;eJ@ ywfouf+yD;
aqG;aEG;vdkygw,f? trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifqdkwm tJ'Da0g[m& tokH;tE_ef; udk,fE_dufrSm
yg0ifaewJh tESpfom&t& EdkifiHwck&JŒ jynfolw&yfvHk; (wenf;)wrsdK;om;vHk;eJ@ oufqdkif
wJh tusyt f wnf; ta&;udp}P uD;wckck ay:ayguv f mcsed rf mS tJ'D tusyt f wnf;udk ajz&Si;f
ay;Edik v
f rd rhf ,fv@dk jynfov l x l k trsm;pk}uD;u av;av;eufeuf ,H=k unftm;ud;k +yD; olw@dk
&JŒ ar#mfvifhcsufawGudk tyfESHjcif;cH&wJh acgif;aqmifrsdK; jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dacgif;aqmif[m
tJ'D tusyftwnf;udk t+yD;wdkif ajz&Sif;oGm;EdkifcJhwJh tajctaetxd a&mufcsifrS a&muf
cJhrSm jzpfayr,fh jynfolawG&JŒ ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_ trsm;qHk; &&dSxm;oljzpfwmeJ@tnD tJ'D
tusyftwnf; ta&;udpPudk t+yD;wdkif ajz&Sif;Edkifr,fh ta&;t}uD;qHk; aomhcsufvkyfief;
awGudk vkyfaqmifoGm;EdkifcJhol jzpfavh&dSygw,f?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrSm 'Duae@txd orRwaygif;rsm;pGm &dScJhayr,fh trsdK;
om; acgif;aqmifvkd@ qdkEdkifol ESpfa,mufom &dSygw,f? olwkd@uawmh trsdK;om;vGwf
ajrmufa&; wdu k yf u
JG kd OD;aqmifcw hJ hJ a*sm0h g&iS w
f efe@J / trsKd ;om; aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &; wdu
k yf JG
udk OD;aqmifcJhwJh tA&m[ifvifuGef;wkd@ jzpf=uygw,f? tJovdkyJ tdENd,rSm r[wWr*END/
awmiftmz&durSm e,fvfqifrif'Jvm;/ wl&uDrSm urJvftwmwyfpf/ puFmylrSm vDuGrf;
,lpwJh olawG[m trdsK;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;
tjzpf (tjiif;yGm;p&m tenf;qHk;),lqEdkif
zG,f&SdolawG jzpf=uygw,f? wrsdK;om;vHk;eJ@ oufqdkifwJh
jrefrmEdik if rH mS Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
tusyf t wnf ;
udk trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmiftjzpf jynfov l x l k
ta&;ud p P } uD ; wck c k
trsm;pk}uD;u vufcHxm;=uw,fvkd@ qdk&if
tjiif;yGm;r,fhol odyfr&dSEdkifygbl;? jrefrm ay:ayguf v mcsd e f r S m tJ ' D
jynf o l w &yf v H k ; e,f c sJ Œ +Ad w d o #vuf tusyftwnf;udk ajz&Sif;
atmuf udkvdkeDtjzpf usa&mufaecJhwJh um ay;Edkifvdrfhr,fvkd@
v=umjrifh vmwmeJ@tr# vGwfvyfa&;udk jynf o l v l x k trsm;pk}uD;u
a&iwfovdk iwfrGwfawmifhwae=ucsdefrSm av;av;euf e uf
tcsdefudkuf ay:xGufvmcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmif ,Hk=unftm;udk;+yD; olwkd@&JŒ
qef;[m EdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;eJ@ ywfoufwJh ar#mf v if h c suf a wG u d k
ol@&JŒ rqkwfrepf cdkifrmjywfom;wJh qHk;jzwf tyfESHjcif;cH&wJh
vkyfaqmifr_awGtjyif ol@&JŒ olrwlatmif acgif ; aqmif r sd K ;æ
xl;jcm;wJh ±k;d om; ajzmifrh wf wnf=unfra_ wG
101
xJrSm vGwfvyfa&;twGuf ae@rtm; nrem; aqmif&GufaecsdefrSm vkyf}uH
owfjzwfcHcJh&r_udkyg xnfhaygif;vdkufwJhtcg jrefrmjynfolw&yfvHk;&J@
&ifxt J onf;xJrmS urBmwnfoa&GŒ xm0&wnf&Sd aeawmhr,fh trsKd ;om;
acgif;aqmiftjzpfokd@ a&muf&dSoGm;cJhwm obm0usygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm pum;pyfrdvkd@ ajym&&if Akdvfae0if;[mvnf; trsdK;
om;acgi;f aqmifb0udk tdyrf ufrufcahJ o;w,fv@dk qd&k ygvrd rhf ,f? wdik ;f jynf
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;cJhwJhaemuf jynfolw&yfvHk; 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@
qdk&S,fvpfa&; yef;wdkifrsm;qDokd@ ar#mf±_ae=ucsdefrSm Akdvfae0if;u ol@ukd
jynfolawG&JŒ tJ'D ar#mfrSef;csufawGudk taumif
txnf azmfay;Edkifr,fholtjzpf jynfolawG xifjrif
,lqvmatmif }udK;yrf;cJhwJh vkyf&yfawG &dScJhvkd@ygyJ? urBmhordkif;/
tm%modrf;,lcJh+yD;aemuf tJ'Dtcsdefu qdk&S,fvpf
jref r mh o rd k i f ;
trnfcHcJh=uwJh EdkifiHwcsKdŒ&JŒ vkyf[efwcsKdŒudk twkcdk;
ordkif;tqufqufu
vkyaf qmifcwhJ m/ (1963)ckEpS rf mS +idr;f csr;f a&; aqG;aEG;yGJ
usif;yay;cJhwm/ (1980)rSm omoemawmf oef@&Sif;
jyocJhwJh
wnfwjhH yef@ymG ;a&; aºuG;a=umfoeH @J oHCm*k% d ;f aygi;f pHk trSew
f &m;wckuawmh
nDvmcH}uD; usif;yay;cJh+yD; tJ'DyGJ txdrf;trSwfeJ@ “trs Kd ;om;acgi;f aqmif
taxGaxG vGwf+idrf;cGifh xkwfjyefay;cJhwmawG[m qdkwm
trsdK;om; acgif;aqmifjzpfzkd@ pdwful;,Of[ef&dSwJh Akdvf vkyf,lvkd@r&/
ae0if;&JŒ taygif;vuQ%maqmif vkyf&yfawGjzpfyg arG ; zG m ;vmwm
w,f? Akdvfae0if;[m tpnf;ta0;awG/ tcrf;tem; omjzpfw,f æ
awGrSm olajymcJhwJh rdef@cGef;awGudk olydkif yHkEdSyfwkdufu
ae aygif;csKyfpmtkyfawGtjzpf ±kdufEdSyf xkwfa0apcJh
jcif;jzifhvnf; jynfolawG&JŒ tonf;ESvHk;xJrSm ae&m
,lEdkifatmif }udK;yrf;cJhygao;w,f?
'gayr,fh urBmhordkif;/ jrefrmhordkif; ordkif;tqufqufu jyocJh
wJh trSefw&m;wckuawmh “trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif qdkwm vkyf,lvkd@r&/
arG;zGm;vmwmomjzpfw,f (A national leader cannot be made but
is born)” qdkwmyJ jzpfygw,f? trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifqdkwm "m;rdk;xm;+yD;
trdef@tm%meJ@ “jzpfapownf;”vkd@ vkyf,lvkd@&wJh t&mrsdK;r[kwfygbl;?
jynfoal wGu ausauseyfeyf =unf=unfjzLjzLeJ@ todtrSwjf yK vufc=H urS
om jzpfwJht&mrsdK;yg? 'Dtcsufudk Akdvfae0if;&JŒb0 tygt0if urBmhEdkifiH
wcsKdŒu vlawG&JŒ tjzpftysufawGu jyocJh+yD;jzpfygw,f?
102
'Dvdkqdk&if a':atmifqef;pk=unfua&m trsdK;om; acgif;aqmif
wa,muf jzpfcJh+yDvm;? 'Dar;cGef;udk ajzzkd@twGuf a':atmifqef;pk=unf ay:
xGufvmcsdefrSm jrefrmjynfrSm ay:aygufaewJh trsdK;om;a&; tusyftwnf;
(National Crisis)u bmvJ qdw k mudk qef;ppfz@dk vydk gw,f? oGm;avol (rqv)
eJ@ ol@udkqufcHwJh (e0w)(etz)wkd@u &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk EdkifiHa&;
awma=umifawG&JŒ ajcxdk;r_/ (rqv)tjyKwfawG&JŒ vufoD;ykef;xdk;r_/ (Auy)&JŒ
aoG;xd;k v_@H aqmfr/_ ausmif;om;qd;k awG&ŒJ qlyrl _ &mckid Ef e_ ;f rsm;rsm;eJ@ jynfoal wG&ŒJ
taxGaxG rauseyfr_ &mckdifE_ef;enf;enf; aygif;pyfrdoGm;cJhwJh qlylt=urf;zufr_
ta&;tcif;wcktjzpf azmfenf;um;xkwf+yD; tJ'Dta&;tcif;upvkd@ tck
tcsdeftxd ay:aygufaewJh trsdK;om; tusyftwnf;udk trSDjyK+yD; ykHo¿mef
wrsdK;eJ@ odrf;ydkufu|efjyKvdk=uwJh udkvdkeDvufopf EdkifiH}uD;awG&JŒ vufyg;ap
a':atmifqef;pk=unf OD;aqmifwhJ jynfwiG ;f u azmufjyefa&; orm;awGe@J Edik if u H kd
aemufw}udrf u|efjzpfapr,fh tE W&m,fu tumtuG,fay;aewJh olwkd@ OD;
aqmifwJh rsdK;cspf0g'DawGt=um; jzpfyGm;ay:aygufaewJh yÉdyuQ tusyftwnf;
tjzpf }udK;pm;yrf;pm; yHkazmfae=uayr,fh wu,fh vufawG@rSmawmh vuf&Sd
trsdK;om; tusyftwnf;[m jynfolrsm;&JŒ vl@tcGifhta&; qHk;±_H;r_rsm;tay:
tajccHwJh 'Drkdua&pDa&; tusyftwnf;om jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh jrefrmjynf&JŒ
vuf&t Sd ajctaerSm t"du yÉdyuQ[m 'Dru kd a&pDa&;twGuf wku d yf 0JG ifae=uwJh
tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk wnfwHhcdkif+rJatmif }udK;yrf;ae=uwJh 'Drdk
ua&pD qef@usifolrsm;t=um;u yÉdyuQom jzpfygw,f?
tJ'D yÉdyuQ&JŒ tjrifhqHk; yHko¿mefjzpfwJh &Spfav;vHk; vlxktHkºuGr_
ta&;awmfy}kH uD;rSm ay:xGuv f mcJ=h uwJh acgi;f aqmifawG[m vlx&k ŒJ oabmqEN
udk ukd,fpm;jyK+yD; ay:xGufvmcJh=uolawGjzpfwmrkd@ olwkd@tm;vHk;[m oufqdkif
&m tqifhtvdkuf vlxkacgif;aqmifawG jzpf=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh trsdK;om;a&;
tusyt f wnf; acwfwacwfrmS trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmifqw kd muawmh wa,muf
wnf;yJ &dw S ma=umifh vlxu k trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmifukd vlxak cgi;f aqmifawGxu J
(tvdktavsmuf) a&G;cs,fowfrSwf=uygw,f? tm;vHk;od=uwJhtwkdif; &Spfav;
vHk; ta&;awmfyHk}uD;qDokd@ OD;wnfaewJh umvawGrSm vlxk}uD; cHpm;ae=u&wJh
vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufcH&r_udk vlod&Sif=um; &J&J0Hh0Hh a&;om;azmfjycJhwJhtwGuf
vlxk&JŒ =unfndKav;pm;r_udk &&dScJholu OD;atmif}uD; jzpfygw,f? tJ'Daemuf
ta&;awmfyHk}uD;t&dSef&vmcsdefrSm xif&Sm;ausmf=um;wJh vlxkacgif;aqmifawG
trsm;tjym;ay:xGufvmcJh+yD; olwkd@xJu txif&Sm;qHk; yk*~KdvfawGuawmh OD;Ek/
OD;wifOD;/ Adkvf&efEdkifeJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfwkd@ jzpf=uygw,f? jynfolawGu
a&$w*d b kH &k m; a[majymyGrJ mS a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd wcJeuf axmufct H m;ay;cJh
103
=u+yD; ygwaD wGpwif zG@J pnf;csed rf mS ol@&ŒJ (NLD) ygwu D kd 0ifa&mufoal wGu trsm;
qHk;jzpfcJhayr,fh tJ'Dtcsdeftxdol[m tjcm;aom0g&ifh orBm&ifh EdkifiHa&;acgif;
aqmifrsm;xuf odoo d mom xl;xl;jcm;jcm; c|e+f yD; xk;d xGuv f mwm (outstand-
ing) r&dSao;ygbl;?
rsuEf mS zH;k trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ ppftm%m&Sipf epfatmufrmS q,fpEk pS f (2)cke;D yg;
“+idrf;0yfydjym;+yD; ta=umufw&m;eJ@ ,Ofyg;cJh=u&wJh jrefrmjynfolawG tJ'Dtcsdef
rSm tawmifw h qH;k t&mu ra=umufoifw h hJ t&mrSeo f r#ukd vH;k 0ta=umuft&GŒH
txdwftvef@ r&dSbJ &J&ifhjywfom; wnf=unfckdifrmwJh pdwf"mwfeJ@ udk,fwdkif
a&SŒqHk;u vkyfaqmifjyjcif;jzifh olwkd@&ifxJu “a=umufpdwf”qdkwJh opfyif}uD;udk
tjrpfu qGJE_wfay;Edkifr,fh acgif;aqmifrsdK; jzpfygw,f?
&Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkumv/ ygwDawGpwifzGJ@pnf;pumvawGrSm
&m*%ef;csDwJh vlxkacgif;aqmifrsm;xJu acgif;aqmifwa,mufr#omjzpfcJhwJh
a':atmifqef;pk=unf tJ'Dvdkacgif;aqmifrsdK;jzpfvmzkd@ pwifwufvSrf;cJhwJh jzpf&yf
awGuawmh ygwDpnf;±kH;a&; c&D;pOfrsm;yJ jzpfygw,f? (e0w)ppftkyfpk&JŒ trsdK;rsdK;
aom +cdrf;ajcmuf[ef@wm; aESmifh,Sufr_awGudk tJ'Dc&D;pOfawGtwGif; a':atmif
qef;pk=unf &ifqdkifausmfv$m;cJhwJhowif;awGu ol@udk tjcm;tjcm;aom acgif;
aqmifrsm;&JŒ a&SŒqkH;qDokd@ wpwp ykd@aqmifay;cJhygw,f? tJ'Dc&D;pOfawGtwGif;
ol@&ŒJ emrnf*% k o f wif;udk tjrifrh m;qH;k ok@d v$iw hf ifay;vdu k wf muawmh "EkjzL+rdKŒ
u jzpf&yfygyJ? tJ'Dc&D;pOfawG+yD;wJhaemuf wqufwnf;vkdufygvmwJh tm%mzD
qefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; olr&JŒyHk&dyf[m (ppftkyfpk
acgif;aqmifawG rsufpdusdef;avmufatmif) wae@
wjcm; ydkydk+yD; xGef;vif;awmufyvmcJhygawmhw,f? ES p f a ygif ; ES p f q ,f
'gayr,fh tJ'Djzpf&yfawGu a':atmif umvtwGif; ol
qef;pk=unfudk ol@zcif&JŒus,fjyef@xlxJ odyfonf; jyocJhwJh &JpGrf;owWd/
vSwJh avmif;&dyfatmufu vGwfajrmufapcJh+yD; jywf o m;wnf = unf
“Ad k v f c sKyf o rD ; ”qd k w J h tjrif u ae “igwk d @ acgif ; cd k i f r mr_ / oabmxm;eJ @
aqmif”qdkwJh tjrifrsdK;qDokd@ a&GŒvsm;vmap±kH
tajrmf t jrif } uD ; r_ /
avmufyJ wwfEdkifygao;w,f?
udk,fudsK;pGef@
ol@b0twGuf wu,fhudk cufcJ=urf;
wrf;vSwJh pdefac:prf;oyfppfaq;r_ (ordeal)awGu tepf emcH r_ awG u d k
(1989)ckESpf Zlvdkifv (20)&ufae@rSmrS pwifcJhwm =unfhr,fqdk&if
jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dae@upwifcJhwJh (6)ESpfeD;yg;=um
tdrftus,fcsKyfumvudk ol&ifqdkifausmfv$m; jzwf
oef;cJhyHkawG/ tdrftus,fcsKyfu vGwfajrmufcJh+yD;
104
aemuf ol@&JŒajymqdkjyKrl vkyfaqmifcJhcsufawG/ aemufykdif;rSm tdrftus,fcsKyf

t}udrf}udrf tcscH&wmawG/ ppftkyfpk&JŒ yHko¿meftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ aESmifh,Suf
[ef@wm; +cdrf;ajcmufESdyfuGyfr_awGtay: ol@&JŒwkH@jyefcJhyHkawG/ aemufqHk; ukv
or*~ oHwref *rfbm&D =um;0ifvmcJh+yD;aemuf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD;
ol@&JŒudkifwG,f ajz&Sif;yHkawG+yD;wJh aemufrSmawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m
vlxkacgif;aqmif wa,muftjzpfuae trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif wa,muf
tjzpfokd@ a&muf&dSoGm;cJh+yD jzpfw,fvkd@ usaemf,lqygw,f?
trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifqdkwm wrsdK;om;vHk;&JŒ acgif;aqmifjzpfyg
w,f? ArmawGuyJ/ &Srf;awGuyJ/ u&ifawGuyJ/ c&pf,mefawGuyJ/ rlpvif
awGuyJ olwkd@acgif;aqmiftjzpfowfrSwf=uwJh acgif;aqmifrsdK;r[kwfygbl;?
vlrsdK;/ bmom/ tv$m/ twef;tpm;ra&G; trsdK;om;w&yfvHk;u ausaus
eyfeyf tlv_dufonf;v_duf olwkd@acgif;aqmiftjzpfvufcH=uwJh acgif;aqmif
om trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifjzpfygw,f? acgif;aqmifwa,mufrSm &dSoifh&dS
xdkufwJh t&nftaoG;tm;vHk;&dS±kHomru wrsdK;om;vkH;uyg vufcH=unfjzL
rSom trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifqdkwJh tjrifhrm;qHk; *k%fj'yfeJ@ xdkufwefwmjzpf
ygw,f? tJ'Doabmw&m;t& 'Duae@a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m ol@zcif
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;&&dx S m;wJh trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmifqw kd hJ *k%yf 'k rf sK;d eJ@ rxku
d f
wefb;l vk@d qEkd ikd pf &m ta=umif;jycsuw f ckrS usaemf&mS vk@d rawG@wm trSeyf gy?J
usaemfxyfqif+h yD; ajymvdw k hJ tcsuw f ckuawmh jrefrmhEikd if aH &;rSm
olyg0ifjzwfoef; av#mufvrS ;f cJw h hJ ESpaf ygi;f ESpq
f ,f umvtwGi;f oljyocJw h hJ
&JpGrf;owWd/ jywfom;wnf=unfcdkifrmr_/ oabmxm;eJ@ tajrmftjrif}uD;r_/
udk,fudsK;pGef@ tepfemcHr_awGudk =unfhr,fqdk&if a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m
EdkifiHwck/ a'owck&JŒ acgif;aqmifwa,mufr#omrubJ urBmhacgif;aqmif
wOD;vkd@ ac:qdkEdkifavmufatmif xdkufwefr_ tjynfht0&dSolwOD;jzpfw,f
qdkwmygyJ? Õ
105
ar; ? ? jref r mh E d k i f i H a &;rS m ol y g0if j zwf o ef ; cJ h w J h
tcktxd q,fpEk pS f ESpcf w k mumvtwGi;f a':atmifqef;
pk = unf & J Œ aumif ; uG u f a wG / tm;aumif ; csuf a wG
ta=umif;awmh usaemfwkd@ tv#Hy,f =um;cJhodcJh=u&+yD;
yg+yD? 'DumvtwGi;f ol[m trSm;t,Gi;f wcsK@d vkyrf cd w hJ m
r&dSbl;vm;? ol@rSm tm;enf;csuf wpHkw&m r&dSbl;vm;?
cifAsm;taeeJ@ &dScJhw,fvkd@ ,lq&if tJ'DtrSm;awG/ tm;
enf;csufawG[m bmawGjzpfw,fqkdwmudk &Sif;jyygvm;?
ajz ? ? 'Dar;cGef;udk ajz&rSm tifrwef pGef@pm;vGef;&m usygw,f? wu,f

awmh Edik if aH &;rSm trSet f rSm;qdwk m vG,v f ,G af ygah ygh cGjJ cm;ajymqdv
k @dk &wJt
h &m
rsKd ; r[kwb f ;l qdw
k m qifjcif^m%f&o Sd w
l ikd ;f od=uygw,f? wcsKŒd udpaP wGu trSef
trSm; odEdkifzkd@ &mpkESpfeJ@awmif csD+yD; apmifhcJh&wm jzpfygw,f? wcsKdŒudpPawGqdk
+yD;qHk;oGm;cJhwm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =umcJhayr,fh tckwdkif trSeftrSm;udpP tjiif;
yGm;ae=uqJ &dSygao;w,f? 'g[m vlr_ody`H ynm&yf&JŒ ±_yfaxG;odrfarG@ euf±_dif;
cufcJwJh obm0a=umifh jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; 'Dobm0udk odxm;=uwJh
ordkif;ynm&SifawG[m EdkifiHa&;e,fy,frSm yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJh=uolawG&JŒ vkyf&yf
awG rSeo f vm;/ rSm;ovm;qdw k meJ@ ywfouf+yD; ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm =um+yD;aemuf
rSmawmifrS ,wdjywfajymavhr&dSbJ xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf; ajymavh&Sd=uwm jzpf
ygw,f?
'gayr,fh usaemfuawmh ordkif;ynm&Sifwa,muf r[kwfwmu
wa=umif;/ vlyk*~dKvf tusdK;xuf EkdifiHtusdK;udk ydk+yD; OD;pm;ay;&r,fqdkwJh EdkifiH
om;wa,muf&ŒJ usi0hf wft&wa=umif; usaemft h ay: usa&mufvmEdik zf , G &f Sd
wJh 'Dru kd a&pD tiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ txiftjrif vGrJ mS ;Edik rf _ tE &W m,fukd ab;csw d f
+yD; cifAsm;ar;cGef;udk ajzygr,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ jrefrmjynfolawGtay: cspfcifjrwfEdk;wJh
pdwf/ ol@&JŒ &JpGrf;owWd&dSr_eJ@ udk,fusdK;pGef@ tepfemcHr_awGuawmh enf;enf;u
av;rS ar;cGef;xkwfzkd@ rvdktyfwm tm;vHk;todyJ jzpfygw,f? rdef;rom;
wa,muftaeeJ@ ol jzwfoef;ausmfv$m;cJhwJh tcuftcJ taESmifht,Suf
twm;tqD;awG[m ajymr,Hk }uKHzl;rSodvkd@ qdk&avmufatmif }uD;rm;av;
eufcJhygw,f? b0wckvHk;udk ay;qyfpGef@v$wf+yD; vGwfvyfr_/ w&m;r#wr_/
vl@tcGifhta&;pwJh aumif;jrwfjcif;w&m;awGtwGuf ra=umufr&GHŒ aemuf
106
rwGef@wrf; wdkufyGJ0ifcJhwJh ol@&JŒyHk&dyf[m
urBmwnfoa&GŒ wnf&dSaerSm taot
csm jzpfygw,f?
'gayr,f h a':atmif q ef ; pk
=unf[m vlom;wa,muf jzpfwmeJ@
tnD ol @ rS m vnf ; / tjcm;ol a wG v d k y J
trSm;awG&dScJhw,fvkd@ usaemf ,lqyg
w,f? 'Dae&mrSm}uKHvkd@ pum;pyf&&if
usaemfwkd@tm;vHk; 'Duae@ vGwfvyfa&;
zcif}uD; trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; tjzpf
owfrSwfxm;=uwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
awmif *syefawGudk ac:oGif;vmcJhwm rSm;
w,f q d k w J h t a=umif ; 0ef c H c J h z l ; wmud k
trSwf&rdygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ol@&JŒ
rde@f ceG ;f wckxrJ mS “usrudk jrefrmjynf Edik if H
a&;ta=umif; rodbl;vkd@ ajym=uw,f?
odveG ;f vk@d cufaew,f”vd@k ajymqdck ahJ yr,fh usaemfuawmh ol[m jrefrmhEikd if aH &;e,fy,f
xJ 0ifa&mufvmcgprSm jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;&JŒ obm0udk (txl;ojzifh ppftkyfpk&JŒobm0udk)
eufeuf±id_ ;f ±_id ;f em;rvnfcahJ o;bl;vk@d yJ xifygw,f? b0t& ol}uKHawG@ jzwfoef;vmcJw h hJ
Edik if aH &;u orm;±k;d us tvSnt hf ywf tcsKd ;tauG@ tvSnt hf ajymif; r&do S avmufjzpfwhJ
EdkifiHa&;rsdK;jzpf+yD; jrefrmjynfu EdkifiHa&; (txl;ojzifh jrefrmjynf ppftm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ
xl;jcm;wJh p±kdufvuQ%mrsm;)ta=umif; olodxm;wJh todtrsm;pkuvnf; pmod(0g)
}uHqodawGom jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifv h nf; &Spaf v;vH;k vkd tifrwefrS xl;jcm;/ tifrwefrS
}uD;us,fvSwJh ta&;awmfyHk}uD;w&yf twGif;okd@ }udKwifar#mfvifh jyifqifxm;jcif; r&dSbJ
0ifa&mufvmrdwt hJ cg awmfveS af &;w&yfv;kH &JŒ tESpo f m&udk ydik yf idk Ef ikd Ef ikd f qkyu
f ikd Ef ikd cf jhJ cif;
r&dSbJ vlxk&JŒ a&csdefudk trDrvkdufEdkifcJhwm jzpfygw,f? 'Dtcsufudk (rqv)tpdk;&&JŒ
oabmwlnDcsuf rygbJ =um;jzwftpdk;& zGJ@pnf;a&;tay: ol@&JŒ wGifwGifjiif;aer_rSmawG@&dS
Edkifygw,f? jrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&;ta=umif; wu,fyJ aumif;aumif;odwJh OD;Eku “usaemf
omv#if 0ef}uD;csKyf jzpfa=umif;”qdkwJh pum;eJ@twl tJ'DumvrSm tvkyfoifh tvkyf
xku d q f ;kH tvkyuf kd touftE &W m,fuakd wmif *±krpdu k b
f J vkycf jhJ yefawmhvnf; a':atmif
qef;pk=unfu tJ'Dvkyf&yfudk ae@rul;cifrSmyJ qef@usifuef@uGufcJhygw,f? OD;Ek&JŒtJ'Dvkyf
&yf ratmifjrifcJhr_rSm tJ'Dvkyf&yfudk,fE_duf&JŒ vkyfyHkvkyfenf;qdkif&m tm;enf;csuf
(Technical drawbacks)awG ygaer_u wpdww f ydik ;f wm0ef&w Sd m rSeaf yr,fh tJ't D csed rf mS
107
vlxkoabmxm;tay: v$rf;rkd;r_ &&dSvmpjyKae+yD
jzpfwJh a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ &yfwnfcsufu ykd
ta&;}uD;ygw,f? tJ'D tcsdefrSm ol@taeeJ@ OD;Ek&JŒ
vkyf&yfudk wcgxJ wef;+yD;y,fcsjcif;rjyKbJ OD;Ek eJ@
oGm;a&muf awG@qkHn‡dE_dif;+yD; ykdrkdus,fjyef@/ ykdrkd,kH
=unftm;xm;avmufzG,f&SdwJh tpkd;&rsKd;zGJ@pnf;
Ekid v
f u
dk rf ,fq&dk if tajctae[m wrsK;d jzpfcsif jzpf
oGm;cJhrSmyg? 'gayr,fholu tJovdk rvkyfcJhwJh
tjyif “ausmif ; om;jynf o l &[ef ; &S i f v l a wG
toufaoG;ac|;eJ@ paw;&if;ES;D +yD;&&dv S mwJh atmif
yGJudk b,fEdkifiHa&; orm;u tjrwfxkwfwmudkrS
usr cHrmS r[kwb f ;l ”vd@k ajymvdu
k jf yefawmh OD;Ek&ŒJ
pif;vHk;acsm r[kwfayr,fh &J&ifhajymifajrmufwJh
vkyf&yftay: jynfolawG ydkrdk±_yfaxG;oGm;=uygawmhw,f?
aemufw}udrfu pufwifbmv(14)&ufae@rSm (Auo)rsm;tzGJ@
csKyfu acgif;aqmif(5)OD; (OD;Ek/ OD;atmif}uD;/ OD;wifOD;/ Adkvf&efEdkifeJ@ a':atmif
qef;pk=unf)wkd@udk pkay;+yD; =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&; aqG;aEG;apwJhudpPrSm
jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;rSmvnf; =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&; &nfrSef;
csuf txrajrmufcJhygbl;? tJovdk txrajrmufcJhwm rSm;w,fvkd@ ,lqr,f
qd&k if tJ't D rSm;twGuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfrmS vnf; (20 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ) wm0ef
&dSw,fvkd@ qdk&ygvdrfhr,f?
aemufa':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ trSm;wckv@dk usaemfjrifwu hJ pd w
P ck
vnf; &dSygao;w,f? (1995)Zlvdkifv(10)&ufae@rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unf
yxrt}udrf tdrftus,fcsKyfu vGwfajrmufvmcJhygw,f? tJ'Dae@upvkd@
ol@trd af &SŒrSm tywfpOf a[majymyGaJ wG vkycf iG &hf cJw h m (1)ESp0f ef;usif =umjrifch hJ
ygw,f? tJ'Da[majymyGJu oltygt0if (NLD)acgif;aqmif (3)OD;&JŒ a[m
ajymcsufawGu vlxk&JŒ pdwf"mwf jyefvnfjrifhrm;a&;twGuf xdxda&muf
a&muf yHhydk;wGef;tm;ay;cJhw,fqdkwJhtcsuftay: tjiif;yGm;p&m r&dSayr,fh
a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m tJ'Davmuf (E_dif;,SOfcsuft&) vGwfvyfcGifh &Snf
&Sn=f um=um &&dcS w hJ hJ tifrwef tzd;k wefvw S hJ umvukd tifrwef ta&;}uD;wJh
tvkyw f ckvyk zf @dk twGuf toH;k csEikd jf cif; r&dcS yhJ gb;l ? tJ'guawmh (NLD) ygwu D kd
uspfvspfckdifrmodyfonf;wJh ygwDw&yftjzpf pepfwus zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmuf
jcif;rSwpfqifh 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pktm;vHk; yg0ifwJh EdkifiHa&; wyfaygif;pk}uD;
w&yf wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;yJ jzpfygw,f? (1)ESpfqdkwJh umv[m ygwDzGJ@
108
pnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;udk tcdkiftrm a&;qGJjyXmef;/ &yf/ aus;/ +rdKŒe,f/ c±kdif/ wdkif;/
A[dk tqifq h ifn h vD mcHawG usi;f y+yD; 'Dru kd a&pDenf;us a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufwhJ
ygwaD cgi;f aqmifra_ wG ay:ayguv f matmif vkyaf qmifEikd zf @dk vHak vmufwt hJ csed f
jzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh th=H op&m aumif;avmufatmifyJ a':atmifqef;pk=unf
[m tJ'Dvkyfief;udk vHk;0vkyfaqmifcJhjcif; r&dSygbl;? wu,fvkd@om ol@taeeJ@
jcHa&SŒu a[majymyGaJ wGukd “csKd ” +yD; tJ'yD gww D nfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;rSm “yd”k
vdkufr,fqdk&if (etz)u olay;xm;wJh vGwfvyfr_umvudk wdk;csJŒaumif;
wkd;csJŒEdkifzG,f&dSygw,f? jcHa&SŒu a[majymyGJawG wESpfavmufeJ@ ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;
cJh&wm[m a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ tJ'DtrSm;a=umifh [kwfr[kwfqdkwm
raocsmayr,fh aocsmwmwckuawmh &Sm;yg;tzdk;wefvSwJh tJ'D umv
twGif; jrefrmjynfolawG olwkd@&JŒ OD;aqmifygwD}uD;udk cdkifcdkifrmrm uspfuspf
vspfvspf pepfwus (systematically well organized) zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh
wu,fh 'Drdkua&pDygwD}uD; w&yftjzpf awG@jrifEdkif=ur,fh tcGifhxl;}uD;ukd
qHk;±_H;oGm;cJh=uw,fvdk@ qdkwmygyJ? usaemfht,ltqt&ajym&&if tJ'D
aemufyikd ;f a':atmifqef;pk=unf tjyifrmS r&dw S hJ umvawGrmS jzKwf=u/ xkwf
=u/ xGuf=u/ uGJ=u/ +yJ=upwJh jy\emawGudk ay:aygufapcJhwJh ygwDacgif;
aqmifr_ tusyt f wnf; (Leadership Crisis) [m a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ
tJ'DtrSm;rSm wpdwfwydkif; jrpfzsm;cHygw,f? e*dkuwnf;u wwfodeJ@
rsdK;cspfqdk+yD; tufa=umif;&dScJhwJh ygwDwckrSm
ygwDeJ@ vlxkw&yfvHk;&JŒ (Mandate)udk &&dS
xm;wJh acgi;f aqmifu tJ't D ufa=umif;udk
tqifhqifhnDvmcHawG (tajctaeay; tcsdeftcg oifhygvsuf)
usif ; y+yD ; wqufwnf;/ wxyfwnf;/ wom;wnf;/
'Drdkua&pDenf;us jzpfomG ;atmif vkyrf ay;cJw h t
hJ wGuf (NLD)
a&G ; cs,f w if a jr‡ m uf w J h [m (twdkif;twm wcktxd) tiftm;
ygwD a cgif ; aqmif r _ a wG avsmhenf;oGm; cJh&wJhtjyif pkaygif;acgif;
ay:ayguf v matmif aqmifr_ csKdŒwJhjcif;&JŒ tusdK;quftjzpf
vkyfaqmifEdkifzkd@ &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfykH aemufyikd ;f vlx&k ŒJ
xufoefwufºuGr_ tjrifhqHk;umvjzpfwJh
vHkavmufwJhtcsdef
a&$0ga&mifawmfveS f a&;umvtwGi;f jynf
jzpf y gw,f ?
ol@OD;aqmifygwD}uD;qdkwJh *k%fyk'feJ@tnD
cdik rf mjywfom; &J&ifph mG vlxu k kd OD;aqmif+yD;
109
yef;wdkifta&muf csDwufoGm;EdkifpGrf; uif;rJhcJh&wm jzpfw,fvkd@yJ usaemf

jrifygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m tJ'DtrSm;udk trSm;vkd@ ,lqyHkr&ygbl;?
'ga=umifhvnf; tJ'Daemufydkif; tjyifrSm ae&csdefawGrSmvnf; tJ'D ygwDwnf
aqmufa&;udpPudk vkyfzkd@ wcgrS pum;r[cJhwm jzpfygw,f? rdrdygwD&JŒ acgif;
aqmif tajymif;tvJudpP[m a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifeJ@ bmrSrqdkifbJ rdrdwkd@
ygw&D ŒJ udpo
P m jzpfw,fqw kd mudk tm;vH;k vdyk o J x
d m;rSm aocsmwJh a':atmif
qef;pk=unf[m aemufydkif; oltjyifrSm &dSaecGifh&wJh umvawGrSmvnf;
tm;vH;k u touf(80)ausmaf wG jzpfae=u+yjD zpfwhJ (NLD ) acgi;f aqmifyikd ;f &JŒ
pGrf;aqmif&nfeJ@ywfouf+yD; ar;cGef;xkwfr_awGtay: cg;cg;onf;onf;
wkH@jyefcJhwJhtjyif tJ'Dacgif;aqmifr_udk w&m;0iftm;jznfhzkd@ udpPudkvnf;
pOf;awmifpOf;pm;cJhyHk r&ygbl;? (etz)&JŒ jyif;xefwJh zdEdSyfr_atmufrSm ygwD
acgi;f aqmifru _ kd tm;jznfw
h m[m orifarG;&if; usm;pm;&if;qdw k hJ pum;yHyk rm
jzpfavrvm;vkd@ awG;+yD; tJovdk rvkyfcJhwm jzpfrvm;vkd@ usaemf ajzawG;/
awG;=unfhrdygw,f? 'gayr,fh ol&dSwJh tcsdefom v_yf&Sm;r_&dS+yD; olr&dSwJh tcsdef
rSm avjzwfwJh vlvdkjzpfaewJh ygwDwcku vlr_pepf}uD; wckvHk; ajymif;vJypf
&r,fh vkyif ef;pOfrmS vlxuk kd cdik rf m&J&ifh jywfom;pGm b,fvkd OD;aqmifEikd rf mS vJ
qdwk t hJ csuuf kd a':atmifqef;pk=unf taeeJ@ OD;pm;ay; pOf;pm;oifch w hJ ,fv@dk yJ
usaemfjrifygw,f? tJ'Dvdk rpOf;pm;cJhwm[mol@&JŒ t"du trSm;jzpfw,fvkd@
usaemf,lqygw,f? Õ
110
ar; ? ? jrefrmEdkifiHtjyifrSm aexdkifvsuf&dS+yD; 'Drdkua&pDa&; aqmif
&Guaf e=uwJh tiftm;pkawG[m nD!w G rf r_ &S=d ubl;? tuGuJ JG tjym;jym;
jzpfae=uw,f? olwkd@[m jynfwGif;u tiftm;pkawGavmufawmif
nD!Gwfr_r&dSbl;qdk+yD; wcsKd@u jypfwifa0zefae=uw,f? tJ'DudpPeJ@
ywfouf+yD; cifAsm;&JŒ tjrifu b,fvdk&dSovJ?
ajz ? ? 'Dae&mrSm nD!Gwfa&;qdkwJh pum;vHk;&JŒ wu,fhtESpfom&udk aoao

csmcsm oabmaygufem;vnfzkd@ vdkygw,f? nD!Gwfjcif;onf cGeftm;qdkwm rSefyg
w,f? 'gayr,fh t*wdw&m; (4)yg;teuf wyg;yg;a=umifh nD!w G w
f m[m ppfreS w f hJ
nD!Gwfjcif; r[kwfygbl;? tJ'DvdkrsdK; nD!Gwfjcif;u b,fvdk cGeftm;rsdK;rSvnf; ay:
xGufvmrSm r[kwfygbl;? ppfrSefwJh nD!Gwfjcif;qdkwm rdrdwkd@&JŒ oD;jcm; udk,fykdif
tawG;tac: t,ltqawGudk vGwfvyf+idrf;csrf;pGm azmfxkwfcGifh &&dSjcif;rSwqifh
bHtk usKd ;pD;yGg; wcktwGuf oufqikd o f tl m;vH;k nD!w G pf mG aygi;f pnf;a&maESm aysm0f if
oGm;jcif;udk qdv k wkd mjzpfygw,f? vmwJo h u l kd bmay;r,f nmay;r,f rvmwJh olu
awmh tudsK;qufukd &ifqikd &f vdrrhf ,fqw kd hJ acsmvh ;kH / ajcmufv;kH awGe@J abmvH;k uGi;f xJ
qGJxnfhjcif;cHxm;&wJh vlawGu pifjrifhay:u vlwdkifay;wJh aºuG;a=umfoHudk ,drf;
wdkufxm;ovdk vufoD;vufarmif;wef;+yD; udk,fwjcm;/ pdwfwjcm; vkdufatmfae
=uwm[m wefzdk;&dSwJh nD!Gwfa&;&JŒ jy,k*fr[kwfygbl;?
jrefrmEdkifiH tjyifbufu 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkawGqdkwJh acgif;pOfatmuf
rSm trsm;pk}uD;u 'Drdkua&pDudk vdkvm;olawG jzpf=uayr,fh tjcm;aom &nf&G,f
csufawGeJ@ a&muf&dSae=uwJh olawGvnf; &dSaeygw,f? tJ'DolawGxJrSm ppftkyfpku
taotcsm avhusifhoif=um;ay;+yD; apv$wfxm;wJh vlawGvnf; yg0ifaew,f
qdkwJh tcsufuawmh ar;cGef;xkwfp&m rvdkatmif aocsmwJhudpPyg? olwkd@uawmh
enf;vrf;aygi;f pHo k ;kH +yD; 'Dru
kd a&pDa&; v_y&f mS ;r_awGukd [ef@wm;aESmif, h u
S f zsuq
f ;D rSm
ygyJ? olwkd@tzkd@ 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkrsm; twGif;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkrsm;t=um;
nD!w G af &;qdw k m aorde@f yjJ zpfwmrk@d nD!w G af &; wnfaqmufv@dk r&atmif enf;rsKd ;
pHkoHk; }udK;yrf;=urSmygyJ? 'guwcsufyg?
aemufwcsufu EdkifiHtjyifbuf a&mufvm=uwJh 'Drdkua&pD bufawmf
om;awG&JŒ touft&G,f/ tawG@t}uKH/ ynm t&nftcsif;/ EdkifiHa&; a&csdefpwJh
aemufcHawG rwl=uwmygyJ? tJ'D rwlr_awGu olwkd@toD;oD;&JŒ vkyf&yfawGudk
jyXmef;wmrkd@ olwkd@=um;rSm tºuGif;rJh nD!Gwfa&;qdkwm b,fawmhrS wnf&dSvmrSm
r[kwfygbl;?
111
tm%modrf; (e0w)tpdk;&u ygwDawG zGJ@cGifh
urB m ausmf jyKvdkufawmh ygwD(200)ausmf ay:vmwmudk wcsKd@
*E W 0 if v uf & mtjzpf u ESmacgif;±_HŒ+yD; “awG@vm; æ enf;enf;av; zGifh
owfrSwfcHxm;&wJh ay;vdkufwmeJ@ jrefrmawG[m uGJ=uawmhwmyJæ
b,f y ef ; csD u m;rS jrefrmvlrsdK;[m nD!Gwfatmifvkyfay;vkd@ r&wJh
ta&mif w a&mif w nf ; vlrsdK;yg”vdk@ ar;aighcJh=uw,f? tJovdk ajymwm[m
toH k ; jyK+yD ; *syefEdkifiHrSm vuf&dSwnf+idrfcdkifrmwJh EdkifiHa&; pepf
a&;qG J x m;wJ h wckqDokd@ av#mufvSrf;cJhwJh c&D;tprSm ygwD (200)
ausmf &dScJhzl;w,fqdkwJh A[kokw uif;rJhvkd@ ajymwm
yef ; csD u m; r&S d y gbl ; ?
jzpfygw,f? vGefcJhwJh wESpf ESpfESpfavmufuyJ *syef
v$waf wmfxrJ mS trwfawG wa,mufe@J wa,muf
vufoD;pGrf; jy=uw,fqdkwJh owif;wck =um;vdkuf
&w,f? tJ'g[m nD!Gwfa&; +yKduGJwmvm;? *syef
EdkifiHudk pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_ +yKduGJaewJh EdkifiHwEdkifiHtjzpf b,fynm&SifurS owfrSwfazmfjy
wmrsdK; usaemf r=um;zl;ygbl;?
tar&duef EdkifiHudk =unfhvkdufygOD;? 'Drdku&ufwpfeJ@ &DywfbvDuifqdk+yD; ygwD
}uD;ESpfck uGJaew,f? tJ'g[m EdkifiH&JŒ pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ +yKduGJaewmvkd@ ajymrSmvm;?
orRwa&G;aumufyGJeD;vkd@ tJ'DygwD}uD;ESpfcku ygwDudk,fpm;jyKorRwavmif; a&G;awmh
r,fqdk&if ,SOf+yKdifr,fhol (10)a,mufxufrenf; ay:xGufvmavh&dSw,f? 'gudk tJ'D
ygwDwGif; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ +yKduGJaewJh vuQ%m wckvkd@ qdk&rSmvm;? ygwDwGif; orRw
avmif; a&G;aumufyrJG mS a&m/ orRwa&G;aumufyrJG mS yg t}udwt f e,f jzpfavh&=dS u+yD; rJawG
vnf; rwdrf;r,drf; &avh&Sd=uwm avhvmolwdkif; todjzpfygw,f? 'gwifrubl; vuf&dS
orRw&JŒ rl0g'wckckudk rauseyfvkd@ EdkifiHw0Srf; jynfolawG aomif;eJ@ odef;eJ@csD+yD; qENjy=u
wm rsdK;awGudkvnf; awG@cJh=urSmyg? Oyrm tD&wfppfyGJudk qef@usifwJh qENjyyGJvdk rsdK;aygh?
tJ'Dvkd oabmxm;csif; rwdkufqdkifr_awG&dSayr,fh 'Duae@ tar&duefEdkifiHudk trsdK;om;
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_ +yKduGJ+yD; bufaygif;pHk tiftm;csnfheJ@ aewJh EdkifiHwcktjzpf b,folurS
!$ef;qdkjcif; r&Sd=uygbl;?
tcsdefumv&JŒ prf;oyfr_ rSwfausmufwkdufr_udk cH,lEdkifcJh+yD; ,ae@wkdif urBm
ausmf *E W0ifvuf&mtjzpf owfrSwfcHxm;&wJh b,fyef;csDum;rS ta&mifwa&mifwnf;
toHk;jyK+yD; a&;qGJxm;wJh yef;csDum; r&Sdygbl;? ta&mifrsKd;pkHudk tcsdK;tq tzdtazmh
twdrf teufrSefrSef toHk;jyK+yD; a&;qGJxm;=uwm jzpfygw,f? wenf;ajym&&if tJ'D
yef;csDum;awG[m ta&mifawGudk pepfwus pnf;vHk; nD!Gwfapjcif;jzifh zefwD;xm;wJh
tEkynmvuf&mawG jzpfygw,f/ (unity of diversities)? wu,fawmh 'Dru kd a&pDqw kd m
ud, k Ef u
d_ u
f usm;/ r/ touft&G,/f vlrsKd ;/ bmom/ tawG;tac: t,ltq/ b0aemufcH
112
trsKd ;rsKd ;&S=d uwJh jynfoal wG&ŒJ tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf tJ'jD ynfoal wGuom tm%mydik pf ;kd wJh
tJ'DjynfolawG&JŒ tpdk;&pepfyJ r[kwfvm;/ (by the people, for the people, of the
people)? trsKd ;rsKd ;aom rwlujJG ym;jcm;em;r_awG ud, k pf &D =dS uwJvh al wGaexdik w f hJ Edik if w
H ckrmS
tºuGi;f rJh tvH;k pHk nD!w G af &;qdw
k m b,fv&kd ESd ikd rf mS vJ? jynfow l @dk &ŒJ axmufcrH J (99²99µ)
jzifh twnfjyKvdkufonfqdkwmrsdK;[m ordefaygoGyf pum;vHk; iSm;+yD;ajym&&if “ayg&J
vdkufwm” qdkwJh aygawmawm tm%m&SifEdkifiHawGrSmuvGJ+yD; urBmhwjcm; b,fEdkifiH
rsdK;rSmrS &dSwwfwJh t&mrsdK;r[kwfygbl;?
'ga=umifch ifAsm;ar;wJah r;cGe;f xJu nD!w G af &;qdw k m b,fvn kd !D wG af &;rsKd ;vJ?
(99²99µ)qdw k hJ aygawmnD!w G af &;rsKd ;vm;? tJ'nD ! D wG af &;rsKd ;uawmh tjcm;tjcm;aom
'Drdkua&pDEkdifiH/ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;vdkyJ jynfya&mufjrefrmh'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkrsm;
twGif;eJ@ t=um;rSmvnf;r&dSrSm aocsmygw,f? 'DtwGufvnf;bmrS tm;rvdk tm;r&
jzpfaep&m rvdkygbl;? ay;xm;csuf umvwckrSm &dSaewJhjynfoltrsm;pk}uD;&JŒ trsdK;om;
tudsK;pD;yGm;udk [ef@wm;aESmifh,Sufqef@usifzsufqD;r_ rjyKvkyfor# umvywfvHk; vGwf
vyfpGmoabmxm;uGJvGJcGifh &dSygw,f? (agree to disagree)? ppftkyfpku apv$wfxm;wJh
olv#dK'vefawG&JŒ nD!Gwfa&;+yKduGJatmifzefwD;r_awGeJ@ ywfoufvkd@uawmh 'Drdkua&pD
tiftm;pktm;vHk;u Edk;=um;wJh awmfvSefa&;owd (oHo, vGefuJvGef;jcif;r[kwf)eJ@
avhvmtuJcwfae=ur,fqdk&if wcsdefr[kwfwcsdefv,fjyifrSm qifoGm;ovdkyJ bGm;
bGm;}uD;ay:xGufvmrSm jzpfygw,f?
jynfyu tiftm;pkawGu jynfwGif;u tiftm;pkawGavmufawmif rnD!Gwf
bl;qdkwJh a0zefcsufeJ@ ywfoufvkd@uawmh
aoaocsmcsm pOf ; pm;oH k ; oyf = unf h & if
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ppfzdeyfeJ@ wdwdususteif;cHxm;=u&wJh/ (99²99µ)jzif h
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tajctaerSm aexdkifae=u&wma=umifh qd k w mrsd K ;[m
olwkd@twGufnD!Gwfa&;[m toufjzpfyg ordefaygoGyf pum;vHk;
w,f? nD!Gwfa&;r&dS&if EdkifiHa&;t& quf iS m ;+yD ; ajym&&if
vuf&Sifoef&yfwnfzkd@ vHk;0rjzpfEdkifygbl;? “ayg&Jvdkufwm” qdkwJh
wa,mufeJ@wa,muf ausmcsif;uyf &if aygawmawm
csif;tyf vufcsif;csdwfxm;=urSom rdrdwkd@ tm%m&S i f E d k i f i H a wG r S m æ
acgi;f ay:ueif;xm;wJh ppfzed yf&ŒJ tav;csed f
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113
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twdkif;twm tuef@towfudk rausmfvGefoa&GŒ
tJ'Dvdk rwluGJjym;jcm;em;wJh
t,l tqawG u d k rjzpf r ae ay:xG u f v matmif a wmif
0d k i f ; 0ef ; }ud K ;yrf ; =u&rS m jzpf y gw,f
jzpfwma=umifh cHpm;odt& nD!Gwf=u&wm jzpfygw,f? tjyifrSm&dSwJh vl

awGuawmh “usnv f w G ef ,fajr” (bullet free zone) rSm&daS e=uwJh olrsm;
jzpf=uwJh tm;avsmfpGm/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;eJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;udk wpHk w&yfaom
twdik ;f twmtxd &&dx S m;=uolrsm;jzpfwhJ tm;avsmpf mG (E_id ;f ,SOcf sut
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vGwfvyfvyf yGifhyGifhvif;vif; azmfxkwfEkdif=uygw,f? 'Dvdk azmfxkwf
=uwJt h cg xH;k pHtwdik ;f wcke@J wck wd;k rdwu
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rnD!Gwfwm r[kwfygbl;? 'Drdkua&pDudk usifhoHk;cGifh&wJh tajctaerSm 'Drdk
ua&pDudk usifhoHk;=uwmom jzpfygw,f? pm&Gufay: csra&;xm;aomf
vnf; trsm;updwfxJrSm oabmwlvufcHxm;=u+yD;jzpfwJh twdkif;twm
tuef@towfudk rausmfvGefoa&GŒ tJ'Dvdk rwluGJjym;jcm;em;wJh t,l
tqawGudk rjzpfrae ay:xGufvmatmifawmif 0dkif;0ef;}udK;yrf;=u&rSm
jzpf y gw,f ? vl t rsm;pk } uD ; u vuf c H o abmwl x m;+yD ; jzpf w J h vrf ;
a=umif;u aoGzDoGm;wJhvlawG twGufuawmh ajymp&mr&dSygbl;? olwkd@
oabmolwkd@ aqmifoGm;=uygvdrfhr,f?
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tjyifbufrSm a&muf&dSaewJh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG twGif;eJ@t=um;rSm
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114
ar; ? ? (1962)ck E S p f r S m Ad k v f a e0if ; u tm%mod r f ; awmh “jynf a xmif p k } uD ;
+yKduGJr,fhtE W&,fa=umifh” qdk+yD; ta=umif;jycJhw,f? (e0w) (etz)wkd@uvnf; olwkd@&JŒ
wkd@wm0efta&;(3)yg;qdkwJh txJrSm jynfaxmifpkr+yKduGJa&;eJ@ wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;
nD!Gwfr_ r+yKduGJa&;qdkwmudk xdyfuwifxm;w,f? Adkvfae0if;trSL;jyKwJh ppfacgif;aqmif
tqufqufu z,f'&,frlac:wJh jynfaxmifpkppfppfrlqdkwm jynfaxmifpkudk +yKduGJap
r,fhrl jzpfw,fvkd@ ajymqdkae=uw,f? +yD;cJhwJh q,fpkESpf ESpfckwmumvtwGif; urBmrSm
vnf; qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifpw k @dk / ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;jynfaxmifpwk @dk pwJEh ikd if aH wGrmS A[dck sKyf
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udk trSefwu,fyJ pdk;&drfa=umifhus ae=uwma=umifh tckvuf&dSrSm EdkifiHawmftm%mudk
wif;wif;usyfusyf csKyfudkifxm;+yD; tem*wfrSmvnf; 'DyHkpHtwdkif;yJoGm;zkd@ }udK;yrf;ae=u
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wu,fyJ a=umif;usdK;qDavsmfr_ &dSr&dS aoaocsmcsm *Ce% od&dSzkd@ trSefyJ vkd
tyfygw,f? 'ghtjyif 'DudpP[m usaemfwkd@ EdkifiHwckwnf; omrubJ vlrsdK;aygif;pHk
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EdkifiHawG jzpf=uygw,f)twGufyg ta&;}uD;wJh udpPw&yf jzpfaewmrkd@ 'Dar;cGef;udk
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jzpfoGm;Edkifygw,f? 'gayr,fh cifAsm;&JŒ tar;udkawmh usaemhf taeeJ@ jzpfEdkifor#
±_axmifhaygif;pHku csOf;uyf+yD; tESpfcsKyf ajzqdkEdkifzkd@ }udK;yrf;=unfhygr,f?
vuf&dSusaemfwkd@ EdkifiHrSm jrefrmvlrsdK;/ Ak'<bmom0ifawGu trsm;pk
vlrsdK;}uD;jzpf+yD; usefwJh &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;/ u&if/ u,m;/ &cdkifpwJhvlrsdK;awGeJ@ rlp
vif/ c&pf,mef/ [dENLpwJh bmom0ifawGu vlenf;pk vlrsdK;pkawG jzpf=uygw,f?
'gayr,fh wcsdefu &cdkifvlrsdK;awG[m ol@xD; ol@eef; ol@=uiSef; ol@,Of
aus;r_ "avhxHk;wrf;awGeJ@ aexkdifvmcJhwJh vlrsdK;jzpfw,fqdkwmudk usaemfwkd@
rarhoifhygbl;? &cdkif,Ofaus;r_&JŒ oufwrf;[m jrefrm,Ofaus;r_ oufwrf;xuf
trsm;}uD;ydk+yD; &Snf=um &ifhanmif;w,f qdkwmudk usaemfwkd@ rarhoifhygbl;?
115
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wef;+yD; wnf&dScJhzl;wm tm;vHk;todygyJ? &Srf;a'oqdk&ifvnf; ol@qdkif&mqdkif&m
apmfbmG ; apmfcaH wGe@J oD;jcm;vGwv f yfwhJ Edik if iH ,f uav;rsm;tjzpf wcsed u f tcdik f
trm &yfwnfEdkifcJh=uw,f qdkwmudk usaemfwkd@ raroifhygbl;?
'gayr,fh jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ ordkif;a=umif;udk avhvmoHk;oyf=unfhr,fqdk&if
jrefrmvlrsdK;[m tjcm;aom vlrsdK;awGxuf ppfaoG; ppfrmef ydkrdkwufºuGcJhzG,f&dSyg
w,f? tJ'D"mwfcH&JŒ tudsK;quftjzpf ppfa&;ppf&m
rSmvnf; tjcm;vlrsdK;awGxuf ydk+yD;u|rf;usif ydkifEdkif
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aemif/ tavmif;bk&m;qdkwJh ppfbk&ifawG vufxuf pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;
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&JŒ vkyf&yfudk jrefrmvlrsdK;awGbufu =unfh&if EdkifiH rSDwif;ae xdkif=uwJh
awmfudk pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf cdkifrmatmif wnfaqmuf
vl r sd K ;awG t m;vH k ;
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vlrsKd;pkawGxJu ppfaoG;ppfrmef xufoefwJh vlwcsKd@
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116
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117
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yef qufvuf qkyfudkifoGm;zkd@ }udK;yrf;ae&wm jzpfygw,fqdkwJh Adkvfae0if; trSL;jyKwJh
ppftm%m&SifawG&JŒ ta=umif;jycsuf[m usdK;a=umif; qDavsmfr_ r&dSbl;vm;? olwkd@[m
tJ'u D pd t P wGuf wu,fyJ pd;k &dryf yl efae=uwm rjzpfEikd b f ;l vm;vk@d cifAsm; ar;xm;ygw,f?
118
rSeyf gw,f? cifAsm;ajymcJw h t
hJ wdik ;f jynfaxmifpEk ikd if w H csKŒd +yKduo JG mG ;cJ=h uygw,f?
tJ'DxJrSm txif&Sm;qHk;uawmh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkeJ@ ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m; jynfaxmifpk
wk@d ygy?J 'gt h jyif csuu f pkd vdAk ufu;D ,m; Edik if [ H mvnf; csuef @J pvkAd ufq+kd yD; ESpEf ikd if H uGo J mG ;
cJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif 'Duae@urBmay:rSm cGJxGufcGifhjy\emeJ@ }uKHawG@&ifqdkifae&wJh EdkifiHawG
tawmfrsm;rsm; &dSaew,fqdkwJh tcsufudkvnf; usaemfwkd@ owdjyKrdygw,f? wl&uDu
um'fawG/ qdkufy&yfpfu *&dEG,fzGm;awGeJ@ wl&uDEG,fzGm;awG/ pydefu bufpfjynfe,f/
oD&v d uFmu wrDvu f sm;olyek af wG/ tEN, d Edik if uH tmoHe@J r%dy&l jynfe,fawG/ xkid ;f Edik if H
u rlpvifolykefawG/ zdvpfydkifEdkifiHu rlpvifolykefawG/ &S&Sm;u acscsif;nm jynfe,f/
a*smf*sD,mu tufbfcgZD;,m;eJ@ awmifykdif; tdkqufwD;,m; jynfe,fawG pojzifh cGJxGuf
a&;jy\emeJ@ eyef;vHk;ae&wJh EdkifiHawG urBmrSm ta&twGuf tawmftwef&dSae=uwm
avhvmoltrsm;tod jzpfygw,f?
cGJxGufa&; jy\em[m 'Duae@ urBm}uD; &ifqdkifae&wJh jy\emawGxJu
av;euf}uD;rm;wJh jy\emwckjzpfygw,f? aoaocsmcsm awG;=unfh&if a&ajrobm0
&moDOwkay: rlwnf+yD; uGJjym;jcm;em;pGm ay:xGef;pkpnf;vmcJh=uwJh vlrsdK;aygif;rsm;pGm
wnf&dSaewJh usaemfwkd@ urBm}uD;rSm EdkifiHwdkif;EdkifiHwdkif;[m ('D*&Drwlwmom &dSr,f) tJ'D
vlrsdK;pk jy\emudk yHko¿mef wrsdK;r[kwf wrsdK;eJ@ }uKHawG@&ifqkdif ae=u&wmcsnf; jzpfyg
w,f? EkdifiHwkdif;rSm vlrsKd;wrsKd;eJ@wrsKd; xdrdcdkufrd wdk;rdwdkufrd (crash)wmawG uawmh
t+rJvdkvdk &dSaewmyJ jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh EdkifiHa&;pepf rSefuef+yD; (avmuygvw&m;
v$r;f rk;d wJh Edik if aH &;pepfukd qdv k w
kd m jzpfygw,f) ^m%fynm tajrmftjrif}uD;rm;wJh Edik if aH &;
acgif;aqmifawG tkyfcsKyfwJh EdkifiHawGrSmawmh tJ'Djy\em[m &SOfhvnf;av#mufom ysm;
vnf; pGo J m (win-win)enf;vrf;eJ@ ajz&Si;f vk@d &wJh jy\emi,fwck tjzpfom wnf&aSd e
avh+yD; EdkifiHa&;pepfuvnf; rrSefuef/ EdkifiH acgif;
aqmifawGuvnf; ^m%fynm tajrmftjrif enf;
^m%f y nm tajrmf t jrif yg;wJh EdkifiHawGrSmawmh tJ'Djy\em[m Oo#pfoD;
}uD;rm;wJh EdkifiHa&; ESpfvHk;xk/ ESpfvkH;pvHk;uGJ qdkovdk aygufuGJvGifhpif
acgif ; aqmif a wG a=urG+yD; b,fbufurS tEdkifr&rSm aocsmwJh jy
tk y f c sKyf w J h \emwcktjzpf tcsdefra&G; aygufuGJEdkifwJh tcdk;
Ed k i f i H a wG r S m awmh taiG@awGe@J jynfu h syf wif;rmaewJh bdKG ifvmtd;k }uD;
tJ ' D j y\em[m wckvdk wnf&dSaeavh&dSwm jzpfygw,f?
&SOfhvnf;av#mufom 'Duae@acwfopf urBmrSm jynfaxmifpk +yKduGJ
ysm;vnf; pGJom oGm;w,fqw kd hJ Edik if w
H csKŒd &dcS w
hJ m/ cGx J u G af &; jy\
(win-win) enf;vrf;eJ@ emeJ @ ezl ; awG @ 'l ; awG @ &if q d k i f a e&wJ h EdkifiHwcsKdŒ
&d S a ewm wu,f h t ppf t rS e f tcsuf t vuf
ajz&Sif;vkd@&wJh
(fact) jzpfw,f? wu,fhtjzpfrSef yuwd t&dS
jy\emi,f w ck æ
119
w&m; (Reality) jzpfw,fqw kd m a&SŒwae&mrSm usaemfazmfjycJh +yD;yg+yD? tJ'x D rJ mS
rS jynfaxmifpkr+yKduGJa&; (wenf;) EdkifiHr+yKduGJa&;twGuf tm%modrf;&ygw,f
vkd@ ajymavh&Sd=uwJh ppfacgif;aqmifawG (txl;ojzifh usaemfwkd@ EdkifiHu Adkvf
armifarmif/ Adkvfae0if;/ Adkvfapmarmif/ Adkvfoef;a&$wkd@ OD;aqmifwJh ppfacgif;
aqmifawG) emrnf xkwfrajymayr,fh tm;vHk;od+yD;om; &nf!$ef;ajymqdkavh&Sd
=uwmuawmh qdAk , D uf jynfaxmifp+k yKdurJG /_ ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m; jynfaxmifp+k yKdurJG /_
ta&SŒwDarmEdkifiH ay:xGufvmr_/ udkqdkAdkEdkifiHopf ay:xGufvmr_wkd@yJ jzpfygw,f?
AdkvfarmifarmifeJ@ Adkvfae0if;wkd@ta=umif;uawmh 'Dpmtkyf a&SŒydkif;wae&mrSm
tawmftwef azmfjycJh+yD;jzpfwmrkd@ 'Dae&mrSm csefvSyfxm;cJh+yD; AdkvfapmarmifeJ@
Adkvfoef;a&$wkd@&JŒ ta=umif;jycsufawGudkyJ tav;ay;aqG;aEG;oGm;ygr,f? olwkd@
ESpfOD;eJ@ olwkd@&JŒ aemufvdkuf aemufygawGu jrefrmEdkifiHudk wyfrawmfu tckvdk
wif;wif;usyfusyf xdef;csKyfxm;vkd@om pnf;vHk;nD!GwfwJh EdkifiHwcktjzpf quf
vufwnf&dSaewm jzpfw,f? wu,fvkd@ twdkuftcHawG awmif;qdkaewJh twdkif;
'Drdkua&pDqdkwmudkom xGef;um;cGifh jyKvdkuf&if (wenf;)wif;wif;usyfusyf csKyf
udkifxm;r_awGudkom av#mhayghay;vdkufr,fqdk&if jrefrmEdkifiH[m qdkAD,uf jynf
axmifpkvdk/ ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m; jynfaxmifpkvdk +yKduGJoGm;vdrfhr,f? tJovdk rjzpf
awmif tenf;qH;k awmh ta&SŒwDarm Edik if o H pf/ udq k Akd Ekd ikd if o
H pfawG ay:xGuf vmo
vdk &Srf;EdkifiHopf/ u&ifEdkifiHopf/ rGefEdkifiHopfawG ay:xGufvmvdrfhr,fvkd@ ajymqdk
ae=uygw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSm olwkd@u tJ'D jynfaxmifpkawG +yKduGJjcif;&JŒ t"du
ta=umif;&if;u jynfy ya,m*jzpfw,f (wenf;) EGm;uGJatmifvkyf+yD;rS 0ifqGJwJh
usm;ipOf;vJ&JŒ enf;vrf;twdkif; trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&; +yKduGJ+yD; tiftm;
csnfheJ@oGm;wJh EdkifiHi,fawGukd acwfrDenf;opfeJ@ u|efjyKvdkwJh udkvdkeD vufopf
EdkifiH}uD;awG&JŒ ya,m*jzpfw,fvkd@ ajymqdkae=uygw,f?
tJ'Dawmh tJ'DajymqdkcsufawG[mvnf; (fact) jzpfovm;? (Reality)
jzpfovm;? 'grSr[kwf av#mhav#mhayghaygh (at best)ajym&&if todynmEHkeJ@olawG/
rn‡mpwrf; (at worst) ajym&&if ±k;d om;ajzmifrh wfr_ r&do S al wG&ŒJ ta=umif;jycsuf
oufouf jzpfovm; qdkwmudk pOf;pm;=unfh=u&atmif? yxrqHk; qdkAD,uf
jynfaxmifpkta=umif; pOf;pm;=u&atmif? ('Dae&mrSm qdkAD,uf jynfaxmifpk
wnf&cdS w hJ hJ ESpaf ygi;f (70)umvta=umif; wckv;kH udk bufpakH xmifph u kH tao;pdwf
oHk;oyfazmfjyrSm r[kwfbJ usaemfh tajzeJ@ oufqdkifwJh tydkif;awGavmufudkom
a&G;xkwfqef;ppf oHk;oyfoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f? usefwJhjynfaxmifpkeJ@ EdkifiHawGeJ@
ywfoufvkd@vnf; tJovdkyJ wifjyoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f?) qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk
[m um;vfrmhcfpfeJ@ tdef*s,fwkd@ wDxGifcJhwJh uGefjrLepf0g'ac: vlr_tawG;tac:
wckukd vDeifu vufawG@ taumiftxnfazmf&mu ay:ayguv f mwJh yx0D qdik &f m
120
wnf&dSr_ (geographical entity) wck jzpfygw,f? uGefjrLepf0g'&JŒ tajccHu
tusO;f tm;jzifh 'Dvykd g? urBmay:rSm tajccHtm;jzifh zdEydS w f hJ vlwef;pm;eJ@ tzdEydS cf H
vlwef;pm;qdk+yD; vlwef;pm; ESpf&yfyJ&dSw,f? zdESdyfwJh vlwef;pm;qdkwmu ukef
xkwfud&d,mawGudk ydkifqdkifxm;+yD; ukefxkwfqufqHa&;pepfudk appm;armif;ESif
um ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;pk&JŒ tcsdK;tpm; {&mrtrsm;pk}uD;udk &&dScHpm;aewJh
t&if;&Sif vlwef;pm;jzpfw,f? tJ'Dvlwef;pm;u ol&JŒrw&m; aoG;pkyf tjrwf
xkwfr_udk tumtuG,fay;zkd@twGuf EdkifiHawmfqdkwmudk xlaxmifxm;+yD;
ppfwyf/ &Jwyfz@JG / w&m;±k;H / tusO;f axmifpwmawGu tJ'ED ikd if aH wmf&ŒJ aomhcsuf
us tpdwftydkif; (Key apparatus)awG jzpf=uw,f? tzdESdyfcH vlwef;pm;
qdw k muawmh zdEydS w f hJ vlwef;pm;u Edik if aH wmfqw
kd hJ zdEydS af &;,E &W m;udk toH;k jyK
+yD; zdEdSyfaoG;pkyf tjrwfxkwfwmr_udk cHae&wJh jynfolvlxk trsm;pk}uD;
jzpfw,f? t&if;&SifawGu EkdifiHawmftm%mudk t+rJwrf;&,lodrf; ydkufxm;wJh
tJ'D t&if;&Sifpepf[m urBmhvlom;tm;vHk; (t&nftcsif;eJ@ ZGJ/ vHk@v/ 0d&d,
tay:rlwnf+yD; ) nDwlr#wl &,lcHpm; ydkifcGifh&dSwJh urBm}uD;&JŒ "eOpPmawGudk
w&m;r#wr_ r&dSpGm jzef@a0xm;wJhpepfjzpfwJhtwGuf wenf;ajym&&if t&if;&Sif
pepf v$rf;rkd;wJh urBm}uD;[m yHkysufyef;ysuf jzpfaewJh rlrrSefwJh urBm}uD;jzpfae
wJt h wGuf (tajccHtm;jzifh ordik ;f OD;bHak jr acwfuvdk ) rlreS u f rBm}uD; jyefjzpfvm
atmif awmfvSefajymif;vJ ypf&r,f? tJ'DawmfvSefa&;udk t&if;&SifawG&JŒ zdESdyf
aoG;pkyfr_udk tcH&qHk; jzpfovdk tvdktavsmuf pkpnf;rd+yD;om;vnf;jzpfaewJh
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;u OD;aqmif&r,f? awmfvSefa&;&JŒ yxrtqifhtaeeJ@
t&if;&Siftm%mudk t=urf;enf;eJ@ +zdKzsuf+yD; tvkyform;tm%mac: t&if;rJh
tm%m&Sipf epf ( proletariat dictatorship)udk xlaxmif&r,f? 'gayr,fh tcsed f
wcsdefus&ifawmh tJ'D tm%m&Sifpepf[mvnf; csKyf+idrf;oGm;+yD; uGefjrLepf0g'&JŒ
tE Wdr ar#mfrSef;csufjzpfwJh ajr}uD;ay:u avmuedAŠmef jzpfwJh “EdkifiHrJh vl@tzGJ@
tpnf; (Stateless Society) ay:aygufvmr,f? tJovdk jzpfygw,f?
'gudk=unfh&if tE Wdrar#mfrSef;csuf yef;wdkifqDta&mufoGm;wJh vrf;rSm
uGejf rKepf0g'&JŒ ta&;ygwhJ tqifw h qifu h tiftm; toH;k jyK xde;f odr;f umuG,f
apmifha&Smufxm;wJh t&if;&Sif(okd@) ya'o&mZf vlwef;pm;&JŒ tm%mudk tvkyf
orm; vlwef;pm;u tiftm;toHk;jyK vk,l&rSm jzpfw,fqdkwmudk awG@&yg
vdrrhf ,f? wenf;tm;jzifh ypPn;f rJh (0g) t&if;rJh tm%m&Sipf epf wnfaqmufa&;
jzpfygw,f? tJ'Denf;vrf;t& vDeifOD;aqmifwJh ±k&Sm;uGefjrLepfygwD[m (1917)
ckEpS f azazmf0g&vD rSm vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; w&yfqifEu J$ m Zmbk&if&ŒJ ya'
o&mZfpepfudk +zdKcsvdkuf+yD; tJ'DESpf atmufwdkbmvrSm wcg wefjyefawmf
121
vSefa&;orm;awGudk z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;wJh awmfvSefa&;w&yfudk xyfrH qifE$J
um ypPnf;rJh tm%m&Sifpepfudk wnfaqmufcJhygw,f?
ypPnf;rJh tm%m&SifpepfqdkwJh pum;&yfeJ@tnD tm%m& uGefjrL
epfygwaD cgi;f aqmifawG[m t&if;&Sif (ok@d ) ya'o&mZf tm%mudk ud, k pf m;
jyKw,fvkd@ oHo,&dSolawGtay: =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf; jyif;jyif;xefxef
EdSyfuGyfcJh=uwmudk awG@&dS&ygw,f? 'Dtcsufudk awmfvSefa&;t+yD; odyfr=um
cifrmS uG,v f eG of mG ;cJw
h hJ vDeifvufxufrmS odyx f ifxif&mS ;&Sm; rawG@c&hJ ay
r,fh ol@udkqufcHwJh acgif;aqmifawG (txl;ojzifh pwmvif) vufxufrSm
awmh &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;}uD;udk jrifawG@cJh=u&ygw,f? olwkd@vufxufrSm
uGefjrLepfygwD tpdk;&[m jynfwGif; vHk+cHKa&;wyfzGJ@ac: v#Kd@0SufykvdyftzGJ@udk
toHk;jyK+yD; jynfolawGtay: wif;wif;usyfusyf xdef;csKyfcJhovdk wyfeDawmf
ac: ppfwyfukd toH;k jyK+yD; Edik if aH wmf&ŒJ ydik ef ufe,fajreJ@ “tcsKyftjcmtm%m
wnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;twGuf cyf=urf;=urf; aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? wenf;ajym&&if
wcsdefu tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif EdkifiHawGjzpfcJh=uwJh 'grSr[kwf acwf
tqufquf }uD;rm;rsm;jym;vSwhJ ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG ahf wG &&dcS =hJ uwJh e,fajr
a'oawGudk qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkqdkwJh acgif;pOfatmufrSm t"rRpkpnf;
aexkdifapcJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif taemuftkyfpkEdkifiHawG&JŒ aewdk;tzGJ@udk wef
jyefz@dk zG@J pnf;cJw
h hJ 0gaqm pmcsKyftzG@J ukd toH;k jyK +yD;awmhvnf; ta&SŒOa&my
EdkifiHawGudk rdrd&JŒ =u,f&HEdkifiHrsm;tjzpf xm;&dScJhygw,f? tJovdk =u,f&H
tjzpfxm;&dSwJh udpPrSmvnf; tiftm; toHk;jyK
cJhw,fqdkwJhtcsufudk (1968)ckESpf csufudkpvdk
AufuD;,m;EdkifiHeJ@ (1956)ckESpf [efa*&DEdkifiHwkd@ tif t m;ud k toH k ; jyK+yD ;
rSm jzpfysufcJhwJh tjzpftysufawGu oufaojy tm%m&S i f p epf tay:
aeygw,f? tajccH (wenf ; )
tckwifjycJhor#udk tESpfcsKyf+yD; ajym vl x k q EN t ay:tajcrcH /
&&if qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkeJ@ ol@&JŒ tifydkif,m tifyg,m0if EdkifiHawG&JŒ
[m w&m;Oya'eJ@ avsmfnDr_ r&dSwJh (unlegiti- qEN t ay: tajcrcH b J
mate) tiftm;udk toHk;jyK+yD; tm%m&Sifpepf
wnf a qmuf x m;cJ w J h t &m
tay: tajccH (wenf;) vlxq k ENtay:tajcrcH/
jzpf w ma=umif h tpyd k i f ; rS m
tifyg,m0if EdkifiHawG&JŒ qENtay: tajcrcHbJ
wnfaqmufxm;cJwJht&m jzpfwma=umifh tp b,f a wmh r S
ydkif;rSm b,fawmhrS +zdKzsufvkd@r&EdkifwJh (un +zdKzsufvkd@r&EdkifwJh æ
destructible) tifyg,m}uD;wckyrm ,lqp&m
jzpfcJhayr,fh q,fpkESpf(7)ckavmuf t=umrSmyJ
122
“wdrfwcJeuf ±_&if;ysuf”qdkovdk AHk;AHk;vJ +yKdus ysufpD;oGm;cJh&wm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh
aoaocsmcsm tEkvykH ÉdvkH avhvmqef;ppf oH;k oyf=unfrh ,fq&kd if qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifpek @J
ol@&ŒJ tifyg,m+yKduyJG supf ;D &jcif; ta=umif;&if;[m 'Duae@txd wcsKŒd aom a&S;±k;d pGJ uGejf rL
epfawG ,lqae=uovdk a*:bmcsuf&JŒ *vyfpfaemheJ@ yD&Dpx±kdufumvnf; r[kwf/
taemuftkyfpk&JŒ ajcxdk;aESmifh,Suf zsufqD;r_ (subversive ness)vnf; r[kwfygbl;?
usaemfw@dk ywfywfvnfu avxkxrJ mS a&m*gy;kd r$m;awG ukaËukËm &daS eayr,hf
olwkd@u udk,fcHtm;enf;aewJh vlawGudkom wdkufcdkufEdkifw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;todygyJ?
tJ'Dawmh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk+yKduGJ &wm[m “ rsdK;aphrrSef yifroef”wJh oabmom
jzpfygw,f?
,l*pkd vm;AD;,m; jynfaxmifpk +yKdu&JG wm[mvnf; tajccHoabmtm;jzifh qdAk D
,ufjynfaxmifp+k yKdurJG e_ @J twlwyl J jzpfygw,f? zufqpfawmfveS af &;acgi;f aqmif rm&S,f
wD;wdk; xlaxmifcJhwJh tJ'Djynfaxmifpk[mvnf; “puwnf;u ,Ofoudk”Zmwfvrf;awG
&dScJhwmygyJ?
wD;wdk;&JŒ =oZmt&dSeft0geJ@ tJ'Dwkef;u&dScJhwJh ordkif;a&; tajctaeawGt&
tJ'D jynfaxmifp[ k m cyfvrS ;f vSr;f u=unf&h if wvH;k wpnf; wnDw!Gww f nf; &daS ewJyh pkH H
jrifcJh=u&ayr,fh aemif &mpkw0ufeD;yg;t=um jynfaxmifpktwGif; yg0ifaewJhEdkifiHawGrSm
trsdK;om;EdkifiH pdwf"mwfawGu wzGm;zGm; jrifhwufvmwJh tcsdef/ jynfaxmifpkrSmu
pvdb k 'kd efrv
D pkd AD pfvkd oabmxm; jyif;xefwif;rmwJh jynfaxmifp0k g'aD wGu tm%m&vm
wJhtcsdefeJ@ qHkoGm;wJhtcgrSmawmh ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m; jynfaxmifpk[mvnf; +yKduGJoGm;cJh&
ygawmhw,f? 'Djynfaxmifpk +yKduGJoGm;&r_rSmawmh a&S;±dk;pGJ uGefjrLepfawG vufnd‡K;xkd;p&m
a*:bmcsuv f nf;r&d/S *vyfpaemhvnf;r&d/S yD&pD x±ku d u
f mvnf; r&dyS gb;l ? olw@dk &ŒJ tajccH
w&m;cHazmfenf;um;t& taemuftkyfpk&JŒ ajcxdk;aESmifh,Sufr_qdkwm wckyJ &dSygw,f?
'gudkawmh em*pfrkefwdkif; OyrmeJ@ ajz&Sif;Edkifygw,f? em*pfuawmh ol@vrf;a=umif;rSm
&dSaeor# t&mtm;vHk;udk odrf;usKH;wkdufcdkuf zsufqD;ypfzkd@ }udK;pm;cJhwmygyJ? 'gayr,fh
rvJwJh opfyif/ rvJwJhtaqmuftODawG &dScJhwm tm;vHk;todyg?
rDvpkd AD pf[m jynfaxmifp0k ifEikd if aH wG&ŒJ t!Gwt f El;qENukd &,lEikd af &; }udK;yrf;
r_xuf ppfwyftoH;k jyKa&;udk ydt k av;xm;cJw h t
hJ wGuf ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m; jynfaxmifp[ k m
'kwd,urBmppfaemufykdif; Oa&myrSm jzpfyGm;cJhwJh ppfyGJrsm;teuf tqdk;&Gm;qHk;aom ppfyGJ
rsm;eJ@twl +yKduGJoGm;cJh&ovdk oludk,fwkdif[mvnf; ukvor*~ ppf&mZ0wfr_rsm;qdkif&m
w&m;±kH;rSm tppfaq;cHzkd@ txdef;odrf;cHxm;&pOf umvtwGif; aoqHk;oGm;cJh&ygw,f?
,l*dkpvyfjynfaxmifpk&JŒ =urRmqdk;[m tJ'DrSmwif tqHk;owfoGm;wm r[kwfao;ygbl;?
ol@rl0g'&JŒ aemufxyf tusdK;qufwcktjzpf udkqdkAdkjynfe,f[m urBmhacgif;aqmif EdkifiH
awG&JŒ todtrSwfjyKr_eJ@twl jynfaxmifpkxJu cGJxGuf+yD; vGwfvyfwJh EdkifiHwckjzpfoGm;
cJhygw,f? udkqdkAdkEdkifiHopf ay:xGef;vmjcif;udk a&S;±kd;pGJ uGefjrLepfawGu xHk;pHtwdkif;
123
tif ' d k e D ; &S m ;u taemuftkyfpk&J@ ya,m*a=umifhvdk@ vufnd‡K;xdk;cJh
t"rR 0 g'D a wG =uayr,fh vlOD;a&(2)oef;&dSwJh tJ'D jynfe,fvlOD;a&
±_axmifhu=unfh&if &JŒ (90µ)&dSwJh t,fvfab;eD;,ef; EG,fzGm;awGu
jynf a xmif p k + yKd u G J r _ cGx
J uG af &;udk bma=umifh axmufcq H ENrJ ay;cJ=h uwm
jzpf a yr,f h vJ q dkw Jh ar;cG ef;&J Œtajzud k aoaocs mcsm aphik&SmazG
oifhygw,f?
vl o m;&J Œ
ta&SŒwDarmEdkifiHopf ay:xGef;vmwJhudpPudk ao
arG;&mygtcGifhta&;rsm;udk
aocsmcsm avhvm=unfhr,fqdk&ifvnf; qdkAD,uf
av;pm;wefz;kd xm;olawG&ŒJ jynfaxmifp+k yKdurJG /_ ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;Edik if H +yKdurJG w _ @dk e@J
±_ a xmif h u tESpfom&tm;jzifh twlwljzpfw,fqdkwmudk awG@
=unfh&ifawmh æ jrif=u&rSmyg? tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH teD;rSm wnf&dSwJh
wDarmqdw k u hJ |e;f &JŒ taemufyikd ;f [m tpuwnf;u
tif'dkeD;&Sm;ydkifjzpf+yD; ta&SŒydkif;uawmh acwfopf
ordik ;f udk p+yD; rSww
f rf;wifwhJ umvrSm vGwv f yfwehJ ,fajra'o wckjzpfygw,f?
tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH 'wfcsfwkd@vufatmufu vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;r=umrDrSmyJ ta&SŒ
wDarm[mvnf; ay:wl*v D ufatmufu vGwaf jrmufcyhJ gw,f? 'gayr,fh r=umcif
rSmyJ ta&SŒwDarm[m tif'ekd ;D &Sm;&JŒ ol@Eikd if H e,ferd w d t
f wGi;f ok@d t"rR oGwo f iG ;f
jcif;udk cHcJh&ygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefupvkd@ ta&S@wDarmu rsdK;cspfyk*~dKvfrsm;u vGwf
ajrmufa&; ppfyGJwckudk qifE$JcJh=uygw,f? (1999)ckESpf ukvor*~u OD;pD;+yD;
ta&SŒwDarmom;awGtaeeJ@ tif'kdeD;&Sm;EkdifiH&JŒ tpdwftykdif;tjzpfu cGJxGuf+yD;
vGwfvyfwJh EdkifiHom;awGtjzpf aevdkjcif;&dSr&dS vlxkqENcH,lyGJwck usif;yjyKvkyf
ay;cJhwJh tcgrSmvnf; EdkifiHom; {&mrtrsm;pk}uD;u vGwfvyfa&;,lzkd@bufu
axmufcq H ENrJ ay;cJ=h uygw,f? tJ'rD mS wif uarBm'D;,m;u vlowfuiG ;f (killing
fields)aemufyikd ;f ta&SŒawmiftm&S&ŒJ t&ufpuf t=urf;=uKwfq;kH vlowfy}JG uD;
pwifcyhJ gw,f? ta&SŒwDarmudk vufvw G rf cHvw dk hJ tif'ekd ;D &Sm;ppfwyf&ŒJ urRux
jyKr_eJ@ tJ'Dppfwyfu ausmaxmufaemufcH jyKay;xm;wJh vlrdkufvl&rf;um;awG
[m vGwfvyfa&;vdkvm;wJh ta&SŒwDarmom;awGudk &&mvufeufawG pGJudkif+yD;
awG@&mocsKõ if; "m;rqdik ;f owfjzwfow k o f if =uygawmhw,f? =opa=w;vsEikd if u H
OD;aqmifwhJ ukvor*~ +idr;f csr;f a&;xde;f wyfawG 0ifvm+yD; tajctaeudk xde;f odr;f
EdkifcJhwJhtcsdefrSm ta&SŒwDarmom; odef;eJ@csD+yD; aoqHk; oGm;cJh=u+yD;yg+yD? 'ga=umifh
ta&SŒwDarmEdkifiHopf ay:xGufvmjcif;[m tif'dkeD;&Sm;u t"rR0g'DawG ±_axmifh
u=unfh&if jynfaxmifpk +yKduGJr_ jzpfayr,fh vlom;&JŒ arG;&myg tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
av;pm;wefzdk;xm;olawG&JŒ ±_axmifhu =unfh&ifawmh rw&m;r_wck ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;
cJhjcif;r#om jzpfygw,f?
124
a&SŒwae&mrSm usaemfajymcJhovdkyJ 'Duae@urBmay:u EdkifiHtrsm;pk
(tm;vHk;avmuf)[m rwluGJjym;jcm;em;wJh vlrsdK;awG&JŒ jynfaxmifawGpk+yD; zGJ@
pnf;wnfaqmufxm;wJh jynfaxmifpak wG jzpfygw,f? wcsK@d jynfaxmifpak wGq&kd if
oufwrf;ESpf &meJ@cs+D yD; &Sn=f um&ifah nmif;vS+yD jzpfygw,f? tJovdk rsm;jym;vSwhJ
jynfaxmifpak wGxrJ mS rS bma=umifh qdAk , D ufe@J ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m; jynfaxmifpEk pS cf k
xl;xl;jcm;jcm; +yKduyJG supf ;D oGm;cJ=h u&wmvJ? 'g[m tawmfav;xl;qef;wJh tjzpf
tysufawG jzpfraebl;vm;?
tckqdk&if qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpka&m/ ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;jynfaxmifpkyg
+yKduGJoGm;cJh=uwm ESpfumvt& t=urf;zsif;ajym&if q,fpkESpf ESpfck0ef;usif
avmuf &dScJhyg+yD? ESpfESpfq,feD;yg;qdkwJh tcsdef[m orkdif;qdkif&m aumufcsufwck
rSefw,f rSm;w,fvkd@ oHk;oyf qHk;jzwfEkdifzkd@ ynm&SifawGtwGuf vHkavmufwJh
umvwck r[kwfbl;qdkwJhtcsuf rSefEkdifayr,fh tjzpftysufwckudk jzpfysuf+yD;p
tcsed u f xufawmh trsm;}uD;yd+k yD; wnfwnf+idr+f idrf &if&h ifu h suu f suf =unfEh idk w f hJ
umv twdkif;twmwckvkd@ qdkEdkifr,f xifygw,f?
'Dawmh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk+yKduGJr_/ ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m; jynfaxmifpk
+yKduGJr_/ ta&SŒwDarmEdkifiHopf ay:xGufvmr_wkd@&JŒ t"duyifr ta=umif;w&m;u
bmvJ? taemuftkyfpk&JŒ ajcxdk;aoG;cGJr_vm;/ a*:bmcsuf&JŒ tqef;xGifr_vm;/
a*:bmcsuu f kd c±kid ;f rD;,m;rSm zrf;csKyfxm;+yD; tm%modr;f zk@d }uHpnfwhJ ppfwyfe@J
t&yfbuf acgif;aqmifwpfpk&JŒ oabmxm;wif;rmr_vm;/ abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ c±kd
at;&Sm;u cGJxGufa&;0g'DawGudk tiftm;oHk;+yD; jyif;jyif;xefxef ESdyfuGyfacsr_ef;zkd@
qmhbfwyfzGJ@awGudk apv$wfcJhwJh pvdkbdk'efrDvdkpDApf&JŒ qHk;jzwfcsufvm;/ vGwfvyf
a&;vdkvm;wJh ta&SŒwDarmom;awGudk &uf&ufpuf
puf EdSyfuGyfacsr_ef;ypfzkd@ trdef@ay;cJhwJh tif'dkeD;&Sm;
ppfAdkvfcsKyfawGvm;? j ynf a xmif p k r +yKd u G J a &;&J Œ
tJ ' gawG tm;vH k ; wck r S r[k w f y gbl ; ? aomh c suf [ m
w%Sm/ rme/ 'dG[qdkwJh arm[ tcdk;tv#HawGudk & 'D r d k u a&pD e J @
atmif z,f&mS ;+yD;=unfEh ikd rf ,fq&kd if tJ'D jynfaxmif
vl @ tcG i f h t a&;rsm;ud k
pk q d k w mawG [ m opf a qG ; opf j rnf h a wG e J @ wnf
tiftm;oHk; EdSyfuGyfr_
aqmufxm;wJh &Jwu kd }f uD;awG jzpfwma=umifh qdw k m
udk awG@=u&rSmyg? tJ'DjynfaxmifpkawG[m t&if;cH r[kwfygbl;? 'Drdkua&pDeJ@
oaE<udku rrSefwJhtwGuf taES; okd@r[kwf tjref vl @ tcG i f h t a&;rsm;ud k
(tedpPoabmudk qdkvdkjcif;r[kwf) rvGJraoGudk av;pm;wef z d k ; xm;r_ o m
+yKdus&rSm jzpfygw,f? a*:bmcsufvufxufrSmeJ@ jzpf y gw,f ?
rDvdkpDApf vufxufrSm r+yKdus&ifvnf; r=umcif
125
wae@rSm +yKdusoGm;rSm {uefyg? EdkifiHacgif;aqmif vlyk*~dKvfqdkwmu tJ'DvdkrsdK;
jynfaxmifpkawG +yKduGJroGm;atmif [ef@wm;umuG,fEdkifwJh wefckd;&SifawG
r[kwfygbl;? olwkd@&JŒ t&nftcsif;u jynfaxmifpkoufwrf;eJ@ +yKduGJysufpD;r_
yrm%tay: oufa&mufr_ enf;enf;yJ&dSygw,f?
'gq&kd if qdAk ,
D ufjynfaxmifpw k @dk / ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;jynfaxmifpw k @dk
u +yKduGJoGm;cJh=uayr,fh tjcm;rsm;pGmaom jynfaxmifpkawGuawmh bm
a=umifh r+yKduGJ&wmvJ? tay:vGifqHk; E_dif;,SOfjyp&mwckuawmh tar&duef
jynfaxmifpkygyJ? tar&duef jynfaxmifpk&JŒ oufwrf;[m (1776)ckESpfu
pcJhwmrkd@ tckqdk&if ESpfaygif;(230)ausmfoGm;cJhyg+yD? 'ghtjyif jynfe,f
(13)cke@J pwif zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufcw hJ hJ tJ'jD ynfaxmifp[ k m tckq&kd if jynfe,f
aygif;(52)ck yg0ifwJh {&mrjynfaxmifpk}uD; jzpfaeyg+yD? 'ghtjyif tar&duef
jynfaxmifpk[m 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;rSm ol&,lcJhwJh urBmhacgif;aqmifqdkwJh
taetxm;udk 'Duae@txd cdkifckdifrmrm qufvuf &,lxm;,lEdkifqJ jzpf+yD;
'Duae@ tar&duef jynfaxmifpk&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;/ ppftiftm;[mvnf;
tjcm;Edik if t H m;vH;k xuf jywfjywfom;om; omvGew f hJ taetxm;rSm &daS eyg
w,f? pdefac:r_tcsKdŒeJ@ &ifqdkif}uKHawG@ ae&ayr,fh w±kwf/ ±k&Sm;eJ@ tdENd,wkd@
tygt0if b,fEdkifiHrS tenf;qHk; aemuf&mpk0ufavmuftxdawmh tar&d
uefjynfaxmifpkudk jzwfausmfoGm;Edkifr,hfyHk r&dSao;ygbl;? tar&duef acgif;
aqmif rsdK;qufopfawGtaeeJ@ twdwfu acgif;aqmifawG&JŒ vkyf&yfawGudk
ydrk jkd ynfph akH tmif rGr;f rHjyifqif jznfph u G v f yk af qmif oGm;Edik rf ,fq&kd if tar&duef
EdkifiH&JŒ urBmheHygwfwpfqdkwJh taetxm;[m 'Duae@ ouf&dSxif &Sm;&dSaewJh
vlom;awGvSrf;jrifEdkifwJh tem*wftxdrSmawmh yHkysufoGm;zkd@ r&dSwJhtjyif
ydkvkd@awmif cdkifrmtm;aumif;vmzkd@yJ &dSygw,f?
'Dawmh jynfaxmifpkwcku +yKdifbufawGudk vkyf}uHowfjzwfr_awG
(xa&mhpuD; tygt0ifpwmvif&ŒJ +yKdib f uf acgi;f aqmif trsm;tjym;) ud, k hf
jynfolawGudk zrf;qD;ESdyfpuf n‡Of;yef;owfjzwfr_awG (qdkufab;&D;,m;u
tusOf;pcef;awG)/ tdrfeD;csif; =u,f&HEdkifiHawG tay: AdkvfustEdkifusifhr_awG
([efa*&DeJ@ csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;)eJ@ jynfhESufae+yD; oufwrf;ESpf (70)
avmufeJ@ wppD +yKduGJysufpD;oGm;cJhayr,fh tjcm;jynfaxmifpkwckuawmh
wae@wjcm; pnfyifom,m0ajym wdk;wuftm;aumif;cdkifrmvmcJh+yD; ouf
wrf; ESpf(230)ausmfvmwJhtxd wnfwHhaeqJjzpfum a&SŒquf+yD;awmhvnf;
ydkrdkpnfyif0ajym cdkifrmtm;aumif;zkd@ &dSaew,f? tJ'D jynfaxmifpkESpfck&JŒ
t"du jcm;em;csufubmvJ?
126
pl;pl;eufeuf avhvm+yD; ±kd;±kd;om;om; 0efcHEdkif=uolwdkif;uawmh
jynfaxmifpEk pS cf u k kd t"ducGjJ cm;xm;wJh t&m[m 'Dru kd a&pDe@J vl@tcGit fh a&;
jzpfw,fv@dk aocsmayguaf jymqk=d urSm jzpfygw,f? 'Dru dk a&pDe@J vl@tcGit hf a&;
r&dSwJh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk[m ta0;utjrifrSm pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf uspfvspf
cdkifrmoa,mif xifcJh&ayr,fh oufwrf;ESpf(70)t=umrSm (2001)ckESpf puf
wifbmv(11)&ufae@u urBmhukefoG,fa&;tr$mnDaemif taqmuftOD; +yKd
usovdk wrk[kwfcsif;rSm AHk;AHk;vJ +yKdusysufpD;oGm;cJhygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vl@
tcGifhta&;&dSwJh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkuawmh ta0;utjrifrSm pDpDavmif
avmif qlqlnHnHoHawGeJ@ avsmhwdavsmh&J uspfvspfcdkifrmr_r&dS yGa,mif;
a,mif; jzpfaeoa,mif xifc&hJ ayr,fh &mpkEpS f
ESpfckausmfwnfwhH cdkif+rJcJh+yD; a&SŒudkvnf;quf
t&uf z d k ; awmif ; wm +yD; yef;yefaeOD;r,fh tvm;tvm&dSaeygw,f?
r&vk d @ 'ga=umifh tESpfcsKyfvdkuf&if jynf
tazt&if ; ud k axmifpkr+yKduGJa&;&JŒ aomhcsuf[m 'Drdkua&pD
"m;eJ@ xdk;owfwJhom;udk eJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tiftm;oHk; EdSyfuGyfr_
axmif ( 10)ES p f o m r[kwfygbl;? 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;
cscJ h a yr,f h ud k av;pm;wef z d k ; xm;r_ o m jzpf y gw,f ?
(Might is Right)qdw k m vlawGtwGuf Oy
avmif p mqD a ps;E_ e f ;
a' r[kwfygbl;? wd&p>mefawGtwGuf Oya'
csay;zkd@ awmif;qdkwJh
om jzpf y gw,f ? vl a wG t wG u f Oya'u
olawGudk
(Right is Might)om jzpfygw,f?
axmif ( 65)ES p f c swm æ 'Dae&mrSm (etz)acgif;aqmifawG
[m tod^m%fEHkeJ@vkd@ jynfaxmifpk+yKduGJrSmudk
trSefwu,f±kd;om;pGmyJ pdk;&drf ylyef+yD; 'Drdku
a&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;awGtay: wif;wif;usyf
usyf ESdyfuGyf[ef@wm;aewmrsm; jzpfrvm;
qdkwJh ±_axmifhu usaemfwkd@ awG;=unfh=u&atmif?
tJovdk ±k;d ±k;d om;om; pd;k &dryf yl ef=uw,fq&kd if jynfoal wG/ wdik ;f &if;
om;vlrsdK;pkawGtay: olwkd@vuf&dS usifhoHk;aewJh enf;vrf;[m trSefuef
toifhawmfqHk; enf;vrf;vm;? t&ufzdk;awmif;wm r&vkd@ tazt&if;udk
"m;eJ@ xdk;owfwJhom;udk axmif(10)ESpfom cscJhayr,fh avmifpmqDaps;E_ef;cs
ay;zkd@ awmif;qdkwJholawGudk axmif(65)ESpfcswm? rdrdwkd@jynfe,fta&;udk
0dik ;f 0ef; pOf;pm;oH;k oyfEikd rf ,fh aumfrwDw&yfz@JG pnf;zk@d (v#Kd Œv#Kd Œ0Su0f u
S f r[kwf
bJ) }udK;yrf;vkyfaqmifcJh=uwJh olawGudk axmif'%f(85)ESpf csrSwfwm? tJ'D
127
EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;awGudk olwkd@&JŒ jynfaxmifpk+yKduGJr,fh
rdom;pkawG axmif0ifpmawG@wJh udpPrSm jy\emqd k w m[m
jzpfEdkifor# 'kuQtrsm;qHk; awG@=u&apzkd@ usaemfwkd@EdkifiHrSm ppf
&nf&G,f+yD; rdom;pkeJ@ ta0;qHk;axmif tm%m&S i f p epf u d k o m
awGudk ykd@wmawG[m 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH ed*Hk;csKyfEdkifcJh&if ajz&Sif;vkd@r&wJh
awmfopf wnfaqmufaewm? jynf
jy\emwck r[kwfwJh tjyif
axmifpk r+yKduGJa&;twGuf vkyfaqmif
aewmjzpfw,f qkd&ifawmhvnf; ppf
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf
acgif;aqmifawG&JŒ “±kd;±kd;om;om; pdk;&drf quf & d S a e&if o m wae@wjcm;
ylyefr_”qdkwmudk usaemfwkd@ b,fvdk aygufuGJr_qDokd@ wdk; wdk;+yD;
jznfhpGufpmem em;vnfay;&rSef; rod wmpl v maewJ h
awmh ygbl;? jy\emw&yf j zpf v mrS m
od y f u d k & S i f ; ygw,f ? jref r m aocsmaewmrk d @
ppfacgif;aqmifawG[m jynfaxmifpk
+yKd u G J r S m ud k trS e f w u,f ±k d ; om;pG m
pdk;&drfylyef=uw,fqdk&if ukvor*~ tygt0if EdkifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;aygif;pHku
a&m/ urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&; Edkb,fqk&SifawG tygt0if urBmh*k%foa&&dS vl}uD;
vlaumif;awG tm;vH;k ua&m/ (90)a&G;aumufyrJG mS awmif+yKdurf;+yKd tEdik &f &dcS w hJ hJ
ygwD trSL;jyKwJh jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD EdkifiHa&;ygwD tm;vHk;ua&m/ ordkif;acwf
tqufqufudk odrDcJh=u±kHomru tJ'DacwfawGtwGif; rdrdwkd@ ykcHk;ay: usa&muf
vmwJh ordkif;ay;wm0efrsm;udk &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|H OD;vnfrokef xrf;aqmifcJh=u+yD;
uHaumif;axmufrvkd@ toufrao usef&pfcJh=uayr,fh 'Duae@ jrefrmjynfol
awG&JŒ b0tajctaeudk =unfh+yD; a=uuGJrqHk; &ifxkrem jzpfae=u&&SmwJh
ouf}uD;&G,ftdk rsdK;cspfjynfcspf yk*~dKvf}uD;awGua&m/ tv$mtoD;oD; vlwef;pm;
toD;oD;u jrefrmjynfoltm;vHk;uyg wnDw!Gwfwnf; wpnf;wvHk;wnf;
wcJeuf woHxJxGuf+yD; awmif;qdkae=uwJh “ppfrSefwJh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;r_rsm;”
jyKvkyfzkd@yJ&dSygw,f? yxrtqifh taeeJ@ (90)a&G;aumufyGJ tEdkif& ygwDrsm;eJ@
awG@qkHaqG;aEG; nd‡E_dif;/ aemufwqifhrSm tESpfom&tm;jzifh 'kwd, yifvHknDvmcH
vkd@ qdkEdkifr,fh “ppfrSefaom trsdK;om; nDvmcH”}uD;wck usif;y/ tJ'DnDvmcHrSmrS
rdrw d @dk &ifxrJ mS &daS ewJh pd;k &dryf yl efrr_ sm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG; =ur,fq&kd if jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ
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avmufyJ awG@qkHpum;ajymzl;ayr,fh Adkvfoef;a&$tay: wxkdifwnf;eJ@ tJovdk
rSwcf sucf sEikd w f hJ tJ'x
D ikd ;f 0ef}uD;csKyf&ŒJ t*F0Zd m… tpGr;f uawmh wu,fu h kd thrH cef;
ygyJ? tJoavmuf vluJcwfawmfwJh 0ef}uD;csKyf[m &mxl;rSm wvavmuf
awmif rae&bJ jyKwfus oGm;cJ&h wm xdik ;f jynfoal wGtwGuaf wmh 0rf;enf;p&m
ygyJ? tckawmh tJ'Dyk*~dKvf b,fa&mufaerSef;awmif r=um;&awmhygbl;?)
Adkvfoef;a&$ vufxufrSm vrf;awG/ wHwm;awG/ wuUodkvf/ aum
vdyo f yd aH` wG/ qnfajrmif;wmwrH a&umwmawG/ jrpfa&wif pDru H ed ;f awG/ aq;±kH
aq;cef;awG/ pm=unfhwdkufawGpwJh EdkifiHwEdkifiHtwGuf tvdktyfqHk;jzpfwJh
tajccHtaqmufttHk (Infrastructures)awG trsm;}uD; ay:ayguv f mw,fqkd
wJh tcsuf[m jiif;p&mr&dSygbl;?
'gayr,fh 'Duae@urBm}uD;[m ordkif;a&;&m vdktyfcsuft& 'Drdku
a&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;udpPudk aomif;wdkufu=um;atmif aomaomnHnH [pf
aºuG;awmif;qdkae=uwJh urBm}uD;jzpfygw,f? rsufarSmufacwfu tjzpftysuf
awGudk rqdkxm;eJ@ a&S;a[mif; twdwfu tjzpftysufawGudkawmif 'Drdkua&pD
a&; vl@tcGit hf a&; aywHawGe@J wdik ;f wm+yD; topfwzef jyefvnfqef;ppf oH;k oyf
ae=uwJh ordik ;f acwfukd a&muf&aSd ewJh urBm}uD;jzpfygw,f? wcsed u f qd&k if tD*spf
Edik if uH {&mryd&rpf}uD;awGukd =unf+h yD; &ifoyf±a_ rm th=H obeef; cs;D rGr;f ±kaH vmuf
om &dScJh=uayr,fh 'Duae@rSmawmh tJ'Dyd&rpf}uD;
awG ay:xGef;vmzkd@ vlaxmifaygif;aomif;aygif;
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&nfawGpaw; ay;qyfcJh=u&ovJqdkwJh tcsufudk jynfolvlxkxHrS
awG;q=unfhae=uyg+yD? jrefrmEdkifiHeJ@ trsdK; bm qif;ouf&rnf? jynfolwkd@
om omoemudk csŒJ xGiw f nfaqmuf xlaxmif&m qEN t ay:tajccH & rnf ?
rSm tajymifajrmufqHk;vkd@ tqdk&dScJhwJh jrefrmppf jynfolwkd@ qENudk
bk&ifo;kH yg; (taemf&xm/ bk&ifah emife@J tavmif; yH k r S e f u sif ; yaom
bk&m;)wkd@ vufxufrSma&m vl@tcGifhta&;csdK; vGwfvyfw&m;r#wonfh
azmufr_awG r&dSEdkifcJhbl;vm;qdkwJh awG;axmifh
a&G ; aumuf y G J r sm;jzif h
topfu awG;=unfhae=ucsdef jzpfygw,f?
xif & S m ;ap&rnf
134
'ghtjyif ukvor*~tzGJ@0if urBmhEdkifiHom;wdkif; (urBmhEdkifiHom;wdkif;) vHk;0 rarh
oifh rarhtyfwJh t&mwck &dSygw,f? tJ'guawmh usaemfwkd@ jrefrmEdkifiH yg0ifvufrSwf
a&;xdk;xm;wJh “wavmuvHk;qdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; (Universal
Declaration of Human Rights) jzpfygw,f? tJ'x D rJ mS yg0ifwhJ tcsuwf cku “tkycf sKyf
r_ tm%monf jynfolvlxkxHrS qif;ouf&rnf? jynfolwkd@ qENtay:tajccH&rnf?
jynfow l @dk qENukd yHrk eS u
f si;f yaom vGwv f yfw&m;r#wonfh a&G;aumufyrJG sm;jzifh xif&mS ;
ap&rnf”vdk@ jzpfygw,f? t"dy`g,fuawmh tpdk;&wck[m rdrdudk,frdrd w&m;Oya'eJ@
avsmfnDwJh(wenf;) w&m;0ifwJh (Legitimate) tpdk;&wcktjzpf &nf!¸ef;azmfjyvdkw,f
qdk&if tJ'Dtpdk;&[m vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJrsm;uwqifh wufvmwJh
tpd;k & w&yfjzpfz@dk vdt k yfw,fqw kd m jzpfygw,f? tJovdrk S r[kw&f ifawmh tJ't D pk;d &[m
bmawGyaJ jymaeajymae w&m;Oya'eJ@ ravsmn f w D /hJ w&m;r0ifwhJ tpd;k &jzpfaerSmyJ jzpfyg
w,f?
Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ ol@&JŒ(etz)tpdk;& ta=umif;qD jyefoGm;=u&atmif? (90) a&G;
aumufyu JG wqifh jrefrmjynfoal wG&ŒJ (mandate) &xm;wJh (NLD) ygwu D jynfov l x
l k
tusdK;udk OD;xdyfxm;+yD; omrefvltrsm;pk}uD; pdwful;=unfhvkd@awmif r&EdkifavmufwJh
tHhzG,fol&J tjrifhqHk; vdkufavsmr_wck (etz)udk (2008)ckESpfxJrSm urf;vSrf;cJhygw,f?
tJ'guawmh “v$wfawmf ac:ay;yg? tJ'Dv$wfawmfu (etz)udk w&m;0iftpdk;&tjzpf
todtrSwfjyKay;ygr,f”qdkwm jzpfygw,f? tJ'Durf;vSrf;r_udk (etz) wkH@jyefyHku oif;
ygw,f? “usKyfwkd@tpdk;&u w&m;0iftpdk;&jzpfae+yD;om;/ b,folurS w&m;0iftpdk;&
jzpfatmif xyf+yD; todtrSwfjyKay;p&m rvkdbl;”vdk@ jzpfygw,f?
(jzpfEdkif&if) oleJ@awG@wJh vlwdkif;&JŒ vuftkyfcsD t±kdtaoay;r_udk cH,lcsifaeyHk&
+yD; ol@a&SŒu ppftm%m&Sif tqufqufxufydk+yD; rif;pdk;&mZmpdwf aygufaeyHkay:wJh Adkvf
oef;a&$O;D aqmifwhJ (etz)[m olw@dk u, kd of wl @dk tJovdk w&m;0iftpd;k &wcktjzpf twif;
ZGwfrSdwf+yD; udk,fhudk,fukdvnf; t,HkoGif;/ wjcm;olawGudkvnf; cyfwnfwnf ajymqdkjyK
rlaeayr,fh (90)a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk zsufodrf;a=umif; w&m;0if a=unmwmrsdK;awmh
tcktxd rvkyf0hHbJ aemufa&G;aumufyGJwck usif;ywJh enf;vrf;eJ@ tJ'D&v'f ol@ tvdk
tavsmuf ysufjy,foGm;atmifom }udK;yrf;zkd@ aoG;wdk;prf;aeygw,f?
yg;pyfu bmawG b,fvykd J ajymaeayr,fh Edik if w H um todik ;f t0kid ;f u olw@dk ukd
w&m;Oya'eJ@ avsmfnDwJhtpdk;& (dejure) wcktjzpf oabmrxm;bJ vufawG@rSm trSef
wu,f wnf&dSaewJhtpdk;& (defacto) wcktjzpfom oabmxm;w,fqdkwmudk (etz)
u aumif;aumif;odygw,f? vuf&dSrSm tjrifoabm (virtually)t& w&m;0ifr_
(Legitimacy)wckuvGJ+yD; usefwm tm;vHk; &&dSydkifqdkifxm;wJh (etz)taeeJ@ olwkd@
tonf;toef vdktyfaewJh tJ'Dw&m;0ifr_&&dSzkd@ t}udwfte,f tjyif;txefvHk;yrf;
vmcJrh u_ kd (2010) a&G;aumufyeJG @J uvem; owfEikd af wmhr,fv@dk ,lq&ifcek af eyHk &ygw,f?
135
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH tpdk;&wckudk
z,f&Sm;jzKwfcs tm%modrf;+yD; aemufxyf a&G; tJ ' D t pd k ; &awG [ m
aumufyGJ rwdkifrDtxd wdkif;jynftm%mudk csKyf tm%m&&d S z k d @
udkifxm;wJh (defacto) tpkd;&awG urBmay:rSm jynf o l a wG & J Œ
t&ifuvnf; &dcS zhJ ;l / vuf&v Sd nf; &daS e=uwJt h jyif aoG ; awG e J @
aemifuv kd nf; usaemfw@dk jrifEidk w f hJ tem*wftxd zG J @ pnf ; jzpf a y:aewJ h
awmh quf&dSae=uOD;rSmyg? teD;qHk; Oyrmwckudk yifv,fwckudk
qGjJ y&&if (2006)ckEpS u f xkid ;f Edik if rH mS ay:xGucf w
hJ hJ jzwf o ef ; cJ h j cif ;
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wkd@jzpfygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm ar;p&m ar;cGef;wck ay:
xGuv f mwmu (defacto) tpdk;&csif; twlwl tJ'Dtpdk;& ESpfckeJ@ Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ (etz)
tpdk;&tay: EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;u oabmxm;yHkcsif;u twlwljzpf&JŒvm;? 'gudk
awmh tm;vHk;od+yD;om;rkd@ xyf&Sif;jyzkd@ vdkr,frxifygbl;? tJovdk oabmxm;yHkcsif; rwl
bl;qdk&if bma=umifhrwl&wmvJ? pOf;pm;=unfhzkd@ raumif;bl;vm;?
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vnf; rwlbl;qdkwmudk EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;u aumif;aumif;}uD; odxm;=uvkd@ygyJ?
usaemf a&SŒwae&mrSm ajymcJhovdkyJ xdkif;eJ@ b*Fvm;a'h&Sfwkd@u tJ'Dtpdk;&awG[m ol@wkd@
Edik if t
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t0dik ;f u olw@dk ukd cGiv
hf w $ ef m;vnf ay;Edik cf =hJ uygw,f? ordik ;f a&; vdt k yfcsut f & ay:ayguf
vmwm jzpfw,fqdkwJh tqdkjyKcsuf rSefuefa=umif; tcdkiftrm oufaojycJhwJhtcsuf
ESpfcsuf&dSygw,f? wcsufu tJ'Dtpdk;&awG[m tm%m&&dSzkd@ jynfolawG&JŒ aoG;awGeJ@
zGJ@pnf;jzpfay:aewJh yifv,fwckudk jzwfoef;cJhjcif; r&dSwm jzpfygw,f? aemufwcsuf
uawmh tJ'Dtpdk;&awG[m olwkd@tm%m &,lcJh+yD;aemuf ra&S;raESmif;rSm jynfoleJ@ EdkifiH
wumudk ay;cJhwJh uwdopPmudk tcdkiftrm apmifhxdef;cJh=uwmygyJ? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;qGefoD
tpdk;&[m olay;xm;wJh uwdtwdkif; wESpfausmfausmft=umrSm vGwfvyfw&m;r#wwJh
a&G;aumufyw JG ckukd usi;f yay;cJ+h yD; tEdik &f olrsm;udk tm%mv$t J yfum xdik ;f Edik if aH &; pifjrifh
ay:u qif;oGm;cJhyg+yD? a'gufwm&mref&JŒ tpdk;&[mvnf; tm%m&aepOfumv(ESpf ESpf
0ef;usif)rSm vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufwm rSefor#udk EdkifiHwumpHE_ef;rsm;eJ@ twwfEdkifqHk; udkuf
nDatmif t*wdw&m; uif;uif;eJ@ vkyfaqmifay;cJh+yD;aemuf r=umcifuyJ EdkifiHwumu
csD;usL;axmyem jyK&avmufatmifvGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJwck usif;y
ay;um tm%mudk pGef@v$wfoGm;cJh+yD; jzpfygw,f?
136
tJ'DtcsufESpfcsufeJ@ wdkif;wm=unfhvdkufwJhtcg Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ
(etz)tpd;k &[m tm;vH;k od=uwJh twdik ;f ygy?J 'ga=umifv h nf; urBmah cgi;f aqmif
EdkifiH}uD;awG/ tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;awGtjyif EdkifiHwumtoif;tyif; tpnf;t±kH;
aygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmwkd@u jrefrmEdkifiHudk ql'ef/ ajrmufudk&D;,m;/ ZifbmabG/
tD&ef pwJh EdkifiHawGeJ@twl EdkifiHqdk; (Rogue State)pm&if;xJxnfh+yD; tquf
rjywf jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefjypfwif ±_wfcsae=uwmjzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dawmh usaemfwkd@ csdefcGifv#m&JŒ wzufu cGufxJrSm Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ
EdkifiHawmf wnfaqmufjyKjyifa&;vkyfief; qdkwmawGudkxnfh/ usefwJhwzufrSm
tckajymcJhwJh tcsufESpfcsuft& jrif&wJh(etz)&JŒ yHk&dyfudkxnfh+yD; csdef=unfhvdkuf
&if b,fbufu tav;omr,f xifovJ? rSef;q okH;oyf=unfh=uzkd@ roifhbl;
vm;?
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%m&Sif tpdk;&awGuawmh t+rJvufoHk;jyKajymqdkavh &Sd=uwJhpum; wcGef;&dSyg
w,f? tJ'guawmh “vHjk cHKa&;[m vGwv f yfrx _ uf ydt k a&;}uD;w,f”qdw k hJ pum;
jzpfygw,f? t"dy`g,fu jynfolawG&JŒ vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifh/ pka0;cGifh/ toif;
tyif; zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifh/ ,Hk=unfudk;uG,fcGifhpwJh vGwfvyfcGifhawGxuf
jynfolawG vHkvHk+cHK+cHK +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;aexdkif toufarG;0rf;ausmif;Edkifzkd@u ykd
ta&;}uD;w,f? 'ga=umifh jynfolawG&JŒ vHk+cHKa&; tusdK;iSg jynfolawG&JŒ vGwf
vyfcGifhawGudk [ef@wm;ydwfyif csKyfcs,fuef@owf&wm jzpfw,fvkd@ qdkygw,f?
(etz)AdkvfcsKyfawGu wav#mufvHk; tJovdk ajymae=uwmyg?
tJovdkqdk&if usaemfwkd@ 'Dvdkwcsuf awG;=unfh=u&atmifyg (etz)
AdkvfcsKyfawG tygt0if tJ'Dpum;udk t+rJvufoHk;jyKavh&dSwJh olawGudk tcef;
usOf;wckxJrSm xnfhxm;r,f/ tcef;tjyif xGufcGifhuvGJ+yD; olwkd@vdkwm rSefor#
tm;vHk;ay;xm;r,f/ tJovdkqdk&if tJ'DvlawG tJ'Dtcef;xJrSm aervm;vkd@
usaemfwkd@ ar;prf;=unfh=u&atmif?
wu,fawmh tJ'D vGwv f yfciG ahf wGqw kd m[m vlom;&JŒ arG;&myg tcGihf
ta&;awG jzpfygw,f? arG;&myg tcGifhta&;qdkwm b,fvdk yk*~dKvfrsdK;urS vlom;
udk oem;ojzifh cs;D jr‡iahf jr‡mufpm;xm;wJh tcGit hf a&;r[kwyf gb;l ? vlom;&JŒ ud, k f
ydkiftcGifhta&; ppfppfjzpfygw,f? vl@ordkif; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_t& vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
qdkwm ay:xGef;vm+yD; tJ'D tcGifhta&; (wenf;) vlom;wOD;pD&JŒ vkyfydkifcGifh
(authority) awG[m vlwOD;(bk&if) ok@d r[kwf tzG@J wck (tpd;k &) qDp+k yHKa&muf&Sd
oGm;cJw h m rSeaf yr,fh tJ'aD &muf&o Sd mG ;r_ w&m;Oya'eJ@ avsmn f rD _ &do
S vm; r&dbS ;l
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tqifhtwef; owfrSwfcsuf wenf;ajym&&if tJ'Dvl[m w&m;0iftkyfcsKyfcGifh
137
&xm;wJholvm; 'grSr[kwf w&m;r0if tkyfcsKyfaewJholvm;qdkwJh tcsufudk azmf!$ef;
aeygw,f?
vlom;twGuf vdktyfcsuf[m vuf&dSordkif;acwfrSm rqdkxm;eJ@ vlom;pwif
ay:aygufvmp acwfrSmawmif touf&Sifoefa&; wckwnf;&dScJhwm r[kwfygbl;? touf
&Sifoefa&;[m y"mejzpfwmrSefayr,fh vGwfvyfcGifh[mvnf; vlom;twGuf touf
&SifoefcGifheD;yg; ta&;ygwJh t&mjzpfygw,f? vlwa,muftwGuf vGwfvyfcGifhr&dSbJ
touf&iS af e±kH oufoufqw kd hJ taetxm;[m pOf;pm; =unfv h @dk awmif &Edik pf &mr&dyS gb;l ?
'Duae@acwfrSm tJ'Dtcsuf[m wae@wjcm; ydkvkd@awmif xif&Sm;ay:vGifaeyg
w,f? 'Duae@ wcsKŒd Edik if aH wGrmS jynfoal wG awmif;qdak e=uwm touf&iS o f efa&;twGuf
y"me vdktyfcsufjzpfwJh pm;0wfaea&; jynfhpHkzlvHkatmif tpdk;&u jyKvkyfay;zkd@ r[kwfyg
bl;? wenf;ajym&&if tJ'DjynfolawGu olwkd@tpdk;&qDu “xrif;”awmif;ae=uwm
r[kwfygbl;? “vGwfvyfcGifh”vdk@ t"dy`g,f&wJh “'Drdkua&pD”udk awmif;qdkae=uwm jzpfyg
w,f? a&eHa=umifh ±kwcf sn;f csr;f om ºuG,0f vm=uwJh ta&SŒtv,fyikd ;f tm&yf Edik if aH wGu
EkdifiHa&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; awmif;qdkv_yf&Sm;r_awGeJ@ pufr_zGH@+zdK;+yD; taemufEdkifiHwcsKd@u
EdkifiHom; tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk avhvm&if 'Dtcsufudk awG@Ekdifygw,f? (1989) ck
ESpfu w±kwfEdkifiH ab*sif;+rdKŒ/ wdeftefrif&ifjyifrSm ay:aygufcJhwJh vlxktHkºuGr_}uD;[m
vnf; tJ'DoabmrsdK;ygyJ?
pm;0wfaea&; ylp&mrvdw k hJ tJ'v
D Ekd ikd if rH sKd ;awGrmS awmif jynfoal wGrmS a,bk,s
tvdrk usra_ wG &daS ew,fq&kd if Adv k of ef;a&$&ŒJ (etz)vufatmuf usaemfw@dk Eikd if u H jynf
olawG&ŒJ &ifxrJ mS bmawG&aSd ervJ? tckqkd Adv k af e0if; pdu k yf sKd ;cJw
h hJ ppftm%m&Sif pepfqw kd hJ
(jynfolawGtwGuf) tqdyfyifudk a&
avmif;aygif;oifay;&if; Adkvfoef;a&$wkd@
jrefrmEdkifiH[m e,fy,fwdkif; ppftkyfpkwdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfvmcJhwm
u¾wdkif;rSm atmufus (21)ESpf&SdoGm;cJh+yD? EdkifiHwck jyefvnf xl
aemufusjzpf+yD; usqkH;aewJhEdkifiH rwfvmzkd@ vHkavmuf±kHru ydkv#Hae+yD vkd@
(Failed State) wckjzpfae+yDqdkwm awmif qkdavmufwJh tJ'Dtcsdef umv
(etz)eJ@ol@udk 0dkif;0ef;ajr‡mufyifh twGi;f jrefrmjynfoal wG&ŒJ pD;yGm;a&;b0
nm0g;+zD ; jzef ; pm;ae=uwJ h tajctae[m jyefvnfxlrwf OD;armh
aqG a wmf r sd K ;awmf ta¹cG t &H vmcJ+h yDvm;? ,kwpf t G qH;k jrefrmEdik if [
H m
(rqv) av#mufxm;vk@d &cJw h hJ (LDC) t
toif ; tyif ; / a&ay:qD
qift h wef;uawmif vGwaf jrmufEikd af o;
wpkuvGJ&if usefjrefrmEdkifiHom;
&JŒvm;? a&$wGif;/ aiGwGif;/ y,if;/ 'kwÎm/
tm;vH k ; eJ @ urB m h a cgif ; aqmif &wemrsdK;pHkeJ@ u|ef;opf a&eH qefa&pyg;
tm;vHk; od=uygw,f? aygrsm;vSygw,fqdkwJh jrefrmEdkifiHu jynf
138
olawG tdref ;D csi;f Edik if aH wGrmS u|eo f mG ;cHz@dk wae@xufwae@ ydyk +kd yD; xufoef wuf
ºuGvmae=uwm bma=umifhvJ? tESdyfcef;u tp/ nuvyftv,f/ aqmif=um
+rdKiftqHk;rSm b0awG bHk;bHk;vJ +yKduGJysufpD; qHk;±_H;cJh=u&wJh jrefrmtrsdK;aumif;
orD;av;awG/ tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawGudk ta&mif;pm;cHcJh=u&wJh jrefrmtrsdK;aumif;
orD;av;awG&ŒJ ta&twGuf wae@wjcm; wk;d oxuf wk;d vmaewm bma=umifv h ?J
usaemfwkd@EdkifiHrSm (HIV)ydk; pGJuyfaeolawG ta&twGuf xdwfvef@
wkefv_yfp&m aumif;avmufatmif wdk;vm aewm[m tJ'DjzpfpOf&JŒ tusdK;quf
r[kwfbl;vm;? u|efcHzkd@ oGm;=uwmcsif;twlwl ocifEdkifiHawGu avqdyfawGu
vl0ifr_}uD;=uyfa&; t&m&dSawGu ywfpykd@pmtkyfxJrSm jrefrmqdkwJh pum;vHk;udk
awG@vkdufwmeJ@ ywfpykd@udkifaqmifoludk txifao; tjrifao;eJ@ =unfhavh&Sd=u
wm bma=umifhvJ? “Zmwdykn/ *k%frme[k/ oHy[kef;pkef;/ bufrJh}uKH; om;”vkd@
&Gwfqdk}uKH;0g;avh&dScJh=uwJh jrefrmvlrsdK;awG&JŒ *k%fusufoa&awG (e0w) (etz)
acwfrSm b,fa&mufoGm;=u+yDvJ? trsdK;om; zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_&JŒ xif[yfcsuf
wckjzpfwJh tm;upm; e,fy,fudk =unfhvkdufygOD;? (e0w)(etz)wkd@ vufxuf
(21)ESpt f wGi;f Edik if w
H umu av;pm;cs;D usL;&avmufwhJ atmifjrifr_ b,fEpS cf u k kd
jrefrmtm;upm;orm;awG &,lEikd cf =hJ uovJ? wcsed u f tm&Scseyf , D H jrefrm abm
vHk;toif;&JŒae&m/ wcsdefu urBmhtqifhxd xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufEdkifcJhwJh jrefrm
tav;rorm; atmif}uD;/ xGef;armif/ wcsdefu tm&Stqifhtxd xif&Sm;ausmf
=um;cJh=uwJh jrefrmvufa0S@orm;awG jzpf=uwJh wifxGef;/ odef;jrifh/ 0if;armif/
eDe/D a':vm/ oufO;D av;/ jrefrmajy;ckeyf pform;awG jzpf=uwJh &Siaf rG*ef;/ +rDw;kH aemf/
*sirf /D *sezD mwifav; pwJh jrefrmh*% k af qmif Edik cf =hJ uolawG&ŒJ ae&mudk qufcEH ikd o f l
b,fEaS ,muf&cSd o hJ vJ? a'oqdik &f m+yKdiyf w JG ckvyk v f u
kd w f idk ;f trSwZf ,m;rSm ud, k hf
atmufu Edik if aH wG enf;oxuf enf;enf;oGm;+yD; ud, k thf ay:u Edik if aH wG rsm;o
xuf rsm;rsm;vmwm bma=umifhvJ? usef;rma&;bufudk =unfhOD;rvm;? tzGJ@0if
EdkifiH (192)teuf tpdk;&u jynfolawGtay: usef;rma&; apmifha&Smufr_ay;wJh
udprP mS tm;enf;nHzh si;f r_ t&dq S ;kH pm&if;rSm ud, k ahf tmufrmS tmz&du u ypPE &W pf
Edik if H qD,m&mvD,eG f wcky&J aSd wmhw,fv@dk urBmu h se;f rma&; tzG@J }uD; (WHO)u
xkwfjyefwmua&m (etz) pGyfpGJavh&Sdovkd twdkuftcHawG&JŒ vSnfhjzm;r_udk ol
i,fESyfpm; (WHO)u,Hk=unf+yD; xkwfjyefcJhwJh xkwfjyefcsuf wckyJvm;? quf
a&;&if pmav;rSm pk;d wma=umifh ra&;vdak wmhayr,fh jrefrmEdik if [ H m e,fy,fwikd ;f
u¾wdkif;rSm atmufusaemufus jzpf+yD;usqkH;aewJhEdkifiH (Failed State)
wckjzpfae+yDqdkwm (etz)eJ@ol@udk 0dkif;0ef;ajr‡mufyifh nm0g; +zD;jzef;pm;ae=uwJh
aqGawmfrsdK;awmf ta¹cGt&Htoif;tyif;/ a&ay:qD wpkuvGJ&if usefjrefrm
EdkifiHom; tm;vHk;eJ@ urBmhacgif;aqmiftm;vHk; od=uygw,f?
139
Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ yHk&dyfudk csdefpuf=unfhr,fhcsdefcGifv#m&JŒ wzufu
cGufxJrSm rxnfhrjzpfxnfh&r,fh vkyf&yfaygif;rsm;pGmxJu tenf;i,fr#udk
arhwwfolawG arhroGm;atmif azmfjyowday;csifygao;w,f? yxrqHk;
tcsufu EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;awG udpPyg? Adkvfoef;a&$vufxuf tusOf;
axmifawGxJrSm toufay;oGm;=u&wJh EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;awG&JŒ ta&
twGuf b,favmuf &dw S ,fqw kd m (etz)u b,fwek ;f urS w&m;0if xkwf
jyefcJhjcif;r&dSvkd@ usaemfwkd@rod&ygbl;? 'gayr,fh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;
wa,muf axmifxJrSm aoqHk;oGm;wm[m zHk;zdxm;vkd@&wJh udpPr[kwfav
awmh (etz)xkwaf zmf 0efcjH cif; r&daS yr,fh vltrsm; odvm=u&wJh pm&if;awG
t& (etz)acwfaxmifxrJ mS usq;kH oGm;wJh Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG&ŒJ ta&
twGuf[m (rqv)acwf (26)ESpf/ (zqv)acwf (14)ESpf/ udkvdkeDacwf ESpf
(100)ausmf/ zufqpf*syef acwf(3)ESpfawGuxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm ydkw,f
qdkwJhtcsufudk b,foljiif;&JygovJ? 'gawmifrS 'Dpm&if;xJrSm axmifxJu
ygvmwJh a&m*gb,eJ@ '%f&m'%fcsufawGa=umifh axmiftjyifa&muf+yD;
r=umcif aoqHk;oGm;cJh=u&olawG rygao;ygbl;?
vlwdkif; jcifudkuf/ =urf;ydk;udkuf cHcJh=u&zl;rSmyg? tJ'DaumifawG
tudkufcH&wJhtcg olawmfpif olawmfjrwfawGuvGJvkd@ omrefvltrsm;pk
}uD;u b,fvdkwkH@jyef=uovJ? jcifqdk&if vuf0g;eJ@zsef;ceJ ±kdufowf/ =urf;ydk;
qd&k if vufnKd‡ ;vufrxJ n‡yzf +d y;D owfvu dk =f uwmyJ r[kwv f m;? 'gyrJ [kwf
vm;? tJ'Djcif okd@r[kwf =urf;ydk;udk ±kdufowfzdowf+yD;wJh aemufrSm awmifrS
tJ'D taumifukd ayay:wif+yD; wlr}uD;eJ@ tcsuaf ygi;f rsm;pGm xkEu S /f +yD;awmh
wcg tqdyf&nfzsef;/ +yD;awmhwcg rD;yHk}uD;zdk+yD; tJ'DrD;yHkxJypfxnfh/ +yD;awmh
wcg jymudk tajrmufajymif;xJxnfhypf/ tJovdk wkH@jyefw,fqdk&if tJ'Dvludk
b,fvdk tuJjzwf=urvJ? (etz)acwf EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG[m tJ'D
jcifv/kd =urf;yd;k vdk cHpm;cJh cHpm;ae=u&w,fq&kd if b,fojl iif;rvJ? “a':atmif
qef;pk=unf usef;rmygap”vdk@ atmfwJholudk axmif(7)ESpf/ vl@ tcGifhta&;
ta=umif; &Si;f jyvk@d &GmutxGuf vlpek @J 0ikd ;f +yD; t±ku
d cf &H olukd axmif(10)ESp/f
(VOA)em;axmifoludk axmif(3)ESpf/ avmifpmqDaps;E_ef;csay;zkd@ awmif;qdk
olawGudk axmif(65)ESpf/ EdkifiHa&;orm;awG bufuvdkufay;wJh a&SŒaeudk
axmifcs/ vl@tcGifhta&;twGuf aqmif&Gufaeoludk azmufcGJr_eJ@ ay;pm;+yD;
axmif(25)ESpfcs/ wlrudk oGm;zrf;wmrrdvkd@ ta':udk zrf;/ zcifudk zrf;+yD;wJh
tjyif touf(4)vt&G,f vlrr,fuav;i,fav;&JŒ rdcifjzpfoludkyg r&
&atmif vdkuf&Smzrf;/ “Oya'onf aemufa=umif;jyefcGifh r&dS”qdkwJh Oya'&JŒ
aomhcsufr¾Kdifwckudk vspfvsL±_+yD; axmifxJa&mufae+yD;om; vlwa,muf
140
udk ydwfodrf;+yD;om; tr_awGeJ@ jyefpGJcsufwif+yD; axmifxyfcs/ touf(80)eD;yg;t&G,f
axmifxJrSm tESpf(20)eD;yg; aecJh&+yD;jzpfwJh vlwa,mufudk v$wfr,fqdk+yD; axmifbl;0
ac:vm+yD;rS wdkufxJjyefoGif;/ tjyifu rdom;pkawG 'kuQawG@Ekdifor# awG@apzkd@ &nf&G,f+yD;
Edik if aH &; tusO;f om;awGukd rdom;pkawGe@J a0;&m &moDOwk jyif;xefq;kd 0g;wJh axmifawGuykd @dk /
axmif0ifpmudpPeJ@ ywfouf+yD; pOf;pm;vkd@ &or# enf;vrf;aygif;pHk toHk;jyK+yD; taESmifh
t,Sufay;/ qufa&;&&if 'Du¾wckxJeJ@wif pmtkyfawG twGJvdkuf xGufvmygvdrfhr,f?
tJovdk r=um;0HhremomudpPawG jzpfysufcJh/ jzpfysufaewJh EdkifiH[m urBmay:rSm jrefrm
wEkdifiHwnf; &dSygw,f? 'g[m teE WarwWm u±k%m&Sif jrwfpGmbk&m;&JŒ w&m;a'oem
awG xGef;um;aeygw,fqdkwJh jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ay:aygufcJh ay:aygufaeqJjzpfw,fqdkwJh
tcsufuawmh wu,fudk a=uuGJp&m
jzpf&yfrSef Zmwfvrf;wyk'fygyJ?
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;zcif/ trsdK;om;
tusOf ; cs cH x m;&wJ h
acgif;aqmif tmZmenfol&Jaumif;}uD;
oHk;awmif0wf rdef;rom;wOD;udk
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒ wOD;wnf;aom
aemuf q H k ; ay: orD; rdef;uav;tay: Adkvfoef;a&$ OD;
acwfrDvufeuf}uD;awG aqmifwhJ (etz)&JŒ jyKrlqufqyH u kH v kd nf;
udkifaqmifxm;=uwJh avhvm=unfh=u&atmif? (21)ESpfvHk;vHk;
tawmifESpfq,f0wf bk&m;qkyef olwkd@ydkif owif;pmawGuae ae@pOf&uf
rif ; a,musf m ;}uD ; awG u qufe;D yg; a,musmf ;}uD;awG wefrhJ qJa&;
q,fpkESpf ESpfckausmf wdkif;xGmvmcJhwm wu,fhudk ,dkolr&Suf
vuf n d ‡ K ;aiguf a iguf x d k ; +yD ; jrifol&SufygyJ? tusOf;cs cHxm;&wJh oHk;
tremy ajymqd k & ef a wG @ ae=uwJ h awmif0wf rdef;rom;wOD;udk aemufqHk;
yHk&dyfudk jrefrmjynfu vGJ+yD; æ ay: acwfrDvufeuf}uD;awG udkifaqmif
xm;=uwJh tawmifESpfq,f0wf bk&m;
qkyef rif;a,musfm;}uD;awGu q,fpkESpf
ESpfckausmf vufnd‡K;aigufaigufxdk;+yD;
tremy ajymqdk&efawG@ae=uwJh yHk&dyfudk
jrefrmjynfuvGJ+yD; wjcm;b,fwdkif;jynfrSmrS awG@EkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;?
urBmay:rSm wOD;wnf;aom tusO;f cscx H m;&wJh +idr;f csr;f a&; Edb
k ,fq&k iS jf zpfwhJ
a':atmifqef;pk=unf tay: (etz)&JŒ jyKr_yHk[m trsdK;orD;wOD; rqdkxm;eJ@ trsdK;om;
wOD;tay: qd&k ifawmif &ufpuf=urf;=uKwf+yD; vlrqefveG ;f &m usvyS gw,f? tdrt f us,f
csKyfqw kd m axmifxrJ mS ae&wmxuf ykad umif;w,fv@dk trsm;u xifrw S =f urSmjzpfayr,fh
taz/ tar/ tpfudkvwfeJ@ cifyGef;jzpfolawGu vl@jynfrSm r&dSawmh/ tpfudk}uD;u pmem
axmufxm;r_ r&dS/ om;ESpfa,mufu EdkifiHjcm;rSm/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ tdrftus,f
141
csKyfb0[m txD;usef qefvGef;vSygw,f? axmifxJrSm ae&olawGu axmif0ifpmu
wqifh rdom;pke@J yHrk eS af wG@Eidk af yr,fh a':atmifqef;pk=unfuawmh Edik if aH &; tajctaeay:
rlwnf+yD;awmhom rdom;pke@J awG@ciG &hf wmrk@d wcgwcg ESpef @J cs=D umjrif+h yD;rS rdom;pke@J awG@qHk
cGihf &&dcS yhJ gw,f? cifyeG ;f jzpfoul uifqma&m*ge@J uG,v f eG cf ge;D rSm ZeD;onfe@J awG@z@dk jrefrm
jynfxJ 0ifcGifhawmif;cJhayr,fh jynf0ifcGifhADZm xkwfray;cJhwJh Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ pdwf"mwf[m
Ak'b < mom0ifaumif; wa,muf&ŒJ pdw"f mwfvm;vk@d xdik ;f Edik if u H rsupf w d rdwS f v#yw f jyuf
0ef}uD;csKyfqrwfudk ar;=unfhcsifygw,f? touf(60)xJudk csOf;eif;0ifa&mufvm+yDqdkwm
[m Z&m'kAÁvt&G,f a&mufvm+yDqw kd hJ t"dyg` ,f jzpfygw,f? wud, k w f nf; txD;usef
aeae&wJh tJ'Dt&G,f vl}uD;wa,muftzkd@ usef;rma&; apmifha&Smufr_[m vufwurf;
tuGmrSm t+rJ&dSoifhw,fqdkwJhtcsuf[m em;vnfzkd@ rcufwJh udpPwckyg? 'gayr,fh
a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ ol@&JŒq&m0ef a'guf
wm wifrsdK;0if;wkd@ awG@qkHr_uawmh yHkrSefr&dSbJ
jzpfawmifhjzpfcJ udpPwckqefqefom &dSaejcif;
EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG[m uvnf; jrefrmjynf&JŒ a=uuGJp&m wuGuf
rdrdwkd@eJ@ oabmxm; jzpfygw,f? 'gxufy+kd yD; xdwv f ef@wek vf y_ pf &m
&yfwnfcsufcsif; rwlwm aumif;wmu Adv k o f ef;a&$[m a':atmifqef;
wckuvGJ&if pk=unf u d
k vuf p wk H; pD&ifzkd@txd }uHpnf}udK;
yrf;cJhr_ygyJ? &efukef+rdKŒv,facgif ukuUdKif;vrf;
olwkd@[mvnf; wdkif;jynfudk
qHkrSm tprf;avhusifhcJhwJh tJ'DudpPudk 'DyJ,if;
trSefwu,f
+rdKŒe,f =unf&GmrSm taumiftxnf azmfcJhyHk
cspfjrwfEdk;wJholawG/ u xGufajy;vGwfajrmufvmolawG ajymjy
vl}uD;vlaumif;awGjzpfw,f csut f & wkev f y_ f acsmufcsm;p&m aumif;vSwhJ
qdkwmukd æ “vlom;rsdK;EG,ftay: usL;vGefwJh &mZ0wfr_
}uD ; ” (Crime Against Humanity)
jzpfygw,f?
b,facwfb,fumvrSmrqdk t&if;
&SifacwfrSmyJjzpfjzpf/ qdk&S,fvpfacwfrSmyJ jzpf
jzpf/ tm%m&SifacwfrSmyJjzpfjzpf oHwdkifawGaemufudk rjzpfrae ykd@udkykd@&r,fh vlpm;rsdK;awG
&dSp+rJqdkwJhtcsufudk vlwdkif;vufcH=uygw,f? tJ'DvlrsdK;awGeJ@ w'*FrSm ay:aygufwJh pdwf
qdk; pdwf±kdif;awGa=umifh jypfr_usL;vGefrdcJholawGudk jypf'%fay;zkd@qdkwm tpdk;&wdkif;eJ@ tJ'D
tpdk;&wkdif;u xlaxmifzGJ@pnf;xm;wJh w&m;±kH;awG&JŒ rjzpfrae xrf;aqmif&r,fh wm0ef
jzpfw,fqw kd hJ tcsut
f ay: b,fou l rS tjiif;ryGm;=uygb;l ? ukeu f ek af jym&&if Edik if H ouf
wrf;Eke,fao;+yD; vH+k cHKwnf+idrrf _ tajctae tm;aumif;cdik rf mjcif; r&daS o;wJh Edik if aH wGrmS
tpdk;&wck[m rdrdeJ@EdkifiHa&; oabmxm; &yfwnfcsufcsif; rwluGJjym;jcm;em;wJh twdkuf
142
tcHawGudk zrf;qD;xdef;odrf; pGJcsufwif axmifcswmrsdK;awG jyKvkyf&w,fqdkwm
txd vufcHem;vnfay;Edkifygw,f?
'gayr,fh tJ'v D jdk ypf'%fcsrw S rf _ rSeo f r#[m jypfru _ sL;vGeo f al wG ud, k f
wkdifuyg ausauseyfeyfvufcH oabmwlxm;wJh w&m;Oya'eJ@ avsmfnDpGmyJ
jzpf&ygr,f? w&m;±k;H =um;emppfaq;r_rsm;[mvnf; Edik if w H umu vufcw H hJ pHEe_ ;f
rsm;eJ@tnDyJ jzpf&ygr,f? tkyfcsKyfa&;r¾Kdifuvnf; w&m;pD&ifa&;r¾Kdif tay:
v$rf;rkd;r_vHk;0(vHk;0)r&dS&ygbl;? w&m;ol}uD;rsm;[mvnf; rdrdwkd@ toufarG;0rf;
a=umif;vkyif ef;udk rSnahf c:xm;wJh trnfemreJ@ oifah wmfavsmn f pD mG t*wd(4)yg;
uif;uif;eJ@ w&m;r#w vGwfvyftrSDcdkuif;pGm qHk;jzwfpD&if=u&ygr,f? tJ'D
tcsufawGtm;jzifh EdkifiHwckudk tkyfpdk;aewJhtpdk;&[m ,Ofaus;wJh tpdk;&vm;/
w&m;Oya'eJ@avsmfnDpGm tkyfpdk;aewJh tpdk;&vm;/ rif;usifhw&m; q,fyg;eJ@tnD
tkypf ;kd aewJh tpd;k &vm;/ Edik if w H um todik ;f t0dik ;f u ESpv f =dk unfjzLpGm vufcEH ikd w f hJ
tpdk;&vm;/ 'grSr[kwf tJ'gawGeJ@ qef@usifbufrSm&dSaewJh tpdk;&vm; qdkwmudk
tuJjzwf&wmjzpfygw,f?
t*Fvyd v f ufatmuf udv k ekd aD cwfrmS a&m a&SŒrDaemufrD yk*Kd~ vftrsm;pk
u 'Duae@acwfu jyef=unfh+yD; 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&acwfvkd@ &nfn$ef;ajymqdkavh&Sd
=uwJh vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf (14)ESpfwmumv (Adkvfae0if;acwf ESpfESpfryg)
rSmyg tpdk;&[m oleJ@oabmxm; rwlolwcsKdŒudk pGJcsufrwifbJ ac:,lxdef;odrf;
xm;wmawG/ pGcJ suw f if+yD; axmif'%fcsrw S w
f mawG &dcS whJ mygy?J 'gayr,fh tJ'v D kd
tusOf;om;awG (wenf;)EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG[m rdrdwkd@eJ@ oabmxm; &yf
wnfcsufcsif; rwlwmwckuvGJ&if olwkd@[mvnf; wdkif;jynfudk trSefwu,f
cspjf rwfE;kd wJo h al wG/ vl}uD;vlaumif;awGjzpfw,fqw kd mukd tJ't D pd;k &awGu em;
vnfvufcH todtrSwfjyK=uwJhtwGuf olwkd@udk tjcm;&mZ0wf tusOf;om;
awGeJ@ wwef;wpm;wnf; rxm;bJ txl;tcGifhta&;& “bDuvyf”tqifh ay;
xm;avh&Sd=uygw,f? EdkifiHa&;tr_awGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; tr_=um;empD&if&mrSm
vnf; t*Fvdyf tpdk;&ta=umif;ajym&&if tJ'DvlrsdK;jcm;udkvdkeDtpdk;&[m ol@ukd
vufeufpu JG ikd f ykeu
f efjcm;em;cJw h hJ q&mpHoyl ek af wGuakd wmif Edik if w H um pHEe_ ;f rsm;
eJ@tnD w&m;cHrsm; &oif&h xdu k wf hJ tcGit hf a&;tm;vH;k ay;+yD; ppfaq; =um;emcJyh g
w,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;eJ@ tmZmenfacgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm; vky}f uH owfjzwfc&H
wJh udpPrSmvnf; w&m;cHawG[m tpdk;&&JŒ ausmaxmufaemufcHjyKr_udk wenf;
wzHk &&dSxm;olawGjzpfw,fvkd@ pGyfpGJcHxm;&wJh=um;u t*Fvdyf tpdk;&u cef@tyf
xm;wJhw&m;ol}uD;eJ@ *sL&DtzGJ@[m tr_ukd trsm;jynfola&SŒarSmufrSm EdkifiHw
umpHE_ef;rsm;eJ@tnD ajzmifhrwfwnf =unfpGm =um;emppfaq;+yD; w&m;cHawGudk
143
olw@dk usL;vGecf w hJ jhJ ypfre_ @J xdu
k w
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(Way of Thinking) jzpfygw,f? tJovdkrjzpfzkd@twGuf vuf&dS tajc taerSm
taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;u 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGtaeeJ@ (etz)udk tpGrf;ukef
tav#mhay; vdkufavsm+yD; ajyvnfr_&,la&;rl0g' (Appeasement Policy)
jzpfygw,f? avmavmq,frSm (etz)ay;or#,l au|;or#pm;+yD; aemiftcgus
rS tajctaeay;&if ay;ovdk rdrdwkd@&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDe,fy,fudk wvufrcsif; csJŒ
xGif,loGm;&r,fvkd@ olwkd@u qdkygw,f? tJ'D tawG;tac:t& olwkd@ t"du
xm; &SmazGwmu b,fvdkajymqdk jyKrlvkyfudkif&if (etz)oabmusrvJ qdkwm
jzpfygw,f? (etz)[m olwkd@oabmruswJholawGudk EdkifiHa&;t& vHk;vHk;
vsm;vsm; &yfwnfv@dk r&atmif t+yD;tjywf acsre_ ;f ypfvrd rhf ,f? tJovdk acsre_ ;f
ypfEdkifwJh pGrf;yum;vnf;(etz)rSm &dSw,f? olwkd@oabmuswJh olawGudkawmh
olwkd@csKyfudkifxm;wJh tm%m&JŒtpdwftydkif;tcsKdŒudk cGJa0ay;vdrfhr,f? vuf&Sd
jynfwGif;jynfy tajctaeawGt& vufpwHk;acsr_ef; ypfwmudkcH&wmeJ@ pm&if
(etz)ray;rjzpfvkd@ay;&wJh ig;rwfom;/ ESpfusyfcGJom; 'Drdkua&pDudk ,lwmu
ydk+yD;vufawG@usw,f? vuf&dStajctaerSm (90)a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudkyJ tao
qkyfudkifxm;+yD; awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;udkyJ wpmpm awmif;qdkaewm[m vufawG@
rusbl;? pdwful;,Of qefvGef;w,f? b,fawmhrS taumiftxnf ay:rvm
r,fh tdyrf ufjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dru dk a&pDacgi;f aqmifawG txl;ojzifh (NLD)/
txl;ojzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m tdyrf ufu Ed;k x+yD;wu,fh vufawG@b0
rSm pwifaexdkif&r,fvkd@ tJ'DtawG;tac: *kd%f;0ifawGu olwkd@udk,fwdkifvnf;
,Hk=unfae=u+yD; tjcm;olawGudkvnf; ,Hk=unfvmatmif wdkufwGef;vSHKŒaqmf
ae=uygw,f?
149
tJ'DtawG;tac:*kd%f;u xufoefwufºuGr_vnf;ydk&dS/ tajctae
vnf; ydak y;jcif;cH&olawGq&kd if tJ't D awG;tac:udk vufawG@ taumiftxnf
azmfr_wcktjzpf (etz)tay: pD;yGm;a&;/ oHwrefa&;t& '%fcwfydwfqkd@ta&;
,lxm;r_awGukd jyefvnf±yk o f rd ;f ay;zk@d oufqidk &f mtpk;d &awGukd csO;f uyfpnf;±k;H
ae=uw,fqdkwm jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;udk pdwf0ifpm;+yD; pOfqufrjywf avhvmtuJ
cwfaeolwikd ;f odae=uwJh w&m;0if ra=unmwJh vlwidk ;f od owif;wyk'f (open
secret) jzpfygw,f?
(1993)rSm (etz)&JŒ trsdK;om;nDvmcHudkwufa&mufcJhwJh trSm;udk
usL;vGefcJh+yD;wJhaemuf aemufxyfvrf;pOfqdkif&m trSm;wckrS xyfrHusL;vGefjcif;
r&daS wmhwhJ vuf&Sd (NLD)acgi;f aqmifrsm;ua&m/ yifu, kd xf ufjrufx;l c|erf x
_ J
rSm q,fpEk pS f ESpcf w
k mumv tawG@t}uKHrsm; xyfraH ygi;f xnfx h m;r_t& jrefrm
ppftm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ obm0udk rkef@wD[if;vdk &Sif;&Sif; vif;vif; uGif;uGif;uGuf
uGuf jrifawG@omG ;cJ+h yDjzpfwhJ a':atmifqef;pk=unfuyg tJ't D awG;tac:*k% d ;f &JŒ
tajccHt&udk vGrJ mS ;aer_ukd aumif;aumif;em;vnf oabmaygu=f uyH&k ygw,f?
'gayr,fh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pktwGif;nD!Gwfa&;udk txl;OD;pm;ay;wJh rdrdwkd@&JŒ
t&if;cH pdwx f m;vnf;ay:vGiaf p/ tJ'D tawG;tac:*k% d ;f om;rsm;vnf; auseyf
r_&/ EdkifiHwumtjrifrSm rdrdwkd@bufu twwfEdkifqHk; tav#mhay; vdkufavsm
urf;vSrf;cJhw,fqdkwJh tcsufvnf;ay:vGifapqdkwJhoabmeJ@ a':atmifqef;pk
=unfe@J (NLD)acgif;aqmifawG[m usaemftxufwae&mrSm wifjycJhovdkyJ
thHzG,fol&J vdkufavsmr_wckudk (etz)xH urf;vSrf;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh (etz)
&JŒ wHk@jyefr_u txufygtawG;tac: *kd%f;om;rsm; tygt0if tm;vHk; todyg
yJ?
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepf csKyf+idrf;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDjyefvnf ay:
xGe;f a&;vkyif ef;[m ta&SŒtv,fyikd ;f u tpPa&; ygvufpwdik ;f jy\emavmuf
euf±_dif;}uD;rm;us,fjyef@jcif;r&dSbl;vkd@ usaemfa&SŒwae&mrSm qdkcJhygw,f? jrefrmh
jy\em[m tpPa&; ygvufpwdkif; jy\emvdk “urBmem”wckr[kwfbl;vkd@
usaemf qdkcJhygw,f? t"dy`g,fu ta&SŒtv,fydkif; jy\em[m ESpfoufwrf;
&maxmifcsD&dScJh+yDjzpf+yD; vHk;0ajyvnfoGm;zkd@uvnf; aemufESpfaygif; &maxmifcsD
r[kwfonfhwdkif q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tcsdef,l+yD; cufcufcJcJ ememusifusif
ajz&Si;f &r,fh jy\emwckjzpfayr,fh jrefrmjy\emuawmh tJoavmuf eufeJ
cufcJwJh jy\emwck r[kwfbl;vkd@ qdkvdkwm jzpfygw,f? vuf&dSrSm jrefrmh jy
\em Edik if w H umrD;armif;atmuf a&muf&aSd ejcif;[m jy\em&JŒ euf±id_ ;f odraf rG@
us,fjyef@}uD;rm;r_a=umifh r[kwfbJ tajrmftjrifenf;yg;+yD; b,folaoao
iawrm&if+yD;a&m pdwf"mwf&dSwJh jrefrmhwyfrawmfxdyfydkif;u ppfAdkvfwpk&JŒ
150
awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfay:rvmwm[m (NLD)a=umifh/ 'grSr[kwf

ESpfzufpvHk;a=umifhvkd@ ±_jrifw,fqdk&if tJ'DcsOf;uyfenf;uwqifh
b,fawmhrS tajzrSef&zkd@r&dSwJhtjyif æ
acgi;f rmr_a=umifo h m jzpfw,fqw kd t

hJ csu[ f m wae@wjcm; ydrk kd ay:vGix f if&mS ; vmvsu&f Sd
ygw,f?
jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDjy\em[m ta&SŒtv,fydkif;jy\emavmuf euf±_dif;us,f
jyef@jcif;r&dSbl;qdkayr,hf usefurBmhEdkifiHawGu txl;ojzifh tdrfeD;csif; ta&SŒawmif tm&S
EdkifiHawGu 'Drdkua&pDa&;jy\emawGavmufawmh vG,fulacsmarG@jcif; r&dSEdkifbl;qdkwJh
tcsufudk oabmaygufxm;zkd@vnf; vdktyfygw,f? 'Dvdkjzpf&wm[m jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ yx0D
EdkifiHa&;t& ta&;ygr_/ EdkifiH&JŒ o,HZmw&if;jrpf aygºuG,f0r_eJ@ tJ'DtcsufawGudk aumif;
aumif;}uD; oabmaygufxm;+yD; olwkd@tkyfpktusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf u|rf;usifyg;eyfpGm
toHk;csae=uwJh jrefrmxdyfwef; ppfAdkvfwpka=umifhjzpfw,fqkdwJhtcsufudk eufeuf ±_dif;
±_dif; oabmaygufrSom jrefrmhjy\em ajyvnfa&;twGuf yxrqHk;eJ@ r&dSrjzpf ta&;
t}uD;qHk;tqifhjzpfwJh ppfrSefwJh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ ay:aygufvmEdkifapr,fh enf;vrf;rsm;udk
pOf;pm;}uHqEdkifrSm jzpfygw,f?
'Duae@ppfrSefwJh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJwck ay:aygufvma&;udk ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;jy
+yD; a&Smifv$Jaewm[m (etz)ppftkyfpk jzpfygw,f? 'Dtcsufudk OD;aESmufyHkrSef&dSolwdkif;u
od=uygw,f? ukeu f ek af jym&if (etz)ud, k w f ikd u
f awmif odygw,f? 'ga=umifh awG@qaHk qG;
aEG;yGJ jzpfay:rvmwm[m (NLD)a=umifh/ 'grSr[kwf ESpfzufpvHk;a=umifhvkd@ ±_jrifw,fqdk
&if tJ'DcsOf;uyfenf;uwqifh b,fawmhrS tajzrSef&zkd@r&dSwJhtjyif tajzrSefeJ@ =umav
a0;avawmif jzpfrSmaocsmygw,f? csOf;uyfenf; trSefu awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ ay:ayguf
rvmwm[m (etz)wzufwnf; (wzufwnf;)a=umifhom jzpfw,fvkd@ yxrqHk; ±_jrif&
ygr,f? +yD;awmhrS 'kw, d tqifh taeeJ@ (etz)[m awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGu J kd bma=umifh jiif;qef
aeovJqw kd mudk pOf;pm;&r,f? tJ'v D pkd Of;pm;wJah e&mrSm (etz)&JŒ rlvZpfjrpf (origin)eJ@
ol@&ŒJ xl;jcm;wJh ud, k yf ikd pf ±ku
d v
f uQ%mawG (characteristics)udk qef;ppf oH;k oyf&ygr,f?
awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGu J kd (etz)u jiif;qefae&wJh ta=umif;&if;udk od+yDqrkd S tJ'gawGukd b,fvkd
z,f&Sm;+yD; awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ ay:aygufvmatmif b,fvdkaqmif&Gufr,f qdkwmudk od&dSrSm
jzpfw,f? 'Dvdkjzpfygw,f?
usaemftxufrSm azmfjycJhwJh tawG;tac:*kd%f;&JŒ *kd%f;0ifawGu awG@qkHaqG;
aEG;yGJ jzpfrvmwm[m (etz)a=umifhawmif r[kwfwJhtjyif ESpfzufpvHk;a=umifhvnf;
r[kwb f J (NLD) wzufwnf;a=umifo h mjzpfw,fv@dk xkwrf ajymayr,fh tJovdk ,lqae
151
=uyHk&ygw,f? 'gudkolwkd@&JŒ vkyf&yfawGrSm jrifawG@Ekdifygw,f? tJ'guawmh
(etz) pGypf o JG vdk olw@dk uvnf; (NLD)[m tar&duefe@J taemufEikd if aH wGukd
(etz)tay: '%fcwfydwfqkd@ta&;,lr_awG csrSwfusifhoHk;zkd@ wkdufwGef;awmif;
qdkcJhw,fvkd@ ,lq+yD; tJ'Dta&;,lr_awG jyefvnf±kyfodrf;oGm;atmif olwkd@
enf;olw@dk [efe@J }udK;pm;yrf;pm; aqmif&u G af e=ujcif;yJ jzpfygw,f? tJ'D vky&f yf
awGtwGuf olwkd@xkwfazmfajymqdkwJh ta=umif;jycsufwcku '%fcwf ydwfqkd@
ta&;,lr_awG[m (etz)xuf jrefrmjynfolawGudk ydk+yD;txdemapvsuf&dS
w,f? 'ga=umifh olwkd@vkyf&yf&JŒ t"du&nfrSef;csufu jynfolawG cHpm; ae&wJh
'kuQa0'emawG avsmhyg;oufomapzkd@ jzpfw,fqdk
wm jzpfygw,f? olw@dk xw k af zmfajymqdjk cif; r&daS yr,fh
trsm;oabmaygufae=uwJh tcsufu '%fcwfydwf
qkd@ ta&;,lr_awG avsmhyg;oufomvmwmeJ@tr#
twdu k t
f cH'rD u kd a&pD tiftm;pkawG tay:rSm&daS ewJh
(etz)&JŒ cg;onf;em=unf;wJh cHpm;r_[mvnf;
wjznf;jznf; avsmhyg;ysufjy,fvm+yD; aemufqHk;rSm
ppfrSefwJh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfxGef;ay:ayguf vmEdkif
w,fqdkwJh ar#mfrSef;csuf olwkd@rSm&dSw,f qdkwmjzpfyg
w,f? tJ'DawG;ac:qifjcifyHkenf;vrf; (Way of
Thinking)t& olw@dk [m tJ'aD r#mrf eS ;f csuaf wGukd xd
cdkufapr,fh(wenf;) (etz) txiftjrif vGJrSm; pdwf
qd;k a'goxGuaf pr,fh tajymtqdk tjyKtrlrsKd ;awGukd
rajymrd/ rjyKrdatmif txl;owdxm; a&Smif=uOf+yD;
(etz)oabm b0ifckdufapr,fh tajymtqkd tjyK
trlawGudk pOf;pm;&Sm}uH ajymqdkjyKrl=uygw,f?
ppfreS wf hJ awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGJ jzpfxeG ;f rvmwm (e0w)(etz) ppftyk pf k
a=umifhom jzpfw,fqdkwJh tcsuf[m (90)a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrD tcsdefupvkd@
wae@wjcm;xif&Sm;ay:vGifvmcJhwm rSefayr,hf 'DbufwESpf ESpfESpftwGif;
rSmawmh v,fjyifrSm qifoGm;ovdkydk+yD; uGufuGufuGif;uGif; xif&Sm;vmcJh+yD;
ukvor*~ twGif;a&;r_;csKyf&JŒ txl;oHwref*rfbm&D&JŒ c&D;pOfawGtwGif;rSm
awmh 'Dtcsu[ f m b,fvrkd q S uf+yD;zH;k xm;vk@d r&awmhbJ yGiu hf s oGm;cJyh gw,f?
(etz)&JŒ jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD; Adkvfausmfqef;&JŒ “u|efawmfwkd@rSm (NLD)eJ@
awG@qaHk qG;aEG;zk@d tpDtpOfr&dyS gb;l ”qdw k hJ pum;udk rSwrf ad e=uolawGe@J awG@qHk
aqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfxGef;zkd@twGuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfbufu 'gawGvdkufavsm
&r,fqdk+yD; awmif;qkdcsuf(4)csufeJ@twl xkwfjyefvdkufwJh Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ
152
a=unmcsuu f kd rarhEidk =f uao;olawGuawmh usaemfo h abmxm; udk vufcEH idk f
=urSmyg?
Adkvfausmfqef;&JŒ ajymifajymifwif;wif; ajymqkdcsufeJ@ Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ
^m%feD^m%feufawGeJ@ jynfhESufaewJh a=unmcsufawGtjyif (e0w)(etz)
wkd@ olwkd@&JŒ oufwrf;wavsmufvHk; vkyfcJhwJhvkyf&yfawGu olwkd@[m ppfrSefwJh
awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfxGef;vmrSmudk vHk;0tvdkr&dSbl;qdkwm tcdkiftrmjyoae
ygw,f?
(NLD)tygt0if'rD u kd a&pD tiftm;pktm;vH;k u awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;
udk awmif;qdkvmcJhwm (e0w)pwif ay:aygufvmpuwnf;u jzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dwkef;u Adkvfapmarmifu b,fvdkwkH@jyefcJhovJ? “ygwDawGu trsm;}uD;/
usKyfu wa,mufwnf; b,fvdkjzpfEdkifrvJ”wJh? tJ'Dqifajcudk acszsufzkd@ ygwD
aygif;(200)ausmfu a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk wOD;wnf;aom udk,fpm;vS,f
tjzpf a&G;cs,fwm0efay;=ujyefwJhtcgusawmhvnf; (NLD)[m uvdef
uuspef nf;oH;k +yD; ygwaD wG&ŒJ vufrw S af wGukd &,lcw
hJ ,fv@dk (e0w)&JŒ a=u;pm;
uavmif&SifawGu a&;jyefygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;wJhaemuf tEdkif& (NLD)
ygwDu awG@qkHaqG;aEG;zkd@ qufvufawmif;qdkwJhtcgusawmhvnf; (e0w)u
olwkd@ wufokwf ±kdufxkwfjyefvdkufwJh (1§90) a=unmcsufudkom ygwDawGudk
twif;tusyfvufrSwfxkd;ap+yD; awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;udk a&Smifv$JcJhjyefygw,f?
(1§90)udk vufrw S af &; xd;k cJ+h y;D wJh aemufrmS vnf; (NLD)u awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;
udk qufvufawmif;qdkwJhtcg trsdK;om;nDvmcHtwkudk zefwD;+yD; a&Smifwdrf;
cJjh yefygw,f? (2000)ckEpS x f rJ mS a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J xdyw f ef;ppfAv
kd }f uD;wpk
wkd@ xrif;pm;yGJ ywfywfvnfrSm&yfae=uwJh "mwfyHkudk olwkd@ydkif owif;pmawG
xJrSm xkwfjy+yD; awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfaeoa,mifyHkrSm; ±kdufcJhayr,fh tJ'g[m
tusO;f om;eJ@ axmifrLS ; awG@qHk ajymqk=d uwJh tvGwo f abm pum;0dik ;f avmuf
yJ &dScJhw,fqdkwmudk aemufydkif;rSm ay:xGufvmwJh jzpf&yfawGuazmfjycJhygw,f?
rif'Jvm;eJ@ 'Duvyfwkd@vnf; rif'Jvm;axmifxJrSm &dSaewkef;uwnf;u
awG@qkHaqG;aEG;cJh=uwmyJ r[kwfbl;vm;vkd@ apm'u wufcsifolawG &dSaumif;
&dSEdkifygw,f? 'gayr,fh awmiftmz&duEdkifiHu tJ'D awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJeJ@ jrefrm
Edik if u
H awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGJ tESpo f m&csi;f vH;k 0rwlb;l qdw k mukd aemufyikd ;f jzpf&yf
awGu txift&Sm;oufaojycJh+yD; jzpfygw,f? rif'Jvm;eJ@ 'Duvyfwkd@&JŒ tJ'D
aqG;aEG;yGJu awmiftmz&duEdkifiHopfudk rD;±SL;oef@pifzGm;jrifay;cJhayr,fh
a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ (etz)&JŒ tJ'DawG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJuawmh “'DyJ,if; vl
owfyGJ}uD;”udkom arG;xkwfay;cJhwm tm;vHk;todygyJ?
153
ppfrSefwJhawG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvmapzkd@ (etz)rSm qENr&dSwJh
ta=umif;udk jyefqufygr,f? tJovdk awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJudk ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;jy+yD; jiif;
y,fvmcJh&mu (etz)[m aemufqHk; vSnfhywfa&Smif&Sm;p&m enf;vrf;ukefcef;oGm;wJh
tcgrSmawmh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfrvmatmif vkyfaewm[m olwkd@r[kwfbJ a':atmif
qef;pk=unfom jzpfygw,fqw kd hJ taetxm;rsKd ; a&mufomG ;apr,fh enfvrf;udk toH;k jyKcJh
ygawmhw,f? tJ'guawmh Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ a=unmcsufygyJ? tJ'Da=unmcsuf&JŒ tESpfom
&uawmh oleJ@ awG@qkHaqG;aEG;csifw,fqdk&if a':atmifqef;pk=unftaeeJ@ olb,fwkef;
urS rvkyfcJhzl;wJh vkyf&yfawGudk aemifrvkyfawmhygbl;vkd@ uwday;&r,fqdkwmjzpfygw,f?
wcgrS rcdk;zl;wJholudk aemifrckd;awmhygbl;vkd@ uwday;cdkif;wJh oabmygyJ? a':atmifqef;pk
=unfudk qkwfvnf;pl;/ pm;vnf;±l;/ a&SŒwdk;xrf;ydk;/ aemufqkwfvSnf;wkwf tajctaersdK;
xJa&muf+yD; tusyftwnf;awG@atmif zefwD;vdkufwmjzpfygw,f? awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ
jzpfEdkifzkd@twGuf tJ'D¹cGif;csuf(4)ckudk a':atmifqef;pk=unfu b,fenf;eJ@rS vdkufavsm
oabmwlnrD mS r[kwb f ;l qdw
k mudk (etz)u aumif;aumif; odygw,f? tJovdk oabm
rwljcif;tm;jzifh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ rjzpfwm[m a':atmifqef;pk=unfa=umihfvkd@ olwkd@u
vufnd‡K;xdk;=urSm jzpfygw,f?
wu,fawmh usaemftxufrSm wifjycJhwJh (Appeasement Policy) 0g'DawG
yrm'avc+yD; rod=u&ifom&drS ,f jrefrmjynfow l &yfv;kH eJ@ ,Ofaus;wJEh ikd if wH um todik ;f
t0dkif;wckvHk;u odae=uwmwck&dSygw,f? tJ'guawmh (etz) trSefwu,f vdkcsifae
wmu awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfxGef;ay:aygufzkd@twGuf twdkuftcH 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG
bufu wpHkwckaom twdkif;twmtxd tav#mh
ay;vdkufavsmr_awGvnf;r[kwf? awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJ
vnf; r[kwyf gb;l ? twdu k t f cH 'Drukd a&pDtiftm;
pkawGbufu vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; vufeufcst±_H;ay; rnf o nf h j y\emrsd K ;
a&;om jzpf y gw,f ? (etz)[m tJ ' guvG J + yD ; twGufrqdk a&&SnfcH
wjym;rS avsmhwmudk rvdkcsifygbl;? jynfolvlxk&JŒ
}uHhcdkif awmifhwif;wJh
axmufcHqENrJ(90µ)ausmfeJ@ twnfjyKvdkufw,f
(Sustainable)
qdwk hJ olw@dk &ŒJ tajccHOya'qdw k mudk aoaocsmcsm
av;av;eufeuf avhvm=unfh&if tJ'Dtcsufudk tajzwck &&dSzkd@qdk&if
jrifawG@Ekdifygw,f? ppfrSefwJh
twdkuftcH 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG awG @ qk H a qG ; aEG ; yG J
bufu tºuGi;f rJv h ufeufcs t±_;H ay;zk@d qw
kd m b,f tqifhudk rvGJraoG
vdjk zpfEikd yf grh vJ? 'g[m usK;d a=umif; qDavsmrf v _ nf; jzwfoef;&r,fqdkwm
r&dS/ w&m;r#wr_vnf;r&SdwJh awmif;qdkr_yJ? 'Dvdk
awmif;qkdr_rsdK;udk (etz)u vkyfyghrvm;vkd@ ,kwdW
154
aA' ±_axmifhu =unfh+yD; apm'uwufcsifolawG &dSEdkifygw,f? ,kwdW&dS r&dS/
obm0us rusawmh rodb;l ? (etz)u olw@dk &ŒJ tajccHOya'qkw d hJ t&mtm;
jzifh tJ'aD wmif;qdrk a_ wG jyKvkyx f m;wmuawmh vufawG@ygy?J olw@dk u tm%m
&&dSaewJh tESpf(20)=umumvwavsmuf jynfwGif;u twdkuftcHawGudk (E_dif;
,SOcf sut f &) v_yrf &atmif zdEydS x f m;Edik cf w hJ hJ tawG@t}uKH/ vufeufuikd f awmf
vSefa&; tiftm;pk trsm;pkudk “wkwfeJ@rkefvmO”enf;vrf; toHk;jyK+yD; “udk,f
usyftusô” (Straight Jacket) 0wfay;xm;EdkifwJh tawG@t}uKHawGtjyif 'D
umvtwGi;f Ekid if w H um todik ;f t0dik ;f &JŒ tm;enf;aysmn h rHh a_ wGuykd g od&o
Sd mG ;
cJhwJh tawG@t}uKHawGt& olwkd@&JŒ (ppftm%m&Sifpepf&moufyef r[kwf&if
awmif tenf;qHk;aemufxyf q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm qufvufwnfwHha&;)
ar#mfrSef;csuf rkcsatmifjrifvdrfhr,fvkd@ (tcktxdawmh) ,Hk=unfae=uyHk&yg
w,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; todtrSwfjyK axmufcHa=umif; vlod&Sif=um; &J&J wif;
wif;ajymqdk0HhwJh av;pm;avmufwJh vlyk*~dKvfeJ@tzGJ@tpnf; jynfwGif;rSma&m/
jynfyrSmyg wa,muf wzGJ@rS r&dSwmawmif olwkd@&JŒ (2010)a&G;aumufyGJudk
rjzpf jzpfatmif vkyfaqmifoGm;r,fvkd@ [def;a[muf}uKH;0g;aewm jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmhorkdif;rSmomru urBmordkif;wavsmufrSmyg &&dScJhwJh tawG@
t}uKHawGt& rnfonfhjy\emrsdK;twGufrqdk a&&SnfcH }uHhcdkifawmifhwif;wJh
(Sustainable) tajzwck &&dSzkd@qdk&if ppfrSefwJh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJtqifhudk rvGJ
raoGjzwfoef;&r,fqdkwm EdkifiHa&;vdk odrfarG@eufeJwJh e,fy,frSm usifvnf
v_yf&Sm;aeolawG rqdkxm;eJ@ omrefvlawGawmif odxm;=uwJh udpPwckyg?
'ga=umifh 'gudk(etz)vnf; odxm;rSm aocsmygw,f? 'gqdk&if (etz)u
awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJudk bma=umifh auG@ywf a&Smifajy;ae&wmvJ?
wu,fhta=umif;&if;trSefu ta=umufw&m;eJ@ pGJvrf;wyfruf
r_wkd@yJjzpfygw,f? rdrdwkd@ udk,frdrdwkd@ 'Drdkua&pD bufawmfom;awGvkd@ ,Hk=unf
,lqolae=uawGtaeeJ@ 'Dtcsufudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; oabmaygufxm;zkd@vdk
ovdk (jynfya&muf tiftm;pkawGtaeeJ@) &J&J ajym=uzkd@vdkygw,f? (rqv)&JŒ
aemufqHk;orRw a'gufwmarmifarmif aemufqHk;ajymcJhwJh rdef@cGef;(5)ckxJrSm
rSefuefwJh oHk;oyfcsufwcsKdŒyg&dSygw,f? tJ'DxJu wckuawmh “tm%m[m
vludk zsufqD;wwfw,fæ tºuGif;rhJtm%m[m vludk tºuGif;rJh zsufqD;
wwfw,fæ”qdkwJh pum;jzpfygw,f? (etz)[m tckqdk&if tm%m&vmwm
ESpf(20)ausmfoGm;yg+yD? 'DumvtwGif; (etz)[m EdkifiHudk rm&S,favmeJ@ tkyf
csKyfcJhwmjzpfygw,f? (etz)&JŒ rm&S,favmqdkwm wjcm;EdkifiHawGu rm&S,f
avmawGeJ@ rwlygbl;? Adkvfapmarmif&JŒ zGifhqdkcsufu jrefrmEdkifiHu rm&S,favm
ud k tyD j yif q H k ; jzpf a tmif zG i f h q d k a y;cJ h y gw,f ? ol u rm&S , f a vmqd k w m
155
“Advk cf sKyf}uD;&JŒ qEN” (General's will) ygyw J ?hJ
wu,fvnf; (e0w) (etz)wkd@[m EdkifiHudk
tJ'Dtwdkif; tkyfcsKyfcJh=uwm jzpfygw,f? xdyf
qHk;u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;&JŒ qEN[m wdkif;jynf&JŒ uH 'D r d k u a&pD
=urRmjzpfcJhygw,f? wenf;ajym&&if jrefrmEdkif Ed k i f i H a wG r S m
iH[m (1988)ckESpf pufwifbmv(18)&ufae@ umuG , f a &;
upvk d @ 'D u ae@txd (rqv)wk e f ; uxuf OD ; pD ; csKyf q d k w m
awmif trsm;}uD;ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;wJh tzHk;tumrJh tm%mwef ; pD Z ,m;rS m
ppftm%m&Sipf epf (naked military dictator-
eH y gwf ( 10)
ship) atmufrSm aecJh&wm jzpfygw,f? tJ'D
tjyifbufrSmom&dSwJh
awmh a'guw f marmifarmifajymcJo h vdyk J (etz)
&JŒ t}uD;tuJ Adv k o
f ef;a&$[m ol tJ'&D mxl;udk &mxl ; wck y J ?
&&dScJhwJh (1992)ckESpfupvkd@ tcktxd ESpfaygif;
(20)eD;yg;twGif; ol&,lcsKyf udkifcJhwJh tºuGif;rJh
tm%m&JŒ tºuGif;rhJzsufqD;r_udk cHxm;&wJh vl
wa,mufjzpfaeyg+yD? tjyifyef;tjrift& (etz)[m tzGJ@tpnf;wck jzpfaewmrkd@ EdkifiH
udkpkaygif;acgif;aqmifr_ yHko¿mefeJ@tkyfcsKyfaew,fvkd@ ,lqp&m&Sdayr,fh wu,fh vuf
awG@rSmawmh ol[m(etz) tzGJ@0if wjcm;b,fAdkvfcsKyfurS rsufarG;axmf armfvkd@awmif
r=unfh&JwJh ESpfq,hfwpf&mpk&JŒ vufwqkyfpmr#aom oufOD;qHydkif ya'o&mZfawGxJu
wyg;jzpfaewm tm;vHk;todyg yJ? 'Dtcsufudk (parade) r*~Zif;u jyKpkxkwfjyefavh&dSwJh
urBmt h qd;k &Gm;qH;k tm%m&Sif (10)OD;pm&if;&JŒ xdyq f ;kH em; w0ku
d rf mS Adv
k o f ef;a&$ ESppf Ofyg0if
aejcif;u rD;armif;xdk;jyaeygw,f?
tm%m&SifawGxJrSmrS xdyfqHk;wef;u tm%m&SifwOD;jzpfwJh Adkvfoef;a&$[m
tm%m&Sifwkd@&JŒ xHk;pHtwdkif; “ighjrif;igpdkif;/ ighavSigxdk;”cJhwm tm;vHk;todygyJ? tJ'Dvdk
vkyfcJhvkd@vnf; jrefrmEdkifiHrSm +Adwdo#udkvdkeDacwf/ zufqpf*syefacwf/ EdkifiHa&;tpdk;& acwf
awG rqdkxm;eJ@ (rqv)acwfrSmawmif ray:aygufcJhzl;wJh ausmfraumif; =um;raumif;
vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_}uD;awGay:xGufcJhwm tm;vHk;todygyJ? tJ'Djzpf&yfawGxJrSm
“'DyJ,if; vlowfr_}uD;”uawmh “o&zl”aqmif;oGm;wJh jzpf&yfygyJ?
vlqdkwm wjcm;olawGtm;vHk;udk vdrfvkd@&csif&r,f? udk,fhudk,fudkawmh b,f
awmhrSvdrfvkd@ r&bl;qdkwJh pum;&dSygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$[m ol&,lxm;wJh tºuGif;rJh
tm%m&JŒ armif;ESirf a_ =umifh tJ'v D u
kd rBmausmf vl@tcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufr}_ uD;awGukd usL;
vGecf ahJ yr,fh olwjznf;jznf; a&muf&v Sd mwJh touft&G,af =umifah &m/ oleufeuf ±_id ;f ±_id ;f
em;vnfcH,lxm;r_ r&dSapOD;awmh tcsdefeJ@tr# =um;emawG@xd ,Ofyg;ae&wJh Ak'<bmom&JŒ
tqH;k tr=o0g'awGa=umifyh g olvyk af ewJv h yk &f yfawG rSm;,Gi;f ae+yDqw kd mudk wae@wjcm;
156
odrvmbJ aerSmr[kwfygbl;? tJovdk wjznf; jznf; odvmwmeJ@tr# ol@&if
xJrmS ta=umufw&m;(b,m)awG[m wa&GŒa&GŒ zG@J pnf;jzpfwnfvmrSm rvGJ
ygb;l ? aemifb0eJ@ oHo&mqdw k mawGux kd m;OD; tckvuf&Sd b0rSmudk tm%m
vufvw G jf zpfomG ;&if ol wljzpfwek ;f u ESx H m;wJ'h %fukd cHxm;&wJh jynfoal wG
u wlwvSnfhjyefjzpfwJhtcg ol@ukd jyefESHr,hf ta&;udk olt}uD;tus,f pdk;&drf
xdwfvef@aerSm aocsmygw,f? urBm}uD;udk =unfhvdkufawmhvnf; tm%m&dS
pOfu pdwfxifwdkif;jyKvkyfcJhwJh tm%m&SifawG[m ruG,fvGefrD tm%mvuf
vGwfjzpfoGm;=uwJhtcg 'kuQawGtrsdK;rsdK;awG@/ wcsKd@qdk&if toufygay;&
wJth xd jzpfcw hJ mawGta=umif; ol taotcsm awG;rdrmS jzpfygw,f? ±kad r;eD;
,m;u acsmifqufpul; tp/ csDvDu yDEdkacs;/ yem;rm;u Edk&D*g/ tD&wfu
quf'rf[lpdef/ ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;u rDvdkpDApf/ vdkufab;&D;,m;u csm;vfpf
awvm/ uarBm'D;,m;u ydkvfaygh/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;u ql[mwdk/ qm;bD;,m;u
&m'dAk efu&mZpf/ &0rf'gu tpd;k &tzG@J a[mif; xdyw f ef;acgi;f aqmifawG tv,f
ol@&JŒ uef@ulvufvSnfhq&m}uD; OD;ae0if; tqHk; tm%m&Sifa[mif;}uD;awG&JŒ
Zmwfodrf;rvSyHkawG[m ol=uyf=uyf oifcef;pm,lxm;wJh jzpf&yfawGjzpfyHk&
ygw,f? tJ'yD *k Kd~ vfawG&ŒJ Zmwford ;f awGu “Adv k of ef;a&$ cifAsm;vnf; tm%m
udk vufv$wfvdkufwmeJ@ usKyfwkd@oGm;&m vrf;udk vkduf&vdrfhr,f”vdk@ ol@ukd
=o0g'ay;aew,fvkd@ Adkvfoef;a&$ tcdkiftrm ,lqxm;wm aocsmygw,f?
'ga=umifhvnf; aemufqHk;wae@rSm ol tm%mvHk;0 vufvGwfoGm;&wJhtxd
OD;wnfoGm; apEdkifw,fvkd@ ol,lqxm;wJh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJudk Adkvfoef;a&$
ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;jy+yD; vSnfhywfa&Smif&Sm;aewm jzpfygw,f? 'gu (b,m)
udpP jzpfygw,f?
pGv
J rf;wyfrufr(_ w%Sm)a=umifh awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGu J kd a&Smif&mS ;aewm
jzpfw,fqdkwJh tqdkuvnf;&Sif;ygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawGrSm umuG,fa&;
OD;pD;csKyfqw kd m tm%mwef;pDZ,m;rSm eHygw(f 10)tjyifbufrmS om&dw S hJ &mxl;
wckyg? ol@&ŒJ cHpm;cGiq hf w
kd muvnf; ol&ŒJ vpmeJ@ tJ'&D mxl;wm0ef xrf; aqmif
aecdu k rf mS Edik if aH wmfu axmufyx hH m;wJh taqmifta,mif (Facilities) tcsKŒd
om jzpfygw,f? ol@&JŒvkyfydkifcGifh tm%m[mvnf; ol@txuftqifhqifh&dS
t&m&dSawGu ppfaq;xdef;nd‡ (Check and Balance)rleJ@ cGJa0ay;xm;wJh
t&momjzpfwma=umifh rsm;ajrmifvSaom tuef@towfawGeJ@om jzpfyg
w,f?
vuf&jSd refrmEdik if rH mS awmh tm;vH;k od=uwJt h wdik ;f ygy?J umuG,af &;
OD;pD;csKyf Adv
k o f ef;a&$ txufrmS b,forl rS &dyS gb;l ? olu ol@uEdk ikd if aH wmf t}uD;
tuJv@dk jynfwiG ;f ua&m jynfyuyg ac:a0:ok;H E_e;f ±ko H mru cH,l oabmxm;
157
vmatmifyg }udK;yrf; vkyaf qmifaeygw,f? 'Duae@ vuf&aSd cwfrmS v$r;f rk;d wGiu f s,af ewJh
EdkifiHa&; oabmw&m;awGt& EdkifiHwEdkifiHrSm vlwa,mufwnf;u ppfwyft}uD;tuJ
&mxl;udak &m/ Edik if aH wmftm%m,E &W m;&JŒ xdyq f ;kH u &mxl;udyk g w+yKdief ufwnf; &,lxm;
jcif;[m tJ'ED ikd if t H wGuf tifrweftE &W m,frsm;ygw,f? tJ't D ajctae =um&Snaf v;jrifh
jzpfae+yDqdk&ifawmhtJ'D yk*~Kdvf[m jyefvrf;r&SdawmhwJh vl (doomed person)eJ@ tJ'DEdkifiH
[m “tvHk;pHk a=urGysufokOf;aewJhEkdifiH” (Failed State)jzpfawmhr,hf tE W&m,f acsmuf
urf;yg;pGef;ay: a&mufaewJh EkdifiHjzpfae+yDvkd@ qkdygw,f?
Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ ol@&JŒAdkvfcsKyfwpk tJ'DtE W&m,fudk rjrifEdkifatmif umxm;wJh
t&mwcku w%SmqdkwJh wyfrufpGJvrf;r_yg? olwkd@wawG[m 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwckrSmom
qd&k if b,fvrkd S rar#mrf eS ;f Edik wf hJ vkyyf ikd cf iG hf tm%mawGe@J tJ'g&ŒJ tusKd ;qufjzpfwhJ pnf;pdrf
OpPmawGukd jrefrmjynfrmS &&dcS pH m;ae=u&ygw,f? olw@dk [m ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd arG;au|;
jyKpkysdK;axmifcJhwJh Adkvfae0if;wkd@ vlpkawmifr&,lrcHpm;&JwJh pnf;pdrfOpPmawGudk &,lcH
pm;ae=uygw,f? (etz)xdyfwef;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG rqdkxm;eJ@ olwkd@tdrfu xrif;csuf
&JŒ om;}uD;jzpfol&JŒ oli,fcsif;&JŒarmifESpfr0rf;uGJ awmfpyfwJhvlrsdK;awGuawmif tHhrcef;
csrf;omºuG,f0ae=uwm vltrsm;od=uygw,f? 'gudk=unfh+yD; tJ'DAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG udk,f
wdkifb,favmufcsrf;om ºuG,f0ae=ur,fqdkwm rSef;q=unfhvkd@ &ygw,f? (etz) Adkvf
csKyf}uD;awGu olwkd@&JŒ csrf;omºuG,f0r_udk jynfolawGrodapzkd@ wwfEdkifor# tpDtrH
awG jyKvkyf+yD; }udK;pm;zHk;uG,fxm;=uayr,fh olwkd@a&ay:qDtv$mxJuyJ pdrfhxGufvmwJh
owif;awGt& tJ'AD v kd cf sKyf}uD;awG&ŒJ csr;f omºuG,0f r_[m a=umufcref;vdvyd gy?J Edik if &H ŒJ
ukefxkwft&if;tESD;eJ@ ukefxkwfqufqHa&;pepf wckvHk;udk tjynfht0xdef;csKyfxm;+yD;
ukex f w k pf rG ;f tm;pktm;vH;k udk olw@dk pw d }f udKufcaJG 0ydik q
f ikd x
f m;=uwmrk@d wu,fh vufawG@
rSmawmh jrefrmjynfolw&yfvHk;[m olwkd@&JŒ “ol&if;iSm;”yrm jzpfaeygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawGrSm w&m;ol}uD;csKyf/ a&SŒaecsKyf/ pm&if;ppfcsKyfqdkwJh &mxl;
awG[m jynfol@v$wfawmf&JŒ oabmwlcsufeJ@ EdkifiHawmforRw 'grSr[kwf EdkifiHawmf
0ef}uD;csKyfu cef@tyf&wJh &mxl;awGjzpfygw,f? olw@dk &ŒJ t"duwm0efwcku Edik if aH wmfyikd f
pD;yGm;a&;,E &W m;awG rSerf eS u f efuef acsmacsmarG@arG@ w&m;Oya'eJ@ tnDvnfywf v_y&f mS ;
aejcif;&dS r&dS rjywfapmifh=unfhppfaq;aezkd@eJ@ atmufqHk;upvkd@ txufqHk;txd tqifh
toD;oD;rSm wm0efxrf;aqmifae=uwJh EdkifiH0efxrf;awG t*wdw&m;uif;&Sif;r_ &dS r&dS/
tusifhysufjcpm;r_ &dS r&dS apmifh=unfhppfaq;+yD; tusifhysufjcpm;a=umif; awG@&dSygu ±kH;wif
w&m;pGJqdk tjypfay;zkd@ jzpfygw,f?
(etz)acwfjrefrmEdkifiHrSmawmh tm;vHk;od=uwJhtwdkif;ygyJ? tJ'D&mxl;awGrSm
wm0efxrf;aqmif=ur,fholawGudk Adkvfoef;a&$u pdwf}udKufa&G;cs,f+yD; olwkd@udk pdppf
twnfjyKay;r,fh v$wfawmfrsm;vnf; (v$wfawmf taqmufttHk}uD;vnf;&dS/ w&m;0if
a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcHxm;=u&wJh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;&dSygvsufeJ@) r&dSwJhtwGuf
158
Adv
k o f ef;a&$ a&G;cs,w f hJ olawG[m 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wGrmS qd&k if t&nftcsi;f jrifrh m;zk@d txl;
vdktyf+yD; tifrwefrSvnf; *k%foduQm}uD;rm;vSwJh tJ'D&mxl;awGudk Adkvfoef;a&$ tay:
opPmcH,lqdkwJh t&nftaoG;wckwnf;&Sd±kHeJ@ vG,fvG,fulul &&dSoGm;=uygw,f? tJovdk
taetxm;rSm &dSaerSawmh tJ'D&mxl;&Sifyk*~dKvf}uD;(3)OD;[m Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ ol@&JŒopPmcH
AdkvfcsKyfwpk tusihfysufjcpm;r_ &dS r&dS apmifh=unfhppfaq; ta&;,lzkd@a0;pG? Adkvfoef;a&$
a&SŒa&muf&if toufawmifjyif;jyif;r±SL&JwJh tajctaerSm&dSae=uwm wwkdif;wjynfvHk;
odwJh udpPwckyg? tjcm;wzufrSmawmh tJ'Dw&m;ol}uD;csKyf/ a&SŒaecsKyf/ pm&if;ppfcsKyf
}uD;awG[m Adkvfoef;a&$tay: opPmcHwJhtwGuf aemifq,foufq,fb0 pm;rukefoHk;r
ukef jzKef;rukefatmif csrf;omºuG,f0ae=uawmhvnf; (jynfolawGudk rsufpdxJrxm;&if)
opPmcH&wm wefw,favvkd@qdk&r,fh taetxm;yg?
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawGrSm tpdk;&tzGJ@0iftm;vHk;[m EkdifiHawmf&mxl;wm0efrsm;udk
pwifxrf;aqmifjcif; rjyKrDolwkd@&JŒ ydkifqdkifr_t&yf&yfudk w&m;0ifazmfjya=unm=u&yg
w,f? 'Dvdkvkyfzkd@ jyXmef;xm;wJh Oya'&JŒ &nf&G,fcsufu a&SŒaecsKyfu tJ'D tpdk;&tzGJ@0if
awG &mxl;uxGucf mG wJt h cg &daS ewJyh ikd qf ikd rf t
_ &yf&yfe@J &mxl;r,lcif&cSd whJ hJ ydik q
f ikd rf t
_ &yf&yf
udk csdefnd‡ppfaq;+yD; oHo,jzpfavmufzG,f uGm[r_udkawG@&dSygu ±kH;wifw&m;pGJqdkEdkifzkd@
jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyiftpdk;& tzGJ@0ifawG[m olwkd@EdkifiHawmf&JŒ &mxl;wm0ef xrf;aqmifpOf
rSm Edik if aH wmfu axmufyx hH m;wJh tdr/f um;pwJh taqmifta,mifreS o f r#uv kd nf; &mxl;
u xGufcGmwJhtcg EdkifiHawmfudk jyefvnftyfESHcJh =u&ygw,f? 0g&Sifwef+rdKŒu tdrfjzLawmf/
vef'ef +rdKŒu a'gif;eif;vrf; trSwf(10)wkd@[m
b,f tar&dueforRw/ b,f+Adwdo#0ef}uD;csKyf
(etz)Ad k v f c sKyf a wG [ m &JŒ udk,fydkifypPnf;rS r[kwfygbl;?
olwkd@&JŒ t&nftcsif;/ 'DudpPeJ@ywfoufvkd@a&m (etz)
vk y f i ef ; wm0ef acwf jrefrmEdkifiHrSm b,fvdk&dSovJ? (etz)Adkvf
xrf ; aqmif r _ a wG e J @ csKyfawGudk tJ'DOya'ta=umif;oGm; ajym&if
E_dif;pmvdkuf&if tqaygif; uHoyd af umif;rS em;&if;tkycf &H ±kaH vmufe@J +yD;oGm;
rSmyg? tJ'DvdkrsdK;tajctae&JŒ xif[yfcsufwck
ajrmuf j rm;pG m
tjzpf (etz)AdkvfcsKyfawG tdrfb,fESvHk;/ um;
ydkrdk&&dSxm;wJh
b,fESpD;/ ajrb,fES{u/ aiGb,fESukaË/ a&$
tJ'DvkyfydkifcGifhawG/ b,fESyd\m ydkifqdkifw,fqdkwm b,folrS rod
pnf;pdrfOpPmawGudk =uygbl;? wpGef;wp v#HxGufpdrfhxGufvmwJh
bdef;pGJovdk owif;awGt&wif od&wmu Edik if &H ŒJ taumif;
wyfrufpGJvrf;ae=u+yD; qHk; aom t&mawGrSefor#[m (etz) AdkvfcsKyf
tJ'gawGudkpGef@v$wfzkd@qkdwm awG vufxJrSm wdkuf±kduf okd@r[kwf oG,f0dkuf
159
aomenf;vrf;tm;jzifh a&muf&aSd e=uwm tm;vH;k odwJh v#Kd@0Sufcsuf (open
secret) jzpfaeyg+yD?
tJ'Dawmh (etz)AdkvfcsKyfawG[m olwkd@&JŒ t&nftcsif;/ vkyfief;
wm0efxrf;aqmifra_ wGe@J E_id ;f pmvdu k &f if tqaygi;f ajrmufjrm;pGm ydrk &kd &dS xm;
wJh tJ'DvkyfydkifcGifhawG/ pnf;pdrfOpPmawGudk bdef;pGJovdk wyfrufpGJvrf;ae =u+yD;
tJ'gawGudk pGef@v$wfzkd@qkdwm tdyfrufxJrSmawmif rpOf;pm;wJh udpPjzpfaeyg
w,f? 'Dawmhvnf; tJ'gawGudkpGef@v$wf&r,fh taetxm;qDokd@ tqHk;wae@
rSm OD;wnfomG ;apEdik w f hJ “awG@qaHk qG;aEG;r_”qdw
k hJ pum;vH;k udk olw@dk “em;cg;”
ae=uwm bmrSrqef;ygbl;?
wu,f a wmh Ad k v f o ef ; a&$ OD ;
aqmifwhJ (etz)Adv k cf sKyfwpk awG@qaHk qG;aEG; buf + yKd i f a ewJ h
a&;udk jiif;qefae=uwm[m usaemftxuf tiftm;pkESpfck=um; ppfrSefwJh
rSm jynfjh ynfph pkH w
kH ifjycJo
h vdk b,meJ@ w%Sm awG @qk H aqG ;aEG ;yG J w ck
a=umifhuvGJ+yD; wjcm;bma=umifhrS r[kwfyg ay:ayguf v ma&;twG u f æ
bl;? 'gudkolwkd@u tcsKd@aom olawGudk
vSnfhpm;zkd@twGuf jynfaxmifpk r+yKduGJa&; tiftm;enf;wJhbufu
wkd@/ ol@u|eftjzpfEGHepfrcHa&;wkd@qdkwmawG
tiftm;}uD;wJhbufudk
[pf a ºuG ; ae=uwmjzpf y gw,f ? tJ ' D [ pf
wwfEdkifor# tpGrf;ukef
aºuG;oHawGbufu vSnfhywfukwf uyf+yD;
a&SŒaevdu k af y;aewm awG@jrif=um; odae=u vk d u f a vsmjznf h q nf ; ay;+yD ;
&ayr,fh tJ'Da&SŒaeawGxJu trSefwu,f acsmh a rmh E S p f o d r f h a &;rl 0 g'
±kd;om;olawG oabmaygufoifhwm wcku (Appeasement Policy)
(etz)taeeJ@ tJ'DtE W&m,fawGudk w r[k w f y gbl ;
u,fyJ ±kd;±kd;om;om; pdk;&drfylyefw,fqdk&if
olwkd@ vkyfp&m wckyJ&dSygw,f? tJ'guawmh
jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,fawGeJ@ ppfrSefwJh awG@qkH
aqG;aEG;yGJvkyfzkd@uvGJ+yD; wjcm;enf;vrf;r&dSbl;qdkwmygyJ?
wu,fawmh buf+yKdifaewJh tiftm;pkESpfck=um; ppfrSefwJh awG@qkH
aqG;aEG;yGJ wckay:aygufvma&;twGuf r&dSrjzpfvdktyfwJht&mu +Adwdo# 0ef
}uD;csKyfa[mif; csdefbmvdefupvkd@ vuf&dSjrefrmhEdkifiHa&;rSm yg0ifywfouf ae
=uwJh tcsKdŒtcsKdŒaom EdkifiHa&;orm;qdkolawGtqkH; ,lqajymqdkae=uovdk
tiftm;enf;wJhbufu tiftm;}uD;wJhbufudk wwfEdkifor# tpGrf;ukef vkduf
avsmjznfhqnf;ay;+yD; acsmharmhESpfodrfha&;rl0g' (Appeasement Policy)
r[kwyf gb;l ? urBmo h rdik ;f rSm b,ftiftm;aumif;wJh t"rR0g'w D OD;wa,mufrS
160
ppfrSefwJh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ ay:xGef;vmapcsifw,fqdk&if

'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGbufu vkyf&rSmu
(t=urf;rzufa&;enf;vrf;udk usifhoHk;zkd@vnf;ykdif;jzwfxm;wma=umifh)
EdkifiHwum&JŒtm;/ jynfolvlxk&JŒtm;udk tjynfht0&,lEdkifa&;
pG e f @ v$ w f p G e f @ pm;r_ r sm;pG m &if ; ES D ; ay;qyf + yD ;
(etz)udk bufaygif;pHkrSm tusyftwnf;awG@atmif æ
tJ'Drl0g'a=umifh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ pum;0dkif;udk a&mufvmwmrsdK; r&dScJhygbl;?

emZD*smreD tm%m&Si[ f pfwvm[m txif&mS ; tjrifomqH;k Oyrmwck jzpfyg
w,f?
tJ'Dawmh tm;enf;wJh "rR0g'DawGeJ@ tm;aumif;wJh t"rR0g'DawG
t=um; ppfrSefwJhawG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvmapzkd@twGuf t"duvdk
tyfcsufu bmvJ? tiftm;pkESpfcktm;csif; nDr#oGm;wJh tajctae (equili-
brium) w&yfqDa&mufoGm;atmif tiftm;enf;wJhbufu rjzpfrae }udK;pm;
zk@d ygy?J 'guvG+J yD; wjcm;enf;vrf;r&dyS gb;l ? pdwu f ;l ,Ofaevk@d r&ygb;l ? 'ga=umifh
usaemfwkd@ EdkifiHrSm ppfrSefwJh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ ay:xGef;vmapcsifw,fqdk&if 'Drdk
ua&pDtiftm;pkawGbufu vkyf&rSmu (t=urf;rzufa&;enf;vrf;udk usifh
oHk; zkd@vnf;ykdif;jzwfxm;wma=umifh) EdkifiHwum&JŒtm;/ jynfolvlxk&JŒtm;udk
tjynft h 0&,lEikd af &; pGe@f vw
$ pf eG @f pm;r_rsm;pGm &if;ES;D ay;qyf+yD; (etz)udk buf
aygif;pHkrSm tusyftwnf;awG@atmif zdtm;ay;zkd@yJ jzpfygw,f? Õ
161
ar; ? ? jynfov l xl &k ŒJ tm;/ Edik if w

H um&JŒtm;vk@d qd&k mrSm jynfov l x
l k
&JŒtm; qdkwmuawmh &Sif;ygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD vdkvm;wJh jynfolvlxk}uD;
w&yfvHk;udk pkpnf;uspfvspf cdkifrm}uD;rm;us,fjyef@ jyif;xefwJhtiftm;}uD;
w&yf (Dynamic Power) jzpfvmatmif pnf;±kH;zGJ@pnf;+yD; &Spfq,fh
&Spfta&;awmfyHkwkef;uxuf ravsmhwJhv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;w&yf azmfaqmif&
r,fvkd@ qdkvdkwm r[kwfvm;? &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; r&dSwmu EdkifiHwumtm;
qdkwmyJ? cifAsm;vnf;odwJhtwdkif; EdkifiHwum qdkwJhtwdkif; EdkifiHawGu
trsm;}uD;/ tJ'DrSm EdkifiHwdkif;u udk,fhtrsdK;om; tusdK;pD;yGm;udkyJ t"du
xm;=uw,f? wcsKd@tkyfpkawG=um;rSmvnf; tusdK;pD;yGm;csif;u qef@usif
ae=uvkd@ 0da&m"dawGjzpfae=uw,f? urBmhEdkifiHtm;vHk;eD;yg; yg0ifaewJh
ukvor*~ tzG@J }uD;&JŒ tm%mykid , f E &W m;jzpfwhJ vk+H cHKa&; aumifprD mS vnf;
rsm;aomtm;jzifh tar&duef/ +Adwdef/ jyifopfwkd@u wzuf/ w±kwfeJ@ ±k&Sm;
wkd@uwzuf/ oabmxm;uGJvGJae=u+yD; ta&;}uD;whJ jy\em awmfawmf
rsm;rsm;rSm a0g[m& tokH;tE_ef;udpPrSmwif nd‡E_dif;r&=uvkd@ qHk;jzwfcsuf
rcsEikd f jzpfc&hJ wmawG txift&Sm;yJ r[kwv f m;? tJovdrk sKd ; tajctaerSm
jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawG[m pkpnf;nD!GwfwJh EdkifiHwum&JŒtm;udk
&,lEikd rf ,fh tajctaea&m &d&S ŒJ vm;? &,lEikd cf w hJ ,f qd&k ifawmif (etz)u
tJ'DEdkifiHwumtm;udk *±kpdkufyghrvm;? usaemfh ar;cGef;awGudk tESpfcsKyf
vduk &f if wckwnf;yg? tJ'guawmh vuf&ESd ikd if w H um tajctae[m jrefrmh
'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;a&;tay: =oZmoufa&mufr_ b,favmuf
&dSovJ qdkwmygyJ?
162
ajz ? ? cifAsm;ajymwm rSeyf gw,f? awmif}uD;uawmh armh=unfv h u

dk w f meJ@ acgi;f aygi;f
u|wu f swmyJv@dk qd&k avmufatmif t&rf;udk jrifrh m;rwfapmuf vGe;f vSygw,f? 'gayr,fh
vd_if;}uD;avSatmuf/ awmif}uD; z0g;atmufqdkwJh pum;[m wu,fr&dSwJh vlom;awG&JŒ
*k%f&nfw&yfudk 0r&dSbJ 0dvkyf+yD; wrifoufouf tajcmufwdkuf ajr‡mufyifhaoG;xkd;xm;
wJh pum;r[kwfygbl;? urBmay:rSm &dSae=uwJh tjcm;tjcm;aom ouf&dSowW0gawGxuf
rsm;pGm ydkrdkxl;jcm;omvGefwJh vlom;qdkwJh rsdK;pdwfwck&JŒ thHzG,fpGrf;&nfwckudk yuwdt&dS
twdkif; azmfjyxm;wJh tokH;tE_ef;wckom jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhcdkifrmwJh ydkif;jzwfcsuf
om&dSygap vlom;awG tEdkifr,l Ekdifavmufatmif jrifhrm;wJhawmifqdkwm urBmay:rSm
r&dSygbl;qdkwJh y%mrpum;eJ@ usaemfh&JŒ tajzudkpwifyg&ap?
cifAsm;&JŒar;cGef;udk wwfEdkifor# us,fus,fjyef@jyef@eJ@ jynfhjynfhpHkpHkjzpfatmif
}udK;yrf;ajz=um;oGm;zkd@ usaemf &nf&G,fxm;ygw,f? ta=umif;uawmh EdkifiHawG tuGJuGJ
tjym;jym; pkaygif;wnf&dSaewJh urBm}uD;wckrSm tjcm;EdkifiHawG&JŒ &yfwnfcsufeJ@ wEdkifiHeJ@
wEdkifiHt=um; qufqHr_ toD;oD;[m EkdifiH wEkdifiHtay: =oZmoufa&mufr_ &Sdovm;/
r&Sb d ;l vm;? &Sw d ,fq&kd if b,fv&kd o Sd vJ? b,favmuf twdik ;f twmxd &do S vJ pwJt h csuf
awG[m usaemfwkd@EdkifiH&JŒ tem*wftwGuf odyfudkta&;ygw,fvkd@ usaemf ,lqwJh
twGuf jzpfygw,f?
“jrefrmh'rD u
kd a&pD toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;tay: Edik if w
H um&JŒ=oZmoufa&mufr”_
qdkwJh acgif;pOfta=umif; aqG;aEG;&mrSm wwfEdkifor# us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ jynfhjynfhpHkpHk
jzpfatmif u¾awG cGJjcm;+yD; aqG;aEG;oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f? tJ'Du¾awGudk acgif;pOfi,f
awG tckvdk wyfxm;ygw,f? a,bk,s EdkifiH
wum tajctae/ jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDa&;
twG u f taxmuf t ul j zpf a ponf h &yf zlul,m;rm;&JŒ tJ'Dpmwrf;
wnfcsuf&dSaom EdkifiHrsm;ESifh EdkifiHtkyfpkrsm;/ xGufay:cJhwm tckqdk&if
jrefrmh'rD u dk a&pDa&;twGuf taxmuftul tES p f ( 20)0ef ; usif &d S c J h y g+yD ?
rjzpfaponfh &yfwnfcsu&f adS om Ekid if rH sm;ESihf 'D u mvtwG i f ;
Ekid if tH yk pf rk sm;/ tajctaeay: rlwnfI wuf
ol @ &J Œ t,l t qud k
csnfuscsnf &yfwnfcsuf&dSaom EdkifiHrsm;ESifh
bufpHkaxmifpHku
Edik if t H yk pf rk sm;/ jrefrmEdik if EH iS hf tajctaecsi;f
teD;pyfqHk; wlnDaomEdkifiHrsm;? a0zef q ef ; ppf o H k ; oyf + yD ;
tJ'Dvdk acgif;pOfi,fawGeJ@ u¾ axmufcH jznfhpGufcJh=uwmawG
cGJ+yD; aqG;aEG;&mrSm yifracgif;pOf}uD;awG &dSovdk a0zefacszsuf
twGuf &Sif;vif;yDjyifjrifomr_ &dSavmuf cJh=uwmawGvnf; &dScJhygw,f?
atmif us,fjyef@rSm jzpfayr,fh tJ'Dyifr
163
acgif;pOf&JŒ rlabmiftjyifbufudk ausmfvGefa&muf&dSoGm;apjcif; r&dSavmufatmifvnf;
uef@owf aqG;aEG;oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f?
yxrqHk; a,bk,s EdkifiHwum tajctaea=umif; aqG;aEG;ygr,f?
'Duae@urBm[m a,bk,stm;jzifh ppfat;vGefacwfrSm a&muf&dSaewJh urBm
jzpfygw,f? ppfat;acwf[m bmvifwHwdkif; +yKdvJr_/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk +yKduGJr_ pwJh
jzpf&yfrsm;eJJ@twl &yfpJcsKyf+idrf;oGm;+yD jzpfwma=umifh ppfat;acwfrSm &dSaecJhwJh tiftm;
csed cf iG v
f #m[m ysu, f iG ;f oGm;+yD; urBmay:rSm tar&duef wEdik if w H nf;uom r[mtiftm;
&Sif Ekid if }H uD; tjzpfuse&f aSd eawmhwhJ 0if±;dk wckxJ urBm (Unipolar world) taetxm;vk@d
qdk&rSm jzpfygw,f? tar&duef OD;aqmifwJh taemufEdkifiHawG v$rf;rkd;wGifus,fwJh EdkifiH
wum qufqHa&;pepf[m vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD/ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;/ vl@tcGifhta&;wkd@
tay: tajcpdkufxm;wJhpepfjzpfwJhtwGuf ppfat;acwf +yD;qHk;oGm;wJh taetxm;udk
Edik if aH &;tawG;tac: ynm&Siw f pfO;D jzpfol z&efppfzu l ,l m;rm;u ordik ;f ed*;kH csKyfomG ;+yDv@dk
qdkcJh+yD; ol@&JŒ“ordkif;ed*Hk;”trnf&dS pmwrf;wapmifeJ@ zGifhqdk&Sif;vif; jyocJhygw,f? ol@pm
wrf;&JŒ tESpfcsKyfuawmh vlom;&JŒ EdkifiHa&; tawG;ac:orkdif;rSm vpfb&,f 'Drdkua&pD
0g'[m trsdK;om;a&;0g'/ zufqpf0g'/ emZD0g'/ uGefjrLepf0g'wkd@&JŒ wdkufzsufacsr_ef;zkd@
}udK;pm;r_ rSeo f r#u}kd uHŒ}uHŒcH &ifqikd w f eG ;f vSe&f if; aemufq;kH rSm atmifyJG cHomG ;+yD? jrifEikd w f hJ
tem*wfumvrSmawmh vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDudk pdefac:vmEdkifwJh t,l0g' oabmw&m;
&,fvkd@ rawG@&wJhtwGuf vuf&dStajctaeudk ordkif;ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;wJh tajctaevkd@ qdk&
r,fvkd@ jzpfygw,f?
zlu, l m;rm;&JŒ tJ'pD mwrf; xGuaf y:cJw h m tckq&kd if tESp(f 20)0ef;usif &dcS yhJ g+yD?
'DumvtwGif; ol@&JŒt,ltqudk bufpHkaxmifpHku a0zefqef;ppfoHk;oyf+yD; axmufcH
jznfhpGufcJh=uwmawG &dSovdk a0zefacszsufcJh=uwmawGvnf; &dScJhygw,f?
'DumvtwGif; zlul,m;rm;&JŒ vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD[m t+yD;owf atmifyGJ
cHomG ;cJ+h yD? tJ'0D g'udk pdeaf c:Edik w f hJ t,l0g' oabmw&m; r&daS wmhb;l qdw k hJ tqdu k kd pdeaf c:
tuJprf;wJh tjzpftysufawGvnf; urBmhae&mwcsKdŒrSm ay:xGufvmcJhygw,f?
qdkAD,ufacwfvGefacwf ±k&Sm;[m orRw,Jhvfqif&JŒ OD;aqmifr_eJ@ 'Drdkua&pD
Edik if w
H ck yDyjD yifjyifjzpfxeG ;f vma&;qDo@dk OD;wnf av#mufvrS ;f cJah yr,fh wu,fv h ufawG@rmS
ay:xGufvmwJh &v'fawGu EdkifiHa&;rwnf+idrfr_/ qif;&JrGJawr_/ tusifhysufjcpm;r_eJ@
trsKd ;om; *k%o f u
d mQ usqif;r_w@dk yJ jzpfygw,f? au*sb D D t&m&daS [mif;wOD;jzpfol orRw
ylwifvufxuf a&mufwt hJ cg olu 'Dru kd a&pD/ vl@tcGit hf a&;eJ@ rD',
D mvGwv f yfciG w hf @dk ukd
jyif;jyif;xefxefvkd@ qdkEdkifavmufwJh twdkif;twmtxd EdSyfuGyfcJhayr,fh EdkifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;/
EdkifiHa&;/ vHkjcHKa&;tajctaeawG[m jyefvnfjrifhwufvmcJh+yD; EdkifiHwum qufqHa&;
e,fy,frSmvnf; tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHqdkwJh t&dSeft0gudk EdkifiHom;awG jyefvnfjrifawG@&p
jyKvmcJh=uygw,f? (ylwifvufxufrSm urBmha&eHaps;E_ef;awG w[kefxdk; jrifhwufvmr_eJ@
164
twl "mwfaiG@a&mif; Edik if w H ckjzpfwhJ ±k&mS ;&JŒ pD;yGm;a&; w[kex f ;kd jrifw h ufvmwmjzpfw,f
qdkwJh tcsufudkawmh txl;rSwfom;xm;zkd@ vkdtyfygw,f?)
wcsdefu uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&;awG +cdrfh+cdrfhoJoJ jzpfyGm;cJh&m e,fajrwckjzpfwJh
vufwiftar&duwdkuf&JŒ tiftm;}uD; EdkifiHwckjzpfwJh tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiH[m ppfat;
vGefpacwfrSm pD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;wcktwGif; r&SLEdkifru,fEdkif jzpfaewJhtcg
taemufA[djk yK Edik if w H um qufqaH &;pepfxu J aomhcsuf b¾ma&;tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpf
wJh EdkifiHwumaiGa=u; &efyHkaiGtzGJ@ (IMF)&JŒ !$ef=um;csufrsm;udk wdwdusus vdkufem+yD;
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pdwaf wG wd;k yGm;vm&muwqifh vpfb&,f'rD u kd a&pDpepf&ŒJ ,H=k unftm;xm; Edik af vmuf
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vm=uwJhtjyif usL;bm;rSmvnf; tar&dueforRw (7)quf/ (8)qufavmufu pD;yGm;
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165
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170
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171
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172
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173
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[m jrefrmh'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkawGtwGufawmh tm;wuf &$ifvef;p&m ar#mfvifhcsuf
a&mifjcnfwef; wcsKdŒjzpfaecJhwm trSefygyJ?
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174
tD&wfuv kd nf; ukvor*~ qk;H jzwfcsurf sm;udk tok;H jyK+yD; rdrad v#mufapcsiw f hJ vrf;twkid ;f
av#mufapzkd@ tjyif;txef }uKd;yrf;cJhygao;w,f? tD&wfppfyGJqDokd@ OD;wnfaewJh umv
awGudk okH;oyfavhvm=unfh&if tar&duef&JŒ tJh'D}uKd;yrf;r_udk awG@=u&rSmyg? 'gayr,fh
ukvor*~tzGJ@}uD;&JŒ pGrf;aqmif&nf csKdŒwJhr_udk aumif;aumif;odxm;wJh quf'rf[lpdefu
ukvor*~eJ@ EkdifiHwumrdom;pk&JŒ tm;enf;csufawGudk tokH;cs+yD; EkdifiHwum&JŒ qEN
oabmxm;awGudk vufwvkH;jcm;vSnfhpm; a&SmifxGufaewma=umifh tar&duef[m
tD&wfukd ukvor*~ rlabmifxJu xdef;[ef@ (contain) xm;zkd@ aemufqkH; b,fvkdrS
rjzpfEkdifawmhwJhtqkH; ukvor*~udk ausmckdif;+yD; tD&wfEkdifiHudk usL;ausmf 0ifa&muf
wku d cf u
dk cf ahJ wmhwm jzpfygw,f? quf'rf[pl ed v f ufxrJ mS zsut f m;jyif;vufeuf (WMD)
awG &Sad e+yDqw dk hJ owif;uvnf; tJ'pD pfyq JG ifEzJ$ @dk orRwbk&t fS wGuf ckid rf mtm; aumif;wJh
v_H@aqmfr_w&yfjzpfcJhwm trSefygyJ? tJ'Dowif;[m tar&duefEkdifiH&JŒ trsKd;om; tusKd;pD;
yGm;twGuf orRwbk&Sf tD&wfEkdifiHukd vufOD;r_,lppfyGJ(preemptive war)qifE$Jzkd@ tifr
wefaumif;wJh ta=umif;jycsuf wckjzpfcJhayr,fh tD&wfEkdifiHxJ tar&duefwyfawG usL;
ausmf 0ifa&mufcv hJ @dk wESp=f umwJh txdvnf; tJ'h D (WMD)awGu&kd mS rawG@/ ESpEf pS =f umwJh
txdvnf; rawG@/ okH;ESpf=umwJhtxdvnf; rawG@wJhtcgrSmawmh urBmh a&;&mawGrSm
tar&duefEkdifiH&JŒ ,kH=unftm;xm; av;pm;avmufzG,f&Sdr_ (Credibility) [m wp
wpavsmhyg;azsmhrSdef vmcJhygw,f?
ukvor*~&ŒJ oabmwlnrD r_ ygbJ tcsKyftjcmtm%mykid f Ekid if w H ckukd rckid v
f w
Hk hJ
ta=umif;jycsufwckeJ@ 0ifa&muf usL;ausmf wkdufckdufcJhvkd@ ysuf,Gif;cJh&wJh tar&duef&JŒ
ykH&dyf[m tbl*g&pf/ *GrfwmemrkdeJ@ pDtkdifat&JŒ v#Kd@0SuftusOf;axmifawG tygt0if
“t=urf;zuf 0g'wkdufzsufa&; urBmvkH;csDppfyGJ”xJu rawmfwavsmf vkyf&yfawGyg ay:
xGufvmwJh tcgrSmawmh tar&dueftay: urBmhjynfolawG&JŒ tjrifoabmxm;[m
(9§11)jzpf&yf jzpf+yD;pwkef;ueJ@ tawmfav;udk uGJjym;jcm;em; oGm;cJhygawmhw,f?
OD;aqmif 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if }H uD;&JŒ yk&H yd n
f K‡ ;d EGr;f r_a=umifh urBm'h rD u dk a&pD a&pD;a=umif;
wcsKd@ae&mawGrSm t&SdefaES; oGm;cJh&wm taotcsmygyJ? tD&wfppfyGJeJ@ tJ'Daemufykdif;
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&JŒ EkdifiHjcm;a&; rl0g'qkdif&m vkyf&yfwcsKd@tay: EkdifiHwum tjrif
r=unfvifr_awG[m w±kwfeJ@ ±k&Sm;trSL;jyKwJh 'Drkdua&pDudk qef@usifwJh EkdifiHawGtzkd@
olwkd@&JŒ 'Drkdua&pD qef@usifa&; vkyf&yfawGtwGuf tzkd;rjzwfEkdifwJh tumtuG,f
aumif;awG jzpfc+hJ yD; jrefrmjynfoal wG tygt0ifurBmt&yf&yfu 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkawG
twGufawmh rsufESmylp&mawG jzpfcJhygw,f?
'gayr,fh 'Drkdua&pDa&;/ vl@tcGifhta&;udpPawGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; tJovkd tjiif;
yGm;zG,&f m vky&f yfawGa=umifh urBm'h rD u dk a&pD OD;aqmifEidk if }H uD;&JŒ *k%o f u d mQ wpkw H ckaom
twkdif;twmtxd n‡Kd;EGrf;cJh&onfhwkdifatmif tJ'Dvkyf&yfawGudk olwkd@&JŒ 'Drkdua&pD qef@
usifa&; vkyf&yfawGeJ@ nDr#jcif;xkd;jyzkd@ }udK;yrf;cJh=uwJh tm%m&SifeJ@ tm%m&Sifwykdif;
175
EkdifiHawG&JŒ *k%foduQm taetxm;uawmh EkdifiHwumtjrifrSm ododomom jrifhwuf
vmcJhjcif; r&Sdygbl;?
vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; emrnfqkd;eJ@ ausmf=um;wJhEkdifiHawGeJ@ w±kwfu
oHwrefa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&;t& euf±id_ ;f wJh qufqrH a_ wG jyKvkyaf ewmudk tar&duefu
axmufjya0zefwJhtcg w±kwfu tar&duef[mvnf; aqmf'D/ ul0dwfpwJh ta&SŒ tv,f
ykid ;f u tm%m&Sif wykid ;f Ekid if aH wGe@J qufqaH ewmyJ r[kwb f ;l vm;vk@d cHyufavh&ydS gw,f?
±kwfw&uf=unfh&if w±kwf&JŒ tJ'D apm'u[m usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfr_ &Sdoa,mif xif&yg
w,f? 'gayr,fh aoaocsmcsm qef;ppf=unfh&if w±kwf&JŒ tJ'Dpum;[m rkd;}uKd;ypfwmudk
xef;vufe@J umwm oufoufomom jzpfw,fqw dk mukd awG@=u&rSmyg? avmurSm b,f
vlyk*~Kdvfrqkd/ b,fEkdifiHrqkd ajcmuf
jypfuif;oJvpJ if tºuGi;f rJt h aumif;
csnf; rjzpfEkdifbl;qkdwm tm;vkH; od
vl @ tcG i f h t a&; csKd ; azmuf r _ a wG
=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh tqkd;yJjzpfjzpf/
tay: oufqkdif&m tpdk;&awGu
taumif;yJjzpfjzpf twkdif;twm
yrm% ok d @ r[k w f 'D * &D q k d w m ta&;,l tjypfay;r_ &Sdr&SdqkdwJh
&Sdygw,f? avmurSm &mE_ef;jynfh tcsuf y J j zpf y gw,f ?
aumif;wJh vlwa,mufxJawmif tm;vkH;od=uwJhtwkdif;
&SmawG@zkd@ cufvSwm &mE_ef;jynfh tbl * g&pf a xmif u vl @ tcG i f h t a&;
aumif;wJh EkdifiHqkdwm b,fvkdrS r&Sd csKd ; azmuf w J h tJ ' D t ar&d u ef
Ekdifwm trsm;odxm;=uwJh udpPyg? Ek d i f i H o m;
&mck d i f E _ e f ; trsm;pk a umif ; &if vl axmif 0 ef x rf ; awG t m;vk H ; [m
aumif;/ EkdifiHaumif;/ &mckdifE_ef; olwkd@ usL;vGefcJhwJhjypfr_eJ@
trsm;pkqkd;&if vlqkd;/ EkdifiHqkd;vkd@ xkdufwefwJh jypf'%f toD;oD;udk
a,bk,s owfrSwfxm;=uwmyJ uscH o G m ;cJ h & =uygw,f
jzpfygw,f? vlqkdwm tzGJ@tpnf;eJ@
aeavh&SdwJhowW0grsKd;rkd@ wOD;eJ@wOD;
rjzpfrae aygif;oif;qufqHr_awG
vkyf=u&ayr,fh rdrdukd,frdrd ±kdao
av;pm;ol (wenf;) udk,fusifhoduQmw&m;udk tav;xm;ol wa,muf[m vlawG&JŒ
taumif;tqkd; twkdif;twm yrm%udk csifhwGuf+yD; rdrd&JŒ qufqHr_ twkd;tav#mhudk
jyKvkyfrSm taotcsm jzpfygw,f? tJovkdrS r[kwfbJ vlaumif;eJ@ vlqkd;ukd oabmxm;
wrsK;d wnf;xm;+yD; wykpH w H nf; qufqrH ,f qk&d ifawmh tJ'v D [ l m ynm&Sd olawmfaumif;
rsm;&JŒ uJh&JŒ jypfwif±_wfcsr_udk cHxkdufoljzpfygw,f?
176
EkdifiHtcsif;csif; qufqH&mrSmvnf; 'Dtwkdif;ygyJ? urBmwv$m;u 'Drkdua&pDa&;
tajctaersm;udk rjywfapmifh=unfh tuJcwf+yD; tpD&ifcHpmawG ESpfpOfxkwfjyefavh&SdwJh
(Freedom House) tzGJ@&JŒ (2007)tpD&ifcHpmrSm urBmay:rSm EkdifiHom;awG&JŒ vGwfvyf
cGifheJ@ EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;awG ±_axmifhu=unfh&if vGwfvyfw,fvkd@ qkdEkdifwJh EkdifiHta&
twGufu (90)/ wpdwfwykdif; vGwfvyfw,fvkd@qkdEkdifwJh EkdifiHta&twGufu (58)/ vGwf
vyfr_r&Sdbl;vkd@ qkdEkdifwJh EkdifiHta&twGufu (45)vkd@azmfjyxm;ygw,f? tD&ef/ ajrmuf
udk&D;,m;/ jrefrm/ OZbufupPwef/ b,fvm&yfpf/ ql'ef/ ZifbmabGwkd@[m vGwfvyfr_
r&Sb d ;l vk@d azmfjyxm;wJEh idk if H (45)ckpm&if;&JŒ xdyq
f ;Hk w0ku
d rf mS &Sad ewJh Ekid if aH wGjzpf=uygw,f?
w±kwfudk tar&duefu a0zefaewm[m tm%m&Sifpepfudk tqkd;&Gm;qkH; usifhokH;+yD; vl@
tcGifhta&;awGudk tqkd;&Gm;qkH; csKd;azmufaewJh tJ'DEkdifiHawGeJ@ bufaygif;pkH w&if;wESD;
eufeuf±_dif;±_dif;/ ywfouf qufqHaevkd@ jzpfygw,f? tJ'DEkdifiHawGrSm qkd;&Gm;wJh vl@tcGifh
ta&; csKd;azmufr_awG &Sdaew,fqkdwmudk olukd,fwkdifawmif w&m;0if ajymifajymifwif;
wif; rjiif;&JwJh w±kwfEkdifiHtaeeJ@ tJ'DEkdifiHawGeJ@ &if;&if;ESD;ESD; ywfouf qufqHaewmudk
b,fvkd vl=um;aumif;wJh ta=umif;jycsufurS ckcHumuG,fEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? b,fol
aoao iawrm&if+yD;a&mvkd@ t"dy`g,f&wJh ukd,fusKd;pD;yGm;oufouf/ (ukd,fusKd;pDyGm;
oufouf) twGufuvGJ+yD; bmrS r[kwfbl;qkdwm tqifhtwef;&Sd+yD; ,Ofaus;wJh EkdifiH
wkdif;/ vlom;wkdif;u od=uygw,f? (2001)ckESpf ESpfukefykdif;wkef;u ZifbmabGrSm orRw
rl*gbDu twkduftcHawGudk jyif;jyif;xefxef ESdyfuGyfacsr_ef;aewma=umifh wurBmvkH;u
0kdif;0ef;a0zef uef@uGuf±_wfcs ae=ucsdefrSm tJ'Dtpdk;&xH wifykd@a&mif;cscJhwJh w±kwf vuf
eufwif oabFm}uD; urf;uyf r&bJ yifv,fxrJ mS wvnfvnf jzpfaecJ&h wJh &S,zf , G v
f v
d d
jzpf&yfudk w±kwftpkd;&ocFef;pm ,loifhygw,f?
w±kwfavoHudkvkduf+yD; jrefrmpwJh tm%m&SifEkdifiHawGuvnf; tbl*g&pfu
jzpf&yfawGudk vkdufaxmufjy+yD; tar&duef EkdifiHom;awGvnf; vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmuf
wmyJ r[kwfbl;vm;vkd@ vkH;okwfvkyf axmufjy=uygw,f? rSefygw,f? tJ'DtusOf;axmif
u jzpf&yfawG[m tar&duefEkdifiHom;awG&JŒ vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_jzpfygw,f?
'Dtcsufudk b,ftar&duef vkdvm;olurS rjiif;oifhygbl;? tar&duef tpkd;&uvnf;
rjiif;oifhygbl; jiif;vnf; rjiif;=uygbl;? 'gayr,fh tm%m&SifEkdifiHawGu vl@tcGifhta&;
csKd;azmufr_awGeJ@ tar&duefEkdifiHom;awG&JŒ tJ'Dvl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_awG=um;rSm
t"du rwljcm;em;r_}uD; wck &Sdygw,f? tJ'guawmh tJ'Dvkd vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_
awGtay: oufqkdif&m tpdk;&awGu ta&;,l tjypfay;r_ &Sdr&SdqkdwJh tcsufyJjzpfygw,f?
tm;vkH;od=uwJhtwkdif; tbl*g&pfaxmifu vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufwJh tJ'Dtar&duef
EkdifiHom; axmif0efxrf;awGtm;vkH;[m olwkd@ usL;vGefcJhwJhjypfr_eJ@ xkdufwefwJh jypf'%f
toD;oD;udk uscHoGm;cJh&=uygw,f? wjcm; tm%m&SifEkdifiHawGrSmawmh rajymwwfbl;?
usaemfwkd@ EkdifiHrSmawmh (e0w)(etz)vufxufESpf (20)ausmf umvtwGif; ykHo¿mef
177
trsKd;rsKd;aom vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_awG taxmiftaomif; &SdcJhayr,fh b,fvl@
tcGit hf a&; csK;d azmufol wOD;wa,mufrS jypf'%fcsrw S jf cif; cH&wmudk usaemf r=um;rdcyhJ g
bl;? &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; aumhrLS ;+rKd@e,fu t"rRcidk ;f apolwcsKŒd axmif'%f vtenf;i,fpD csrw S f
jcif;cHc&hJ wJh jzpf&yfrmS awmif aemufq;Hk awmh tJ't D r_rmS w&m;vkt d jzpf (ILO)ukd wkid =f um;cJh
ol rpkpkaEG;[m tckawmh wjcm;tr_wckeJ@ pGJcsufwifcH&+yD; axmif'%f ESpf&Snf csrSwfjcif;
cHxm;&wm tm;vkH;todyJ jzpfygw,f?
tJ'gawGuawmh urBmh'Drkdua&pD OD;aqmifEkdifiH}uD;&JŒ ykH&dyfn‡Kd;EGrf;cJh&r_/ tJ'gudk
tm%m&SifEkdifiHawGu tcGifhaumif; r,lom ,lom ,lcJhr_awGta=umif; jzpfygw,f?
b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf tar&duef&JŒ EkdifiHwumykH&dyf[m tD&wfppfyGJaemufykdif;rSm
tenf;eJ@ trsm; txdemcJh&wmawmh trSefygyJ? tJ'Dtjrif[m tar&duefjynfolawG
twGif;rSmvnf; wpwp ykdrkdus,fjyef@ vmcJhwm aocsmygw,f? (2008)orRw a&G;
aumufyGJrSm tD&ufppfyGJudk qifE$JwJh orRwbk&Sf&JŒ &DywfbvDuefygwD0if AD,uferfppf
ol&Jaumif; 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;orm;}uD; *|efrufudef;udk y,fcs+yD; toufvnf;i,f EkdifiHa&;0g
vnf; tifrwefEkol wa,mufr#omjzpfwJh 'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD0if tkdAm;rm;udk a&G;cs,f
vkdufjcif;u tJ'Dtcsufukdjyoaeygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh tJ'DorRw a&G;aumufyGJ
&v'fu jynfwGif;jynfya&;&m (txl;ojzifh jynfya&;&m)awGrSm tar&duefEkdifiH ukdif
wG,f aqmif&GufykHeJ@ ywfouf+yD; tar&duefjynfolawGu tajymif;tvJ wpkHw&mukd
ar#mfvifhaeykH&w,fqkdwJhtcsufudk xif[yfaeygw,f? tJ'D tajymif;tvJawGxJrSm
jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&; tygt0if urBmwv$m;rSm 'Drkdua&pDxGef;um; jyef@yGm;a&; udpPtay:
tar&duef&JŒ csOf;uyfukdifwG,fykHenf;vrf; tajymif;tvJrsm; yg0ifEkdifygw,f? tJ'D
tajymif;tvJ &SdEkdifykHudk orRwopf tkdAm;rm;tpkd;&&JŒ EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; [Dvm&D
uvifwefu olr&JŒ yxrqkH; tm&Sav;EkdifiH c&D;pOftwGif; ajymqkdcJhwJh pum;wcGef;rSm
awG@&SdEkdifygw,f? jrefrmppftpdk;& 'Drkdua&pD jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;awG jyKvkyfvmatmif
xdawG@qufqw H ehJ nf; (engagement)uvnf; rwwfEkdif/ '%fcwfydwfqkd@ ta&;,lwJh
enf; (Sanction) uvnf; tvkyfrjzpfbl;vkd@ oluajymqkdcJhwm jzpfygw,f? 'Dpum;t&
tkdAm;rm;tpkd;&[m jrefrmEdkifiHta&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; ol@a&SŒu tpdk;&(3)ck t"duxm;
usifhokH;cJh=uwJh enf;vrf;awGeJ@ rwluGJjym;jcm;em;wJh enf;vrf;wckukd zefwD;wDxGif tokH;
jyKvmEkdifp&m &Sdw,fvkd@ tuJcwfawGu okH;oyfajymqkdae=uayr,fh tJ'g[m b,fvkd
enf;vrf;rsKd;jzpfr,fqkdwmudkawmh olwkd@vnf; rSef;qvkd@r&Ekdif=uao;ygbl;?
rpPpfuvifwef&JŒpum;rSm ay:vGifaewJh tcsufwckuawmh tar&duef tpdk;&
opf[m jrefrmhta&; ukdifwG,foifhwJh enf;vrf;eJ@ywfouf+yD; wdwdusus rqkH;jzwfEkdif
ao;bJ Za0Z0gjzpfaeykH&wJh tcsufygyJ? 'DtajctaerSm (etz)eJ@wuG e*kduwnf;u
(Sanction) enf;vrf;udk r,kH=unf=uwJh 'grSr[kwf umvwcktxd oabmuscJh=u
ayr,fh aemufykdif;rSm tJ'Denf;vrf;&JŒ pGrf;aqmif&nftay: oHo,jzpfvmcJh=uwJh 'Drkd
178
ua&pD bufawmfom;awGu (engagement) enf;vrf;bufu tompD;&atmif tjyif;
txef }uKd;yrf;=uygvdrfhr,f?
tar&dueftckvkd Za0Z0gjzpfaecsdefrSm usefjrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&; wufºuGv_yf
&Sm;olawG bmvkyfoifhovJ? yxrqkH; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; &Sdoifhwmu tar&dueftay:
oabmxm; jzpfygw,f? 'Dru dk a&pDa&;twGuf jrefrmjynfoal wG OpPm&ifvdk OpPm&ifc&J r,f?
ukd,fhtm;ukd,f udk;&r,fqkdwJh tcsuftay: usaemfvkH;0 oabmwlygw,f? 'gayr,fh
wae@xufwae@ ykdydk+yD; (Globalized) jzpfvmaewJh 'Duae@urBmrSm tar&duefvkd urBmh
OD;aqmif 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if }H uD;&JŒ axmufcrH [ _ m jrefrmh'rD udk a&pD tiftm;pkawGtwGuf r&S&d if
rjzpfwhJ xl;jcm;ta&;ygr_ (Significance)
wckjzpfw,fqkdwJh tcsufudk eufeuf ±_dif;
±_dif;oabmaygufzkd@ vkdtyfygw,f? 'D o
abmxm;[m tar&duefu,frS igwkd@
jref r mEk d i f i H r S m
vGwfajrmufr,fqkdwJh “ausm±kd;rJh wefckd;
ppfrSefwJh 'Drkdua&pD
&Siaf r#m”f oabmxm;eJ@ bmrS rywfouf
jyKjyif a jymif ; vJ r _ a wG ygbl;? j'yfwck&JŒ tppftrSef wefzkd;udk
ray:xG e f ; vmao;oa&G Œ em;vnf oabmaygufr_om jzpfygw,f?
jref r mEd k i f i H t wG i f ; rS m tJovkd rdrdwkd@ta&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD;
vkyfr,fh pD;yGm;a&; tar&duefEkdifiH&JŒ tcef;u¾ukd oabm
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ ayguf+yDqkd&if tar&duefu rdrdwkd@ta&;
rSefor#[m (EU)twGuf tay: yxrtqifh rSefrSefuefuef o
“tE W&m,fukd zdwfac:aer_” abmayguf em;vnfvmapatmif/ 'kw, d
(potential danger) tqif h tJ ' D e m;vnf oabmayguf r_
wckom jzpfw,f aemufrmS rSeu f efwv hJ yk &f yf wqufwnf;
vkdufygvmapatmif 'Drkdua&pD tiftm;
pkrsm; }uKd;yrf;tm;xkwf =u&rSm jzpfyg
w,f?
'Drudk a&pD bufawmfom; wa,muf
taeeJ@ usaemfhtjrifudk ajym&r,fqkd&if
awmh tkdAm;rm;tpkd;&opfu (etz)tay: wkd;jr‡ifh zdtm;ay;a&; vkyfaqmifvmatmif
'Drudk a&pD tiftm;pkrsm;u }uKd;yrf;pnf;±k;H oifyh gw,f? urBmay:rSm b,ftm%m&Sif tpk;d
&rS jynfwGif;jynfy&JŒ bufaygif;pkH zdtm;ay;r_rygbJ ol@tvkdtavsmuf tm%mpGef@cJhwm
r&Sdbl;qkdwJh yuwdt&Sdw&m;udk axmufjy+yD; “wkwfeJ@ rkefvm”rl0g'udk rv$wfwrf; quf
vufuidk pf JG usio hf ;Hk oGm;zk@d tar&duefudk wku
d wf eG ;f &ygr,f? jrefrmppftpk;d &tay: wurBm
vkH;u jyif;xefwJh zdtm;awG wcJeuf 0kdif;ay;vm=uapzkd@ pnf;±kH;OD;aqmif vkyfukdif&if;
179
tar&dueftpdk;&taeeJ@ jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD bufawmfom;awGudk pdwf"gwfa&;&m axmuf
ulyyhH ;dk r_ (Spiritual Support)omru ±ky0f wWKa&;&m axmufuyl yhH ;dk r_ (material support)
awGudkyg ay;tyfvmatmif wkdufwGef;=u&ygr,f?
jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&;twGuf taxmuftul jzpfapwJh &yfwnfcsuf&SdwJh EkdifiH
tkypf w k ckuawmh Oa&myor*~ (EU)yJ jzpfygw,f? tar&duefvydk J 'Dru dk a&pDa&;/ vl@tcGihf
ta&;eJ@ vGwfvyfwJh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfwkd@tay: r¾KdifjyK wnfaqmufxm;wm
jzpfwJh 'DtzGJ@&JŒ jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ ywfoufwJh oabmxm;uawmh a,bk,stm;jzifh tar&d
uef&ŒJ oabmxm;eJ@ wlnyD gw,f? 'gayr,fh tar&duefvdk r[kwb f J Ekid if t
H awmfrsm;rsm;
yg0if zGJ@pnf;xm;wJhtkyfpkwck jzpfwmeJ@tnD wcsKd@aom qkH;jzwfcsufawG csrSwf&mrSm
tzGJ@0if EkdifiHtm;vkH; oabmwlnDEkdifatmif n‡d,l&wJh taetxm;a=umifh tar&duef
avmuf wif;wif;rmrm jywfjywfom;om; r&yfwnfEkdifwmawG &Sdygw,f? 'D=um;xJ
(etz)&JŒ pdrfh0ifxkd;azmufzkd@ }uKd;yrf;r_uvnf; trsm;}uD; r[kwfonfhwkdif twkdif;twm
wcktxd atmifjrifwmawGvnf; &Scd w hJ ma=umifh '%fcwfyw d qf @dk ta&;,la&; enf;vrf;eJ@
ywfouf+yD; av#mhav#mhayghayghyJ vkyfvkdwJh oabmxm;awG tzGJ@xJrSm &Sdwefoavmuf
&Sdaeygw,f? (EU)[m jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; a,bk,stm;jzifh &yfwnfcsuf
rSefuef aumif;rGefayr,fh (tifrwefenf;yg;wJh) wcgw&HrSm (etz)bufukd tcGifhom
oGm;apwJh tajymtqkd/ tjyKtrlrsKd;awG
ajymwwfvkyfwwfwmudk owdjyK=u&yg
urB m }uD ; vk H + cKH a &;/ r,f? 'gayr,fh (EU)[m tar&duef&JŒ
+id r f ; csrf ; a&;eJ @ urB mywfvrf;a=umif;xJrSm vnfywfae
zGH@+zKd;wkd;wufa&; wkd@twGuf wJh tzGJ@tpnf; wckomjzpfwma=umifh
jrefrmhta&;tygt0if b,fudpPrSmrqkd
&nf p l ; +yD ;
tar&duefeJ@ ajzmifhajzmifh}uD;qef@usifwJh
zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhwmjzpfwJh
bufrSm &yfwnfr,fh tvm;tvmawmh
'D t zG J @ tpnf ; }uD ; &J Œ r&Syd gb;l ? jrefrmh'rD udk a&pD bufawmfom;
ausm±k d ; r¾Kd i f awG (EU)ukd av;eufcidk rf mpGm ay;yk@d &r,fh
&yfwnfcsuf wcku trSmpum;u jrefrmEkdifiHrSm ppfrSefwJh 'Drkd
“wavmuvkH;qkdif&m ua&pD jyKjyifajymif;vJr_awG ray:xGef;
vl @ tcG i f h t a&; vmao;oa&GŒ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;rSm vkyf
a=unmpmwrf ; ” (The r,fh pD;yGm;a&; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ rSefor#[m
Universal Declaration of (EU)twGu“ f tE &W m,fudk zdwaf c:aer_”
Human Rights) (potential danger) wckom jzpfw,f?
jzpf y gw,f 'ga=umifh vuf&SdrSm (EU) &JŒ jrefrmEkdifiH
qkdif&m rl0g'udk 'Dtwkdif; qufxm;+yD;
180
a&SŒtem*wfrSm ay:xGufvmr,fh 'Drkdua&pDa&; tajctaersm;t& (etz)eJ@ qufqHa&;
udk twkd;tav#mh jyKvkyfoifhw,fqkdwmyJ jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&; &yfwnfwJh aemufxyf EkdifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;}uD; wcku
awmh ukvor*~yJ jzpfygw,f? vloef;aygif; rsm;pGm aoa=uysufpD;cJh=u&wJh urBmppf
}uD;ESpfckudk jzwfoef;cJh&+yD;wJhaemuf urBm}uD;vkH+cKHa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ zGH@+zKd; wkd;wufa&;
wkd@twGuf &nfpl;+yD; zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhwmjzpfwJh 'DtzGJ@tpnf;}uD;&JŒ ausm±kd;r¾Kdif
&yfwnfcsuf wcku “wavmuvkH;qkdif&m vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;” (The
Universal Declaration of Human Rights) jzpfygw,f? tJ'aD =unmpmwrf;yg azmfjy
csurf sm;t& ukvor*~tzG@J }uD;u (1990)a&G;aumufyrJG mS azmfjycJw h hJ jrefrmjynfoal wG&ŒJ
qENukd todtrSwfjyK+yD; tJ'DqENudk av;pm;vkdufem taumiftxnfazmfay;zkd@ jrefrm
ppftpdk;&udk wcJeufawmif;qkdcJhwm tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJ +yD;pD;oGm;csdefupvkd@ tcktxd jzpf
wma=umifh tcsdeftm;jzifh q,fpkESpf ESpfckeD;yg; =umjrifhcJh+yD jzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh rwluGJjym;jcm;em;wJh oabmxm;&yfwnfcsuf/ tusdK;pD;yGm;/ tusifh
p±kduf ponfjzifh&Sd=uwJh EkdifiHaygif; (200)eD;yg; yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;wJh tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;jzpf
wmeJ@tnD 'DtzGJ@tpnf;}uD;[m ‚if;&JŒ vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&mrSm tvGefw&m aES;
auG; av;vH+yD; wcsKd@jzpf&yfawGrSm pGrf;aqmif&nf nHhzsif;vSw,fqkdwJh a0zefr_eJ@ xkdufwef
avmufatmif rsufESmi,fcJh&wmudk ordkif; wavsmuf jrifawG@cJh=u&ygw,f?
yxrurBmppft+yD;rSm zGJ@pnf;cJhwJh “EkdifiHaygif;csKyftoif;}uD;” (League of
Nations)xuf ukvor*~u omw,fvkd@ ckdifckdifrmrm jywfjywfom;om; ajymEkdifwm
wckyJ&Sdygw,f? tJ'guawmh wwd,urBmppf}uD; rjzpfatmif wm;qD;EkdifcJhjcif;ygyJ? ('D
tcsuf[m odyfudkta&;}uD;w,f qkdwmukdawmh b,folrS rjiif;Ekdifygbl;) +idrf;csrf;wJh
umv ykdrkd&Snf=umwmeJ@tr# zGH@+zKd;wkd;wufa&; vkyfief;awGudk ykdrkd vkyfaqmif EkdifcJhwmu
awmh obm0rkd@ xl;+yD;csD;usL;p&m r&Sdygbl;?
tJ't D csuu f kd z,f+yD; ajymr,fq&dk ifawmh ukvor*~ tzG@J }uD;&JŒ pGr;f aqmif&nf
[m xufjrufoifhoavmuf rxufjrufbJ wcsKdŒ udpPawGrSm tifrwefudk pdwfysufp&m
aumif;cJyh gw,f? 'gukd ukvor*~ twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyfawG tygt0if urBmah cgi;f aqmifawGu
oabmayguf em;vnf=uwma=umifh ukvor*~ (txl;ojzifh vkH+cKHa&;aumifpD) jyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&;udk OD;wnf}uKd;yrf;cJh=uayr,fh tcktxdawmh bmwckrS taumiftxnf
ay:rvmao;ygbl;?
ukvor*~rmS tm;enf;csuaf wG&w dS mudk tzG@J 0ifEidk if w
H idk ;f u oabmayguf em;
vnf=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh trsm;pku trsm;aumif;usLd;twGuf ukvor*~jyKjyifajymif;
vJa&;udk jzpfay:apcsif=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh jynfolawG&JŒ qENoabmxm;ukd qef@usif+yD;
Ekid if u
H dk w&m;r0if tkycf sKyfaewJh tpk;d &wcsKŒd &JŒ ukvor*~ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; &nfreS ;f csuf
uawmh wrsKd;jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtpdk;&awGu ukvor*~udk olwkd@&JŒ tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk
181
tumtuG,fay;wJh tzGJ@tpnf;wcktjzpfokd@ ajymif;vJapcsif=uwm jzpfygw,f? tJ'D
rwkid cf if pyf=um;rSm olw@dk [m ukvor*~&ŒJ tm;enf;csuaf wGukd tok;H cs+yD; Ekid if w H um&JŒ
ta&;,lr_uae (tenf;qkH; EkdifiHwum&JŒ tm±kHpl;pkdufr_uae) vGwfajrmufatmif a&Smif
&Sm;aeEkid zf @dk }uKd;pm;=uygw,f? 'Dv}dk uKd;pm;&mrSm olw@dk u, kd o f w l @dk um&Hxm;wJh wHwidk ;f u
“tcsKyftjcm tm%m” qkdwmjzpfygw,f? tm%m&Siftpdk;&awG tJ'DwHwkdif;ukd tum
tuG,f,l+yD; udk,fhEdkifiHom;awGtay: &uf&ufpufpuf ESdyfuGyf acsr_ef;cJhwJh jzpf&yfawGudk
urBmo h rkid ;f wavsmufrmS trsm;tjym;awG@c=hJ u&ygw,f? tJ'jD zpf&yfawG jzpfysuaf epOfrmS
ukvor*~tzGJ@}uD;u vufykduf =unfhaecJh&wmawGudkvnf; rarhwwfolawG trSwf&
ae=uOD;rSmyg?
0rf;enf;p&maumif;wmwcku tJovkjd zpf&yfrsK;d awG tcktxdvnf; qufvuf
jzpfyGm;aewmjzpfygw,f? &0rf'gu/ uarBm'D;,m;u/ abmhpeD;,m;u/ ta&SŒwDarmu
jzpf&yfrsKd;awGudk (2003)ckESpfu 'DyJ,if;rSm/ (2007) a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;twGif;
&efukef+rKdŒ&JŒ vrf;rawGay:rSm wpfausmhjyefjrifawG@cJh&wJh tajctaeu enf;ynm&JŒ
armif;ESiftm;eJ@ twl wae@xufwae@ ykdykd+yD; ,Ofaus; (civilize) jzpfvmaeyg+yDqkdwJh
urBm}uD;udk oa&mfavSmifajymifaeygw,f?
jrefrm/ ql'ef/ ajrmufukd&D;,m;/ tD&ef/ ZifbmabGpwJh xdyfoD;tm%m&Sif
Edik if aH wGu tpd;k &awG[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mqkw d mudk tumtuG,, f +l yD; uk,d jhf ynfol
awGtay: tEkid u f siAhf v
dk u
f s tkypf ;dk aewmukd ukvor*~taeeJ@ bmrS rwwfEidk o f avmuf
jzpfaewm tm;vkH;jrifawG@Ekdif=uwJh t&mwckjzpfygw,f?
jrefrmEkdifiH udpPrSmvnf; twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf(3)OD; &SdvmwJhtxd jrefrmppftpdk;&
[m ukvor*~udk vSnfhpm; (rn‡mwrf;ajym&&if t±l;vkyf) EkdifaeqJjzpfygw,f? twGif;
a&;rSL;csKyfawG wOD;+yD;wOD; ajymif;oGm;cJhayr,fh jrefrmppftkyfpkuawmh eef;yv†ifxufrSm
yef;yefvsufyg oDcsif;ukdqkdaeEkdifqJygyJ? (etz)[m EkdifiHa&;wufºuG vSKyf&Sm;olawGudk
xifovkdzrf;qD;vkduf/ rcsdrqef@ axmif'%f}uD;awG csrSwfvkduf/ ukvoHwref vmcgeD;rSm
tJ'DvlawGxJu wcsKdŒ&JŒ axmif'%fudk enf;enf;yg;yg; av#mhay;vkduf (tifrwef enf;yg;
wJh) wcsKdŒudk jyefv$wfay;vkdufeJ@ ukvor*~&JŒ EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG jyefv$wfay;a&;
awmif;qkcd suu f kd vku
d af vsm oa,mifa,mif/ ukvor*~e@J yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf _ &So
d a,mif
a,mif vkyjf yvmcJw h m ESpaf ygi;f ESpq f ,f ausmv
f mcJyh g+yD? Ekid if aH &; tusO;f om;awGudk v$wf
ay;ygw,fqkdwJhtcsufukd oufaoxlzkd@ }uKd;pm;&if; tJ'DumvtwGif; EkdifiHa&;tusOf;
om; ta&twGuf wkd;vm vkdufwmuvnf; tckqkd&if (2000)ausmfawmif &Sdaeyg+yD?
'DumvtwGi;f axmifxrJ mS 'grrS [kwf axmifuvGw+f yD; r=umrDrmS aoqk;H oGm;cJ=h u&wJh
EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG&JŒ ta&twGuf[mvnf; tenf;qkH; ta&SŒawmiftm&S a'o
wGif;rSmawmh trsm;qkH;qkdwJh pHcsdefukd csdK;EkdifcJhwm taotcsmygyJ?
182
wu,fawmh twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf trSL;jyKwJh ukvor*~ oHwrefawG[m (etz)
&JŒ vSnfhjzm;r_udk rodavmufatmifawmh xkHxkdif; EkHtolawG b,fwkef;urS r[kwfcJh=uyg
bl;? 'gayr,fh usaemftxufrmS ajymcJw h hJ tzG@J }uD;&JŒtm;enf;csuf taxGaxGa=umifh jrefrmh
ta&;udk xdxda&mufa&muf ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;EkdifpGrf; r&Sdjzpfaewmom jzpfygw,f? txl;
ojzifh ukvor*~&JŒ tjrifhqkH; tm%mykdif tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfwJh vkH+cKHa&;aumifpDrSm w±kwfeJ@
±k&Sm;wkd@u tumtuG,f ay;xm;=uwJhtwGuf ukvor*~[m jrefrmppftpdk;&&JŒ enf;
y&d,m,f toG,o f , G u f kd odyifojd im;aomfvnf; bmrS r,fr,f&& rvkyEf idk b f J rcsod mG ;+zJ
vkyfae&wm jzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh jrefrmh'rD u dk a&pD tiftm;pkawG[m ukvor*~ tay:rSmvnf; tar&d
ueftygt0if tjcm;tjcm;aom EkdifiHrsm;eJ@ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; tay:rSmvkdyJ rSefrSefuefuef
oabmayguf em;vnfzkd@vkdtyfygw,f? ukvor*~udk u,fwif&SifwOD;vkd ,kHykH+yD;
ar#mfvifhapmifhpm;aewmrsKd; rjzpfoifhovkd pmzwfy&dowftay: =oZmtawmfuav;&Sd
wJh owif;pmq&m EkdifiHa&;orm;wpfOD;&JŒ “ukvor*~ u,fwifvkd@ vGwfajrmufoGm;wJh
EkdifiHqkdvkd@ urBmay:rSm wckrSr&Sdbl;”qkdwJh pum;[mvnf; taumuft,lvGJ&if ukv
or*~udk vk;H 0qef@usiw f hJ &yfwnfcsurf sK;d txd a&mufomG ;Ekid wf hJ tE &W m,f&adS ewma=umifh
vlxktay: wpkHw&m =oZm&SdolawG pum;ukd owdxm;+yD; xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf; ajymoifh
w,fvkd@,lqygw,f? jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD
tiftm;pkawGtaeeJ@ udk,fwkdif n‡pfzkd@vkd
tyfovkd vufonf vnf;r&Sdrjzpfvkd
tyfygw,f? ukd,fukd,fwkdifuvnf; }udK;
pm; ukd,fhtay: pmemr_&SdolawGxHu ukd,fukd,fwkdifuvnf;
vnf; pdwfykdif;/ ±kyfykdif;axmufcH yHhykd;r_awG
}udK;pm; ukd,fhtay:
&&Sdatmif pnf;±kH;&rSmyg? tJ'g[m u,f
pmemr_&SdolawGxHuvnf;
wif&Sifar#mfwJh 0g'r[kwfygbl;?
jref r mh ' D r k d u a&pD a &;twG u f pdwfykdif;/ ±kyfykdif;
taxmuftul jzpfapaom &yfwnfcsuf axmufcHyHhykd;r_awG &&Sdatmif
&Sdonhf EkdifiHrsm;ESifh EdkifiHtkyfpkrsm;qkdwJh pnf ; ±k H ; &rS m yg?
u¾u 'Davmufqdk vkaH vmufyg+yD? tck tJ ' g[m
taxmuftul rjzpfapaom Ekid if rH sm;ESihf u,f w if & S i far#mfwJh
EkdifiHtkyfpkrsm;u¾udk qufvuf aqG; 0g'r[k w f y gbl ; ?
aEG;ygr,f?
'D u ¾rS m acgif ; pOf t &om
jynfhpkHatmif wyfxm;&ayr,fh wu,fh
vufawG@rSmawmh jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&;udk
183
qef@usif &yfwnfwhJ Ekid if t H yk pf &k ,fv@dk r&Sd
ygbl;? wEkdifiHcsif;om &Sdygw,f? wEkdifiH
jref r mh u d p P csif;rSmrS txif&Sm;tay:vGifqkH;u ±k&Sm;
vk H + cKH a &;aumif p D eJ@ w±kwfwkd@yJ jzpfygw,f? tck ±k&Sm; t
e,f e d r d w f e m;txd a=umif;udk aqG;aEG;ygr,f?
a&muf v mwJ h qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpktjzpfuae
tcsd e f u srS o m b0a[mif ;udk jyefa&mufvmcJh&wJh ±k&Sm;
±k & S m ;Ek d i f i H [ m [m wu,fawmh jrefrmEkid if eH @J ta0;}uD;
rSm wnf&SdwJh EkdifiHwckomjzpf+yD; ESpf EkdifiH
jref r mh ' D r k d u a&pD a &;eJ @
=um; tusK;d pD;yGm;csi;f ywfoufqufE, G f
ywfowf+yD;
aer_vnf; ajymavmufqadk vmuf atmif
Ek d i f i H w um&J Œ &SdvSwm r[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umifhvnf; jref
rD ; armif ; atmuf u d k rmhudpP vkH+cKHa&;aumifpD e,fedrdwfem;
a&muf & S d v mcJ h w mjzpf y gw,f ? txd a&mufvmwJh tcsdefusrSom ±k&Sm;
EkdifiH[m jrefrmh 'Drkdua&pDa&;eJ@ ywf
owf+yD; Ekid if w H um&JŒ rD;armif;atmufukd
a&muf&SdvmcJhwm jzpfygw,f?
ppfat;wkdufyGJrSm tar&duefudk ±_H;edrfh+yD; qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpk +yKduGJcJh&wmudk
vufa[mif;uGefjrLepf}uD;awG trSL;jyKwJh qkdAD,uftifyg,mwacwfudk vGrf;woo
(nostalgia) jzpfae=uwJholawGeJ@ qkdAD,ufacwf&JŒ zdESdyfr_tykdif;ukd r}uKHzl;cJh=ubJ tar&d
uefeJ@ ykckH;csif;,SOfEkdifcJhwJh tykdif;ukdom rpm;&0cref; jzpfae=uwJh ppfat;acwfvGef (post
cold war) vli,fawGu wuf wacgufacguf jzpfaecJh=uygw,f? ,JhvfqifvufxufrSm
“aeao;oy csKHxJu csKdaoG;oy wjrjr” vkyfaecJh=uwJh tJ'Dtiftm;pkawG[m au*sDbD
t&m&Sda[mif; ylwif tm%m&vm+yD; r=umrDrSmyJ urBmha&eHaps;E_ef; r}uKHpzl; w[kefxkd;
jrifhwufr_}uD;eJ@ }uKH}uKdufvkdufwJh tcgrSmawmh olwkd@&JŒ tifyg,mpdwful;awGudk jyefvnf
toufoGif;zkd@qkdwJh ar#mfrSef;csuf[m “wkdif;&ufonfh yuUvm rkd;&GmonfESihf toifh”
qko d vkjd zpfomG ;cJyh gw,f? a&eHu&wJh aiGawG zifcx k idk &f if; Ekid if w
H um pifjrifrh mS wae@wjcm;
jyefvnfawmufyvmwJh ±k&Sm;[m qkdAD,ufacwfu ol&&SdcJhwJh “r[mtiftm;}uD;EkdifiH”
qkdwJh tqifhukdjyefvnf&&Sdzkd@ enf;o¿mefaygif;pkHeJ@ }uKd;yrf;vmygawmhw,f? tJh'D enf;
o¿mefawGxrJ mS txif&mS ; tay:vGiq f ;Hk wckuawmh ppfat;acwfwek ;f uvkd tar&duef
eJ@ qef@usifbufrSm &yfwnfjcif;ygyJ?
tm%myg0gjyvkrd e_ @J ppfat;acwfu ±_;H aºuG;udk qyfvrdk _ a&maxG;aewJh ±k&mS ;Ekid if H
&JŒ tJ'&D yfwnfcsurf mS jrefrmh'rD u dk a&pDa&;[m paw;cHae&wm jzpfygw,f? wqufwnf;
ajym&&ifawmh ol@jynfwiG ;f rSmvnf; jynfoal wG&ŒJ vGwv f yfciG ahf wGukd ydwyf ifwm;qD;aewJh
184
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*k%fjyKpum; ajym=um;cJhwm jrefrmEdkifiHqkdif&m w±kwfoHtrwf}uD; jzpfygw,f?
189
'Dtcsufu w±kwftpdk;&[m ol@EkdifiH&JŒ trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf jrefrmvkd
tifrwef ta&;ygwJh tdrfeD;csif; EkdifiHwcku w&m;0iftpkd;&eJ@ cspf=unf&if;ESD;wJh
qufqHa&;udk tckdiftrm xlaxmifcsifwJh qEN&Sda=umif; jyoaeygw,f? 'gayr,fh
tm;vkH;od=uwJh twkdif; (e0w)u oludk,fwkdif }uD;rSL;usif;y jyKvkyfay;cJhwJh a&G;
aumufyGJu xGufay:vmwJh&v'fudk oludk,fwkdif zsufqD;ypfawmhr,fh t&dyfvuQ
%mawG wkd;wkd;+yD; jyovmcsdefrSmawmh w±kwftpdk;&&JŒ &nfwnfcsufvnf; ajymif;
vJoGm;cJh ygawmhw,f? a&&Snfukd=unfh+yD; w&m;0if (NLD)tpdk;&eJ@ qufqHr,fh
&yfwnfcsuu f ae a&wkt d usK;d uko d m=unf+h yD; vufawG@wnf&adS ewJh (e0w) tpd;k &
eJ@yJ qufqHr,fqkdwJh &nfwnfcsufokd@ ajymif;vJoGm;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? w±kwfvkd
rdrEd idk if &H ŒJ trsK;d om; tusK;d pD;yGm;ukd a&SŒwef;wifveG ;f wJh Ekid if aH wGomru trsK;d om;
tusK;d pD;yGm;eJ@ trsK;d om;*k%o f ud mQ t=um;rSm r#r#ww &yfwnfv=dk uwJh Ekid if w H csKŒd
yg aemufykdif;rSm (etz)udk rcspfaomfvnf; atmifhumerf;&wJh tajctaeokd@
a&muf&v dS mapatmif (etz)&JŒ rl0g'wckuvnf; wGe;f yk@d Eidk cf yhJ gw,f? tJ'guawmh
jynfwiG ;f u twku d t
f cHrsm;udk tpGr;f ukezf Ed ydS /f vufeufuidk f awmfveS af &; tiftm;
pk trsKd;rsKd;ukdvnf; acsmhwcg ajcmufwvSnfhenf; tokH;jyKpnf;±kH;+yD; EkdifiH&JŒ a'o
trsm;pkrmS “+idr;f 0yfyjd ym;”aeatmif vkyx f m;jcif;jzifh “usKyfw@dk tpd;k &[m cifAsm;wk@d
qufqcH siw f hJ w&m;Oya'eJ@ avsmn f w
D hJ (dejure) tpd;k &awmh [kwcf sirf S [kwrf ,f?
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awmhjzpfw,f”qkdwJh owif;pum;yg;wJh rl0g'jzpfygw,f? tJ'D rl0g'[m tar&duef
jynfaxmifpek @J taemufOa&my Ekid if }H uD;awGvdk trsK;d om;*k%o f u
d mQ ukd tav;xm;
wJh EkdifiHawGtay: oufa&mufr_ r&Sdayr,fh “oduQmxuf &duQmukd” tav;xm;wJh
EkdifiHawGudkawmh jzm;a,mif;odrf;oGif; EkdifcJhygw,f? tJ'DEkdifiHawGxJrSm ol@&JŒ trsKd;
om; tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf jrefrmEkdifiHu
t&rf;ukd ta&;ygaewJh w±kwfEkdifiHu
xdyq f ;Hk rSm &Sad er,fqw dk muawmh txl; uk v or*~ twG i f ; a&;rS L ;csKyf u
ajymp&mrvkdwJh tcsufyJjzpfygw,f? uruxjyK zGJ@pnf;wnfxm;wJh
'ghtjyif w±kwfEkdifiHrSm tjcm; jref r mh rd w f a qG r sm;toif ; rS m
ta&;ygwJh jy\em}uD;ESpfckvnf; &Sdyg w±kwfEkdifiH yg0ifvmjcif;u
ao;w,f tJ'guawmh wdbufjy\em jrefrmudpP[m jynfwGif;a&;udpP
eJ@ wdeftefrifta&;tcif; jy\emwkd@ oufoufr#omjzpfw,fvkd@
jzpf y gw,f ? jynf w G i f ; eJ @ Ek d i f i H w um (etz)u i,f o H y gatmif
tpdwftykdif;wcsKdŒ&JŒ rsufpdxJrSm w±kwf
atmf [ pf a ewJ h = um;u
tpdk;&ukd wdbufjy\ema=umifh r[m
jrefrmhudpP[m EkdifiHwumu æ
vlrsKd;}uD;0g'D (chauvinist)awGtjzpf
190
vnf;aumif;/ wdet f efrifta&;tcif; jy\ema=umifh 'Dru dk a&pDqef@usiaf &;orm;
(anti-democracy)tjzpfvnf; aumif; jrifae=uygw,f? tJ'D oGifjyifvuQ%m
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EkdifiHrSm 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawG tom&oGm;jcif;u wdbufu trsKd;om;a&;0g'D
awGe@J Ekid if wH 0Sr;f u 'Dru dk a&pD vkv d m;olawGudk &$iv f ef;tm;wuf oGm;apvdrrhf ,f
vkd@ w±kwftpdk;&u wGufrSmrvGJygbl;?
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[m vkH+cKHa&;aumifpD t+rJwrf;tzGJ@0ifqkdwJh urBmh&yfrd&yfz wOD;&JŒ *k%foduQmudk
tqift h wef;eJ@ avsmn f pD mG &yfwnfjcif; r&Sb d ;l qkw d hJ oabmxm;tjrif ,Ofaus;wJh
EkdifiHwum tokdif;t0kdif;twGif; pGJxifaewJhtcsufeJ@ jrefrmjynfolawG &ifxJ
w±kwu f dk rke;f wD;wJh cHpm;csuaf wG wk;d wk;d +yD; tku H si;f zG@J wnfvmaewJh tcsuaf wGukd
xnfrh wGub f ;l qk&d if w±kwt f pd;k &[m ol@&ŒJ jrefrmEkid if q H idk &f m rl0g'uae pD;yGm;a&;
t&a&m EkdifiHa&;t&yg tusKd;tjrwf rsm;pGm&&Sdaew,fvkd@ qkdEkdifygw,f?
'DtajctaerSm jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD tiftm;pkawG[m w±kwfEkdifiHeJ@
ywfouf+yD; vufr_difcs ae=u&awmhrSmvm;? 'Dvkdawmhvnf; r[kwfao;ygbl;?
rSdefysys tvif;a&mifuav;uawmh trSefwu,f &Sdaeygao;w,f?
(etz)[m olcsrSwfxm;wJh rl0g'vrf;pOft& obm0uspGmyJJ jynfwGif;
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ESdyfuGyfacsr_ef; vm&wmeJ@tr#(etz)udk EdkifiHwumpifjrifhrSm tumtuG,f ay;
&wJh tvkyf[mvnf; w±kwftwGuf wae@wjcm; ykdydk+yD;cufcJvmygw,f? w±kwf
tzkd@ jrefrmjynfudpP[m ol@EkdifiHjcm;a&;rl0g'&JŒ tpdwftykdif;w&yfr#omjzpfwJh
twGuf wckvkH;&JŒ tusKd;pD;yGm;eJ@ tpdwftydkif;wckcsif;&JŒ tusKd;pD;yGm; [efcsufnD
aewJhtcg raxmif;omvSayr,fh [efcsufysuf,Gif;vmwJh tcgrSmawmh obm0
uspmG yJ wckv;Hk &JŒ tusK;d pD;yGm;ukd OD;pm;ay;&rSmygy?J tckaemufyidk ;f jrefrmEkid if u H pd eP @J
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yl;aygif;yg0ifvmwm[m tJ'Dtaetxm;&JŒ xif[yfcsufw&yf jzpfygw,f?
'ghtjyif ukvor*~ twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfu uruxjyK zGJ@pnf;wnfxm;wJh jrefrmh
rdwaf qGrsm;toif;rSm w±kwEf idk if H yg0ifvmjcif;u jrefrmudp[ P m jynfwiG ;f a&;udpP
oufoufr#omjzpfw,fvkd@ (etz)u i,foHygatmif atmf[pfaewJh=um;u
jrefrmhudpP[m EkdifiHwumu yg0ifywfoufae&wJh udpPw&yfjzpfvmae+yDqkdwJh
tcsufukd (etz)&JŒ a&SŒaeEkdifiH}uD;uyg rjzpfrae todtrSwf jyKvm&wJh tajc
taeukd azmfjyaeygw,f?
aemuf+yD; urBmhork'N&ma&jyif awGrSm yifv,f"g;jyawG&JŒ tE W&m,fwkd;
jrifhvmaewma=umifh w±kwfEkdifiH[m ta&SŒtv,fykdif;a'ou a&eHawGudk
191
yku
d v f idk ;f vrf;a=umif;uwqifh ol@Eidk if q H D
o,f,lzkd@ pDpOfaeygw,f? tJ'DtpDtpOf w±kwf[m a&eHydkufvkdif;
twGuf yku d v f idk ;f wck wnfaqmuf&mrSm vk H + cKH a &;tygt0if o l @ &J Œ
tJ'Dydkufvkdif;&JŒ tpdwftykdif;wck[m trsKd ; om;tusKd ; pD ; yG m ;
jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; uDvkdrDwm axmifeJ@csD w&yfvkH;twGuf (etz)
+yD; jzwfoef;oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? tJ'D ZGwftwif; xif&mpdkif;aevkd@
pDru H ed ;f [m tar&duefa':vmoef;aygi;f xayguf a wmh r ,f h
aomif;eJ@csD ukefusr,fh pDrHudef;jzpfwm AkH;wvkH;vkdjzpfaewJh
a=umifh w±kwftpkd;&[m ykdufvkdif; w
tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHwckxuf
avsmufu EkdifiHawG&JŒvkH+cKHwnf+idrfr_
jynfolwkd@&JŒ qENukd
tajctaeudk taotcsm csichf sed w f u
G q f
aeygw,f? (etz)[m vwfwavmrSm udk,fpm;jyKwJh æ
twk d u f t cH a wG u d k tjyif ; txef q k H ;
zdESdyf+yD; EkdifiHukd ,m,Dtm;jzifh wnf+idrf
atmif xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdifayr,fh tJ'Denf;
[m a&&Snrf mS tE &W m,frsm;w,fqw dk mudk w±kwu f aumif;aumif; odygw,f? 'ga=umifh
w±kwf[m a&eHydkufvkdif; vkH+cKHa&;tygt0ifol@&JŒ trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;w&yfvkH;twGuf
(etz) ZGwt f wif; xif&mpdik ;f aevk@d xayguaf wmhr,fh Ak;H wvk;H vkjd zpfaewJh tdref ;D csi;f Ekid if H
wckxuf jynfolwkd@&JŒ qENukd udk,fpm;jyKwJh w&m;Oya'eJ@ avsmfnDwJh tpkd;&w&yf tkyf
csKyfwJh vkH+cKHwnf+idrfat;csrf;wJh tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHwckudk ykd+yD;tvkd&Sdvdrfhr,fvkd@ cef@rSef;Edkif
ygw,f?
'ga=umifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkeJ@ taemufEdkifiH}uD;awGu w±kwfEkdifiHukd 'Drkd
ua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;udk tav;xm;wJh vuf&Sd EkdifiHwum qufqHa&;pepfudk qef@usif
tmcHwJh tE_wfvuQ%maqmif xGef;opfptiftm;}uD; EkdifiHwckjzpfrvmbJ tJ'D pepf
twGi;f ok@d aygi;f pnf;0ifa&mufomG ;wJh taygi;f vuQ%maqmif Ekid if w H ckjzpfvmatmif pnf;
±kH;azsmif;jz odrf;oGif;ae=uwJh tcsdefrSm jrefrmh 'Drkdua&pD tiftm;pkrsm;taeeJ@ w±kwfeJ@
ywfouf+yD; t"duxm;vkyfaqmif&r,fh vkyfief;uawmh (etz)eJ@ ol@&JŒ vrf;jy ajrykHudk
axmufcHaejcif;[m w±kwfEkdifiH&JŒ a&&SnftrsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf tusKd;r&SdrSm
aocsmwJhtjyif tE W&m,fawmif &SdEkdifwJh vkyf&yfwckjzpfa=umif; w±kwftpkd;& rl0g'a&;qGJ
olawG oabmayguf em;vnfvmatmif wwfEkdifor# enf;vrf;aygif;pkH tokH;jyK+yD; &Sif;jy
=uzkd@yJ jzpfw,fvkd@ qkdcsifygw,f?
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(wenf;)oabmxm; wnf+ird rf r_ &Sad om Ekid if rH sm;ESihf Ekid if t
H yk pf rk sm;”u¾ukd aqG;aEG;oGm;ygr,f?
192
'Du¾rSm txif&Sm;qkH;EkdifiHu tdENd,jzpf+yD; EkdifiHtkyfpku tmqD,Hjzpfygw,f?
tdE, dN Ekid if [
H m ol@&ŒJ orkid ;f wavsmufrmS urBmv h Ol ;D a&trsm;qk;H 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if q H w
dk hJ *k%f
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vmwJh tcgrSmvnf; 'Drkdua&pDawmif;qkdwJh jynfolawGbufu pdwfykdif;qkdif&mt&
tcdkiftrm axmufcHcJhygw,f? tdENd,tpdk;&&JŒ toHv$ifhXmejzpfwJh (All India Radio)
qk&d if &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;twGi;f eJ@ ta&;awmfy}Hk uD; ESyd u f yG af csre_ ;f cHc&hJ +yD;aemuf
tcsdeftwef=umtxd jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD bufawmfom;awGbufu jywfjywfom;om;
axmufcHwJh owif;/ aqmif;yg;/ awG@qkHar;jref;cef;awGukd xkwfv$ifhay;cJhygw,f?
'gayr,fh (90)a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;wJhaemuf (etz)tpkd;&&JŒ rlrrSefykHawG wae@
wjcm; ykdrkdxif&Sm;ay:vGifvmcsdefrSmawmh tdENd, tpdk;&u ol@EkdifiH&JŒ tajccHOya'&JŒ
&nfn$ef;csufrsm;eJ@ avsmfnDpGm jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD tiftm;pkawGudk qufvufaxmufcH
&r,ft h pm; (e0w) +idKjiifr,fh vky&f yfawGukd a&Smif&mS ;vmcJyh gawmhw,f? b,fvydk jJ zpfjzpf
'Drkdua&pDpepf tajcus+yD;jzpfwJh EkdifiH}uD;wckjzpfwJh tm;avsmfpGm jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD tif
tm;pkrsm;[m tENd,EkdifiHtwGif; tajccs+yD; wpkHwckaom twkdif;twmtxd vGwfvGwf
vyfvyf v_yf&Sm;cGifh &&SdcJh=uygw,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; a*smhzmeef'ufpfwkd@vkd 'Drkdua&pD
ukd ESpfESpfumum ,kH=unfouf0ifwJh tdENd,tpdk;& t&m&Sd}uD;awGa=umifhvnf; jrefrmh'Drkd
ua&pDrsKd;aph[m tdENd,EkdifiHrSm qufvuf &SifoefaygufzGm; EkdifcJhwmjzpfygw,f? (2004)
a&G;aumufyJGrSm uGef*&uf(tkdif)ygwDu vuf&Sdtm%m& [dENLtrsKd;om;a&;0g'D (bDa*syD)
ygwu D kd tEkid &f +yD; tpd;k &jzpfvmwJth cg jrefrmh 'Dru dk a&pD tiftm;pkrsm;[m 0rf;ajrmuf&i$ f
vef; tm;wufcJh=uygw,f? uGef*&uf(tkdif)ygwD[m +Adwdo#ukdvkdeD xrf;ykd;atmufu
vGwfajrmufatmif ±kef;x&mrSm jrefrmEkdifiHu (zqyv)tzGJ@}uD;eJ@ vufwGJ}udK;yrf;cJhwJh
ygwDjzpf+yD; uGef*&uftkdifygwDacgif;aqmif r[wWr*END/ *s0g[mvmvfae±l;/ tif'D&m*E<D
wk@d [mvnf; Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;/ OD;Ekpolw@dk e@J tvGeyf if cifrif&if;ES;D cJoh al wGjzpfwma=umifh
uGef*&uf(tkdif)ygwD tm%m&vmjcif;[m rdrdwkd@twGuf tcGifhomapr,fh tajctae
w&yfjzpfw,fvkd@ jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawGu ,lqcJh=uwmjzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh wu,fhvufawG@rSmawmh rSef;csufeJ@ ESrf;xGufrukdufcJhygbl;? refrkd
[efqif;OD;aqmifwJh uGef*&uf (tkdif)ygwDtpkd;&[m Amh*sfyg,DOD;aqmifwJh (bDa*syD)ygwD
tpkd;&xufawmif ykd+yD; tENd,a&muf jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD tiftm;pkawG&JŒ v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk
uef@owfvmcJhygw,f? ykdqkd;wmu ukvor*~ vkH+cKHa&;aumifpDrSm jrefrmppftpkd;&tay:
jypfwif±w _ cf swhJ tqkad wGukd wifoiG ;f zk@d 'Dru
dk a&pD Ekid if }H uD;awGu }uKd;yrf;wJt h cg ppftpk;d &
tcGifhomapr,fh &nfwnfcsufrsKd;awGudk tENd,u xm;&SdvmcJhwmygyJ?
'Dvkd bma=umifh jzpf&wmvJqkdwmudk qef;ppf=unfhwJhtcg t"dutm;jzifh
tcsuf(3)csuf oGm;awG@ygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh jrefrmEkdifiH w±kwf&ifcGifxJokd@ wpwp
wkd;wkd;+yD; 0ifa&mufoGm;aejcif;ukd [ef@wm;vkdr_/ jrefrmEkdifiHrS obm0"gwfaiG@rsm;
193
&,lvkdr_eJ@ tmoHeJ@ r%dyl&jynfe,fwkd@rS cGJxGufa&;v_yf&Sm;aeaom olykefrsm;
udpPwkd@ jzpf=uygw,f?
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+zdK;qJEkdifiHawGtwGuf taxmuftyHheJ@ acs;aiGt"du &&m&a=umif; aiGa=u;tzGJ@
tpnf;}uD;awGudk xdef;csKyfxm;wJh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkeJ@ taemufOa&my
EkdifiH}uD;awG OD;aqmifzGJ@pnf;xm;wJh Oa&myor*~(tD;,l)wkd@&JŒ '%fcwfydwfqkd@
ta&;,lru _ dk cHxm;&wJh jrefrmppftyk pf t
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tm;xm;jyK&m jzpfvmcJh&ygw,f? tJ'DxJrSmrS txl;ojzifh vkH+cKHa&;aumifpD t+rJ
wrf;tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHvnf;jzpf+yD; avmavmq,f
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aewJh EkdifiHvnf;jzpf/ orkdif;wavsmuf aoe*F
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o,HZmw/ txl;ojzifh obm0"mwfaiG@ukd &,lvrdk _ jzpfygw,f? 'Dbuf q,fpEk pS f
rSm w±kwfeJ@ t+yKdifpD;yGm;a&; aygufuGJwkd;wufvmwJh tENd,EkdifiH[mvnf; w±kwf
vkdyJ pGrf;tift&if;tjrpf wckjzpfwJh obm0"mwfaiG@udk tonf;toef vkdtyfae
ygw,f? jrefrmEkid if rH mS u obm0"mwfaiG@ tv#yH ,f xGuw f mrk@d tEN, d Ekid if t
H ae
eJ@ tJ'D"mwfaiG@udk vkdcsif&if (etz)eJ@ wnfhatmifaygif;zkd@ vkdtyfygw,f? tENd,
[m &duQmeJ@ oduQmukd nDwlr#wl tav;xm;wJh 'Drkdua&pDpepfudk ausm±kd;xm;
wnfaqmufxm;wJh EkdifiHwckjzpfayr,fhvnf; vwfwavmrSmawmh olvnf;
w±kwv f ydk J “ig0h rf;ylqmraeom”jzpfaeygw,f? tEN, d bufu tJovk&d adS ecsed rf mS
194
jrefrmppftkyfpkbufuvnf; wpdwfwykdif;t& w±kwfudk EkdifiHa&; upm;csifwJh
&nf&G,fcsufeJ@ tENd,eJ@vnf; rdrdwkd@&if;&if;ESD;ESD;&Sd aew,fqkdwmudk jyocsifaeyg
w,f? tJ'D&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf tENd,vkdcsifwJh obm0"mwfaiG@ukd (etz)u
a&mif;ygw,f? 'DvkdeJ@ tENd,[m jrefrmppftkyfpkeJ@ tqifajyatmif aejcif;jzifh
ol tonf;toef vkdtyfaewJh obm0"mwfaiG@ukd &&Sdaeygw,f?
aemufqkH;wcsufuawmh jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ e,fajrcsif;xdpyfaewJh tENd,
EkdifiHta&SŒajrmufykdif;u cGJxGufa&; olykefawGudpPyJ jzpfygw,f? (e0w)tm%m
odrf;+yD; wufvmumprSm tENd,tpdk;&[m (e0w)eJ@ cyfrSefrSefyJ qufqHcJhwm
a=umifh ESpfEkdifiHe,fpyfudk cG+yD; v_yf&Sm;ae=uwJh tENd,EkdifiH tmoHeJ@ r%dyl&jynf
e,fwkd@u cGJxGufa&;olykefawGudk (e0w)ppfwyfu xdxda&mufa&muf ESdrfeif;wm
rsKd; rvkyfcJhygbl;? 'ga=umifh (bDa*syD)ygwD tm%m&aewJh oufwrf;wavsmufrSm
tEN, d tpk;d &[m tJ'aD 'ou olyek af wG ta&;ukd xdxad &mufa&muf udik w f , G af jz
&Sif;Ekdifjcif; r&SdcJhygbl;? uGef*&uf(tkdif)ygwD wufvmwJhtcgrSmawmh tENd,tpkd;&
[m tJ'D olykefawGukd xdxda&mufa&muf xdef;csKyfEkdifzkd@twGuf (etz)eJ@ &if;&if;
ES;D ES;D vufwyJG ;l aygi;f aqmif&u G vf mcJyh gw,f? tJ'v D yk &f yfuae tEN, d Ekid if &H ŒJ trsK;d
om; vkH+cKHa&;twGuf tusKd;&v'f tawmftwef&&SdcJhygw,f?
'DtajctaerSm jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD tiftm;pkawGtaeeJ@ tENd,EkdifiHeJ@
ywfouf+yD; bmawGvkyfoifhovJ?
(etz)[m jrefrmEkid if u H kd w&m;r0iftyk cf sKyfaewJh ppftm%m&Sit f pk;d &
jzpfwt hJ jyif ppftm%m&Sipf epf &moufyef wnfwchH idk +f rJa&;twGuf tm;xkw}f udK;
yrf; vkyaf qmifaew,fqw dk mudk vuf&dS tm%m&aeolawG tygt0if tEN, d Ekid if H
a&; acgif;aqmifawG tm;vkH;u aumif;aumif;oabmayguf em;vnfxm;=uyg
w,f? vuf&t dS EN,
d acgi;f aqmifawGu jrefrmppfacgi;f aqmifawGukd qufqH aewm
[m wcsdefu *E<D/ ae±l;/ tif'D&m*E<DpwJh tENd,acgif;aqmifawGu AkdvfcsKyfatmif
qef;/ OD;EkpwJh jrefrmhacgi;f aqmifawGukd qufqcH =hJ uovkd v_u d vf u
d_ vf v
JS JS cspcf ifEpS f
vkd =unfndKav;pm;r_eJ@ qufqHae=uwm r[kwfygbl;? olwkd@EkdifiH&JŒ trsKd;om;
tusK;d pD;yGm;oufouftwGuo f m qufqaH e=uwm jzpfygw,f? wenf;ajym&&if
jrefrmEkdifiHqDu obm0"mwfaiG@ &,lvkdr_qkdwJh qENm*wd/ jrefrmEkdifiH w±kwf &if
cGix f J a&mufomG ;rSmukd pk;d &dryf yl efrq_ w dk hJ b,m*wdw@dk e@J tEN,
d acgi;f aqmif awGu
jrefrmppfacgif;aqmifawGudk qufqHae=uwm jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh vkyfaqmif&rSm tifrwef cufcJyifyef;rSm aocsmayr,fh 'Drkd
ua&pDtiftm;pkawG rvkyfrjzpf vkyfaqmif&rSmu tENd, acgif;aqmifawG&JŒ
tawG;tac:rSm pGe;f xif;ayusaH ewJh tJ't D *wdw&m;awG uif;pifomG ;atmif vkyf
zkd@jzpfygw,f? jrefrmppftkyfpkeJ@ qufqH+yD; olwkd@ZGwfwGef;aewJh vrf;jyajrykH
195
qkdwmudk axmufcHjcif; 'grSr[kwf tJ'geJ@ywfouf+yD; bmrSrajymbJ qdwfqdwf aejcif;jzifh
a&&SnfrSm tENd,EkdifiHtwGuf tusKd;r&SdwJhtjyif tE W&m,fawmif rvGJraoG &Sdvmr,f
qkdwmudk tENd,jynfolawGeJ@ EkdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifawG eufeuf±_dif;±_dif; oabmayguf
em;vnfvmatmif }udK;pm;vkyaf qmif=u&rSm jzpfygw,f? tEN, d Ekid if H taeeJ@ urBmvlO;D a&
trsm;qkH; 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHqkdwJh *k%fj'yfeJ@tnD usif}uHaexkdif+yD; urBmhvlxkw&yfvkH; 'Drkd
ua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;rsm; jynfhjynfh00 cHpm;cGifh &&Sda&;vkyfief;rSm wufwufºuGºuG OD;
aqmifyg0ifoifhw,fqkdwJh tcsufudk jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD tiftm;pkawGu tcGifh}uKHvmwkdif;
wkdufwGef;=u&rSmjzpfygw,f?
jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; wnf+idrfwJh &yfwnfr_r&SdwJh EkdifiHtkyfpku
awmh tmpD,HyJ jzpfygw,f? (1967)ckESpfrSm EkdifiH(5)ckeJ@ pwifzGJ@pnf;cJh+yD; tcktcsdefrSm
ta&SŒwDarmrSwyg; a'owGif;u usefEkdifiHtm;vkH;yg0ifae+yDjzpfwJh 'DtzGJ@[m tjcm;
tjcm;aom EkdifiHpkHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;vkdyJ cspf=unf&if;ESD;a&;/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;/ zGH@+zdK;wkd;
wufa&;/ vkH+cHKa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;pwJh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;eJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh tzGJ@jzpfwmrkd@ &nf
&G,cf su/f tajccHr0l g' vkyif ef;vrf;pOf pwmawGtydik ;f rSm wjcm;tzG@J awGxuf bmrS ydrk xl;
jcm;bl;vkd@ ajym&rSmjzpfygw,f? xl;jcm;wmwcku 'DtzGJ@&JŒ tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHtrsm;pk (txl;
ojzifh yif&if;tzGJ@0if EkdifiHrsm;)[m tzGJ@oufwrf; q,fpkESpf(3)ckausmf umvtwGif;
pD;yGm;a&; w[kex f ;dk wk;d wufvmjcif;jzpfygw,f? aemufx;l jcm;csuf wckuawmh tzG@J xo J @dk
jrefrmEkid if H 0ifa&mufvm+yD; aemufyidk ;f rSm tmpD,t H zG@J e@J ‚if;&JŒ t"du ukeo f , G b
f ufEidk if H
tkyfpkjzpfwJh tD;,lwkd@t=um; qufqHa&;rSm r=umc%qkdovkd tzktxpfawG ay:aygufcJh
+yD; tmpD,HtzGJ@udk,fE_duf twGif;rSmvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ ywfouf+yD; pdwfuoduatmifh
taESmifht,Suf jzpfp&mawGeJ@ r=umc%}uKHawG@ae&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
tmpD,H[m rlvzGJ@pnf;pu csmwm (yÉd^mOfpmwrf;)awmif r&SdcJhwJh tzGJ@yg?
pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;&,fvkd@ wdwdususr&SdbJ rdwfjzpfaqGjzpf o[m,tzGJ@tpnf;qefqef
zGJ@pnf;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHrsm;&JŒ pD;yGm;a&; w[kefxkd; wkd;wuf jrifhrm;
vm+yD; EkdifiHwum ukefoG,fa&;pifjrifhrSm wae@wjcm; wkd;wkd;+yD; ta&;ygvmwmeJ@tr#
tmpD,H[m rdrdukd,frdrd ayrDa'gufrD EkdifiHpkH tzGJ@tpnf;wckykHpHrsKd; jzpfvmatmif jyKjyif
ajymif;vJ&wmawG &SdvmcJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh 'Duae@vuf&Sd wnfqJEkdifiHwum qufqH
a&;pepfrmS toufaoG;a=umyrm tvGet f a&;ygwhJ 'Drudk a&pDa&;eJ@ vl@tcGit hf a&;awGukd
tav;xm;wJh jyKjyifajymif;vJ zG@J pnf;r_awG vkyv f mcJ&h ygw,f? 'ga=umifh tckq&dk if tmpD,H
csmwm/ tmpD,Hvl@tcGifhta&; aumfr&SifqkdwmawG ay:xGufvmcJh+yD; jzpfygw,f?
tmpD,Hu wzGJ@vkH;taeeJ@ rdrdukd,frdrd EkdifiHwum pHcsdefpH!¸ef;rsm;eJ@ ukdufnDwJh
tzGJ@tpnf;wck jzpfvmatmif jyKjyifajymif;vJ wkd;csJ@jyifqifr_awG vkyfaecsdefrSm rdrdtzGJ@
twGif; t+rJwrf; ckd;vkd;ckvkjzpfae&wJh udpPwckuawmh jrefrmEkdifiHudpPygyJ? tzGJ@twGif;
okd;rnf;waumifvkd jzpfaewJh jrefrmEkdifiH[m ,Ofaus;wJh EkdifiHwum tokdif;t0kdif;eJ@
196
rjzpfrae tquftqH jyKae&wJh tmpD,H EkdifiHacgif;aqmiftrsm;pkudk acgif;cJapcJhwm
tzGJ@twGif;okd@ jrefrmEkdifiH 0ifa&mufvmpuwnf;u jzpfygw,f? ,Ofaus;wJh urBmeJ@
tquftqH enf;yg;jcif;eJ@twl &ifhoD;armufrm cufxef=urf;=uKwfwJh jrefrm ppfacgif;
aqmifawGudk tzGJ@twGif;okd@ qGJxnfhjcif;rSwqihf wjznf;jznf; ,Ofaus;aysmhaysmif;
vmatmif vkyfr,fqkdwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ tar&duefeJ@ taemufEkdifiHawGu twefwef
wm;aewJ=h um;u jrefrmEkid if u H kd tzG@J twGi;f ok@d xnfo h iG ;f cJ=h uwJh tmpD,aH cgi;f aqmifawG
[m tckawmh “udk,fazmfwJhaq; ukd,frpm;0Hh” tjzpfrsKd;eJ@ }uKHawG@ae=u&yg+yD? bmrqkd
wkwfxkd;tkd;ayguf ajymifajymifajymavh&SdwJh rav;&Sm;0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; r[moD,mrkd
[mruf wa,mufom jrefrmEkid if eH @J ywfowfwhJ ol@trSm;ukd 0efc&H ma&mufwhJ pum;awG
ajymcJhayr,fh jrefrmEkdifiHukd tzGJ@xJqGJoGif;cJhwJh usef tmpD,H acgif;aqmifawG[mvnf;
tck t csd e f r S m awmh ol w k d @ trS m ;twG u f
}udwf+yD; aemifw&ae=uzG,f&Sdygw,f?
tmpD,H acgif;aqmifawGudk,fwkdif
'gayr,f h azmfpyfcJh+yD; tckolwkd@rpm;0Hh jzpfae=uwJh
jref r mjy\emuawmh aq;uawmh “wEkid if jH ynfwiG ;f a&;wGif tjcm;
“q&mrEk d i f ES p f a qmif + yKd i f ” wEkdifiHu 0ifa&mufpGufzufcGifh r&Sd”qkdwJh
jy\em jzpf v maew,f aq;yJjzpfygw,f? ukvor*~ yÉd^mOfpmwrf;
qkdwJhtcsufukd rSmvnf; xnfhoGif;xm;wJh tJ'Dpmom;[m
tmpD , H a cgif ; aqmif a wG yif&if;rlv oabmtm;jzifh &nf&G,fcsuf
aumif;rGef+yD; teuft"dy`g,ftm;jzifh euf
wae@wjcm;
±_dif;/ tESpfom&tm;jzifh jynfh0ayr,fh wcsKd@
wkd;wkd;+yD; odvm?
aom tm%m&Sif tpkd;&awGu tJ'Dpmom;
0ef c H v mae =u&ygw,f ? u azmf!¸ef;xm;wJh tcsKyftjcmtm%m
qkdwmudk wvGJtokH;cs+yD; rdrdjynfolawGudk
xifovkd zrf;qD;ESdyfpuf n‡Of;yef;owfjzwf
tEkid u
f siAhf v
dk u
f sciG t
hf jzpf rSw,f v l yk af qmif vmwJt h cgrmS awmh tJ'ED idk if aH wGu jynfoal wG
udk axmufxm;n‡mwmpdwef @J ulnv D w dk hJ ,Ofaus;wJh Edik if w H umtokid ;f t0kid ;f tzk@d rsm;pGm
tcuftcJ awG@&ygw,f? tmpD,H tzGJ@[mvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ ywfouf+yD; tJovkd
}uKHawG@ae&wm jzpfygw,f?
tmpD,H[m ta&SŒurBmu tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfwmeJ@tnD tzGJ@twGif;
ay:aygufvmwJh jy\emawGudk ta&SŒenf;eJ@om ajz&Sif;vkdygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh jy\
em&SdaewJh EkdifiHukd vlod&Sif=um; a0zefaxmufjywmrsKd; rvkyfbJ ESpfudk,f=um; wkd;wkd;
wdwfwdwf azsmif;jzajymqkdwmrsKd; jzpfygw,f? ESpfEkdifiH=um; jy\em&Sd&ifvnf; &yfausmf
&Gmausmf tqift h xd a&mufroGm;atmif n‡n d Ed‡ id_ ;f E_id ;f tay;t,l tav#mt h wif;vky+f yD;
197
ajz&Sif;avh&Sd=uygw,f? tmpD,H[mvnf; EkdifiHaygif;pkHyg0ifwJh tzGJ@wckjzpf
wmeJ@tnD tzG@J 0if Ekid if w
H cke@J wck=um;rSm jy\emav; awG&ydS gw,f? AD,uferf
eJ@ uarBm'D;,m;=um;rSm e,fajrjy\em/ uarBm'D;,m;eJ@ xkdif; =um;rSm bk&m;
ausmif;jy\em/ xkdif;eJ@rav;&Sm;=um;rSm xkdif;EkdifiHawmifykdif;u rlpvifcGJxGuf
a&;orm;awGukd ta=umif;jyK+yD;ay:ayguaf ewJh jy\em/ rav;&Sm;eJ@ puFmyl=um;
rSm a&jy\em pwmawGtjyif tmpD,HtzGJ@0if EkdifiHwcsKdŒ yg0if ywfoufaewJh
py&ufwavu|ef;pk jy\emvnf; &Sdaeygw,f? tmpD,H[m tJ'Djy\emawG
udk Ekid if w
H um jy\emtqift h xd a&mufroGm;atmif “ta&SŒ enf;” (wenf;)
“tm&Senf;”eJ@ xdef;xm;EkdifcJhygw,f?
'gayr,fh jrefrmjy\emuawmh “q&mrEkdif ESpfaqmif+yKdif”jy\em
jzpfvmaew,fqkdwJhtcsufukd tmpD,Hacgif;aqmifawG wae@wjcm; wkd;wkd;+yD;
odvm? 0efcHvmae =u&ygw,f? jrefrmEkdifiHu qkd;&Gm;jyif;xef av;eufwJh vl@
tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ jy\em[m olwkd@t&ifu }uKHawG@zl; ajz&Sif;zl;wJh jy\
emawGe@J tvsm;teH teufcsi;f vk;H 0rwlb;l qkw d m tmpD,aH cgi;f aqmifawG tod
trSwf rjyKrjzpf jyKvmae=u&yg+yD? 'ga=umifhvnf; olwkd@[m 'DbufESpfykdif;rSm
(etz)vkd tpdk;&rsKd;awGudk xdef;csKyfEkdifr,fh tmpD,HcsmwmeJ@ tmpD,H vl@tcGifh
ta&;aumfr&Sif pwmawG ay:xGef;vmzkd@ wGef;tm;ay; vkyfaqmifvmcJh=uwm
jzpfygw,f? tckqkd&if tJ'D &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ }udK;yrf;r_awG taumiftxnfay:
p jyKvmaewmudk jrifawG@ae=u&ygw,f?
'gayr,f h r=umao;cif ES p f r sm;twG i f ; rS m awmh jref r mh t a&;
eJ@ywfouf+yD; tmpD,HwckvkH; taeeJ@yJ=unfh=unfh tzGJ@0if wEkdifiHcsif; taeeJ@yJ
=unfh=unfh &yfwnfcsuf oabmxm;awG[m “ckpmuav;a=umf ckqDxrif;”
qkdovkd rwnfr+idrfeJ@ tawmfhudk udk;±kdŒum;,m; EkdifcJhygw,f?
tJ'Dvkd jzpf&wm&JŒta=umif;&if;uawmh tmpD,H&JŒ rl&if;tzGJ@0ifEkdifiH
awG&JŒ yifukd,fobm0a=umifh jzpfygw,f? tmpD,Hudk pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhwJh rl&if;EkdifiH
(5)cku xkdif;/ zdvpfykdif/ puFmyl/ rav;&Sm;eJ@ tif'kdeD;&Sm;wkd@jzpf=uygw,f? tzGJ@
pwif ay:aygufcJhcsdefwkef;u tJ'DEdkifiH(5)ck&JŒ taetxm;udk avhvm=unfh&if
xkdif;wEkdifiHrSmom tawmftwef yDjyifwJh 'Drkdua&pDpepf&Sd+yD; usefwJh EkdifiHawGu
awmh tm%m&Sief @J tm%m&Siw f ydik ;f Ekid if aH wGcsn;f jzpf=uygw,f? 'ga=umifv
h nf;
tmpD,HtzGJ@&JŒ ausm±kd;tajccHrlrsm;xJrSm tD;,lvkd 'Drkdua&pDa&;/ vl@tcGifhta&;
awG ryg0ifcJhwm jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyifaemufykdif;rSm tzGJ@0ifjzpfvm=uwJh b±lEkdif;/
AD,uferf/ vmtkd/ uarBm'D;,m;/ jrefrmEkdifiHawGxJrSmvnf; 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiH wckrS
rygcJhygbl;?
198
aemufykdif;rSm tmpD,HtzGJ@ tusyf
wzufrSm u rdrdwkd@udk,fwkdif ±kdufvmwmu wzufrSm rdrdwkd@tzGJ@u
'Drkdua&pDpepf&JŒ 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;udk tajcrjyK
tusKd ; w&m;rsm;ud k wJh (rn‡mwrf; ajym&&if vk;H vk;H vsm;vsm;
yk d r k d o abmayguf tav;rxm;wJh) tzGJ@tpnf;wck jzpfae
em;vnf v mr_ e J @ ayr,f h tjcm;wzuf r S m awmh rd r d & J @
rdwf&if; aqG&if; t"du pD;yGm;zufawG (tar&duefeJ@ tD;
pD ; yG m ;zuf E k d i f i H r sm;&J Œ zd t m;/ ,l)u 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;udk
tav;xm;wJh Ekid if aH wGjzpfaewma=umifh
wzufrSmu wae@xufwae@
tJ'D pD;yGm;zufawG&ŒJ w&m; enf;vrf;us
ykdykd+yD; ighjrif; igpdkif;
wJh a0zefaxmufjyr_awGudk av;pm;or_
ighavSigxkd;vkyfvmwJh a=umifheJ@yJjzpfjzpf/ rdrd&JŒ tusKd;pD;yGm;
tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHwcku tpkd;& æ oufoufa=umifhyJjzpfjzpf tjyKoabm
wkH@jyefzkd@ wae@wjcm; wkd;wkd;+yD; vkdtyf
vmjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f? rlvtmpD,HEkdifiH
trsm;pku acgif;aqmifawG[m rdrdwkd@
ukd,fwkdifu tm%m&SifeJ@ tm%m&Sifwykdif; (ql[mwkd/ rm;udk@pf/ r[moD,m/ vDuGrf;,l
ponf)awG jzpfae=uwma=umifh a&SŒykid ;f rSm pD;yGm;zuf 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if aH wG&ŒJ vl@tcGit
hf a&;
eJ@ 'Dru dk a&pDa&;qkid &f m axmufjya0zefra_ wGtay: odyt f av;xm; wk@H jyefc=hJ uwm r[kwf
ygbl;? rdrdwkd@udk,fwkdifu 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHawG r[kwfwJhtwGuf a'owGif;u tjcm;'Drkd
ua&pDr&Sw d hJ Ekid if aH wGuv kd nf; taemuf'rD udk a&pDEidk if aH wGu owday;aewh=J um;u pk;d &dryf l
yefr_ wpkHw&mr&SdbJ tzGJ@0ifopfawGtjzpf v_dufv_dufvSJvSJ }udKqkdvufcHcJh=uwm jzpfyg
w,f?
'gayr,fh tajctaeawGu worwfwnf; &yfwef@aewm r[kwfygbl;? tcsdef
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199
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jzpf+yD;prSm wrsKd;ajym/ aoG;at;oGm;csdefrSm wrsKd;ajymeJ@ EkdifiHwumtv,frSm
&yfwnfcsuf a&SŒaemufrnDwJh tzGJ@tpnf; wcktjzpf rsufESmysuf t&Suf&p&m
jzpfcJh&ygw,f? tmpD,H[m rdrdwkd@eJ@ pD;yGm;zuf tD;,ltzGJ@t=um; qufqHa&;awG
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200
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201
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202
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r,f? usaemfuawmh olwkd@tm;vkH;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; wcgu a&'D,kdaqG;aEG;cef;wckrSm ajym
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205
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206
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orm;awG&ŒJ ,H=k unfcsuu f kd uduk ;kd u|e;f yk@d +yD; csKd ;EdrS zf suqf ;D ypfz@dk }udK;yrf;&muae tJ'w D ukd f
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214
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csuu f kd udik pf +JG yD; tpmiwfcw H u
kd yf 0JG ifc=hJ uygw,f? q&mawmf OD;0dpm&u tpmiwfcH wdu k yf JG
0ifpOfrmS EGm;Ek@d ukd rD0S cJ ahJ yr,fh tJ'ED ikd if aH &;tusO;f om;awGuawmh a&rSwyg; usew f mtm;
vHk;udk jiif;y,fcJh=uwmrkd@ (39)&ufajrmufwJhae@rSmyJ tusOf;om;wOD;pwif usqHk;oGm;
cJyh gw,f? aemuf&ufawGrmS usq;kH r_[m ydpk yd v f mcJ+h yD; Adv
k af e0if;u olw@dk &ŒJ awmif;qdck suf
udk vdkufavsmygawmhr,fqdkwJh uwdudk
ay;vdu k wf hJ (53)&uf ajrmufae@rmS awmh
usqHk;ol ta&twGuf pkpkaygif;[m (8)
a,muf&dSoGm;cJh+yD jzpfygw,f?
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tcuf t cJ } uD ; av/
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jzpf p Of t wd k i f ; tcrf;em;qHk; enf;vrf;jzpfygw,f? tJ'D
tJ ' D o l & J a umif ; awG & J Œ enf;vrf;udk udkifpGJ+yD; aoonftxd
pG e f @ v$ w f p G e f @ pm; wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;zkd@qdkwm omrefvlrsm;pk
xufjrufydkifEdkifwJh }uD;tzkd@ pOf;pm;=unfhvkd@awmif r&
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w,f? tJoavmufcufcJwJh obm0
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xHk;pH tifrwef pdwf"mwf }uHhcdkifvSygw,fqdkwJh (t*Fvdyfbmompum;eJ@ tm%m&SifawG
udk &Hzef&Hcg (Strong Man)vk@d o;Hk E_e;f avh&w Sd mudk &nf!e¸ ;f jyygw,f?) Adv k af e0if;awmifrS
ol@rlvtpDtpOfudk pGef@v$wf+yD; EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;awGudk t&_H;ay;cJh&wm jzpfygw,f?
(e0w)(etz)acwfrSmawmh zdEdSyfr_[m awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ (rqv) acwf
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ayr,fh tmZmenfawG&JŒ ta&twGuf[m wdk;yGm;+yD;&if; wdk;yGm;aecJhygw,f? (e0w)
(etz)acwf tESpf (20)twGi;f tusO;f axmifrsm;twGi;f usq;kH cJ=h u&wJh tmZmenfaygi;f
215
tck txdrmS yJ (100)ausmo f mG ;cJ+h yDqw
kd t hJ csuu f tJ'tD qdk rSeu f efa=umif; oufaojyae
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cH,lcsufawG[m (62)eJ@ (88) =um;umvu wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;&JŒ ,Hk=unfcH,lcsuf
xuf ydkrdkcdkifrm&J0Hh jywfom;vmwmyJ jzpfygw,f? Adkvfae0if;acwfwkef;u wdk;wufwJh
Edik if aH &;tjrif&oSd al wG[m rdrw d @dk &ifxu J ,H=k unfcsu&f ŒJ wGe;f aqmfrt _ & Edik if aH &;udk rvkyf
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jzpfygw,f? wwfEdkifor# tzrf;rcH&atmifaer,fqkdwJh vkH+cKHa&;qdkif&m tajccHoabm
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od=uwJhtwdkif; tajctaeuajymif;vJoGm;+yD jzpfygw,f? 'Duae@acwf jrefrmh 'Drdkua&pD
a&; wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olawG[m aocsmayguf tzrf;cH&r,fqdkwmudk odod}uD;eJ@ rdrdwkd@
vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufw,fvkd@ ,lqwJhtvkyfudk ra=umufr&GH@aemufrwGef@bJ &GH&GHc|Hc|H vkyf
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(5)ESpf (7)ESpf0ef;usifjzpfayr,fh vuf&dSacwfrSm tJ'Daxmif'%f[m uav;upm;p&mjzpf
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wcsKdŒqdk&if csrSwfxm;wJh axmif'%fxufawmif trsm;}uD; ydk+yD; aecJh=u&wmyg?
tJ'gawG[m jrefrmjynfrSm yHkjyifawGr[kwfygbl;? wu,fhjzpf&yfrSefawG jzpfyg
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,Hk=unf,lqwJh EdkifiHa&;tvkyfawGudk &J0hHajymifajrmufwJhowWd rqkwfrepfwJh ZGJvHk@v
0d&d,eJ@ vkyfaqmifae=uolawGudk tmZmenfawGvkd@ usaemfwkd@ac:=u&rSmyJ jzpfygw,f?
“tarSmifacwfrmS axmifqw kd m ol&aJ umif; jywdu k jf zpfw,f”qdw k hJ emrnfausmf
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r&Sd=uygbl;? pdwf"mwfeJ@ ,Hk=unfcsufukd csdK;EdSrfzsufqD;zkd@qdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ (e0w)
(etz)ppftkyfpk&JŒ ESpf&Snfaxmif'%fcsrSwfjcif;cHcJh=u&wJh EdkifiHa&;wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olawG
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om;wifay;vdkufovdkyJ axmifxJrSm q,fpkESpfwck/ ESpfck eD;yg;=umatmifae+yD; jyefxGuf
vm=uwJh tcgrSmvnf; rdrdwkd@&JŒ rlvEdkifiHa&;wm0efrsm;udk &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|H jyefvnfxrf;aqmif
cJh=uwm tm;vHk;tjrift=um;yJ jzpfygw,f? axmifxJrSm ESpf&Snfvrsm;aecJh+yD; aemuf
jyefvGwfvmvmcsif; jynfol@rD'D,mawGeJ@ jyKvkyfwJh awG@qkHar;jref;cef;rSm “usaemf/ usr
EdkifiHa&; qufvkyfrSmyg”qdkwJh tajzudk =um;&wJhtcg =uufoD;zsef;zsef;xatmif thH=o
csD;usL; av;pm;=unfndK=u&ygw,f? tJovdk EdkifiHa&;orm;rsdK;awG trsm;tjym;&dSwJh
jrefrmjynfvdk wdkif;jynfrsKd; urBmay:rSm b,favmufrsm;rsm; &dSygovJ? twdtus rod&
ayr,fh odyftrsm;}uD;&dSrSmawmh r[kwfygbl;? usaemfwkd@EdkifiHrSmawmif tJovdkrsdK; ol&J
216
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ordik ;f wavsmuf zdEySd rf t _ jyif;xefq;kH jzpfwhJ tckvuf&t Sd pd;k & acwfrmS om tmZmenfawG
tckavmuftrsm;tjym; ay:xGufcJhwm jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dol&Jaumif;awG bma=umifh
tckavmufcdkifrm&J&ifh jywfom;ae=uwmvJqdkwJh ar;cGef;&JŒtajzudk qef;ppf=unfhwJhtcg
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om;+yD; vkyf&nfudkif&nf xl;c|efxufjrufwJh ol&Jaumif;tmZmenfawG rsm;jym;wJh EdkifiH
wck[m tm%m&SifpepfqdkwJh EGHxJrSm t+rJwrf; b,fvdk epfaeEdkifrSmvJ? 'ga=umifh jrefrm
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aemufwcsuu f jrefrmh'rD udk a&pDacgi;f aqmifawG(txl;ojzifh a':atmifqef;pk
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azsmufzsux f m;vk@d om jynfwiG ;f rSm twefi,farS;rdeS af e&ayr,fh Edik if w H umrSmawmh a':
atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ =oZmt&dSeft0g[m tvGef}uD;rm;ygw,f? urBmay:rSm tusOf;cs
cHxm;&wJh wOD;wnf;aom +idrf;csrf;a&;Edkb,fqk&SifjzpfwJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk urBmh
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EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;uay;wJh vl@tcGifhta&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ vGwfvyfa&;eJ@ +idrf;csrf;
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vuf&t Sd csed rf mS vnf; axmif'%f(65)ESpu f scH ae&jyef+yDjzpfwhJ rif;udEk ikd uf kd rodwo
Jh l urBmh
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pD;arsmar$;ysHŒaewmjzpf+yD; ol@ukdurBmwv$m;u wkd;wufwJhtjrif&dSwJh ausmif;om;awGeJ@
217
vli,fawGu olwkd@&JŒpdwf"mwfa&;&m acgif;aqmif (Spiritual Leader) tjzpf rSwf
,lxm;=urSm rvGJygbl;?
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jzpfygw,f?
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wae&mrSm wifjycJhwJh jrefrmEdkifiHeJ@ tajctaecsif; cyfqifqifwlnDae=uwJh tjcm;
tm%m&SiEf ikd if aH wGe@J E_id ;f ,SO=f unf&h if Edik if w
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&Sm;r_ twdkif;twmrSma&m jrefrmEdkifiHutrsm;}uD;omaewmudk awG@=u&rSmyg? 'D
tcsufu jrefrmudk urBmu ydkod/ ydktm±kH pdkufvmatmif ulnDyHhykd;ay;aewmjzpf+yD;
tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh urBmujrefrmudk ydkodydktm±kHpdkufvmjcif;u jrefrmEdkifiHrSm 'Drdk
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rSm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dtcsu[ f mvnf; jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pDwu kd yf JG rvGrJ aoG atmif
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aemufwcsuu f (e0w)(etz) acwfrmS jrefrmEdik if }H uKHawGŒae&wJh r±SLEdik f
ru,fEdkif jy\emawGyJ jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vGwfvyfcGifh qHk;±H_;aer_wkd@vkd yifr
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awmh rl;,pfaq;0g;jy\em/ a&$Œajymif;tvkyform;jy\em/ (AIDS) jy\em/ ±kd
[if*sm jy\emwkd@ jzpfygw,f?
vuf&dStajctaerSm jrefrmEdkifiH[m urBmay:rSm tmz*efepPwef+yD;&if
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218
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wJh jrefrmEdik if [ H m Advk af e0if; ppftm%m&Sipf epf }uD;pd;k wGiu f s,cf whJ hJ (26)ESpwf m umvrSm
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em[m aygufuGJawmhr,fh taetxm;w&yfqDokd@ csOf;uyfvmaeygw,f? urBmhusef;rm
a&;tzGJ@ (WHO)&JŒ tpD&ifcHpmwckt& pm&if;aumuf,ljyKpkcJhwJh EdkifiH(192)ckteuf
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219
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221
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qdkcsuf &&dSjcif;ygyJ?
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awG;qqifjcif oabmayguw f mrsKd ; &dcS sirf &S =dS urSm jzpfayr,fh &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;
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222
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0±kef;okef;um; xGufajy;=uwmudk awG@=u&ygw,f/ wu,fvkd@om tJ'Dwd&p>meftkyf[m
tJovdk0±kef;okef;um; xGufrajy;bJ owWd&dS&dS pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; nDnD!Gwf!GwfeJ@ &efoludk
&ifqdkif=ur,fqdk&if tJ'Dwd&p>mefawG&JŒ csdKzsm;'grSr[kwf cGmatmufrSm tJ'DjcaoFh[m
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tJ'Dwd&p>meftkyfudk acgif;aqmifpnf;±kH;r,fh wd&p>mefb,fawmhrS ay:vmrSm r[kwfovdk
tJ'w D &d p>mefawG jcaoFu h kd nD!w G pf nf;vH;k pGm &ifqikd cf ck aH e=uwJjh rifuiG ;f udv
k nf; b,fawmh
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wd&p>mefawG jzpfae=uvkd@ jzpfygw,f?
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qdkwmudkawmh txl;ajymzkd@ vdkr,frxifygbl;? &efoludk pkaygif;&ifqdkifEdkifa&;twGuf
wd&p>meftyk u f kd acgi;f aqmifpnf;±k;H r,fh wd&p>mef&,fv@dk b,fawmhrS ay:xGuv f mrSm r[kwf
ayr,fh vlxk}uD;w&yfuawmh olwkd@twGufacgif;aqmifudk rvGJraoG&&dSrSm jzpfovdk tJ'D
acgif;aqmif&JŒ acgif;aqmifr_ rSefuefw,fqdk&if ol@aemufudk z0g;ajcxyfxuf=uyfruGm
vkduf=urSm jzpfygw,f? 'Dtcsufudk jrefrmEdkifiHrSm acgif;aqmifESpfOD; (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@
a':atmifqef;pk=unf)u oufaojycJh+yD;jzpfygw,f? tjcm;wzufrSmawmh acgif;
aqmifawGtaeeJ@ rSeu f efwahJ cgi;f aqmifr_ ray;Edik cf &hJ if jynfoal wG[m tJ'aD cgi;f aqmifawG
udkaemufrSm csefxm;ypfcJh+yD; acgif;aqmiftopf wifajr‡mufum olwkd@&JŒc&D;udk qufvuf
csDwuf oGm;=urSmyJ jzpfygw,f? jynfolwa,mufcsif;rSm pmemr_awG/ n‡mwmr_awG/ oH
a,mZOfawG/ tpGJtvrf;awG &dSEdkifayr,fh jynfolw&yfvHk;rSmawmh tJ'DqENpGJawGr&dSygbl;?
vlrb _ 0u vlrt _ odukd jyXmef; (Social being determines the social conciousness)
wmrk@d jynfov l x l wk &yf[m tJ't D odt&om olw@dk &ŒJ acgi;f aqmifawGukd wifajr‡mufwm/
z,f&Sm;wm jzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfwkd@udk jrefrmjynfol
awGu olwkd@&JŒacgif;aqmiftjzpf owfrSwf+yD; olwkd@aemufrSm wpfcJeuf &yfwnfwm[m
tJ'Dacgif;aqmifawG&JŒ acgif;aqmifr_ rSefuefvkd@ jzpfygw,f? acgif;aqmifr_ rrSefuefwJh
wae@rSm jynfolawGu b,facgif;aqmifudkrS n‡mwmaxmufxm;aerSm r[kwfygbl;? 'g
a=umifhacgif;aqmifwa,muftwGuf ol@&JŒacgif;aqmifr_ rSef rrSef qdkwmudk wdkif;wmzkd@
pH wckyJ&dSygw,f? tJ'guawmh ol@aemufrSm vlxk&dS r&dSqdkwmyJ jzpfygw,f? ol@vufxJrSm
ygwDqdkif;bkwfwck&dS r&dS r[kwfygbl;? ygwDqdkif;bkwf&dSayr,fh aemufudkvSnfh=unfhvkdufvkd@
vlxrk &dw S mudk jrifwt hJ cgvx l uk kd “nh&H efaum/ a=umuf&efaum”vd@k oH;k oyfvu kd +f yDqwkd m
eJ@ tJ'Dacgif;aqmif[m acgif;aqmifb0u pkawoGm;+yDjzpfygw,f? ta=umif;uawmh
jrefrmhordkif;/ urBmhordkif; tawG@t}uKHawGt& vlwa,muf/ vltkyfpkwpk[m rSm;Edkifay
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224
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b,fawmhrS t±_H;ray;bl;” (We will never surrender)qdkwJh pum;jzpfygw,f? csmcsD
tJ'Dpum;ajymwJhtcsdef[m +AdwdefEdkifiHxJrSm vef'ef+rdKŒudk *smrefav,mOfawGu pdpdnuf
nufa=uatmif AHk;}uJwdkufcdkufaewJhtcsdef/ urBmwv$m;rSmvnf; emZD*smreD yefZmwifh
um; wyfr}uD;awGu r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;tzGJ@ydkif e,fajrawGudk wck+yD;wck odrf;ydkuf&if;
a&SŒudk w[kex f ;kd csw
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tJ'pD um;a=umifh tqH;k wpfae@ 'kw, d urBmppfy}JG uD;rSm r[mrdwEf ikd if aH wGu tEdik &f &do S mG ;
cJhwmjzpfw,fvkd@ aocsmayguf rajymEdkifayr,fh tJ'DtcsdefrSm a&SŒwdk;vmaewJh *smreDeJ@
tDwvDwyfawGukd wqkwx f J qkwaf y;ae&wma=umifh wkev f y_ af csmufcsm; ysuf jym;ae=u
wJh urBmwv$m;u r[mrdww f yfz@JG 0ifawG&ŒJ pdw"f mwfuakd wmh csmcs&D ŒJ tJ'o D EMXd mef cdik rf m
jywfom;wJh }uKH;0g;csufu tawmfav;}uD;rm;wJh twdkif;twmtxd jyefvnfwnf
aqmuf jr‡iw fh ifay;Edik cf rhJ mS rvGyJ gb;l ? csmcs[ D m tJ'pD um;udk }uH&mr& *a,mifacsmufcsm;
pdwt f aetxm; (desperate mood)t& ajymcJw h m jzpfcsijf zpfr,f? 'grrS [kwf wu,fyJ
cdkifrmjywfom;wJh ydkif;jzwfcsuf (strong determination)t& ajymcJhwmjzpfcsifjzpfr,f?
b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf csmcsD&JŒ tJ'D}uKH;0g;oH[m pdwf"mwfysufjym; acsmufcsm;ae=uwJh urBm
wv$m;u 'Dru kd a&pDbufawmfom;awGukd ycH;k uudik af qmifh v_yEf ;d_ vdu k o
f vdk jzpfomG ;apcJh
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&JŒtJ'pD um;[m 'kw, d urBmppftay: oufa&mufrw _ pHw
k &m (certain impact) &dcS w hJ ,f
vkd@awmh tenf;qHk;qdkEdkifrSm jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJudk OD;aqmifaeolawG ((NLD) A[dktvkyftr_aqmif
tzG@J wckxu J o kd m qdvk wkd mr[kwb f J jrefrmjynfwjynfv;kH tqifh tv$mtoD;oD;rSm jynf
olvlxkudk wufºuGpGm OD;aqmifr_ay;ae=uol tm;vHk;udk qdkvdkwmjzpfygw,f?)[m tod
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aqmifr_rSm wOD;csif;taeeJ@ajym&if yrm'avc jzpfwmrsdK;awG &dSaumif;&dSEdkifayr,fh acgif;
aqmifr_wckvHk;taeeJ@ ajym&&ifawmh }uD;}uD;rm;rm; qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; rSm;,Gif;wJh ajcvSrf;
rsdK;vSrf;r,fh taetxm;r&dSbl;vkd@ ,Hk=unfEdkifygw,f?
tcktcsed rf mS tJ'aD cgi;f aqmifawG[m twdww f ek ;f uvdyk J jynfwiG ;f jynfy tajc
taeawGukd rsujf cnfrjywf apmif=h unfh tuJcwf+yD; a&muf&aSd ewJah wmfveS af &;&JŒ tqifeh @J
avsmfnDpGm jynfolvlxkudk ynmay;&if; pnf;±kH;&if; OD;aqmifr_ay;=u&rSm jzpfygw,f?
(2010)a&G;aumufyGJom wckwnf;aomeJ@ txif&Sm; tay:vGifqHk;aom EdkifiHa&;oGifjyif
225
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a=uuG0J rf;enf;zG,f jzpf&yfrsm;eJ@ jynfEh u S af ewJh tESpEf pS q f ,fausmu f mvudk jzwfoef;cJ+h yD;
wJah emufrmS tcsKŒd aom jynfol tpdwt f ydik ;f awGtwGi;f atmifyu JG jkd rifEikd pf rG ;f r&daS wmhbJ
a=umufpw d /f tm;i,fpw d /f ±_;H pdwaf wG wGiu f s,pf ;kd rd;k vmwm rqef;ygb;l ? tm%m&Sipf epf
[m ta=umufw&m;tay: tajcjyK+yD;ol@&JŒ tm%mudk wnfaqmufxm;wmrkd@ jynfol
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rSef;csuf jzpfygw,f? jynfolawGtwGif; tJ'DcHpm;csufawG ysHŒESH@ae&if tm%m&Sifpepf[m
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awGudk w&m;a&at; wdkufau|;aevkd@ r&ygbl;? acsmharmh azsmif;zs odrf;oGif;pnf;±kH;aevkd@
vnf; r&ygb;l ? tm%m&Sipf epf&ŒJ zdEydS n f O‡ ;f qJjcif;udk cHae=u&olwikd ;f [m rdrw d @dk u, kd w
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a=umufpdwfudk y,f&Sif;wJhae&mrSm rdrdwkd@a=umufaewJht&m&JŒ yuwdt&Sd
w&m;udk odatmifvkyfzkd@u ta&;t}uD;qHk; jzpfygw,f? vrdkufnrSm cyfvSrf;vSrf;u
jrif&wJo h pfiw k uf kd ol&iJ wk wf yk f xdik af ew,fxif+yD; a=umufaevk@d uawmh tJ'aD =umufpw d f
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oGm;+yD; aoaocsmcsm pl;prf;avhvm&rSm jzpfygw,f? tJovkdqdk&if opfikwfomjzpf+yD;
ol&Jr[kwfbl;qdkwmudk rvGJraoGod&dSum a=umufpdwfajyaysmuf oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f?
tm%m&SifpepfeJ@ ywfouf&ifvnf; 'DvdkygyJ? tm%m&Sifpepf[m a0;a0;u
=unfh&if tifrweftiftm;}uD;oa,mif xif&ayr,fh tJ'Dpepf&JŒ twGif;om;eJ@ teD;qHk;
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226
ta=umufw&m;tay: tajcjyKwnfaqmufxm;wJh tm%m&Sifpepf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wck
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f ikd f jzpfaevk@d
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pepfudk zefwD; wnfaqmufxm;olawG[m wa,mufeJ@ wa,muf trsm;tjrifrSm
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,drf;,dkifoGm;csdefrSm (tm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ obm0t& tJ'Dtcsdeftcg[mvnf; wcsdefrSm
rvGJraoGay:aygufvmrSmjzpfygw,f?) b,fol[m bufajymif;r,fhol jzpfEdkifovJqdkwJh
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vnf; t+rJwrf;r,HkouFm jzpfae=uygw,f?
tJ'Dvdk ta=umufw&m;awG/ oHo,awG&JŒ zkH;v$rf;jcif;cHae&olawG&JŒ pdwf[m
b,fvdk+idrf;csrf;EdkifrSmvJ? b,fvdk wnf+idrfEdkifrSmvJ? tJ'Dawmh obm0uspGmyJ tjrifhrm;
qHk;aom ta=umufw&m;eJ@ oHo,awG&JŒ zdpD;xm;jcif;cHae&olawG vkyfwJhvkyf&yfawG
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bl;?
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awGxu J wckjzpfygw,f? (e0w)(etz) tm%m&vmwm tckq&kd if tESpEf pS q f ,fausmf
cJhyg+yD? b,fe,fy,f b,fu¾rSm olwkd@atmifjrifcJhygovJ? jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;[m
vGefcJhwJh tESpfESpfq,fuxuf ajymavmufqkdavmufatmif ododomom wdk;wufvm
ovm;? usqif;oGm;ovm;? tdrfeD;csif; b,fEdkifiHawG&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;udk ausmfwufEkdif
(okd@r[kwf) trDvdkufEdkifcJh+yDvJ? ppfrSefwJh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk &cJh+yDvm;? EdkifiHwum
qufqHa&;e,fy,frSma&m *k%fj'yfxnf0gwJh EdkifiHwcktjzpf trsm;&JŒ todtrSwfjyK av;
pm;r_udk &&dScJhyg&JŒvm;? tajzawGudkawmh tm;vHk; od+yD;jzpfr,fxifvkd@ rajymawmhygbl;?
n‡mn‡mwmwm av#mhav#mhayghayhg rvkyfbJ t&if;twdkif;axmufjy&&if (etz)[m tJ'D
euf±_dif; odrfarG@cufcJ eufeJwJhjy\emawGudk ajz&Sif;Edkifzkd@qdkwm tomxm;vdkufygOD;?
zGH@+zdK;+yD; ajrmuftar&du/ taemufOa&myEdkifiHawG rajymeJ@ tdrfeD;csif; EdkifiHtrsm;pkrSm
awmif jy\emwck r[kwfawmhwJh v#yfppfrD; jy\emudkawmif ajyvnfatmif rajz&Sif;
Edkifao;ygbl;? EdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&cJhwm ESpf(60)ausmfvmcJh+yDjzpfwJh vuf&dStcsdefrSm oef;
aygi;f (50)ausmf ta&twGu&f w Sd hJ jynfov
l x l }k uD;u w&uf (24)em&DrmS (4)em&DavmufyJ
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aom EdkifiH}uD;jzpfatmif wnfaqmufrSmvJ? EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; (2000)ausmf&Sdae+yD;
typftcwf&yfpJa&;,lxm;wJh awmfvSefa&; tzGJ@}uD;awG tm;vHk;u (2010)a&G;aumufyGJ
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227
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qdk+yD; &Gmol&Gmom;awG[m tkyfpkrawmifh&if tJ'Danmifyif teD;ujzwfroGm;&J jzpfae
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awmh tJ'aD nmifyifrmS ol&&J w Sd ,fqw kd mudk r,Hb k ;l ? 'gayr,fh tJ'gukd &Gmom;awG oabm
aygufatmif olvnf;rajymEdkifjzpfaew,f? wae@awmh ol}uD;u t}uH&+yD; &Gmom; tm;
vHk;udk anmifyift&dyfatmufrSm pkcdkif;vdkufw,f? oluvnf; tkef;yGJ/ iSufaysmyGJawG tyg
t0if }uD;}uD;us,u f s,f crf;crf;em;
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a&awG bmawGanmifyifw0du k f zse;f qHk;cef;wdkifatmifvkyfonf”
yuf+yD;awmhrS ol}uD;u “ ig[m a& qd k w mjzpf + yD ;
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&Gmudk tkyfcsKyfaewm jzpfw,f? 'g “wdkif;jynftusdK;udk
a=umifh 'Danmif yifrSm wG,fuyf+yD;
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tcktcsdefup+yD; 'Danmifyif/ 'D&Gm aqmif & G u f = u”
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228
0Vm wdkufwaomif; tjyifbufudk vGifhxGufoGm;+yD;b,fawmhrS ru|wfrvGwfawmhwJh
b0 a&mufoGm;atmif armif;xkwfypfvdkufrSm jzpfw,f”pojzifh }uD;us,fcrf;em;wJh
pum;awGajym+yD; ol&aJ rmif;xkwyf JG qifEv J$ ukd wf ,f? tJ'aD emufyikd ;f up+yD; &Gmom;awG[m
anmifyif}uD;em;uae wa,mufxyJ jJ zpfjzpf ae@a&mnyg ra=umufr&GŒH jzwfoef;oGm;vm
0hH=uawmhw,f?
trSefawmh ol}uD;[m anmifyifu ol&Judk armif;xkwfvdkufwm r[kwfygbl;?
&Gmom;awGpdwfxJu ta=umufw&m;udk armif;xkwfvdkufwmyg? acgif;aqmifqkdwm 'gyg
yJ? rdrdaemufvdkufi,fom;awG &ifxJu a=umif;usdK;qDavsmfr_r&dSwJh/ w&m;"rReJ@ udkufnD
r_r&dSwJh tawG;tac: t,ltqawGae&mrSm a=umif;usKd;qDavsmfr_&SdwJh w&m;"rReJ@ ukduf
nDr&_ wdS hJ tawG;tac:t,ltqawG a&muf&pSd +JG rJvmatmif ulnyD yhH ;kd jcif;jzifh jynfov l xl k
}uD; w&yfv;kH &JŒ cGet f m;udk aygi;f pnf;&,l+yD; yef;wdik t f a&muf csw D ufz@dk qdw k m acgi;f aqmif
wkd@ ar#mfrSef;tyfwJh t"du vkyfief;aqmifwm jzpfygw,f?
w&m;r#wrSefuefwJh wdkufyGJwck Edkifrvm; ±_H;rvm;qdkwmudk acgif;aqmifr_&JŒ
t&nftaoG;u tqH;k tjzwf ray;Edik yf gb;l ? 'gayr,fh tJ'w D u
kd yf q
JG ifEwJ$ u hJ mv &Sn=f um
rvm;? wdkawmif;rvm;qdkwmudkawmh acgif;aqmifr_&JŒ t&nftaoG;u tqHk;tjzwf
ay;Edkifygw,f?
(1962)/ Zlvdkif(7)&uf ta&;tcif;rSm wufºuGv_yf&Sm;wJh &efukefwuUodkvf
ausmif;om;awGudk “tkwfeH&H acgif;eJ@aqmihfwJh aumifav;awG”vdk@ u±k%mvdkvdk avSmif
ajymifoa&mfwmvdkvdk ajymcJh=uygw,f? (74/ 75/ 76 ta&;tcif;umvawGrSmawmh tJ
ovkdajymoHqkdoHrsKd;/ tawmfuav; wdrfoGm;ygw,f? &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfyHk}uD; t
wGi;f rSmawmh jynfov l x
l o k ed ;f aygi;f rsm;pGm yg0ifvmcJ=h uwma=umifh tJ't D a&;awmfy}kH uD;
&JŒ atmifyw JG cktjzpf (90)a&G;aumufyrJG mS jynfoal wG[m ESpaf ygi;f (30)eD;yg; umvtwGi;f
yxrqHk;t}udrfolwkd@&JŒ ppfrSefwJhudk,fpm;vS,fawGudk a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufEkdifcJh=uygw,f?
tcktcsdefrSm tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJ&JŒ &v'fawG taumiftxnf ay:rvmao;ayr,fh jynf
olawG&ŒJ vl@tcGit hf a&;eJ@ 'Drukd a&pDa&; ar#mrf eS ;f csurf sm;[m Zlvikd v f (7)&uf ta&;tcif;
wke;f ueJ@ bmrSrqdik af vmufatmif ydrk v kd if;vuf awmufyvmcJ+h yDjzpfw,fqw kd hJ tcsuu f
awmh tjiif;yGm;zG,f udpw P ck r[kwyf gb;l ? yde;f ydwaf tmif arSmifaew,fv@dk xif&wJh trdu k f
wdkuf}uD;xJrSm tJ'gudk aocsmayguf+zdKcGJypfr,fh tvif;oaE< &dSw,fqdkwmudk jrifatmif
=unfEh ikd pf rG ;f (positive sense) &dzS @dk rvG,b f ;l qdw
k m rSeyf gw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ't D csu[ f m
trSefwu,f wnf&dSaewJh yuwdw&m; (Reality) wck jzpfwJhtwGuf tJ'gudk jrifatmif
=unfzh @dk udp[ P m vlom;awGrjzpfrae xrf;aqmif&r,fh arG;&myg wm0efygy?J ,Ofaus;jcif;
(civilization) qDo@dk av#mufvrS ;f wJh vlom;&JŒwa&GŒa&GŒjzpfpOf[m tJ'w D m0efukd vlom;
awG rsdK;qufwck+yD;wck xrf;aqmifcJhwJh rSwfwrf;}uD;yJ r[kwfvm;?
229
jynfolawGbufrSm tcuftcJawG&dSw,fqdkwm rSefygw,f? 'gayr,fh (etz)
bufrmS a&m tm;vH;k u tqifajyvG,u f l acsmarG@aevk@d vm;? (etz)[m (90)a&G;aumuf
yGJ&v'fudk acszsufEdkifzkd@ }udK;pm;vmcJhwm ESpfaygif;(20)eD;yg;&dSyg+yD? tcktxd ratmif
jrifao;ygb;l ? tckawmh (2010)a&G;aumufyq JG w
kd meJ@ acszsuzf @dk }udK;pm;aejyefyg+yD? +yD;cJw
h hJ
tESp(f 20)eD;yg; umvwavsmufv;kH (etz)tay: Edik if w H umrdom;pkwckv;kH &JŒ jyif;xefwhJ
aygi;f pnf;zdtm;}uD;wck rusa&mufcw hJ m[m (90)a&G;aumufy&JG v'fe@J tJ'&D v'fukd ud, k f
pm;jyKwJh (NLD) wnf&dSaeao;wma=umifh jzpfygw,f? wenf;ajym&if (etz)[m ol@&JŒ
&Sifoefa&;twGuf tJ'DESpfckudk wnf&dScGifh ay;xm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? wzufuvSnfhajym&if
jrefrmjynfolvlxk}uD;eJ@ ,Ofaus;wJhEdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;&JŒ tiftm;pGrf;yum;udk
a=umuf&GHŒwJhtwGuf tJ'Dt&mESpfckudk t+yD;wdkifacszsufwmrsdK; rvkyf0HhcJhwm jzpfygw,f?
tckawmh tm;vHk;od=uwJhtwdkif; (2010)a&G;aumufyGJqdkwmeJ@ tJ'Dt&mESpfck
udk t+yD;wdkifacszsufzkd@ }udK;pm;aeyg+yD? 'g[m wa&GŒa&GŒ jrifhwufvmaewJh ol@&JŒrdwfaqGeJ@
tdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm; tygt0ifEikd if w
H um&JŒ zdtm;a=umifv h m;? 'grrS [kwf (90) a&G;aumuf
yG&J v'fe@J (NLD)udk t+yD;wdik f acszsuzf @dk olw@dk rmS tiftm;tvHt k avmuf&+Sd yDv@dk ,H=k unf
oGm;vk@d vm;? bma=umifq h wkd m raocsmayr,fh aocsmwmuawmh (2010)rSm a&G;aumuf
yGJvkyfr,fvkd@ w&m;0if a=unmxm;+yD;yg+yD?
olw@dk awmif;qdx k m;wJt h csuaf wG (a':pktygt0if Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;tm;vk;H
ukd v$waf y;&r,f? tajccHOya'udk jyefvnfo;Hk oyf&r,f? Ekid if w H umudk apmif=h unfh tuJ
cwfciG jhf yKwJh a&G;aumufyjJG zpf&r,f)r&&if tJ'aD &G;aumufyu JG kd 0ifrmS r[kwb f ;l vk@d (NLD)
u yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymqdkxm;ygw,f? tJ'Dawmif;qdkcsufawGudk rvdkufavsmEdkifbl;vkd@
(etz)u ajymxm;ygw,f? tusdK;quftjzpf tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJudk 0ifrSmr[kwfbl;vkd@
typftcwf&yfpJa&;,lxm;wJh tzGJ@}uD;tm;vHk;u (vlod&Sif=um;wrsdK; wdk;wdk;wdwf
wdwfwrsdK;) ajymqdkxm;=uygw,f? tar&duefeJ@ Oa&myor*~uvnf; ygoifhygxdkufol
tm;vHk;yg0ifwJh (All Inclusive)a&G;aumufyGJ rjzpfcJhbl; qdk&if tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk
todtrSwfjyKrSm r[kwfbl;vkd@ajymqdkxm;=uygw,f? aysmhpdpd tpOftvm&dSwJh tmpD,H
uawmif (All Inclusive)qdw k hJ pum;vH;k udak wmh }uKHwikd ;f toH;k jyKajymqdv k mwm awG@&yg
w,f? r=umao;rDu Adkvfodef;pdef tif'dkeD;&Sm;eJ@ puFmyloGm;awmhvnf; tJ'DEdkifiHacgif;
aqmifawGu usefwmawGudk (etz)eJ@ xdyfwdkufrjzpfatmif a&Smifajym=uayr,fh (All
Inclusive) qdkwmudkawmh rjzpfraexnhf ajymcJh=uygw,f?
tm;vHk;uodae=uayr,fh rodbl;xif+yD; arSmufxm;wJh zJwcsyfudk vSefjyvdkuf
jcif;jzifh (etz)u Edik if w H umudk vSnjhf zm; aoG;aqmifz@dk r=umao;cifu }udK;yrf;cJyh gw,f?
tJ'guawmh (2010)a&G;aumufyu JG kd avhvmtuJcwfz@dk Edik if w H um tuJcwf yk*K~ v d af wGukd
0ifcGifhjyKr,fqdkwJh pum;ygyJ? tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJ trSefwu,f jzpfvmcJhw,fqdk&ifawmif
tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJudk arG;xkwfay;vkdufwJh tajccHOya'[m urBmay:rSm tqkd;&Gm;qkH;
230
tajccHOya'jzpfaewma=umifh tJ'aD &G;aumufy&JG v'f[m jrefrmjynfoal wGtwGuf wefz;kd
wjym;wcsyfrS r&dSrSm jzpfa=umif;odaewJh EdkifiHwum rdom;pku (etz)vSefjyvdkufwJh
tJ'DzJcsyfudk a,mifvkd@awmif vSnfhr=unfhcJh=uwm tm;vHk;todygyJ?
'ga=umifh vuf&dSrSm tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJudk rjzpfrae usif;yoGm;r,fvkd@ }uKH;0g;ae
ayr,fh (etz)[m olwkd@tJovdk vkyfvdkuf&if wufvmr,fh 'Da&&JŒtjrifhudk wGufcsuf
=unfhaeyHk&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh (etz)xJrSm acgif;rmtkyfpku tompD; &aewma=umifh
'grSr[kwf (etz)[m acgif;rmolawGeJ@csnf; zGJ@pnf;xm;wJhtzGJ@jzpfwma=umifh jynfoleJ@
Edik if w
H umu b,fvykd J qef@usiaf e=uygap? tJ'D a&G;aumufy[ JG m owfrw S x
f m;wJt h wdik ;f
(2010)rSm ay:aygufvmEdkifygw,f?
tJovdkqdk&if b,fvdkjzpfvmrvJ? tajccHtm;jzifh aemufqufwJG tajctae
}uD;oHk;ck jzpfxGef;vmygvdrfhr,f? yxrqHk;wcku tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJ[m jynfolvlxkvuf
rcHwJh a&G;aumufyGJjzpfwJhtwGuf tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJu xGufay:vmwJh tpdk;&[m (etz)
vdkcsifwJh w&m;0if tpdk;&wckjzpfvmrSm r[kwfygbl;? 'kwd,tcsuftaeeJ@ w&m;0if
r[kwfwJh tJ'Dtpkd;&udk EdkifiHwumu vufcHtodtrSwfjyKrSm r[kwfwJhtwGuf (etz)
vufxuf wavsmufv;kH &daS ecJw h hJ Edik if w
H um qufqaH &; tusytf wnf;awG[m quf&Sd
aerSm jzpfygw,f? '%fcwfydwfqkd@ ta&;,lr_awG[mvnf; quf&dSaerSmjzpfygw,f?
wwd,tcsufuawmh jynfolvlxku vufrcHwJhw&m;r0if tpdk;& vufxufrSm jynfol
awGtwGuf jyif;xefqdk;&Gm;vSwJh tcuftcJtusyftwnf;awG[m quf&dSaerSm jzpfwm
a=umifh tJ'Dtajctae&JŒ tusdK;quftjzpf EdkifiHwnf+idrfat;csrf;zGH@+zdK; wdk;wufr_qdkwm
a0;oxufa0;jzpfomG ;+yD; rcHEikd af wmhwhJ tqH;k wae@rmS &Spaf v;vH;k xufawmif ydrk }kd uD;rm;
jyif;xefwJh aygufuGJtHkºuGr_}uD;wck taES;r[kwftjref ay:aygufvmrSm {uefrvGJ jzpfyg
w,f?
(etz)xJu acgif;rmtkyfpk 'grSr[kwf acgif;rmwJh (etz)uawmh tJ'DtusdK;
qufawGudk awG;rdcsifrS awG;rdygvdrfhr,f? awG;rd&ifawmif “tdkæ bmylp&mvdkovJæ
tJ'Dtcsdefusawmhvnf; vufeufeJ@ EdSyfuGyfacsr_ef;ypfvdkufwmaygh”vdk@ awG;aumif; awG;
xm;ygvdrfhr,f? tm%m[m aoewfajymif;0u xGufw,fvkd@ ,lqxm;ol awGtwGuf
'DvdkawG;xm;wm[m tqef;w=u,f udpPwck r[kwfygbl;? 'g[m jynfoludk udk,fpm;
rjyKwJh tm%m&Sifppftkyfpku ol@tvkyfolvkyfwmyJ jzpfygw,f?
'DvdkygyJ? jynfolawGuvnf; udk,fhtvkyfudk,fvkyf=u&ygvdrfhr,f? avmavm
q,f vkyf=u&rSmu jynfolvlxkudk a,bk,stm;jzifh rSefuefwJh OD;aqmifr_ay;aewJh
(NLD)aemufrSm wcJeuf wnDw!Gwfwnf; &yfwnf=uzkd@ jzpfygw,f? (2010) a&G;
aumufyeJG @J ywfouf+yD; (NLD)&JŒ &yfwnfcsuf rwdr;f rapmif;ao;oa&GŒ (NLD)&JŒ t}uH
jyKwdkufwGef;csufrsm;twdkif; wdwdusus vdkufemaqmif&Guf=u&ygvdrfhr,f?
231
wu,fv@dk (NLD)u vrf;a=umif;wdrf;apmif;oGm;cJh&if 'grSr[kwf (etz)&JŒ
qifuef;awmwdk; rsufuef;wap>ra=umuf ZGwfvkyf&yfa=umifh jynfolvufrcHwJh (2010)
a&G;aumufyJG jzpfajrmufomG ;cJ+h yD; aemufyikd ;f (NLD)eJ@wuG jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pD tzG@J tpnf;
tm;vH;k (etz&JŒ owfrw S cf sut
f &) w&m;0if ajray:tzG@J tpnf;rsm;tjzpfukd qH;k ±_;H oGm;cJh
=u+yDqdk&ifvnf; jynfolawG[m 'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ vkyf&yf
erlemeJ@ rdef@rSmcsufrsm;twdkif; 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJudk oifhavsmf&m yHko¿mefrsm;eJ@ quf
vuf qifE=J$ u&rSmyJjzpfygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ vky&f yfrsm;eJ@ ywfoufv@dk uawmh
tm;vHk;odxm;=u+yD;om; jzpfwma=umifh xyf+yD;azmf!¸ef;jyp&m rvdkawmhygbl;? tcufcJ
tusyw f nf;qH;k tajctaerSmatmufrmS ae ae&wJh txJuawmif ±ke;f uef xGuaf y:vm
wJh ol@&JŒ rdef@rSmcsufwcsKd@udkyJ &nf!¸ef;jyvdkygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh a':atmifqef;pk
=unf&JŒ jcH0if;wHcg;0rSm ay:xGufvmcJhwJh ol@&JŒ wkdufwGef;csufrsm;yJjzpfygw,f? r=umao;
cifvykid ;f twGi;f tJ'aD e&mrSm ol@&ŒJ wdu k w f eG ;f csuEf pS cf u
k kd jynfoal wG jrifawG@c=hJ u&ygw,f?
wcku “tmZmenfo&l aJ umif;wk@d rnfonf rdrw d @dk tvkyu f kd qH;k cef;wdik af tmif vkyo f nf”
qdw k mjzpf+yD; aemufwcku “wdik ;f jynftusKd ;udk ar#mu f ;kd +yD;&J&0J 0hH hH jywfjywfom;om; aqmif
&Guf=u”qdkwm jzpfygw,f?
(1988)ckEpS u f pvk@d tcktxd tESpEf pS q f ,fausmu f mvtwGi;f a':atmifqef;
pk=unf &yfwnfajymqdk vkyfudkifvmcJhor#eJ@ tJ'DwdkufwGef;csufawGudk aygif;pyf=unfhvdkuf
&if rdrdwkd@EdkifiHudk vGwfvyf+idrf;csrf;/ zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufapvdkwJh qENtmoDo jyif;jyif;jyjy &dSae
=uol jrefrmjynfolawGtaeeJ@ rdrdwkd@vkyf&r,fhtvkyfudk txift&Sm; tyDtjyif jrifawG@
Ekdif=uvdrfhr,fvkd@ usaemf,Hk=unfygw,f?
udpu P &Si;f &Si;f av;yg? usaemfw@dk a&SŒoGm;r,fv h rf;ay:rSm ausmufw;kH }uD;wwH;k
ydwfqkd@umqD;aew,f? tJ'DausmufwHk;}uD;udk z,f&Sm;zkd@ vlwa,mufxJuvkyf&if wESpf
=umr,fqkdygawmh? 'gqdk(2)a,muf}udK;pm;&if (6)v/ (4)a,muf}udK;pm;&if (3)vpojzifh
yg0if}udK;pm; aqmif&GufwJholrsm;avav z,f&Sm;&wJhumv wdkawmif;avavjzpfrSm
taotcsmygyJ? (2010)a&G;aumufyGJqdkwm tJ'D ausmufwHk;}uD;u yJhxGufvmwJh tydkif;
tpuav; wckom jzpfygw,f? tJ'DausmufwHk; tydkif;tpuav;udk z,f&Sm;Ekdifzkd@
ppftm%m&SifpepfqkdwJh yifrausmufwkH;}uD;udk z,f&Sm;Edkifzkd@u ydkta&;}uD;ygw,f? trSef
w&m;bufrmS vnf;&d/S cdik rf mjywfom;wJh atmifpw d v f nf;&dw S o hJ u l kd b,ft&murS rwm;
qD;Edkifygbl;?
'Drkdua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf jynfolawGbmvkyfoifhovJqkdwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD;
usaemhf&JŒ a,bk,stjrifrsm;udk wifjycJh+yD; jzpfygw,f? tckwcgaemufqkH;rS azmfjyayr,fh
ta&;ygr_tykdif;rSm aemufqkH;r[kwfwJh udpPwck/ jrefrmEkdifiHrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepf
csKyf+idrf;aysmufuG,foGm;wmudk jrifvkd=uwJh jynfolwdkif; rjzpfraevkyfaqmif&r,fh
(wu,fawmh tJ'Dvkyfief;[m ppftm%m&Sif tpkd;&qkdwJh xif&Sm;jrifomwJh ±kyfj'yf}uD;
232
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a&SŒtcef; wcsKdŒrSm usaemftenf;i,f azmfjycJh+yD;jzpfwJh vlrsKd;}uD;0g'eJ@ vlrsKd; i,f0g'wkd@eJ@
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aEG;+yD; usaemfh&JŒ tajzudk ed*kH;csKyfrSmjzpfygw,f?
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vlrsKd;om tjrifhjrwfqkH;/ txufjrufqkH; taumif;qkH;/ tawmfqkH; usefwJhvlrsKd;awGu
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wkdif;wyg;vufatmuf 'grSr[kwf tjcm;vlrsKd;wrsKd;&JŒ vufatmuf u|efom;aygufb0
a&mufae&wJh vlrsKd;wrsKd;&JŒ acgif;qmifrsm;[m rdrdwkd@ vlrsKd;EG,f0ifrsm;udk OD;aqmif+yD;
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ay:aygufvmatmif }uKd;yrf;=uwJhtcg rdrdwkd@vlrsKd;&JŒ twdwfu xif&Sm;}uD;us,f jrifh
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&ifxJrSm trsKd;om;a&;ZmwdrmefawG yGufyGufql [kef;[kef;xvmatmif v_H@aqmf=u&
ygw,f? ukdvkdeDacwfu ay:aygufcJhzl;wJh “ocifrsKd;a[h wkd@Arm” qkdwJh aºuG;a=umfoH[m
tJ'DvkdrsKd;v_H@aqmfr_&JŒ xif[yfcsufwckjzpfygw,f?
wu,fawmh rdrdxuf tiftm;tqrwef}uD;wJh &efoleJ@ &ifqkdif&Jzkd@twGuf
acgi;f aqmifawGtaeeJ@ tJovkd Zmwdyn k *k%rf meudk rD;armif;xk;d jy+yD; rdrw d @dk vrl sK;d EG,0f if
jynfoal wGukd trsK;d om;a&;pdw"f gwf Zmwdrmef cGet f m;oGi;f ay;&wm acgi;f aqmifawGtzk@d
rvkyfrjzpfvkyf&wJh tvkyfjzpfygw,f? 'Dvkdenf;eJ@ rdrdwkd@udk u|efjyKtkyfpkd;aewJh wkdif;wyg;
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EkdifiHeJ@ vlrsKd;aygif;rsm;pGmwkd@vnf; urBmhorkdif;tqufqufrSm &SdcJh=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh
EkdifiHawG/ vlrsKd;awG&JŒ trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJtqifhrSm trsKd;om;a&;0g'[m
wdk;wufwJh vuQ%maqmifwJh tjcif;t&mwck jzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&; wku d yf t
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csKyfolawG[m ypfrSwftjzpf txift&Sm; &Sdaewmrkd@ trsKd;om;a&;0g' tm;aumif;ckdifrm
avav/ vGwfvyfa&;eJ@ eD;avavrkd@ trsKd;om;Zmwdrmef tjrifhqkH;tqifhtxd qlyGufv#H
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vkyif ef;[m umv tuef@towfe@J jzpfw,fqw dk mudk ^m%fynmtajrmftjrifenf;yg;wJh
(okd@r[kwf)udk,fusKd;&Sm twWpdwfrsm;jym;wJh acgif;aqmifawG oabmrayguf=uygbl;?
trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; wkdufyGJumv vGefajrmufoGm;cJhwJh EkdifiHwEdkifiHrSm tJ'Dvkd acgif;
233
aqmifrsK;d awG[m wkid ;f jynf&ŒJ uH=urRmukd tqk;H tjzwfay;Ekid w f hJ tcef;u¾wckcrk mS quf
&Sad ew,fq&dk ifawmh tJ'ED idk if rH mS r[mvlrsK;d }uD;0g'[m yko H ¿mef wrsK;d rsK;d eJ@ ayguzf mG ;&Sif
oef }uD;xGm;aeawmhwmygyJ?
'DtcgrmS wcsed u f txift&Sm;&Scd w hJ hJ ypfrw
S jf zpfwhJ wkid ;f wyg;om; vlrsK;d jcm;awG
vnf; r&Sdawmh+yDrkd@ trsKd;om;a&;0g' wjzpfvJ r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'&JŒ ypfrSwftopf[m
rdrdwkd@eJ@ orkdif;wavsmuf wajrwnf;ae wa&wnf;aomuf rdom;pk aqGrsKd;rsm;ozG,f
aexkdifvmcJhwJh tjcm;aom wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pki,fawG jzpfvmawmhwmygyJ? (rD;zkdxJu
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0g;rsKdoifhwJh avmifpm(xif;)ukdom ruawmhbJ ravmifu|rf; r0g;rsKdoifhwJh avmifpm
(tkd;tdrfponf)awGudkyg avmifu|rf;0g; rsKdoGm;wJh oabmeJ@qifwlygw,f?) ^m%fynm
tajrmf tjrifenf;yg;wJh wcsdefwnf;rSm ukd,fusKd;twW}uD;rm;=uwJh acgif;aqmifrsm;[m
wcsdefu tifrwef cspfcifESpfvkdzG,faumif;cJhwJh trsKd;om;a&;0g'udk tifrwef pufqkyf
&GH&SmzG,faumif;wJh r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'tjzpfokd@ (olwkd@udk,fwkdifawmif odcsifrSodr,f)
ajymif;vJypfvu dk =f u+yD; tJ'0D g'udk vufeuftjzpf tok;H jyKum tjcm;wkid ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d pk
rsm;tay: ykHo¿mefrsKd;pkHeJ@ ESdyfpufuvl jyK=uygawmhw,f? tJ'DrSmwif qef@usifbuf
rESpfvkdp&mwckjzpfwJh vlrsKd;i,f0g'vnf; aygufzGm;vmawmhwmygyJ?
vlrsK;d i,f0g'qkw d muawmh r[mvlrsK;d }uD;0g'&JŒ zdp;D ESyd pf ufra_ tmufrmS tvl;
tvJcHpm;&if; rdrdwkd@vlrsKd; urBm}uD;ay:u aysmufuG,f roGm;atmif cufcufcJcJ }udK;pm;
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yGuf&muae vlrsKd;}uD;0g'eJ@ vlrsKd;ukd cGJjcm;rjrifEkdifawmhbJ tukefvkH;a&maESm odrf;usKH;+yD;
rkef;wD;oGm;wJh0g'jzpfygw,f?
'DvkdeJ@ 'D0g'ESpfck=um;rSm tqkd;oHo&m (vicious circle)wck ay:xGufvmyg
awmhw,f? rdrw d @dk vrl sK;d om jrifjh rwfw,fv@dk ,lqxm;wJh vlrsK;d }uD;0g'u tjcm;vlrsK;d awG
tay:ESdyfpufuvljyKjcif;jzifh vlrsKd;i,f0g'udk arG;zGm;ay:xGufvmapw,f? vlrsKd;i,f0g'D
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ykdrkdtiftm; }uD;xGm;vmw,f? 'Dawmh olwkd@u tjcm;vlrsKd;awGtay: ykd+yD; ESdyfpufuvl
jyKvmw,f? 'Denf;eJ@ vlrsK;d i,f0g'ukd avmifpmjznfah y;w,f? tJ'v D o dk oH &m vnfaewm
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234
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wnfaqmufEkdifcJh=uw,f qkdwm[mvnf; xufjrufwJh jrefrmppfbk&if(3)yg;u jrefrm
vlrsK;d jynfoal wGtay:rSma&m/ tjcm;aom wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d awGtay:rSmyg ppftiftm;
udk y"mevufeuftjzpf tok;H jyK+yD; trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G rf q _ w
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jrefrmppfbk&ifawG&JŒvkyf&yf rSefw,f rSm;w,fudk a0zefzkd@ roifhwmtrSefyg? 'gayr,fh
olwkd@[m ppfrSefwJh trsKd;om;pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&;ukd wnfaqmufcJholawG jzpfw,fvkd@
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ruf rufae=uolawGomjzpf+yD; tcktcsdefrSmolwkd@ tJ'D tdyfrufu Ekd;xoifh=uyg+yD?
ppfrSefwJh aoG;pnf;nDnGwfr_qdkwm pkd;&drfa=umuf&GHŒ xdwfvef@r_r&SdwJh tajctaeatmuf
rSmom vlom;wOD;eJ@ wOD;=um;/ vltkyfpkwckeJ@ wck=um; ay:aygufEkdifwJh vlr_qufqHa&;
wckjzpfygw,f? oufOD;qHykdif ya'o&mZfpepfxGef;um;cJhwJh tJ'DacwfumvawGrSm
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um;qJjzpfw,fqkdwJhtcsuf[m tqef;w=u,f udpPwckawmhvnf; r[kwfygbl;?
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tzGJ@&JŒ xdyfoD;acgif;aqmif tm;vkH;eD;yg;[m &yf&SifvlrsKd;awG jzpf=uygw,f?
vuf&Sd w±kwfEkdifiHrSm [efvlrsKd;[m tiftm;t}uD;qkH; vlrsKd;jzpf+yD; w±kwf
uGefjrLepfygwD EkdifiHa&;OD;aqmiftzGJ@0if tm;vkH;eD;yg;[m [efvlrsKd;awG jzpf=uygw,f?
tD&wfEkdifiH[m &SDtkduf/ qGefeDeJ@ umh'fvlrsKd;pk}uD;(3)ck pkaygif;aexkdif&m EdkifiHjzpfayr,fh
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235
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rqkdykd+yD; jrifhjrwfomvGefw,fvkd@ ,kH=unfcJhygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppfukd yg0ifqifE$JcJhwJh
*syefEkdifiH&JŒ tJ'Dwkef;u acgif;aqmifawG[mvnf; *syefvlrsKd;awG[m aeu qif;ouf
vmolawG jzpfwma=umifh urBmay:rSm tjrifjh rwfq;Hk jzpfw,fqw dk hJ t,ltqudk tjrifq h ;Hk
txda&mufatmif qGJwif+yD; tdrfeD;csif; EkdifiHawGudk odrf;ykdufu|efjyKcJhw,f? 'DOyrmawG
tm;vk;H u axmufjyaewJh wlnw D t hJ csuw
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'Duae@urBmay:rSm vlO;D a&trsm;qk;H ,k=H unfu;kd uG,af e=uwJh bmomt,l0g'}uD;awG&ŒJ
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bmom&JŒ acgi;f aqmifa,±_c&pfuvnf; “bk&m;ocifonf vlom;tm;vk;H wk@d tm; wlnD
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236
tJ'g&JŒ tusKd;qufwckuawmh ya'o&mZfacwfwavsmuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wkdif;&JŒ tpGef
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rsm;[m ,Ofaus;r_ (civilization) tawmfuav;wkd;wufvmyg+yDqkdwJh 'Duae@ESpfq,fh
wpf&mpkrSmvnf; oufOD;qHydkifya'o&mZfacwfutwkdif; vl@tcGifhta&;awG qufvuf
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(1958)rSm w}udrf (1962)rSm w}udrf tm;opfavmif;vmcJhwm jzpfygw,f? ,ae@ jrefrmh
'Drkdua&pDa&;udk acgif;aqmifaeol trsm;pktaeeJ@ 'Dtcsufudk oifcef;pm,lEkdifcJh=u+yD
jzpfwmrkd@ ra0;awmhaomumvrSm ppfrSefwJh trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk
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tckdiftrm,kH=unfygw,f? Õ
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