Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial

1 Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial

ATM Example: Customer Initiated Use Cases (Cash Deposit into Checking) ATM Example: Customer Initiated Use Cases (Cash Withdrawal from Checking) Transaction Interfaces (Cash Withdrawal from Checking) EventStudio System Designer 4.0 30-Sep-07 09:03 (Page 1)
Actors System System
EventStudio System Designer 4.0 EventStudio System Designer 4.0
Primary Secondary Input Output Controller ATM Controller
Actors Actors Bank Card Reader Keypad Envelope Slot Display Cash Printer ATM Session Transaction Logger 30-Sep-07 11:43 (Page 3)
Customer Bank Card Reader Keypad Envelope Display Cash Printer ATM Session Transaction Logger 11-Sep-07 22:33 (Page 5) Dispenser System
Slot Dispenser
34:returns ATM Controller
Session start handling
35:End()
1:Insert Credit Card The customer inserts the ATM card
to start the ATM session. 36:LogTransaction()
Bank Card Reader Keypad Envelope Slot
2:Credit Card Swipe The Card Reader in the ATM detects Log entry
ATM Card Number, PIN the credit card and sends a message
to the ATM object. 37:returns
3:create The ATM object has detected the 38:HandleTransactionComplete()
start of a new session. The ATM
object creates a new Session object. Mark Transaction object for
deletion
4:Initialize Update the Session object with the 39:Print() Request user to select another
ATM card number and PIN stored on

7:R
ATM Card Number, PIN

1 0:
(1) Deposit (2) Withdraw (3) Quit transaction.

Ha n
the ATM card.

equ

dleB
es
6:Welcome Message 5:Welcome Message 40:returns

)
A welcome message is displayed to

t Wit h

nt ry(
an
the user.

kReply ()

ou ntE
dra wa
8 :retu rn s
41:returns
8:Request PIN Box Display 7:Request PIN Request the user to enter the PIN.

9 :returns

dl eA m
ATM Printer Cash Dispenser Display

lAutho
42:returns s
9:Enter PIN 10:Handle PIN Entry The Customer enters the PIN. tu rn

6 : H an
4:re

riza t io
tu rn s
Compare PIN read from the Does the PIN entered by the user 43:returns 12:re

n()
card with the entered PIN match the PIN stored in the card?
LEG: Valid PIN
12:Display Transaction Menu 11:Display Transaction Menu The PIN has matched, so give the

sh()
1 9:
44:Select Transaction Menu User decides to quit. t ()
transaction choices to the user.

re tu

sp enseCa
ri n
3 :P

rn s
13:Select Transaction Menu 14:Handle Transaction Selection User selects the transaction. 45:HandleTransactionSelection()

1 1 :D i
15:create transaction_type
The Session creates the Transaction 5:returns
object. 46:End()

LEG: Cash Deposit into Checking Session 1:CREATE Transaction ction() Logger
Successful ransa
Account ogT
47:PrintReceipt() 14 :L
16 2: S ta rt ( ) ()
17:Enter Cash Amount for deposit 16:Enter Cash Amount for deposit Ask the user to enter the cash :H
an :End ns
dle e tur

20
13
amount for deposit. 48:Print() Tra 1 5: r

18:returns

:DEL
n sa c

ET
18:Cash Amount 19:Cash Amount The customer enters the cash Date/time, Loc, Account, Amount, Balance 17
ti o n
C o m p l e t e ()

E
: r et
amount. u rn s
49:returns
21:Request Cash in Envelope 20:Request Cash in Envelope Request the user to prepare an
envelope with cash.

This tutorial walks you through the development of a simple ATM from use cases to code. The
following stages are covered:

Requirements We start by defining the requirements for a simple ATM that allows the users to
withdraw and deposit cash.

Use Cases The next phase of the design process is to identify the use cases for the system
being developed.

• Identify the Actors: Identify the primary and secondary actors that will
interact with the system.

• Identify the System Components: The next step is to identify components

of the system that will help in defining the use cases.

• Identify the Use Cases: We identify the use cases that provide a good
coverage to the requirements.

• Writing the Use Cases: We now use textual modeling language FDL to
define the use cases. The section also describes modeling of use cases
with sequence diagrams. The following topics are covered:
o Creating a Scenario Project
o Representing the Actors and System Components
o Entering the Use Case Interactions
o Understanding Scenarios
o Adding an Alternative Scenario to the Use Case
o Adding More Scenarios
o Choose the Level of Detail in Sequence Diagrams
o Complete Example

Detailed • Object Sequence Diagrams: The use case diagrams are transformed into
Design object sequence diagrams that define the interactions in terms of public
methods.

• Class Roles and Responsibilities: The next step is to analyze and extract
class design information from the object sequence diagrams. The following
EventStudio diagrams are used in this step:
o Interface Sequence Diagram
o Object Wise Summary
o Interface Collaboration Diagram

• Class Diagrams: Armed with class level design information, we generate

the class diagrams using Visual Studio 2005's built in class designer.

• Skeleton Source Code in C#: Examine the skeleton code in C# to

complete the journey from use cases to code.

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Requirements

2 Requirements
Here are the requirements for building an automated teller machine:
1. The ATM customer interface shall be equipped with a:
a. Magnetic strip card reader for swiping ATM cards.
b. Keypad for user data entry.
c. Display for user feedback.
d. Envelope dispensing slot
e. Printer for printing customer receipts
2. The ATM keypad shall support the following keys:
a. Numbers 0 to 9.
b. “Enter” key to accept the transactions.
c. “Cancel” key to cancel a transaction.
3. The ATM shall communicate to the Bank via the Internet.
4. The ATM shall perform the following authentication steps at the start of a session:
a. The customer shall insert the ATM card.
b. The ATM shall check the card integrity.
c. The customer shall be prompted to enter the personal identification number (PIN).
d. The ATM card number and the PIN shall be authenticated with the bank.
e. The ATM shall abort the session if PIN authentication fails three times. (The PIN
entered should match the PIN specified by the user.)
5. The ATM shall perform the following end of session steps:
a. The ATM card shall not be released at session end if PIN authentication fails.
b. When a transaction ends in error, appropriate error message shall be displayed on
the screen and the machine shall transition to the initial menu.
c. The ATM shall issue a printed receipt to the customer at the end of a successful
session. The receipt shall contain:
• Date and time,
• Machine location,
• Account information,
• Amount of the transaction
• Available balance
6. The ATM shall support the following transactions:
a. Cash withdrawal from checking account.
b. Cash deposit into customer checking account.
7. The ATM shall perform the following transaction verification steps:
a. Cash withdrawal shall be allowed only after the bank permits the transaction.
b. Presence of a cash/check envelope shall be checked before completing the bank
transaction.
c. Cash and check deposits shall be manually verified to ascertain that the amount
entered by the user matches the cash/check value in the deposit envelope.
d. The money transfer between checking and saving shall be verified by the bank.
8. The ATM shall support the following diagnostic features:
a. Logging of all customer interactions
b. Logging of all interactions with the bank
c. The PIN for an ATM card shall not be logged.

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Use Cases

3 Use Cases
The first step in the analysis is to develop a better understanding of the requirements by defining
the use case diagrams.

3.1 Identify the Actors

Actors are entities that interact with the system under design.

The ATM is the system under design so we scan the requirements to identify entities that interact
with the ATM. The actors have been marked in the requirements with bold-italics-underline.

Customer Customer needs to perform banking transactions using the ATM machine.
Bank The bank serving this ATM.

3.2 Identify the System Components

The requirements also give us a view into the components and entities in the system under
design. We have identified the system components in the requirements with bold-underline.

ATM The ATM itself.

Card Reader Card reader for swiping the ATM card.
Keypad Keypad for entering numbers.
Display Video display for the ATM
Envelope Dispenser Envelope dispenser for accepting cash and checks.
Printer Printer for printing the receipt for the user session.
Session A session is initiated when the user swipes the ATM card and ends when
the user indicates that he or she is done. Multiple transactions may be
performed in a single session.
Transaction A banking operation involving the bank is defined as a transaction. A
transaction might involve cash withdrawal, cash/check deposit, money
transfer and balance enquiry.
Logger Logs the results of all sessions for auditing transactions.

3.3 Identify the Use Cases

Now we go through the requirements to identify the use cases that will give us a good coverage
of the requirements:
• Customer withdraws cash
• Customer deposits cash
• Customer repeatedly enters invalid PIN

3.4 Writing the Use Cases

Let’s start with the customer initiated use cases. We will be writing these use cases in FDL the
simple text based modeling language used in EventStudio.

3.4.1 Creating a Scenario Project

Before we get started with our use cases, we need to create a scenario project for the use cases.
The following steps create a starter scenario project:
1. Invoke EventSudio from the Start Menu and select the "Scenario Project from
Template" option.

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Use Cases

Select "Scenario Project from

Template" and click "OK".

2. Select the "Starter Scenario Project (Simple)" from the displayed dialog. Then click
"Next".

Select "Starter Scenario

Project (Simple)" and
click "Next".

3. EventStudio will display another dialog.

a. Change the title of the new scenario project of "ATM Example Use Cases".
b. Change the FDL file name to "Customer_Use_Cases".

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Use Cases

Change the Scenario Project title

to "ATM Example Use Cases".

Change the FDL file name to

"Customer_Use_Cases" and
click "Finish".

4. On clicking "Finish", EventStudio will generate and open a sequence diagram in Adobe
Reader. Close this file.
5. Now move to the EventStudio main window and double click on the "Top" icon under the
"Customer_Use_Cases" icon in the left pane (See the following figure). This opens
"Customer_Use_Cases.fdl" file in the main workspace. We will be replacing the
contents of this file in the following steps.

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Use Cases

Double click on the "Top" icon in

the left pane to open the FDL file.

3.4.2 Representing the Actors and System Components

FDL allows you to partition your model into a three level hierarchy. At the highest level are
modules. The system consists of modules. Modules contain processors and processors contain
eternal and dynamic objects. We will be taking advantage of the hierarchical decomposition in the
definition of the actors and the system.

We will decompose the use case entities into a three level hierarchy. At the highest level we have
Actors and the System.

The second level further decomposes the system into smaller subdivisions. The Actors are further
classified as Primary and Secondary Actors. The System is split into Input, Output and Controller.

At the third level we will define eternal and dynamic objects. Eternal objects represent entities that
exist throughout the use case life time. Entities that are instantiated during the use case are
modeled as dynamic objects. Actors identified in section 3.1 are modeled as eternal objects in the
Primary_Actors and Secondary_Actors processors. System components identified in section 3.2
are modeled as eternal and dynamic objects. Note that Session and Transaction are defined as
dynamic objects as they will be created during the use case.

The final use case entity organization is shown below:

Actors System
Primary Secondary Input Output Controller
Actors Actors
Customer Bank Card Keypad Envelope Display Printer ATM Session Transaction Logger
Reader Dispenser

Now let's map this into FDL:

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/* Customer Use Cases */ Modules define the top level of hierarchy.

module : Actors, System
processor : Primary_Actors in Actors
processor : Secondary_Actors in Actors Processors define the second level in
processor : Input in System the hierarchy. The processor
processor : Output in System
processor : Controller in System definition also specifies the module
containing the processor.
eternal : Customer in Primary_Actors
eternal : Bank in Secondary_Actors
Eternal and dynamic objects
eternal : Card_Reader in Input represent the third level in the
eternal : Keypad in Input
eternal : Envelope_Dispenser in Input hierarchical decomposition. Objects
eternal : Display in Output that are created during the use case
eternal : Printer in Output execution are declared dynamic.
eternal : ATM in Controller

dynamic : Session in Controller feature-endfeature block: Use case

dynamic : Transaction in Controller
interactions will be entered in this block.
eternal : Logger in Controller

feature "ATM Example: Customer Initiated Use Cases"

endfeature

Now replace the contents of Customer_Use_Cases.fdl (see section 3.4.1) with the FDL shown
above.

The next step is to click the "Quick Save and Display" icon (Control-Q is the keyboard shortcut).

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Click the "Quick Save and Display"

icon. (Control-Q key shortcut may be
used.)

EventStudio parses the FDL and generates a sequence diagram similar to the one shown below.
Note that this diagram defines the entities organized hierarchically. An axis is drawn for each
eternal object.
ATM Example: Customer Initiated Use Cases (Hello Goodbye)
Actors System
EventStudio System Designer 4.0
Primary Secondary Input Output Controller
Actors Actors
Customer Bank Card Reader Keypad Envelope Display Printer ATM Session Transaction Logger 28-Aug-07 23:34 (Page 1)
Dispenser

We have defined the architecture of the use case components. The next section describes
modeling of the interactions in the use case diagram.

3.4.3 Entering the Use Case Interactions

Now lets define the core use case that handlers a customer session and transactions. This use
case will define the basis for the customer initiated use cases identified in section 3.3.

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Use Cases

We scan the requirements in section 1 to specify the interactions involved in setting up an ATM
session followed by a single generic transaction.

The FDL representation of the use case is shown below. We have highlighted some of the
important statements.

feature "ATM Example: Customer Initiated Use Cases"

A heading definition.
heading "Session start handling"

"Insert Credit Card" : Customer -> Card_Reader

(* The customer inserts the ATM card to start the ATM session. *)

"Credit Card Swipe" ("ATM Card Number", PIN) : Card_ReaderAn-> ATM

interaction from the
(* The Card Reader in the ATM detects the credit card and "Customer"
sends a message
actor to theto
the ATM object. *)
Card_Reader object. A
ATM creates Session remark is enclosed
(* The ATM object has detected the start of a new session.within
The (*ATM
and *).
object
creates a new Session object. *)
Initialize ("ATM Card Number", PIN): ATM -> Session
(* Update the Session object with the ATM card number and PIN stored on the
ATM card. *)

chain
"Welcome Message" : Display <- Session
"Welcome Message" : Customer <- Display A message interaction chain
endchain with two messages.
(* A welcome message is displayed to the user. *)

chain
"Request PIN" : Display <- Session
"Request PIN Box Display" : Customer <- Display
endchain
(* Request the user to enter the PIN. *)

chain
"Enter PIN" : Customer -> Keypad
"Handle PIN Entry" : Keypad -> Session
endchain
(* The Customer enters the PIN. *)

Session takes action "Compare PIN read from the card with the entered PIN"
(* Does the PIN entered by the user match the PIN stored in the card? *)
chain
"Display Transaction Menu" : Display <- Session
"Display Transaction Menu" : Customer <- Display
endchain
(* The PIN has matched, so give the transaction choices to the user. *)

chain
"Select Transaction Menu" : Customer -> Keypad
"Handle Transaction Selection" : Keypad -> Session
endchain
(* User selects the transaction. *)
Session object is creating a
heading "General handling for a transaction" dynamic Transaction object.
Session creates Transaction
(* The Session creates the Transaction object. *)

Transaction takes action "Perform Transaction"

(* Transaction is processed. *)

"Transaction Log" : Transaction -> Logger

"Transaction Complete" : Session <- Transaction
(* Notify the session object that the transaction has been completed. *)

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Session deletes Transaction

(* Delete the transaction object as the transaction has been completed. *)

chain Session object deletes the

"Display Transaction Menu" : Display <- Session Transaction dynamic object.
"Display Transaction Menu" : Customer <- Display
endchain
(* Again display the transaction menu, giving the user the option to initiate
another transaction. *)

chain
"Select Transaction Menu" : Customer -> Keypad
"Handle Transaction Selection" : Keypad -> Session
endchain
(* The user makes a selection. In this case, the user decides to end the
session. *)

heading "Session end handling" Session object

takes an action.
Session takes action "Ending Session"

"Eject ATM Card" : Card_Reader <- Session

(* Eject the ATM card as the session has been completed successfully. *)
"Session Log" : Session -> Logger
(* Update the session level log. *)

"Session Complete" : ATM <- Session

(* Notify the ATM object. *)

ATM deletes Session

(* ATM deletes the Session object. *)

endfeature

The next step is to click the "Quick Save and Display" icon (Keyboard: Control-Q). EventStudio
will generate a PDF sequence diagram similar to the one shown below. You can see the
representation of the highlighted FDL statements in the sequence diagram.

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Use Cases

ATM Example: Customer Initiated Use Cases (Hello Goodbye)

Actors System
EventStudio System Designer 4.0
Primary Secondary Input Output Controller
Actors Actors A heading definition.
Customer Bank Card Reader Keypad Envelope Display Printer ATM Session Transaction Logger 31-Aug-07 06:42 (Page 1)
Dispenser
Session start handling
1:Insert Credit Card The customer inserts the ATM card to
start the ATM session.
2:Credit Card Swipe The Card Reader in the ATM detects
ATM Card Number, PIN the credit card and sends a message to
the ATM object.
3:create The ATM object has detected the start
An interaction from the of a new session. The ATM object
"Customer" actor to the creates a new Session object.
4:Initialize Update the Session object with the
Card_Reader object. ATM card number and PIN stored on
ATM Card Number, PIN
The corresponding the ATM card.
6:Welcome
remark is displayed Message
on 5:Welcome Message A welcome message is displayed to the
user.
the right. 8:Request PIN Box Display 7:Request PIN Request the user to enter the PIN.
9:Enter PIN 10:Handle PIN Entry The Customer enters the PIN.
Compare PIN read from the card Does the PIN entered by the user
with the entered PIN match the PIN stored in the card?
12:Display Transaction Menu 11:Display Transaction Menu The PIN has matched, so give the
transaction choices to the user.
13:Select Transaction Menu 14:Handle Transaction Selection User selects the transaction.

General handling for a transaction

1:create The Session creates the Transaction
object.
Perform Transaction Transaction is processed.
Session object is creating a
2:Transaction Log
Transaction dynamic object
3:Transaction Complete Notify the session object that the
transaction has been completed.
Session object deletes the 4:delete Delete the transaction object as the
transaction has been completed.
Transaction dynamic object.

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Use Cases

ATM Example: Customer Initiated Use Cases (Hello Goodbye)

Actors System
EventStudio System Designer 4.0
Primary Secondary Input Output Controller
Actors Actors
Customer Bank Card Reader Keypad Envelope Display Printer ATM Session Transaction Logger 31-Aug-07 06:42 (Page 2)
Dispenser
6:Display Transaction Menu 5:Display Transaction Menu Again display the transaction menu,
giving the user the option to initiate
another transaction.
7:Select Transaction Menu 8:Handle Transaction Selection The user makes a selection. In this
case, the user decides to end the
session.
Session end handling
Ending Session

Session object 1:Eject ATM Card Eject the ATM card as the session has
been completed successfully.
takes an action. 2:Session Log Update the session level log.
3:Session Complete Notify the ATM object.
4:delete ATM deletes the Session object.

3.4.4 Understanding Scenarios

Before we move further, let's look at Scenarios in EventStudio. A single FDL file supports
definition of multiple scenarios. The differences in the scenarios are identified using the case-
leg-endcase and if-else-endif statements (covered later). We have not used these
statements as we have only covered one scenario.

The scenario is represented in the left side scenario bar as shown below. EventStudio template
we used created a default scenario called "Hello Goodbye". Let's rename this scenario to "Valid
PIN" by right-clicking on the Scenario and selecting the "Rename Scenario" command.

This scenario will serve as our successful case scenario. Addition of case-leg-endcase
statements will result in modification to this scenario to select the case-legs that apply to this
scenario.

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Rename Scenario "Hello Goodbye"

to "Valid PIN" by right-clicking on
the Scenario and selecting the
"Rename Scenario" option.

3.4.5 Adding an Alternative Scenario to the Use Case

We have defined a use case for a successful ATM session. We will now add an alterative
scenario. The new scenario will cover the handling of an ATM session when the user enters an
invalid PIN.

The new scenario is added by simply introducing a case-endcase block with leg statements for
valid and invalid PIN scenarios.

feature "ATM Example: Customer Initiated Use Cases"

heading "Session start handling"

"Insert Credit Card" : Customer -> Card_Reader

(* The customer inserts the ATM card to start the ATM session. *)

"Credit Card Swipe" ("ATM Card Number", PIN) : Card_Reader -> ATM
(* The Card Reader in the ATM detects the credit card and sends a message to
the ATM object. *)

ATM creates Session

(* The ATM object has detected the start of a new session. The ATM object
creates a new Session object. *)

Initialize ("ATM Card Number", PIN): ATM -> Session

(* Update the Session object with the ATM card number and PIN stored on the
ATM card. *)

chain
"Welcome Message" : Display <- Session

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"Welcome Message" : Customer <- Display

endchain
(* A welcome message is displayed to the user. *)
The case-endcase block defines
two legs. The "Valid PIN" leg adds
chain no specific actions and continues
"Request PIN" : Display <- Session
execution after endcase.
"Request PIN Box Display" : Customer <- Display
endchain
(* Request the user to enter the PIN. *)

chain
"Enter PIN" : Customer -> Keypad The "Invalid PIN" retries PIN
"Handle PIN Entry" : Keypad -> Session entry and swallows the ATM
endchain card on repeated failures.
(* The Customer enters the PIN. *)

Session takes action "Compare PIN read from the card with the entered PIN"
(* Does the PIN entered by the user match the PIN stored in the card? *)
case
leg "Valid PIN": A block remark

leg "Invalid PIN":

[* Begin Loop: Retry PIN *]
chain
"Request PIN Reentry" : Display <- Session
"Invalid PIN. Please Enter PIN Again" : Customer <- Display
endchain

chain
"Enter PIN" : Customer -> Keypad
"Handle PIN Entry" : Keypad -> Session
endchain
[* End Loop: Retry PIN *]

"Swallow ATM Card": Card_Reader <- Session

(* PIN entry has failed, swallow the ATM card *)

Card_Reader takes action "Swallow Card"

Skip the session handling logic and
goto exit jump straight to the exit label.
endcase

chain
"Display Transaction Menu" : Display <- Session
"Display Transaction Menu" : Customer <- Display
endchain
(* The PIN has matched, so give the transaction choices to the user. *)

...Other Statements...

ATM deletes Session

(* ATM deletes the Session object. *)
label exit: The exit label

endfeature

Now let's save and regenerate the use case diagram by Control-Q (Quick Save and Display).
EventStudio senses the new case statement and asks us to make the leg selection for the
existing Scenario ("Valid PIN"). We select "Valid PIN" leg for the "Valid PIN" Scenario.

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Select the case leg for the

existing "Valid PIN" scenario.

Once the selection is made, EventStudio associates the case leg "Valid PIN" with the "Valid PIN"
scenario.

We will now add a second scenario for the case where the user enters an invalid PIN. The steps
involved here are:

1. Click on the "Add Scenario" (Control-R).

Click "Add Scenario" to define

a new scenario to represent
the "Invalid PIN" leg.

2. Enter the Scenario title "Customer Enters an Invalid PIN" and click "Next".

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Enter the title of the

new scenario.

Click "Next"
3. Select the "Customer_Use_Cases.fdl" file and click "Next".

Use the Browse button to

select the
Customer_Use_Cases.fdl
file.

Click "Next"

4. Now select the "Invalid PIN" leg and click "Next".

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Select the "Invalid PIN"

to associate the
scenario with the new
Scenario

Click "Next"

5. Click "Finish" to complete the addition of the Scenario.

Click "Finish"

6. EventStudio now displays two Scenarios in the left pane. The legs uniquely identifying
the Scenarios are also listed.

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A second scenario has been

added to the scenario project.
The case leg selections for
each scenario are also shown.

7. Now click the "Review All Scenarios" icon (Control-W) to look for design errors.

Perform a design
review by clicking the
"Review All Scenarios"
icon.

EventStudio detects a design

problem. The dynamic object
Session has not been deleted in
the "Invalid PIN" scenario.

8. We fix the problem by moving the exit label.

label exit:
EventStudio had detected that the
"Session Log" : Session -> Logger Session object was not being
(* Update the session level log. *) deleted in the "Invalid PIN" leg.
"Session Complete" : ATM <- Session
(* Notify the ATM object. *) We fix the problem by moving the
exit label. This ensures that the
ATM deletes Session Session is deleted correctly in all
(* ATM deletes the Session object. *) cases.
endfeature

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9. Now click Control-Q to save and generate the documents. EventStudio generates a
combined use case diagram that includes two Scenarios.

The generated use case

diagram lists bookmarks for the
new Scenarios.

3.4.6 Adding More Scenarios

We now expand the use case by adding the implementation for the "cash withdrawal" and "cash
deposit" scenarios.

The scenario support is added in the FDL is via a case-endcase statement. An important point to
note here is the use of #includes and #define-macros to simplify the FDL.

Once the scenarios have been added type "Control+Q" to update the sequence diagram.

/* == inc.fdl == */

/* -- Colors -- */ C preprocessor type macros are defined to

#include "colors_inc.fdl" handle repetitive patterns. Multi-line macros can
be defined by separating lines with ;\.
/* -- Useful Macros -- */

#define TRANSACTION_INPUT(_command, _via) chain;\

_command : Customer -> _via;\
_command : _via -> Transaction;\
endchain

#define TRANSACTION_OUTPUT(_command, _via) chain;\

_command : _via <- Transaction;\
_command : Customer <- _via;\
endchain

#include "inc.fdl"
Include the "inc.fdl" defined above.
/* Customer Use Cases */

module : Actors, System

...Other Declarations...

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Use Cases

feature "ATM Example: Customer Initiated Use Cases"

...Other Statements...

Session creates Transaction Using the macros that we

(* The Session creates the Transaction object. *)
defined in "inc.fdl" include file.
case
leg "Cash Withdrawal from Checking Account":

TRANSACTION_OUTPUT("Enter the Amount to be Withdrawn", Display)

(* Request the customer to enter the amount to be withdrawn. *)

TRANSACTION_INPUT("Dollar Amount", Keypad)

(* The customer keys in the dollar amount that he or she wishes to withdraw. *)

"Authorize Cash Withdrawal"("ATM card #", PIN, Amount): Bank <- Transaction
(* Request the Bank to authorize the cash withdrawal. *)

Bank takes action "Validate the ATM card, PIN and check Amount availability"
(* The Bank validates the transaction. *)

"Withdrawal Accepted" (Amount): Bank -> Transaction

(* Bank allows the cash withdrawal. *)

TRANSACTION_OUTPUT("Cash", Cash_Dispenser)
(* Dispense the cash to the user. *)

leg "Cash Deposit into Checking Account":

TRANSACTION_OUTPUT("Enter Cash Amount for deposit", Display)
(* Ask the user to enter the cash amount for deposit. *)
TRANSACTION_INPUT("Cash Amount", Keypad)
(* The customer enters the cash amount. *)
TRANSACTION_OUTPUT("Request Cash in Envelope", Display)
(* Request the user to prepare an envelope with cash. *)
Customer takes action "Keep cash in envelope"

"Envelope With Cash" : Customer -> Envelope_Slot

(* Customer inserts the envelope. *)

"Received Envelope" : Envelope_Slot -> Transaction

(* Envelope Slot informs the Transaction object that the Envelope has been
successfully received. *)
TRANSACTION_OUTPUT("Deposit Success", Display)
(* Inform the user that the deposit envelope has been accepted by the ATM. *)
endcase

...Other Statements...

endfeature

3.4.7 Choose the Level of Detail in Sequence Diagrams

EventStudio lets you control the level of detail in the generated sequence diagrams. The different
levels of detail are listed below.
Diagram type Level of Detail How to Generate Example
Sequence Diagram Sequence diagram with full Right Click on the "Sequence Diagram" in the Left 3.4.7.1
detail. Pane and select "Generate Document".
Processor Interaction Intra processor details are Right Click on the "Processor Level Sequence 3.4.7.2
Sequence Diagram hidden. Only inter Diagram" in the Left Pane and select "Generate
processor interactions are Document".
shown.
Module Interaction Intra module details are Right Click on the "Module Level Sequence 3.4.7.3
Sequence Diagram hidden. Only inter module Diagram" in the Left Pane and select "Generate
interactions are shown. Document".

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Use Cases

Right-click and select "Generate

Document". The generated diagram
includes full detail.

Right-click and select "Generate

Document". The generated diagram
represents each processor as an
axis. Intra processor interactions are
not displayed.

Right-click and select "Generate

Document". The generated diagram
represents each module as an axis.
Intra module interactions are not
displayed.

3.4.7.1 Sequence Diagram

ATM Example: Customer Initiated Use Cases (Cash Deposit into Checking)
Actors System
EventStudio System Designer 4.0
Primary Secondary Input Output Controller
Actors Actors
Customer Bank Card Reader Keypad Envelope Display Cash Printer ATM Session Transaction Logger 11-Sep-07 22:33 (Page 5)
Slot Dispenser
Session start handling
1:Insert Credit Card The customer inserts the ATM card
to start the ATM session.
2:Credit Card Swipe The Card Reader in the ATM detects
ATM Card Number, PIN the credit card and sends a message
to the ATM object.
3:create The ATM object has detected the
start of a new session. The ATM
object creates a new Session object.
4:Initialize Update the Session object with the
ATM Card Number, PIN ATM card number and PIN stored on
the ATM card.
6:Welcome Message 5:Welcome Message A welcome message is displayed to
the user.
8:Request PIN Box Display 7:Request PIN Request the user to enter the PIN.
9:Enter PIN 10:Handle PIN Entry The Customer enters the PIN.
Compare PIN read from the Does the PIN entered by the user
card with the entered PIN match the PIN stored in the card?
LEG: Valid PIN
12:Display Transaction Menu 11:Display Transaction Menu The PIN has matched, so give the
transaction choices to the user.
13:Select Transaction Menu 14:Handle Transaction Selection User selects the transaction.
15:create The Session creates the Transaction
object.
LEG: Cash Deposit into Checking
Account
17:Enter Cash Amount for deposit 16:Enter Cash Amount for deposit Ask the user to enter the cash
amount for deposit.
18:Cash Amount 19:Cash Amount The customer enters the cash
amount.
21:Request Cash in Envelope 20:Request Cash in Envelope Request the user to prepare an
envelope with cash.

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Use Cases

3.4.7.2 Processor Interaction Sequence Diagram

Processor Interfaces (Cash Deposit into Checking)
Actors System EventStudio System Designer 4.0
Primary Actors Secondary Actors Input Output Controller 11-Sep-07 22:19 (Page 3)

Session start handling

1:Insert Credit Card The customer inserts the ATM card to start the ATM session.
2:Credit Card Swipe The Card Reader in the ATM detects the credit card and sends a
ATM Card Number, PIN message to the ATM object.
4:Welcome Message 3:Welcome Message A welcome message is displayed to the user.
6:Request PIN Box Display 5:Request PIN Request the user to enter the PIN.
7:Enter PIN 8:Handle PIN Entry The Customer enters the PIN.

LEG: Valid PIN

10:Display Transaction Menu 9:Display Transaction Men The PIN has matched, so give the transaction choices to the user.
11:Select Transaction Menu 12:Handle Transaction Selection User selects the transaction.

LEG: Cash Deposit into Checking Account

14:Enter Cash Amount for deposit 13:Enter Cash Amount for Ask the user to enter the cash amount for deposit.
15:Cash Amount 16:Cash Amount The customer enters the cash amount.
18:Request Cash in Envelope 17:Request Cash in Envel Request the user to prepare an envelope with cash.
19:Envelope With Cash Customer inserts the envelope.
20:Received Envelope Envelope Slot informs the Transaction object that the Envelope has
been successfully received.
21:Deposit Success Inform the user that the deposit envelope has been accepted by the
ATM.
23:Display Transaction Menu 22:Display Transaction Me Again display the transaction menu, giving the user the option to initiate
another transaction.
24:Select Transaction Menu 25:Handle Transaction Selection The user makes a selection. In this case, the user decides to end the
session.
Session end handling
1:Print Session Details
Date and time, Machine location, Account information,
Transaction amount, Available balance
2:ATM Transaction Receipt

3:Eject ATM Card Eject the ATM card as the session has been completed successfully.

3.4.7.3 Module Interaction Sequence Diagram

Module Interfaces (Cash Deposit into Checking)
Actors System EventStudio System Designer 4.0

Session start handling

1:Insert Credit Card The customer inserts the ATM card to start the ATM session.
2:Welcome Message A welcome message is displayed to the user.
3:Request PIN Box Display Request the user to enter the PIN.
4:Enter PIN The Customer enters the PIN.

LEG: Valid PIN

5:Display Transaction Menu The PIN has matched, so give the transaction choices to the user.
6:Select Transaction Menu User selects the transaction.

LEG: Cash Deposit into Checking Account

7:Enter Cash Amount for deposit Ask the user to enter the cash amount for deposit.
8:Cash Amount The customer enters the cash amount.
9:Request Cash in Envelope Request the user to prepare an envelope with cash.
10:Envelope With Cash Customer inserts the envelope.
11:Deposit Success Inform the user that the deposit envelope has been accepted by the ATM.
12:Display Transaction Menu Again display the transaction menu, giving the user the option to initiate another transaction.
13:Select Transaction Menu The user makes a selection. In this case, the user decides to end the session.

Session end handling

1:ATM Transaction Receipt

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3.4.8 Complete Example

The complete example can be downloaded from:
http://www.EventHelix.com/EventStudio/Tutorial/Use_Case_Sequence_Diagram_Tutorial.zip

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Detailed Design

4 Detailed Design
The first phase of analysis and design has been completed with the generation of detailed use
case diagrams. We will now focus on the detailed design.

4.1 Object Sequence Diagrams

The first step in class design is to convert the use case diagrams into object sequence diagrams.
The sequence diagrams will add method level detail. The design steps are:
1. Navigate to the "EventStudio Documents" folder in your "My Documents" folder.
2. Make a copy of the "ATM Example Use Cases".
3. Rename the copied folder as "ATM Object Sequence Diagrams" and navigate to the
folder.
4. Inside the folder rename the scenario project "ATM Example Use Cases.scn" to "ATM
Object Sequence Diagrams.scn".
5. Double click on the "ATM Object Sequence Diagrams.scn" file to launch EventStudio.

Double click on the "Top" icon in

the left pane to open the FDL file.

6. We go through the use case diagram and convert the message interactions into method
invocation. The structure of the FDL is also changed. More details are added. The new
FDL file is shown below1:
#include "inc.fdl"
module : System
processor : ATM_Controller in System
eternal : Bank in ATM_Controller
eternal : Card_Reader in ATM_Controller
eternal : Keypad in ATM_Controller
eternal : Envelope_Slot in ATM_Controller
eternal : Display in ATM_Controller The customer has been
eternal : Cash_Dispenser in ATM_Controller represented as an environment.
eternal : Printer in ATM_Controller FDL supports env_l and env_r as
eternal : ATM in ATM_Controller
dynamic : Session in ATM_Controller the left and right environment.
dynamic : Transaction in ATM_Controller
eternal : Logger in ATM_Controller

feature "ATM Example: Customer Initiated Use Cases"

"Insert Credit Card" : env_l -> Card_Reader

(* The customer inserts the ATM card to start the ATM session. *)

Card_Reader invokes ATM.HandleCreditCardSwipe(cardNumber, pin)

(* The Card Reader in the ATM detects the credit card and sends a message to the ATM
object. *)

1
The complete example can be downloaded from [TBD].
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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Detailed Design

ATM creates Session

(* The ATM object has detected the start of a new session. The ATM object creates a
new Session object. *)

ATM invokes Session.Start (cardNumber, pin)

(* Update the Session object with the ATM card # and PIN stored on the ATM card. *)
Session invokes Display.Print("Welcome to the XYZ Bank ATM")
(* A welcome message is displayed to the user. *)
Display.Print returns
Session invokes Display.Print("Please enter the PIN")
(* Request the user to enter the PIN. *) Method invoke and
Display.Print returns return are modeled with
Session.Start returns
the "invokes" and
ATM.HandleCreditCardSwipe returns "returns" statements.
"Enter PIN" : env_l -> Keypad (* The Customer enters the PIN. *)
Keypad invokes Session.HandlePIN(pin)

Session takes action "Compare PIN read from the card with the entered PIN"
(* Does the PIN entered by the user match the PIN stored in the card? *)

case
leg "Valid PIN":

leg "Invalid PIN":

[* Begin Loop: Retry PIN expired *]
Session invokes Display.Print("Collect your ATM card from the bank")
Display.Print returns
Session invokes Card_Reader.SwallowCard
Card_Reader.SwallowCard returns
Session invokes Session.End(InvalidATM)
Session invokes ATM.HandleSessionComplete
ATM takes action "Mark Session for Deletion"
ATM.HandleSessionComplete returns
Session.End returns
Session.HandlePIN returns
Session deletes Session
goto exit
endcase
Session invokes Display.Print("(1) Deposit (2) Withdraw (3) Quit")
(* The PIN has matched, so give the transaction choices to the user. *)
Display.Print returns
Session.HandlePIN returns

"Select Transaction Menu" : env_l -> Keypad

(* User selects the transaction. *)
Keypad invokes Session.HandleTransactionSelection(transaction_type)
case
leg "Cash Withdrawal from Checking Account":
Session creates Transaction
(* The Session creates the WithdrawCashTransaction object. *)
Session invokes Transaction.Start
Transaction invokes Display.Print("Enter the Amount to be Withdrawn")
(* Request the customer to enter the amount to be withdrawn. *)
Display.Print returns
Transaction.Start returns
Session.HandleTransactionSelection returns

"Dollar Amount" : env_l -> Keypad

Keypad invokes Transaction.HandleAmountEntry(amount)
(* The customer keys in the dollar amount that he or she wishes to withdraw. *)
Transaction invokes Bank.RequestWithdrawalAuthorization(CardNumber, Pin,
amount)
"Authorize Cash Withdrawal"("ATM card #", PIN, Amount) : Bank -> env_l
(* Request the Bank to authorize the cash withdrawal. *)
Bank.RequestWithdrawalAuthorization returns
Transaction.HandleAmountEntry returns

"Withdrawal Accepted" (Amount) : env_l -> Bank

(* Bank allows the cash withdrawal. *)

Bank invokes Transaction.HandleBankReply(result)

Transaction invokes Cash_Dispenser.DispenseCash(amount)
(* Dispense the cash to the user. *)
"Cash" : Cash_Dispenser -> env_l
Cash_Dispenser.DispenseCash returns

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Detailed Design

leg "Cash Deposit into Checking Account":

Session creates Transaction
(* The Session creates the DepositCashTransaction object. *)

Session invokes Transaction.Start

Transaction invokes Display.Print("Enter the amount you wish to deposit")
(* Request the customer to enter the amount to be withdrawn. *)
Display.Print returns
Transaction.Start returns
Session.HandleTransactionSelection returns

"Dollar Amount" : env_l -> Keypad

Keypad invokes Transaction.HandleAmountEntry(amount)
(* The customer keys in the dollar amount that he or she wishes to deposit. *)
Transaction invokes Display.Print("Please insert the cash envelope")
(* Request the customer to deposit the cash envelope. *)
Display.Print returns
Transaction.HandleAmountEntry returns

"Envelope With Cash" : env_l -> Envelope_Slot

(* Customer inserts the envelope. *)
Envelope_Slot invokes Transaction.HandleEnvelopeReceived
Transaction invokes Display.Print("Cash deposit successful")
Display.Print returns

endcase
Transaction invokes Transaction.End
Transaction invokes Logger.LogTransaction("Log entry")
Logger.LogTransaction returns

Transaction invokes Session.HandleTransactionComplete

Session takes action "Mark Transaction object for deletion"
Session invokes Display.Print("(1) Deposit (2) Withdraw (3) Quit")
(* Request user to select another transaction. *)
Display.Print returns

Session.HandleTransactionComplete returns
Transaction.End returns

if "Cash Withdrawal from Checking Account"

Transaction.HandleBankReply returns
endif

if "Cash Deposit into Checking Account"

Transaction.HandleEnvelopeReceived returns
endif
Transaction deletes Transaction

"Select Transaction Menu" : env_l -> Keypad

(* User decides to quit. *)
Keypad invokes Session.HandleTransactionSelection(transaction_type)
Session invokes Session.End(Successful)
Session invokes Session.PrintReceipt
Session invokes Printer.Print("Date/time, Loc, Account, Amount, Balance")
Printer.Print returns
Session.PrintReceipt returns
Session invokes Card_Reader.EjectCard
Card_Reader.EjectCard returns
Session invokes ATM.HandleSessionComplete
ATM takes action "Mark Session for Deletion"
ATM.HandleSessionComplete returns
Session.End returns
Session.HandleTransactionSelection returns
Session deletes Session

label exit:
endfeature

7. Click Control-Q to regenerate the sequence diagram. A page from the generated
sequence diagram is shown below:

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Detailed Design

ATM Example: Customer Initiated Use Cases (Cash Withdrawal from Checking)
System
EventStudio System Designer 4.0
ATM Controller
Bank Card Reader Keypad Envelope Slot Display Cash Printer ATM Session Transaction Logger 30-Sep-07 11:43 (Page 3)
Dispenser
34:returns

35:End()

36:LogTransaction()
Log entry

37:returns

38:HandleTransactionComplete()

Mark Transaction object for

deletion
39:Print() Request user to select another
(1) Deposit (2) Withdraw (3) Quit transaction.
40:returns

41:returns

42:returns

43:returns

44:Select Transaction Menu User decides to quit.

45:HandleTransactionSelection()
transaction_type
46:End()

Successful
47:PrintReceipt()

48:Print()
Date/time, Loc, Account, Amount, Balance

49:returns

4.2 Class Roles and Responsibilities

The next step in the analysis process is to scan the use case diagrams to identify the roles and
responsibilities of individual classes. We will use the following diagrams to aid in the analysis:

Interface Sequence Diagrams A sequence diagram that just lists the interactions
involving one module, processor or object.
Summary Document Object wise summary of the interactions. The HTML
document lists the interactions on a per object basis.
Interface Collaboration Diagrams A collaboration diagram that just lists the interactions
involving one module, processor or object.

4.2.1 Interface Sequence Diagram

Use the interface sequence diagram to and role of important entities in the use case diagrams.
The following steps define the interface collaboration diagram:
1. Click on the "Add Document" icon (Shortcut Control+D).

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Detailed Design

Click on the "Add New

Document" icon.

2. Now select the "Interface Sequence Diagram" and click "Next".

3. Set the "Document Interface Filter" as "Session" and click "Next".

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Detailed Design

Set the document interface

filter as "Session".

4. Change the "Object Spacing" to Medium and click "Next".

5. Enter the Document Name and click "Next".

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Detailed Design

Specify the document

name as "Session
Sequence Diagram"

6. Click "Finish" to complete the addition of the document.

Click "Finish"

7. Now right click on the "Session Sequence Diagram" in the left pane and select "Generate
Document" from the popup menu.

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Detailed Design

Right click and

click "Generate
Document".

8. EventStudio generates the document and opens the document. One of the pages of the
generated document is shown below.
Session Interfaces (Cash Withdrawal from Checking)
System
EventStudio System Designer 4.0
ATM Controller
Bank Card Reader Keypad Envelope Slot Display Cash Printer ATM Session Transaction Logger 23-Sep-07 23:05 (Page 1)
Dispenser
1:create The ATM object has detected the start
of a new session. The ATM object
creates a new Session object.
2:Start() Update the Session object with the
cardNumber, pin ATM card # and PIN stored on the ATM
card.
3:Print() A welcome message is displayed to the
Welcome to the XYZ Bank ATM user.
4:returns

5:Print() Request the user to enter the PIN.

Please enter the PIN

6:returns

7:returns

8:HandlePIN()
pin
Compare PIN read from the card Does the PIN entered by the user
with the entered PIN match the PIN stored in the card?
LEG: Valid PIN
9:Print() The PIN has matched, so give the
(1) Deposit (2) Withdraw (3) Quit transaction choices to the user.
10:returns

11:returns

12:HandleTransactionSelection()
transaction_type
LEG: Cash Withdrawal from
Checking Account
13:create The Session creates the
WithdrawCashTransaction object.
14:Start()

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Detailed Design

4.2.2 Object Wise Summary

The object-wise summary document lists the interactions for each object. This aids in identifying
the roles and responsibilities of individual classes. Generate this document by just right clicking
on the "Objectwise Summary".

The first page of the generated document is shown below.

Objectwise Summary

EventStudio System Designer 4.0

Generated on 29-Sep-07 08:58

Cash Withdrawal from Checking

Legs Taken:

• Valid PIN
• Cash Withdrawal from Checking Account

Bank Actions

1. Transaction invokes Bank.RequestWithdrawalAuthorization() (CardNumber, Pin, amount)

2. Send Authorize Cash Withdrawal (ATM card #, PIN, Amount) to env_l
3. Bank.RequestWithdrawalAuthorization returns
4. Receive Withdrawal Accepted (Amount) from env_l
5. Bank invokes Transaction.HandleBankReply() (result)
6. Transaction.HandleBankReply returns

Card_Reader Actions

1. Receive Insert Credit Card from env_l

2. Card_Reader invokes ATM.HandleCreditCardSwipe() (cardNumber, pin)
3. ATM.HandleCreditCardSwipe returns
4. Session invokes Card_Reader.EjectCard()
5. Card_Reader.EjectCard returns

Keypad Actions

1. Receive Enter PIN from env_l

2. Keypad invokes Session.HandlePIN() (pin)
3. Session.HandlePIN returns
4. Receive Select Transaction Menu from env_l
5. Keypad invokes Session.HandleTransactionSelection() (transaction_type)
6. Session.HandleTransactionSelection returns
7. Receive Dollar Amount from env_l
8. Keypad invokes Transaction.HandleAmountEntry() (amount)
9. Transaction.HandleAmountEntry returns
10. Receive Select Transaction Menu from env_l
11. Keypad invokes Session.HandleTransactionSelection() (transaction_type)
12. Session.HandleTransactionSelection returns

Display Actions

1. Session invokes Display.Print() (Welcome to the XYZ Bank ATM)

2. Display.Print returns
3. Session invokes Display.Print() (Please enter the PIN)
4. Display.Print returns
5. Session invokes Display.Print() ((1) Deposit (2) Withdraw (3) Quit)
6. Display.Print returns
7. Transaction invokes Display.Print() (Enter the Amount to be Withdrawn)
8. Display.Print returns
9. Session invokes Display.Print() ((1) Deposit (2) Withdraw (3) Quit)

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Detailed Design

10. Display.Print returns

4.2.3 Interface Collaboration Diagram

Transaction Interfaces (Cash Withdrawal from Checking) EventStudio System Designer 4.0 30-Sep-07 09:03 (Page 1)

System

ATM Controller

Bank Card Reader Keypad Envelope Slot

7:R

10:
H
equ

a nd
es t W

leB a n

y()
tEntr
it h d ra

kReply()
8:returns

m ou n
walAu

9:re turn s

ATM Printer n d l eA Cash Dispenser Display

tho riz

t urns
4:re
6 :H a
a t io n

tu rns
12:re
()

sh()
19:

t( )
r e tu

ispenseCa

r in
3 :P
r ns

1 1 :D

5:returns

Session 1:CREATE Transaction ction() Logger

ransa
ogT
1 4 :L
16 2 :S t a t ( ) d()
:H r rn s
an :En
d le 13 et u
20

Tra 1 5 :r
18:returns

:DE

ns
a ct
LE

io n C )
o m p l e te (
TE

17
:r e
tu rn
s

4.3 Class Diagrams

Now we have all the information for drawing the class diagrams for the classes implementing the
ATM2.

2
We have generated these class diagrams with Visual Studio 2005. You may use any freeware
of commercial UML tool to generate the class diagrams.
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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Detailed Design

Session
Session
Class

_transaction

CashDispenser CardReader
Class Abstract Class Class

CashDispenser CardReader

DepositCashTransaction WithdrawCashTransaction
Class Class
Transaction Transaction

Printer Logger

Printer ATM Logger

Class Static Class Class

EnvelopeSlot
KeyPad Display
Keypad EnvelopeSlot Display
Class Class Class

Bank Bank
Class

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Use Case and Sequence Diagram Tutorial Detailed Design

4.4 Skeleton Source Code in C#

The VisualStudio 2005 project containing the skeleton source code for the project can be
downloaded from:
http://www.EventHelix.com/EventStudio/Tutorial/Use_Case_Sequence_Diagram_Tutorial.zip

The ZIP file also contains the Use Case and Detailed Design Scenario Projects.

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