The document discusses several theories of autoimmunity: the cryptic antigen hypothesis proposes that tissue damage can release normally sequestered self-antigens that stimulate pre-existing self-reactive lymphocytes; the somatic mutation theory suggests genetic mutations can convert non-self-reactive receptors into self-reactive ones; the helper T-cell bypass theory involves foreign antigens associated with self-antigens activating self-reactive B-cells; and the regulatory T-cell theory posits autoimmunity results from defects in regulatory T-cells that normally suppress self-reactive lymphocytes. The danger theory proposes self-reactive cells are always present but only respond in the presence of danger signals from tissue damage.
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The document discusses several theories of autoimmunity: the cryptic antigen hypothesis proposes that tissue damage can release normally sequestered self-antigens that stimulate pre-existing self-reactive lymphocytes; the somatic mutation theory suggests genetic mutations can convert non-self-reactive receptors into self-reactive ones; the helper T-cell bypass theory involves foreign antigens associated with self-antigens activating self-reactive B-cells; and the regulatory T-cell theory posits autoimmunity results from defects in regulatory T-cells that normally suppress self-reactive lymphocytes. The danger theory proposes self-reactive cells are always present but only respond in the presence of danger signals from tissue damage.
The document discusses several theories of autoimmunity: the cryptic antigen hypothesis proposes that tissue damage can release normally sequestered self-antigens that stimulate pre-existing self-reactive lymphocytes; the somatic mutation theory suggests genetic mutations can convert non-self-reactive receptors into self-reactive ones; the helper T-cell bypass theory involves foreign antigens associated with self-antigens activating self-reactive B-cells; and the regulatory T-cell theory posits autoimmunity results from defects in regulatory T-cells that normally suppress self-reactive lymphocytes. The danger theory proposes self-reactive cells are always present but only respond in the presence of danger signals from tissue damage.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
The document discusses several theories of autoimmunity: the cryptic antigen hypothesis proposes that tissue damage can release normally sequestered self-antigens that stimulate pre-existing self-reactive lymphocytes; the somatic mutation theory suggests genetic mutations can convert non-self-reactive receptors into self-reactive ones; the helper T-cell bypass theory involves foreign antigens associated with self-antigens activating self-reactive B-cells; and the regulatory T-cell theory posits autoimmunity results from defects in regulatory T-cells that normally suppress self-reactive lymphocytes. The danger theory proposes self-reactive cells are always present but only respond in the presence of danger signals from tissue damage.
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Theories of
Autoimmunity Autoimmunity is Autoimmunity a problem of self/non-self discrimination. Polyclonal Activation Signal delivered to B- or T-cells by a mitogen or superantigen released from a microorganism polyclonal activation. Cryptic Antigen Hypothesis Some self-antigens are sequestered from immune system. Release of antigens due to injury or infection stimulates pre-existing anti-self lymphocytes, (e.g mumps Antibodies v.spermsterilityrelease of lens crystallin proteinsympathetic ophthalmia. Somatic mutation Mutation in Ig V-gene could convert anti- non-self receptor into anti-self receptor, (e.g mouse myeloma cell line secreting anti- phophoryl choline converted to anti-DNA as a result of a point mutation. Helper T - cell By - pass theory Anti-self B-lymphocytes may be unable to respond because anti-self helper t-cells deleted or supressed. Regulation by-passed if stimulus delivered by helper t-cells which recognize a foreign epitope associated with a self epitope on same mol. Or particle. Regulatory T - cells Alpha-self Ls. Suppressed by Tr –Ls; AIR = defect in Tr? Danger Theory Abandons idea of self-non-self, discrimination as central tenet of immunology. Proposes anti-self B and T-cells are always present. Summary • Self reactive B-cells & T-cells are normally present but anergic. • • Several factors can induce an AIR:- • • Genetic • • Tissue damage & release of cryptic ag • • Somatic mutation in Ig V-genes • • Ag mimicry • • Tr defects • • Danger signals •
