SPM 2016 Exam Study Tips

SPM 2015 Bahasa Melayu Tips
SPM Bahasa Melayu
Paper 1
2 hr 15 min
Section A: Karangan Berpandukan Ransangan

Write an Essay based on the attached reference
Section B: Karangan Umum

Write an Essay based on one (1) of the five (5) choices given
Paper 2
2 hr 30 min
30 Marks
100 Marks
30 Marks
Question 1: Rumusan
Summarize the passage
Question 2: Pemahaman
Answer ALL comprehension-based questions
Question 3: Pengetahuan dan Kemahiran Bahasa
Answer ALL grammatical and vocabulary-based

questions.
35 Marks
30 Marks
Question 4: Novel
Answer ALL questions regarding Novels.
15 Marks
General Tips
Speak in Bahasa Melayu as this will help strengthen the command of the language.
Read more Bahasa Melayu novels and newspapers. You can also improve your
proficiency by reading Karangan books.
Learn a new peribahasa and simpulan bahasa every day from now till SPM. This will
help you score extra marks during essay writing.
Kertas 1
Bahagian A - Karangan Berpandukan Rangsangan:
Based on an analysis from Year 2007 - 2013, Karangan Berpandukan Rangsangan has
always been either on Gambar Foto/Ilustrasi or Gambar Rajah. Familiarize yourself
with such formats.
Read the question carefully; focus your essay content on the bolded words to avoid
being terpesong.
Be careful to not write anything below 200 words as this might put you at a
disadvantage.
Anything around 220 to 500 words will be good. Spend more time on the next question
instead.
Write one (1) Pendahuluan, three (3) Isi and (1) Penutup. There should be 3 points
given in the diagram. If there is lesser, you will need to come up with the remainder
point. If there is more points, you will need to combine certain points as one point.
Looking for a university and course to study?

Use UniDigest.com to compare university courses and apply for free.
Bahagian B - Karangan Umum:

Read the Questions carefully and underline the keywords of the Questions.
Pick the Question that you can come out with the most points for.
If the Essay requires you to write in a specific format, only pick that question if you are
familiar with the format.
Write between 600-1000 words.
More often than not, your format should always have one (1) Pendahuluan, four (4) Isi
and one (1) Penutup.
The best way to way to write an Isi is by elaborating the main points by giving further
examples.
Kertas 2
Soalan 1 - Rumusan:
Start by reading the question and focus on the bolded parts. There are 2 parts to the
bolded words which are the Isi Tersurat and Isi Tersirat.
From the passage, underline all points that fulfill the Isi Tersurat stated in the Question.
Come up with at least two (2) points that answers the Isi Tersirat stated in the Question.
These points are not in the passage and it requires you to think critically to get the
points.
You should answer in 4 paragraphs ; Pendahuluan, Isi Tersurat, Isi Tersirat, and
Penutup.

Start the first paragraph (Pendahuluan by Petikan membincangkan..... The Isi

Tersurat stated in the Question must be replaced with a synonym in the Pendahuluan.
Eg: Kesan-kesan merokok must be changed to Akibat merokok.
For the second paragraph (Isi Tersurat), paraphrase the points underlined in the
passage. Do not include the elaborations, only the main points are needed. Reminder
to not write the exact words, but to use as many synonyms as possible.
For the third paragraph (Isi Tersirat), write your own points. Do not overthink the points,
as long as the points make sense, they are good.
For the last paragraph (Penutup), just write a one-line general statement that looks
towards the future. Eg: Semua pihak perlu bekerjasama membanteras gejala sosial ini
supaya masyarakat akan sejahtera.
Soalan 2 - Pemahaman:
There are 4 sub-questions to this Question. The first sub-question is based on the
passage in Question 1. The other three sub-questions are based on KOMSAS.
To answer these questions, good understanding of KOMSAS is needed. There is not
much memorization needed as the KOMSAS excerpt will be given.
There will also be questions that requires you to give your own opinions and ideas.
Answer all questions in complete form and not point forms.
Soalan 3 - Pengetahuan dan Kemahiran Bahasa

There are 4 sub-questions to this Question.Sub-question 1 is on making sentences.
You are not allowed to add any imbuhan unless stated so.
Sub-question 2 to 4 is one correcting mistakes to the sentences. By practicing more,
you will get sharper in spotting the errors.
Sub-question 5 is related to peribahasa. There are a few main peribahasa that can v be
used in this sub-question or in the essays:
o Air beriak tanda tak dalam : Empty vessels make the most noise o Alang-alang
menyeluk pekasam, biar sampai ke pangkal lengan : If you are doing something,
do it to your best efforts and get some rewards from it. o Bagai cendawan tumbuh
selepas hujan : Too much of something at a time period.
o Bagai cincin dengan permata : A pair that matches o Bagai layang-layang
putus tali : Someone that has lost faith and hope. o Bagai menatang minyak
yang penuh : Nurturing someone and bringing
them up with lots of love.

o Bagai minyak dengan air : Two people that cannot mix or see eye-to-eye. o
Bagai murai dicabut ekor : Someone who loves to talk. o Bagaimana acuan
begitulah kuihnya : A child takes after whoever who brings him up.
o Baik membawa resmi padi daripada resmi lalang : Its good to be humble. o Berat
mata memandang berat lagi bahu memikul : The biggest suffer is on the person
who is experiencing it.
Soalan 4 - Novels
The novels asked in this question are novels from Form 4 and Form 5.
Read up on the tema, persoalan, sinopsis, nilai murni and read the full novels at least
twice.
SPM BAHASA INGGERIS
Paper 1
1 hr 45 min
Section A: Directed Writing
1 Question
Section B: Continuous Writing

Choose 1 Question from 5 Questions
Paper 2
2 hr 15 min
Section A: Objective
Graphic Stimuli & Short Text

o 8 Questions
Cloze Passage
o 7 Questions
Section B: Information Transfer
10 Questions
Section C: Reading Comprehension
Long Texts with open ended questions

o 5 Questions
Summary Writing
o 1 Questions
Section D: Literature Component

Structured Response
o 1 Question on Poems
Personal Response
o 1 Question on Novels
Paper 1
Section A: Directed
Writing General Tips
Read the question properly and jot down some points before begin writing.

35 Marks
50 Marks
15 Marks
10 Marks
10 Marks
15 Marks
5 Marks
15 Marks
Allocate only 45 minutes on this section. You may want to time yourself by
dividing your time based on the paragraph. Theres no point dwelling on
this section more than 45 minutes because the maximum score is just 35
marks.
Ensure that your essay format is correct as the format gives you 15 marks.
Use all the points that are given and cross out the points that have have
already been used. You may elaborate in 1 or 2 sentences.
Try using a variety of sentences when you write this essay.
Each points can be elaborated in the form of examples, facts, figures and
other information.
Avoid grammatical, spelling and punctuation error. Re-read your essay after
you finish.
Common Mistakes
- Poor time management. If you spend too much time on this section, you will not
have enough time for the following question.
-
Long-winded essay. This section just require you to write a short and straight
to the point writing. The more you write, the more mistakes you will make.
You are not required to allocate 1 paragraph for 1 point. It can be too lengthy.
Informal languages. Avoid the usage of slang words such as guys, dudes,
contractions such as cant, dont.

Flowery words. You do not need to use too flowery or idiomatic words in this section.
Leave it to the following section of continuous writing.
Types of Essays
-
Formal Letter, Informal Letter, Speech/ Talk, Speech

You may want to learn up the common phrases or the sentence structure for
each type of essay. Example: (Informal Letter: I hope this letter finds you in
the pink (of health).

Section B: Continuous
Writing Guidelines
5 questions will be given. Usually 2 questions are argumentative/ factual essay,

2 are narrative/descriptive essay and 1 word-topic essay.
Choose the one that you are confident with.

To score in this section, your essay needs to be free from grammar error, variety
of sentence structure, wide vocabulary, relevant points, coherent in
paragraphing, well organise and the essay shows originality as well as
interesting.
Tips For Scoring Well
Excellent Grammar: know your past tense, past-participle, spelling and

punctuation
Variety of sentence structures: You can play around with active/passive voice.
You can structure a simple, complex, compound sentences depends on your
preference.
Wide Vocabulary: Use synonyms for the common words such as happy, you can
replace this word with delighted, joyful or hungry to famished.
Relevant points: Do ensure that you dont run out of topic when answering the
essay. Therefore, it is important that you jot down the points beforehand.

Coherent Paragraphs: The flow of your paragraphs need to be in smooth. Try

not to hop on to different points between the paragraphs. The marker will be
confuse.
Originality: Your story needs to be plotted well. It needs to have a climax that
can keep the readers attention. In other words, do not bore the marker.

Paper 2
Section A: Objective Questions
This part of the paper is also one of the easiest to score. Therefore, read carefully.
Stimuli & Graphic Materials
-
Basically this part of the paper is the easiest to score. If possible try to nail all the
questions right.
Do more practices from the revision books.
When answering, narrow down your answers by eliminating wrong options that are
given.
Rational Cloze
- Use the process of elimination to determine the right answer.
Section B:Information Transfer

-
Carefully analyse the material given in the paper.
When answering, try not to use your own words but you can copy exactly the same
from the material shown.
Your answer needs to be clear and precise. Avoid unnecessary details and writing
extra answers.
Most importantly, avoid spelling mistakes.
Section C: Reading Comprehension Long Text and Open Ended Question

- Read the questions and the passage carefully.
-
As you read the passage, you can underline which are the important facts.
If questions doesnt requires you to write down your own opinion, you may copy
directly from the passage.

If questions wants your person opinion, structure your answers carefully. Only write
down relevant and logic answers.

Your answer needs to be clear and precise. Avoid unnecessary details and writing
extra answers.
Most importantly, avoid spelling mistakes.
Summary Writing
-
Firstly, read the questions before you read the passage.
This will help you identify the important points that is needed from the questions.
Do underline when the points are identified.
Opening and Closing is not needed. This is a continuous writing, you should not
answer this section in point form.
Try identifying 10 points and omit the examples and elaborations.
Calculate your word count and ensure it doesn exceeds 130 words. Convert long
phrases to short sentences. This will reduce your word count. Do write your word
count below your answer.
Section D: Literature Writing (Poem)

Structure Response
-
For this part of the paper, try imagining yourself in the poet perspective.
You should translate the poem and simplified it to your own words.
Your answers can be short and precise.

Avoid spelling error.
Novel
-
Before exams, you should be very familiar on the novel and covered all the questions from
the revision books.
Usually the questions revolves around (Themes / Settings / Plot /

Characters / Moral values / Lessons). Therefore, you have to understand beforehand the
ins and outs of the novel.
When you write down the points, your answer should be related back to the novel.
Perhaps, you can related it to the character. This will show the marker you are able
to apply what youve understood from the novel.
Its advisable that you write 3 points of elaboration and 1 personal view. You may
write more than that but be careful not to write wrong points. Though marks will not
be deducted but it affects the markers impression on you understanding towards
the novel.
Your answers must be in full sentences. Structure your sentences in proper

grammar and avoid spelling mistakes.
SPM BAHASA CINA
Paper 1
1 hr 45 min
Section A: Practical Writing

Section B: Continuous Writing
30 Marks
70 Marks
Paper 2
2 hr 15 min
Section A: Modern Text Comprehension

Section B: Classical Text Comprehension
Section C: Idioms
65 Marks
25 Marks
10 Marks
Paper 1A
PREPARATION:
-
Remember formats of Formal Letters, Reports & Notice.

- Memorise sentences that are commonly used (refer to revision books & model
answers). Apply in your essay.
o Always apply the Important details: time, date, venue, objective,
invitation (included in the essay)

WHEN ANSWERING
- 2 questions - Only answer the the question that youre more confident at.
-
If 2 were answered, examiner will only mark the first essay.

Avoid: Informal Languages, Hanyu Pinyin,
Do refer back to the question when youre writing to avoid going off topic.
AFTER ANSWERING
-
Recheck your essay to detect any errors.
Take note on the word count. Max word count: 120 words. Remove unnecessary
sentences.
NOT TESTED IN THIS PAPER

- Conversation of text (?^).
- Report of meeting (#$iB^)
1B. Continuous Writing

-
5 types of questions will be given but choose only 1 that youre most confident at.
The main types of essay that is most popular in the exam are:
Factual (i&BJx),
Argumentative (.ix),
Narrative (iE#XX)
Descriptive (}H^X),
Sentimental (ff'IWx)
Be familiar with the types of essays and do memorise good sentences, opening
and closings. This will give your more points and impress the marker.
WHEN ANSWERING
-
Read the questions carefully. List down the important points beside the questions.
Gather your thoughts on what to write in the opening and body.
Factual/Argumentative Essay
6 paragraphs will be efficient (1 opening, 4 Body, 1 Closing)
Avoid 5 arguments as you will run out of time in your exam. Give you focus on the
4 main bodies and elaborate clearly on the topics. Give examples and only formal
language should be used.
Descriptive/ Sentimental/Narrative Essay.

5 Important Points to be taken note
Interesting Story, Clear, Detailed on the story, 5 or more paragraph depending on

the structure of your story, include some idioms or flowery sentences if you can
(gives you plus points)
General Topics
It can written as factual or descriptive essay as long as it is relevant to the question.
Do address the topic of the question in every paragraph.

Overall
Avoid grammatical error, wrong word. Do replace a new word if youre unsure on a
word. Do not write any hanyu pinyin. Always diversify your sentence structure.
Check your word count. You essay word count is advisable to be between 6001000 words.
Paper 2A.
Modern Text Comprehension
Summary (M^m)
-
Read the passages carefully. Underline the important and relevant points. Identify
the points but not the elaboration and examples.
The points given are between 16-18 points. If you are lacked of points to write in,
re-read the paragraph to get more points.
Convert the dialogues to text. Long sentences changed to shorter sentences and
phrases to lessen the word count. identify the similar words and combine it to the
same word. Do use sequence connector linking 2 or 3 points together. However, do
not overuse the connector as it becomes repetitive.
Lastly, do a word count check. If your word count is above 120, reduce
unnecessary sentences or words.
On the marking system, no points will be deducted if wrong points were writen.
Although no marks will not be given for your correct grammar but marks will be
deducted from grammatical error. Therefore, double check on your grammar and
the words use.
Comprehension (SM)
-
When tackling this part of the paper, read the questions first then only read the
passage/ poem. You need to understand in depth of the poem/passage.
Questions related to the passage, you may copy and paste directly from the
passage. For poem, you need to use your own words in deciphering the meaning
of the poem.
Questions that requires your opinion, communicate your points clearly. The
number of points that you should write down is depending on the marking scheme.
1 point might be given 1 or 2 marks.
Do take note that though you can pen down all the points but be careful to only
write acceptable answers as marks might be deducted if its irrelevant.
If the questions requires the exact number of answers. Only write down the
required number of answers. If you give extra, points may be deducted.
For Grammar (j;)

-
Type of word (i^^), phrase (^i^), components of sentences (^^^^v), compound

sentences (M^), language & style (f#S) and idioms (Min) will only be tested.
Familiarise yourself with the types of grammar stated.
Do refer on revision books and past year questions. Learn from the
examples given by these sources.
Classical Text Comprehension (%W%BM)

-
Questions will be based on 1 is Prose (^x) and 1 is Poem (^x). Youll be tested in
a form of Comprehension (MM) and Translation (1^).
Comprehension (SM)
-
When you revise, get yourself familiarized with the common used traditional words.
Go through the glossary that will be given in the exam. translate the classical textword-by-word to modern text. To avoid wasting time, do skip sentences that arent
familiar to you. As you go through the passage/poem, you will understand the
sentences that isnt familiar to you.
For questions that can be found from the poem, do not copy directly. Instead,
structure you answer in your own words. You may have to change the dialogues to
your own text.
Most questions require full understanding of the poem/ passage. Therefore, try to
understand by putting yourself in the passage.
For your own opinion question, ensure your answer is relevant and logical. Answer
the questions based on the marks allocated. For example, 1 point is for 1 mark and
elaboration. Write only answers that are relevant, otherwise marks will be
deducted.
Translation (1B^)
-
For preparation, ensure that you are familiar with all traditional words and the meaning of it.
When translating, replace every traditional word in the sentence or phrase with a
modern words but it has to be the same the same meaning.
For traditional words that is similar as modern words, convert the word into a sentence.
Do not make a mistake by not translating all the words.
If you translate the words wrongly, marks will not be deducted.
Idioms
-
Important! Memorise all 230 Idioms that you learn from high school since remove
class to Form5. Ensure that you know all meaning (^^), Author (f^ ^) and Source
(ft&) of all idiom.
A tip in memorising these idioms is by using your imagination and creativity to

remeber the author and source.
When answering, do not explain every word. Try writing the actual meaning. Its
okay that the meaning runs a bit off from the meanings in the textbook. Marks will
not be penalised.
Avoid making long sentences with the idioms but you have to use the idiom
correctly. Even a brief sentence with the usage of the idiom is sufficient.
For question that requires you to write a idiom based on the situation, be sure that
you understand the situation clearly before giving it a idiom.
SPM MATHEMATICS
Paper 1
1 hr 15 min
Paper 2
2 hr 30 min
40 Multiple Choice Questions (Answer ALL)
40 Marks
52 Marks
Section A: 11 Questions (Answer ALL)

3 - 6 marks per question
48 Marks
Section B: 5 Questions (Answer 4)
12 marks per question
TOTAL
140 Marks
Paper 1
Mathematics is a compulsory subject that you must pass in order for you to get SPM
certificate.
SPM Mathematics has a much stricter marking scheme and a higher minimum mark
to get A+ as compared to SPM Additional Mathematics. Hence, do study for it!
Questions can be from Form 1 until Form 5.
You are not required to show any workings.
Paper 2
Go through past year questions and familiarise yourself with the pattern of the
questions. The pattern is similar from year to year.
If you have the time, answer all the 5 questions in Section B.

o The examiner will mark all 5 answers and choose the 4 answers with the
highest marks.
Show all the workings and do not skip any important steps for every questions!
o One (1) mark is given to each important step and the final answer.
o If you miss an important step, marks for that step, subsequent steps and final
answer will not be given.

o Therefore, correct answer without workings will get a zero (0).
o However, if your answer is wrong but you provide some correct workings, you
will get some marks for the correct workings.
Express your answer in fraction or decimal accordingly as per instruction.

o Round up to at least 4 significant figures for final answers with infinite decimal
places.
o Marks can be deducted if final answer is less accurate.
For questions involving Pi, read the instruction and use the right Pi value (22/7 or
3.142).
For questions involving diagrams, include all the important details on the diagram.
You are NOT allowed to write extra solutions / answers. Marks will be NOT given for
the correct solutions / answers, and marks will be deducted for wrong solutions /
answers.
Section A: MUST KNOW TOPICS
Solid Geometry
o Combined solid is the total volumes of the solids o Remaining solid is the
subtraction of bigger solid and smaller solid
Circles
o Perimeter = 2nr o
Area = nr2
Linear Equations
o Equalise the same unknown (e.g. x) and take it out. o Solve the other unknown (e.g.
y) and back to solving the first unknown (e.g. x).
Quadratic Expressions and Equations

o Solve the equation means find the unknown x. o Must
state x = ?, x =?. There will be 2 answers.
Compare Courses
& Apply for Free
UniDigest
/ .com
Mathematical Reasoning
o Determine whether a given sentence is a statement. o Determine whether a statement
is true or false. o Constructing statements using numbers and symbols. o Quantifiers All
and Some. o Implications of the form x if and of if y.

The Straight Line
oy
= mx + c
o c is the point where the line touches the y-axis (y-intercept)
Lines and Planes in 3-Dimensions

o Use Trigonometry Rule o sin (0) = opposite side / longest side o cos (0) = adjacent side
/ longest side o tan (0) = opposite side / adjacent side
Matrices
o Part a) usually asks to solve problems involving inverse matrix. o Part b) usually asks
to solve linear equations with matrices
Gradient and Area under a Graph

o The gradient of the distance-time graph of a particle is the speed of the particle.
o The gradient of the speed-time graph of a particle is the rate of change of speed of the
particle.
o The area under a speed-time graph is the distance travelled. o Rate of change of
speed = (Final speed - Initial Speed) / Time

Probability
o Probability = Number of outcomes / Total number of possible outcomes
o Final answer is always more than 0 and less than 1.
Paper 2 Section A: GOOD TO KNOW
Sets (Year 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013)
o Shading based on the questions (intersection or union) o u denotes union, which is the
combined area of the sets (or) o n denotes intersection, which is the overlapping area
of the sets (and)

Graphs of Functions (Year 2005, 2007 and 2009)
o The inequalities (upper line is >, lower line is <).
o If slanted line, you can imagine it into horizontal straight line.
Paper 2 Section B: MUST KNOW TOPICS
Statistics
o Histogram (Year 2004 and 2005)
x-axis the upper boundary with an additional lower boundary at the front of
the graph
y-axis is frequency
o Frequency Polygon (Year 2006)
x-axis is midpoint
y-axis is frequency o Ogive (Year 2007)
x-axis is upper boundary
y-axis is cumulative frequency
additional upper boundary should be added to the table
x-axis and y-axis should be stated in the graph
Graphs of Functions
o Linear Functions (less likely to come out as its a straight line after plotted)
y = ax + c
o Quadratic Functions (Year 2004 and 2005)
y = ax2 + c
y = ax2 + bx + c
o Cubic Functions (Year 2007)
y = ax3
y = ax3 + c
o Reciprocal Functions (Year 2006)
y=a/x
Transformations
o Translation o Reflection o Rotation
o Enlargement (be careful with the word to and from because it determines the image
would be smaller or bigger) o A combined transformation AB means transformation B

followed by transformation A.
Earth as a Sphere
o Longitude is the vertical line that specifies the east-west position of a point on the
Earth's surface.
o Latitude is the horizontal line that specifies the north-south position of a point on the
Earths surface.
o Nautical mile is the unit used to describe the distance between two points along the
common longitude. o Nautical mile = Distance between latitudes x 60 Plans and Elevations
o Orthogonal Projections
The edge which can be seen from view direction is drawn as a full line.
The edge which is hidden from view direction is drawn as a

dashed line (..........).
o Plans and Elevations
Plan is looked from above.
Elevation is looked from the side of the solid.
The length and the edge (ABCD) should be stated correctly.
SPM ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
Paper 1
2 hr
25 Short Questions (Answer ALL)
80 Marks
Paper 2
2 hr 30 min
40 Marks
Section B: 5 Questions (Answer 4)
40 Marks
Section C: 4 Questions (Answer 2)
20 Marks
TOTAL
180 Marks
General Tips
Express your answer in fraction or decimal accordingly as per instruction.

o Round up to at least 4 significant figures for final answers with infinite decimal places.
o Marks can be deducted if final answer is less accurate.
For questions involving Pi, read the instruction and use the right Pi value (22/7 or
3.142).
For questions involving diagrams, include all the important details on the diagram.
You are allowed to write extra solutions / answers. Marks will be given for the correct
solutions / answers, and no marks will be deducted for wrong solutions / answers.
For a part of the question that require to use answer from the previous part of the
question, if your answer for the previous part is wrong and you use it for this part,
you will still get marks for correct workings although you will not get marks for the
final answer.
General Tips: Paper 1
It is not compulsory to write full workings. You will be given full marks if your final
answer is correct.
However, you are strongly advised to write full workings as they might earn you
some marks if your final answer is wrong.
General Tips: Paper 2

highest marks.
If you have the time, answer an extra question in Section C.

highest marks.
P1
P2(A)
P2(B)
P2(C) Form
o A common
Topicstrategy to tackle Section C would be to master both Form 4 topics
(D -(Solution
DefinitelyofTested;
Triangles and Index Number) and study one of the Form 5
C - Commonly Tested)
topics (Motion along a Straight Line and Linear Programming) as your back-
12 Topics to Study
First
up plan
if you have extra time.
Quadratic Equations
Show all the workings and do not skip any important steps for every
Quadratic Functions
D
C
questions!
Coordinate Geometry
o If you miss an important step, mark for that step will not be given. However,
Statistics
you will still be given marks forDthe correctC subsequent steps and final
answer.
Circular Measures
Differentiation
Progressions
Linear Law
Integration
Vector
o Correct answer without workings will get 1 mark.
4
4
4
4
5
Trigonometric Functions
Probability Distributions
5
C
5 Topics to Study Next

Functions
Simultaneous Equations
4
C
Indices and Logarithms
Permutations
Paper
1
1 hrand
15 min
D
Multiple Choice Questions
50 Questions
Paper 2
Section A: Structured Response
5 Questions
Section B: Essay
Choose any 2 Questions out of total 4
Combinations
Probability
2 hr 30 min
Choose 2 Topics to Study

Solution of Triangles
Paper 3
1 hr 30 min
Index Number
4
4
550 Marks
Written Practical
Structured Question
o 1 Question with sub-questions
Essay Question
60 Marks
40 Marks
33 Marks
Motion along a Straight Line
Linear Programming
Total
4
417 Marks
5
200 Marks
General Tips
Physics is an elective subject taken by all pure science students and anyone
looking to pursue sciences in their higher education. It is especially important for
medicine and engineering.
The total marks for all paper is 200 marks. This means that 1 mark awarded is
actually / a mark. Thus it is essential to focus on scoring well in paper 2 and paper
3.
Doing well in Paper 2 and Paper 3 will guarantee a pass to a B. Use Paper 1 to
push your grade to an A.
Chemistry requires thorough understanding - you must understand the reactions of

substances and compounds.
You must take part in all lab activity and experiments conducted in school
because these practicals are essential for Paper 3 - as you must recreate them
step-by-step in the form of an essay.
Use Youtube videos to visualise models for better understanding. Use some of the
institutes below to help you.
o Tutorvista o
GuideTuition o Khan
Academy
You must use correct units of measurements.
Do not waste time studying Chapter 1 of Form 4 as no question has ever been set
from there. Jump directly into Chapter 2.
SPM PAPERS 2011 - 2013 ANALYSIS

Number of Questions
Paper 2
Chapters
Paper 1
Section A
Section B
Section C
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
FORM 4
FORM 5
TOTAL
50
Compare Courses
& Apply for Free
Paper 1
Always remove the answers you know arent possible and narrow down possible answers
to increase probability of correct answers.
Be careful of words like except, all but which of the following is not and other
keywords that can trick you to choose the wrong answers.
Questions are distributed evenly across all topics so you need a good overall
understanding.
Paper 1 is filled with diagrams to be matched to names and functions, so make sure you
know important processes (i.e saponification).
Paper 2
Go through past year questions and familiarise yourself with the pattern of the questions.
The pattern is similar from year to year.

o The examiner will mark all 5 answers and choose the 4 answers with the highest
marks.
Show all the workings and do not skip any important steps for every question!
o If you miss an important step, marks for that step, subsequent steps and final answer
will not be given.

o Therefore, correct answer without workings will get a zero (0).
o However, if your answer is wrong but you provide some correct workings, you will get
some marks for the correct workings.
You are allowed to answer in table form or short sentences - grammar is not a concern
but misspelling names may result in your answer being incorrectly marked. You can also
use diagrams, equations or graphs where suitable
Do not not answer in point form. There is no penalty for answering in point form, but
some inexperienced examiners may deduct your marks if you do so.
Make sure you know the difference between the following:

o State - Usually 1 mark question. Just answer the question directly. No further
information necessary.
o Define - Give the standard definition using biological words and keywords.
o Describe - Simply write what you see.
o Explain - Elaborate on how and why the process is happening and what it means.
o Suggest - Based on your knowledge of the topic, you must apply it to solve the
problem in the question. As long as your answer is logical and relevant to the
question, you should gain marks for this.
Paper 2: Must Study Topics
Form 4:
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Form 5:
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Paper 3 Question 1
Understand and know what exactly the question is asking for.
Grammatical errors will not affect yours marks as long as the examiner understands what
you are writing.
Do not use any short forms in your answer, or abbreviations without first
explaining them. The only time this is acceptable is when using for metric units.
All chemical compounds should be written fully before writing in formula.
Calculations must show full workings as skipping steps will result in marks deduction.
Make sure to use the correct units.
Answer in complete sentences as marks allocated for each part of the question is
always 3. Marks are given based on the quality of your answer, so it does actually depend
on the number of points in your answer.
You can write extra points in your answer but take care that your points do not contradict
one another as marks may be deducted.
Numerical data from instruments should follow the decimal places of the instrument in
the correct unit. For example, if recording the temperature from a thermometer that gives
measurements to the 0.01, then your answer should also be in two decimal places.
Axis on graphs must be titled and given units with proper scale. Your graph should
be at least % of the graph paper.

Where possible to draw your straight or curved line to all points, do so, if not, use best-fit or
straight lines if you need to connect them, based on the question.
Question 2
Design a suitable experiment based on the questions requirements
Your answer must include:

o Aim
o Problem Statement o Hypothesis o
Variables
State which are the manipulated, responding and fixed variables.
o List of Materials & Apparatus
State amount (with correct unit) and concentration of substances
o Data Tabulation
Data should be table of responding and manipulated variables.
You do not need to enter actual data, just show the recording table.
SPM CHEMISTRY
Paper 1
1 hr 15 min
50 Marks
Multiple Choice Questions 50 Questions
Paper 2
2 hr 30 min
60 Marks
5 Questions
Section B: Essay
Paper 3
1 hr 30 min
40 Marks
Written Practical
Structured Question
Essay Question
Total
33 Marks
17 Marks
200 Marks
General Tips
Chemistry is an elective subject taken by all pure science students and

anyone looking to pursue sciences in their higher education.
The total marks for all paper is 200 marks. This means that 1 mark awarded is
actually / a mark. Thus it is essential to focus on scoring well in paper 2 and
paper 3.
Doing well in Paper 2 and Paper 3 will guarantee a pass to a B. Use Paper 1 to
push your grade to an A.

Chemistry requires thorough understanding - you must understand the reactions of
substances and compounds.

You must take part in all lab activity and experiments conducted in school
because these practicals are essential for Paper 3 - as you must recreate them
step-by-step in the form of an essay.
o Tutorvista o
GuideTuition o
Khan Academy
You must use correct formulas (i.e CO2 for carbon dioxide, not 2CO)- as the
misplacing formulas can change the meaning of the substance.


Number of Questions
Chapter
s
Section A
11 12
Paper 3
Paper 2
Paper 1
'13
11
12
Section B
'13
11
12
Section C
'13
11 12
FORM 4
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH 9
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
FORM 5
CH 1 CH
2 CH 3
CH 4 CH
5 TOTAL
1
-
50
50
50 6
1
-
1
1
-
'13
11 12
'13
Paper 1
Always remove the answers you know arent possible and narrow down possible
answers to increase probability of correct answers.
understanding.
Paper 1 is filled with diagrams to be matched to names and functions, so make

sure you know important processes (i.e saponification).
Paper 2

highest marks.
question!
o One (1) mark is given to each important step and the final answer. o If you
miss an important step, marks for that step, subsequent steps and final answer
will not be given. o Therefore, correct answer without workings will get a zero
(0).
UniDigest
/ .com
You are allowed to answer in table form or short sentences - grammar is not a
concern but misspelling names may result in your answer being incorrectly marked.
You can also use diagrams, equations or graphs where suitable
Do not not answer in point form. There is no penalty for answering in point form,
but some inexperienced examiners may deduct your marks if you do so.

o Explain - Elaborate on how and why the process is happening and what it
means.
problem in the question. As long as your answer is logical and relevant to

the question, you should gain marks for this.
Paper 2: Must
Study Topics
Form 4:
Chapter 4
Chapter 6
Form 5:
Chapter 2
Chapter 5
Paper 3*
(PAPER THREE WILL BE REPLACED BY LAB TEST BUT THESE TIPS ARE
USEFUL TO GUIDE YOU)
Question 1
Grammatical errors will not affect yours marks as long as the examiner understands
what you are writing.
explaining them. The only time this is acceptable is when using for metric
units.
Calculations must show full workings as skipping steps will result in marks
deduction. Make sure to use the correct units.
Answer in complete sentences as marks allocated for each part of the question is
always 3. Marks are given based on the quality of your answer, so it does actually
depend on the number of points in your answer.

You can write extra points in your answer but take care that your points do not
contradict one another as marks may be deducted.

Numerical data from instruments should follow the decimal places of the
instrument in the correct unit. For example, if recording the temperature from a
thermometer that gives measurements to the 0.01, then your answer should also
be in two decimal places.

Axis on graphs must be titled and given units with proper scale. Your graph
should be at least % of the graph paper.

Where possible to draw your straight or curved line to all points, do so, if not, use
best-fit or straight lines if you need to connect them, based on the question.
Question 2

o Aim
o Problem Statement o Hypothesis
o Variables
o Data Tabulation
SPM BIOLOGY
Paper 1
1 hr 15 min
50 Marks
Multiple Choice Questions
Paper 2
2 hr 30 min
50 Questions
5 Questions
Section B: Essay
Paper 3
1 hr 30 min
40 Marks
Written Practical
Structured Question
Essay Question
Total
33 Marks
17 Marks
200 Marks
General Tips
60 Marks
Biology is an elective subject taken by all pure science students and anyone
looking to pursue health/life sciences in their higher education.
The total marks for all paper is 200 marks. This means that 1 mark
awarded is actually / a mark. Thus it is essential to focus on scoring well
in paper 2 and paper 3.
Doing well in Paper 2 and Paper 3 will guarantee a pass to a B. Use Paper
1 to push your grade to an A.
Biology requires memorisation through understanding - if you view your

topics as a single story about life, it is much easier to connect your learning.
You must take part in all lab activity and experiments conducted in
school because these practicals are essential for Paper 3 - as you must
recreate them step-by-step in the form of an essay.

Use Youtube videos to visualise models for better understanding. Use some
of the institutes below to help you.
o Tutorvista o
GuideTuition
o Khan
Academy
You must use correct biological terms for body parts and processes as the marking scheme is based on keywords and not understanding
of theory, this means you must memorise the terms while being able to
understand and explain processes.

Do not waste time studying Chapter 1 of Form 4 as no question has ever
been set from there. Jump directly into Chapter 2.

Number of Questions
Chapters
Paper 2
Paper 1
Section A
Section B
Section C
11
12
13
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
11
12
'13
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
CH 6
CH 7
CH 8
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
TOTAL
50
50
50
FORM 4
CH 9
FORM 5
Paper 1
Always remove the answers you know arent possible and narrow down
possible answers to increase probability of correct answers.
understanding.
Paper 1 is filled with diagrams to be matched to names and functions, so

make sure you know main organs and processes like the lungs,
reproductive system, mitosis, osmosis.
Paper 2

highest marks.
question!
o If you miss an important step, marks for that step, subsequent steps
and final answer will not be given. o Therefore, correct answer

without workings will get a zero (0).
You are allowed to answer in table form or short sentences - grammar is not a
concern but misspelling names may result in your answer being incorrectly marked.
You can also use diagrams, equations or graphs where suitable
Do not not answer in point form. There is no penalty for answering in point form,
but some inexperienced examiners may deduct your marks if you do so.

o Explain - Elaborate on how and why the process is happening and what it
means.
o Suggest - Based on your knowledge of the topic, you must apply it to solve
the problem in the question. As long as your answer is logical and relevant
to the question, you should gain marks for this.
o See the example below:
1. State the organ where the alveoli is found.

a. Lungs.
2. Define respiration.
a. A process of living organisms involving the production of energy,
typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon
dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances.
3. Describe the function of alveoli.
a. The function of the alveoli is to assist in oxygen exchange by
providing a large surface area.
4. Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide is exchanged in the alveoli.
a. The change in partial pressure from the alveoli (high
concentration) to the capillaries (low concentration) drives the
oxygen into the tissue and the carbon dioxide into the
Form 4:
Chapter 2 - Cell Structure
Chapter 5 - Meiosis & Mitosis
Chapter 8 - Dynamic Ecosystem
Form 5:
Chapter 1 - Transport
Chapter 4 - Inheritance
blood (high concentration) from the tissues (low

concentration), which is then returned to the lungs and
exhaled.
5. Suggest how alveoli are similar to leaves in the photosynthesis process.
a. They both maximize the ratio of surface area to volume to try to
facilitate some type of exchange. In the case of a leaf, it has a
large surface area to help maximize the amount sunlight that it
can capture to produce food via photosynthesis. In the case of
alveoli, the more surface area there is in the alveoli, the faster
and more efficiently the gas exchange happens.
Paper 3
(PAPER THREE WILL BE REPLACED BY LAB TEST BUT THESE TIPS ARE
USEFUL TO GUIDE YOU)
Question 1

Grammatical errors will not affect yours marks as long as the examiner understands
what you are writing.

explaining them. The only time this is acceptable is when using for metric
units.
Calculations must show full workings as skipping steps will result in marks
deduction. Make sure to use the correct units.
Answer in complete sentences as marks allocated for each part of the question
is always 3. Marks are given based on the quality of your answer, so it does
actually depend on the number of points in your answer.
You can write extra points in your answer but take care that your points do not
contradict one another as marks may be deducted.
Numerical data from instruments should follow the decimal places of the
instrument in the correct unit. For example, if recording the temperature from a
thermometer that gives measurements to the 0.01, then your answer should also
be in two decimal places.
Axis on graphs must be titled and given units with proper scale. Your graph
should be at least % of the graph paper.
Where possible to draw your straight or curved line to all points, do so, if not, use
best-fit or straight lines if you need to connect them, based on the question.
Question 2

o Aim
o Problem Statement o Hypothesis
o Variables
o Data Tabulation
SPM SCIENCE
Paper 1
1 hr 15 min
Multiple choice - 50 questions

Section A: Structure Response - 4 Questions
Paper 2
2 hr 30 min
Section B: Structure Response - 5 Questions

Section C: Essay - 3 Questions (Choose 2)
Total
50 Marks
20 Marks
30 Marks
30 Marks
130 Marks
General Tips
Science is a compulsory subject taken by all non-pure science students.
The total marks for all paper is 130 marks. The balance marks will be awarded via
a lab practical. This means that 1 mark awarded is 1/2 mark. Thus it is essential
to focus on scoring well in both paper 1 and paper 2.

Science requires memorisation through understanding - you must know key
concepts.
o Tutorvista o
GuideTuition o
Khan Academy
You must use correct biological terms for body parts and processes, correct
chemistry notations for substances, and correct units for calculations and
measurements - as the marking scheme is based on keywords and not
understanding of theory, this means you must memorise the terms while being
able to understand and explain processes.

Number of Questions
Paper 2
Paper 1
11
Section A
13
12
11
Section B
'13
12
11
Section C
'13
12
11
'13
12

Chapters
FORM 4
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
CH 6
CH 7
CH 8
1
-
CH 1
CH 2
CH 3
CH 4
CH 5
CH 6
CH 7
CH 8
50
50
50
FORM 5
TOTAL
Paper 1
Always remove the answers you know arent possible and narrow down possible answers
to increase probability of correct answers.


understanding.
Paper 2
Go through past year questions and familiarise yourself with the pattern of the questions.
The pattern is similar from year to year.
You must answer ALL questions in Section A and B, and Question 10 and either Question
11 or 12 in Section C.
Show all the workings and do not skip any important steps for every question!
o One (1) mark is given to each important step and the final answer. o If you miss an
important step, marks for that step, subsequent steps and final answer will not be given.
o Therefore, correct answer without workings will get a zero (0). o However, if your
answer is wrong but you provide some correct workings, you will get some marks for
the correct workings.
UniDigest
/ .com
You are allowed to answer in table form or short sentences - grammar is not a concern
but misspelling names may result in your answer being incorrectly marked. You can also
use diagrams, equations or graphs where suitable
Do not not answer in point form. There is no penalty for answering in point form, but
some inexperienced examiners may deduct your marks if you do so.

o Explain - Elaborate on how and why the process is happening and what it means.
problem in the question. As long as your answer is logical and relevant to the
question, you should gain marks for this.
Form 4:
Chapter 2 - Body Coordination
Chapter 5 - Energy & Chemical
Changes
Chapter 6 - Nuclear Energy
Form 5:
Chapter 4 - Carbon Compounds
Chapter 5 - Motion
SPM 2015 Pendidikan Moral Tips
SPM PENDIDIKAN MORAL

Paper 1
2 hr 30 min
Section A: 8 questions (Must answer all)

Section B: 3 questions (Choose 2)
100%
Note that Pendidikan Moral consists only of one paper, made of 2 parts; Section A and
Section B that needs to be answered in 2 hours and 30 minutes.
General Tips
1. Questions for SPM Pendidikan Moral will come from the list of 36 Nilai in the
syllabus together with the Definisi and Kata Kunci. Everything about these 36
Nilai will help you in scoring for your paper so make sure to memorize the exact
thing as per the syllabus, from the spelling up to the imbuhan. On top of that, take
time to understand about each Nilai. If you cannot understand the meaning of each
Nilai by yourself, ask your teachers and friends. Listening to different peoples
perspective on how they understand certain things will give you a very broad
understanding.
2. Start by doing the questions topic by topic, Nilai by Nilai so that you know where
you need to improve yourself further on. When you think you have sufficiently
understand all the topics, you can proceed with doing SPM model test papers, past
year SPM trial questions and past year actual SPM questions.
3. Do refer to the marketing scheme of past year SPM trial papers so that you
understand how scores are given for each question. This is important so that you can
formulate your strategy in answering those questions which help you tremendously in
maximizing your chances of getting marks for your answers.
Section A Tips:
1. Part A: Questions on Nilai require you to use only the Nilai in the syllabus and this
is where understanding what each Nilai meant plays a very important role. By
choosing the most suitable and relevant Nilai, you will be able to answer the
questions accordingly. Depending on the question and the marks allocated for the
question, the answers are usually separated into these 3 elements: Nilai,
Penerangan and Contoh.
1 Nilai = 1 Mark : You only need to list the Nilai 1 Nilai" = 2 Marks : You will need to list
the Nilai" and Penerangan"
1 Nilai" = 3 Marks : You will need to list the Nilai", Penerangan" and Contoh"

2. Part A: Ways to answer following elements:

Nilai : You should include the word Nilai" in front of the Nilai" that you wrote Penerangan :
Include the situation and one Kata Kunci" of the Nilai"
Contoh : Include an example that can allow the individual to relate to the Penerangan"
3. Part A: The spelling, imbuhan" and susunan" must be the same for all Nilai",
Kata Kunci" and Situasi". The Definisi Nilai" must also be the exact definition as
per the syllabus. Once again, any grammatical and spelling errors may result in
deduction of your marks (which is very easy in Pendidikan Moral), hence you want
to be as careful as you can be.
4. Part A: Opinionated questions, require you to give your own ideas. That is how by
listening to different peoples perspective on how they understand certain things will
give you a very broad understanding; which will allow you to provide a very relevant
explanation. This is where sometimes even if your Nilai" might not be particularly
accurate on first glance, your explanation may give them a newer perspective and
understanding. Being specific is the key here; instead of giving a general idea.
5. Part A: Questions regarding Akta, Tokoh and Pertubuhan (and any other similar
nature questions), will require your general knowledge and relevant
facts from your reference material such as textbooks or revision books. Try to avoid
short forms here because you might be penalized on your marks.

Section B Tips
1. Part B: Questions in Part B usually requires you to give your ideas and/or opinions.
The purpose of this part is to test a students ability to use moral knowledge critically
to analyse, evaluate, make decisions and solve moral issue.
2. Part B: Similar to opinionated questions in Part A, opinionated questions in Part B
require you to give your own ideas. That is how by listening to different peoples
perspective on how they understand certain things will give you a very broad
understanding; which will allow you to provide a very relevant explanation. This is
where sometimes even if your Nilai might not be particularly accurate on first
glance, your explanation may give them a newer perspective and understanding.
Being specific is the key here; instead of giving a general idea.
3. Part B: Similar to Part A, depending on the question and the marks allocated for the
question, the answers are usually separated into these 3 elements: Fakta,
Huraian and Huraian Lanjut.
5 answers : You will need to give 5 Fakta and 5 Huraian
3 answers : You will need to give 3 Fakta, 3 Huraian and 3 Huraian Lanjut
4. Part B: Similar to Part A, questions on Nilai require you to use only the Nilai in
the syllabus and this is where understanding what each Nilai meant plays a very
important role. By choosing the most suitable and relevant Nilai, you will be able to
answer the questions accordingly. Depending on the question and the marks
allocated for the question, the answers are usually separated into these 3 elements:
Nilai, Penerangan and Contoh.
5. IMPORTANT REMINDER: The spelling, imbuhan and susunan must be the
same for all Nilai, Kata Kunci and Situasi. The Definisi Nilai must also be the
exact definition as per the syllabus. Once again, any grammatical and spelling
errors may result in deduction of your marks (which is very easy in Pendidikan
Moral), hence you want to be as careful as you can be.
SENARAI NILAI MORAL BIDANG 1 -
Sikap bertanggungjawab yang boleh

menimbulkan kepercayaan dan keyakinan
PERKEMBANGAN DIRI
1.1 KEPERCAYAAN KEPADA TUHAN
Keyakinan
wujudnya
Tuhan
Nya
berlandaskan
orang lain
sebagai
pencipta alam dan mematuhi segala

suruhan
1.2 AMANAH
pegangan
1.3 HARGA DIRI

Keupayaan
dan
keyakinan
diri
agar
agama masing-masing selaras dengan
mampu memulia dan menjaga maruah diri
prinsip Rukun Negara
dalam kehidupan

1.4 BERTANGGUNGJAWAB
Kesanggupan
diri
seseorang
1.12
untuk
KESEDERHANAAN
Bersikap
tidak
keterlaluan
dalam
memikul dan melaksanakan tugas serta
membuat pertimbangan dan ti nd
kewajipan dengan sempurna
akan
sam
pemikiran,
ad
al
pertuturan
am
atau
perlakuan tanpa mengabaikan kepentingan
1.5 HEMAH TINGGI

Beradap sopan dan berbudi pekerti mulia
dalam pergaulan seharian
diri dan orang lain

BIDANG 2 - KEKELUARGAAN
2.1 KASIH
1.6 TOLERANSI
SAYANG
TERHADAP
KELUARGA
Kesanggupan bertolak ansur, sabar dan

mengawal diri bagi mengelakkan
Perasaan cinta, kasih dan sayang yang
berlakunya
mendalam
pertelingkahan
dan
perselisihan faham demi kesejahteraan

hidup
Kebolehan dan kesanggupan m e l a k u k a n
tanpa
bergantung
kepada
orang lain
Usaha yang berterusan penuh dengan

semangat ketekunan, kecekalan, kegigihan,
dan
berdaya
maju
dalam
melakukan sesuatu perkara
dan
perasaan
cinta
yang
daripada hati yang ikhlas

KEADILAN
Tindakan dan keputusan yang saksama

serta tidak berat sebelah
1.11
TAAT
KEPADA
ANGGOTA KELUARGA
Memuliakan
setiap
anggota
keluarga dengan berinteraksi dan memberi

layanan
secara
bersopan
untuk
2.3 MENGEKALKAN
TRADISI
KEKELUARGAAN
Menerima,
menghormati
dan
mengamalkan sesuatu kebiasaan, adat dan

t e m u r u n d a l a m keluarga
mendalam serta berkekalan yang lahir
1.10
DAN
kepercayaan yang diwarisi s e c a r a t u r u n
1.9 KASIH SAYANG

Kepekaan
terhadap
mewujudkan keluarga yang harmoni
1.8 KERAJINAN
dedikasi
berkekalan
keluarga
2.2 HORMAT
1.7 BERDIKARI
sesuatu
dan
2.4
TANGGUNGJAWAB
TERHADAP KELUARGA
Kewajipan yang harus dilaksanakan o l e h
setiap
individu
untuk
melahirkan
terhadap
keluarga
keluarga
bahagia,
meningkatkan imej dan menjaga meruah

keluarga
RASIONAL
Boleh berfikir berdasarkan alasan dan bukti

yang nyata dan dapat mengambil tindakan
berasaskan pertimbangan yang wajar
BIDANG 3 - ALAM SEKITAR

3.1
M E N Y AYAN G I
DAN
3.4 PEKA TERHADAP ISU-ISU ALAM
MENGHARGAI ALAM SEKITAR

Kesedaran
tentang
memelihara
dan
sekeliling
untuk
perlunya
memulihara
alam
mengekalkan
keseimbangan ekosistem
SEKITAR
Prihatin terhadap persoalan yang berkaitan
dengan alam sekeliling dan berusaha
menyelesaikannya
BIDANG 4 - PATRIOTISME
MANUSI A DENG AN ALAM
4.1 CINTA AKAN NEGARA

Perasaan sayang dan bangga kepada
SEKITAR
negara
3.2 KEHARMONIAN
Keadaan
ANTARA
saling
memerlukan
hubungan harmonis antara manusia

dengan alam sekeliling supaya kualiti
kehidupan manusia dan alam sekeliling
terpelihara
serta
meletakkan
kepentingan
negara melebihi kepentingan diri

4.2 TAAT SETIA PADA RAJA DAN
NEGARA
Kepatuhan dan kesetiaan yang berkekalan
kepada Raja dan Negara
3.3 KEMAPANAN ALAM SEKITAR

Pengekalan keseimbangan alam sekeliling
4.3 SANGGUP BERKORBAN UNTUK

NEGARA
sebagai tanggungjawab bersama untuk
Kerelaan
kesejahteraan hidup
melakukan
atau
menyerahkan sesuatu termasuk nyawa

sebagai tanda kebaktian untuk negara
BIDANG 5 - HAK ASASI
golongan pekerja dalam pembangunan

Negara
5.1 MELINDUNGI
HAK
KANAK-
5.4
KANAK
Membela,
menjamin
HAK
memberi
memelihara
MENGHORMATI
hak
naungan
dan
kanak-kanak
bagi
kehidupan
mereka
yang
sempurna
GOLONGAN
K U R A N G BERUPAYA
Memberi layanan yang bersopan kepada
golonga kurang berupaya supaya tidak
berasa tersisih dan mengiktiraf mereka
sebagai insan ciptaan Tuhan
5.2 MENGHORMATI HAK WANITA

Melindungi dan mengiktiraf wanita sebagai
5.5
individu yang boleh memberi sumbangan
MELINDUNGI
HAK
PENGGUNA
dalam p e m b a n g u n a n k e l u a r g a ,
Membela dan memelihara hak individu
masyarakat dan Negara
untuk
menjadi
berilmu,
5.3 MELINDUNGI HAK PEKERJA
Menghormati, menghargai dan mengiktiraf
perkhidmatan,
jasa
dan
pengguna
mendapat
yang
perkhidmatan
serta barangan yang b e r k u a l i t i d a n

t i d a k m u d a h dieksploitasi
sumbangan

BIDANG 6 - DEMOKRASI
Kebebasan setiap individu untuk menganuti

dan
6.1 MEMATUHI
PERATURAN
DAN
UNDANG-UNDANG
mengamalkan
seperti
agamanya
y a n g diperuntukkan
dalam
Perlembagaan Malaysia
Menerima dan mematuhi peraturan dan

undang-undang
yang
telah
ditentukan
6.4 PENGLIBATAN
tanpa mengira sesiapa dan di mana

seseorang itu berada
DIRI
DALAM
PEMBANGUNAN NEGARA
Kebebasan untuk melibatkan diri d a l a m
p e l b a g a i a k t i v i t i pembangunan
6.2 KEBEBASAN BERSUARA

Kebebasan
mengeluarkan
berucap
fikiran
dengan
negara
dan
batasan
dengan
undang-
memetuhi
peraturan,
undang
dan
P e r l e m b a g a a n Malaysia
tertentu bagi menjaga keselamatan dan

ketenteraman
6.5 SIKAP KETERBUKAAN

Bersedia
6.3 KEBEBASAN BERAGAMA
pendangan,
memberi
dan
pembaharuan
menerima
dan
kritikan
selaras dengan kebenaran fakta dan norma

masyarakat Malaysia
BIDANG 7 - KEAMANAN DAN KEHARMONIAN

SPM Sejarah
7.1 HIDUP
BERSAMA
SECARA
7.3 SALING MENGHORMATI ANTARA
AMAN
NEGARA
1 hr
Hidup
satu A:sama
dan memuliakan hubungan
Paper 2 berbaik-baik
2 hr 30 min antara Section
4 Questions (Must answerMenghargai
all)
Paper 1
40 Multiple Choice Questions
Section B: 7 Questions (Choose 3)
lain dengan mengutamakan kedamaian

Paper 3
3 hr
Open-Book Test
dan keharmonian hidup tanpa mengira
antara
MEMBANTU
untuk
kesejahteraan sejagat
agama, bangsa dan budaya

7.2 SALING
negara
DAN
BEKERJASAMA
Usaha yang baik dan membina yang
dilakukan bersama pada peringkat
individu, komuniti atau negara untuk
mencapai sesuatu matlamat

30%
50%
menjamin
20%
SPM Sejarah Format Elaboration

Paper 1: Consists of 40 multiple choice questions that needs to be answered in 1 hour. This
paper contributes up to 30% of your overall SPM Sejarah mark.
Paper 2: Consists of 2 parts; Section A and Section B that needs to be answered in 2 hours
and 30 minutes. Section A consists of 4 questions which you have to answer all the
questions. Each question consists of 10 marks. Section B consists of 7 questions which you
will only need to choose 3 questions to answer. Each question consists of 20 marks. This
paper will contribute up to 50% of your overall SPM Sejarah mark.
Paper 3: Consist of an open-book test format which you will be allowed to bring your Form 4
and Form 5 textbooks and revision books into the hall. You will be given 3 hours to finish this
paper. This paper will contribute up to 20% of your overall SPM Sejarah mark.
General Tips
1. Questions for SPM Sejarah will consist of information from your Form 4 and Form 5
textbooks. The official textbooks is not the most effective way as they contain too
much text which will take longer time to understand the topic at hand. A reference
book will come in helpful as they have helped you to break down vital information
into a simple and concise format.
2. As history requires a lot of understanding of the facts, you should always understand
the facts that are being presented whenever you study a topic for the first time.
Studying in a timeline format, story or even making it like a game or competition will
help make what can be a dry and boring subject; interesting to study. You should
always understand what you have read so that you will not need to memorize the
whole book.
3. By understanding what you have read, you will be able to get an idea of what
happened or formed the relation between one fact to the other. This will help you
explain things in your own words with the correct facts without needing to remember
everything in the book. (Pay extra attention to identify and understand important
names / words)
4. Pay extra attention to identify and understand important names and events. They
are usually related to one another whereby an event is caused by a previous event
which leads leads to another event. Understanding the relationship between the
names and events, will help you remember them better. If there are too many facts
for a particular subtopic; grouping them together and remembering the groups (and
giving meaning to the group) will help you remember and/or recall them better.
5. Constant and consistent revision of every topic will help you to understand and
remember what you have read better. As the saying goes, practice makes perfect.
Revise as many times as you need until you can confidently answer the practice
questions given to you. Always go through the facts and explanations because you
never know what you might have forgotten; and sometimes it even help you to
understand better, hence remember better.
6. Remember that besides reading, you will also need to do exercises and practice
questions. Without them, it will be like watching and understanding how a footballer
kicks a ball without ever kicking a ball once, and thinking that you can now kick like
one. Start by doing the questions topic by topic so that you know where you need to
improve yourself further on. When you think you have sufficiently understand all the
topics, you can proceed with
doing SPM model test papers, past year SPM trial questions and past year actual
SPM questions.
7. Do refer to the marketing scheme of past year SPM trial papers so that you
understand how scores are given for each question. This is important so that you
can formulate your strategy in answering those questions which help you
tremendously in maximizing your chances of getting marks for your answers.
8. Revision before the SPM Sejarah exam requires you to employ a different strategy.
Start with going through the subtopics that you feel you are the weakest at before
going to the subtopics that are are good at.

9. Every single year, there will be so called predictions on the questions that will be
asked in the SPM Sejarah Paper 2. The predictions are just that; predictions. Never
ever rely on predictions but instead, religiously read, understand and do exercises.
10. Finally, 1 month before the SPM Sejarah exam, a general topic will be release for
Paper 3. Look for materials from various sources such as the books, newspapers,
magazines and the internet. Most importantly of all, discuss with your teacher and
friends about the topic because more brains will cut short your time needed to gather
resources and help you understand and prepare for the topic at hand faster.
Paper 1 Tips
1. There are 4 questions for you to choose from. Read the questions properly because
they might try to confuse you with questions such as the following are the right
answer except... or which of this is not the right answer....
2. Whether you are certain or not certain of the answer for the question, go through the
choices provided and cross out the wrong answers. This will help you to have a
safety net in place in case you read the question wrongly or better yet, if you are not
sure of the answer, by crossing out the wrong answers, you will get closer to the
right answer.

Paper 2 Tips
1. Part A: Answering in complete sentences are not required; they are not testing your
grammar but you will still need to make sure that the spelling is correct and the
answers are structured properly.
2. Part A: Write as many answers as you think might be the possible answer because
no marks are given for wrong answer; but marks are given for the right answer. And
every mark can make a difference for your grade.
3. Part B: Unlike in Part A, you will need to answer in complete sentences; essay
form. If you do not do so, you will have half of your marks deducted even though
you answered the question correctly. This part is to help an individual to understand
the answer that you have written.
4. Part B: Once again, write as many answers as you think might be the possible
answer as no marks are given for the wrong answer; but marks are given for the
right answer. Remember that your answers need to be in complete sentences. If
the question asked you to list down the facts, you will only need to list down the
facts without elaboration. However, if the question requires you to explain or
elaborate, you should provide both your facts and explanations. A lot of people
either wasted their time here or not getting full marks because they did not
understand the question properly.
5. Part A and B: Specific answer is the key here; instead of a general idea. Minor
spelling errors will be forgiven but major spelling answer will have your marks
deducted. Most importantly, avoid short forms which you might encounter in
reference books.
Paper 3 Tips
1. Bring in any material that is relevant to you for this paper from textbooks, reference
books and any other relevant materials.
2. For this part, usually the scoring for the answer is separated into a 50:50 format.
50% will be for the facts that you provided while the other 50% is for your opinion.
This is where the discussion with your teachers and friends will help a lot. Your
opinions have to be logical and relevant; and this goes back to how your express
your opinion and the reasoning behind it.
3. Similar to SPM Sejarah Paper 2 Part B, you will need to answer in continuous
writing form and in complete sentences. Minor spelling errors will be forgiven but
major spelling answer will have your marks deducted. Most importantly, avoid short
forms which you might encounter in reference books.
4. The challenge that most people face for this paper is the difficulty in organizing too
much information to be presented in a short and concise format, in the allocated
time. Never focus on putting as many possible answers on the paper as possible
but focus on getting as many highly probable answer in the format required by
the question as possible. Another suggestion would be to limit the reference
material that you bring into the examination hall; this way you will be forced to rely
on the reference material which will allow focus instead of trying to get reference
from all sources.
PRO TIP ADVICE:

Make sure to be well versed in the history of
Tamadun Islam and Malayan Union, as it is a
popular topic!
SPM PRINSIP PERAKAUNAN
Paper 1
1 hr 15 min
40 Multiple Choice Questions (Answer ALL)
40 Marks
Paper 2
2 hr 30min
60 Marks
Section 8: 3 Questions (Answer 2)

TOTAL
40 Marks
140 Marks
Panduan Menjawab Kertas Soalan Prinsip Perakaunan

Dokumen Perniagaan
1. Soalan ini seolah-olah menjadi soalan utama dan wajib dikuasi oleh setiap calon
kerana ia menghasilkan jumlah markah yang terbanyak iaitu 29 markah.
Biasanya soalan ini memberikan dokumen-dokumen perniagaan antara 13
hinggs 15 jumlahnya. Antaranya ialah Invois (Jualan dan Belian), resit rasmi,
penyata akaun, keratan cek, slip bank, bil tunai, baucer, nota kredit, nota debit,
memo, dan lain-lain.
2. Calon dikehendaki merekod semua urusniaga berdasarkan dokumen- dokumen
tersebut ke dalam buku-buku catatan pertama (jurnal) dan seterusnya membuat
posting ke akaun-akaun lejar yang berkenaan.
Akhirnya calon dikehendaki menyediakan Imbangan Duga berdasatkan baki- baki
akhir dalam akaun-akaun lejar.
3. Jika calon-calon benar-benar meneliti semua kertas soalan yang lepas, adalah
didapati bahawa semua dokumen yang diberi disusun mengikut tarikh menaik.
Oleh itu sebagai panduan umum, bagi memudahkan calon menjawab, caloncalon hendaklah menyelesaikan soalan ini satu demi satu berdasarkan dokumen
yang diberi mengikut susunan seperti dalam soalan. Dengan cara ini dapat
mengelakkan calon daripada tertinggal mencatatkan mana-mana urusniaga.
4. Buku-buku catatan pertama yang dimaksudkan ialah:
a. Jurnal AmJurnal
b. Belian Jurnal
c. Jualan Jurnal
d. Pulangan Belian
e. Jurnal Pulangan Jualan
f. Buku Tunai (dua atau tiga ruangan)
g. Buku Tunai Runcit
5. Oleh hal yang demikian calon hendaklah mengetahui di dalam buku catatan
pertama manakah setiap urusniaga yang diberikan itu perlu direkodkan. Merekod
urusniaga ke dalam jurnal-jurnal yang salah akan mengakibatkan calon
kehilangan markah. Juga kesilapan merekod sesuatu urusniaga ke dalam jernal
lebih daripada satu kali akan mengakibatkan calon tidak mendapat markah
(kecuali modal permulaan perniagaan dan catatan pembukaan) boleh direkod dua
kali (dalam jurnal am dan buku tunai). Calon dianggap meneka jika mereka
merekod sesuatu urusniaga dua kali atau lebih, yang mengakibatkan kedua-dua
catatan yang dibuat itu dianggap salah dan tidak diberi sebarang markah.
Panduan-panduan berikut perlu diberi perhatian olah calon apabila merekod
urusniaga ke dalam jurnal-jurnal:
Jurnal Am
Tajuk Jurnal Am mesti ditulis. Jika tajuk tidak ditulis berkemungkinan segala kandungan
Jurnal Am tidak mendapat markah yang sewajarnya
Mesti tulis ruangan tarikh, butir, debit dan kredit. Jangan tulis butiran dalam
bentuk esei. Apa yang perlu ditulis ialah nama-nama akaun
Tarikh hendaklah ditulis bagi setiap urusniaga yang direkodkan. Jika terdapat
beberapa urusniaga yang berlainan berlaku pada tarikh yang sama memadai
ditulis sekali sahaja pada urusniaga yang pertama
Peraturan merekod Jurnal Am ialah mesti dahului catatan Debit dan diikuti catatan
Kredit. Jangan sekali-kali dahului catatan kredit dan diikuti dengan catatan debit.
Biasanya catatan debit sahaja/kredit sahaja tidak diterima.
Setiap catatan dalam jurnal am mesti diikuti oleh satu keterangan yang mesti
ditulis di dalam kurungan bagi menjelaskan urusniaga yang berlaku
Hanya satu Jurnal Am biasanya dikehendaki. Oleh itu jangan buat Jurnal Am
lebih daripada satu atau secara berasingan bagi setiap urusniaga.
Buku Tunai
Tajuk Buku Tunai hendaklah ditulis. Jika tajuk tidak ditulis berkemungkinan
segala kandungan buku tunai tidak diterima
Tarikh dan butir mesti betul untuk mendapat markah pada sesuatu angka yang
direkodkan.
Jangan tulis butiran dalam entuk esei. Apa yang perlu ditulis ialah nama- nama
akaun
Tajuk bagi ruangan Diskaun, Tunai dan Bank hendaklah ditulis dengan jelas di
kedud-dua bahagian debit dan kredit Buku Tunai. Biasanya Buku Tunai yang
dibuat satu ruangan sahaja, tidak diterima
Sebaik-baiknya semua catatan dalam Buku Tunai hendaklah direkodkan
mengikut urutan tarikh urusniaga berlaku
Baki akhir (baki h/b) ruangan tunai dan bank hendaklah ditunjukkan
Jurnal Belian
Jangan sekali-kali buat jurnal belian dalam bentuk jurnal am
Tajuk Jurnal Belian mesti ditulis dengan jelas
Tarikh, butir dan angka mesti betul untuk memperolehi markah
Biasanya ruang no invois, detil invois tidak perlu direkodkan untuk menjimatkan
masa. Apa yang penting calon hendaklah turus sahaja merekod di ruangan
jumlah dengan angka bersih (angka bersih diperolehi di akhir sesuatu invois).
Catatan dalam jurnal mestilah dibuat mengikut urutan tarikh urusniaga berlaku
Di akhir bulan/di hujung sesuatu tempoh perakaunan, sesuatu jurnal itu

hendaklah ditutup dan dihitung jumlahnya. Tarikh penutupan jurnal hendaklah
ditulis. Berhati-hati menulis butiran bagi menutup sesuatu jurnal. Tidak menulis
tarikh dan butiran yang betul mengakibatkan calon kehilangan markah
Butiran yang boleh diterima pakai ialah: Akaun Belian (Dt) atau Jumlah Belian
Kredit. Butiran-butiran lain tidak diterima
Jurnal Jualan/Jurnal Pulangan Belian/Jurnal Pulangan Jualan

Panduan yang sama seperti di atas dipakai
Akaun-akaun Lejar
Tajuk setiap akaun mestilah ditulis dengan betul dan jelas
Untuk mendapat markah setiap catatan mesti ditulis butir dan angka yang betul
Calon biasanya kehilangan markah kerana mereka membuat akaun yang sama
dua kali atau lebih. Dengan kata lain akaun yang sama tidak boleh diulang dua
kali atau lebih
Tarikh bagi setiap catatan perlu direkod dengan betul. Walau bagaimanapun
tarikh tidak bagitu penting dan boleh di abaikan
Bila membuat posting dari Jurnal-jurnal Khas ke akaun-akaun berkenaan, butiran
dalam akaun tidak boleh ditulis nama secara individu menggantikan "pelbagai
penghutan/pelbagai pemiutang"
Imbangan Duga
Tajuk dan tarikh Ibangan Duga hendaklah ditulis dengan betul dan lengkap. Jika
tajuk tidak ditulis dengan betul dan lengkap anda akan kehilangan markah. Tajuk
yang betul hendaklah ditulis sebagai contoh berikut:
Imbangan Duga Pada 31 Disember 20xx
Butiran dan angka mestilah betul untuk mendapatkan markah. Debit dan kredit
butiran berkenaan juga mesti betul
Angka-angka dalam Imbangan Duga mesti sama dengan angka baki-baki dalam
akaun lejar berkenaan dan baki tunai dan bank dalam Buku Tunai sahaja
Angka jumlah keseimbangan Debit dan Kredit tidak penting (biasanya tidak diberi
markah). Oleh itu jika calon mendapati jumlahnya tidak seimbang jangan
membuang masa menjadikannya seimbang
Teknik Menjawab Penyelarasan Soalan (Adjustment Accounts)

Pelarasan Akaun
Pelarasan dilakukan ke atas butiran akaun kerana mematuhi:
i.
ii.
Tempoh Perakaunan
Konvensyen Perakaunan
Di antara butiran akaun yang perlu dilaraskan:

i.
Belanja
ii.
Hasil
iii.
Hutang Lapuk
iv.
Peruntukan Hutang Ragu
v.
vi.
Susut nilai
Butiran akaun yang belum direkod
Persembahan perakaunan:
Ditunjukkan dalam akaun penamat dalam bentuk:
i.
T akaun
ii.
Penyata
iii.
Lembaran Kerja
Dalam penyediaan pelajar MESTI menjaga:

i.
Komponan
ii.
Struktur akaun
Format:
Soalan diberi dalam bentuk

o Baki-baki akaun o
Imbangan Duga o Dari

bab lain seperti:
Perkongsian
Pengeluaran
Pelarasan Dalam Bentuk Penyata

Jawapan anda perlu ada dalam format Kertas Jawapan - Guna kertas Jurnal/
Kajang
Langkah 1: Tulis Tajuk
Langkah 2: Catat komponan akaun:
Penyata Pendapatan:
a) Jualan
b) Tolak Kos Jualan
c) (+) Lain - Lain
Hasil
d) (-) Belanja
Langkah 3: Kunci Kira-Kira:
a) Aset Tetap
b) Aset Semasa
c) (-) Liabiliti Semasa
d) Dibiayai oleh:
e) Liabiliti Jangka Panjang
Langkah 4: Selesai Maklumat Tambahan melalui Pendekatan CB / ID
Langkah 5: Ambil butiran akaun dalan ID terselaras dan catat dalam komponan /
format disediakan
*Nota: Pengiraan tidak perlu ditunjukkan dalam kertas jawapan anda.
Kecuaian yang pelajar selalu buat dalam peperiksaan

Beberapa kelemahan atau kesalahan umum calon di dalam peperiksaan kertas
Prinsip Akaun yang telah dikenal pasti. Antaranya ialah:
1. Menjawab soalan dengan terlalu gopoh.
2. Tidak memahami kehendak/tugasan soalan terutamanya bagi pelarasan.
3. Cuai dalam membuat pengiraan.
4. Tidak dapat menguasai format akaun yang betul.
5. Tidak mempunyai kaedah penyelesaian yang sistematik dan teratur.
6. Lemah dalam kemahiran mengira dengan cepat.
7. Tidak menjawab mengikut kehendak soalan.

8. Kurang membuat latihan/latih tubi yang mencukupi.
9. Membuang masa atau tidak pandai merancang dan mengagihkan masa
mengikut kehendak soalan dan peruntukan markah.
10. Tidak berkebolehan menggunakan maklumat dan butir-butir yang disediakan di
dalam soalan dengan teliti.
11. Tulisan tidak kemas dan sukar dibaca. Angka-angka tidak ditulis dengan jelas.
12. Catatan-catatan dalam jurnal dan lejar tidak dibuat dengan teratur.
2007
2009
2013
2008
Bil
Topic
K1
K2
2010
K1
K2
2011
K1
2012
K2
K1
1 Pengenalan Kepada
Perakaunan
2 Klasifikasi Akaun: Aset,

Liability, Ekuiti Pemilik, Hasil,
Belanja & Akaun Kontra
3 Dokumen Perniagaan
Sebagai Sumber Maklumat
4 Journal Sebagai Buku

Catatan Pertama
1a
5 Lejar
1c
1a
1c
1c
1a
1b
6
6 Imbangan Duga
7 Penyata Kewangan - Milikan

Tunggal
8 Perakaunan untuk Tunai
1c
1c
10 Perkongsian
11 Syarikat Berhad
12 Kelab & Persatuan
13 Rekod Tak Lengkap
14 Perakaunan Untuk
Pengurusan
15 Maklumat Untuk Membuat

Keputusan
9 Perakaunan untuk
Penggajian
Jumlah Soalan
40
40
40
40
SPM PERDAGANGAN
Paper 1
Paper 2
1 hr 15 min
2 hrs
Answer ALL 40 questions
40%
Section A: Answer THREE questions

60%
Section B: Answer ALL questions
TOTAL
100%
Questions Analysis (2007 - 2013)

P1
P2
Asas Kepada Perdagangan
Unsur Perdagangan
Perniagaan Dalam Negeri
Perniagaan Antarabangsa
Industri Kecil dan Sederhana (IKS)
Pemilikan Perniagaan
Pelaburan
Perbankan dan Institusi Kewangan lain
Insurans
Pengangkutan
Komunikasi
Pergudangan
Promosi
Peranan Kerajaan Dalam Perniagaan
Konsumerisme
Topic
(D - Definitely Tested; C - Commonly Tested)
QUICK NOTES. MUST STUDY CHAPTERS
1) PERBANKAN DAN INSTITUSI KEWANGAN LAIN
Sistem Perbankan Konvensional

o Sistem perbankan British yang diubahsuai mengikut peraturan yang
ditetapkan oleh Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) o Berlandaskan prinsip
komersial iaitu keuntungan dan kecekapan
Sisterm Perbankan Islam

o Berdasarkan prinsip Islam o Tiada mengamalkan riba dan faedah
Perbezaan Sistem Pembankan
Konvensional
Islam
Mengandungi unsur riba
Mengharamkan unsur riba
Mengikuti peraturan BNM
Mengikuti peraturan BMN dan hukum syarah
Bebas melabur dalam semua sektor
Hanya melabur di sektor halal
Pakar pembankan konvensional sebagai penasihat

Ulama, ahli akademik, pakar permbankan Islam sebagai penasihat
Jenis Bank
o Bank Pusat
o Bank Perdagangan dan Bank Islam
Compare Courses
& Apply for Free
o Bank Saudagar o Bank Badan
Berkanun o Bank Koperasi
Fungsi Bank Negara Malaysia

o Mengeluarkan dan mengawal mata wang Negara o
Menjadi jurubank kepada kerajaan o Laksanakan
dasar kewangan kerajaan o Menjadi jurubank kepada
bank perdagangan
Fungsi Bank Perdagangan

o Terima simpanan (akaun simpanan / tetap/ semasa) o Beri
kemudahan pembiayaan (pinjaman / overdraf) o Beri kemudahan
pembayaran (pindahan kredit / arahan tetap) o Beri perkhidmatan
lain (kad kredit / peti simpanan selamat)
Fungsi Bank Saudagar

o Terima simpanan dari syarikat besar o Beri pinjaman o Beri
khidmat nasihat korporat o Urus pelaburan syarikat berhad o
Tangung jamin terbitan syer
Fungsi Bank Badan Berkanun

Bank Simpanan Nasional
Terima simpanan
Beri pinjaman
Tawar kad kredit
Sedia perkhidmatan perbankan Islam
Bank Pembangunan dan Infrastruktur Malaysia Berhad

Biaya aset tetap
Biaya modal kerja
Sedia skim kilang bimbingan
Sedia tabung usahawan baru
Sedia modal asas untuk Industri Kecil dan Sederhana (IKS) Bank
Pertanian Malaysia
Beri pinjaman
Terima simpanan
Beri kemudahan sewa jentera
Anjur kursus / latihan kepada usahawan bumiputera
Fungsi Bank Badan Berkanun
o Terima simpanan o Beri pinjaman
o Tawar perkhidmatan perbankan Islam
Ciri-Ciri Bank Islam
o Berdasarkan hukum Islam dan peraturan syariah, o
Tertakluk kepada Akta Bank Islam 1983. o Riba (bunga atau
faedah} tidak dibenarkan
o Mudharabah dan musyarakah (amalkan konsep perkongsian untung rugi} o Maisir
iaitu perjudian tidak dibenarkan o 3 konsep (Wadiah, Mudharabah, Musyarakah}
Cek
o Dokumen perintah bertulis oleh penyimpan akaun semasa kepada pihak bank. Cek
ini bertujuan mengarahkan bank untuk membuat sejumlah bayaran pada tarikh
tertentu kepada menerima pembawa cek apabila dituntut.
Pihak-pihak dalam sekeping Cek

o Pesuruh bayar - bank yang mengeluarkan cek o Penyuruh bayar - orang / pihak
yang menandatangani cek o Penerima - orang / pihak yang menerima bayaran
Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Cek
Kelebihan
Selamat
Boleh tangguh pembayaran
Boleh batalkan pembayaran
Murah
Tidak perlu mengira duit

Boleh dihantar melalui pos
Kekurangan
Bukan wang sah
Melambatkan proses penerimaan wang
Penerima cek berisiko menerima cek tak
sah
Kos dikenakan di atas penggunaan cek
2) INSURANS
Istilah
o insurer - Syarikat insurans yang memberi perlindungan o insured - Orang
yang membeli polisi insurans o Premium - Bayaran yang dijelaskan oleh

insured untuk mendapatkan perlindungan
o Polisi - Perjanjian antara insurer dan insured o Pampasan gantirugi yang dibayar jika berlaku risiko
Peranan insurans
Kepada Peniaga
Melindungi daripada risiko
Dapat pampasan jika risiko

berlaku
Kepada Individu
Kepada Negara
Melindungi individu dan

keluarga dari risiko
Membangunkan ekonomi
negara
Jaminan masa depan
Memberi peluang pekerjaan
Lebih yakin untuk memajukan Dapat pampasan jika berlaku

Taraf hidup rakyat meningkat
perniagaan
risiko
Satu cara menabung
Risiko Boleh insurans

o Risiko boleh dikira secara statistik. Ada rekod kejadian lalu o
Kadar premium boleh ditetapkan o Cth: Kebakaran,kecurian
Risiko Tidak Boleh Diinsuranskan

o Tidak doleh dikira. Tiada rekod kejadian o
Kadar premium sukar ditetapkan
Prinsip insurans
o Penuh Percaya Mutlak o
indemniti
Sumbangan
Subrograsi
Doktrin punya hampiran
Jenis insurans
o insurans Am
insurans Kemalangan
insurans Kenderaan Bermotor
o insurans motor pihak ketiga o
insurans Motor Komprehensif
insurans Kemalangan Peribadi
insurans Liabiliti Am
insurans Liabiliti Majikan
insurans Kebakaran
insurans Kebakaran
insurans Marin/Penerbangan/Perkapalan
insurans lain
o insurans Hayat
insurans Hayat Seumur Hidup

insurans Hayat Sementara
insurans Endowmen
o insurans islam
Konsep Takaful
Diuruskan berdasarkan hukum syariah
Guna 3 prinsip insurans biasa, ditambah:
o Mudharabah - Perkongsian untung o Tabaruk - Derma
dengan ikhlas/wujud dana bersama
Dijalankan dengan asas:
o Tiada Gharar - ketidakpastian o Tidak Maisir - perjudian o
Tiada Riba - faedah
Produk Skim Takaful
o Takaful keluarga o Takaful Am
3) PENGANGKUTAN
Definisi: Proses pemindahan barang dari safu fempaf ke fempaf yang lain dengan
menggunakan kenderaan
Jenis Pengangkufan
o Pengangkufan Daraf
Jalan raya
Rel
o Pengangkufan Lauf
Kapal Kargo
Kapal Kerenfan
Feri
Kapal Pesisir Panfai o
Pengangkufan Udara
Kapal ferbang
Helikopfer o Saluran Paip
Kelebihan Pengangkufan Jalan Raya

o Boleh serah barang dari pinfu ke pinfu
o Menjimatkan masa o Mengurangkan kerja
pemunggahan o Risiko barang rosak lebih

kurang o Murah dan cepat untuk jarak dekat
o Sesuai bawa barang diperlukan segera o
Tiada jadual perjalanan
o Kemudahan kenderaan mudah didapati dan banyak o
Mudah hubungi kawasan pendalaman
Kekurangan Pengangkutan Jalan Raya
o Mahal dan lambat bagi jarak jauh o Ruang
muatan terhad
o Tidak sesuai mengangkut barang mudah pecah (contoh: kaca, seramik) o Kos
penyelenggaraan tinggi o Pembaziran tenaga buruh
Kelebihan Pengangkutan Rel

o Murah dan cepat bagi jarak jauh o Ruang
muatan lebih luas
o Sesuai untuk bawa barang pukal / berat / kuatiti banyak / bernilai rendah seperti
kayu balak , simen, pasir o Lebih selamat / kurang kemalangan dan selesa o Masa
bertolak dan tiba diketahui mudahkan peniaga hantar / tunggu barang
Kekurangan Pengangkutan Rel

o Mahal dan lambat bagi jarak dekat o Tiada
perkhidmatan pintu ke pintu o Banyak kerja
pemunggahan o Risiko barang rosak /
hilang tinggi
o Tidak fleksibel kerana arah dan masa perjalanan ditetapkan o
Kos penyelenggaraan tinggi
o Rangkaian perkhidmatan keretapi terhad - tidak semua bandar dihubungkan
dengan perkhidmatan kereta api
Badan Berkaitan Dengan Pengangkutan Darat

o Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan (JPJ) o Lembaga Pelesenan
Kenderaan Perdagangan (LPKP)
o Pusat Pemeriksaan Kenderaan Berkomputer (PUSPAKOM) o Keretapi
Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB)
Kelebihan Pengangkutan Laut

o Boleh bawa muatan banyak o Tambang lebih murah
o Sesuai untuk bawa barang pukal seperti kayu balak dan bijih timah o Lebih
selamat sebab kadar kemalangan rendah o Tiada kesesakan lalu lintas o Kos
penyelenggaraan sedikit
o Banyak pilihan kapal seperti kapal kontena, kapal kargo o Ada
kemudahan kontenarisasi - cepatkan urusan kastam
Kekurangan Pengangkutan Laut
o Tiada serahan pintu ke pintu dan memerlukan pengangkutan lain seperti lori
untuk bawa barang dari atau ke pelabuhan o Kerja pemunggahan yang banyak
meningkatkan risiko kecurian dan kerosakan
o Perjalanan lambat sampai
o Perkhidmatan terhad di kawasan yang ada kemudahan pelabuhan / jeti sahaja
Badan Berkaitan Dengan Pengangkutan Laut

o Perbadanan Perkapalan Antarabangsa Malaysia (MISC) o Jabatan Laut o
Lembaga Pelabuhan
Kelebihan Pengangkutan Udara

o Sesuai bawa barang mahal dan ringan kerana kadar tambang tidak dipengaruhi
oleh nilai barang
o Sesuai bawa barang yang diperlukan segera yang memerlukan pengangkutan
yang cepat / pantas
o Sesuai bawa barang yang tidak tahan lama untuk menjamin agar barang segar
dan baik
o Sesuai hubungi kawasan pendalaman - gunakan helikopter o Barang lebih
selamat sebab kawalan keselamatan ketat risiko kecurian kurang oleh itu kos
insurans lebih rendah o Kos pergudangan rendah sebab barang segera dihantar o
Ada kemudahan kontenarisasi - menoepatkan urusan kastam
Kekurangan Pengangkutan Udara

o Tambang mahal o Saiz dan berat kargo dihadkan
o Tiada serahan pintu ke pintu perlukan pengangkutan lain o Kerja pemunggahan
yang banyak tingkatkan risiko keourian dan kerosakan o Perkhidmatan terhad di
kawasan yang ada kemudahan lapangan terbang sahaja
o Penerbangan mudah tergendala jika ouaoa buruk o Kos penyelenggaraan tinggi
Badan Berkaitan Dengan Pengangkutan Udara

o Penerbangan Malaysia (MAS) o Jabatan Penerbangan Awam (DCA)
Kelebihan Pengangkutan Saluran Paip

o Barang selamat daripada risiko keourian o Barang segera sampai
o Jimat kos pengangkutan kerana tidak guna bahan api o Kos penyelenggaraan
rendah sebab kurang berlaku kerosakan
Kekurangan Pengangkutan Saluran Paip

o Kos pemasangan saluran paip tinggi
o Penggunaannya terhad kepada barang oeoair dan gas seperti petrolium, gas
dan air
o Keboooran mengganggu penggunaan dan sukar dibaiki
Badan Berkaitan Dengan Pengangkutan Saluran Paip

o Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS)
Faktor Pemilihan Jenis Pengangkutan

o Kos pengangkutan o Jenis barang yang dibawa o Jarak perjalanan o Kesegeraan
o Risiko kerosakan o Nilai barang yang dibawa
4) KOMUNIKASI
Fungsi Komunikasi
o Memudah dan memperoepatkan proses penyebaran maklumat, o
Memudahkan peniaga menjalankan aktiviti perniagaan, o Memudahkan
kegiatan promosi, o Meluaskan pasaran barangan, o Memudahkan
pentadbiran dan pengurusan, o Mengelakkan kerugian dan kerosakan,
Jenis Perkhidmatan Komunikasi

o Televisyen dan radio, o Perkhidmatan Pos
Perkhidmatan Mel,
Perkhidmatan kaunter,
Perkhidmatan Lain,
o Perkhidmatan Telekomunikasi
Perkhidmatan lisan
Perkhidmatan beroetak
Perkhidmatan Audiovisual o
Perkhidmatan Kurier,
EMS
Poslaju Malaysia
Faktor Pemilihan Jenis Perkhidmatan Komunikasi

o Kesegaran o Jenis Maklumat o Kos
o Mudah didapati dan berhampiran o Jarak
5) KONSUMERISME
Maksud Konsumerisme
o Satu perjuangan bagi melindungi hak dan kepentingan pengguna
o Satu usaha bagi menyedarkan pengguna tentang hak mereka supaya taraf
hidup meningkat
Matlamat Konsumerisme
o Melindungi hak pengguna o Mewujudkan iklim perniagaan yang harmoni o
Membina kualiti kehidupan yang lebih baik
Pengguna
o Orang yang menggunakan barang untuk penuhi keperluan dan kehendak
Amalan perniagaan yang tidak sihat

o Letak harga tidak berpatutan o Buat iklan mengelirukan o Tawar barang berkualiti
rendah o Jual barang yang tidak selamat
Hak pengguna
o Hak mendapat keperluan asas o Hak mendapat keselamatan o Hak mendapat
maklumat o Hak membuat pilihan o Hak mendapat ganti rugi o Hak bersuara
o Hak mendapat pendidikan pengguna o Hak mendapat alam sekitar yang sihat
Lima Tanggungjawab pengguna

o Kesedaran mengkritik o Penglibatan dan tindakan o Tanggungjawab sosial o
Tanggungjawab alam semulajadi o Bersatu padu
Enam Tanggungjawab pengeluar

o Praktikkan amalan perniagaan yang baik o Amal pengiklanan yang beretika o
Sedia terima rungutan
o Membantu menyebarkan pendidikan konsumerisme o Memelihara
alam sekitar o Menjalankan tanggungjawab sosial
Lima prinsip asas membeli dengan bijak o Menentukan jenis
barang o Menentukan sebab membeli o Menentukan
masa membeli o Memilih tempat membeli o Mengetahui
teknik membeli
Peranan kerajaan dalam melindungi pengguna

o Tubuh kementerian yang menjaga hal-ehwal pengguna o Beri
kesedaran tentang konsumerisme o Wujudkan akta/peraturan
o Tubuh kementerian / jabatan untuk kuatkuasa undang-undang
Agensi lain dan peranannya dalam melindungi pengguna

o Majlis Penasihat Pelindung Pengguna Kebangsaan (MPPPK) @ Majlis
Pengguna
o Tribunal Tuntutan Pengguna o Persatuan Pengguna o Persatuan Pengeluar o
Persatuan Profesional o Persatuan Peniaga
Etika Amalan Perniagaan

o Diperkenalkan tahun 1982
o Digubal oleh Majlis Penasihat Pelindung Pengguna Kebangsaan (MPPPK) o
Bertujuan mewujudkan perpaduan di kalangan peniaga, pengeluar, pengguna dan
kerajaan
o mengandungi Etika Penjual dan Etika Pembeli o Mempunyai 5 prinsip:
Kenalpasti dan akui hak-hak pengguna
Tidak menyampaikan maklumat yang mengelirukan
Patuhi prinsip perniagaan secara adil
Tidak burukkan pesaing Amal perniagaan yang jujur
Etika Pembeli (mengandungi dua tanggungjawab pembeli)

Tanggungjawab terhadap penjual o
patuhi syarat kontrak o jelaskan
hutang mengikut tempoh
o tidak boleh paksa penjual sediakan perkhidmatan yang melebihi bayaran o tidak
menawarkan harga terlalu rendah sehingga peniaga rugi o tidak kembalikan
barang tanpa alasan yang kukuh/ tanpa tunjuk kad jaminan
o amalkan sifat sopan santun o beri pandangan untuk tingkatkan kualiti barang
Tanggungjawab terhadap masyarakat
o libatkan diri dalam persatuan pengguna o jaga persekitaran tempat tinggal/
pelihara alam sekitar o elak aktiviti pembakaran secara terbuka/ yang cemarkan
alam sekitar o tidak sebarkan khabar angin seperti kenaikan harga barang/
kekurangan bekalan
Etika Penjual (Mengandungi enam tanggungjawab penjual)

Tanggungjawab terhadap pekerja
jaga kebajikan pekerja dengan kemudahan tempat tinggal/pengangkutan
beri bimbingan /latihan untuk meningkatkan produktiviti
memberi ganjaran setimpal seperti gaji/bonus
Tanggungjawab terhadap pelanggan

sediakan barang berkualiti
sentiasa berusaha tingkatkan kualiti barang
tepati keperluan dan kehendak pengguna
jual barang pada harga berpatutan
bermaklumat yang lengkap
adakan kempen promosi yang jujur
sediakan khidmat lepas jualan / khidmat nasihat
beri layanan sama rata
Tanggungjawab terhadap pemodal
maklumkan kedudukan pelaburan / perniagaan
beri kadar pulangan yang memuaskan
jalankan pengurusan yang cekap
Tanggungjawab terhadap pembekal
layanan adil kepada semua pembekal
patuhi segala syarat kontrak
berusaha jual barang dengan segera
amalkan sistem payung
pastikan syarat kontrak jelas
Tanggungjawab terhadap masyarakat
pelihara alam sekitar
guna sumber yang manfaatkan masyarakat
beri sumbangan kepada pembangunan / penyelidikan melalui biasiswa / subsidi
Tanggungjawab terhadap kerajaan
bayar cukai
sedia peluang pekerjaan
guna sumber bahan mentah tempatan dengan cekap
adakan rundingan dengan kerajaan mengenai penggubalan / perlaksanaan
dasar
SPM EKONOMI ASAS
Paper 1
Paper 2
1 hr 30 min
2 hrs
Answer all 40 questions

Section A: Answer all THREE questions
40%
60%
Section B: Answer ALL questions

TOTAL
100%
Questions Analysis (2007 - 2013):

Topic
P1
P2
Pengenalan Kepada Ekonomi
Pendapatan dan Penggunaan Pendapatan Individu
Isi Rumah Sebagai Pengguna
Firma Sebagai Pengeluar
Pasaran
Wang dan Institusi Kewangan
Ekonomi Malaysia a) Struktur Ekonomi Negara
Ekonomi Malaysia b) Belanjawan Negara
(D - Definitely Tested; C - Commonly Tested)
Hubungan Ekonomi Antarabangsa a. Perdagangan

Antarabangsa
Hubungan Ekonomi Antarabangsa b. Imbangan Pembayaran
Hubungan Ekonomi Antarabangsa c. Pertukaran Asing
QUICK NOTES AND TIPS FOR PAPER ONE & TWO
Compare Courses
& Apply for Free
A
1) PENGENALAN KEPADA EKONOMI

Ekonomi
o Tingkah laku manusia dalam menggunakan sumber ekonomi yang terhad untuk
memenuhi kehendak yang tidak terhak.
Sumber ekonomi terhad terdiri daripada:
o Buruh o Tanah o
Modal o Usahawan
Unit ekonomi terdiri daripada;
o Isi rumah o
Firma o
Kerajaan
Masalah ekonomi :
o Kekurangan o
Pilihan o Kos
Lepas
Jenis-jenis barang:
o Barang Percuma o
Barang Awam o
Barang Ekonomi
Masalah asas ekonomi terdiri daripada:

o Apa yang hendak dikeluarkan o
Berapa yang hendak dikeluarkan o
Bagaimana hendak dikeluarkan o
Untuk siapa dikeluarkan
Empat sistem ekonomi:
o Kapitalis
o Perancangan Pusat o
Ekonomi Campuran o
Islam
2) PENDAPATAN INDIVIDU DAN PENGGUNAAN PENDAPATAN INDIVIDU

Ekonomi
o Tingkah laku manusia dalam menggunakan sumber ekonomi yang terhad untuk
memenuhi kehendak yang tidak terhak.
Tiga sektor ekonomi:
o Sektor Utama/ Sektor Primer
Melibatkan pengeluaran secara langsung daripada alam semula jadi
sama ada dari darat atau laut
Contoh: Pertanian, penternakan, perhutanan dan lain-lain o Sektor Kedua
Melibatkan pemprosesan bahan mentah dari sektor utama untuk
menghasilkan barang
Contoh: Arkitek, Kontraktor,Juruteknik Kilang dan lain-lain o Sektor Ketiga
Penyediaan perkhidmatan secara langsung kepada pengguna
Contoh: Doktor, peguam, guru, jururawat
Faktor Pemilihan Pekerjaan
o Upah Wang o Faedah Sampingan
o Faktor Lain (minat, jarak, prospek pekerjaan, suasana tempat kerja, kelayakan
akademik, keadaan ekonomi semasa)
Jenis Pendapatan Individu
o Upah/Gaji
Upah Benar = Upah Wang / Harga Purata Barang o Faedah
Faedah = Pokok x Kadar Faedah x Tempoh o Dividen
o Untung
Untung = Hasil - Kos o Sewa
o Bayaran Pindahan
Pendapatan Boleh Guna = Jumlah pendapatan - Potongan wajib
Potongan Wajib terdiri daripada:

o Kumpulan Wang Simpanan Pekerja (KWSP) o Pertubuhan
Keselamatan Sosial (PERKESO) o Zakat
o Cukai Pendapatan
Perbelanjaan penggunaan terdiri daripada:
o Keperluan
Keperluan asas
Keperluan lain o Kehendak
Tabungan
o Tabungan = Pendapatan Boleh Guna - Perbelanjaan Penggunaan
3) ISI RUMAH SEBAGAI PENGGUNA

Isi Rumah
o Isi Rumah = Individu atau keluarga yang tinggal dalam satu rumah dan akan
membuat keputusan ekonomi untuk kepentingan bersama
Peranan Isi Rumah:
o Sebagai pembekal faktor-faktor pengeluaran
o Sebagai pengguna barang dan perkhidmatan
Konsep Utiliti:
o Tingkat atau ukuran kepuasan yang diperoleh oleh isi rumah daripada
penggunaan barang dan perkhidmatan
Hukum Permintaan
o Dengan andaian ceteris paribus, semakin tinggi harga sesuatu barang, semakin
kurang kuantiti yang diminta. Semakin rendah harga barang, semakin banyak
kuantiti yang diminta.
Penentu Pemintaan
o Harga Barang Itu
o Harga Barang Lain
o Pendapatan Individu o Cita Rasa
Pengguna o Jangkaan Harga Pada
Masa Depan o Musim
o Dasar Kerajaan
Keanjalan harga
o Keanjalan harga = Peratus perubahan dalam kuantiti yang diminta terhadap
sesuatu barang atau perkhidmatan kesan daripada peratus perubahan harga
barang itu
Strategi Perubahan Harga:
o Anjal
Strategi: Menurunkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil meningkat

Strategi: Menaikkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil merosot o Tidak Anjal
Strategi: Menurunkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil merosot
Strategi: Menaikkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil meningkat o Anjal Satu
Strategi: Menurunkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil tidak berubah
Strategi: Menaikkan harga; Kesan = Tidak berubah
4) FIRMA SEBAGAI PENGELUAR

Firm ialah satu unit ekonomi atau sebuah organisasi yang merancang bagaimana
menggunakan input (faktor-faktor pengeluaran) untuk, menghasilkan output (barang
dan perkhidmatan)
Objektif Firma adalah untuk memaksimumkan keuntungan
Konsep Pengeluaran ialah aktiviti menggabungkan faktor-faktor pengeluaran (input)
untuk menghasilkan keluaran (output)
Dua jenis input:
o Input tetap o Input berubah
Jangka masa pengeluaran
o Jangka masa pengeluaran ialah jangka masa apabila firma mampu mengubah
input tetap menjadi input berubah
Jumlah keluaran
o Jumlah unit barang yang mampu dikeluarkan daripada gabungan input tetap
dan input berubah
Keluaran Purata
o Jumlah keluaran yang boleh dihasilkan oleh setiap unit input berubah o Keluaran
Purata = Jumlah keluaran/Input berubah
Keluaran Sut
o Pertambahan jumlah keluaran akibat pertambahan satu unit lagi input berubah
o Keluaran Sut = Perubahan Jumlah Keluaran/ Perubahan Jumlah Input Berubah
Jumlah Kos
o Jumlah perbelanjaan yang terpaksa ditanggung untuk menghasilkan output o
Jumlah Kos = Kos tetap + Kos berubah
Kos Purata
o Perbelanjaan (kos) bagi setiap unit keluaran yang dihasilkan o
Kos Purata = Jumlah Kos / Jumlah Keluaran
Kos Sut
o Pertambahan kos akibat daripada pertambahan satu unit keluaran o
Kos Sut = Perubahan Jumlah Kos / Perubahan Jumlah Keluaran

Hukum penawaran menyatakan bahawa semakin tinggi harga sesuatu barang,
semakin banyak kuantiti yang ditawarkan oleh firma.
Faktor penawaran:
o Harga barang itu o Harga barang lain
o Harga faktor pengeluaran o Tingkat
teknologi o Jangkaan harga pada
masa depan o Cuaca
o Matlamat pengeluar o
Dasar kerajaan
5) PASARAN
Pasaran merupakan suatu situasi yang membolehkan para pembeli dan penjual
berinteraksi antara satu sama lain dengan tujuan berjual beli barang atau
perkhidmatan
Dua jenis pasaran:
o Pasaran langsung o
Pasaran tidak langsung
Pasaran barangan merupakan institusi yang membolehkan penjual dan pembeli
berinteraksi dengan tujuan untuk berjual beli barang dan perkhidmatan
Permintaan pasaran diperoleh dengan menjumlahkan secara mendatar semua kuantiti
barang yang diminta oleh semua individu di pasaran pada setiap tingkat harga bagi
suatu jangka masa tertentu
Penawaran pasaran diperoleh dengan menjumlahkan secara mendatar kuantiti yang
ditawarkan oleh setiap firma pada tingkat harga tertentu dan dalam jangka masa
tertentu
Keseimbangan pasaran dicapai apabila jumlah kuantiti yang diminta sama dengan
jumlah kuantiti yang ditawarkan pada suatu tingkat harga tertentu
Pasaran faktor merupakan tempat faktor-faktor pengeluaran diuruskan
Pasaran faktor terdiri daripada:
o Pasaran Buruh o
Pasaran Modal o
Pasaran Tanah
Aliran pusingan pendapatan dalam ekonomi dua sektor ditakrifkan sebagai aliran
pendapatan faktor daripada sektor firma kepada sektor isi rumah dan aliran
perbelanjaan penggunaan daripada sektor isi rumah kepada sektor firma
Aliran fizikal melibatkan pergerakan barang dan perkhidmatan serta faktor-faktor

pengeluaran antara sektor isi rumah dan sektor firma
Aliran wang melibatkan aliran pendapatan faktor-faktor pengeluaran dan aliran
perbelanjaan isi rumah
6) WANG DAN INSTITUSI KEWANGAN

Wang merupakan sebarang benda yang diterima umum sebagai alat perantaraan
pertukaran
Sistem barter ialah sistem pertukaran barang secara langsung antara seorang individu
dan individu lain
Kelemahan Sistem Barter:
o memerlukan dua kehendak serentak o barang sukar
dibahagikan kepada unit kecil o barang tidak
mempunyai simpanan nilai yang bail o barang tidak
mempunyai ukuran nilai
Ciri-Ciri Wang
o Diterima umum o
Penawaran yang terhad o
Kestabilan nilai o Tahan
lama
o Mudah dibawa
o Boleh dibahagikan kepada unit-unit yang kecil
Jenis Wang
o Duit Syiling o Wang Kertas o Deposit Semasa
Fungsi Wang
o Alat perantaraan pertukaran o Alat simpanan nilai
o Alat bayaran tertunda o Alat ukuran nilai
Bank ialah institusi kewangan yang menawarkan perkhidmatan kewangan kepada
orang ramai
Jenis Bank:
o Bank perdagangan o Bank pusat o Bank
saudagar o Syarikat kewangan
Fungsi Bank Perdagangan
o Menerima simpanan o Mengurus pertukaran
asing o Memberikan pinjaman o Membuat dan
menerima bayaran
Skim Perbankan Islam bertujuan memenuhi keperluan kewangan masyarakat Islam
Prinsip Skim Perbankan Islam

o Wadiah o Mudharabah o Murabahah o
Musyarakah o Bai Bithaman Ajil
Bank Pusat merupakan bank induk yang ditubuhkan untuk mengawasi dan
mengawal pelaksanaan segala dasar serta peraturan kewangan yang telah
ditetapkan
Fungsi Bank Pusat
o mengeluarkan mata wang o mengawal kestabilan
nilai mata wang o menjadi jurubank kepada bank
perdagangan
o menjadi jurubank kepada kerajaan
Cara Bank Pusat mengawal inflasi dan kemelesetan ekonomi:
o rizab berkanun o rizab tunai o kadar faedah
o jual beli surat jaminan kerajaan o kawalan syarat sewa
beli
Jenis Institusi Kewangan Bukan Bank
o Syarikat Insurans o Bank Simpanan Nasional o
Lembaga Tabung Haji o Kumpulan Wang Simpanan
Pekerja
Fungsi Institusi Kewangan Bukan Bank
o Menerima deposit o Menggalakkan tabungan o
Menggalakkan pelaburan
o Sumber kewangan kepada pasaran modal negara
Sumbangan Institusi Kewangan Bukan Bank kepada Perkembangan Ekonomi Negara
o Menggembleng dan menggerakkan dana o
Menyediakan peluang pekerjaan o Mengurangkan
pinjaman kerajaan dari luar negara o Menstabilkan
ekonomi

SPM 2016 Exam Study Tips

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SPM 2016 Exam Study Tips

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SPM 2016 Exam Study Tips

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SPM 2015 Bahasa Melayu Tips

SPM Bahasa Melayu

Section A: Karangan Berpandukan Ransangan

Section B: Karangan Umum

Answer ALL grammatical and vocabulary-based

Looking for a university and course to study?

SPM 2015 Bahasa Melayu Tips

Bahagian B - Karangan Umum:

Looking for a university and course to study?

SPM 2015 Bahasa Melayu Tips

Start the first paragraph (Pendahuluan by Petikan membincangkan..... The Isi

Soalan 3 - Pengetahuan dan Kemahiran Bahasa

Looking for a university and course to study?

SPM 2015 Bahasa Melayu Tips

Section A: Directed Writing

Section B: Continuous Writing

Graphic Stimuli & Short Text

Section C: Reading Comprehension

Long Texts with open ended questions

Section D: Literature Component

Looking for a university and course to study?

SPM 2015 Bahasa Melayu Tips

Try using a variety of sentences when you write this essay.

contractions such as cant, dont.

Formal Letter, Informal Letter, Speech/ Talk, Speech

Looking for a university and course to study?

SPM 2015 Bahasa Melayu Tips

5 questions will be given. Usually 2 questions are argumentative/ factual essay,

Choose the one that you are confident with.

Tips For Scoring Well

Excellent Grammar: know your past tense, past-participle, spelling and

Looking for a university and course to study?

SPM 2015 Bahasa Melayu Tips

Coherent Paragraphs: The flow of your paragraphs need to be in smooth. Try

Looking for a university and course to study?

Do more practices from the revision books.

Section B:Information Transfer

Carefully analyse the material given in the paper.

Most importantly, avoid spelling mistakes.

Section C: Reading Comprehension Long Text and Open Ended Question

directly from the passage.

down relevant and logic answers.

Firstly, read the questions before you read the passage.

Try identifying 10 points and omit the examples and elaborations.

Section D: Literature Writing (Poem)

Your answers can be short and precise.

Usually the questions revolves around (Themes / Settings / Plot /

Your answers must be in full sentences. Structure your sentences in proper

SPM BAHASA CINA

Section A: Practical Writing

Section A: Modern Text Comprehension

Remember formats of Formal Letters, Reports & Notice.

invitation (included in the essay)

If 2 were answered, examiner will only mark the first essay.

Recheck your essay to detect any errors.

NOT TESTED IN THIS PAPER

1B. Continuous Writing

6 paragraphs will be efficient (1 opening, 4 Body, 1 Closing)

Descriptive/ Sentimental/Narrative Essay.

Interesting Story, Clear, Detailed on the story, 5 or more paragraph depending on