CHAPTER 9 - SINUSOIDS AND PHASORS ey List of topics for this chapter = Sinusoids Phasors Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements, Impedance and Admittance Impedance Combinations Applications ry SINUSOIDS Problem 9.1 Express the following as cosine functions. (@) — Ssin(2nt) () 43sin(@t-479) © — 2sinot~x/2) To convert the sine function to the cosine function, we will need a trigonometric identity. F sin(x) = cos(x 90%) (a) Seos(2nt - 90°) 0) 43cos(@t -47°—90°) = 4.3e0s(ot - 137°) © — n/2rad=90° and rad =180° 2sin(wt ~ 0/2) = 2cos(t - n/2~ 1/2) = Zeos(ot Because sin(x+90°)=cos(x) or -—_cos(x+180°) this can also be written as. -2eos(ot) Problem 9.2 Find the magnitude, angular frequency, frequency, and phase angle of each of the following functions. (a) Ssin(10t) () —-2.5eos(2nt) © ¥3cos(ot = 37°) 155(@) Consider v(t) = V,, sin(ot +4). Also, note that @ = 2nf y, o=10 f=10/2n, =0° (&) Consider v(t) = V,, cos(ot +9) Vy=25 @=2n f=1, $= 180° Note that § = 180° due to the negative sign in front of the function. (©) Consider v(t) = V,, cos(ot +) 37° V,=V3 0-0 f=0/2r, 6 Problem 9.3 95] Given v, = 20sin(ot + 60°) and v, = 60cos(@t—10°), determine the phase angle between the two sinusoids and which one lags the other. V, = 0sin(ot + 60°) = 20cos(at + 60°—90") = 20cos(ot 30%) Vv, = 60cos(wt-10°) This indicates that the phase angle between the two signals is 20° and that v, lags v,. PHASORS Problem 9.4 Convert the following into phasors. (a) 100sin(ot) (b) — 2cos(wt) (©) 50cos(@t 80°) @ — 2Ssin(wt + 45°) (2) 100.20° assuming a reference of Asin(ot +4) (be) —-20.20° assuming a reference of Acos(ot +6) (©) 50.2 -80° assuming a reference of A cos(ot +6) (@) 28.245? assuming a reference of A sin(ot +6) 156@ Probiem 9.5 PII] Let X=8240° and ¥=10.2-30°, Evaluate the following quantities and express your results in polar form, (a) (X+Y)x" Ces () (X+Y)/X (@) — X+¥=8240°+102-30° X+ Y= (6.128 + j5.142) + (8.66 - j5) X+V=14.79+4 j0.142 = 14.79.20.55° (K+ YX" = 14.79.20.5598.2- 40%) (X+Y)X" = 1183.2 -39.45° (b) X-Y=8240°-102-30° (6.128 + j5.142) — (8.66 j5) X-Y = -2.532 + jl0.142 = 10.45 2104° (X—Y)' = 10.452 - 104° (©) From (a), X+ ¥=14.79.20.55° e X+¥__ 14.7920.55° _ X 82400 (X+¥)/X = 1.8492 -39,45° Problem 9.6 If Asin(t +6) is used as a common reference, what would be the phasors? (a) 100sin(ot) (&) —-2cos(wt) © S0cos(ot-80%) (@) —-2Ssin(@t + 45°) (@) 10020" (&) —20290° © — 50Z10° (@) —-25245° 157— e PHASOR RELATIONSHIPS FOR CIRCUIT ELEMENTS Problem 9.7 Given the circuit of Figure 9.1, find the steady-state value of v,(t) when i,(t) = Ssin(1000t) A Figure 9.1 > Carefully DEFINE the problem. Each component is labeled completely. The problem is clear. > PRESENT everything you know about the problem. In the time domain, e y Zia Ifthe circuit is transformed to its frequency domain equivalent, however, then 1 V.=1Z.= 761 ‘The final answer can then be converted to the time domain > Establish a set of ALTERNATIVE solutions and determine the one that promises the greatest likelihood of success. The technique used to solve this problem is Ohm's law. The choice to be made is whether to use the time domain or the frequency domain. From what we know about the problem, converting the time-domain circuit into the frequency domain allows the use of algebra with ‘complex numbers rather than calculus to analyze the circuit. Analysis of simple circuits can be done in the time-domain as a check of the answer. > ATTEMPT a problem solution. Transtorming the circuit to the frequency domain, the current source is 1, = 520°. The resistor converts to Z., = 1 KQ, and the capacitor becomes 1 1 . . 2. = 556 ~ Falaoaio%y 711000 = 1000-90 e 158‘Thus, e V, = (520°)(10002-90°) = 50002 -90° or v(t) = 5000sin(1000t—90°) V > EVALUATE the solution and check for accuracy. Using KVL in the frequency domain, Vq = 1Zp = (520")(1000) = 5000.20° V V, =1Z, = 5002-90" V, = Vq +V, = 500020" + 50002 - 90° V, = 5000— j5000 = 0002 2 -45° or vy, (t) = 50002 sin(1000t - 45°) V Using KVL in the time domain, v= fiat= i i0* 1 Ve(O = Foz yor O-eos(1000] Jssinao008 at v,() = 5000sin(1000t 90°) V e vg (t) = Ri(t) = 5000sin(1000t) V V,()= va (+ V0 v(t) = 5000sin(1000t) + 5000 sin(1000t 90°) vy, (t) = 5000V2 sin(1000t - 45°) V Our check for accuracy was successful > Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? If so, present the solution; if not, then return to “ALTERNATIVE solutions” and continue through the process again. This problem has been solved satisfactorily v(t) = 5000 sin(1000t — 90°) V Problem 9.8 Given © = 100, determine the frequency domain (8 = jo) values for the following elements (@)— R=19,100,1kO,1M2,100Ma (») L=10H, SH, 1H, SmH, 40uH (©) C=2mF, 333pF, SF, 10pF 159(@) —- R=19,100,1kOQ,1M0,100MQ (0) @L = 10009, 5002, 1002, 500m, 4mQ where the units are ohms of inductive reactance 1 © GG = 5%302, 2k, 1GQ where the units are ohms of capacitive reactance Problem 9.9 Given R = 1002, L=1H, and C=100pF, calculate the values in the following table. © Xe T 10 700 1000 70000 Clearly, R=100 which is not dependent upon the frequency. plies that e and C= 104 1 10* =oL= id xX.2=—=— X,=0L=0 an c= 56" @ and the table becomes o R Xi Xe T 100) 1 TOK 10 100 10 ik 100 100 100 100 1000 100 Ik 10 10000 100 10k us + 4 IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE, Problem 9.10 Assume that Z=R + jX,, ~ jX¢. For the values used in Problem 9.9, what ‘would be the values of Z in rectangular coordinates? e 16010 100 1000 | [o0o0- Insert the values of R., X;, and X¢ into Z=R+j(K, —Xe) and it is evident that T0_| 100-7 990_| | 100 100+j0 T000_| 100 +5 990 T0000 | 100+ j 9999 Problem9.11 9.43] In the circuit of Figure 9.2, find V, if 1, = 220° A. v “20 2 PO 22S 4a nog 19 Figure 9.2 1e the left portion of the circuit is twice as large as the right portion, the equivalent circuit is shown below. v, ©O- 2z\\v. wl |Z = + 16V,=V,+V, =60-j) 8.4852135° V Problem 9.12 Using the values in Problem 9.10, what would be the values of Z in polar coordinates? [e Z 70 100 TO00 T0000 @ Z __ [9999.5 2-89.48 10 | 995 2-84.2° 100 20° 100 1000 [995 284.2" 0000 _| "9999.5 289.4° IMPEDANCE COMBINATIONS Given the circuit of Figure 93, find Z,, for © = 1000 rad/s. Problem 9.13 10kQ C WW Zin =. g 20H 7p 04 uF Figure 93 = j10kQ The phasor domain equivalent includes Z, =10kQ Z,, = joL = j(1000)(20) = j20kQ ao 1 ‘© j@C j(1000)(0.1x10%) 10% 162Z,, = Zl Zq + Zc) = j20k|| (Ok jl0k) e 7, = G20KMUOK— 0K) _ j20kI0= 10) _ 200K) ve ~ j20k +10k — jl0k 10+j10 (01+ j) Zy = 20kQ Problem 9.14 9.47] ‘Find Z., in the circuit of Figure 9.4 . Ze => 1-jQ oo 1+pQ 1+j22 52 Figure 9.4 All of the impedances are in parallel. Thus, tee 142" 1+ B 163,+ +e APPLICATIONS. Problem 9.15 ‘The circuit shown in Figure 9.5 is used to make a simple low-pass filter. An important part of choosing the appropriate value of C is to determine the highest frequency to be passed and then choose a value of C such that the output voltage is 1 /-/2 times the magnitude of the input at that frequency. What value of C makes this a low-pass filter for frequencies from 0 Hz to 1000 Hz? 10kQ Vin(t) CAS volt) Figure 9.5 ‘Transforming this circuit to the frequency domain yields WkQ r } —w— Vin “HOC AR Vou = i/o 10k - joc [Vou |=] ¥in f = 1000 Hz is the upper frequency limit, called the comer frequency. lr) = j/2n(1000)C_| 1641 2m (10°\10") 1 200 Problem 9.16 (a) b) © (a) [9.61] Using the circuit of Figure 9.6, Calculate the phase shi State whether the phase shift is leading or lagging (output with respect to input). Determine the magnitude of the output when the input is 120 V. 202 402 302 C AW AW WW + + v% io mo8 oR ve Figure 9.6 Consider the circuit as shown. wa y, 42 300 a . AM AW + + vy, 02 g j300 5600 g Ve I | hh Zs 3 j60) Z, = j30|| 30+ j60) = 80)G0+ 160) _ 5. oy 30+ j90 2, = i101 40+ 2.) = assy 165 (10)(43 + j21) = 1,535 + j8.896 = 9.028280.21°Let V, =120°. vy, = ety, = 9.028280.2191 20) 22, +20! 21.535 + j8.896 V, = 0.3875.257.77° (21.213.281.87°\(0.3875 257.77) 47.85226.03° V, =0.1718113.61° icles Vo = 304 joo V, = (0.8944226,56°)(0.17182113.6%) V, = 0.15362140.2° ‘Therefore, the phase shift is 140.2° (b) The phase shift is leading. 20 V,, then (120)(0.1536.2140.2°) = 18.43.2140,2°V © y, and the magnitude is 18.43 V 166