7 CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY-1 ‘The mole is a basic unit of measurement in chemistry. Which of the following is, NOT equal to or the same as 1 mol of the substance indicated? (A) 22.4 L of nitrogen (Na) gas at STP (B) 6.02 x 10% oxygen (Oz) molecules (C) 12 g of carbon atoms (D) 16 g of oxygen (02) molecules ‘Oxygen has a molar mass of 16 g/mol. Therefore, 1 mol of O2 has a mass of 32 ‘The answe ©). CHEMISTRY-2 ‘Which one of the following is standard temperature and pressure (STP)? (A) 0K and one atmosphere pressure (B) 0°F and zero pressure (C) 3%F and zero pressure (D) 0°C and one atmosphere pressure By definition, standard temperature and pressure is 0°C and 1 atm pressure. ‘The answer is (D} ‘PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.72 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY-3 An ideal gos at 0.60 atm and 87°C occupies 0.450 L. The gas constant: is RX = 0.0821 Leatm/mol-K. How many moles are in the sample? (A) 0.00020 mol (B) 0.0091 mol (C) 0.0120 mol (D) 0.038 mol Use the ideal gas law. pV =nRt Ed T (0.60 atm)(0.45 L) (0 0821 ) (87°C +273) 1.0091 mol ‘The answer is (B).. CHEMISTRY-4 A gas occupies 0.213 L at STP. How many moles are there in this sample of gas? (A) 0.0089 mol (B) 0.0095 mol (C) 0.089 mol (D) 0.095 mo! pV =0RT wv RT At STP, p=1atm T= 273K (1.0 atm)(0.213 L) mL o.o8a1 SZ) (27K) 0.00950 mol ‘The answer is (B). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY 18 CHEMISTRY-5 An ideal gas is contained in a vessel of unknown volume at a pressure of 1 atmo- sphere. The gas is released and allowed to expand into a previously evacuated vessel whose volume is 0.500 L. Once equilibrium has been reached, the temper- ature remains the same while the prossure is recorded as 500 mm of mercury. ‘What is the unknown volume, V, of the first vessel? (A) 0.853 L (B) 0.962 L (©) 1o7L (D) 1.8L Tor an ideal gas at a constant temperature, raVi = pave 1 = 1.0 atm = 760 mm Hg (760 mm Hig)Vi = (600 mm Hig)(0.5 L-+ Vi) V;, = 0.962 L The answer is (B CHEMISTRY-6 What is most nearly the combined volume of 1.0 g of hydrogen gas (Hz) and 10.0 g of helium gas (He) when confined at 20°C and 5 atm? (A) 10L (B) WL () ML (D) 164 ‘Use the ideal gas law. pV =P ya Row T P Mrotal “= Mtg + Me ol He 1 mol Hy L (108) Ce a ) + (10.0) Ce = 30 mol atmL (8.0 mol) (0801 (293K) v 5 atm =ML ‘The answer is (C). ‘PROFESSIONAL. PUBLICATIONS, INC.TA 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY-7 ‘The valve between a 9 L tank containing gas at 5 atm and a6 L tank containing gas at 10 atm is opened. What is the equilibrium pressure obtained in the two tanks at constant temperature? Assume ideal gas behavior. (A) 5 atm (B) 6 atm (©) 7 atm (D) 8 atm Protel = Pi + Pa ‘Pn = partial pressure of gas n For an ideal gas at a constant temperature, =4atm Protas = 3 atm +4 atm =Tatm ‘The answer is (C). CHEMISTRY-8 A bicycle tire has a volume of 600 cm®. It is inflated with CO2 to a pressure of 5.4 atm at 20°C. Approximately how many grams of CO» are contained in the tire? (A) 38g (B) 48¢ (©) 60¢ (D) 64g pV =nR'T vv RT = s)(1b_)_ V = (600 em » sae ) 0.6L PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, ING.CHEMISTRY 15 T= 20°C + 273° = 203K _ (6-4 atm)(0.6 L) o.os21 z) (293K) mot 0.135 mol ‘The molecular weight of CO2, MWeo,s is a1 % 4 (16 avon =18 E+ (0 8) = 44 g/mol ‘The mass of COs in the tire, m, is m=n(MWeos) = (0.135 mol) (a =5.94g (6.08) The answer is (C). CHEMISTRY-9 On a hot day, the temperature rises from 13°C early in the morning to 37°C in the afternoon, What is the ratio of the concentration (in mol/L) of helium in a spherical balloon in the afternoon to the concentration of helium in the balloon in the morning? (A) 051 (B) 0.69 (©) 0.92 14 Ss pV =nR'T ‘The concentration, C, is ap PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.16 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS Determine the ratio by dividing the concentration of helium in the balloon in the afternoon, C2, by the concentration of helium in the balloon in the morning, C1. Qh Q th _ 18°C 4279° Broe aT =092 CHEMISTRY-10 ‘When 0.5 g of a liquid is completely evaporated and collected in a1 I, manome- ter, the pressure is 0.25 atm and the temperature is 27°C. Assuming ideal gas behavior, what is most nearly the molecular weight? The universal gas constant is RY = 0.0821 L-atm/molK. (A) 10g/mol —(B) 12 g/mol ~—(C) 30 g/mol_—(D) 49 g/mol (0.5 g) (00801 aot) (300K) (0.25 atm)(1.0 L) = 49.3 g/mol In the preceding equation, MW is molecular weight. ‘The answer is (D). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY 1 CHEMISTRY-11 200 mL of oxygen gas (Oz) are collected over water at 23°C and a pressure of 1 ‘atm, What volume would the oxygen occupy dry at 273K and 1 atm? (A) 179 mL (B) 184 mL (C) 190 mL (D) 194 mL At 28°C, the vapor pressure of water is 0.0277 atm. Find the pressure of the oxygen assuming ideal gas behavior. Protat = > partial pressures = Pos + Pwater por Po. = 1.000 atm — 0.0277 atm = 0.9723 atm =n PiVi _ PaVa Th Th (0) (ee) Too ats) (a) 2-2 = 179 mL ‘The answer is (A) CHEMISTRY-12 8 g of AgaO (solid) are heated to produce oxygen gas (Ox) as follows. 2Ag,0 —+ 4Ag + On ‘The oxygen gus is collected at 35°C over water. The water vapor pressure at 35°C is 0.0555 atm. Given that the barometric pressure is 1 atm, what (wet) volume of Op is collected? (A) 415 mL (B) 425 mb (©) 434 mL (D) 455 mL PROFESSIONAL. PUBLICATIONS, INC.78 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS ‘The number of moles of Ag2O, Mag,0, is =@»(——__m_ @mop (106) + (16 Ea me .084 mol Since 2 mol of AgaO produce 1 mol of O2, no, = (3) (0.034 mol) = 00017 mol T= 35°C 4273" = 308K Poy = Petal ~ PIO = 1 atm ~ 0.0585 atm = 0.945 atm. pW =nRT no, RT. Vo, = 20» 0 Pos (0.017 sod ( sa mol M5 atm, 0.455 L (455 mL) ‘The answer is (D). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY 79 CHEMISTRY-13 A total of 0.1 g of water is held in a closed container at 40°C. The container hholds 500 cm®. ‘The pressure in the container is atmospheric pressure, and the ‘vapor pressure of water at 40°C is 55.3 torr. Most nearly how much water is in liquid form at equilibrium? (A) There is no liquid present. (B) */2 of the water is liquid. (C) 4/5 of the water is liquid. (D) 3/4 of the water is liquid. Use the ideal gas law to determine how much of the water is vapor. pV =nRT mT Mw ‘MW is the molecular weight of the water. py(Mw) MW =264+16g 760 = 0.073 atm 500 mL 000 E =05L Ve T= 40°C +278" = 313K (18 )(0.078 atm)(0.5 ©) rae = GEO (oon S82) ca = 0.026 g PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.710 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS ‘The remainder of the HO is liquid. ‘Miiguid = Mictat ~ Myater = 0.1 — 0.026 g 0.074 g fraction that is liquid = Tawit ‘Meta =O.74 (44 ‘The answer is (D). CHEMISTRY-14 ‘Which of the following statements is FALSE for an ideal gas? (A) The molecules behave as solid spheres of finite radius. (B) pV=nRT (©) Collisions between gas molecules are perfectly elastic and result in no decrease in kinetic energy. (D) No attractive forces exist between the molecules. ‘The volume of molecules in an idk consist of molecules of finite volume. gas is not considered. Real gases ‘The answer is (A). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY ma CHEMISTRY-15 ‘The following statements are made with regard to the boiling point of a liquid. Which statement is FALSE? (A) ®B) (©) A nonvolatile substance having zero vapor pressure in solution (e.g, sugars or salts) has no true boiling point. ‘The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure ofa liquid equals the applied pressure on the liquid. Combinations of liquids having different boiling points can be separated by slowly raising the temperature to draw off each fraction (ie. by fractional distillation). At high elevations, water boils at a lower temperature because of a reduc tion in the surface tension of the water. A liquid boils when its vapor pressure is equal to the pressure of the surroundings. The lower boiling temperature at high elevations is due to the reduced atmospheric pressure, not to a change in the surface CHEMISTRY-16 ‘The critical point for a mixture occurs for which of the following cases? (A) The vapor and liquid exist in a single form. (B) The liquid has no absorbed gas. (C) The vapor phase is stable. (D) The liq is completely vaporized. ‘The critical point for a mixture occurs when the vapor and the liquid have a form that is stable for a “critical temperature and critical pressure.” Tt is both a liquid and a vapor with no boundaries and a uniform composition (a single form). A few substances have a triple point at which a solid, a liquid, and a gas are in equilibrium. "The answer is (A). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.Tae 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY-17 How is “molality” defined? (A) the number of moles of solute in 1000 g of solvent the number of moles of solute in 1 L of solution (B) (C) the number of gram-formula weights of solute per liter (D) the number of gram-equivalent weights of solute in 1 L of solution Molality is defined as the number of moles of solute per 1000 g of solvent. Option (B) is the definition of molarity, option (C) is the definition of formality, and option (D) is the definition of normality. ‘The answer is (A) CHEMISTRY-18 L is a nonvolatile, nonelectrolytic liquid. A solid, S, is added to L to form a solution that just boils at 1 atm pressure. The vapor pressure of pure Lis 850 torr. What is the mole fraction of liquid L in the solution? (A) 64.3% (B) 79.4% (©) 85.7% (D) 89.4% A liquid boils when its vapor pressure equals the pressure of its sur- roundings. Thus, the vapor pressure of the solution is 760 torr. From Raoult’s law, Pectution ™ Pastvent(mol% of solvent) 760 torr = (850 torr)(mol% of L) 760 tore 350 tom = 0.894 (89.4%) mol% of L = The answer is (D). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, ING.CHEMISTRY r3 CHEMISTRY-19 Which of the following postulates does Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom in- volve? (A) The electron in an atom has an infinite range of motion allowed to it. (B) When an atom changes from a low energy state to a high energy state, it emits a quantum of radiation whose energy is equal to the difference in energy between the two states. (©) In any of its energy states, the electron moves in a circular orbit about the nucleus. (D) The states of allowed electron motion are those in which the angular ‘momentum of the electron is an integral multiple of f/m. ‘Bobr's model of the hydrogen atom involves the following postulates. 1, Bach atom has only certain definite stationary states of motion allowed to it. 2. A quantum of energy is emitted when an atom changes from a higher energy state to a lower energy state. 3. The states of allowed electron motion are those in which the an- gular momentum of the electron is an integral multiple of h/2m. ‘Thus, the only choice that is correct is option (C). the answer is (C). CHEMISTRY-20 Which of the following diagrams best depi carbon? “ae “marr ° OGRE » WADE PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.Tad 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS Carbon has a total of six electrons. Electrons position themselves orbitals according to the following rules. 1. There is a maximum of two electrons per orbital 2, Electrons in the same orbital have different spins (-:"/) 3. Electrons usually fill up empty orbitals before moving into the same orbital as another electron, ‘Thus, option (D) gives the correct electron configuration of carbon. ‘The answer is (D). CHEMISTRY-21 Which of the following elements and compounds is reactive in its pure form? (A) sodium (Na) (B) helium (He) (C) carbon dioxide (CO2) (D) hydrochloric acid (HCI) Helium is an inert gas and, therefore, is not very reactive. Hydro- chloric acid and carbon dioxide have al oftheir valence orbitals filed Thus, they aro also not very reactive. Sodium has only one valence lectron that is easily ionizable. Therefore, itis very reactive, he answer is (A). CHEMISTRY-22 ‘Two major types of chemical bonds are observed in chemical bonding: ionic and covalent. Which of the following has a bond that is the least ionic in character? (A) NaCl (B) CHa (C) Ha (D) #20 ‘The electronegativity difference between two similar atoms is zero. ‘Therefore, the Hz bond is completely covalent. It has no ionic bond characteristics. ‘The answer is (C). PROFESSIONAL. PLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY TAS CHEMISTRY-23 ‘Which of the following statements is FALSE? (A) @B) (©) (D) It is not possible for bonds between a pair of atoms to be different different bond lengths or bond energies) in different, compounds ‘The bond length for a pair of atoms is the point of lowest energy. ‘The electrostatic repulsion between two nuclei increases as the atoms are brought together. "The repulsion between two nuclei increases as their charge increases It is possible for bonds between a pair of atoms to be different in different compounds. For example, there is more than one type of, ‘carbon-carbon bond. ‘The answer is (A). CHEMISTRY-24 Which of the following statements is FALSE? (A) (8) ©) (D) For @ diatomic molecule, the bond dissociation energy is the change in tthe enthalpy of the reaction when the diatomic molecule is separated into atoms. ‘The average bond energy is the approximate energy required to break a bond in any compound in which it oecurs. ‘The energy released when a gascous molecule is formed from its gaseous atoms can be estimated using average bond energies. ‘The change in enthalpy is negative when energy is absorbed in the forma- tion of a compound from its elements. ‘The change in enthalpy is negative for the formation of a compound from elements when energy is released in the process. The answer is (D). CHEMISTRY-25 Which of the following is the correct Lewis structi (A) for sulfur dioxide? s s ar ®) IF Ng. ‘PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.716 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS Sulfur and oxygen each have six valence electrons. ‘Thus, there are a total of 18 valence electrons in $02. ‘Therefore, there is one single S-O bond and one double $=0 bond. The Lewis structure of sulfur dioxide ie as follows. "The answer is (B). CHEMISTRY-26 ‘The molecule mothane, CHy, is often represented by the following structural formula. What is the actual geometric shape of the molecule? (A) Tinear (B) square planar (C) planar, but not 90° bond angles (D) tetrahedral ‘The structure of methane is as follows 4 In the tetrahedral structure, bond angles are maximized and repul- sions minimized, with bond angles of 109°. ‘The answer is (D).. PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY TAT CHEMISTRY-27 $0, has a structural formula represented as a resonance hybrid. ‘Which of the following is a true statement about the meaning of such a structure? (A) One-third of the SOs molecules exists as each of the three structures shown. (B) The true structure is a combination of the three with each S identical to another. bond (©) The molecule fluctuates between the three structures. (D) The arrows indicate equilibrium where an actual chemical reaction is taking place. ‘The true structure is a combination with each bond identical, some- where between a single and a double bond. ‘The answer is (B). CHEMISTRY-28 Which of the following chemical equations is incorrect? (A) $+ Fe— Fes (B) ZnSO, + NazS — Zn$ + Na2SO« (©) H,804 + ZnS + 2804 + HS (D) Zn8 + O2 + $02 + 210 ‘The equation in option (D) docs not balance. Tt noeds #/;02 on the left side. The equation Zn$ + 9/02 + $02 + ZnO would be correct. ‘The answer is (D). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.718 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY-29 NazCOg reacts with HCl, but not by the stoichiometry implied in the following unbalanced chemical equation. ‘NagCOs + HCl —+ NaCl + H20 + CO» ‘What is the smallest possible whole-number coefficient for Nagy in the bal- ‘anced equation? (A). (B) 2 (c)4 (5 ‘The simplest balanced equation is NazCOs + HC] — 2NaCl + H20 + CO2 ‘Tho smallest whole-number coeflicient for NagCOs is 1. ‘The answer is (A). CHEMISTRY-30 Which of the following is the result of the reaction given? 5802 + 2KMnO4 + 2H_0 —+ ? (A) 2MnSO, + K28Oq + 2.80. (B) 2MnSO, + K28Qz + HSO4 + H20 (C) 2Mn80, + K2801 + H2S0s (D) Mn8O4 + 2K280s +280. Only the products listed in option (A) would balance the elements on the right and left sides of the equation. ‘The answer is (A) PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC,CHEMISTRY m9 CHEMISTRY-31 ‘What is the balanced form of the equation given? H,0 +P, + OH —+ PHs + HaPOy (A) 40H™ 4 4? + H,0 — 611gP0; + 2PHs (B) P,+H20 —> HaPO3 + 3PHs (C) 8OH- + 2P; + 2,0 —+ HaPO3 + PHs (D) 30H- +P; + 310 —- 3HaPO; + PH ‘The two half reactions are 80H" + Py —+ dH2PO3 + 4E- 12E- + 1220 + Py — 4PHy + 1208 Multiplying the top equation by 3 and adding the two equations together yields 120H™ + 4P + 12H —+ 12H2PO; + 4PHs Tn order to reduce the equation to the lowest whole number cocffi- cients, divide by 4. 30H +P, +3H,0 — 3H_PO; + PHs ‘The answer is (D). CHEMISTRY-32 ‘Which of the following chemical reactions relates to the softening, procedure in water purification? (A) CO2 + Ca(OH)2 —+ CaCOs + H20 (B) Ca(HCOs)2 + Ca(OH)2 —+ 2CaCO3 + 2H,0 (C) 2120 + O2 —+ 2H202 (D) NaOH + HCl — NaCl + #20 Option (B) gives the chemical reaction for adding lime to hard water in order to remove calcium salts. ‘The resulting caleium carbonate precipitate can be removed by sedimentation. ‘The answo @) PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.7-20 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY-33 ‘A substance is oxidized when which of the following occurs? (A) It turns red. (B) It becomes more negative. (C) It loses electrons. (D) It gives off heat. By definition, a substance is oxidized when it loses clectrons. ‘The answer is (C), CHEMISTRY-34 In order to assign oxidation states in polyatomic molecules, which of the following rules is followed? (A) (8) (©) 0) ‘The oxidation of all elements in any allotropic form is zero, ‘The oxidation state of oxygen is always —2. ‘The oxidation state of hydrogen is always 11 All other oxidation states are chosen such that the algebraic sum of the oxidation states for the ion or molecule is zero. Option (B) is false because it does not take into account the peroxides in which the oxidation state of O is ~1. Option (C) is false because it does not account for hydrogen combined with metals, where its oxidation state is ~1. Option (D) is wrong because the sum of the oxidation states should equal the not charge on the ion or molecule. ‘Thus, only option (A) is correct. ‘The answer is (A). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY TA CHEMISTRY-35 ‘What is the oxidation state of nitroger Nos? (a) -1 (8) 41 © (D) +5 ‘The oxidation state of O is -2, and the net charge on the ion is —1. ‘The oxidation state of nitrogen is given as follows. 3(oxidation state of O) + (oxidation state of N} (3)(~2) + (oxidation state of N} oxidation state of N= +5 The answer is (D). CHEMISTRY-36 What is the oxidation number of Cr in the dichromate ion (Crg07)-?? (a) -1 (B) 0 3 (D) 6 ‘The oxidation number of O is -2. Therefore, the oxidation number of O; is —14, The charge on the ion is ~2, 60 the charge on Cra is 12. Thus, the oxidation number of Cr is 6. The answer is (D). CHEMISTRY-37 Given the following information, determine the oxidation state of nitrogen in nitric acid, HNOs. oxidation state formula name 1 HCIO —_hypochlorous acid” 3 HC102 —_chlorous acid 5 HCI03 chloric acid T HCIO4 perchloric acid 3 HNOz nitrous acid (A) 2 (B) 3 (4 @)5 ‘PROFESSIONAL. PUBLICATIONS, INC.722 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS ‘The outer shell of oxygen is 2 electrons short of being full (inert gases have a full shell). Thus, the oxidation number of axygen is 2 for both ions. By adding another oxygen atom to nitrous acid, the oxidation level is increased by 2. This situation compares directly with that of CIO; and HCIOs. Thus, the oxidation state of nitrie acid is 5. ‘The answer is (D). CHEMISTRY-38 Which are the oxidizing and reducing agents in the following reaction? 2CCly + KaCrOy —+ 2ClCO + CrO2Ch: + 2KCI (A) oxidizing agent: chromium; reducing agent: chlorine (B) oxidizing agent: oxygen; reducing agent: chlorine (C) oxidizing agent: chromium; reducing agent: oxygen (D) There are no oxidizing or reducing agents in this reaction. ‘The oxidation state of chromium is 6 in each compound. Carbon remains with a +4 oxidation state throughout the reaction. The oxi- dation states of both chlorine and oxygen remain the same throughout this reaction. Thus, nothing is oxidized or reduced in the reaction. ‘The answer is (D). CHEMISTRY-39 A volumetric analysis of a gaseous mixture is as follows. CO, 12% O 4% Nz 82% co (% ‘What is the percentage of CO on a mass basis? (A) 05% (B) 0.8% (©) 1% (D) 2% PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC,7.23 name _ vol. (%) CO, «2 On 4 Na 82 co. 2 30.0 ‘The total mass of the mixture is 30.08 kg. ‘Thus, the mass percentage of CO is given as follows. mass % of CO= 256 0.02 (2%) 300g ‘The answer is (D). CHEMISTRY-40 ‘What is the empirical formula for a compound that has the following composition by mass? element _ mass % s ° 8.59 F 612 (A) SIOF (B) SOF. (© Sin0Fs (D) Sis0F. clement mass (7%) mass (g, based on 100 g) moles mole (mol%) —s 32 ~—~C~SSDSi(ti‘i GC ° 859 8.59 0937 ILL F 612 ez 3.221 66.6 Find the smallest whole-number ratio of the mole percentage of each element to that of oxygen. ole lm O18 PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.128 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY—41 ‘The following equation describes the decomposition of potassium chlorate to produce oxygen gas. 2KCIO3 —+ 2KCI (solid) +302 (gas) Approximately how many grams of KCIO3 must be used to produce 4.00 L of Op (gas) measured at 7400 torr and 30°C? (A) 10g (B) 120g (©) 130g (D) 140g 7400 tore 7 aE 700 cm 9.74 atm Vaan T= 30°C +273" = 303K pV =nk°T naw RT (0.74 atmm)(400 L) (ose stm z) (303K) moFK = 1.57 mol no. of moles KCIO3 “ho. of moles of Og ~ > 0/8 mol 2 mol pe) (1.87 mol) = 1.05 mel no. of moles KCIOy needed = ( =901 £4355 © + (16 £) Mien, = 101 £4355 + (16 -£) (3 mot ‘= 123 g/mol no, of grams KCIOg = (1.05 mol) (123, oh The answer is (C). =129¢ (130g) PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY-42 Determine which of the statements is true, given the following facts. 1. AOL sample of Ha (gas) at 10°C and 740 torr is added to a 75 L sample of Oz (gas) at 20°C and 730 torr. 2. ‘The mixture is ignited to produce water. (A) There is an excess of O2 greater than 0.2 mol, (B) There is an excess of Hy greater than 0.2 mol « (©) There is H.0 only. (D) There is an excess of Hg less than 0.2 mol. ‘The stoichiometric equation is Ha + 402 + H,0 ‘The number of moles of each gas initially present is nay = 2 eS RT 140 tore torr | (401) 760 -—\“un/ _ (10°C + 273°) (0 0821 =17 mol no, = > eT 730 torr (5) 760 1 = atm - oO + 278 (aorc + 273% (0.082 =) = 3.0 mol For each mole of HzO formed, 0.5 mol of Oz and 1 mol of Hy are required. ‘The oxygen necessary to completely react with 1.7 mol of Ha is given by PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.7-26 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS ‘Therefore, there is an excess of O2. The amount of Og extra is 3.0 mol ~ 0.85 mol = 2.15 mol The answer is (A), CHEMISTRY-43 1f 2.25 g of pure calcium metal are converted to 3.13 g of pure CaO, what is the atomic weight of calcium? ‘The atomic weight of oxygen is 16 g/mol. (A) 28 g/mol (B) 33.g/mol (©) 37 g/mol (D) 41 g/mol ‘The stoichiometric equation is Ca+0— Cad One mol of oxygen and 1 mol of calcium are required to make 1 mol of Cad. mol = 0.055 mol Ng = 0.055 mol - 2.25 g ‘atomic weight of Ca 2.5 7.055 moi = 41 g/mol atomic weight of Ca = ‘The answer is (D). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY 721 CHEMISTRY-44 Methane, CH,, burns to form CO» and HO according to the equation CH, + 202 —+ CO2 + 2H20 How many grams of CO will theoretically be formed when » mixture of 60 g of CH, and 100 g of Or is ignited? (A) Me (@) 68g (© 08 (D) 2g "Ww In the preceding equation, m is the mass of compound and MW is the molecular weight of compound. i (tea) (a = 8.125 mol nos = 8 © Ca) (8 aor = 3.5 mot Since 1 mol of CH, and 2 mol of Oz are needed for each mole of CO2 formed, O2 is the limiting reactant. no. of moles COg formed no. of moles Op ignited neo, = (4:05 map (22 ‘mol/2 mol PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.7.28 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY-45 Determine the mole percent of COz in the products of combustion of CsHlis when 200% theoretical air is used. (A) 5.5% (B) 6.5% (©) 75% (D) 8.5% ‘The formula for theoretical air is Oz + 3.76Nz. For 200% theoretical air, the stoichiometric equation is, (CsHiis + 25(Oz + 3.76Nz) —+ 8COz + 9Hz0 + 12.502 + 94N ‘The mole percent of COs is given by the ratio of the number of moles of CO formed to the total number of moles formed. CHEMISTRY-46 Approximately what volume of O2 at 208K and 1 atm is roquired for complete combustion of 10 L of C,H (gas) at 500K and 1 atm? The combustion equa- tion is 702 + 20zHg —+ 6H2O + 4002 (A) 16L (B) 19L (©) aL (D) 2L Assume ideal gas behavior. aa Neate = Pap (1.0 atm)(10 L) atm-L) oe) (eon 2) eon = 0.24 mol Ro» = 7 mol/2 mol atte ~ OV! ‘7 mol To (=) (0.24 mol) = 0.84 mol PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY 7-29 ‘The volume of 1 mol of ideal gas at STP (standard temperature and pressure) is 22.4 L. Therefore, the volume of Og required at 298K is Vo08 Yo, =no, (222) Yow Vaosk _ Troe Vere Tsar = BK = 1.09 Vou = (0.84 mol)(1.09) (24 =) =206L The answer is (C). CHEMISTRY-47 One gram of gas made up of carbon and hydrogen is ignited in excess oxygen to produce 3.30 g of CO2 and 1.125 g of HO. What is the empirical formula of the compound? (a) cH (B) CH (©) Calls (D) Ost The stoichiometric equation is y y C.H, + (e+ 4) Oz —+ 2002 + FH20 MWy4,0 = 18 g/mol x = moles of C = moles of CO: a a = 0.0750 mol y = moles of H = 2(moles of HzO) PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.7-80 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS 2 _ Catoms y ~ Hatoms moles of C ~ moles of H _ 0.075 mol 0.125 mol =3/5 ‘Thus, the empirical formula of the gas is CyHs. ‘The answer is (D). CHEMISTRY-48 Complete combustion of 18.02 g of a compound (C3Hy) produces 40.94 g CO, and 16.72 g of HzO. Determine the empirical formula of the compound. (A) cit (B) CH (©) Oy (D) CHO ‘The stoichiometric equation for combustion is catty + (2+ ¥) 0, — 2002 + Yano uw In the preceding equation, m is the mass of compound and MW is the molecular weight. co, 40.94 g icon = A 4 ool = 0.93 mol Therefore, PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY 731 ‘Therefore, the empirical formula for the compound is CH. ‘The answer is (B). CHEMISTRY-49 When 0.01 mol of a substance consisting of O, H, and C is burned, the following products are obtained. 1. 896 cm* of COs at standard temperature and pressure (STP) 2. 0.72 g of water It is also found that the ratio of oxygen mass to the mass of H plus C in the substance is “/7. What is the chemical formula of the substance? I mol of CO hhas a volume of 22400 cm? at STP. (A) CHO, (B) CiHeO2 (C) CH202 (D) Cykig02 ‘The stoichiometric equation is CHO, + (2-4 2-5) O21 2002+ $120 Ya no=¥. ne) © (te . 3) (1.0 mol = 00 on") (sags PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.732 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS ‘Thus, there are 0.04 mol C and 0.08 mol H in 0.01 mol of the: C.H,O;. For 1 mol of CzHyO,, there are x Cand y = 0.08/0.01 = 8 mol of H. ‘mass of O (26 85) & mot mass of H+ mass of C (@ mot) (1 E>) + (4 mat) (12 2) =4/7 Baar 2=2mol ‘Thus, the formula is CaHsOo ‘The answer is (D). CHEMISTRY-50 What is most nearly the melting point of sodium chloride, given that the heat of melting is 30 kJ/mol, and the associated entropy change is 28 J/mol-K? (A) 370K (B) 880K (©) 930K For the phase change, (D) 100K AG =AH-T,AS =0 AH Tn= Ry J 30.000 =—— mal, I °8 olK =1071K (100K) ‘The answer is (D).. PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY 7-33 CHEMISTRY-51 The temperature of 100 g of liquid water at 0°C is raised by 1°C. The number of calories consumed is most nearly (A) 12 cal (B) 4.2 cal (©) 99 cal (D) 100 cal By definition, 1 cal is the energy needed to heat 1 g of liquid water by 1°C. Therefore, the heat needed to heat 100 g of water by 1°C is, = meyAT = (100 g) ( ip) We °C) = 100 cat The answer is (D). CHEMISTRY-52 Ice with a volume of 60 em? and at a temperature of 0°C is added to 100 « of water at 20°C. Assume that there is no spurious heat loss. The density of ice is 0.02 g/em®, and the heat of fusion of ice is 1.44 keal/mol at 0°C. Approximately hhow much ice is left unmelted after the mixture reaches thermal equilibrium? (A) 13 em? (B) 19 em? (C) 23 em* (D) 39 cm* ‘The ice will melt until the temperature of the water reaches 0°C. The hheat necessary to lower the water temperature from 20°C to 0°C is 4=me,QT = (100 g) (: x ) (aor) = 2000 cal ‘Tho heat necessary to melt all the ice is eV Has eV ap = ee 8) (50 om’) cal’ (002 gi) (en (400 = 3 = 3080 cal PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.134 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS ‘The amount of unmelted ice is V = (60 em?) (eee) 3680 cal = 22.83. em? (23 cm*) ‘The answer is (C).. CHEMISTRY-53 What is most nearly the final temperature when 10 g of copper and 20 g of lead at —100°C are added to 60 g of HO at 50°C? Disregard spurious heat losses The atomic weight of copper is 63.55 g/mol, and the specific heat of lead is 0.032 cal/g-°C (0.134 J/g°C), (A) 38°C (B) 38°c (©) 39°0 (D) 45°C The law of Dulong and Petit is (atomic weight) [in g/mol] X (specific heat) [in eal/g*C] = (04 mrs) (4 184 4) = 26.8 J/mok°C Since there are no spurious heat losses, the heat loss by the water equals the heat gained by the copper and lead. meyAT PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY 7-35 In the preceding equation, m is the mass (in grams), cp is the specific heat capacity, and AT is the change in temperature. cal ea a (10 g) | —molge (608) (1 3g) ore ~7) = 88.55 col + (202) (oo x (Tj — (—100°C)) Ty =45.21°C (45°C) ‘The answer is (D). CHEMISTRY-54 A bomb calorimeter is used to determine thermal properties. What is most nearly the enthalpy of reaction (in kcal/mol) of the combustion of glucose (molecular ‘weight = 180 g/mol) when 2.22 of glucose are ignited, and the water in the ‘wellinsulated calorimeter rises in temperature from 18.00°C to 23.19°C? Assume that the water absorbs all of the heat given off insulation 2229 hues 12009 woter bomb calorimeter (A) 100 keal/mol (B) 320 keal/mol (©) 510 keal/mol (D) 730 keal/mot PROFESSIONAL. PUBLICATIONS, INC.= 6228 cal Gatucose = 6228 cal uw ‘The answer is (C). CHEMISTRY-55 ‘What is most nearly the standard heat of reaction, AH®, per mole of CpHe for the following reaction? CeHe(g) — 3C2Ha(9) ‘The enthalpy of reaction for CaHy is 226757 J/gmol; for CyHy, it is 82023 S/emol. (A) -650 kJ (B) -600kJ_-——(G) 600 KJ (D) 650 kJ ‘Neots = 1 mol ogttg = 3 mol A= onuk? = 82023 J/mol (82.9 kJ) = Donat] (8 mol) (226757 + inal = 680300 (680.3 kd) | lroducte PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY AR = AR — 22 = 080.8 kJ ~ 82.9 kd = 597.4 kJ (600 kJ) CHEMISTRY-56 ‘The heats of reaction for three equations are as follows. 1, ~203H2 ~ 502 + 4C02 + 2820 620000 cal I. — O2+ COz - — 96960 cal MIL = 02 +2H,0- 220 -2Ha = -136800 cal What is the heat of formation of CaH2? (A) 4.14 kcal/mol (B) 45.7 keal/mol (© 47-7 keal/mot (D) 95.7 keal/mot Adding (—Bq. 1) + 4(Bq. 11) + (Bq. 111) gives the formation of 2 mol of C2 20H +502~4C02-2420 = 620000 cal —40+4C02 —4C —387 840 cal = 0% 42120 2H, = —136800 cal ‘Therefore, 2C2Hy — 4C — 2H = 95.360 cal Because Hy and C are at the standard reference state, fic = 0, and hity = 0. Therefore, icant, = 95360 cal ests = 47680 cal/mol (47-7 keal/mol) ‘The answer is (C). PROFESSIONAL. PUBLICATIONS, ING.7-38 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY-57 A chemical reaction involving the collision of two molecules of A and B goes ‘through the following energy profil. Ag+ Ba —+ 2B potenti! ‘energy | ‘eaction coordi ‘The energy, E, shown on the diagram represents which of the following? (A) entropy of reaction (B) enthalpy of reaction (C) forward activation energy (D) reverse activation energy forward cctivation ‘energy activation eneroy — | PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, ING.CHEMISTRY 739 E is the energy required for the reverse reaction (A—A + B-B — A-B + A~B) to proceed. Thus, B is the reverse activation energy. The answer is (D). CHEMISTRY-58 Reactions generally proceed faster at higher temperatures because of which of the following? (A) The molecules collide more frequently. (B) The activation energy is less. (C) The molecules are loss energetic. (D) Both options (A) and (B). At higher temperatures, the molecules travel faster and, therefore, have a higher Kinetic energy. This means that the molecules will collide more frequently and that the activation energy for a chemical reaction will be smaller. ‘The answer is (D). CHEMISTRY-59 Which of the following statements is FALSE? (A) In general, as reaction products are formed, they react with each other and reform reactants. (B) ‘The net rate at which a reaction proceeds from left to right is equal to the forward rate minus the reverse rate. (©) At equilibrium, the net reaction rate is zero. (D) The differential rate law is the mathematical expression that shows how the rate of a reaction depends on volume. ‘The differential rate law is the mathematical expression that shows how the rate of a reaction depends on concentration, not volume. ‘The answer is (D). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.7-40 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY-60 For the reaction 3A + 2B — C + D, the differential rate law is 1\ dA _ dC roe (3) #-G=eary Which of the following statements is FALSE? (A) The order ofthe reaction with respect to A is aed, @) The sum of n-+m is ealed the overal order ofthe renction. (©) The exponents of [A] and [B], n and m, are not nocessarily equal to the Sicchiometrc couliienta of A and B inthe et rention (D) ‘The overall order for the reaction can be predicted by or deduced from the equation for the reaction. ‘The order for the reaction must be found experimentally and cannot be determined from the equation for the reaction. The answer is (D). CHEMISTRY-61 Which of the following statements is FALSE? (A) When the temperature is raised, the rate of any reaction is always increased. (B) In general, when any two compounds are unmixed, a large number of re- actions may be possible, but those which proceed the fastest are the ones observed. (©) It is possible to influence the products of a chemical change by controlling the factors which affect reaction rates (D) Heterogencous reactions are the reactions that take place at the boundary surface between two faces. ‘When temperature is increased, the rates of most reactions inerense. However, the rates of some reactions do decrease. ‘The answor is (A). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY, TAL CHEMISTRY-62 ‘The following rate expression was found to accurately represent the kinetics of ‘a chemical reaction. = kCRCB If C represents concentration in units of mol/L, what are the units of the rate constant, &? (A) unitless (B) (©) L/mots (D) L?/mol?-s ‘The reaction rate always has units of mol/L-s. The units of & may be found as follows, mol, /mol\* Ls (2) ( ‘The answer is (D). CHEMISTRY-63 Lot C represent the concentration of a reagent. For a first-order reaction, what ‘would a plot of In@ versus t yield? (A) a straight line whose slope is (B) a straight line whose slope is k (©) a logarithmic curve approaching a value of k (D) an exponential curve approaching a value of k For a first-order reaction, =he ao a PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.7-42 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS. In the preceding equation, i is the rate constant and ¢ is the concen- tration. do ~G = hat This is of the form y = ax + yo. Therefore, the graph is a straight lino with a slope of ~k. ‘The answer is (A). CHEMISTRY-64 ‘The following kinetic data were collected for a specific chemical reaction. What is the rate constant for the reaction? reaction A+B experiment Cy (iol/L) Cp (mol/L) initia rate (mol A/L's) T 10 ‘0.0010 2 0.20 0.0020 3 0.30 0.10 0.0030 4 0.10 0.20 .0010 5 0.10 0.30 0.0010 (A) 001 s (B) 0.0251 (©) 0.02 L/mots (D) 0.03 L/mot-s First, determine the rate law. Experiments 4 and 5 show that the rate is not a function of op. Experiments 1, 2, and 3 show that the rate is directly proportional to ca. Therefore, PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY 7A3 ‘Use the data from experiment 1 to determine k. ‘The answer is (A). CHEMISTRY-65 ‘A certain temperature-dependent reaction proceeds 10 times faster at 500K than it does nt 300K. Approximately how much faster will it react at 1000K than it does at 300K? (A) 10 (B) 20 (C) 30 (D) 60 r=kf(Ci) Ea bea (-z)) In the proveding equation, B is tho activation energy ‘Therefore, to — exp (aren (ax amr) ‘The answer is (D) PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, ING.744 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY-66 ‘A reaction rate is observed to triple as the result of raising the temperature from (°C to 20°C. What is most nearly the activation energy of the reaction? (R* is ‘the universal gas constant.) (A) s900R* (B) 4400R* (©) 4700R* (D) s100R* co (- Fen) In the preceding equation, C is a constant, and 2, is the activation energy. 1 (exp (ZA)) (2 2 m7? Ge) noe By 1 1 © Ue )) wer aa ~ PO TT a aK ~ DOGK Relat ar aK ~ DOK 4304R* (4400R") ‘The answer is (B). CHEMISTRY-67 In the troposphere, ozone is produced during the day and consumed curing the night. Determine the half-life of ozone if itis depleted to 10% of its initial value after 10 h of darkness. (A) 30h (B) 35h (© 40m (D) 45h 0.10 baa e not 10 = 0.2303 h-! PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY 7.45; In the preceding equation, t/2 is the half-life, Cup = 0.500 0.5 = 670280882 ty = 05 32 = To3303 aot 0b ‘The answer is (A). CHEMISTRY-68 Which of the following statements is FALSE? (A) In considering chemical equilibrium, the relative stabilities of products and reactants are important. (B) In considering chemical equilibrium, the pathway from the initial state to the final state is important. (C) In treating reaction rates, the rate at which reactants are converted to products is important. (D) In treating reaction rates, the sequence of physical provesses by which re- actants are converted to products is important, Considerations of chemical equilibrium do not take into account the pathway from initial to final states. CHEMISTRY-69 Consic er the following reaction at equilibrium, ‘Hp (gas) + Nz (gas) = 2NHs (gas) AH = -11.0 keal/mol Which single change in conditions will cause a shift: in equilibrium toward an increase in production of NH? (A) removal of hydrogen gas (B) increase in temperature (C) increase in volume of the system (D) increase in prossure on the system PROFESSIONAL. PUBLICATIONS, INC.1.46 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS According to Le Chételier’s principle, the effects of each change in condition are as follows. removal of hydrogen _shifts equilibrium to the reactants increase in temperature shifts equilibruim to the reactants increase in volume shifts equilibrium to the reactants increase in pressure ibrium to the products The answer is (D). CHEMISTRY-70 Consider the following reaction at equilibrium, }No+ JE Ny AM =~110 kcal/mol What would be the expected effect. on the amount of NH produced under each of the following conditions? 1. raise the temperature IL compress the mixture TI. add additional Hy (A) I: decrease, II: increase, II: increase (B) 1: increase, Il: increase, III: decrease (C) I: increase, Il: decrease, III: decrease (D) I; decrease, Il: increase, I: decrease According to Le Chatelier’s principle, each change has the following effects. 1. raise the temperature: shifts equilibrium to the reactants. because the reaction is exothermi IL. compress the mixture: shifts equilibrium to the products because prod- ucts contain a smaller number of molos ITIL, add hydrogen gas: shifts equilibrium to the products because adding addtional reactants will force the formation of more products ‘The answer is (A). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY ar CHEMISTRY-71 ‘Consider the following reaction. MgSO (solid) =* MgO (solid) + $03 (oa) What is the equilibrium constant for the given reaction? — Me][SO3} _ _[MgSO,} k= gyies0) = IMgO]SOsI (C) k= [MgO)[SOs} (D) k= [S03] Solids have a concentration of 1. Therefore, k = [SOs] CHEMISTRY-72 ‘The solubility of barium sulfate, BaSOs, is 0.0091 g/L at 25°C. The molecular ‘weight of barium sulfate is 233 ¢/mol. What is the value of the solubility product constant kyp for BaSQ4? (A) 1.52 x 10-9 mol? /L? (B) 4.24 x 10-* mol?/L? (©) 8.63 x 10-7 mol?/L? (D) 2.98 x 10-® mol? /L? BaSO4(s) = Ba®* (ag) + 802° (ag) figp = [Ba™* [S07] [Ba804]= (0.0001 £) (35"*) = 8,9 x 10% mol/L [Ba?*) = [S077] = [BaSO,] 2 hep = (29 x10 mel) TL = 1.52 x 10* mol*/L? ‘The answer is (A). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.TAB 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY~73 Consider the reaction shown, ‘Ha (gas) + Ia (gas) = 2HI (gas) ‘With keq = 25, determine the number of moles of Hy remaining when 1 mol each of Hy and Ip reach equilibrium in a 1 L vessel (A) 1/6 mol (B) 2/7 mol (C) 5/7 mol (D) 5/6 mol Ha (gas) + Ta (ges) 2H (a initial moles 1 1 0 final moles 1 = 1- 22 4c? = (25)(1 ~ 22-42) 21a? — 502 +25 =0 po 1808 = 5/8 mol or 5/7 mol Only the second value for 2 makes sense, because the first value is greater than the initial amounts of Ha and Ip. Thus, the remaining number of moles of Hy at equilibrium is 1 = %/r = ?/7 mol. The answer is (B). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY 7-49 (CHEMISTRY-74 ‘Consider the reaction. A4B=20 ‘With key = 50, what is most nearly the final concontration of C when 1 mol of both A and B are added to a 1 L container containing 0.1 mol of C? (A) 077 mol —(B) 0.95 mol (C) 1.5 mol (0) 1.6 mol A+ 2c (mol) (mol) initial moles 1 on final moles 2a +0 (2r+0.1 mol)? —z)(@ mol— =) Tanot %0 42? 4.0.42 +0001 = 60x? — 1002 +50 462? ~ 100.42 + 49.99 = 0 0.7685 mol or 1.4141 mol However, cannot be 1.4141 mol because this is greater than the initial amounts of A and B, and this value would make 1 —2 negative. ‘Therefore, x = 0.7685 mol. The final number of moles of C is 2x = (2)(0.7685 mol) = 1.537 mol 2x +0.1 = (2)(0.7685 mol) +0.1 = 1.637 mol (1.6 mol) PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.7-50 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY-75 The voltage of a galvanic cell does NOT depend on which of the following, pa- rameters? (A) concentration of solutions (B) temperature of solutions (C) pressure of solutions (D) volume of solutions ‘The cell potential is dependent on all of the above except volume. ‘The answer is (D). CHEMISTRY-76 Given the electrochemical cell shown, what is the reaction at the anode? (v)- 20? curt (A) Cu — Cut +26 (B) Cu?* +20 — Cu (C) Zn —+ Zn + 26- (D) Zn? + 2e- —+ Zn Zinc has a higher potential and will, therefore, act as the anode. By definition, the anode is where electrons are lost. Thus, the reaction at the anode of the electrochemical cell is Zn —+ Zn? + 20 ‘The answer is (C). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY 751 CHEMISTRY-77 Which of the following statements regarding a galvanic cell is FALSE? (a) (B) (©) @) ‘A nogative value of cell voltage A means that the reaction in the call proceeds spontaneously from right to left If the standard potential of a cell is zero, a concentration difference alone is sufficient to generate a voltage. When a current I flows through the voltage difference AE for a time, t, the electrical work performed is (AE)/It ‘The cell voltage, A€, is totally independent of the number of electrons transferred in a given reaction. For the reaction aA +B —+ cC + dD, the Nernst equation states (wie 0.069, (Ci*1D} nen ae eS aR BP Here, n is the number of moles of electrons transferred in the reaction. Therefore, the cell voltage does depend on the number of electrons transferred in a given reaction, CHEMISTRY-78 Consider the Nernst equation. 0.059, (C}e(D}4 ae = a6" bos ae ‘Which of the following statements is FALSE’ (A) nis the number of moles of electrons transferred in the reaction. (B) The cell must be operating an temperature of 25°C. (C) The equation holds for the reaction aA +B —+ cC+aD. (D) The factor of 0.059 is common to all cells, regardless of temperature. ‘The factor of 0.059 applies only to cells with an operating temperature of 25°C. The answer is (D)- ‘PROFESSIONAL. PUBLICATIONS, INC.732 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY-79 A sine-copper standard cell with AE® = 1.10 V is connected to an independent variable voltage supply such that the variable voltage opposes the cell voltage. Given the following reaction, what happens? Zn+Cu** Cut Zn* A= 1.10 V (A) When the variable voltage is below 1.10 V, the cell reaction Cu + Zn?* —+ Cu?* + Zn predominates. (B) When the variable voltage is above 1.10 V, the cell reaction Cu + Zn? —+ Cu? + Zn predominates. (C) When the variable voltage is above 1.10 V, the cell rer —+ Cu+ Zn?* predominates. (D) Whon the variable voltage is equal to 1.10 V, the cell reaction Cu + Zn? —+ Cu* + Zn predominates. When the variable voltage is below 1.10 V, the reaction Zn + Cu? —+ Cu + Zn? predominates. When it is equal to 1.10 V, no net reac- tion occurs. When the variable voltage is above 1.10 V, the reverse reaction, Cu + Zn** —+ Zn + Cu?* predominates. Zn + Cw ‘The answer is (B). CHEMISTRY-80 Given that A€° = 0.03 V, [Ni] = 1 M, [Co] = 0.1 M, and T = 25°C, calculate the cell voltage for the following equation. Co Ni?* —+ Co 4 Ni (A) oo1v (B) 0.03 (©) 0.06 V (D) 0.09 Use tie Nernst equation. 0.059, [Co®] DE = Ae°— log * [NF] 0. n=2 059 OL AE = 0.03 V~ tog = 0.08 V +003 V = 0.06 V ‘The answer is (C). PROFESSIONAL. PUBLICATIONS, ING.CHEMISTRY 1-53 CHEMISTRY-81 In organic chemistry, which compound families are associated with the following bonds? (A) I: alkene, TI: alkyne, IT: alkane (B) TE: alkyne, TI: alkane, 11 alkene (©) E:alkane, I: alkene, IL: alkyne (D) E alkane, 1; alkyne, TI: alkene An alkane is a saturated organic compound. Thus, the carbons may only have single bonds. In an alkene, the carbon atoms may have double bonds. In alkynes, the carbon atoms may have triple bonds. ‘The answer is (0) CHEMISTRY-82 Which one of the following statements regarding organic substances is FALSE? (A) Organic matter is generally stable at very high temperatures (B) All organic matter contains carbon, (C) Organic substances generally do not dissolve in water. (D) Organic substances generally dissolve in high-concentration acids, Organic matter contains carbon, is generally insoluble in water, solu- ble in high-concentration acids, not easily ionizable, and unstable at high temperatures. ‘The answer is (A) PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.754 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY-83 ‘Which one of the following is most likely to prove that a substance is inorganic? (A) The substance is heated together with copper oxide and the resulting gases are found to have no effect om limestone, (B) The substance evaporates in room temperature and pressure. (©) Analysis shows that the substance contains hydrogen. (D) The substance floats in water. ‘The carbon from organic matter generally reacts with copper oxide to produce carbon dixoide. This gas darkens limestone, The answer is (A). CHEMISTRY-84 Which of the following organic chemicals is most soluble in water? (A) CH CH, (B) CHO (©) CCl, (D) CHis-(CH2)_-CHs ‘Water is @ polar molecule. Thus, a polar substance is more likely to dissolve in water than a nonpolar substance. Methanol (CHsOH) polar and, therefore, very miscible in water. All of the other molecules are nonpolar. ‘The answer is (B). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY 7.85 CHEMISTRY-85 Which statement describes all of the following three chemical structural formulas? WoW on 1 ot H—c¢—¢—¢—cHo HoH (A) They are isotopes of a certain substance. (B) They are the only possible forms of CiHaO2, (C) They are incorrectly written. (D) They are isomers. When compound has one chemical formula, but different possible physical structures, the different structures are called isomers. The threo formulas are all possible structures of CyHyOz. Therefore, they are isomers, [Be name is (D). CHEMISTRY-86 What structures do both aldehydes and ketones contain? (A) the carboxy! group (B) the carbonyl group (C) the hydroxyl group (D) the carbon-carbon double bond PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.7-56 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS Aldehydes and ketones both contain the carbonyl group. ‘The answer is (B). CHEMISTRY-87 Identify the following acid structures. iA ye a SZ n—e—e ene \ AN om Ho o-H 4 1 1 i (A) I: formie acid, TI: oxalic acid, IIT: acetic acid (B) I oxalic acid, TI: acetic acid, II: formic aci (©) E: acetic acid, I: formic acid, ITT: oxalic acid (D) I: formie acid, II: acetic acid, IT: oxalic acid HCOOH is formic acid. CHsCOOH is acetic acid. CHO, is oxalic acid. "The answer is (D).. CHEMISTRY-88 According to the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, which of the following statements are true? I As the electron orbits the proton, it constantly radiates light with a frequency equal to its frequeney of revolution, IL. The electron orbits the proton in certain orbits that can be found by assuming that its angular momentum is quantized. TIL. Because of the quantization of angular momentum, calculations using the Bohr model and those based on classical physics can never give the same results. IV. When an electron orbiting a proton changes states to a lower energy level, the frequency of the radiation given off is proportional to the change in energy. This accounts for the hydrogen spectrum. (A) Land 11 (B) WandIV—(G) 1,1, and 11 (D) 1, 1, and IV PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY 7387 ‘The Bobr postulates are 1, The electron moves in a certain orbit without radiating, 2. ‘The frequency of the emitted photon is proportional to the change in energy of the electron. 3. The correspondence principle states that, in the limit as energies and orbits become large, quantum calculations must agree with classical calculations. wus, only TI and IV are true, ‘The answer is (B). CHEMISTRY-89 Ina three-level laser, electrons in atoms are excited into an energy state, Ey, then decay spontaneously to an energy E>, which is a metastable state. The atoms are struck by photons of a specific frequency, and make stimulated emissions to the ground state, Ey. If the photons cause all of the emissions to be of the same iuency, the light will be amplified. What frequency must the photons be for this to occur? By-B,_Ba- Bs t i ‘The transition that must be amplified is the By to By transition. ‘Thus, the frequency of the radiated light is (Hy — E)/R. Photons of this frequency will be more likely to couse this transition. Therefore, if photons of this frequency are used, more transitions will take place, ‘and the light will be amplified. ‘The answer is (A) PROFESSIONAL. PUBLICATIONS, INC.7.58 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY-90 In an atom such as sodium, there is one electron in the outermost shell (in this case, n= 3). Which of the following statements is true regarding the energy required to excite an electron in the n = 1 shell compared to that required to excite an electron in the n = 2 shell? (A) It is greater because the electron is closer to the proton, and thus the Coulomb attractive force is much stronger. (B) tis greater because the shell next to it is full. Thus, by the Pauli exclusion principle, it must jump to the first shell that is not full, in this case, the n= shell, (C) It is greater because an electron must first jump to the n = 3 shell from the n= 2 shell. ‘Then the electron from the n= 1 shell can jump to the n= 2 shell. (D) It is equal to the energy required to excite an electron in the n = 2 shell because in both cases the electron makes a jump to the next shell. In an atom, an excited electron will jump to the next highest unfilled shell (in this ease, the n = 3 shell). So the electrons in both the n = 1 shell and the n = 2 shell will jump to the n = 3 shell. However, the energy difference between the n = 1 and the n = 3 shel is greater than the energy difference between the n = 2 shell and the n = 3 shell. ‘Thus, option (B) is correct. The answer is (B) CHEMISTRY-91 A state of energy By with a lifetime of ti decays into the state of energy By. ‘The state of Ep then decays with a lifetime of ta into the state of Ba. The decay constants are related by 7, = 2ry. Initially, all of the atoms (quantity Np) are in the £; state. Calculate the number of atoms Nz that are in the state H at: any Instant in time, t. (A) Mo (et! = 24”) (B) No(e# +e-#/n) (©) 2No (e°!/™ = “1 (D) 2 (e+ en) ‘The number of atoms that decay from By to Eis Ny Noo PROFESSIONAL. PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY 759 ‘The number of atoms in state E, equals the number of atoms coming from By to Ep minus the number of atoms decaying, from Ea to Ey. ‘Thus, the number of atoms in state By at a given time is Ny = Noe" — Nagel? = Nge¥/"" — Nage-/"t Since there are no atoms in state Hy at ¢ = 0, the i are ‘The answer is (A) CHEMISTRY-92 A source of radiation has a mean nucleus life of + = 36.8 s. There are initially No = 5.7 x 10!° nuclei in the source. Which of the following statements are true? 1. The decay constant is = 0.0279 8"? IL. The half-life is ty2 = 248 s. IIL, Ifa rate counter with an 80% efficiency is placed near the source, it will show a rate of 4.2.x 10? after 2 min. IV. The sample will essentially have all decayed (0.01% remaining) in 6.5 (A) Tand (B) Wand (©) 1,1, and IV (D) 1, 0, 1, and IV First, find the decay constant. ‘Therefore, statement I is true. PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.7-60 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS Next, find the half-life. rind = (85.8 s)In2 =286 Thus, statement II is true. Next, find the count rate after 2 min. The count rate at time ¢ (in seconds) is R= Ror™ tial count rate, Ro, is Ro =A Since the detector is only 80% efficient, the rate shown by the detector after 2 min, Ry, is The (0 (wor 2) esr = 08 (La0cut 2) omnes = 4.2 x 10" decays s7! ‘Therefore, statement III is true. ‘The time it takes for the sample to decay to an amount NV is =55 min PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.CHEMISTRY 761 ‘Thus, IV is also true, Statements I, II, Il, and IV are all true. ‘The answer is (D). CHEMISTRY-93 AA fossil fern containing 49.9 g of carbon is carbon dated to determine its age. The decay rate of C4 in the fossil is 191 decays/min. How old is the fern? (‘The halflife of C™ is 5730 years, and the rate of decay of C** in a living organism per g of carbon is 15.0 decays/min-g.) (A) 7290 yr (B) 11300 yr (CG) 14100 yr_——(D) 23800 yr he rate of decay of C4 in a dead organism is given by R= Rye™ In the preceding equation, \ is the decay constant, Ro is the initial docay rate, and t is the time elapsed. Ro is simply the decay rate of earbon-14 in a living organism, because up to the point it dies, it replenishes its carbon. ‘Thus, until the organism’s death, the decay rate is fairly constant. decays (50% =) (49.98) Ro = 121x104 yr 1k Fo 1 Tax 10 = 11300 yr ‘The answer is (B). PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC.7-62 1001 SOLVED ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY-94 ‘What is the total relativistic energy of a particle if its mass is equal to 1 ky when it is traveling at a speed of V2c? (A) /2 (B) 1 Oe () A+1 Regardless of the particle’s speed, the total relativistic enorgy is Broa = me? = (1 ke)() =?é ‘The answer is (C). PROFESSIONAL. PUBLICATIONS, INC.