2.

6
Before

Prove Statements about

Segments and Angles
You used deductive reasoning.

Now

You will write proofs using geometric theorems.

Why?

So you can prove angles are congruent, as in Ex. 21.

Key Vocabulary
proof
two-column proof
theorem

A proof is a logical argument that shows a statement is true. There are several
formats for proofs. A two-column proof has numbered statements and
corresponding reasons that show an argument in a logical order.
In a two-column proof, each statement in the left-hand column is either given
information or the result of applying a known property or fact to statements
already made. Each reason in the right-hand column is the explanation for
the corresponding statement.

EXAMPLE 1
WRITE PROOFS
Writing a two-column
proof is a formal way
of organizing your
reasons to show a
statement is true.

Write a two-column proof

Write a two-column proof for the

situation in Example 4 on page 107.
GIVEN
PROVE

c m 1 5 m 3
c m EBA 5 m DBC

$
  

"
STATEMENTS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

REASONS

m 1 5 m 3
m EBA 5 m 3 1 m 2
m EBA 5 m 1 1 m 2
m 1 1 m 2 5 m DBC
m EBA 5 m DBC

GUIDED PRACTICE

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Given
Angle Addition Postulate
Substitution Property of Equality
Angle Addition Postulate
Transitive Property of Equality

for Example 1

1. Four steps of a proof are shown. Give the reasons for the last two steps.
GIVEN
PROVE

c AC 5 AB 1 AB
c AB 5 BC

STATEMENTS

1.
2.
3.
4.

112

AC 5 AB 1 AB
AB 1 BC 5 AC
AB 1 AB 5 AB 1 BC
AB 5 BC

Chapter 2 Reasoning and Proof

REASONS

1. Given
2. Segment Addition Postulate
3. ?
4. ?

THEOREMS The reasons used in a proof can include definitions, properties,

postulates, and theorems. A theorem is a statement that can be proven.
Once you have proven a theorem, you can use the theorem as a reason in
other proofs.

For Your Notebook

THEOREMS
THEOREM 2.1 Congruence of Segments

TAKE NOTES
Be sure to copy all
new theorems in your
notebook. Notice that
the theorem box tells
you where to find the
proof(s).

Segment congruence is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.

Reflexive

AB > }
AB.
For any segment AB, }

Symmetric

If }
AB > }
CD, then }
CD > }
AB.

Transitive

AB > }
CD and }
CD > }
EF, then }
AB > }
EF.
If }

Proofs: p. 137; Ex. 5, p. 121; Ex. 26, p. 118

THEOREM 2.2 Congruence of Angles

Angle congruence is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.
Reflexive

For any angle A, A > A.

Symmetric

If A > B, then B > A.

Transitive

If A > B and B > C, then A > C.

Proofs: Ex. 25, p. 118; Concept Summary, p. 114; Ex. 21, p. 137

EXAMPLE 2

Name the property shown

Name the property illustrated by the statement.

a. If R > T and T > P, then R > P.
b. If }
NK > }
BD, then }
BD > }
NK.

Solution
a. Transitive Property of Angle Congruence
b. Symmetric Property of Segment Congruence

GUIDED PRACTICE

for Example 2

Name the property illustrated by the statement.

CD > }
CD
2. }
3. If Q > V, then V > Q.

In this lesson, most of the proofs involve showing that congruence and
equality are equivalent. You may find that what you are asked to prove seems
to be obviously true. It is important to practice writing these proofs so that
you will be prepared to write more complicated proofs in later chapters.
2.6 Prove Statements about Segments and Angles

113

EXAMPLE 3

Use properties of equality

Prove this property of midpoints: If you know that M is the midpoint of }

AB,
prove that AB is two times AM and AM is one half of AB.
WRITE PROOFS

GIVEN

Before writing a proof,

organize your reasoning
by copying or drawing
a diagram for the
situation described.
Then identify the GIVEN
and PROVE statements.

PROVE

AB.
c M is the midpoint of }
c a. AB 5 2 p AM

1
b. AM 5 }
AB
2

STATEMENTS

REASONS

1. M is the midpoint of }
AB.
}
}
2. AM > MB
3.
4.
5.
a. 6.

AM 5 MB
AM 1 MB 5 AB
AM 1 AM 5 AB
2AM 5 AB

1
AB
b. 7. AM 5 }

GUIDED PRACTICE

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Given
Definition of midpoint
Definition of congruent segments
Segment Addition Postulate
Substitution Property of Equality
Distributive Property

7. Division Property of Equality

for Example 3

4. WHAT IF? Look back at Example 3. What would be different if you were
1
proving that AB 5 2 p MB and that MB 5 }
AB instead?
2

For Your Notebook

CONCEPT SUMMARY
Writing a Two-Column Proof
In a proof, you make one statement at a time, until you
reach the conclusion. Because you make statements based
on facts, you are using deductive reasoning. Usually the first
statement-and-reason pair you write is given information.
1

Proof of the Symmetric Property of Angle Congruence

GIVEN
PROVE

c 1 > 2
c 2 > 1

STATEMENTS

Statements based
on facts that
you know or
on conclusions
from deductive
reasoning

1.
2.
3.
4.

1 > 2
m1 5 m2
m2 5 m1
2 > 1

The number of
statements will vary.

114

Chapter 2 Reasoning and Proof

Copy or draw diagrams and

label given information to help
develop proofs.

REASONS

1.
2.
3.
4.

Given
Definition of congruent angles
Symmetric Property of Equality
Definition of congruent angles

Remember to give a reason

for the last statement.

Definitions,
postulates, or proven
theorems that
allow you to state
the corresponding
statement

EXAMPLE 4

Solve a multi-step problem

SHOPPING MALL Walking down a hallway at the mall, you notice the music

store is halfway between the food court and the shoe store. The shoe store is
halfway between the music store and the bookstore. Prove that the distance
between the entrances of the food court and music store is the same as the
distance between the entrances of the shoe store and bookstore.

Solution

ANOTHER WAY
For an alternative
method for solving the
problem in Example 4,
turn to page 120 for
the Problem Solving
Workshop.

STEP 1 Draw and label a diagram.

food
court

music
store

shoe
store

bookstore

STEP 2 Draw separate diagrams to show mathematical relationships.

A

STEP 3 State what is given and what is to be proved for the situation.
Then write a proof.
GIVEN

AC.
c B is the midpoint of }
BD.
C is the midpoint of }

PROVE

c AB 5 CD

STATEMENTS

REASONS

1. B is the midpoint of }
AC.
C is the midpoint of }
BD.
2. }
AB > }
BC
3. }
BC > }
CD
}
}
4. AB > CD

1. Given

5. AB 5 CD

GUIDED PRACTICE

2.
3.
4.
5.

Definition of midpoint
Definition of midpoint
Transitive Property of Congruence
Definition of congruent segments

for Example 4

5. In Example 4, does it matter what the actual distances are in order to

prove the relationship between AB and CD? Explain.

6. In Example 4, there is a clothing store halfway between the music store

and the shoe store. What other two store entrances are the same distance
from the entrance of the clothing store?
2.6 Prove Statements about Segments and Angles

115

2.6

EXERCISES

HOMEWORK
KEY

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 7, 15, and 21

5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Exs. 2, 4, 12, 19, 27, and 28

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY What is a theorem? How is it different from a postulate?
2.

EXAMPLE 1

WRITING You can use theorems as reasons in a two-column proof.

What other types of statements can you use as reasons in a two-column
proof? Give examples.

3. DEVELOPING PROOF Copy and complete the proof.

on p. 112
for Exs. 34

GIVEN
PROVE

4.

c AB 5 5, BC 5 6
c AC 5 11

STATEMENTS

REASONS

1. AB 5 5, BC 5 6
2. AC 5 AB 1 BC
3. AC 5 5 1 6
4. ?

1. Given
2. Segment Addition Postulate
3. ?
4. Simplify.

MULTIPLE CHOICE Which property listed is the reason for the last step

in the proof?
GIVEN
PROVE

EXAMPLES
2 and 3
on pp. 113114
for Exs. 513

c m 1 5 598, m 2 5 598
c m 1 5 m 2

STATEMENTS

REASONS

1. m 1 5 598, m 2 5 598
2. 598 5 m 2
3. m 1 5 m 2

1. Given
2. Symmetric Property of Equality
3. ?

A Transitive Property of Equality

B Reflexive Property of Equality

C Symmetric Property of Equality

D Distributive Property

USING PROPERTIES Use the property to copy and complete the statement.

SE
5. Reflexive Property of Congruence: ? > }
6. Symmetric Property of Congruence: If ? > ? , then RST > JKL.
7. Transitive Property of Congruence: If F > J and ? > ? , then

F > L.
NAMING PROPERTIES Name the property illustrated by the statement.

DG > }
CT, then }
CT > }
DG.
8. If }
10. If }
JK > }
MN and }
MN > }
XY, then }
JK > }
XY.
12.

9. VWX > VWX

11. YZ 5 ZY

MULTIPLE CHOICE Name the property illustrated by the statement

}> }
MN, then }
MN > }
CD.
If CD

A Reflexive Property of Equality

B Symmetric Property of Equality

C Symmetric Property of Congruence D Transitive Property of Congruence

116

Chapter 2 Reasoning and Proof

13. ERROR ANALYSIS In the diagram below, }

MN > }
LQ and }
LQ > }
PN. Describe

and correct the error in the reasoning.

L

MN > }
LQ and }
LQ > }
PN,
Because }
}
}
then MN > PN by the Reflexive
Property of Segment Congruence.

EXAMPLE 4

MAKING A SKETCH In Exercises 14 and 15, sketch a diagram that

on p. 115
for Exs. 1415

represents the given information.

14. CRYSTALS The shape of a crystal can be

represented by intersecting lines and planes.

Suppose a crystal is cubic, which means it can
be represented by six planes that intersect at
right angles.
15. BEACH VACATION You are on vacation at the

beach. Along the boardwalk, the bike rentals are

halfway between your cottage and the kite shop.
The snack shop is halfway between your cottage
and the bike rentals. The arcade is halfway
between the bike rentals and the kite shop.
16. DEVELOPING PROOF Copy and complete the proof.
GIVEN
PROVE

RT > }
TS
c RT 5 5, RS 5 5, }
}
}
c RS > TS

STATEMENTS

REASONS

1. RT 5 5, RS 5 5, }
RT > }
TS
2.
3.
4.
5.

RS 5 RT
RT 5 TS
RS 5 TS
}> }
RS
TS

1. ?
2. Transitive Property of Equality
3. Definition of congruent segments
4. Transitive Property of Equality
5. ?

ALGEBRA Solve for x using the given information. Explain your steps.

17. GIVEN c }
QR > }
PQ, }
RS > }
PQ
P
P 2x 1 5 R

S
10 2 3x

18. GIVEN c m ABC 5 908

A
6x8
B

19.

(3x 2 9)8
C

SHORT RESPONSE Explain why writing a proof is an example of

deductive reasoning, not inductive reasoning.

20. CHALLENGE Point P is the midpoint of }

MN and point Q is the midpoint

MP. Suppose }
AB is congruent to }
MP, and }
PN has length x. Write the
of }
length of the segments in terms of x. Explain.

}
a. AB

}
b. MN

}
c. MQ

}
d. NQ

2.6 Prove Statements about Segments and Angles

117

PROBLEM SOLVING
4

21. BRIDGE In the bridge in the illustration, it is

]
known that 2 > 3 and TV bisects UTW. Copy

and complete the proof to show that 1 > 3.

STATEMENTS

REASONS

]
TV bisects UTW.

1. Given
2. ?
3. Given
4. ?

1.
2. 1 > 2
3. 2 > 3
4. 1 > 3

 

7
6

GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

EXAMPLE 3
on p. 114
for Ex. 22

22. DEVELOPING PROOF Write a complete proof by matching each statement

with its corresponding reason.

]
GIVEN c QS is an angle bisector of PQR.
PROVE

c m PQS 5 }21 m PQR

STATEMENTS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

REASONS

]
QS is an angle bisector of PQR.

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.

PQS > SQR

m PQS 5 m SQR
m PQS 1 m SQR 5 m PQR
m PQS 1 m PQS 5 m PQR
2 p m PQS 5 m PQR

1
7. m PQS 5 }
m PQR
2

Definition of angle bisector

Distributive Property
Angle Addition Postulate
Given
Division Property of Equality
Definition of congruent angles
Substitution Property of
Equality

GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

PROOF Use the given information and the diagram to prove the statement.

23. GIVEN c 2AB 5 AC

PROVE

24. GIVEN c m 1 1 m 2 5 1808

m 1 5 628

c AB 5 BC
PROVE

c m 2 5 1188

PROVING PROPERTIES Prove the indicated property of congruence.

25. Reflexive Property of

Angle Congruence
GIVEN
PROVE

c A is an angle.
c A > A

26. Transitive Property of

Segment Congruence
GIVEN
PROVE

WX > }
XY and }
XY > }
YZ
c}
}
}
c WX > YZ
Y

118

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1

5 STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTICE

SHORT RESPONSE In the sculpture shown, 1 > 2 and

2 > 3. Classify the triangle and justify your reasoning.

27.

28.

SHORT RESPONSE You use a computer drawing program

to create a line segment. You copy the segment and paste it.
You copy the pasted segment and then paste it, and so on.
How do you know all the line segments are congruent?
29. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM The distance from the restaurant to

EXAMPLE 4

the shoe store is the same as the distance from the cafe to
the florist. The distance from the shoe store to the movie
theater is the same as the distance from the movie theater to
the cafe, and from the florist to the dry cleaners.

on p. 115
for Ex. 29

Use the steps below to prove that the distance from the restaurant to the
movie theater is the same as the distance from the cafe to the dry cleaners.
a. Draw and label a diagram to show the mathematical relationships.
b. State what is given and what is to be proved for the situation.
c. Write a two-column proof.
(FPNFUSZ

at classzone.com

30. CHALLENGE The distance from Springfield to Lakewood City is equal to

the distance from Springfield to Bettsville. Janisburg is 50 miles farther

from Springfield than Bettsville is. Moon Valley is 50 miles farther from
Springfield than Lakewood City is.
a. Assume all five cities lie in a straight line. Draw a diagram that

represents this situation.

b. Suppose you do not know that all five cities lie in a straight line.

Draw a diagram that is different from the one in part (a) to represent
the situation.
c. Explain the differences in the two diagrams.

MIXED REVIEW
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 2.7
in Exs. 3133.

Given m 1, find the measure of an angle that is complementary to 1 and

the measure of an angle that is supplementary to 1. (p. 35)
31. m 1 5 478

32. m 1 5 298

33. m 1 5 898

Solve the equation. Write a reason for each step. (p. 105)
34. 5x 1 14 5 216

35. 2x 2 9 5 15 2 4x

EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 2.6, p. 8992.6

36. x 1 28 5 211 2 3x 2 17

ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com

119

Using

ALTERNATIVE METHODS

LESSON 2.6
Another Way to Solve Example 4, page 115
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS The first step in writing any proof is to make a
plan. A diagram or visual organizer can help you plan your proof. The steps
of a proof must be in a logical order, but there may be more than one correct
order.

PROBLEM

SHOPPING MALL Walking down a hallway at the mall, you notice the

music store is halfway between the food court and the shoe store. The
shoe store is halfway between the music store and the bookstore. Prove
that the distance between the entrances of the food court and music
store is the same as the distance between the entrances of the shoe
store and bookstore.

METHOD

Using a Visual Organizer

STEP 1 Use a visual organizer to map out your proof.

The music store is halfway between the food court and the shoe store.
The shoe store is halfway between the music store and the bookstore.
Given information

Deductions from
given information

M is halfway between
F and S.

S is halfway between
M and B.

M is the midpoint of

S is the midpoint of
}
MB. So, MS 5 SB.

}
FS. So, FM 5 MS.

Statement to prove

FM 5 SB

STEP 2 Write a proof using the lengths of the segments.

GIVEN

c M is halfway between F and S.

PROVE

S is halfway between M and B.

FM
5 SB
c

STATEMENTS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

120

Chapter 2 Reasoning and Proof

M is halfway between F and S.

S is halfway between M and B.
M is the midpoint of }
FS.
}
S is the midpoint of MB.
FM 5 MS and MS 5 SB
MS 5 MS
FM 5 SB

REASONS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Given
Given
Definition of midpoint
Definition of midpoint
Definition of midpoint
Reflexive Property of Equality
Substitution Property of Equality

P R AC T I C E
1. COMPARE PROOFS Compare the proof on the previous page and the

proof in Example 4 on page 115.

a. How are the proofs the same? How are they different?
b. Which proof is easier for you to understand? Explain.
2. REASONING Below is a proof of the Transitive Property of Angle

Congruence. What is another reason you could give for Statement 3?

Explain.
GIVEN
PROVE

c A > B and B > C

c A > C

STATEMENTS

1.
2.
3.
4.

REASONS

A > B, B > C
m A 5 m B, m B 5 m C
m A 5 m C
A > C

1.
2.
3.
4.

Given
Definition of congruent angles
Transitive Property of Equality
Definition of congruent angles

3. SHOPPING MALL You are at the same mall as on page 120 and you notice

that the bookstore is halfway between the shoe store and the toy store.
Draw a diagram or make a visual organizer, then write a proof to show that
the distance from the entrances of the food court and music store is the
same as the distance from the entrances of the book store and toy store.
4. WINDOW DESIGN The entrance to the mall has a decorative

window above the main doors as shown. The colored

dividers form congruent angles. Draw a diagram or make a
visual organizer, then write a proof to show that the angle
measure between the red dividers is half the measure of the
angle between the blue dividers.
5. COMPARE PROOFS Below is a proof of the Symmetric Property of

Segment Congruence.
DE > }
FG
c}

} }
PROVE c FG > DE

GIVEN

STATEMENTS

REASONS

1. }
DE > }
FG

1.
2.
3.
4.

2. DE 5 FG
3. FG 5 DE
FG > }
DE
4. }

Given
Definition of congruent segments
Symmetric Property of Equality
Definition of congruent segments

a. Compare this proof to the proof of the Symmetric Property of Angle

Congruence in the Concept Summary on page 114. What makes the

proofs different? Explain.
b. Explain why Statement 2 above cannot be }
FG > }
DE.
Using Alternative Methods

121