Master

IELTS
Visuals

(Academic Writing Task One)

Course Materials
& Supplements
For Academic
Candidates

Ebrahim Tahasoni

Cert TESOL, Academic IELTS 9.0

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Master IELTS Visuals

Academic Writing Task 1

By Ebrahim Tahasoni
Cert. TESOL, Academic IELTS 9.0
Certified IELTS Instructor
My thanks fly out to all my students for their precious contributions,
especially for pointing out the typing mistakes!

Third Edition (ver. 3.6) December 2015

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Master IELTS Visuals | Ebrahim Tahasoni

Introduction
Understanding the Rubric
WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The charts below give information about world spending and population.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

The Task
Task 1 involves reporting the data in a visual item or collection of data such as a table. You
have to:

Summarise the information in the visual or set of data:

Select the main features
Report the main features
Make comparisons were relevant
write at least 150 words at least 160-165 words

Note: Finish task 1 during the first part of your writing test before you address writing task 2. Do
not swap!

The Answer Sheet

The last two pages of the IELTS writing answer sheet are dedicated to task two and together
have over 40 lines. Although you may ask for extra sheets to write your answer in, this is not likely
to become necessary since the space you are already provided with is way more than
sufficient. You must not write in the blank space at the bottom of the first page or in the scoring
section at the bottom of page two.
A copy of the answer sheet is available at the end of this coursepack.

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Task Types
You may be given a single visual or a combination of 2 or 3 different task types.

Trend tasks

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Comparison tasks

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Process and Cycle Diagrams

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Map Tasks
Comparison Maps

Development Maps

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Mixed Tasks

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Assessment Criteria
Every report is read four times by an examiner and each time, it will be marked on one of the following
criteria:
Task Achievement (TA)
Coherence and Cohesion (CC)
Lexical Resource (LR)
Grammatical Range and Accuracy (GRA)

Task Achievement (TA)

This criterion assesses how appropriately, accurately and relevantly the response fulfils the
requirements set out in the task, using the minimum of 150 words.
Academic Writing Task 1 is a writing task which has a defined input and a largely predictable
output. It is basically an information-transfer task which relates narrowly to the factual content
of the input data or diagram and NOT to speculated explanations that lie outside the provided
diagram or data.
The examiner has the following questions in mind when assessing this aspect of your report:
1. Have you summarised the information appropriately by selecting and properly reporting
the main features?
2. Have you made comparisons properly and sufficiently?
3. Have you provided overviews of the main trends/comparisons/stages?
4. Have you written a clear overview or summary for the report?

Coherence and Cohesion (CC)

This criterion is concerned with the overall clarity and fluency of the message: how the response
organises and links information, ideas and language. Coherence refers to the linking of ideas
through logical sequencing. Cohesion refers to the varied and appropriate use of cohesive
devices (for example, logical connectors, pronouns and conjunctions) to assist in making the
conceptual and referential relationships between and within sentences clear.
The examiner has the following questions in mind when assessing this aspect of your report:
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Have you organised your information logically?

Is there an overall flow or progression in your report?
Have you used linkers correctly, properly and sufficiently?
Have pronouns been used correctly and do they have clear references?
Have you organised the text in paragraphs logically and sufficiently?

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Lexical Resource (LR)

This criterion refers to the range of vocabulary the candidate has used and the accuracy and
appropriacy of that use in terms of the specific task.
The examiner takes the following points into account when assessing this aspect of your report:
1. Words
a. Range and flexibility
b. Level
c. Precision
d. Style
e. Collocation
2. Vocabulary mistakes
a. Spelling
b. Word choice
c. Word formation
Note: when evaluating mistakes, the effect each has on the reader and the intelligibility of your
report is taken into account.

Grammatical Range and Accuracy (GRA)

This criterion refers to the range and accurate use of the candidates grammatical resource as
manifested in the candidates writing at the sentence level.
The examiner has the following questions in mind when assessing this aspect of your report:
1. Have you used a variety of sentence structures?
2. How often have you used compound structures?
3. Mistakes
a. Grammar
b. Punctuation
Note: when evaluating mistakes, the effect each has on the reader and the intelligibility of your
report is taken into account.

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IELTS Task 1 Writing Band Descriptors (Public Version)

Band
9

Task Response

fully satisfies all the

requirements of the
task
clearly presents a
fully developed
response

covers all
requirements of the
task sufficiently
presents, highlights
and illustrates key
features/ bullet
points clearly and
appropriately

Coherence and
Cohesion
uses cohesion in
such a way that it
attracts no attention
skilfully manages
paragraphing
sequences
information and
ideas logically
manages all
aspects of cohesion
well
uses paragraphing
sufficiently and
appropriately

Lexical Resource

covers the
requirements of the
task
(Academic) presents
a clear overview of
main trends,
differences or stages
(General Training)
presents a clear
purpose, with the
tone consistent and
appropriate
clearly presents and
highlights key
features/bullet points
but could be more
fully extended
addresses the
requirements of the
task
(Academic) presents
an overview with
information
appropriately
selected
(General Training)
presents a purpose
that is generally
clear; there may be
inconsistencies in
tone
presents and
adequately
highlights key
features/ bullet
points but details
may be irrelevant,
inappropriate or
inaccurate

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logically organises
information and
ideas; there is clear
progression
throughout
uses a range of
cohesive devices
appropriately
although there may
be some under/over-use

arranges
information and
ideas coherently
and there is a clear
overall progression
uses cohesive
devices effectively,
but cohesion within
and/or between
sentences may be
faulty or
mechanical
may not always use
referencing clearly
or appropriately

uses a wide range of

vocabulary with very
natural and
sophisticated control
of lexical features;
rare minor errors
occur only as slips
uses a wide range of
vocabulary fluently
and flexibly to
convey precise
meanings
skilfully uses
uncommon lexical
items but there may
be occasional
inaccuracies in word
choice and
collocation
produces rare errors
in spelling and/or
word formation
uses a sufficient
range of vocabulary
to allow some
flexibility and
precision
uses less common
lexical items with
some awareness of
style and collocation
may produce
occasional errors in
word choice, spelling
and/or word
formation

uses an adequate
range of vocabulary
for the task
attempts to use less
common vocabulary
but with some
inaccuracy
makes some errors in
spelling and/or word
formation, but they
do not impede
communication

Grammatical Range and

Accuracy
uses a wide range of
structures with full
flexibility and
accuracy; rare minor
errors occur only as
slips

uses a wide range of

structures
the majority of
sentences are errorfree
makes only very
occasional errors or
inappropriacies

uses a variety of
complex structures
produces frequent
error-free sentences
has good control of
grammar and
punctuation but may
make a few errors

uses a mix of simple

and complex
sentence forms
makes some errors in
grammar and
punctuation but they
rarely reduce
communication

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generally addresses
the task; the format
may be inappropriate
in places
(Academic) recounts
detail mechanically
with no clear
overview; there may
be no data to support
the description
(General Training)
may present a
purpose for the letter
that is unclear at
times; the tone may
be variable and
sometimes
inappropriate
presents, but
inadequately covers,
key features/ bullet
points; there may be
a tendency to focus
on details
attempts to address
the task but does not
cover all key
features/bullet points;
the format may be
inappropriate
(General Training) fails
to clearly explain the
purpose of the letter;
the tone may be
inappropriate
may confuse key
features/bullet points
with detail; parts may
be unclear, irrelevant,
repetitive or
inaccurate
fails to address the
task, which may have
been completely
misunderstood
presents limited ideas
which may be largely
irrelevant/repetitive

presents information
with some
organisation but there
may be a lack of
overall progression
makes inadequate,
inaccurate or overuse of cohesive
devices
may be repetitive
because of lack of
referencing and
substitution

presents information
and ideas but these
are not arranged
coherently and there
is no clear progression
in the response
uses some basic
cohesive devices but
these may be
inaccurate or
repetitive

does not organise

ideas logically
may use a very
limited range of
cohesive devices,
and those used may
not indicate a logical
relationship between
ideas
has very little control
of organisational
features

answer is barely
related to the task

answer is completely
fails to communicate
unrelated to the task
any message
does not attend
does not attempt the task in any way
writes a totally memorised response
does not attempt the task in any way
writes a totally memorised response

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uses a limited range

of vocabulary, but
this is minimally
adequate for the task
may make
noticeable errors in
spelling and/or word
formation that may
cause some difficulty
for the reader

uses only basic

vocabulary which
may be used
repetitively or which
may be
inappropriate for the
task
has limited control of
word formation
and/or spelling; errors
may cause strain for
the reader

uses only a very

limited range of
words and
expressions with very
limited control of
word formation
and/or spelling
errors may severely
distort the message
uses an extremely
limited range of
vocabulary;
essentially no control
of word formation
and/or spelling
can only use a few
isolated words

attempts sentence
forms but errors in
grammar and
punctuation
predominate and
distort the meaning

cannot use sentence

forms except in
memorised phrases

cannot use sentence

forms at all

uses only a limited

range of structures
attempts complex
sentences but these
tend to be less
accurate than simple
sentences
may make frequent
grammatical errors
and punctuation
may be faulty; errors
can cause some
difficulty for the
reader

uses only a very

limited range of
structures with only
rare use of
subordinate clauses
some structures are
accurate but errors
predominate, and
punctuation is often
faulty

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Section 1
Line Graphs
This section generally addresses trend
diagrams. Some aspects concerning
comparisons and proportions will be
addressed in sections 2 and 3.

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Vocabulary for Describing Trends

A) Verbs and nouns for describing trends and changes:
Trend

Verbs

rise (rose-risen)
increase
go up (went up-gone up)
climb
grow

double
treble/triple

boom
surge
soar
rocket
fall (fell-fallen)
decline
decrease
dip (dipped)
drop (dropped)
go down (went down-gone down)

halve

plummet
plunge
dive
deteriorate
slump
do not change (did not change)
maintain the same level

remain/stay +
stable/steady/constant/static/unchanged
stand at (stood at)

Position

level off (levelled off)

plateau (plateaued)
level out (levelled out)
stabilise

Nouns

a rise
an increase
a growth
an upward trend

a doubling in + n.
a trebling in + n.
a boom
a surge

a fall
a decline
a decrease
a drop
a reduction

a slump
a plunge

no change

a levelling off
a plateau
hit/reach a high/peak
hit/reach a low

peak
reach

Constant
fluctuate [around]
Change
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a fluctuation

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B) Adjectives and adverbs for degree of change:

Degree

Very extensive change

Extensive change

Average change

Small change

Adjective

Adverb

dramatic

dramatically

huge

enormous

enormously

tremendous

tremendously

substantial

substantially

considerable

considerably

significant

significantly

remarkable

remarkably

noticeable

noticeably

marked

markedly

moderate

moderately

slight

slightly

small

minimal

minimally

C) Adjectives and adverbs for speed of change:

Speed

Quick change

Slow change

Unexpected change

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Adjective

Adverb

rapid

rapidly

quick

quickly

sharp

sharply

swift

swiftly

steep

steeply

steady

steadily

gradual

gradually

slow

slowly

sudden

suddenly

unexpected

unexpectedly

abrupt

abruptly

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Grammar for Describing Trends

Past tenses
Past simple:
Used for reporting consecutive trends and events in the past:
There was a significant rise in 1964.Then, the figure dipped sharply in 1980.

Past perfect:
Used for reporting what happened (e.g. the figure reached) by a given time in the past:
There was a significant rise in 1964. Then, the figure dipped sharply and had reached 5 by 1980.

Present tenses
Present simple:
Used for reporting trends that have no specific time and occur regularly (e.g every day), or for
reporting the present value or figure of a variable:
There is a significant rise at 6am every morning. Then, the figure increases sharply at 8am.
The number of people suffering from diarrhoea now stands at 158.

Present perfect:
Used for reporting trends that started in the past and have continued until the present time or
continue into the future:
There has been a significant rise since 2013, and the figure now stands at 15000.
There has been a significant rise since 2013, and the figure is expected to reach 15000 in 2020.

Future
Future forms are used to describe trends that are predicted and projected for future times and
dates. You should note that none of these predictions are certain, and therefore a level of
uncertainty is desirable in your report.
The figure will probably/likely reach 15000 in 2020.
The figure should reach 15000 in 2020.
The figure is likely to reach 15000 in 2020.

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It seems likely that the figure will reach 15000 in 2020.
Predictions
Forecasts
Estimates
Evaluations
Calculations

show
reveal
indicate

It is

predicted
expected
anticipated
that the figure will increase and reach 800 in
forecast
2050.
estimated
evaluated
calculated

The figure is

predicted
expected
anticipated
forecast
to increase and reach 800 in 2050.
estimated
evaluated
calculated

that the figure will increase and reach 800 in 2050.

Notice how the verbs in the following paragraphs have been changed from past forms into
future forms:

In 1999, the proportion of people using the Internet in the USA was about 20%. The
figures for Canada and Mexico were lower, at about 10% and 5% respectively. In 2005,
Internet usage in both the USA and Canada rose to around 70% of the population,
while the figure for Mexico reached just over 25%.

In 2020, the proportion of people using the Internet in the USA is expected to be about
20%. The figures for Canada and Mexico are likely to be lower, at about 10% and 5%
respectively. In 2030, it is predicted that Internet usage in both the USA and Canada
will rise to around 70% of the population, while the figure for Mexico should reach just
over 25%.

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Linking
First event:
At/In the beginning,
At first,
In the first year,
In 1999,
In the first year, 1999,
In the first year (1999),

Middle events:
and/but
However/Nevertheless,
Then/Next,
After this/that,
Following this/that,
Afterwards,
This is followed by + <n/n.p>
following which
after which
which is followed by + <n/n.p>
untilafter which
untilfollowing which
untilwhen
before + <sentence or n.p.>
during/over the nextyears
years later,

3. Final event:
Finally,
Ultimately,
before finally

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Approaches to reporting figures

1. x y
2. x
3. Proportional changes
4. Rounding
For Trends:
relatively
rather
almost

For Values:
roughly
almost
[just] about
approximately
around
just about
[just] below/under
[just] above/over
a little/slightly more than
a little/slightly less than

5. Referencing
Referencing is reporting a figure by comparing it to a relevant previously-reported figure on the
same line or one of the lines already report. The new figure can be reported as a multiple or
proportion of the referenced figure:
In 2000 the figure reached the same level as in 1960.
It rose significantly in 2000 when it was half as high as it was in 1985.

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The graph below gives information about Dubai gold sales in 2002.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

Sample answer by E. Tahasoni:

The diagram illustrates how gold sales in Dubai changed over a period of 12 months.
In the first month of 2002, they stood at 200 million dirhams and rose slightly to reach about 225
million in February. This was followed by another increase, although much steeper, in March
when sales were almost 125 million dirhams higher than in February. However, this upward trend
was suddenly broken and sales plummeted dramatically over the next 4 months to reach a little
over 100 million dirhams in July. August sales saw a significant rise back to January levels as
figures nearly doubled, but they dropped again in September to the same level as they were in
July. There was a small increase of about 100 million dirhams in October, after which the figure
levelled off and remained relatively static over the last two months of 2002.
Overall, gold sales in Dubai remained relatively unchanged at the end of 2002 despite violent
fluctuations throughout the year. Besides, they were at their highest in March while the weakest
sales figures could be observed in July and September.
(182 words)

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in a
European country between 1979 and 2004.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

Sample answer by E. Tahasoni:

The diagram shows how much different kinds of meat and fish was consumed in a country in
Europe from 1979 to 2004.
In the first year, beef was the most popular with a consumption of about 225 grams per person
per week. Then, this figure experienced a sudden plunge of 50 before surging to about 230 in
1984. Following this, there were some fluctuations until 1989, after which it decreased
dramatically to around half as high as its original level in 2004.
The figure for lamb was initially almost as high as that for chicken (around 150 grams per person
per week). However, while the former declined gradually and significantly as it reached
approximately 60 in the last year, the latter saw a considerable growth and outstripped beef
consumption in 1989, peaking at 250 in 2004.
Fish consumption was originally approximately 60 and experienced a small fall of about 10 over
the period.
Overall, although beef was the most popular type of meat at first, it was replaced by chicken
towards the end of the survey. In contrast, fish remained the least significant throughout the
period.
(183 words)

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The graph below gives information about the number of cases of diarrhea in Mashhad
between 1983 and 1992.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The diagram below gives information about the number of parcels delivered by two
major mail services companies from 1920 to 2000.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The chart below gives information about the number of books rented in a British local
library in 2009.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The chart below gives information about birth and death rates in Switzerland from 1970
to 2020 according to United Nations statistics.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

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Section 2
Comparison
bar charts
This
section
generally
addresses
comparison diagrams. Some aspects
regarding proportions will be addressed in
section 3.

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Comparison Language
A. Introducing Differences
Generally, there is

a significant difference

between a and b.

a wide disparity

in + n.

B. Comparative Structures
by a narrow margin.
1

In contrast (to B),

In comparison (with B)

A is

A is [under/over]

A is

A is

A is larger/smaller

[just]+[under/over]
[approximately]

x larger/smaller than B.

twice
two/three times

considerably/substantially
marginally/slightly
[almost/roughly /]

A produces/consumes/

by x.
by a margin of x.
by a staggering x.

as large/great/high as B.

greater/higher/smaller than B.

as large/high as B.
more/less + uncountable n.
more/fewer + countable n.

than B.

the same amount/number/quantity of + n.

as B.

C. Superlative Structures
1

A is the [second/third] largest/smallest/most significant/most productive/ + n.

A has the [second/third] greatest/widest/ most significant/most productive/ + n.

Uses
produces
consumes

the largest/highest/smallest/lowest

A ranks/stands first/second/third/last.

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proportion of + n.
quantity of + n.
amount of + uncountable n.
number of + countable n.

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D. Comparison and Contrast Linkers

Transitions
Over 90% of exports were fruits; however, industrial exports contributed none.
Almost all female students were interested in art activities. In contrast, the figure for male
students was a mere 15%.
Most of the farmland in Europe was damaged by overgrazing. On the other hand, the most
significant cause of damage in Asia was wind erosion.

Subordinating Conjunctions
Over 90% of exports were fruits, whereas / while industrial exports contributed none.
Whereas / While over 90% of exports were fruits, industrial exports contributed none.
Although almost all girls were interested in art activities, only 15%% of boys took part in them.

E. Approximation
just over 12 percent
12.1%

approximately/around/about 12%
a little more than 12%
almost/nearly 12%

11.9%

approximately/around/about 12%
a little less than 12%
just below 12%
almost/nearly 150kg

146kg

approximately/around/about 150kg
less than 150kg

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The charts below give information about travel to and from the UK, and about the most
popular countries for UK residents to visit.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

Sample Answer by E. Tahasoni:

The first diagram compares the number of British tourists with that of visits made to the UK
between 1979 and 1999. Initially, there was little difference between the two figures (10 and 12
million, respectively). Both rose over the next 20 years, with the figure for British tourists
experiencing a more significant surge to about 53 million. In comparison, that for visits to the UK
grew gradually to reach just over 25 million by the end of the century.
The bar chart shows the top 5 countries visited by the British in the last year of the previous
survey. While France and Spain attracted the largest numbers of British tourists with about 11
and 9 million visits respectively, Turkey was the least popular among the five, visited by only
about 30% as many British as France. Greece and the United States also accounted for about 3
and 4 million visits, respectively.
Overall, tourism from and to the United Kingdom boomed in the 1980s and 90s. Moreover, four
European countries and the US topped the list of British tourists favourite destinations.
(180 words)

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The chart below shows the amount spent on six consumer goods in four European
countries.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

Sample answer by E. Tahasoni:

The diagram compares how much money was spent on six different products in Germany, Italy,
France and Britain.
In Britain, the highest amount of money was spent on photographic film (more than 170 million
pounds), while similar amounts were spent on personal stereos and tennis racquets which
together ranked last.
The French spent the second highest amount of money among the four nations on compact
disks, toys and photographic film, while they ranked last in personal stereos, tennis racquets and
colognes.
Italian consumers spent more money on toys than on any other product (a bit less than 160
million), but they also paid a lot for photographic film.
Finally, Germans spent the least overall, having similar spending figures for all 6 products
compared in the chart.
Overall, more money was spent on toys and photographic film than on any other product. Also,
the British were the biggest spenders in all six categories among the nations compared in the
bar chart, while the lowest spending levels were attributed to German consumers.
(170 words)

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The chart below shows the different levels of post-school qualifications in Australia and
the proportion of men and women who held them in 1999.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

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Section 3
Pie charts
This section addresses comparison and
trend pie charts. Some aspects regarding
the language used have already been
covered in the sections 1 and 2.

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Reporting Proportions
Representations of Common Proportion
75% three-quarters three out of every 4 people/penguins/patients/
Out of every $100 spent by the Turkish, just over $30 was spent on food, beverages and smoking
products, which ranked first among the nations compared in the survey.

Other Structures
share
1

the

contribution
proportion

of

percentage

The contribution of consumer expenditure in this category was almost similar in 3 countries,
namely Turkey, Spain and Ireland.

formed

accounted for
was responsible for

y% of

comprised
X

contributed

y% to

Money spent on leisure and education in Turkey accounted for just below 4.5% of spending
there, which was the largest proportion among the five countries .

The remaining x%

The remaining 40% was allocated to a variety of other items.

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Fill the gaps below using words from the following list.

appliances

remaining

account

proportion

In an average English home, the ______

heating rooms and water.

for

largest

household

______ of electricity, 52%, is used for

Three kitchen ______, namely ovens, kettles and washing machines, ______
______ 18% of ______ electricity use.

The ______ 30% of electricity is used for lighting, televisions and radios (15%), and
vacuum cleaners, food mixers and electric tools (15%).

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The charts below give information about world spending and population.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

Sample answer by E. Tahasoni:

The first pie chart compares the shares of four major items in global expenditure. The most
significant amounts are paid for food (almost a quarter of global expenditure) and transport
(almost 20%), while housing also accounts for a considerable proportion. The least among the
four is spent on clothing (merely 6 percent) and the remaining 40% is spent on a variety of other
items.
The second diagram illustrates how global population is distributed. There is a significant
difference between the population of Asia and that of other continents since 3 out of every 5
human beings live in Asia. Europe and the Americas share similar proportions and together are
host to roughly one-third of the worlds population, while the inhabitants of Africa form a mere
one-tenth.
To sum up, the largest proportion of money in the world is allocated to food, while transport,
housing and clothing are other significant items. Moreover, the population of Asia is responsible
for the largest group of humans.
(163 words)

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The three pie charts below show the changes in annual spending by a particular UK
school in 1981, 1991 and 2001.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

Sample answer by E. Tahasoni:

The charts compare changes in the shares of five different items which comprised the yearly
expenses of a British school between 1981 and 2001.
Wages paid to the teaching staff accounted for the most significant proportion of expenditure
in 1981 (40%) and went up by a quarter before declining slightly. In comparison, the salaries of
non-academic employees were responsible for less than a third of all expenses in 1981, but their
share dipped substantially by 13% over the course of these 20 years.
The share of furniture and equipment was initially as high as that of educational resources
(15%), but while the former dropped by 2/3 before rising fivefold, the latter experienced a
marked rise after which it halved, reaching just below 10%.
The contribution of insurance remained constant at an insignificant level (2%) until 2001 when it
climbed almost fourfold.
Overall, while the shares of three items experienced rises, there were declines in the remaining
two. Moreover, academic staff salaries contributed the largest proportion of expenditure
throughout the survey, whereas insurance had the smallest share.
(176 words)

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The pie charts below show how dangerous waste products are dealt with in three
countries.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

Sample answer by E. Tahasoni:

The charts compare three countries in terms of the methods they use to treat hazardous waste
products.
In Korea, the most significant share of dangerous waste (70%) is recycled. The second highest
proportion, 22%, is buried underground while less than half this figure is incinerated.
Sweden, on the other hand, favours landfills over the other two approaches since more than
half of all dangerous waste is buried underground. There is little difference between the shares
of recycling and burning, as the latter accounts for 25% whereas the share of the former is lower
by a margin of 5%.
The most popular method in the United Kingdom, like in Sweden, is burying which contributes
82%. The UK also dumps 8% of its waste at sea while treating a similar proportion with chemicals
to render it harmless. Incineration is responsible for a mere 2%.
Overall, recycling is the most widely-used approach to treating hazardous waste in Korea, in
contrast to Sweden and the UK which rely mainly on landfills. Furthermore, the United Kingdom
employs a more varied set of waste handling schemes.
(180 words)

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Section 4
Tables
This section addresses comparison and
trend tables. Most aspects regarding the
language used have already been
covered in the sections 1, 2 and 3.

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Practice: Look at the data in the table and correct the following paragraph
where necessary:

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The table below shows social and economic indicators for four countries in 1994,
according to United Nations statistics.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
Indicators

Canada

Japan

Peru

Angola

Annual income per person (in $US)

11100

15760

160

130

Life expectancy at birth

76

78

51

47

Daily calorie supply per person

3326

2846

1927

1749

Adult literacy rate (%)

99

99

68

34

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The tables below give information about sales of Fairtrade*-labelled coffee and bananas
in 1999 and 2004 in five European countries.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

Sample answer by E. Tahasoni:

The table shows how fairtrade coffee and banana sales changed in five countries in 2004
compared to 1999.
In 1999, the most significant coffee sales, 3 million (3m) euros were reported in Switzerland, and
they doubled in 2004. The figure for the UK was originally 50% lower than that of Switzerland
(1.5m) while sales in Denmark were slightly higher (1.8m). However, while the former rose
dramatically to 20m, the latter remained relatively stable. There was little difference between
the figures for Belgium (1m) and Sweden (0.8m), and both experienced noticeable increases to
1.7m and 1m, respectively.
UK had the highest banana sales in both years, as they rose over threefold from 15 million euros
to 47m. Swiss sales were originally almost twice as high as those of Denmark (1 and 0.6m,
respectively), and both surged, reaching 5.5 and 4m. There was little difference between the
figures for Sweden and Belgium (2 and 1.8m, respectively), and both nearly halved to reach
about 1m in 2004.
Overall, Coffee sales rose in all countries with the highest sales observed in Switzerland. Banana
sales also rose in all but two countries, and were highest in the UK.
(193 words)

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Section 4
Process and Cycle
Diagrams
This section addresses diagrams that show
natural and artificial processes,
procedures, cycles and lifecycles.

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Process:
Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Cycle:
Stage
1

Stage
3

Stage
2
and the process/procedure/cycle starts over again.

Grammar:
A. Tenses:
Generally, the present simple tense is used to report actions which regularly happen in a process.

The larvae feed on mulberry leaves for up to 6 weeks.

Sometimes, the present perfect may also be used to signify the completion of a stage.

Once the electricity has been generated, it is transmitted to the station.

B. Passive vs. Active form

I. Natural events
For events which happen autonomously in nature, such as rain, formation of clouds or erosion of
mountains, generally use the active form unless you need to shift focus from the subject to the
object of the stage.
The larvae begin forming cocoons around themselves using silk threads.
Numerous eggs are laid by a moth and hatch after 10 days.

II. Artificial events

In artificial stages, the human subjects are usually ignored so use the passive to focus on what is
being done. If the subject has also been mentioned in the diagram, add it as an "agent".
Energy is sent to the substations by means of transmission lines.

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Describing Purpose:
When you need to report the means or tool used to perform a stage, avoid using "by":

For tools: It is done using/through the use of/by means of ...

The mixture is cut into individual bricks using a wire cutter.

For ways and methods: It is done through/via/by means of ...

The oil is transferred to the refinery through a pipeline.

Linking
The First Stage
First,
Firstly,
First off,
First of all,
In the first stage,
At/In the beginning,
The first stage is when
The process begins/starts/commences when
The process begins with + <n./n.p.>

Middle Stages:
Next,
Then
After this/that,
Following this/that,
Afterwards,
In the following stage,
In the stage after/following this,
In the stage that follows,
Over the course of/During the next/following/second/third stage,
This is followed by + <n./n.p.>
When/After/Once <stage A>, <stage B>
<stage A>. When/Once this stage is complete, <stage B>
<stage A> before <stage B as n./n.p. or clause>
Before <stage B>, <stage A>
<stage A> after/following which <stage B>
<stage A> which is followed by <stage B as n./n.p.>

The Last Stage:

Finally,
Ultimately,
Eventually,
The last/final stage is when
The process ends when
The process ends with + <n./n.p.>
<stage A> before finally <stage B as n./n.p.>

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The diagrams below show the stages and equipment used in the cement-making
process, and how cement is used to produce concrete for building purposes.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

Sample answer by E. Tahasoni:

The first diagram illustrates the process through which cement is produced. The process begins
when the initial raw materials, namely limestone and clay, are crushed using two rotating drums
to make a fine powder which is then mixed in a cylindrical mixer. The next stage involves a
tube-like rotating heater with a blowtorch mounted at its bottom opening. The mixed powder is
fed from the top and simultaneously heated and blended, after which it is transferred to a
grinder using a conveyor belt. There, it is milled to yield the final cement product which is
eventually packed in bags.
This cement is used as raw material in the production of concrete in a second process. An initial
mixture comprising 15% cement, 10% water, one-quarter sand and half gravel is fed into a
rotating concrete mixer where they are stirred until the concrete mix is ready for construction
purposes.
To sum up, there are 5 stages in the production of cement. Moreover, cement and a few other
simple ingredients are used to produce concrete through a rather simpler procedure that is
comprised of a single stage.
(185 words)

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The diagram below shows the process of using water to produce electricity.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

Sample answer by E. Tahasoni:

The picture explains the process through which water is used to produce electrical power.
The process begins when seawater is heated by the sun and evaporates to form small clouds in
the sky. Next, they merge into a storm cloud, which then rains over the mountain. This rainwater
is gathered in the reservoir behind a dam. The following steps involve a pipe which connects
the reservoir to a turbine as well as a pump, and is controlled using a valve. Once this valve is
opened, water flows into the turbine and rotates it to produce electrical current, following
which it is pumped back into the reservoir. After this, the electricity produced by the turbine is
transferred to the transformer station through high voltage cables. The last stage is when the
electrical power being delivered to domestic and industrial consumers as well as educational
and medical facilities.
Overall, hydroelectric power is generated using water from the sea through a relatively
sophisticated procedure which comprises over ten stages.
(169 words)

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The diagram below shows the life cycle of the honey bee.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

Sample answer by E. Tahasoni and Alireza Alipour:

The chart illustrates the stages in the life of honey bees. It takes approximately five weeks (34 to
36 days to be exact) to complete. All in all, this life cycle is comprised of six stages from egg to
full maturity.
The first stage is when the female bee lays up to a couple of oval eggs once every 72 hours.
These eggs hatch between nine and ten days later, and immature bees, called nymphs,
emerge which lack the typical bee stripes.
Over the next 3 weeks nymphs experience three moulting stages, that is, they shed their skins to
allow further growth to occur: The first moulting happening 5 days after the eggs hatch, a week
after which the second one takes place. Nine days later nymphs moult for a third time and
young adult honey bees emerge, identified by their horizontally striped backs. These take four
more days to mature into larger adult bees whose backs are marked with bolder and darker
stripes, and the cycle starts over again.
(170 words)

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The diagram below shows the process by which bricks are manufactured for the building
industry.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
Brick manufacturing

Model answer by A. Tootoonchi

(TA: 9 | CC: 8 | LR: 7 | GRA: 8 | Overall: 8)

The picture illustrates how bricks are produced.

The process begins when clay is dug out through the use of a digger, which is followed by clay
passing through a metal grid. Fine clay is then carried by a roller after which sand and water
are added to it. In the next stage,
either this mixture is pressed through a frame and cut into bricks using a wire cutter, or it is put
into moulds and formed into bricks. Following that, the bricks are dried in a drying oven for one
to two days. The next three stages involve two kilns connected to a cooling chamber. The dried
bricks are first heated from 200 to 980 degrees centigrade, before being exposed to high
temperature (870 to 1300 degrees). They are then cooled within 48 to 72 hours. Eventually, they
are packed and delivered to customers by trucks.
Overall, the procedure of producing bricks is comprised of ten stages which are rather simple.
(161 words)

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The diagram below shows the process by which bricks are manufactured for the building
industry.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
Brick manufacturing

Model answer by E. Tahasoni

(Band 9)

The chart illustrates the procedure through which bricks are produced for construction work.
It commences when raw clay is dug using a digger machine following which it is sifted through
a metal grid into finer fragments which then fall onto a conveyor belt. In the next stage, water
and sand are added and the resulting mixture is either pushed through a frame and cut into
simple bricks, or is moulded into specially-formed bricks. These are then placed in a special
oven for two to three days in order to minimise their moisture content. The following three stages
involve the use of a couple of kilns and a cooling chamber: bricks are first heated moderately in
the first kiln to reach a temperature of between 200 and 980 degrees centigrade before being
subjected to higher temperatures (870 to 1300 degrees) in the second one. Next, they are
allowed to cool down for two to three days in the cooling chamber. The process ends with the
bricks being packed on pallets and delivered to end users on trucks.
Overall, the process of producing bricks is comprised of ten relatively simple stages during
which clay, sand and water is used to produce baked bricks.
(201 words)

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The diagram gives information about the process for making pulp and paper.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

Model answer by E. Tahasoni

(Band 8.5)

The diagram shows how paper and pulp are produced.

The process begins when trees are cut down to produce logs, after which they are chipped
and combined with purchased wood chips in a digester. The resulting pulp is then washed and
screened to make clean pulp.
This pulp can then be used to produce rough paper for making boxes. After forming the pulp in
a former device, it is dried and formed into a reel. Next, it is cut into paper bales which are
finally packed.
Alternatively, the clean pulp may be used to make refined paper for printing purposes. Once it
is cleaned in pulp cleaners, it is dried and pressed, first in pulp presses and then in paper
presses. Ultimately, it goes through another drying stage in paper dryers before being rolled.
Overall, the process through which wood is used to manufacture pulp and paper for printing
and box production purposes is rather sophisticated and comprises more than ten stages.
(201 words)

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Section 5
Maps
This section addresses comparison and
development map diagrams.

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Describing Position and Location:

is situated/located/sited/positioned + around/above/below/inside/next to
is situated/located/sited/positioned + to the right of/to the north of
is connected to via/through/by means of
at the top/bottom
on the right/left side
in the top/bottom right/left hand corner
10 miles from
10 miles to the right of
10 miles north of
in the middle
at the centre
along
off
across [from]
opposite
close to
adjacent to
next to
beside
is covered with
Examples:
the suggested location, S2, is right in the town centre.

The first potential location (S1) is outside the town itself, and is sited just off the main
road to the town of Hindon, lying 12 kilometres to the north-west.
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Useful Vocabulary for Describing Maps:

Residential area: an area that has lots of houses and some schools.
Industrial area: an area that has lots of factories
Commercial area: an area that has lots of stores
Hospital: a health facility where patients receive treatment
Zoo: a place where people can go and see many kinds of animals
Post office: a place where you can send mail (letters and packages)
Fire station: a station housing fire apparatus and firemen
Airport: an airfield equipped with control tower and hangers as well as accommodations for
passengers and cargo
Park: a recreational area where people can play football and have picnics
Skyscraper: a very tall building
Warehouse: a building where things are kept until they are sold.
Parking lot: an area where people can park cars
Museum: a place that displays things of scientific or historical or artistic value
Supermarket: a large store that sells mostly food but sometimes other items such as clothes and
furniture.
Factory: an industrial plant, a production facility,
Woodland: an area with lots of trees
River: a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)
Street: the place where cars drive
Intersection: the point where several streets meet.
Remove: remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, taking off, etc.
Develop: to make
Change: modify
Construct: to build
Relocate: to move a structure or facility to a different location
Demolish: to destroy a building or other structure completely
Replace: to take the place of or substitute for somebody or something
Expand: to become or make something become larger
Recreation: an activity that is exciting, stimulating or relaxing. For example, bike riding and
playing football are recreational activities.
Proximity: closeness

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The map below is of the town of Garlsdon and shows two possible sites for a new
supermarket.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

Model answer by an examiner (from Cambridge IELTS book 5)

The map shows two proposed locations for a new supermarket for the town of Garlsdon.
The first potential location (S1) is outside the town itself, and is sited just off the main road to the
town of Hindon, lying 12 kilometres to the north-west. This site is in the countryside and so would
be able to accommodate a lot of car parking. This would make it accessible to shoppers from
both Hindon and Garlsdon who could travel by car. Since it is also close to the railway line
linking the two towns to Cransdon (25 km to the south-east), a potentially large number of
shoppers would also be able to travel by train.
In contrast, the suggested location, S2, is right in the town centre, which would be good for
local residents. Theoretically the store could be accessed by road or rail from the surrounding
towns, including Bransdon, but as the central area is a no-traffic zone, cars would be unable to
park and access would be difficult.
Overall, neither site is appropriate for all the towns, but for customers in Cransdon, Hindon and
Garlsdon, the out-of-town site (S1) would probably offer more advantages.
(194 words)

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

Chorleywood is a village near London whose population has increased steadily since the
middle of the nineteenth century. The map below shows the development of the village.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

Model Answer by E. Tahasoni

The map shows how a village called Chorleywood developed over a period of 126 years.
From 1868 to 1883 there were only two main roads in the region with Chorleywood covering a
small area along one of them. Over the next 40 years, the village grew southward alongside the
road and a railway was built in 1909 passing through this part. Chorleywood station is also
located in this area of the village.
Over the period between 1922 and 1970, the railway was the line along which Chorleywood
expanded, both towards the east and west. However, a motorway was constructed in 1970
parallel to one of the main roads and further development of the village occurred around its
intersections with the other main road and the railway between 1970 and 1994. Furthermore,
Chorleywood Park and Golf course is now located in an area enclosed by the two main roads,
the railway and this motorway.
Overall, the village saw considerable growth, both in the establishment of new residential areas
and transportation routes, which occurred over four phases.
(175 words)

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The diagrams below show the site of a school in 2004 and the plan for changes to the
school site in 2024.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

Model Answer by E. Tahasoni

The maps illustrate how a school site is planned to be developed over a 20-year period.
In 2004, there was only one car park to the west of the site where the main entrance to the
school was located. There were also two school buildings, accommodating 600 students
altogether, separated by a path running from the main entrance to the sports field in the east.
The school was surrounded by woodland in the north, south and east.
There are plans to increase the number of students served by the school is by 400 in 2024. As a
result, a new school building will replace the old sports field, and the two original buildings are
going to be joined together. The old path will then connect these to the new building number
3, no longer running to the main entrance. Furthermore, a part of the woodland in the east is
planned to be deforested and replaced by a new car park as well as a new, smaller sports
field. Finally, a new road will be paved passing south of the school building, which will connect
the two car parks.
Overall, there will be extensive developments with regards to construction of buildings, facilities
and roads in the school site during these 20 years.
(211 words)

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The diagrams below show the changes that have taken place at West Park Secondary
School since its construction in 1950.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

Model Answer by E. Tahasoni

The diagrams illustrate how West Park Secondary School has developed since 1950 when it was
built.
In 1950, the school was a single building located along the main road and to the right of a
series of houses. There was a large playground which was located right behind the school
building to the right of some farmland.
Thirty years later in 1980, the houses were demolished and replaced by a car park, as well as a
new science block, for the school while the old school building was changed into its main
building. The farmland was also replaced by a new sports field, but the playground remained
unchanged.
In the last year, 2010, the car park was extended, as a result of which the land previously
allocated to the sports field was added to it. However, about a third of the old playground was
turned into a new, yet much smaller, sports field.
Overall, the school saw significant growth although its recreational facilities did not develop as
much as its buildings and parking space.
(174 words)

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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The two maps below show an island, before and after the construction of some tourist
facilities.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

Model Answer by E. Tahasoni

The maps illustrate how an island has changed following the development of various facilities
for visitors.
The length of the island is over 200 metres while its width varies from about 30 to 100 metres in
different places. Originally, there was a beach to the left of the island, and the eastern and
western parts were covered with woodland, apart from which the island was completely bare.
In comparison, swimming facilities have now been built in the beach. Furthermore, the western
woodland is surrounded by a series of huts which are connected to each other and to the
beach via footpaths. There is also a restaurant in northern part which is connected to a
reception building in the middle of the island as well as a new pier to the south by means of a
vehicle track. Finally, a larger set of huts have been constructed between the reception and
the eastern woodland.
Overall, there have been significant constructions in the island in terms of accommodation and
facilities for tourists. It is noteworthy that these developments have occurred without any
noticeable damage to the trees.
(185 words)

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Appendix
IELTS Writing
Official Task 1
Answer Sheet

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IELTS Writing Answer Sheet TASK 1

* 0 1 8 1 9 3 8 7 4 2 *

Candidate Name

Centre Number

Candidate Number

Module (shade one box):

General Training

Academic

Test date
D

TASK 1

Do not write below this line

100913/2

Do not write below this line

OFFICIAL USE ONLY

Candidate Number:
Examiner 2 Number:

Candidate Number:
Examiner 1 Number:

TA
Underlength

TA
Underlength

CC
No. of words

CC
No. of words

LR
Penalty

LR
Penalty

GRA
Off-topic

Memorised

Illegible

Memorised

Illegible

GRA
Off-topic