Rajkumar Biology: Reproduction in Organisms

Chapter 1.
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS
1mark
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1) No two individuals, especially in mammals (except monozygotic twins) look

alike. What distinguishes them from the rest?
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2) A plant was introduced in India because of its beautiful flowers & shape of
leaves. It propagates vegetatively at a phenomenal rate and spread all over the
water bodies and has become a threat. Which plant is being referred to?
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3) A few plants exhibit unusual flowering phenomena which flowers once in
their life time and die. Suggest an evidence of the same from monocotyledon.1
4) Identify A and B Label (1) and (2) in the given figure
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5) The Nilgiris belt form the large blue stretches in the hilly areas of Kerala,
Karnataka, & Tamilnadu and attracted a large number of tourists. What reason
do you attribute to this phenomenal change of nature once in 12 years?
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6) Why estrous cycle is not seen in humans?
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7) All papaya and date palm plants produce flowers yet only few papaya and
date palm seen to produce fruit. What could be the possible reason for the rest
not producing them?
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8) Often the number of male gametes produced in an organism is in large
number as compared to female. Why has nature taken up this developmental
disparity?
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9) This figure shows fruit containing seed inside. Label S & P shown in fig. 1
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10) In nature for both plants & animals, hormones are responsible for transitions
between the three phases of reproduction. Which 3 phases are being referred to
here?1
2 marks
11) Label A and B and write the type of the vegetative propagule.
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A
B
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12. (i) Though ginger is found under the soil. Yet it is not a root, but stem.
Justify your answer with two reasons.
(ii) What are the specialised cells which undergo meiosis in the diploid
organisms, called as?
13) Why can't man be oviparous? Justify the statement.
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14) (i) Name the process of development of embryo from the zygote.
(ii) What are the two changes which the zygote undergoes during this
process?
15) Label the figures A and B and also mark X and Y.
A
B
Y
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16) Why dogs and cats have oestrus cycle but human beings have menstrual
cycle, though all are mammals?
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17) In bisexual flowers, why is the transfer of pollen grains easier than in
unisexual flowers? Name the specialized event in unisexual flowers which helps
in transfer of pollen.
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18) Can we refer the off -springs formed by asexual reproduction, as a clone?
If yes, why?
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19) The posterior end of cockroach shows the following structures. Mention if it
is a male or female. Also label the part marked 'X'.
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20) Arrange the following events in proper sequence:(a) Embryogenesis

(b) Fertilization
(c) Gametogenesis
(d) Zygote formation.
What will happen if meiosis does not take place during gametogenesis?
Chapter-2.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS.
1mark
1) Do pollen grains survive in adverse conditions?
2) Non- albuminons seeds do not have endosperm, then from where do they take the
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food during germination?
3) T.S. of anther shows four layers in the wall-epidermis, endothelium, tapetum and
middle layer, Arrange them from outermost to innermost.
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5) Complete the flow chart.
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4) Identify the figure given below and label the parts indicated in the figure.
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6) If the number of chromosomes in the leaf cell of a flowering plant is 28, What
number would you expect in the embryo and endosperm?
2 marks
7) (a) "The microspore is haploid while that of microspore mother cell is diploid"
comment.
(b) How many male gametes and female gamets are produced by?
(i) Five microspore mother cell (ii) Five megaspore mother cell
8) (a) what is the process shown in the diagram given below?

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(b)Name the structure at (a) of the figure given below
9) Why do you think that the zygote is dormant for some time in a fertilized ovule?
10) What will be the fate of ovule if the synergids are absent in the embryo sac?
11) Your friend would like to cross-pollinate the bisexual flower. How can you guide
him to be successful in his experiment?
12) How does the flower of maize and cannabis are pollinated? What are the features
found in these flowers for such type of pollination?
3 marks
13) Generally nucellus does not persist in mature seeds. Cite two examples which show
persistence of nucellus in the seed and what name is given to the persistent nucellulus?3
14) If one can induce parthenocarpy through the application of phytohormones, which
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fruit would you select to induce parthenocarpy and why?
15) A student wants to know the ploidy of coconut. After studying its different parts he
(b) White Kernal-2n

(c) Seed coat-n
(d) Embryo-3n
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(e) Tepal-2n
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(a) Water inside the fruit-n
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inferred the ploidy of the following parts. Check whether the student is correct.
Chapter- 3-HUMAN REPRODUCTION

1 mark
1) Zygote undergoes mitosis to form 16 celled stage of embryo. What is it
known as?
2) Name the important mammary gland secretions that help in resistance of the
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new born baby.

2 marks
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1) Fill in the boxes
2) Why does fertilisation take place in fallopian tube and not in uterus?
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3) Which cell organelle is present in the neck of the sperm? What is its
significance?
4) Failure of fertilisation leads to menstruation. Explain.
3 marks
1) How does the ovum ensure that only one sperm fertilizes it?
2) Name the part of the female reproductive system where the embryo is
implanted. Mention the type of tissue by which it is made up of and give their
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functions?
3) What is the fate of inner cell mass in the blastocyst? Mention their
significance.
4) Label a,b,c in the following diagram.
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5 marks
1) Give the term / reason
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a) Mechanism responsible for parturition.

b) Role of oxytocin during expulsion of the baby out of uterus
c) Why does zona pellucida layer block the entry of additional sperms?
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d) Sperm cannot reach ovum without seminal plasma.

e) All copulations do not lead to fertilization and pregnancy.
2. Women are often blamed for giving birth to girl child in our society. What is
your view?
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3. Furnish the technical term for the following:
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a) Cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair in female

external
genitalia.
b) The finger like projections which collect ovum after ovulation
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c) The middle thick layer/wall of uterus

d) Semen without sperm
e) The finger-like projections appearing on the trophoblast after
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implantation.
Chapter- 4
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REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
1MARK
1. A large number of couples are said to be infertile. The couples could be
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assisted to have children through certain special techniques. Name the

techniques.
2. At what stage Zygote can be introduced in the fallopian tube in Zygote Intra
Fallopian Transfer (Z.I.F.T)?
3. A woman's husband is infertile. So the lady has decided to have baby by
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taking sperms from sperm bank. Which technique will you suggest for her
pregnancy?
4. A newly married couple does not want to produce children at least for one
year and also not to use any contraceptives.
Suggest a method to prevent
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pregnancy.
5. A doctor has been observed the chromosomal disorders in developing foetus

and advised the couple to undergo abortion. suggest the technique by which
doctor absorbed the chromosomal disorders.
6. What precautions a lady can take to prevent unwanted pregnancy?
i) Name the barrier
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ii) Mention the composition of it.
2 marks
1. During lactation chances of conception are almost zero.
1+1=2
(i) Give the reason

(ii) Give the term used to describe the phenomenon.
2. Following table gives certain terms associated with ARTS
Fill in the spaces a,b,c and d.
S.NO
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COLUMN I
IVF and ET
COLUMN II
a
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Introduction of Zygote or
2
embryo with 8 blastomers

into
Fallopian tube.
Introduction of ova of a
donor into
I.U.T.
Fallopian tube.
d
3.A barrier method prevents conception is said to be, user friendly, easily
1+1
3 marks
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1. (a) Identify the given diagram. What it is used for?
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available and prevent STD's.
Chapter 5. PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION
1) The following table shows the genotypes for ABO blood grouping and their
phenotypes .
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Fill in the gaps left in the table..
2)A homozygous green seeded plant is crossed with yellow seeded plant. The
progeny obtained was half yellow seeded and half green seeded .
i) Write the genotype of yellow seeded progeny.
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ii)Write the technical name of the cross.
1) In the following pedigree chart, state if the trait is autosomal dominant,

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autosomal recessive or sex linked. Give a reason for your answer
2) A man with blood group A married a woman with B group, they have a son
with AB blood group and a daughter with blood group O, work out the
possibility of inheritance with the help of a Punnet square.
3) In a hybrid cross the following recombination frequencies are observed, i.e.

10%, 22% and 6% of recombinants.
i)How is this recombinant percentage related to the loci of the gene responsible
for recombinants.
ii) Which phenomenon is associated with this?
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1) Two plants (snapdragon) with red flowers and white flowers are crossed and
the following results are shown:
White(rr)
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Red(RR)
F1 generation: All pink flowers

i) What phenomenon is shown in F1 generation?
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ii) Write the genotype of F1 and phenotype of F2 generation.
iii) What is the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of the F2 generation?
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iv) With the help of a punnet square illustrate the result.
Chapter6: MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
QUESTIONS:
1) Name the Amino acid residues of histones.
2) What function does B-galoctosidase carry out?
3) Which factor determines the coding strand and the template strand?
4) Why only one mRNA is produced in transcription?
transcription?
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5) Why the strand 5'-3' is called coding strand though it does not take part in
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6) What are ESTs?
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7) DNA is a polynucleotide characterised by two types of peaks. Which peak is

known as satellite DNA?
8) A criminal case of 10 years old was registered for investigation. What

samples they might have tested?
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9) A particular human gene has the largest number of bases. Identify it.
10) Isolation, digestion and separation of DNA in a specific gene. Name the
technique.
2 Marks
11) Three enzymes required for metabolism of lactose, what would happen to
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the machinery of the operon if mutation occur in z-gene.
12) A point mutation leads to adverse change in the function of hemoglobin (Bglobin chain). Identify the disease that may occur due to this mutation. Mention
the change of amino acids in the polypeptide due to this mutation.
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13) i) Label the amino acid at A, and write the name of RNA s below. 2
ii) Name the process in progress.
3 Marks
14) One student has drawn mRNA but he made some mistake in codons
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i) Identify the mistakes made by him in codons

ii) Correct the mistakes
15) How is peptide bond formed?
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16) Two persons filed a case against a lady claiming to be the father of her only
daughter. How to identify the real biological father?
17) If a nucleosome contain 200bps. How many nucleosome are there in a

mamalian cell? What changes occur to beads of string of D.N.A during
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18)
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metaphase?
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i) Name fragment A) & B)
ii) Name the process of given diagram

iii) In what phase of cell cycle this process takes place.
19.Illustrate below in a DNA segment which constitute a gene.
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i) Will the whole gene be transcribed in RNA primarily?

ii) Name the shaded & unshaded part to the gene.
iii)Explain how is gene expressed.
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iv) How is this gene different from prokaryotic gene in its expression?
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20) Given below schematic representation of two interacting bacterial cells.
i) Name the bacterium and describe the process illustrate.

ii) What is the use of such process in genetics?
iii) Which of two cells act as male?
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iv) Draw a labeled diagram of stage immediately next to the one shown here.
Chapter7. EVOLUTION
1) Study the figures (a) and (b) given below and answer the question given after
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the graph
graph (b)
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i) Under the influence of which type of natural selection would graph (a) become like
ii) What could be the likely reasons of new variations arising in the population?
iii) Who suggested natural selection as a mechanism of evolution?
2) In England, after industrialization it was observed that white winged moth did
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not survive.
i) What you think the cause may be?

ii) What was the change and why it has happened?
iii) Which organism is known as natural indicator to air pollution?
3) Study the following pairs of organs and identify them as homologous or

analogous organs:
i) Thorns of Bougainvillea and cucurbit tendrils.
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ii) Fore legs of horse and arms of man

iii) Wings of bat and butterfly
iv) Flipper of whale and fins of fish
v) Trunk of elephant and human nose.
4) Complete both columns representing evolutionary history of vertebrates,

through geological periods.
Geological
period(300-350)
Early Reptilis
_________
_________
_________
Jurassic(150)
Tertiary (50)
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5) Fill up the missing sequence in the evolution of man
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Vertebrates
6) Trace the evolutionary stages of any one bird or animal using various
resources such as internet, library etc.
7) Sometimes the change in allele frequency is so different in the new sample of

population that they become a different species. State the factors known to affect
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.
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8. Can we call the human evolution as an example of adaptive radiation? 1
Chapter-8. HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE
1) A person`s nails and lips turn grey to bluish. Find out the disease he is
suffering from. Name the pathogen.
2) A group of viruses infect only nose and the respiratory passage but not the
lungs.
Mention the disease and its causative organism.
3) The health department would like to control malaria without using chemicals
in any form.
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4) Only Female Anopheles mosquito acts as a vector? Why?
5) Name the missing organisms/ diseases in the table given below.
Disease
Microsporum
B
C
Plasmodium
A
Elephantiasis
Amoebiasis
falciporam
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Organism
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Being a student of Biology what method would you suggest?
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6) Why do children of metro cities of India suffer from allergies and asthma? 2
7) A doctor injects preformed antibodies against a snake bite. What type of
immunity does it develop in the patient?
8) A person has developed allergic reactions like sneezing, watery eyes, running
nose and difficulty in breathing. What could be the reason for these symptoms?
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How can it be controlled?
9) A patient has lost his immunity.
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(i) Name the disease associated with it.

(ii) Name the confirmatory test to diagnose the disease.
(iii) Why did he lose his immunity?
10) A person claimed that he has seen sounds, heard colours and smelt light. 3
(i) What could be the possible reason?
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(ii) Name two chemicals responsible for this condition.

(iii) Mention any one source for these chemicals.
11) Complete the following flow chart showing replication of retrovirus. 2
HIV
Viral RNA
Viral DNA
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Incorporate host DNA
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Viral RNA
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Move and attack
Chapter-9.
STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT INFOOD PRODUCTION
1) Which process decreases fertility and productivity in crops?
2) Why do we use apical and axillary meristems for tissue culture?
3)Name the technology which in addition to tissue culture techniques play a pivotal role
in enhancing food production.
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4) Why mutation breeding is necessary for producing disease resistance?
1
5. What is the reference material for comparison of any new improved variety?1
6. Why hybrids of selected parents are self pollinated till a state of homozygosity?1
7. Name the parents of hisardale.

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8. For which amino acids maize is biofortified ?
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9. To which micro organism is Parbhani Kranti resistant and give the botanical
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name of it ?1
10. Which are the characters will you look for, to confirm that the plant given to
you is a pest resistant?1
11. Why the breeding programme for millets is mainly focused for the development
of high yielding varieties?
1
2 Marks
3) To which products are the following related?

a) Green revolution
b) Blue Revolution
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1)Name the pest organisms for which Pusa stem- 2 & pusa stem 3 are prepared as
pest resistant recombinants
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2)The somatic hybrid of tomato & potato is pomato but it is not grown on commercial
scale. Why?
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variety of a crop.
Step
a.___________________
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4) Complete the following missing steps and aims in the breeding of new genetic
2
Aim
-collection of pre-existing genetic
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variability
B.Pure line creation
-To evaluate and select parents.
c.____________________
-To combine the desired characters
of different plants
d. screening the superior
_________________________
combinant
e. Release and commercialization
__________________________
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of new cultivars
5) How is outcrossing different from cross breeding?
6) How was Parbhani kranti created?
7) Which of the following crop plants are not matching as correct pairs?
a. Wheat - Himgiri
b. Brassica- Pusa Gaurav
c. Cauliflower- Pusa Shubra
d. Chilli-Pusa swarnim
8)Complete the following table

Wheat
B
A
Pusa
swarnim
C
Pusa
sadabahar
Cauliflower
2
Resistant to leaf and stipe rust
Resistant to white rust
Resistant to black rot &
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3 marks
1)."Artificial insemination helps overcome several problems of normal mating"Justify the statement and list a few of them.
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2) Name the steps represented in the following process

A
Evaluation & selection of parents
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B
C
Testing release & commercialization of new culture

3). Match A with B
A
i) Turnip Mosaic
ii) Citrus canker
iii) Sugar cane red rot
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B
a) Bacteria
b) Virus
c) Fungi
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4)Following are the steps for breeding process. Arrange them in correct order, name the
process & state its advantages.
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a. The female is mated with a male of good variety
b. The fertilized egg at 8-32 called stage are recovered & transferred to surrogate
mother.
c. The female is administered hormones to induce super-ovulation.
Chapter 10. MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE

1 mark
1) Drinks like Whisky and Rum are more intoxicating than wine. Why? 1
2) Can we imagine a world without antibiotics? Explain briefly.
3) Bottled juices are clearer compared to homemade juice. Give reason.

4) Which one of these is a proteinaceous infecting agent?
a) Viroids, b) prions, c) protern, d) wat.

5) An organic farmer requires a bio control agent which is species specific and
has no negative impact on non-target organism. Suggest the name of such a bio
control agent.1
6) Scientists have succeeded in introducing toxin gene of Bacillus thuringiensis
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into plants like cotton. What purpose is achieved through this action?
7)A small amount of curd was added to cold milk for converting it into curd. But
milk did not get curdled. Why?
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8) Consuming curd keeps the gastro-intestinal tract in tact. Give reason.
9) On fermentation the dough of idli and dosa puffs up. Which metabolic
pathway is responsible for this process?
10) How do lactic acid bacteria help in increasing the nutritional quality of curd?
contain cellulose. Why?
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11) The excreta of cattle do not contain any cellulose but human excreta may
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12) Antibiotics are always sold in combination with lactobacillus. Why?
13) Why are some microbes useful in detergent formulation?
14) Microbes release gases during metabolism. How will it help in the
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production of energy?
15) Why does 'Swiss-cheese' contain large holes?.
16)In what way the relationship between BOD and organic matter in Sewage
will be useful in ecology?
17)Why do bottled fruit juices appear clearer than the home made ones?
18)What is the principle behind the conversion of milk into curd and partial
digestion of milk protein performed by Lactic Acid Bacteria?
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19)Wine and beer are different from whisky and brandy though they are all
alcoholic beverages. What is the name of the process that brings out this
difference?
20)Name the group of bacteria that are capable of living at high temperature
above 1000C. How does it become possible by these bacteria?(1/2+1/2)
21)Why do doctors prescribe Streptokinases for brain hemorrhage patients?
Mention the source of industrial production of this biomolecule.(1/2 + )
22)How are the holes produced in bread and cheese?
2marks
1) A farmer was suggested to apply certain microbial culture in his field to
increase the yield. Suggest the types of microbes he could use in his paddy field
and how do they help in increasing the yield.
2) It was observed that certain plant roots are infected by fungus. in spite of this
3) Arrange the steps in sewage treatment in proper sequence.
a) Anaerobic sludge digestion
c) Primary effluent in aeration tank
d) Formation of biogas
e) Constant agitation in presence of oxygen.
f)Digestion by anaerobic bacteria
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b) 'Floc' formation
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infection the plant showed increased growth and development. Give reason.2
side.Mention the role

5) In the given figure label X & Y
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4) Bacteria that convert effluent into activated sludge play one more beneficial
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and explain the functioning of the below plant.
6) How does Monascus help in lowering blood-cholesterol?
7) Complete the given table
Product/Enzyme/Bioactive male cule
Aspergillus niger
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(i)
Ethanol
Cyclosporin-A
Acetic acid
Monascus purpureus
Streptococcus
(v)
(vi)
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Name of the organism
3 marks
1) For what significant properties the Baculoviruses are considered as best Biological
control agent?. Mention its importance in organic farming.
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2). Give one example and one use of the following:i) Free living fungi
ii) Symbiotic fungi
iii) Free living bacteria
5 Marks
1)Why is organic farming favoured these days? Describe the methods employed in the
process.
2.) (i) Three water samples namely river water, untreated sewage water and secondary
effluent discharge from a sewage treatment plan were subjected to BOD test. The
samples were labeled A, B and C but the lab attendant did not note which BOD is for
which water. The BOD values of three samples A, B and C were recorded as 20mg/L,
8mg/L and 400mg/L respectively. Which sample of the water is most polluted? Can
you assign the correct label to each, assuming that the river water is relatively clean.
(1)
(1)
(iii) Label the following diagram & Identify the selectable markers
(2)
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(ii) Which is not a tool of Recombinant DNA technology.

a) Restriction enzyme
b) Vector
c)Bioreactor
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(iv) What is the role of polymerase?
Chapter 11. BIOTECHNOLOGY-PRINCIPLES & PROCESSES
(1)
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1Restriction Enzymes are called Molecular scissors. In what context they are
referred so?
2 In what way the following two plasmids differ? 1
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A
B
3. What is the source of thermostable DNA polymerase and Name that polymerase. Why
thermostable DNA polymerase is essential in PCR? 1
4 The prophase I of meiosis plays a vital role in r-DNA formation Justify the statement.1
5 Eukaryotes do not have restriction endonuclease, then how they manage with normal
endonuclease enzyme?1
6What special feature do prokaryotes have to defend themselves from bacteriophages?1
7_____= Denaturation +______+Extenton.1
8.Complete the following palindrome sequence and name the restriction endonuclese that
recognises this.1
5
3
G
?
A
?
T
C
?
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1) Is advisable to use different restriction endonucleases to cut the vector DNA
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and source DNA? Why?
2) What will happen if more than one recognition sites are present in a vector?2
3 Uncontrolled recombinant DNA technology experiments is dangerous to
mankind. Comment on it.
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plasmid
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Foreign DNA
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Complete the above sequence of diagrammatic representation and name it.

5. (a) Which is the most commonly used matrix in gel electrophoresis ?
(b) What is the source of it?
6 Find the odd one out and write why that is odd
(a) Sal I, Pst I, Cla I, BamH I, pBR 322
(b) Bacteria, Virus, Gene-gun, Fungi
7 Detect the mismatch from the following and replace the
wrong match with a right one
(a)
ECOR I Bacteria
(b)
Ethidium Bromidqe- Gel electrophoresis
(c)
Lysozyme- Fungi
(d)
Palindrome sequence-Restriction enzyme
Resistant gene.
(b)Cellulose,__________,__________,fungus
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8.Write the use of the following in Biotechnology.

(a) Chilled ethanol (b) Microinjection
(c) Bioreactor
(d) plasmid
9. Is there any difference between recombinant DNA and
recombinant protein? Support your answer.
3 MARKS
1. Give the correct term for the following; (a)
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(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Replacing a defective mutant allele with a normal functional allele /

gene.
Increasing the copies (content) of a gene
Preventing m-RNA translation
Specific pattern of base pairs that are recognized by restriction enzymes.
Mobile genetic element
One DNA copies itself and produces two
2. Name the enzyme involved in the following process:

(a)
Repeated amplification of DNA fragments.
(b)
Formation of short piece of RNA strand for annealing.
(c)
Breaking of bacterial cell to release DNA and other macromolecules.
(d)
Cutting and rejoining DNA fragments.
(e)
Formation of m-RNA.
(f)
Joining of foreign DNA fragments with plasmid.
3. Explain the following, emphasizing their formation.

(a)
rDNA
(b)
cDNA
(c)
dsRNA
4. Name the diagram and label the parts a to e.
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PART D [5 MARKS EACH]
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1.
(a) Explain how recombinants and non- recombinants are differentiated on the
basis of colour production in the presence of a chremogenic substrate. Name that
procedure.
(b)Describe the temperature treatment (-3 step-) that enhances the bacteria to
take up the rDNA.
Chapter- 12. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPICATIONS
1) "The Green Revolution has been achieved due to the use of improved crop
varieties and agrochemicals, but it is still not enough to feed the growing
population". Suggest a suitable method of agriculture to meet the demand. 1
2) A species of Solanum is intolerant to salty soil. How will you make the
species tolerant to the given abiotic stress?.
1
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3) Why do we use GM to create tailor made plants?.

2 marks
1) Some cotton plants grown by farmers are known as 'Bt cotton'. 2

b)What is the advantage of this cotton plant?
c)How did scientists achieve this?
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a) What does Bt stand for?.
2) The bacillus is not killed even after the application of insecticidal protein
which is toxic. Comment.
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3) Bt toxins are insect group specific. The toxin is coded by a gene named cry.
How does the genes cry IAc differ from cry IAb?
4) Dr.Arun developed a vitamin A rich potato through his research on genetics.

a)What do you call such potato plants?
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b)Who can approve the validity and safety of introducing potato for public uses.
5)
Nematode specific genes.

Agro bacterium
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Host plant with nematode gene
ds RNA
C
i) What is this technique of pest control called?
ii) Specify a, b & c in the chart given.
1) A 4-year old girl suffered from ADA deficiency.
she was cured by inserting a correct gene into her.
b)In which cells are the genes introduced?
c) Name the vector used to introduce the gene?
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a)What is this process called?
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3 MARKS
3
2) Turmeric is being used as a traditional medicine by Indians for a long time.

The genetic material of this species was taken out of the country and a hybrid
a)Do you think it is an invention?
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variety created. This 'New' variety was claimed as an invention by them.
b)How could we have restricted the movement of this material?

c)What term is used for such an act?
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3) Indians have been producing and utilising basmati rice, turmeric, neem etc.
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how can they be protected from biopiracy? Who is authorized to amend the rule?
Chapter13. ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS

1) Most living organisms cannot survive at temperatures above 45c. How are
some microbes able to live in habitats with temperature beyond 100c?
2) An orchid plant is growing on a mango tree. How do you describe the

interaction between the orchid and the mango tree?
5) Cattle or goats never graze on weeds of calotropis. Give reasons.
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4) People living in higher altitudes have higher RBC count. Give reasons
1
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5) Two closely related species competing for the same resources cannot co-exist
1
6) What type of growth status the following pyramid represents
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indefinitely.State the principle which supports this phenomenon.
7) "Abingdon tortoise in Galapagos islands became extinct within a decade after

goats were introduced in that island". Can you cite the possible reason for the
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same? 1 2 MARKS
1) Study the graphical representation shown below and mention the
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conditions responsible for the curves a and b respectively. 2
2)
a) Which type of growth curve does it represent?
b) What do the notations represent in the above equation?

3) Kangaroo rats can survive in the absence of an external source of water. How
do they adapt themselves to such conditions?
4) Small animals are rarely found in Polar Regions. Give reasons.
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5) If a marine fish is placed in fresh water aquarium, will the fish be able to
survive?Why?
5) "Snow leopards are not found in Kerala forests and tuna fish are rarely found
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beyond tropical latitude in the ocean". Study the above two cases and states the
possible reasons for the same.
3 MARKS
1) Mr. Ram on a trip to Rohtang Pass Suddenly experienced heart Palpitations,

Nausea, fatigue etc on reaching the destination. Suggest the reasons for his
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sudden deterioration of health and also state Whether his body will withstand
this problem if he stays there for long and how?
2) Anand on a visit through an under the ocean aquarium found that many sea
anemones are attached to hermit crab shells, sucker fisher attached to the ventral
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surface of sharks and clown fish living among the sea anemones. He wondered
whether all these associations are of the same type; can you help him to arrive at
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the correct conclusion.
Chapter 14. ECOSYSTEM
1) How does the man made ecosystem differ from the natural ecosystem? 1
2)
Detritus contribute to the biogeochemical cycles, how? 1
3) Can temperature regulate the rate of decomposition how?
4) The detritus food chain and grazing food chain differ. How?
5) As succession proceeds the numbers and types of animals and decomposers

also change. How?
6) In burnt out Forests and flooded lands succession takes place faster. Why? 1
7) Sedimentary cycle is quite different from a gaseous cycle with respect to its
reservoir. Bring out the difference.
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2 marks
1) "Flow of energy is unidirectional but nutrient flow is in a cycle" Give reason2
2) "Decomposition is an oxygen requiring process" comment.
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3) Some organisms are called top carnivores. Why? Give some examples. 2
4) Given below is the primary hydrarch succession. Bring out the missing sere
2
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stages in the process
5) Given below is a simplified model of phosphorus cycle. Write down the

natural reservoir of phosphorus and also the processes that put in phosphorus to
the soil.
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3 marks
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1++
1) Both carbon and phosphorus cycles are biogeochemical cycles but they differ in three
aspects. List them.
2) Ecosystems should carry a hefty price tag for its various services. Enlist six of
3
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them.
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Chapter -15. BIODIVERSITY

1 marks
1) a) India has more than 50000 different strains of rice and 1000 varieties of
mangoes.
b) Western Ghats have a greater Amphibian diversity than the Eastern Ghats.
What do you infer from the above two statements?

2 marks
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1)
Identify a,b,c and d in the above pie diagram showing global biodiversity of
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plants.
2) Columbia located near the equator has nearly 1400 species of birds while new
york at 41 N has 105 species and Greenland at 71 N has only 56 species.
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Comment.
3) Would the extinction of one insect pollinator affect the ecosystem? Explain 2
4) The species diversity of plants is much less than that of animals. What could
be the
reason for this
and figure out
diversifications?
how animals achieved greater
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5) Seeds of different genetic strains are kept for long periods in seed banks.
Explain the conservative strategy involved in this process.
6) Amazon forests are regarded are "Lungs of the Planet". Why?
7) National parks come under 'in situ' conservation while Zoological parks under
'exsitu' conservation. comment.
8) There are 34 biodiversity hot spots in the world. What are the criteria of
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selection of such hot spots?
9) Lantana & Eichornia are examples of two weeds. How do they affect the
ecosystem?
2
3 marks
1) Biologists are not sure about how many prokaryotic species there might be.
Give reasons.
2) In an experiment, the slope of regression (z) is 0.2 and in another experiment

the value obtained is 1.2. Explain the two situations in respect of species area
relationships.
3) Would Western Ghats ecosystems be less functional if one of its tree frog
species is lost forever? Substantiate your answer in the light of hypothesis
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proposed by Paul Ehrlich.
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Chapter16. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

1 mark
1).A factory drains its waste water into a nearby lake. What will be its effect on
the lake after a few days?
2. The names of organisms in an aquatic food chain is given below. Give the
organism having the maximum concentration of DDT.
1
Large fish-Zooplankton-fish Eating birds- small fish-phytoplankton.
3)The central pollution control board observed that a thermal power plant is
emitting 80% of its particulate matter in the exhaust due to poor maintenance?
What could be the cause for this increase in % of particular matter?
1
4) The birds egg shells become thinner in an area where there is an excess
application of pesticides. Comment.
1
5) Motor vehicles with catalytic converter should use unleaded petrol. Why?1
6) Why should we be thankful to micro-organism present in domestic sewage?1
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2 marks
1) Vehicles are fitted with catalytic converters. Give reason
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2) It was observed that some of the aquatic birds population has been declining.
On analysis of the water in their habitat, high concentration of DDT was found
a) What caused the decline is birds population?
b) What is this phenomenon known as?
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3) A man had a B. class Benz which has a very good catalytic converter. On his
way the petrol was exhausted & he stopped at a petrol pump. The person at the
petrol pump had only leaded petrol. Out of necessity the man had to fill leaded
petrol in his car. 2
a) What is its impact on the catalytic activity of the converter?
b) Explain the impact on the environment.
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4) A person has inhaled air having particulate pollutants of size less than 2.5
micrometers in diameter. What could be the impact of their pollutants on his
respiratory system?
2
5) Mention the green house gases & their proportion in the pie diagram given
below.2
6) A farmer saw water in a pond turned green & with dead fishes.
a) What is the reason for the death of fishes?
b) Name the phenomenon that leads to the death of fishes.
7) (Fig 16.3 pg No. 274-biology text book for class xii)
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In the above graph what does A & B depict?
8) The application of DDT for a long period resulted in the elimination of bird
species from a locality. How does it happen? Explain.
2
9) Identify the wrong pair/s and correct it.
3 marks
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a) Chernobyl incident-Radio active waste

b) Snow blindness cataract- High dose of CFC
c) Chipko movement- Save trees
d) Polyblend-Solves air pollution.
10) Dumping waste in landfills is not a real solution for disposing wastes. Why?
2
11) Ramesh collected water samples on his boat-trip downstream along a river.
On analysis it was observed that the dissolved oxygen content reduced initially
and later increased gradually. Can you help him plot a graph on concentration of
DO & BOD downstream?
2
1) Many coastal areas may get submerged due to the environmental changes
taking place at the present rate. Give the cause, and state two measures to check
it.
3
2) Integrated organic forming is a cyclical zero waste procedure. Justify. 3
3) Ecosan toilets are a hygienic, efficient and cost effective solution to the
disposal of human wastes. Justify.
3
5 marks
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1) Observe the following figure carefully and answer the questions that follow.
2+2+1=5
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a) Label the parts A, B, C & D
b) What are the steps involved in the removal of particulate matter?
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c) How is it different from scrubber?
ANSWERS:1. REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS
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1) Monozygotic twins develop from a single zygote. In rest of the individuals,

the zygote develops directly into an individual.
2) Water hyacinth. It grows in abundance as result oxygen depletion occurs.
3) Bamboo.
4) A- Penicillium 1. Conidia
B-Sponge
2. Gemmules
5) Its shows mass flowering of Strobilanthus kunthaiana.
6) Man is an advanced animal, with more reproductive capacity.

7) Papaya and date are dioecious plants.
8) Male gametes are motile in nature and they are destroyed.
9) S- Seed, P-Protective pericarp.
11) A-Eyes
b) Post-fertilization
B-Germinating eye bud
c) Embryogenesis
Type-Tuber
12) (i) It is a modified stem and has nodes, internodes and bud.
(ii) Cell division and cell differentiation.
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13. Man is a placental animal having adaptation to give birth.
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10) a) Pre-fertilization
14. i)Embryogenesis ii)cell differention and organogenesis

15) Parts of fig-X-Archegoniopore
Y-Antheridiophore
a- Female thallus of marchantia
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B-Male thallus of marchantia.
16) Dogs and cats are seasonal breeders having heat period during which
ovulation takes place but human females have this cycle every month.
17) Both the reproductive organs stamens and pistils are present in the same
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flower close to each other but in unisexual flower they are present in two
different flowers.
ii) Pollination
18) Yes, since all the organisms are exactly similar to the parents.
19) The figure indicates part of female cockroach, name of the part- ovary.
20) Gametogenesis, fertilization, zygote embryogenesis.
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Gametes will be diploid.
Answers 2: Sexual Reproduction In Plants
1) Yes, sporopollenin is present in exine

which is not digested by enzymes.
2) They take food from cotyledons
3) outer most- Epidermis
Endothecium
Middle layer
Inner most.
Tapetum
4) A. vacuoles
B. Nucleus
Development of pollen grain
5) (i) Pollination
6) Embryo - 28
Endosperm - 42
7) (a) MMC under goes meiotic division to form microspores.
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(b) (i) Male gametes-20
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(ii) Geitonogamy
(ii) Female gamets-5

8) (a) Microsporogenesis
(b) Pollen grain tetrad.
the developing embryo.
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9) Zygote divides only after the formation of endosperm because endosperm nourishes
10) Synergids have filiform apparatus at the micropylar end which guides pollen tube
into the egg apparatus, otherwise pollen tube may not enter to embryo sac, no
fertilization.
11) Emasculation followed by artificial pollination, i.e. Pollens of selected plants have
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to be dusted on the stigma before bagging the flower.

12) By Wind
(i) Pollen grains are dry, light, produced in large quantity

(ii) stigma is hairy and feathery
13) (a) Black pepper and beet
(b) Perisperm
14) Orange, lemon, watermelon, Guava etc.

These seedless fruits are economically important
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Commercially viable for horticulturists.

15)
(a) 34
(b) 34
(c) 24
(d) 24
(e) 24
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Answers -3. Human Reproduction
One mark
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1. Morula
2. Colostrum
Two mark questions:
1. a) Primary spermatocytes
b) Spermatids
2. The pH is not suitable for fertilization in uterus.

3. Mitochondria
It produces energy for the movement of tail that facilitates sperm motility
essential for fertilization.
4. In the absence of fertilization corpus luteum degenerates. This causes
disintegration of endometrium leading to menstruation.
Three marks
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1. During fertilisation a sperm comes in contact with Zona pellucida layer of the
ovum & induces change in the membrane that block entry of additional sperms.
Thus it ensures single sperm entry.
Uterus is made of three tissue layers______
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2. Uterus
a) External thin membranous layer__Perimetrium
b) Middle thick layer of smooth muscle__Myometrium

c) Inner glandular layer__Endometrium.
undergoes cyclic changes during menstrual cycle.
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Endometrial layer
Myometrium exhibits strong contraction during delivery of the baby.

3) The inner cell mass of embryo differentiates into
i) Outer layer----Ectoderm
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ii) Inner layer----endoderm
iii) Middle layer----Mesoderm
These three layers give rise to all tissues (organs) in adults.
4.a). Nipple
b). Ampulla
c). Fat
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Five marks
1. a) complete nuero-endocrine mechanism

b) Oxytocin acts on uterine muscle for stronger contraction
c) To ensure the fusion of one sperm
d) Seminal plasma is a liquid medium which helps the sperm to move &
nourishes it.
e) The movement of sperm and ovum does not occur simultaneously many
times.
2. The belief is totally wrong.

It is the probability of X or Y chromosome combination that decides the sex of
the child.
Detail in page 52 of NCERT class xii (sex determination)
Chromosome Y decides the sex.
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3. a) Mons pubis
b) Fimbriae
c) Myometrium
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d) Seminal plasma
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e) Chorionic villi
chapter-4. Reproductive Health

Answers
1 MARK
1. Assisted reproductive technologies(ART)
2. 8-celled stage
3.
Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)
4.Periodic obstience or coitus interruptus
5. Amniocentesis
6. Pills (Progestogen-estrogen combination.)or Progestogen

2 MARKS
1. a) Ovulation does not take place
b) Lactational amenorrhea.
1+1
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2. a-In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer

b-Z.I.F.T
c- GIFT
3.a) Condom
b) Latex/rubber
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3MARKS
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d-Intra uterine insemination
1. Implants
Functions
1+1+1
i) They contain progestogens or progestogen. estrogen combination
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ii) They inhibit ovulation and implantation of embryo to the uterine wall.
.
5. Principles of Inheritance & Variation
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ANSWERS:
2 Marks
1)
2 ) It is a back cross. The genotype of yellow seed is Yy.

3 Marks
1) The trait is autosomal dominant. The dark circle character is on autosomal

dominant character in the heterozygous condition. The progeny is 1:1
2)
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o A
O
B AB BO
O AO OO
5 Marks
1.i) Incomplete dominance.
Genotype F2 = 1RR : 2 Rr : 1rr
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ii) Genotype F1 = Rr
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3. i)More the recombination frequency percentage more recombinants

varieties..ii) linkage.
iii) Phenotypic ratio Red : Pink : White

1: 2
Rr
rr
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iv) F1
: 1
1 RR- Red
2 Rr-Pink
1 rr-White
6: Molecular Basis of inheritance
ANSWERS:
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1) Lysine and Arginine.
2) It hydrolyses lactose into galactose and glucose.

3) The polarity 3'-5' determines the template strand and 5'-3' and determines
coding strand.
4) Template strand only is involved in transcription.
5) All the reference point is made with coding strand.
6) Expressed sequence Tags is one of the methodologies involved in Human

Genome project.
7) Small peaks are referred as satellite DNA.
8) A sample of hair follicle or bone.
9) Dystrophin-2.4 million bases.
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10) PCR/DNA finger printing

11) Z-gene can not produce beta-galactosidose. Hint- NCERT-page 116& 117
12) Sickle cell anemia, glutamate to valine
13) i) A- Methionine, B-.t-RNA ii) Transcription
hint:-NCERT Page-114
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NCERT page -113
14) i) the initiating and terminating codon changed.

hint-NCERT page 115.
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ii) AUG as initiating codon, UGA- terminating codon.
15) A-Hydrogen bond between base pairs. B-Phosphate and sugar bonds. CBond between
sugar and basis
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hint:-NCERT page-96
16) The biological father can be identified by DNA finger printing technique.
( NCERT TEXT BOOK - page 121)
No. of base pair in Mammalian cell =
No. of Nucleosome
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Base pairs in one nucleosome

66x10
200
Nucleosome
18) i) A-leading strand
B-lagging strand.
ii) DNA- replication

iii) S-phase of the cell cycle.
3.3x10
Hint:- NCERT page 107

19)
ii) The shaded parts are introns and un shaded parts are exons.
iii) The primary RNA script undergoes splicing, in this process, the introns are
removed exons are joined together to form m-RNA.
splicing, the entire
20)
DNA is transcribed into RNA.
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iv) In prokaryotes, the information is continuous and there is no need for
i) E. coli, The figure illustrate conjugation between Hfr cell and F cell, in which
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a portion of donor DNA has come into the recipient (F~cell). The conjugation bridge
last only for a short period before the entire DNA move into the recipient, it breaks. It
will be incorporated into recipient DNA by replacing an equivalent segment.
ii)it is one of the method by which genetic recombination is effected is bacterial

iii) Hfr cell is the male (donor).
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iv)
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cell.
Answers-7-EVOLUTION
1) i) Average single- stabilizing selection

ii) Directional selection
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iii) Darwin
2) i)White winged moths disappeared as they were eaten up by predator.

ii) This change was due to darkening of trees bark on which moth lived due to
industrial pollution. Moths could not camouflage and are thus eaten up by
predators.
iii) Lichens
3) i) Homologous
ii) Homologous
iii) Analogous
iv) Analagous
v) Homologous
4)Vertebrates
Geological Periods
Carboniferous
Dinosaurs
- (Extinct)
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5) a) Dryopithecus b) Australopithecus c) Homo erectus
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Therapsidus
6)Evolution of beaks of finches that Darwin found.Refer NCERT text book page
133 Fig 7.5.
7) Five factors are known to affect Hardy- Weinberg's equilibrium

b) Genetic drift
c) Mutation
d) Genetic Recombination
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a) Gene migration/ gene flow
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8) Hints- page-no133.NCERT Textbook for class XII
CH-8Human Health and Diseases
ANSWERS:
1. i) Pneumonia ii) Streptococcus pneumonia
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2. Common cold
Rhino virus
3. By the introduction of the mosquito larvae feeding fish Gambusia

4. Because they require human blood protein for the production of egg.
5. A. Ring worm
B. Wuchereria sps.
C.Entamoeba histolytica
D.Malignant malaria
6. Because of the protected environment provided early in life and due to

exposure to high level of pollution.
7. Passive immunity
8. Secretion of Histamine & Serotonin by mast cells
Antihistamine, Adrenalin, steroid
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9. i) AIDS
II) ELISA
III) His T-Lymphocytes were destroyed
ii) LSD, cocaine
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10. i) Hallucination
iii) Erythroxylum coca/Atropa belladona/Datura sps.
11. a)Viral RNA enters macrophages
b) Reverse transcriptase
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c) HIV viral particles
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d) T-Lymphocytes.
CH-9-STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT INFOOD PRODUCTION

ANSWERS:
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One mark:-
1) Inbreeding depression
2) It is free of virus
3).Embryo Transfer technology
4) Because there is limited availability of disease resistance genes in the crop plants &
their wild relatives.
5)the best available local cultivar
6) To produce pure or inbred lines, so that there will be no segregation of characters in

the progeny.
7). Bilkaneri ewes & Marino rams
8). Tryptophan & lysine
9). Yellow mosaic virus, Abelmoschus esculentus
10). Morphological, physiological & biochemical
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11). Resistant to water stress.
Two marks
2) Morphological, physiological & biochemical
3) a. Increased food production (Wheat & paddy)

b. Increased fish production
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4) a. Germ plasm collection
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1)Yellow mosaic virus, Abelmoschus esculentus
b. Cross Hybridization
c. To select and test the hybrid for the desired character combination for
success of breeding objective.
d. Obtained hybrid is evaluated in the crop field and is compared with the
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local crop cultivar.
5) Outcrossing is the practice of mating animals of the same breed that have no
common ancestors on either side of their pedigree upto 4-6 generations whereas
cross breeding is the cross of one with superior females of another breed.
6) It was created by transferring gene for resistance to yellow mosaic
virus(YMV) in bhindi from a wild species to
(Abelmoschus esculentus.)
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7) Pusa Gaurav and Pusa swarnim are mismatching pairs.

8). A)Himgiri B)Brassica
mosaic & leaf cure
Three marks:
1) This statement is true
c)Pusa shubhra
D) Chilli
E)Chilly
-it helps in selective breeding in animals.

-semen of a single bull can be used to impregnate several females.
-quality semen is available in preserved form all the
time at all places- Frozen semen can be exported or imported. It is the most
reliable method.
B-Cross hybridization among the selected parents.
C Selection and testing of superior recombinants.

3) i) b)
iii) c)
4) Correct order c) a) b)
Process-Multiple ovulation embryo transfer
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Advantage To increase herd size in short time.
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ii) a)
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2)A-Collection of variability
ANSWERSCH -10 MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE

1mark
1) Wine is produced without distillation and whisky and rum are produced by
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distillation of the fermented broth.
2) No, because, Antibiotics are needed to kill millions of microbes which cause
many deadly diseases like plague, whooping cough, dysphasia etc.
3) Bottled juices are clarified by the use of pectinases and proteases.
4) Prions are proteinaceous infecting agents.
5) Nucleopolyhedrovirus
6) Pest resistant cotton plant.
7) Optimum temperature is needed for the action of lacto bacillus and to convert
milk to curd. Bacteria becomes inactive at low temperature
8) Curd contains lactic acid bacteria which checks the growth of disease causing
microbes and protects the gastro intestinal tract
9) Cellular respiration/anaerobic respiration in bacteria produces CO2 gas which
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puffs up the dough

10) The nutritional quality of curd is improved by Lactic acid bacteria by
increasing vitamin B12
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11) The rumen of cattle contains methanogens which help in the digestion of
cellulose but these bacteria are not present in human stomach
12) Antibiotics may kill even the useful bacteria present in the digestive tract
LAB will protect some microbes in the digestive tract and enhance the
production of vitamin B12.
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13) Some microbes produce enzymes like lipases which help in removing oil
stain when used in detergent formulation.
14) Some microbes mainly methanogens release large quantities of methane

along with CO2 and H2S during metabolism and these gases are used for the
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production of biogas which is a good source of energy

15) The large holes on 'Swiss cheese' are due to production of large amount of
CO2 during fermentation by the bacteria Propionibacterium sharmani.
16. To determine pollution it helps. More organic waste BOD increases.
17. Bottle fruit juices are treated with the yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae.
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18.i) Coagulation
ii) Lactic acid produced by LAB coagulate and partially digest the milk protein.
19. Wine & Beer is produced without distillation. Whisky & brandy are
produced by distilliation.
20.. Thermoacidophils. This bacterial Enzyme is resistant to high tem.
21. streptokinase is aclot buster for removing the blood clots from blood
vessels.Bio molecules are produced from Steptococcus Bacteria.
22. Bread and cheese have large holes due to production of Large amount of
CO2.
2 marks
1) The microbial culture containing anabaena, Oscillatoria or Nostoc. They act
as biofertilizer by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and thereby
increasing the soil fertility
2) The plant roots which are infected by fungi form symbiotic association with
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them and the fungi help the plant to absorb phosphorus from the soil and the
plant becomes resistant to salinity and drought thus this symbiotic association
3) The proper sequence is c-e-b-a-f-d
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called mycorrhiza help in the development of the plant.
4) A small portion of the activated sludge containing bacteria is pumped back

into the aeration tank to act as inoculums.
5) x-gas holder, y-Digester.
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6) Statin produced by Monascus purpureus competitively inhibit the enzyme

responsible for synthesizing cholesterol
7) i) Citric acid
ii) saccharomyces cerevisiae
iii) Trichoderma Polysporum
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iv) Acetobacter aceti

v) Statin
vi)Streptokinas
3marks
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Ans 1 I) Baculo viruses attack the specific insects & arthropods. They have no
negative impact on plants, birds, mammals or even other non-target insects.
The desirable aspect is conservation of beneficial insects.
Organic farming uses biopesticides & biofertilizers. Baculo viruses are used as
good biopesricides.
Ans 2. I) Free living fugi Trichoderma used as biocontrol agent.
ii) Symbolic fungi Glomus helps in absorbtion of nutrients from soil.
iii) Freeliving bacteria Azotobactor helps in increasing yield by fixing
atmospheric N2 & making it available to the plants.
(Marks 5)
Ans 1. I) Chemical fertilizers causes environmental pollution.
ii) It decreases the fertility and productivity of the soil.
iii) Framing with chemical fertilizers is expensive.
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Organic farming uses biopesticides and biofertilizers.

i)Biopesticides a) Baculo viruses attack harmful insects.
b) Bacillus thuringiensis introduced in crop field. (These
bacteria are available sackets as dried spores) which are mixed with water &
spread over vulnerable plants.
ii) Biofertilizers a) Cyano bacteria are used in crop field to increase the fertility
of soil.
b) Azolla is used in crop field which is decomposed & increases
the fertility of soil.
Ans 2. I) A- 20 mg /L Secondary effluent
B 8 mg/L River water
C 400 mg/L Untreated sewage water
ii) Bioreactor
iii)
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iv) Role of polymerase DNA polymerase is an enzyme used to make copies

of DNA making use of the genomic template DNA and the primer.
CH 11-BIOTECHNOLOGY-PRINCIPLES & PROCESSES
ANSWERS:
1 mark
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1 They cut DNA molecules at specific sites and then fragment

2 a- non recombinat b. recembinqat
3 Bacteria Thermus aquaticus: Taq polymerase: During Denaturation in PCR
high temperature is required and thermostable DNA polymerase remains stable in
that high temperature.
4 crossing over occurs in this phase helps to produce recombinants.
5 I n Eukaryotes, normal endonuclease attach with special proteins, like initiator,
terminator, Snrbs etc. to perform their functions.
6 .Restriction Endonuclease enzyme.
7 .PCR, Annealing.
G
C
A
T
A
T
T
A
T
A
C
G
8.
5
3Enzyme-ECORI
2 MARKS
1) No, when cut with the same restriction enzyme, only the resultant DNA
DNA ligases.
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fragments have the same sticky ends and these can be joined together using
2) Presence of more than one recognition sites within the vector will generate
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several fragments, which will complicate gene cloning.
1. These are enzymes called restriction enzyme found in bacteria and are used to
cut pieces of DNA
2. These are organisms that are used to transfer a gene of interest to a host. Eg:
plasmid, virus, and bacteria.
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3. The palindrome in DNA is a sequence of base pains that read same on the two strands
when orientation of reading is kept same. E.g.
5 GAATTC 3
3 CTTAAG 5
4.
rDNA
5(a) Agrose.
(b) Sea weed-Gelidium sp.
6(a) pbr 322, it is a plasmid-vector; others restriction enzymes in the plasmid.
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(b) gene-gun- it is a device used for direct introduction of a gene in a host cell.
7 Lysosome -fungi,.(lysozyme is the enzyme to related to bacteria and not fungi)
8. (a) added to precipitate the purified DNA to isolate it.
(b) microinjection- to inject the foreign gene into a host cell, directly.
( c) set up to culture large volumes of transgenic bacteria to get large quantities of
the product protein.
(d) plasmid- the vector to transform a foreign gene.
9. Yes, r-DNA = plasmid(vector) + foreign DNA
r-protein is the product of transgenic gene in the host body /cell.
Bi
5MARKS
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1.(a) gene therapy

(b) amplification
RNA interference
(d) palindronic sequence
(e)transposones
(f) DNA replication
2. (a) tag polymerase (DNA polymerase )
(b) primase
(c) lysozyme
(d) topoisomerse
(e)RNA- polymersease
(f) DNA ligase
3 (a) Linking a foreign DNA with a plasmid(vector)
(b) DNA formed by a RNA by Reverse Transciption.
(c) ds RNA- complementary RNA
4.E.coli cloning vector
(a) ori (b) rop (c) ECOR I (d) ampR (e) tetR
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3 MARKS.
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.1. (a) Insertional inactivation

In this recombinants & non recombinants are differentiated on the basis of the ability to
produce colour in the presence of a chromosomic substrate In this, a rDNA is inserted
in an enzyme galactosidase leads to inactivation of the enzyme which does not
produce colour due to insertion.
(b)
(i) Host cells are incubated with rDNA on ice.
(ii) Followed by placing them briefly at 410C heat.
(iii) Then transforming them back on ice.
This enables the host cells (bacteria) to take up the rDNA.
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CHAPTER 12 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPICATIONS
ANSWERS: 1mark
1.Genetically engineered crop based agriculture.
2.By genetic modification
3.To supply alternative resources to industries in the form of starch, fuels,
pharmaceuticals etc.
2 marks
1.a) Bt- Bacillus thuringiensis

b) pest resistant
c)By genetic modification/cloning
2.It is in the form of inactive protoxin.
3Cry I Ac- Controls the cotton Bollworms
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Cry I Ab- Controls corn borer

4.a. G M Potato
b. GEAC
ii) a)sense RNA
b) Anti sense RNA
c) Silencing The m-RNA
3 marks
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1.a) Gene therapy
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5.i) RNA interference
b)Lymphocytes
c)Retrovirus
2. a.No
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b. By getting a patent
c. Biopiracy.
3.ThroughIndianPatentBill
Indian Parliament.
ANSWERS:CHAPTER 13 -ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS
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1) Microbes posses physiological and biochemical adaptations which allow them

to live in habitats with temperature exceeding. 100c. There are branched chain
lipids in the cell membrane and special resistant enzymes which deal with high
temperatures.
2) Commensalisms, In this interaction the orchid is benefitted on attaining the

support where as ,mango tree is neither benefitted nor harmed.
+
3) Due to low atmospheric pressure at higher attitudes body compensates low

oxygen availability by increasing red blood cell production, decreasing the
binding affinity of hemoglobin and by increasing breathing rate.
4) The plant produces highly poisonous cardiac glycosides.
1
1
5) Gause's competitive exclusion principle
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6) Declining population.
7) Goats have greater browsing efficiency and hence the tortoises died of lack of
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food. 1
2 marks
1) Curve 'a' represents exponential growth where the resources are not limiting
the growth.
growth
2)a) Logistic growth curve
Bi
b) Curve 'b' represents logistic growth where the resources are limiting the
b) N= population density at-time 't'
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r=Intrinsic rate of increase

K= carrying capacity
3) Kangaroo rat is capable of meeting all its water requirement through its
internal fat
oxidation in which water is a by -product. It has the ability to
concentrate urine.
1+1
4) Smaller animals tend to lose more body heat due to large surface area relative
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to their volume. Therefore, they have to spend more energy to generate body
heat.
1+1
5) No, it will not survive in fresh water aquarium because of osmotic problem it
would face.
6) Change in temperature from their established habitats affects the kinetics of
the enzymes and through it the basal metabolism, activity and other
physiological functions of the organism.
1+1
3 marks
1) Atmospheric pressure in Rohtang pass, which is at high altitude, is low and
hence the body does not get enough oxygen. Ram is suffering from altitude
sickness.
1+1
If he stays for long the following change will occur in the body and he will
1
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become acclimatised to the conditions.

a)RBC production increases
b) Breathing rate increases
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c) Binding capacity of hemoglobin decreases.
2) a) Relation between sea anemones and hermit crab is mutualism since sea
anemones
protects the hermit crab and crab provides bits of food to sea
anemone, thus both benefitted.
b) Relation between shark and suckerfish is commensalisms because only
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sucker fish gets food and is benefitted while shark is neither harmed nor
benefitted.
c) Relation between sea anemone and clown fish is also commensalism since
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only the fish gets protection from predators.
CHAPTER 14-ECOSYSTEM
1) Man made ecosystem
Natural ecosystem
Under regular control
not under the control of man
And monitored by man
2) By the decomposition of detritus, the simple minerals are released into the
atmosphere & from there it come back to the earth.
3) High temperature favours decomposition and low temperature inhibits
decomposition
.4) Detritus food chain begins from the dead and decaying matter while grazing
gy
food chain starts from the green plants(Producers).

5) Vegetation changes in turn change the food and shelter for various types of
animals. As a result the foresaid changes happen.
is no need for soil to be formed.
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6) In burnt out forests and flooded lands some soil or sediment is present. There
7) The reservoir of gaseous cycle exists in the atmosphere and for the
sedimentary cycle it is located in earth's crust
2 marks
Bi
1) Energy flow is always from the sun to 'producers' and to the different trophic
levels. so it is unidirectional. But the nutrients are moving from the living to
non-living and vice-versa.
2) Detritus is rich in nitrogen and sugars. For oxidation of nitrogen and sugars
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oxygen is required by a class of aerobic microbes.

3) Top carnivores do not have direct predators. so they are referred to as top
carnivores
eg: Man, Lion, Tiger etc.
4) A-Submerged plant stage, B-Reed swamp stage

C-scrub stage, D-Forest
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5) A. Rock minerals B. Weathering C. Decomposition

3 marks
1) CARBON CYCLE
1. Reservoir exists in atmosphere
2. Considerable inputs of carbon
through rain fall.

through rainfall.
PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
1.Reservoir exists in earth's crust
2.Negligible inputs of phosphorus
3. Evident gaseous exchange between
3.Gaseous exchange between
Organism and
organism and environment takes place
environment is extremely
negligible.
2) 1. Purify air and water
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2. Mitigate droughts and floods

3. cycle nutrients
4. Generate fertile soils
6. Pollinate flowers
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5. Provide wide life habitat
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7. Provide aesthetic, cultural and spiritual values
CHAPTER 15 BIODIVERSITY
1 mark
1)
a) Genetic diversity
b) Species diversity
2 marks
1)
a) Angiosperms
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b) Algae
c) Fungi
d) Mosses
Biodiversity decreases as latitude increases .
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2) Latitudinal gradients in biodiversity.

Biodiversity decreases as one move from tropics to equator.]
3) Yes,
It may lead to co-extinction of species
Bi
In the case of a co-evolved plant-Pollinator
Mutualism where extinction of one invariably

Leads to the extinction of the other
4)
Animals have greater mobility
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Animals migrate to different environmental conditions and undergo
adaptation
5) Ex-situ conservation
They are preserved in viable and fertile condition for long periods using
cryopresrvation techniques.
6) Amazon forests have the greatest biodiversity in the world and harbour a large
number of
plant species which
release large amount of oxygen into the
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atmosphere.
7) National parks- in situ- It is the practice of protecting the endangered species

in their natural habitats either by protecting or by defending the species from
predators.
Zoological parks- ex situ- the threatened species are taken out from their natural
habitat and placed in special setting and given protection and special care.
8)
i) High level of species richness
ii) High degree of endemism

9.These are examples of Alien species invasions. They threaten the indigenous
species & lead to their extinction.
3marks
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1) i)The conventional taxonomic methods are not sufficient for identifying these
microbial species
ii)Many of the species cannot be cultured under laboratory conditions.
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iii) Biochemical and molecular biology techniques would put their diversity
into millions.
2) 0.2 is obtained in studies regardless of the taxonomic group or the region

like the entire continents.
Bi
1.2 is obtained if species area relationship is analysed among very large areas
3) According to the hypothesis proposed by Paul Ehrlich the "vivet popper
hypothesis" each species is essential in the balance of nature. If one is lost that
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much imbalance is caused in the ecosystem.
CHAPTER 16 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
ANSWERS:1 mark
1) Eutrophication due to growth of algal bloom.

2) Fish-eating birds
1
1
3) Poor maintenance of the electrostatic Precipitator.
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4) High concentration of DDT disturb calcium metabolism in birds which

causes thinning of egg shell.
1
5) Lead inactivates catalyst
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6) Microorganism present in domestic sewage break down organic substances

present in the sewage.
1
2 marks
Bi
1) Catalytic converter has platinum palladium and rhodium as catalyst to reduce

emission of poisonous gases. As the exhaust passes through the converter
unburnt hydrocarbon are converted into CO2 and water and carbon monoxide;
nitric oxide are changed in to CO2 and nitrogen gas.
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2) a) DDT in the body interferes with the calcium metabolism, resulting in

thinning of egg shell & their premature breaking ultimately leading to a decline
is bird population
1+1
b) Biomagnification
3) a) Lead in the petrol inactivates the catalyst
1+1
b)Unburnt hydrocarbons are released which increases the air pollution.
4)Particulate pollutants inhaled deep into the lungs cause irritation,
inflammation, damage to the lungs, & premature death.
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5) a = CO2 = 60%
b = methane = 20%
c = CFC'S = 14%
d-N2O = 06%
6) a) Algal bloom resulting in depletion of oxygen
x4=2
1+
b) Eutrophication.
7) A-BOD
1+1
B-Dissolved oxygen
8) Bio magnification - (accumulation of DDT in the body of bird) disturbs the
metabolism of calcium - thin egg shell
-Premature hatching - decline in population

9) b-snow blindness cataract-High dose of UV-B
D-Polyblend-solve plastic pollution.
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gy
10) a) The amount of garbage generation specially in the metros has increased so
much that
these sites are getting filled too.
b) Also there is a damage of seepage of chemicals etc from these land fills
polluting the underground water resources
11) P.NO 274 fig 16.3
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3 marks
1) Global warming due to the increase in conc. of green house gases
It can be checked by. (Any 2)
i) Growing more trees (afforestation)
ii) Reduce the use of fossil Fuel
iii) Prevent deforestation
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2) Integrated organic farming is a cyclical zero waste procedure_

a) Waste products from one process are cycled in as nutrients for the
other process.
b) There is no need for chemical fertilizers as cattle excreta are used as
manure.
c) Crop waste is used to create compost, which is used as manure to
generate
electricity.
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3) Human excreta are also recycled into manure which reduces the use of
chemical fertilizers.
5marks
1) A) a- collection plate
c-discharge corona
bd-Clean air
Dirty air
2
B) i) The electrode wires are maintained in several thousand volts, which

produces corona
that releases electron.
1
ii) Those electrons attach a dust giving negative charge.
iii) The collecting plates attract the charged dust particles
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gy
C) The electrostatic precipitator removes the particulate matter where as the

scrubber removes the gases like SO2.
1
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Rajkumar Biology: Reproduction in Organisms

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Chapter 1.

1) No two individuals, especially in mammals (except monozygotic twins) look

20) Arrange the following events in proper sequence:(a) Embryogenesis

food during germination?

5) Complete the flow chart.

8) (a) what is the process shown in the diagram given below?

(b)Name the structure at (a) of the figure given below

fruit would you select to induce parthenocarpy and why?

(b) White Kernal-2n

(a) Water inside the fruit-n

Chapter- 3-HUMAN REPRODUCTION

new born baby.

1) Fill in the boxes

4) Failure of fertilisation leads to menstruation. Explain.

a) Mechanism responsible for parturition.

d) Sperm cannot reach ovum without seminal plasma.

3. Furnish the technical term for the following:

a) Cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair in female

b) The finger like projections which collect ovum after ovulation

c) The middle thick layer/wall of uterus

e) The finger-like projections appearing on the trophoblast after

1. A large number of couples are said to be infertile. The couples could be

assisted to have children through certain special techniques. Name the

3. A woman's husband is infertile. So the lady has decided to have baby by

Suggest a method to prevent

5. A doctor has been observed the chromosomal disorders in developing foetus

6. What precautions a lady can take to prevent unwanted pregnancy?

i) Name the barrier

ii) Mention the composition of it.

1. During lactation chances of conception are almost zero.

(i) Give the reason

embryo with 8 blastomers

1. (a) Identify the given diagram. What it is used for?

available and prevent STD's.

Chapter 5. PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION

Fill in the gaps left in the table..

ii)Write the technical name of the cross.

1) In the following pedigree chart, state if the trait is autosomal dominant,

autosomal recessive or sex linked. Give a reason for your answer

3) In a hybrid cross the following recombination frequencies are observed, i.e.

F1 generation: All pink flowers

ii) Write the genotype of F1 and phenotype of F2 generation.

iii) What is the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of the F2 generation?

iv) With the help of a punnet square illustrate the result.

Chapter6: MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

2) What function does B-galoctosidase carry out?

4) Why only one mRNA is produced in transcription?

6) What are ESTs?

7) DNA is a polynucleotide characterised by two types of peaks. Which peak is

8) A criminal case of 10 years old was registered for investigation. What

the machinery of the operon if mutation occur in z-gene.

i) Identify the mistakes made by him in codons

17) If a nucleosome contain 200bps. How many nucleosome are there in a

i) Name fragment A) & B)

ii) Name the process of given diagram

19.Illustrate below in a DNA segment which constitute a gene.

i) Will the whole gene be transcribed in RNA primarily?

20) Given below schematic representation of two interacting bacterial cells.