DS

READING
for DS & KPDS

rh+

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1

Fossil Fuels
The twentieth century has been called the hydrocarbon
century due to the abundance of fossil fuels, and their
contribution to human development. Fossil fuels were
formed over millions of years by the decomposing remains
of plants and animals under immense
immens heat and pressure.
This process resulted in energy laden fuels, coal,
petroleum, and natural gas, which together have
generated most of the energy consumed globally for over a
century, paving the way for continued advancement and
new inventions.
Fossil fuels are currently the most economically available
source of power for both personal and commercial uses.
Petroleum fuels our cars and thirst for plastics, while
natural gas and coal heat and electrify our homes. Mass
transportation is also largely propelled
propel
by fossil fuels. In
2005, more than 3/4 of total world energy consumption
was through the use of fossil fuels. Petroleum led with over
43,4 percent of the world's total energy consumption,
followed by natural gas (15,6
15,6 percent) and coal (8,3
percent). North America is the largest consumer of fossil
fuels, utilizing nearly 25 percent of the world's resources.
Long thought to be inexhaustible, fossil fuels have been
used extensively since the Industrial Revolution. However,
many believe that the world is using fossil fuels at an
unsustainable rate. Some experts believe that the world
has already reached its peak for oil extraction and
production, and that it is only a matter of time before
natural gas and coal follow suit. These near-term
near
concerns
about oill supply have led to increasing focus on, and
exploration of, alternative sources of petroleum, such as in
tar sands and oil shale.

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VOCABULARY
due to
abundance
contribution

den dolay (owing

to)
: bolluk X scarcity
:

: katk

form
decompose
remains
immense
laden
process
resulted in
generate
consume

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pave

advancement
invention
currently
source
commercial
thirst

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largely

propell
consumption
consumer
utilize

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nearly

inexhaustible
extensively
unsustainable
expert
peak
extraction
concern(about)
supply
lead to
increasing
focus on
exploration
such as

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oluturmak,ekil
r(t)mek
kalnt
byk = huge,vast
ykl
sre
ile sonulanmak
retmek
tketmek
yolu
amak,demek
ilerleme
icat
u anda = presently
kaynak
ticari
susuzluk
byk oranda = for
the most part,
mostly,
predominately
itmek
tketim
tketici
kullanmak
yaklak =
almost
closely
virtually
bitmez
youn bir ekilde
srdrlemez
uzman
zirve,doruk
(maden) kartma
endie
kaynak,salamak
yol amak
artan X decreasing
odaklanmak
aratrma
rnein,---gibi

To release their stored energy, fossil fuels must be burned.

It is during this combustion process that a variety of
emissions and particulates, including ash, are released into
the atmosphere. Primary releases are sulfur, nitrogen, and
carbon, which can be harmful to the environment. They
can combine with water vapor in the air to form acidic
compounds that create acid rain, and burning fossil fuels
releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that scientists
believe is key factor in global climate change.

release

burn
combustion
including

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primary

There are also environmental risks associated with

extracting, transporting, and utilizing fossil fuels. Mining for
coal and drilling for oil are especially hazardous because
the digging of massive mines and wells can change the
surrounding landscapes and bring massive amounts of salt
water to the surface which can damage nearby ecosystems
without proper treatment and sequestration. Natural gas
extraction is somewhat safer, but can also be hazardous.
While there are regulations in place that attempts to
minimize the risks, it is impossible to eliminate them
completely. However, regulation is not sufficient; there
must be continued research in developing new
technologies for both fossil fuel and renewable energy, in
addition to an increasing conservation measures.
meas

harmful (to)

combine
associated
with

especially

hazardous
dig
massive
nearby
proper
sequestration
somewhat
attempt
eliminate
regulation

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sufficient

renewable
in addition to

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conservation

measure

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salmak =emit=give
off
yakmak
yanma
dahil X excluding
ana =
chief
elementary
main
principal
zararl =
destructive
detrimental
birletirmek

: ile ilgili,balantl
zellikle =
particularly
tehlikeli =risky
kazmak
byk
yaknlarda
uygun,dzgn
el koyma
biraz
giriim,girimek
ortadan kaldrmak
dzenleme
yeterli =
adequate
ample
comfortable
decent
enough
yenilenebilir
-e ilaveten
koruma =
preservation
nlem,lmek

Land Use
The surface of the Earth is shaped by a combination of
physical processes, including earthquakes and volcanoes,
shifts of rocks and sediments, and flows of river and ice.
Humans also shape the land through increasing
populations, agricultural expansion, mineral
mi
and forest
resource excavation, changing the flow of rivers, and with
layers of industrial and urban infrastructure. Land cover is
the physical and biological material found on the surface of
the land, existing as vegetation or the built environment
(human-created
created structures). Land use describes the various
ways in which human beings make use of and manage the
land and its resources.
Over the course of history, humans have had a changeable
relationship to the land. Early humans are believed to have
used
ed the land with little modification for shelter, food
gathering, and defensive aims. It wasn't until the
domestication of plants and animals approximately 10,000
years ago that land use involved extensive changes in the
landscape. With domestication came large-scale clearing
for both settlement and agriculture. Growing populations
built structures on the land (or out of the land) for shelter,
defense and worship, and altered the existing land cover
and the course of waterways for food, power, and
transportation.
In many instances, the biological and physical make-up
make
of
the land contributes to how it is used; lands with rich soils
are most suitable for farming while lands prone to flooding
are less suitable for settlement. Large cities, for example,
are often
n located adjacent to an ocean or river, providing
essential water, and access for food, sewer, industrial, and
economic purposes. As food, power, transportation, and
communication technologies transformed over the last few
centuries in order to meet the needs
eeds of a rapidly expanding
population, there have been major changes in the patterns
of land use worldwide.

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VOCABULARY
surface

shape

shift
agricultural
expansion
excavation
infrastructure
existing
vegetation
describe
various
make use of
manage
modification
shelter
gather
defensive
domestication
approximately
extensive
settlement
defense
worship
alter
instance
make-up
contribute TO
suitable
prone TO
flooding
located

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adjacent to

provide
essential
access
purpose
communication

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meet the needs

rapidly

expand
worldwide

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:

yzey
ekil,
ekillendirmek
deitirmek
tarmsal
genileme
kaz
altyap
var olan
bitki rts
tanmlamak
eitli
kullanmak
ynetmek
deitirm
snak,korumak
topla(n)mak
savunmac
evcilletirme
yaklak
youn
yerleim
savunmak
tapmak
deitirmek
rnek;defa,kez
YAPI
katkda bulunmak
uygun
yatkn,eilimli
sel basma,tama
yerlemi
bitiik =
neighbouring
next to
salamak
gerekli
giri,eriim
ama
iletiim
ihtiyac
karlamak
hzlca =
quickly
speedily
genilemek
dnya apnda

During the 18th and 19th centuries, many acres of forest

were cleared to make way for cropland, and for use as fuel
and building material. In many developed countries that
trend is reversing, and the regeneration of vegetation is
occurring. However, in many
man developing countries,
deforestation and unsustainable agricultural practices are
still a major concern. Yet, worldwide, the most
transformative change has been in the decrease of
cropland and the increase of urban land.
Today, industrial areas are more apt
a to be found in
suburban locales rather than in inner cities, while areas
dedicated to natural resource extraction and production
continue to be found most often in rural areas. Modern
city life is marked by large commercial and residential
spaces, with impermeable surfaces punctuated by the
occasional green space. These areas are connected by a
vast transportation network that snakes across land and
water, exchanging people, goods, and natural resources
between the urban, suburban, and rural areas. Land use
decisions have since moved from the single farmer
deciding where to place his crops to a more integrated
view of land use planning.

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reverse
regeneration
deforestation
concern
decrease (IN)
increase (IN)
urban
land
apt
rather than
inner
dedicated to
impermeable
punctuate
integrate

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tersine evirmek
yenilenme
ormanszlatrma
endie,ilgi
azalma
artma
kentsel
arazi
uygun
-den ziyade
i X outer
adanm,ayrlm
szdrmaz,geirmez
araya girmek
birletirmek

Water
The basic building block for all life on Earth, water is the
most plentiful natural resource on the planet; in fact, over
two-thirds
thirds of the Earth is covered by water. However, 97
percent is held in the oceans, while only 3 percent is
freshwater. Of the freshwater, only 1 percent is easily
accessible as ground or surface water, the remains are
stored in glaciers and icecaps. Moreover, freshwater is not
evenly distributed across land surfaces, and there are a
number of heavily populated countries located in arid lands
where fresh water is scarce.
Water also regulates the temperature of the planet and
cycles essential nutrients through the land, air, and all
living things. The flow of water through the atmosphere,
biosphere, lithosphere, and
nd hydrosphere is called the
hydrologic, or water, cycle. Thus, water is both the most
abundant natural resource on our planet and a
fundamental element of life whose preciousness requires
diligent management.
Philosophies guiding management of water supplies
suppl
changed during the 20th century. Until the second half of
the 1900s, water management was governed by the goal of
moving water to where it was most needed, particularly for
irrigation of agricultural lands. Rivers, lakes, and other
bodies of water were also used to carry away wastes from
municipal and industrial uses, because it was believed that
the pollutants would disperse in the water. In the past
three decades, the focus of water management has shifted
to considerations of municipal, agricultural, and industrial
supplies, water quality, and the protection of aquatic
ecosystems.

VOCABULARY
basic
plentiful
in fact
cover
accessible
store
evenly
distribute
a number of
heavily
scarce
regulate

essential

nutrient
thus
abundant
fundamental
precious

require

diligent
particularly
irrigation
municipal
disperse
consideration
protection

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: temel
: ok = copious
: aslnda
kaplamak,
:
kapsamak
: ulalabilir
: depo,depolamak
dzenli = equally
:
X unevenly
: datmak
: bir ok
youn ekilde
:
X lightly
: nadir,seyrek
: dzenlemek
gerekli =
important
crucial
indispensable
:
necessary
of the essence
requisite
substantive
: besleyici
bu yzden
:
=hence,therefore
: bol
: temel
: deerli
gerektirmek =
ask
call for
demand
: expect
involve
necessitate
need
postulate
: alkan
: zellikle
: sulama
: belediye
: datmak,yaymak
: gz nne alma
: koruma

Many argue that privatization, rather than state-control,

state
produces the most equitable, environmentally friendly, and
economically sound system for managing both the
distribution and consumption of water. Water rights which
are transferable from one individual to another are the
fundamental building blocks of such a system. Rather than
government controlling access to water, in a private
priv
system
individuals buy, sell, and trade water rights, just as we do
with property rights today. However, critics charge that
private water markets will undersupply consumers and
lead to unequal distribution, skewing towards those with
more means. Yet, in practice, this seems not to be the case.
Interestingly enough, privatization benefits are actually
most visible in developing countries. People living on the
margins, without recognizable property or water rights, are
able to access clean drinking water for a small cost because
local water vendors have responded to the many failures of
government supply. In West Africa, for example, small,
disposable bags of clean drinking water called sachets are
available throughout the region for only a few cents. Many
M
foreign companies are also responding to this increased
demand, shipping large amounts of bottled water to
consumers who need it most.
In creating a realistic market for water, price increases will
effectively treat water as a finite and precious resource,
resou
reflecting all costs associated with its use; therefore,
individuals will adapt, innovate, and find creative ways to
trade and conserve. When prices do not reflect scarcity, it
can result in waste, inefficiency, and environmental
degradation.

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argue that
privatization
equitable
distribution
consumption
private
just as
property
right
unequal
skew
A means (OF)

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in practice

interestingly

visible

margin
recognizable
cost
vendor
respond to
FAILURE
disposable
demand
shipping
effectively

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treat

finite
precious
resource
reflect
therefore
adapt
innovate
creative
conserve
scarcity
inefficiency
degradation

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iddia etmek
zelletirme
tarafsz,adil
datm,dalm
tketim
zel X public
tpk
mal,zellik
hak;doru
eit deil
arpklk
aralar,yntemler
uygulamada
X in theory
ilgin ekilde
grlebilir
X invisible
snr,kenar
tannabilir
malolmak,maliyet
satc
yant vermek
baarszlk
elden karlabilir
talep,talep etmek
sevkiyat
etkili ekilde
davranmak,tedavi
etmek
snrl X infinite
deerli
kaynak
yanstmak
bu yzden
uyum salamak
yeni,yeniliki
yaratc
korumak
ktlk,azlk
etkisizlik
bozulma

Ecosystems
The ecosystem concept has its roots in theoretical concepts
regarding the organization and dynamics of natural
systems. The word itself is of relatively recent origin; it was
initially suggested by a scientist in 1935 as a more abstract
replacement for the community concept. In its present
usage, however, an ecosystem is generally defined as a
community of organisms living in a particular environment
and the physical elements in that environment with which
they interact. Just as there is an immense diversity
diversit of
individual species on the planet, so is there a rich diversity
of ecosystems from the icy arctic zones to tropical forests
lush with plants and animals. They occur on many different
scales, with smaller systems embedded within larger
systems. An ecosystem
stem can be as small as a fallen log or as
large as the ocean, depending on the scale that the
researcher is examining. But where does one particular
ecosystem end and another begin? While the borders of
some may be clear, such as a pond; others may be less
les easy
to define, such as marshland that leads into a waterway.
In order to better understand the ecological makeup of the
Earth, scientists have proposed many different ways of
categorizing terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Most
classification systems aree defined by the type of plant and
animal life living in an area in relation to global climate
patterns. The most common system divides the world into
biomes based on the dominant plant life that occurs within
a certain climate. Other ways of defining ecosystems
ecos
use
more specific classifications incorporating characteristics
such as rainfall patterns, type of soil, and particular species.
Eco-regions,
regions, for example, are nested within biomes and are
used by conservationists to define areas of the world which
share
hare a majority of their species and ecological dynamics in
similar environmental conditions. Newer methods of
classifying the world are more human-centered.
human
For
instance, anthropogenic biomes are defined by sustained
direct human interaction with ecosystems.
ecosyste

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VOCABULARY
concept
root

:
:

regarding

relatively

initially
abstract
replacement
community

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present

usage
define
particular
interact
just as
immense
diversity
species

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:

occur

embeded
log

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depend on

examine
border
clear
marshland
propose
classification
in relation to
divide
based on

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dominant

certain
incorporate
(INTO)
for instance
sustain
interaction
(with)

karam,gr
kk
ile ilgili =
concerning,relatin
g
nispeten =
comparatively
balangta
soyut X concrete
yedek,ikame
toplum
u anki ;
var,mevcut X
absent
kullanm
tanmlamak
belli,baz
etkilemek
tpk
byk
eitlilik
trler
olmak = take
place
gml
gvde
dayanmak,bal
olmak
incelemek
snr
ak,belli
bataklk arazi
teklif etmek
snflandrma
--e oranla,ile ilgili
blmek
-- e dayanan
egemen X
predominant
prevailing
prevalent
belli,baz,kesin

birletirmek

:
:

rnein = e.g
srdrmek

etkileim

Because ecosystems are so interconnected, there have

been many efforts by scientists to define the effect of
change on ecosystem functioning. Though there may be no
true balance of nature,, changes to the number or type of
species, temperature, soil nutrients, and other factors have
all been observed to alter ecosystem functions. Some
changes may ultimately lead to species extinctions and
eventual ecosystem collapse; though it can be difficult for
scientists to determine exactly which factor or combination
of factors contribute to any negative outcomes. There are
many uncertainties
ncertainties in predicting both ecosystem change
and ecosystem functioning, and scientists continue to
refine both their method of assessment as well as the
definition of a healthy ecosystem.

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interconnected
effort
function
nutrient
observe

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ultimately

extinction
eventual
collapse

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determine

exactly

outcome

uncertainty
predict

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refine

assessment
as well as

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definition

birbirine bal
aba
ilev
besin
gzlemek
sonunda =
at last
finally
in the end
eventually
yok olma
nihai = ultimate
kmek
belirlemek,saptam
ak,karar vermek
aynen = precisely
sonu =
consequence
result
resultant
belirsizlik
tahmin etmek
saflatrmak,
dzeltmek
deerlendirme
-de- da
tanmlama =
account

Energy
The development of modern civilization has been
dependent on both the availability and the advancement of
energy. We have witnessed a progression from animal and
steam power, to the internal combustion engine and
electricity generation and to the harnessing
harnessin of alternative
sources of energy. Because of our reliance on energy
sources, it is also important to understand the effects of
energy use on the environment. All aspects of energy, the
way itt is produced, distributed, and consumed can affect
local, regional,
nal, and global environments through land use
and degradation, air pollution, the acidification of water
and soils, and through global climate change via
greenhouse gas emissions.
The majority of our energy stems from fossil fuels such as
coal, oil, and natural
tural gas; yet, the burning of these fuels is a
large source of carbon dioxide emissions which contributes
to the greenhouse effect. Coal is dominant in the
production of electricity, while oil is the world's primary
transportation fuel. Natural gas use, most
m
commonly for
heating, is growing quickly; however, while cleaner and less
carbon intensive than coal and oil, natural gas also emits
significant amounts of carbon dioxide.
While fossil fuels will remain our largest source of energy
for the foreseeable future, they are ultimately finite
resources. With concern over domestic supply and reliance
on foreign supplies, increasing costs and environmental
impacts, there is an increasing push to utilize alternative
fuel sources.

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VOCABULARY
dependent on

: dayanan,bal
ulalabilirlik =
availability
:
accessibility
advancement
: ilerleme
witness
: tanklk etmek
progression
: ilerleme
steam
: buhar
internal
: i X external
combustion
: yanma
generation
: retim
control etmek,
harness
:
faydalanmak
reliance on
: ballk
aspect
: yn,zellik
distribute
: datmak
consume
: tketmek
affect
: etkilemek
local
: yerel
regional
: blgesel
through
: sayesinde
degradation
: bozulma
via
: yolu ile
greenhouse gas : sera gaz
majority
: ounlukX minority
stem from
: kaynaklanmak
such as
: --rnein,gibi
yet
: henz,fakat
burn
: yakmak
contribute to
: katkda bulunmak
effect
: etki
dominant
: egemen
ana,temel =
chief
primary
:
main
principal
commonly
: yaygn
growing
: artan
intensive
: youn
significant
: nemli
ngrlebilir =
foreseeable
:
predictable
ultimately
: nihayetinde
finite
: snrl
etki =
impact (ON)
:
effect=influence
utilize
: kullanmak
Hydrogen is the most abundant
element in the universe and could

be an important factor in our energy future since it can

both carry and store energy. As such, hydrogen can be
used in a wide variety of applications, from portable
devices and stationary sources to transportation vehicles
through the use of fuel cells, with the only byproducts
being water and heat. Yet, while it can be manufactured
from renewable energy sources, the majority of hydrogen
is produced by processing fossil fuels which emit pollutants
in the process. A significant challenge
hallenge in the availability of
hydrogen
rogen energy is the large amount of energy, fossil,
nuclear, hydro that will be needed to generate the
hydrogen.
Nuclear energy provides nearly a fifth of the world's
electricity without harmful by-products.
products. Yet, concern over
safe storage and disposal of radioactive
adioactive waste, along with
the potential for accidents, radiation contamination and
exposure continues. This concern, along with those
opposed to nuclear energy, has blocked its advancement as
a practical and sustainable energy source.
Between increasing
ng costs and concern over the
environmental effects related to fossil fuel use, and
controversy over the use of nuclear power, research and
development in the area of renewable sources of energy
continues to flourish. These sources, wind, solar,
geothermal,, and water, have been used in one form or
another for many centuries, but require additional
advancement before they can become cost-competitive
cost
with conventional energy sources. They also face the
challenge of providing sufficient amounts of electricity to
be a meaningful contributor to our growing power needs.

abundant
carry
store
variety
application
portable
device
stationary
vehicle
byproduct
manufacture
renewable
process
emit
pollutant
challenge
generate
nearly
harmful
concern
disposal
along with
potential
contamination
exposure TO
related to
controversy
flourish
require
additional
advancement
competitive
conventional
face
meaningful
growing

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bol
tamak
depolamak,depo
eitlilik
uygulama,bavuru
tanabilir
ara
sabit,duraan
ara
yan rn
retmek
yenilenebilir
sre,ilem
yaymak
kirleten
sorun,engel
retmek
yaklak
zararl
ilgi,endie
atma,boaltma
ile birlikte
gizli,kuvvet,olas
kirletme
maruz kalma
ile ilgili
tartma
gelimek
gerektirmek
ilave
ilerleme
rekabeti
geleneksel
yzlemek,
: kar karya
kalmak
: anlaml
: artan

The 2005 Energy Policy Act established a practical

approach toward energy development and energy
independence for the country. In late 2007, Congress
passed another energy bill which will increase CAFE (fuel
economy) standards, implement a Renewable Fuels
Standard, and seek to improve Americas energy efficiency.
However, rather than providing significant economic and
environmental benefits, some believe it is a politicallypolitically
motivated measure that fails to take into consideration
economic and market forces.
As human consumption of energy continues to increase,
further research and development will be necessary to
produce alternative and/or renewable sources of energy
that are readily available, affordable, and less harmful to
the environment than conventional
conventiona fossil fuels. While our
dependence on energy is not likely to decrease, it will be
important to foster new innovations in energy technologies
with a larger focus on energy efficiency and conservation.

establish
practical
approach
independence
(FROM/OF)
bill
implement
seek
improve
efficiency
rather than
benefit FROM
motivate
measure
fail TO DO
take into
consideration
force
necessary
readily
affordable
harmful (TO)
dependence
ON
likely TO DO
foster
innovation
focus ON
conservation

12

www.remzihoca.com

: kurmak
: kullanl
: kaklam
: bamszlk
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

yasa tasla,fatura
uygulamak
aratrmak
geli(tir)mek
etkililik =efficacy
-den ziyade
fayda,faydalanmak
tevik etmek
nlem;lmek
baarsz olmak

: gznne almak
: g,zorlamak
: gerekli
: kolayca,isteyerek
ulalr,satn
:
alnabilir
zararl =
:
detrimental
: bamllk
: muhtemel
tevik etmek
:
,bytmek
: yenilik
: odaklanmak
: koruma

Food
Human civilization has its roots in the early domestication
of plants and animals nearly 10,000 years ago. Success in
this endeavor led to drastic changes in how and where
human beings lived; agriculture led humans from a
nomadic existence to one based in permanent and semisemi
permanent settlements. It even changed how humans
interacted
acted with one another and how they interacted with
the Earth.
The unprecedented growth in global population that
occurred in the 20th century was made possible by the
remarkable advances in agriculture, public health, and
technology. The Green Revolution brought high-yield crops
and advanced growing techniques to developing countries,
improving nutrition and health in most parts of the world.
Continued growth, however, will likely require more land
to plant and water for irrigation, increasing pressure on
habitats and natural resources.
Advanced agricultural methods have made it possible to
grow more food on fewer acres of land, permitting some
land to be returned to forest and other natural states. Yet,
there are costs associated with high-yield
high
methods,
including
ncluding a heavy reliance on pesticides and fertilizers.
Runoff from agricultural lands affects the water quality of
lakes and rivers. Erosion continues to be a serious
environmental problem in the absence of preventative
measures. And, irrigation required in many parts of the
world can be a significant drain on water supplies in arid
areas and, if improperly managed, can lead to a buildup of
salt deposits, which can severely degrade soil quality.
The most critical challenge is to find ways to increase food
production while minimizing environmental degradation.
Considerable research in this and other countries has led to
advanced methods to preserve soil and prevent erosion,
including conservation tilling and computer-controlled
computer
application of pesticides, fertilizers,
rtilizers, and water.

13

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VOCABULARY
civilization
root
domestication
success IN

:
:
:
:

endeavor

drastic
nomadic
existence
permanent
settlement
interact with

:
:
:
:
:
:

unprecedented

make possible

remarkable

advance IN
agriculture
yield
crop
nutrition
pressure
habitats
advanced

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

permit

return

associated
with
fertilizer
runoff
absence
preventative
arid
improperly
buildup
deposit
severely
degrade
critical
considerable
tilling

uygarlk
kk
evcilletirme
baarl olmak
aba gstemek =
attempt
enterprise
strive
try
iddetli,sert
gebe
varolma X extiction
kalc = lasting
yerleim
etkilemek
emsalsiz,benzeri
grlmemi
olas klmak
dikkate deer
= noteworthy
ilerlemek
tarm
rn vermek
rn
beslenme
bask
yerleim
ileri
izin vermek
=allow=let
dnmek,geri
vermek

: ilgili
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

gbre
boalma.ak
yokluk X presence
nleyici
kurak
uygunsuz
artma
brikinti,depozito
idetli bir ekilde
niteliini bozmak
tehlikeli
nemli =sizeable
srlme

The use of pesticides and new types of genetic

modification, or "genetic engineering," continue to be
controversial. In order to reduce a reliance on pesticides,
methods such as biocontrol (using other species to control
pests), more sophisticated traditional breeding (DNA
shuffling; marker recombination) to enhance positive traits,
and using biotechnology to create pest-resistant
pest
crops are
being tested. While biocontrol using naturally occurring
and mutant species is generally accepted, especially by
organic producers, the use of genetically modified
biocontrol agents changed by DNA deletion or insertion of
new traits are not accepted due to concerns about their
potential impacts. Natural hybrids of species, though rare,
are known, most notably, triticale,
iticale, a highly nutritious cereal
produced by crossing rye and wheat.

14

www.remzihoca.com

modification
controversial
sophisticated
traditional
breed

:
:
:
:
:

shuffling
enhance
trait
resistant TO
accept
deletion
insertion
rare
notably
nutritious
rye
wheat

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

deitirme
tartmal
ileri,gelimi
geleneksel
beslemek,
yetitirmek
kartrma
gelitirmek
zellik
direnli
kabul etmek
iptal etmek
ekleme
nadir
zellikle
besleyici
avrdar
buday

Environment & Society

Throughout history humans have both affected, and been
affected by, the natural world. While a good deal has been
lost due to human actions, much of what is valued about
the environment has been preserved and protected
through human action. While many uncertainties
unce
remain,
there is a realization that environmental problems are
becoming more and more complex, especially as issues
arise on a more global level, such as that of atmospheric
pollution or global warming.
Interactions between human society and the environment
are constantly changing. The environment, while highly
valued by most, is used and altered by a wide variety of
people with many different interests and values.
Difficulties remain on how best to ensure the protection of
our environment and natural
ural resources. There will always
be tradeoffs and, many times, unanticipated or unintended
consequences. However, a well--managed environment can
provide goods and services that are both essential for our
well being as well as for continued economic prosperity.
prospe
The environment has become one of the most important
issues of our time and will continue to be well into the
future. The challenge is to find approaches to
environmental management that give people the quality of
life they seek while protecting the environmental systems
that are also the foundations of our well being. In order to
face these challenges, students today will need more than
superficial knowledge or awareness of disconnected
environmental issues. A multidisciplinary approach to
learning can
an build upon the strengths of a wide range of
fields of study, providing a deeper understanding of the
technological, political, and social options and strategies
for both studying and managing the relationship between
our society and the environment.

15

www.remzihoca.com

VOCABULARY
throughout
a good deal
due to

:
:
:

value

uncertainty

realization

complex

especially
issue
arise FROM
constantly
ensure
tradeoff
unanticipated

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

unintended

consequence
well being
prosperity
foundation
superficial
knowledge
awareness
multidisciplinary
strength
option
relationship

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

boyunca
bir ok
den dolay
deer,deer
vermek
belirsizlik
gerekletirme,
fark etme
karmak X
simple
zellikle
konu
ortaya kmak
devaml
garanti etmek
takas
beklenmeyen
kastsz,tesadfi
= accidental
causeless
inadvertent
uncaused
unintentional
unplanned
unwitting
sonu
refah
zenginlik,refah
temel;kurum
yzeysel
bilgi
farkndalk
ok disiplinli
g,kuvvet
seenek
iliki