Material Science and Engineering

MATERIAL SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
AGES OF MAN WE SURVIVE BASED ON THE MATERIALS WE CONTROL
STONE AGE NATURALLY OCCURRING MATERIALS
SPECIAL ROCKS, SKINS, WOOD
BRONZE AGE
CASTING AND FORGING
IRON AGE
HIGH TEMPERATURE FURNACES
STEEL AGE
HIGH STRENGTH ALLOYS
NON-FERROUS AND POLYMER AGE
ALUMINUM, TITANIUM AND NICKEL (SUPERALLOYS) AEROSPACE
SILICON INFORMATION
PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES FOOD PRESERVATION, HOUSING,
AEROSPACE AND HIGHER SPEEDS
EXOTIC MATERIALS AGE?
NANO-MATERIAL AND BIO-MATERIALS THEY ARE COMING AND THEN
WHAT IS MATERIALS SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING?
MATERIALS SCIENCE
- INVOLVES INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIPS THAT EXIST BETWEEN THE
STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
MATERIALS ENGINEERING
- IS, ON THE BASIS OF THESE STRUCTUREPROPERTY CORRELATIONS,
DESIGNING OR ENGINEERING THE STRUCTURE OF A MATERIAL TO PRODUCE A
PREDETERMINED SET OF PROPERTIES
WHAT IS MATERIAL SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING?
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
-(MSE) IS AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FIELD OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
THAT STUDIES AND MANIPULATES THE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF
MATERIALS ACROSS LENGTH SCALES TO CONTROL MATERIALS PROPERTIES
THROUGH SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING
COMPOSITION - MEANS THE CHEMICAL MAKE-UP OF A MATERIAL

STRUCTURE - MEANS A DESCRIPTION OF THE ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS,
AS SEEN AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DETAIL
SYNTHESIS
- REFERS TO HOW MATERIALS ARE MADE FROM NATURALLY

OCCURRING OR MAN-MADE CHEMICALS.
PROCESSING
- MEANS HOW MATERIALS ARE SHAPED INTO USEFUL

COMPONENTS TO CAUSE CHANGES IN THE PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT
MATERIALS.
STRUCTURAL LEVELS
SUBATOMIC STRUCTURE
ATOMS AND
- INVOLVES ELECTRONS WITHIN THE INDIVIDUAL
INTERACTIONS WITH THEIR NUCLEI
ATOMIC LEVEL STRUCTURE

MOLECULES
-ENCOMPASSES THE ORGANIZATION OF ATOMS OR
RELATIVE TO ONE ANOTHER
MICROSCOPIC
- THE NEXT LARGER STRUCTURAL REALM, WHICH CONTAINS

LARGE GROUPS OF ATOMS THAT ARE NORMALLY AGGLOMERATED TOGETHER MEANING
THAT WHICH IS SUBJECT
TO DIRECT OBSERVATION USING SOME TYPE OF MICROSCOPE
(ALSO KNOWN AS MICROSTRUCTURE)
MACROSCOPIC
EYE
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS THAT MAY BE VIEWED WITH THE NAKED
WHAT ARE PROPERTIES?
PROPERTY IS A MATERIAL TRAIT IN TERMS OF THE KIND

AND MAGNITUDE OF RESPONSE TO A SPECIFIC IMPOSED
STIMULU
6 CATEGORIES OF MATERIALS ACCORDING

TO THEIR PROPERTIES
1. MECHANICAL
2. ELECTRICAL
3. THERMAL
4. MAGNETIC
5. OPTICAL
6. DETERIORATIVE
WHAT IS MECHANICAL PROPERTY?

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES RELATE DEFORMATION TO AN APPLIED LOAD OR
FORCE
EXAMPLE ARE ELASTIC MODULUS AND STRENGTH
STIMULI ------------- APPLIED LOAD OR FORCE (COMPRESSIVE OR TENSILE)
REACTION --------- IS THE MATERIAL STIFF, ELASTIC, PLASTIC ETC.
WHAT IS ELECTRICAL PROPERTY?

FOR ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES RELATES THE MATERIAL BEHAVIOR TO ELECTRIC
FIELD
(EXAMPLES ARE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND DIELECTRIC
CONSTANT)
STIMULI----------- ELECTRIC FIELD
REACTION -------- DOES IT CONDUCT ELECTRICITY OR NOT? DOES IT
STORE
ELECTRIC CHARGE OR NOT? ETC.
WHAT IS THERMAL PROPERTY?

THERMAL PROPERTY RELATES THE THERMAL BEHAVIOR MATERIALS WHEN
APPLIED WITH HEAT
(EXAMPLES FOR SOLID, WE HAVE HEAT CAPACITY AND THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY)
STIMULI------------ HEAT
REACTION-------- IS IT HEAT TOLERANT? DOES IT CONDUCT HEAT? ETC.
WHAT IS MAGNETIC PROPERTY?

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES DEMONSTRATE THE RESPONSE OF A MATERIAL TO
THE APPLICATION OF A MAGNETIC FIEL
(EXAMPLES ARE DIAMAGNEGTIC, PARAMAGNETIC, MAGNETIC)
STIMULI --------- MAGNETIC FIELD
REACTION------ CAN IT BE EASILY MAGNETIZED? ETC
WHAT ARE OPTICAL PROPERTIES?

OPTICAL PROPERTIES RELATES THE REACTION MATERIAL TOWARDS
ELECTROMAGNETIC
RADIATION OR LIGHT
(EXAMPLES: INDEX OF REFRACTION AND REFLECTIVITY
STIMULUS ------------ ELECTROMAGNETIC OR LIGHT RADIATION
REACTION --------- IS IT OPAQUE? TRANSPARENT? TRANSLUCENT? ETC.
WHAT ARE DETERIORATIVE PROPERTIES?

DETERIORATIVE CHARACTERISTICS INDICATE THE CHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF
MATERIALS
(EXAMPLE IS IF A MATERIAL IS CORROSIVE, ACIDIC, BASIC ETC)
STIMULI -------- CHEMICAL IN THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT
REACTION------- DOES IT CORRODE, CHANGE IN COLOR, ODOR ETC
THE FOUR COMPONENTS OF THE DISCIPLINE OF MATERIALS

SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING AND THEIR LINEAR
INTERRELATIONSHIP.
PROCESSING
PERFORMANCE
STRUCTURE
PROPERTIES
WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING?
1. THE IN-SERVICE CONDITIONS MUST BE CHARACTERIZED, FOR THESE WILL
DICTATE THE PROPERTIES REQUIRED OF THE MATERIAL
2.
3.
ANY DETERIORATION OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES THAT MAY OCCUR DURING

SERVICE OPERATION.
ECONOMICS: WHAT WILL THE FINISHED PRODUCT COST
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
1. METALS
2. CERAMICS
3. POLYMERS
4. COMPOSITES
5. SEMICONDUCTORS
6. BIOMATERIALS
METALS
METALLIC MATERIALS ARE NORMALLY COMBINATIONS OF
METALLIC ELEMENTS. THEY HAVE LARGE NUMBERS OF NON
LOCALIZED ELECTRONS; THAT IS, THESE ELECTRONS ARE NOT
BOUND TO PARTICULAR ATOMS. MANY PROPERTIES OF METALS
ARE DIRECTLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO THESE ELECTRONS. METALS ARE
EXTREMELY GOOD CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITY AND HEAT AND
ARE NOT TRANSPARENT TO VISIBLE LIGHT; A POLISHED METAL
SURFACE HAS A LUSTROUS APPEARANCE. FURTHERMORE, METALS
ARE QUITE STRONG, YET DEFORMABLE, WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR
THEIR EXTENSIVE USE IN STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS.
CERAMICS
CERAMICS
ARE
COMPOUNDS
BETWEEN
METALLIC
AND
NONMETALLIC ELEMENTS; THEY ARE MOST FREQUENTLY OXIDES,
NITRIDES, AND CARBIDES. THE WIDE RANGE OF MATERIALS THAT
FALLS WITHIN THIS CLASSIFICATION INCLUDES CERAMICS THAT ARE
COMPOSED OF CLAY MINERALS, CEMENT, AND GLASS. THESE
MATERIALS ARE TYPICALLY INSULATIVE TO THE PASSAGE OF
ELECTRICITY AND HEAT, AND ARE MORE RESISTANT TO HIGH
TEMPERATURES AND HARSH ENVIRONMENTS THAN METALS AND
POLYMERS. WITH REGARD TO MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR, CERAMICS
ARE HARD BUT VERY BRITTLE
POLYMERS
POLYMERS INCLUDE THE FAMILIAR PLASTIC AND RUBBER
MATERIALS. MANY OF THEM ARE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS THAT
ARE CHEMICALLY BASED ON CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OTHER
NONMETALLIC ELEMENTS; FURTHERMORE, THEY HAVE VERY
LARGE MOLECULAR STRUCTURES. THESE MATERIALS TYPICALLY
HAVE LOW DENSITIES AND MAY BE EXTREMELY FLEXIBL
COMPOSITES
A NUMBER OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS HAVE BEEN ENGINEERED
THAT CONSIST OF MORE THAN ONE MATERIAL TYPE. FIBERGLASS
IS A FAMILIAR EXAMPLE, IN WHICH GLASS FIBERS ARE EMBEDDED
WITHIN A POLYMERIC MATERIAL. A COMPOSITE IS DESIGNED TO
DISPLAY A COMBINATION OF THE BEST CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH
OF THE COMPONENT MATERIALS. FIBERGLASS ACQUIRES
STRENGTH FROM THE GLASS AND FLEXIBILITY FROM THE POLYMER
. MAN Y O F TH E RECEN T MATERIA L DEVELOPMENT S HAV E INVOLVE
D COMPOSITE MATERIAL
SEMICONDUCTORS
SEMICONDUCTORS
SEMICONDUCTORS
HAVE
ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES THAT ARE INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN THE ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTORS
AND
INSULATORS.
FURTHERMORE,
THE
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THESE MATERIALS ARE
EXTREMELY SENSITIVE TO THE PRESENCE OF MINUTE
CONCENTRATIONS
OF
IMPURITY
ATOMS,
WHICH
CONCENTRATIONS MAY BE CONTROLLED OVER VERY SMALL
SPATIAL REGIONS. THE SEMICONDUCTORS HAVE MADE POSSIBLE
THE ADVENT OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITRY THAT HAS TOTALLY
REVOLUTIONIZED THE ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER INDUSTRIES
BIOMATERIALS
BIOMATERIALS ARE EMPLOYED IN COMPONENTS IMPLANTED INTO
THE HUMAN BODY FOR REPLACEMENT OF DISEASED OR
DAMAGED BODY PARTS. THESE MATERIALS MUST NOT PRODUCE
TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND MUST BE COMPATIBLE WITH BODY
TISSUES (I.E., MUST NOT CAUSE ADVERSE BIOLOGICAL
REACTIONS). METALS, CERAMICS, POLYMERS, COMPOSITES, AND
SEMICONDUCTORSMAY BE USED AS BIOMATERIALS
ADVANCED MATERIALS
MATERIALS THAT ARE UTILIZED IN HIGH-TECHNOLOGY (OR HIGH-TECH)
APPLICATIONS ARE SOMETIMES TERMED ADVANCED MATERIALS. BY HIGH
TECHNOLOGY WE MEAN A DEVICE OR PRODUCT THAT OPERATES OR
FUNCTIONS USING RELATIVELY INTRICATE AND SOPHISTICATED PRINCIPLES

Material Science and Engineering

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Material Science and Engineering

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MATERIAL SCIENCE AND

WHAT IS MATERIALS SCIENCE AND

WHAT IS MATERIAL SCIENCE AND

COMPOSITION - MEANS THE CHEMICAL MAKE-UP OF A MATERIAL

- REFERS TO HOW MATERIALS ARE MADE FROM NATURALLY

- MEANS HOW MATERIALS ARE SHAPED INTO USEFUL

- INVOLVES ELECTRONS WITHIN THE INDIVIDUAL

INTERACTIONS WITH THEIR NUCLEI

ATOMIC LEVEL STRUCTURE

-ENCOMPASSES THE ORGANIZATION OF ATOMS OR

RELATIVE TO ONE ANOTHER

- THE NEXT LARGER STRUCTURAL REALM, WHICH CONTAINS

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS THAT MAY BE VIEWED WITH THE NAKED

WHAT ARE PROPERTIES?

PROPERTY IS A MATERIAL TRAIT IN TERMS OF THE KIND

6 CATEGORIES OF MATERIALS ACCORDING

WHAT IS MECHANICAL PROPERTY?

WHAT IS ELECTRICAL PROPERTY?

WHAT IS THERMAL PROPERTY?

WHAT IS MAGNETIC PROPERTY?

WHAT ARE OPTICAL PROPERTIES?

WHAT ARE DETERIORATIVE PROPERTIES?

THE FOUR COMPONENTS OF THE DISCIPLINE OF MATERIALS

WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE AND

ANY DETERIORATION OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES THAT MAY OCCUR DURING

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