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The Finite Element Method For The Analysis of Non-Linear and Dynamic Systems

This document discusses nonlinear finite element analysis methods. It introduces Newton's method for solving nonlinear finite element equations and describes how the tangent stiffness matrix is derived. It also discusses modified Newton-Raphson methods using constant or recalculated tangent stiffness matrices. The document notes that incremental loading analysis is needed and describes solving Newton-Raphson equations for incremental displacements and forces at each load step. Finally, it discusses the arc-length method for analyzing buckling and snap-through behaviors.

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Tarun Sachdeva
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
62 views

The Finite Element Method For The Analysis of Non-Linear and Dynamic Systems

This document discusses nonlinear finite element analysis methods. It introduces Newton's method for solving nonlinear finite element equations and describes how the tangent stiffness matrix is derived. It also discusses modified Newton-Raphson methods using constant or recalculated tangent stiffness matrices. The document notes that incremental loading analysis is needed and describes solving Newton-Raphson equations for incremental displacements and forces at each load step. Finally, it discusses the arc-length method for analyzing buckling and snap-through behaviors.

Uploaded by

Tarun Sachdeva
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Finite Element Method for the Analysis of

Non-Linear and Dynamic Systems


Prof. Dr. Eleni Chatzi
Lecture 3 - 13 October, 2014

Institute of Structural Engineering

Method of Finite Elements II

Newtons Method for FE


Lets start from the linear problem:
Physics of the problem Strong Form
Derive the Weak Form of the problem (integral equation)
Use Galerkins method (weight functions) to approximate the
solution
Implement the FE method:
- Shape Functions N i , i = 1 . . . #dofs
- Element Stiffness Matrices Ke , i = 1 . . . #elements
- Element Load Vectors f e , i = 1 . . . #elements
- Assemble the global stiffness and force vector K, F
Finally, solve the problem equation:
KU = F
to obtain the unknown displacement vector U.
Institute of Structural Engineering

Method of Finite Elements II

Newtons Method for FE


Linear Analysis assumptions:
For a linear elastic material, the material properties E , A, I are treated as
constants and can be moved outside of the relevant integrals:
Bar Element
L

Z
Kij =
0

dNi (x)
dNj (x)
AE
dx
dx
dx

Beam Element
Z
Kij =
0

d 2 Hj (x) d 2 Hi (x)
EI
dx
dx 2
dx 2

However, when the material is described by a nonlinear material law,


A, E , I may not be moved outside the integral and K inevitably is a
nonlinear function of the level of displacement U.
Institute of Structural Engineering

Method of Finite Elements II

Newtons Method for FE


Material Nonlinearity - General Equation
K(U)U = F
This requires the solution of a nonlinear equation. The Newton-Raphson
method can be implemented. In order to bring the problem in the form
f (x) = 0, we define the residual r(U):
r(U) = K(U)U F r(U) = 0
Then, the Newton iteration formula for a multiple-degree-of-freedom
(mdof) becomes:
Uk+1 = Uk T1 (Uk )r(Uk )
where, the tangent stiffness, T, is defined as:
dr(Uk )
dK(U)U F
=
|U=Uk
dU
dU
dK(Uk )
T(Uk ) = K(Uk ) +
Uk
dU
T(Uk ) =

Institute of Structural Engineering

Method of Finite Elements II

Modified Newton (Raphson) Method


Solution Process
The N-R method provides the solution of the problem equation at a given load
level F . Since, it may be computationally expensive to calculate the tangent
stiffness matrix, an alternative is to apply a Modified Newton-Raphson iteration
scheme where T is only calculated in the beginning of the analysis.

t+Dt

R
Standard NR
Modified NR

t+Dt

t+Dt

R
DU
t

DU

DU

t+Dt

t+Dt

t+Dt

t+Dt

A larger number of iterations might be required but there is not cost for
recalculating the stiffness - thus the overall time is significantly lower.
Institute of Structural Engineering

Method of Finite Elements II

Modified Newton (Raphson) Method


Solution Process
Implementation of the N-R method provides the displacement that would
correspond to a specific load level. In order to track the evolution of the
structures response as the load level evolves, one needs to perform an
incremental analysis, i.e., implement the load in sufficiently small increments
F (how
small?
- this
is to
be decided based on engineering judgment).
Incremental
Newton
- Raphson
Approach
In applying the load increments the Newton - Raphson method is applied for the minimization of the
residual where however the residual for each
F
Second Iteration
load increment is defined as:
F2
f=f2
F1 (=f1)

11

11

21

11
11

= 1
= 1

12

12

2 = 2
2

The N-R is implemented for every


load increment:
The stiffness
= matrix K, as well as the
tangent
matrix T, should be calculated
where , in lower case letters signify
and
quantitiesusing
measuredthe
from global
the final step ofdisplacement
the
previous load
increment.
force
values (U,F ), since their value
Importantdepends
Note: The stiffness
matrixactual
K, as well (global) state of
on the
as the tangent matrix T, should still be
the element.
calculated using the global displacement and
However,
the
Newton-Raphson
equation
force values
(, ) denoted
in capital
letters,
since theiris
value
dependsfor
on theeach
actual (global)
solved
load increment i:
state of the element.
F =fi =Kui , where ui ,fi denote
Thus, when implementing your code, you will
incremental quantities within each
need to introduce the local increment
quantitiesload
(, ) step.
when solving the Newton
Raphson equation for each load increment.

Also, a robust criterion


signifying
the termination
(terminationMethod
criterion)ofofFinite
the Newton
- Raphson
Institute
of Structural
Engineering
Elements
II

Special Considerations
The Standard Newton-Raphon methods perform poorly for bucking
problems, where the slope at limit points is exactly equal to 0

Standard solution techniques lead to instability near the limit points and
also present problems in case of snap-through and snap-back points, failing
to predict the complete load-displacement response.
How to solve this problem?
Institute of Structural Engineering

Method of Finite Elements II

Special Considerations
The Arc-Length Method for Nonlinear Post-Buckling
Also called the Modified Riks Method, originally developed by Riks (1972; 1979)
and Wempner (1971).
Control the size of the load
step using a parameter .
Solve for both and U in
each Newton iteration.

Assume F = independent of geometry. Then,


can be thought of as a normalized load
parameter and the residual is given by
r(U, ) = K(U)U F
The load increment is computed using
p
= s 2 Un2
where the reference arc length is
s02 =

Institute of Structural Engineering

F
nloadsteps

Method of Finite Elements II

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