MATHEMATICS REVIEW for the FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING EXAMINATION Presented By Dr. John A. Weese, P.E. Professor of Mechanical Engineering potw) Nationat CounciL OF EXAMINERS ITI])) | FOR ENGINEERING AND SURVEYING FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING. (FE) DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC REFERENCE HANDBOOK Second Printing, September 1996 National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) 280 Seneca Creek Road P.O. Box 1686 Clemson, SC 29633-1686 864-654-6824 www.ncees.org Copyright © 1996 by the Notional Courci of Examine fr Engineering end Surveying, All ght eredMATHEMATICS STRAIGHT LINE ‘The general form of the equation is Ax+By+C =0 ‘The standard form of the equation is y= mzto, which is also known as the slope-intercept form. ‘The point-slope form is yry, = ma-x) Given two points: slope, m = (y.~¥Ne_-%,) ‘The angle between lines with slopes m, and m, is @ = arctan [(m,~m,)/(1 + mym,)] ‘Two lines are perpendicular if ‘The distance between two points is d= VQAa FF nae QUADRATIC EQUATION ax*tbxte =0 Roots = —#“5F=Fac~ a m, = =m, CONIC SECTIONS SS ¢ = eccentricity = cox Aileos #) (Note: X’ and Y’, in the following cases, are trans. lated axes.] Case 1. Parabola e = 1 ¥ x Ginf [Fiera (y-A* = 2pte—h); Canter at (h,h) is the standard form of the equation. Then, when h=h=0, Foeus: (p/2,0); Directrix: x = -p/2 Case 2, Ellipse ¢ <1: ; y NN Nihta.k) ew . yet ot, oe 1; Center at (h,k) is the standard form of the equation. When h=k=0, Eccentricity: e = Vi-@ay = b= avin Foous: (+ 2¢,0); Direstrix: x — + ale la Case 3. Hyperbola ¢> 1: GeeWY SB 1; Comterat (hh) is the standard form of the equation. When h=k=0, Eccentricity: ¢ vite) b= avd-T 5 Focus: (+ ae,0); Directrix: x Cane 4. Circle ¢ = 0: (eh) + yb = 7; Contor at (yk) is the general form of the equation with radius 7 = ERT Ge “Bik RW, A Find Yor of alg Mthonain Copyright ©1881 by D. Arle ‘estar Canc Roei by primi of reno fal ne, Engen Cs,vay) 5 x Length of the tangent from a point. Using the gen- eral form of the equation of a circle, the length of the tangent io found from B= Ge Gy? hy substituting the coordinates of a point Ptx',y') and the coordinates of the center of the circle into the equation and computing. . y Conic Section Equation ‘The general form of the conic section equation is, Ax? + 2Bxy + Cy? + 2Dx + 2By + F = 0 where not both A and C are zero. If BY - AC <0, anellipse is defined If BY ~ AC > 0, a hyperbola is defined If B* - AC =0, theconicis a parabola. IA-C and D=0, acircle isdefined. If A= B= C=, a straight line in defined x +37 + 2ax + 2by +e is the normal form of the conic section equation, if that conic section has a principal axis parallel to a coordinate axis. h=-a;k=-b r= Vas me Ifa? + 8? ~ cis positive, acirele, center (~ Ifa? + 8? - c equals zero, a point at (—a,—b) Ifa? + 8° - cis negative, locus is imaginary. QUADRIC SURFACE (SPHERE) ‘The general form of the equation is @-hP + (y- bP + =m) = with center at (h,,m). Ina three-dimensional space, the distance between two points is 8 = GRP FO Fa LOGARITHMS ‘The logarithm of x to the Base 6 ic defined by og, 2) = c, where 6 Special definitions tor 6 = ¢ or 10 are: Inx, Base = ¢ logx, Base = 10 ‘To change from one Base to another: log, x = (log, x)/(log, b) Inz = (log. x)/(log,. ¢) Identities log,b" = 7” logs" logsy = loge + logy Jog = 1; logl =0 logzly = logx—logy ‘TRIGONOMETRY Trigonometric functions are defined using » right triangle. sin 6 2.302585 (log,,2) elog®; antilog (clog =) yin, cos 8 tan 6 = yir,cot 6 esc 8 = rly, sec @ = riz a Law of Sines a 6 e and ~ sinB ~ sinC Law of Cosines a? = 6? +c? ~2be cosA & @ = a? +0°-2ab cos a? +ct—2ac cosB Identities esc 6 = 1/sin 0; tan @ = sin dleos 0 wee 0 = Levs 0; cot = Itano sin’@+cos’@ = 1; tan’O+1 = weed cot? +1 = oct sin (a + f) = cin a c08 B + 000 a cin fp eon (a + fl) = con weos f-cin asin f sin2a = 2sin acon a 08 2a = cos*a~sin*a = 1-2sin*a = 2eosa—1 tan 2a = (2tan @)/(1-tan?a) cot 2a = (cotta - 1)/(2cot «) tan (a+ f) = (tan @ + tan f)((1—tan @ tan f) cot (a + f) = (cot «cot f-I)Mleot a + cot fp) sin (@—) = sin @cos f—cos asin B Beek, RA Fit Year of allege Mthrticn, Copyiht © 159 yD, Apne ‘Geom e nepis pernen of Penn lass Easenead Ciecos (a= f) = cos @cos P+ sin asin p tan (=) — (tes a= tan A/C + tan @ ean f) cot (ap) = (cot eeot f + 1)/(cot Pot a) sin (@/2) cos (a2) tan (a2) = + J =eo8 al + coe a) cot (al) = + VC tee a= eoe a) sin asin B = (L2)leos(a - f) ~ cos(a + fi) cos @ eos f = (1/2)[cos(a ~ f) + cos (a + A) sin @cos P = (1/2)[sin (a + f) + sin (a ~ B)) sin @+sin P = 2sin (1/2(@ + 6) cos (12a) sin a—sin B = 2cos(1/2)(« + f) sin (U2 ap) cos «+005 f = 2eos(12(a + f) cos (12a - p) eos a - cos B =~ 2sin (1/2) a + A) sin (12\(a~ f) COMPLEX NUMBERS Definition i = V=1 (a +ib) +(e +id) = (a +0) +i +d) (a + ib) ~ (tid) = (ac) +i -d) (a + ib) + id) = (ac-bd) + ifad + be) atid _ (a +ible~id) _ (ac +bd) + ilbe-ad) Sa Goes “Se (o+id) +(0-i) = 20 (a + ib) — (a~ib) = 25 Ge + ibNa—ib) = a? +8 Polar Coordinates x = recon 8; y = rsin@; 8 ~ arctan (y/x) re jrty) = Gage xtiy = rlooe 0+ icin ® — re {r(coe 6, + fcin O))Iry(o0e G +i cin 4) = ryraloos (8, + 64) +i sin (8, + 8) (tig = Irleos 0+ isin OF = reosn0+ isin nd) io ry(eos 0, + isin &) _ ry rileos 6, + isin A) = Fiteosce,— 0) + i sina, ~ T,(005 0, + isin By) ~ Fy OHO ~ O) + 4 sinc Oy — 049) Eulers Identity = cos O+isind ot? = cos O-isind sind = 2 noota If is any positive integer, any complex number (other than zero) has & distinct roots. The k roots of Meese tan 9 can betoundty satiny ee role = Odie into forma wen 17 (on rn 22% iain (Sen 20 neuen MATRICES ‘A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers with m rows and 7» columns. The clement o,, refers torow i and column j Multiplication If A=(a,,) isan m Xn matrix and B= (b,,) isan n Xs matrix, the matrix product AB isan’ m xs matrix » © = G,) = Benby) whore nis the common integer representing the number of columns of A and the number of rows of B (landk = 1,2,....n). Addition If A= (a,) and B= (b,) are two matrices of the samy size m xn, the sum’A+B isthe m xn max tri C Identity The matrix I= (a,;) isa square n xn identity ma- trix where a,,= 1 for i= 1,2,...,n and a,,=0 for fey. ‘Transpose ‘The matrix B is the transpose of the matrix A if each entry 6,, in B is tho camo aa the entry aj; in A and conversely. In equation form, the transpose is B=aAT Inverse ‘The inverse B ofa square n xn matrix A is BoAts ao adj(A) = adjoint of A (obtained by replacing A7 elements with their wfuctors, see DE (ey) where ey = y+ by. » where TERMINANTS) and |A| = determinant of A. DETERMINANTS A determinant of order n consists of n? numbers, called the elements of the determinant, arranged in 7 rows and 7m columns and enclosed by two vertical lines. In any determinant, the minor of a given ela. ment is the determinant that remains after all of the ‘elements are struck out that lie in the same row and in the same column as the given element. Consider an element which lies in the hth column and the Ath row. The cofactor of this element is the value of the minor of the element (if h +h is even), and it is the negative of the value of the minor of the element (If h +h isodd) If n is greater than 1, the value of a determinant of order n is the sum of the n products formed by mul- ‘uplying each element of some specified row (or col- ‘umn) by its cofactor. This sum is valled Une expansion of the determinant laceording ta the elements of the specified row (or column).[i= |: \ | [Al [ay [ay(4] = C2]For a second-order determinant: by For a third-order determinant: a,b,~a3b, a, a2 2 By by by | = a:byey + aybye, + aybje, 21 2 es = aybze, -a2b,¢5— abso VECTORS w fort we * ¢ Azaitaj+ak Addition and subtraction: A+B= (a, +d)i+ (a, +6) + (@, + 0)k A-B= (a, - i+, ~0)j + (@, - bk The dot product is a scalar product and represents the projection of B onto A times A. Itis given by AB = 0,0, +,, + 4,2, = |A||D| cos 0 - BA ‘The cross product is a vector product of magnitude |BI|A| sin @ which is perpendicular to the plane containing A and B. The product is k 1 @,| = -BxA bb, i AxB = |a, oe ‘The sense of A x B is determined by the right-hand rule AXB= n = unit vector perpendicular to the plane of A and B. |A][B| nin 0, where Identities AB = BA; A(B+©) = AB+AC AA - [AP fin jj bk ot ij - jk - bi -0 If A-B = 0, thon cither A~0, B~ pendicular to B AxB =-BxA O, or A ie por Ax(B+C) = AXB+AxC (B+0)KA = BKA+CXA ixi =jxj=kxk=0 ixj =k =-jxi; jxk -kxj kxi=j xk If Ax B=0, then either A=0, B= 0,or Ais parallel w B. PROGRESSIONS AND SERIES Avithmetic Progression To determine whether a given finite sequence of numbers is an arithmetic progression, subtract. each number from the following number. If the differ- ences are equal, the series is arithmetic. The hrst terms a. The commen difference is d. }. The number of terms isn. The last or nth term is J. The sum of n termsis S L satin-vd S = na+b2 = Geometric Progression To determine whether a given finite sequence is a geometric progression, divide each number after the first by the preceding number. If the quotients are equal, the series is geometric. n{2a + (n= Daye The first term is a. .. The common ratio is r |. The number of terms ie n. ‘The last or nth term is 2. 5. The sum of n termsis S. 1 = art S = al-Py-n; rod S = (@-rDM-r); red mit S, = @ll-r)y r <1 A GP. converges if | r |ejed <1 and it diverges ifBox - 4nd 1. A power series in x,orm xa, which is convergent in the interval -1 4 Jo sonqes jeortso| 290) suosordoa Anyua ‘atopeo.y Jo soouBop Joyeywousp puv .cyesoun| Jo woryemquico awmnoned w 204 Jo sonIBA THIS aDIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS ‘The Derivative For any function y = fle), the derivative Diy = dylde y= limit ayaa = limit {Lf + Ax) ~ fle)MA2)} y' = the slope of the curve f(x) TEST FOK A MAXIMUM y = f@) isa maximum for * = 4, iff'@) = Oand f"@) <0. TEST FOR A MINIMUM y= f()is minimum for x = 4, iff"@) = Oand f(a) >0. ‘TRST FOR A POINT OF INFLECTION ¥ = f(z) hasa point of inflestion at x = if f"(@) = 0, and if f(z) changes sign as x increases through ‘The Partial Derivative Ina function of two independent variables x and 3, a derivative with respect to one of the variables may be found if the other variable is assumed to remain constant, If y is kept fixed, the function 2 = fly) becomes a function of the single variable x, and its derivative (if it exists) can be found. This derivative is called the partial derivative of z with respect to x. ‘The partial derivative with respect to x is denoted as follows: a= _ aflesy) ae" oe ‘The Curvature of Any Curve yosw y @ (0 as 2 a atte = 0 x Tho curvature K of acurve at P is the limit uf its average curvature for the are PQ as Q appranchee P. This is also expressed as: the curvature of a curve at a given point is the rate-of:change of its in- clination with respect to its arc length a 4 de aig esealas 2 CURVATURE IN RECTANGULAR COORDI- ATES ew +O When it may be asior to differentiate the function with respect to y rather than x, the notation 2’ will be used for the derivative. x! = dildy ° To THE RADIUS OF CURVATURE The radius of curvature R at any point.on a curve is defined as the absolute value of the reciprocal of the curvature K at that point. 1 R= (Kr 0) R= Bo (y" + 0) TT LHospital’s Rule (LHépital’s Rule) If the fractional function f(x)/g(x) assumes one of the indeterminate forms U0 or =! (where a is finite or infinite), then Timit fg) incqual to the first ofthe eapressions init £2. tip 2°). yyy £7200 Umit grey limit ry: limit mgs which isnot indeterminate, provided euch fret ind cated limit exists INTEGRAL CALCULUS Fundamental Theorem The fundamental theorem of the integral calculus is: A . limit 8 papax = f° faxrae Also, 4 %;-*0 forall i A table of derivatives und integrals is available on the next page. The integral equations can be used along with the following methods of integration: A. Integration by Parts (integral equation #6), B. Integration by Substitution, and C. Separation of Rational Fractions into Partial Frae- tions. ‘Wade Thomas L, aun, Copy € 1859 by Ginn & Company. Diagram re Seta by mac stn Sanne Daanesslope p2te ptoDERIVATIVES and INDEFINITE INTEGRALS In these formulas, u,v, and w represent tunctions ot x. Also, a,c, and n represent constants. All arguments of the trigonometrio functions are in radians. A constant of integration should be added to the integrals, ‘Tu avuidl 13 terminology difficulty, the following definitions are followed: arcsinu = sin™'u, (sinuy = sin w. 1. delde = 0 Lf dfie) = fle) 2 dalde 2 fdas 3. dlewyde = oduide 3. faftedde = a] fardde A. dt o-yds = dubde + dukts—dnts Jue) = vende = jueyde® | verde te _ 5 dluw)ide =u dolde + dude 6 eae me-v 6. mode = 10 dee nn ee nn de mi 2, dub). wdulde—u dude 6 fle) dole) = wlado(e)~ fle) dated GQ ui 1 Softy = injox +o] dtu" Vide w"* dul ato a 9. ulfanltés = (aly) tau) dulds & [Baak 10. duslde — Wideldes) * * ® jean So lL 5 Ing 10, finde = ~ooee 2 1 Jecende = eins tee wt _ ints b 12, ante de 14. d(e")ide = e* duldx 13. cos®x de z r 15, dlu)ide = ou’! dulds + dn u) w dole UU. fasingde ~ sine —ncooe 16. alsin u)idx = cos u dul 15, [ zeonzde = coax +s0inz 11. dcosuyide = ~ sin u dude 1 Junaounds © Ginava 18 atan wide = secu dude M1. fainazenshede = — 98(0—b) _ cos (a+ bx 19, dicot yids = ~coe"u dutde Ta=8) ~ “Barby 20. d(oceujide = secu tan u dulde rd) 21. dlese wilde = — exon ent 1 duly 18. J tanzde = -In|cosx| = In| secx| oo dnl) dd 1. featzde = -In|esex| = In|sins| ed Va 20, [tanteds = tanx-2 Cite vtus x) oj eoede = veotae 3, dleow tu) OX de = or 3, Meow) 2, [ede = (aye Oscostus x) 3. [xe de = (Mla \fax-1) yy, tant 4. Jinede = x{In(x)-1) G@>0) de CrRcuntucr ro) 1 du Te & 26. 1 @Fo,020) < cot tu < a OD test ad wy ‘4ac—5" 1 (dac-8* > 0) Ue RIDE Re vee <= HID By n 4 a 2%. SGP e tate : WIT = ty Pa ee (0 < csc u s £/2)- # < ese" u < ~ m/2) Viidao "ax +04 V5 toe (@—4ac > 0) an Be | Grthees ~~ Taste’ t-dao=0)MENSURATION OF AREAS AND VOLUMES Nomenclature total surface area perimeter volume Parabola b tf 7 A = his A= rab QV EOD P= Rat O14 (Aa? + Cx idea Par + lax IEA + Crt rg x FU x gH + ood, where A= (a be +b) in 1. 8 na, Entnerng Farman hppa © 186 by ik Putig: Daren rpeited oy farm Rat Gch Circular Segment . i — I ij; _ ad | | mM \ N A= (Fg=sin PZ @ = sir = Barceos [(r- d)ir]} Circular Sector YQ SW A= grt = sre $= op Sphere LX V = 42073 = xa An dar = nd?tl a 4. 2 I,- bh? e fe h. Bey (bh) ( De bh - 3MENSURATION OF AREAS AND VOLUMES Parallelogram Right Circular Cone ¢ tT uo | Zot, Pm Ma +d) V = (rr hye 4, - VERB eo 4d, ~ SITET Bebe df +d} = 200? +5 A= ah = ablein d) If @ =}, the parallelogram ie a rhombus. Right Circular Cylinder A = side area + base area are $F FR) AGA, = x7:h? Regular Polygon (n equal sides) 7 Ss V= arth = dha A = side area + end areas = 2arth +r) Paraboloid of Revolution vi v= ra’his (IGA, + A, + 4A) 4 Sic K&R Gc, Eagnmring Formula, 2 Ed Copyright © 167 by Gack Pablaniog Darran epi ov Sermnion Ret Gin 8CENTROIDS AND MOMENTS OF INERTIA ‘The location ofthe centroid of an area, bounded by the axes and the function y = f(x), can be found by inte- gration. xdA », - oh = Lak x = OE A = /f@de dA = fix) de = gly) dy ‘The first moment of area with respect to the y-axis and the x-axis, respectively, are: M, = [xdA = x4 M, = [ydA = yA ‘The moment of inertia (second moment of area) with respect to the y-axis and the x-axis, respectively, are: I= eda i= yds ‘The moment of inertia taken with respect to un axis passing through the area's centroid ix the centraidal moment of inertia. The parallel axis theorem for the ‘moment of inertia with respect to another axis parallel th aud located duuils from the centroidal axis is expressed by Tyatetean = 1, +Ad? ‘Values for standard shapes are presented in a table in the DYNAMICS section. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ‘A common class of ordinary linear differential equa- tions is by PLE +. +b, PE + boyle) = fe) where By, bys ons By, By are constants, When the equation is a homogeneous differential equa- tion, f(x) = 0, the solution is nla) = Cyt + Cpe +... + OE tn. + Cul where r,, isthe nth distinct root of the characteristic polynomial P(e) with PO) = dy + by yr + ou opr + by If the root _r, = rq, then C,e’:* is replaced with Cyc". Higher orders of multiplicity imply higher powersof x. The complete solution for the differential equation YO) = yyl2) +940), ‘where 5, (2) is any solution with f(x) prooont. If fle) hhas e's terms, then resonanos is manifested. Fur- thermore, specific f(z) forms result in specific y,(2) forms, some of which are: 16 fw 2) A 6 Ao Be", arr, Aysinwx+A,coswx By sin wx +B, cos wx If the independent variable is time 1, then transient dynamic solntions are implied, First Ordor Linear Homogencous Differential Equations With Constant Coefficients y' tay = 0, where a isareal constant: Solution, C = aconstant that satisfies the initial condition: Second Order Linear Homogeneous Differential Equations With Constant Coefficients ‘An equation of the form y" + 2ay' +by = 0 can be solved by the method of undetermined ooeffi- cients where a solution of the form y = Ce" is sought. Substitution of this solutiva gives (? + 2ar+b)Ce™ = 0 and since Ce cannot be zero, the characteristic equation asust vanish or Pi gert+d = 0 Tho rote of the charectriatic equation are nan cesar and can be real and distinct fur u? > b, real and equal for a? = b, and complex for a? 6, the solution is of the form (overdamped) y= Oui Cet If a? = b, the solution ix of the form (critically damped) y= (C+ Onze If a? 1 fiend = 8 isa) + 2s fla + hx) + f®)1 Simpoon's Rule/Parabolic Rule (n must be an even integer) forn=2 i) ae [play +425) Lsords = PEA fay + 44229 « 50] forn 24 £f sa)de = | fo) +28 fla+ han) +4E fla + hae) + fo) 1s. Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations Given a differential equation dyldt = f(y,t) with y(0) = y, At some general time & At Wk + DAt] = y(kdt) + At flyhAd,kAt) which can be used with starting condition y, to solve recursively for y(d¢), (240), ~, (nde). ‘The method can be extonded to nth order differential equations by recasting them as n first order equations.4%) X= - — £ eps)NATIONAL COUNCIL OF EXAMINERS FOR ENGINEERING AND SURVEYING i NCBES ® FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING (FE) SAMPLE QUESTIONS First Edition - March 1996 National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCFES) 280 Seneca Creek Road P.O. Box 1686 Cletusun, SC 29633-1686 Internet:_http://www.ncees.org. (864) 654-6824‘Morning Section {60 Questions Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or ‘completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then blacken the corresponding space on the answer sheet 1 The partial ~— derivative of Ap S28x + 6(e+2) 18 el (©) 249 D) 246246 2. A bag contains 100 balls uuubered fiom 1 « 100. One ball is removed. What is the probability that the number on. this ball is odd or greater than 80? 02 ®) 05 ©) 06 @D) 08 3. Consider a function of x equal tothe determinant shown below. Fix) The first derivative / (x) of this function with respect to x is ‘equal to “ B) © (D) 3x*—se 4 ‘The Laplace transform of a step function of magnitude w o (COPYRIGHT? 1990 by The Nauonal Coun of Examine for Enganering and Surveying nl GO ON To THE NEXT PAGE,M orning Session Page | Mathematics 1. Given ys 42 132% +6 (442) Determine oy /a4 d 7 z sy: 242 +32 46 Answer (A) 2. Balls numbered | to 100. One drawn. Determine probebility that the number is odd or reater than 80. Pcodd) = 50/00 = Ie P(>80)= jas Plodd and > 80) = \°/i00 P odd or 784) = Plodd) 1 PED Plodd # >#0 $0 420 _10 Joo ‘JOO foo 60. [0 Plod4 or SB0)2 0-6 Answer (C) (Property Z - page 7) _, O oO SalMathematics Morning Session Rage 2 o Foye | tye ate eds Fen= 44 be" Answer Determine £100, # 4° 4. Determine the as lace Transform of a anit step unction ° magnitude a. fe) a Fcs)= Seme” nate cg take gz] : (o-i)- 4 q Or from table on a Column 2. Answer i) AN © q/t/97S One wishes to estimate the mean Mf of a population from 4 sample of size » drawn irom the population. For the sample, the mean 16 v and the standard deviation is «The probable accuracy of the estimate improves with increases in w M ®B) n (©) 5 D) Mes 6. Ifthe functional form of a curve is known, differentiation can be used to determine all ofthe following EXCEPT the (A) concavity ofthe curve (B) location of inflection points on the curve (©) numberof inflection points on the curv, (D) area under the curve between certain bounds 1 Boy 0 yy 1 F-98910) Which of the following is the general solution 10 the Siexeuual equation and boundary condition shown above? we (B) 8 If Dis the differential perator, then the general solution 10 (D+2)'y a Ce* ® Ce* © *C+O9) D) eMC +E) COPYRIGHT 1996 by The National Counc of Examines for Emenee a Surveying 3] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGEMathematics -Morning Session Rage3 5. Desired, estimate of mean M of a populatio by drawing 4 sample of sige N and caleul ating its mean, ¥, and its standare deviation S. The probable accuracy of the estimate im proves wit ? Anower(B) the Size of the sample, n. so The Sunetional Lem of a curve TS given. Differentiation can be used t determine all of the flowing ExcePT, Aysuer® The area under the cue between certain bounds 14/97Mathematics - Morning Session Page 4 7. Given FA psy=0; {oe | Determine 4 (6) et (Dis)y=0) De Y= ce (o)= | = C, = e- Answer(6) d d €. Given (Dt2)'y= 0. Determine 4(%), D=-2,-2 - repeated roots. y= (+GQne? Answer q. Rectilinear Motion S=2ot?-t4 Determine dd/dt when t=2. a-ds ge. bot*- at 43 |ot-ret" da = 120-244 5 Whent:2, da : l20-4&=72 Answer A) 4/979. A particle travelled in a straight line in such a way that dts distance § from a given pou us dist fine alter ume was 2073-14, The raw of change of acceleration at nme r= 7 Ww 22 ®) 14s © 192 (@) 208 10. Which of the following is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined = bye veut A= 2i+4jandB = i+j -k? W -24y-K 1 B) +2) 8 © +i- o Lea-s- LL. If f/denotes the derivative of a function uly — fix), then £2) is defined by: ome es tn, 2 ®) yo Ox eee ‘ ao ay 12. What is the area ofthe region in the first quadrant that 1s bounded by the line y= 1, the curve x= 27, and the y-axis? A 25 B 35 © 2 @ 1 COPYRIGHT 1996 by The Nona Couns of ‘amines for Emerg and SurveyreMathematics Morning Session - Page 5 b. Given. A= 2/44] 5 8 eu tp -k Determine Unit Vector _L plane of At8 Vector-L A,B is Axb= | i gk 32 ad ~— eee le ) y -l a Ax6 = -4¢ 42]- 2k 42-1 [Axl = Yat +22 +G2)= f2q= 270 | nee (actaj-2l) = C2¢ +\-k) Answer IL Given Y= Cw), Determine: De [inition of ¢! Clae lim $0eree)-fr) AKO Ax Answ er(€) MangaMorning Session -Mathematics Page 6 3 IZ. Given ge 4? Determine! Area in First Quadrant Bounded by d= iF the curve , and the - axis 4 Nok\ When 420, {=° «1, q?! When ie Ky /L\h - v= (4\2 = dA = 4dy - dy rr) 9, | Ae fily= by" [+ 80-98 Note? By snp Hy Answer (AD curve, Only one potential answer was less than ‘A, namely A) MW. 4iW/97General 20 Questions icotios: Each of the questions or incomplete statemetns below is followed by four suggested answers or ‘completions. Select the one thats best in each case and then fil inthe corresponding space on the answer sheet Questions 1-3 Under certain conditions, the motion of an oscillating spring and mass is described by the differential equation 2, Lt tee 2 0 we where x is the displacement in feet of the end of the spring. and ris the time in seconds. At r= 0 seconds, the displacement is (0.08 m and the velocity is 0 m per second; that is (0) = 0.08 and x'(0)=0. 1. ‘The solution that fits the initial conditions is 3. The period of motion is (A) x7 sine A ee @B) ¥=002sin4+008 cos 4r ®B) x sec (©) r=4eos4r (C) 22 see (D) r= 0.08c0s 41 () 3x 20 2 Themaximum amplitude of the motion is: () 002m B) 008m (©) 0.16m (D) 032m “ny COPYRIGHT 1996 by The Nuional Coun of te Enanmuner for Engineering and Surveying, 89 GO ON TO THE. NEXT PAGE,Mathematics: Afternoon Session ~ Page | Given’ an lowe 9; Whent=o, y=0.08m =0 I, Determine xt). ‘ (ortlb)¥=0, Date, -40, t= {1 w= Coadtt ‘sqsintl ; Wt G = 0.08 H=-4Gsin4t 44c,costt; lo) G=0 Uk) = 0.08 cos 4é Answer (D) 2. Maximum Amplitude? Kay= 00% Answer(®) . Determine the Period . When the arqu ment ol the cosine has Yeached 27, the motion has comple one cyele. T= 277 = Wsec. 7 es ¢ Ansve® Shy4. The equation of the line normal (o the curve defined by the function yx) = 8 = 2x" at the pon (1,6) is v6 @ 28. oat guestions 5.6 pertain to the area 4B bounded by y = x7,y = 0, andx = 4 as shown below. » pra.t6 AGO) 5. Whatis the area of OAB? 6. What is the first moment of the area OAB about the aw oo @ 32 w 2 (© 1288 @) 6 (D) 256/3 © 5125 @) 1004s ~F COPYRIGHT 1996 by The National Coun or ‘saminr for Eapinerng and Survewne 90Mathematics - Afternoon Session Page 2 4. Given qe 9-247 Atthe point G,4) Determine the equation ot the line normal +o the curve. The Slope Bit the curve sy 2 -4n. At point zl, q7& slope = 4240) Slope ee normal is the ne ative of the reciprocal or +!A. Thus 4n= mal tb = 44 tb. When 421, dn=6 b= 44 tb 5 be b-4 ge g hS gb hehe 6 w-I = q Answer(B)Mathematics ' Afternoon Session Page 3 Given the Area OA bounded by 4245 4=0 and #4 8 (4,1) 5. Determine Area OAB d= see fod ° 2) A: (ree ge 14-9 24%, Answer é. Determine Fj rst Moment of OA B about the M- ARIS. dM y= 144A Lydy <4 yidy mye A (de = Ltd] Gone) My= aS Answer) MW * W197! Diagnostic Examination TOPIC’ 1: MATHEMATICS TIME LIMIT: 45 MINUTES What isthe general form of the equation for a line = Cidpatoneniena pes panne) (A) 22 ~ 3y - 18 =0 + (B) 22+ y+ 18 © stay -2=0 2(D) a4 2y+12=0 vier Wee 2. For some angle @, csc = —8/5. What is cos 207 (a) 1/32 1s © 98 (D) 5/8 os 4308 995 44496 895 3. What is the rectangular form of the following polar ‘equation? WA) 22 + 2ty @) Pere (©) -4+ ©) ta betty #4987 1298 4. For three matrices A, Rand ©, which of the fol: lowing statements is not necessarily true? (A) A+(B+c)=(A4B)+c (B) A(B+C)=AB+ AC (©) (B+C)A=aB+ ac (D) A+ (BL c)~C+(A4 B) 5. For the three vectors A, B, and C, what is the prod- uct AB x C)? A=6i+8j+10k B=i+243k Casita tok (A) 0 (B) 64 (©) so (D) 26 6. ‘The second and sixth terms of a geometric progres- sion are 3/10 and 243/160, respectively. What is the first term of this sequence? (A) 1/10 (B) 1/5 (©) 45 (D) 3/2 7. A marksman can hit a bull’s-eye from 100 m with three out of every four shots. What is the probability ua tue will hit a bull’s-eye with at least one of his next three shots? (A) 4/4 (B) 15/16 (©) 31/32 {D) 63/04 #4290 596 8. The final svores uf students in @ graduate course are distributed normally with a mean of 73 and « standard deviation of 11. What is the probability that a student's seore will be between 65 and 80? (A) 0.4196 (B) 0.4897 (©) 0.5161 (D) 0.6455 #4401 1295 9. Evaluate the following limit. 4m (GS) 0" 4 ©)Lindeburg Diagnostic Exam Pace e |}, l. General form for a line with x intercept of 41, d intercept of -6. Only ©) Works ax-2y -I2=0 c42) (o,-6) Z. Given thet Cse® =- os, what is coz | inD=- > ore Sindz-Z Co “Ene ? & O= aresin C-¥)= -38. Of Cos (2n-38,68) = 4$0.21875 3Lx¥ 0.21875 = 7. @3. Rectang u lar Form for r+ - /]- Ldn re ahtg® = patora= I 4 xe ut beige v4? O A, ®, €. - Which is nof gt ha +aty ty >: oO 4. Matrices necessarily fe? At © (BrdA AB 14C. S. Ae bbs by 4 bk Areata) tak Abre) +? £2 36ty 15k tak] ¢Cexs- n2e ge: | 1 23> Whe as ae ae ap (ins 27D bate tle (ixy - 2x2) 2k (b¢ pettek)-A2epyprk)e -l2 BZ-2 =O @7 B. Mortman Scores on aol¢ shots. OC (CHED with next 3 shot. pend: Fy, Pomiwd= Y. 3 ! Pimisse =a) = LPimisr] = Fy PZ) = |/- roy = o%y ® é. Geometric Prog ress io Tre, Tes Moo a Ti? aml ie Tye Tet There ae 293 - 4 ¢ _ 273 jo el To = To" 3 in jee* 37 Te 3 7 7.23 B\, > 32, 4 n= 2 = 4 (2), N= fo'3 = K@%. Hormel ly Distributed Scores, Mem=73 | Ge l// ye 2st P(bS Ge +G#e é pe £1 a fee) = abyat 14) $020 Determine Xf Fiat> FCS - _ 4 s F)- 50-0 +Fls)= sy pit | a — FCs) vers ‘ Sp (A)IS. Pay. (gay / Newton's WMethed t extract ree ts, what is %3 if 4,2 9.33 ? £(4n) ~ f'n) Newten's Method? tnare 4, {lq = 2042) Sede Caazvele $2.73; FA): 2G332-106 Wy 2 933-222 2 933-3602 SB 14, 66 Come (sw-d-iz92 5 4 h)22(6Be)-74 12.92 W,= 5.73 - 2 7.46 = 4.0hours? 19 What tetra’ vl at ime bored (A) ~16 kewh (-16 mileshri prea t ‘B) nkaens “lean ' (C: “Ghmht Omecne cor 1D). sak So mech bese +f) 64km/h! 64 mileshr + : Ppoeinn ta) “18k -16 mae (8) tmnt omieehes (6) 2kmner 12 mtsne (D) Asam Temes (Br-20 hm 38 mio the tin of on silting tpring end tat decd by the erecta east Etatore0 her i th delacoenin fet fh nd ofthe ing ana thetne nerds Ae secede L i displacement is 7 foot and the velocity is 0 feet per secund; t 5 that inet ad stom, 21. What is the general solution of the system? fe, and, are constants.) (Ab eee lice * (B) eee “see (C) zee, sin 4 (D) sac, evs 4 (B) xzc, 008 4 +e, sin 4¢ 22. The solution that fits the initial conditions is ' tar xetes 1 (By x=qsin at WC) raysin dre cos 4 (D) r=4 cos 1B) 2. The amplitude the mon wt 1 w tn Ir TR IDI 2k (BN ate GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.24, The period of the motion is: (ar Fave (By Fs0c (C) nsec (D) 2 see (E) 3x see Questions 25-26 relate to the curve defined by the function Ya) = 8-22" in Cartesian coordinates, 25, The line tangent to the curve at the point (1.61 intersects the x-axis at: (A) -23 ® 2 © o x 26. The equation of the line normal to the curve at the point (1,6) is: w wt Questions 27-29 pertain to the area OAB bounded by yar! ‘y=0, and z=4, a5 shown below, 2 -B4.16) Of aan” GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 69a 28. Questions 30-34 relate to the function 30. 31 ‘What Is the area 048? we Bs © 7 8 om = (B) 32 What is the frst uuument of the area OAB about the wa 2 wo 4 oF (D) 101 woe What volume is generated by revolving the area OAB around the x-axis? B) (C) 200 x lo24x > wo2te 3 ry ) 2e'-Bet- 36025, ‘What is the slope of the line tangent to the graph of this function at the point 1, 12)? cA) 42 (B) -36 (© -17 iD) 28 ©) 36 ‘At how many points will the line tangent to the graph of this function be horizontal? (A) At no point IR) At exactly one point (C) At exactly two points (D) At exactly three points (B) At exactly four points 70 ey GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGA2_— The function assumes « relative minimum at what value of x? art ‘Br 0 ea D) 2 (Ey 3 33. The graph of this function has an inflection point at (A) xs-2 (B) x= 0 « o (B) no value of x 34, The value of y “(1 che third derivative of y with respect tox at. (a) 6 (B) 0 © 6 D) 12 (B) undefined Questions 35.37 The motion of an otcilating apring and mass, under certsin conditions is dseribud bythe dferential equation fr, sae aie where xi the displacement in meters ofthe end of the spring at time fin seconds, The initial displacement +9) via} meter and he ini velo #100 35. What is the general solution of the differential ‘equation? fc, and ¢, are constants.) (A) xxces oe (Bd ence Free (C) xecjetsee 1D) zecje-*4ee" 1B) x-ce™ 96. The sulution duat fits the initial conditions is: 1 CO ON TO THE NEST PAGE.37. The displacement at f=1 ie: 1A) (tee) iB e*(3-') ‘Triangle ABC hac vertices ae chown in the figure below. The line BD is perpendicular to the line AC. D (0-2) 38. What is the length of line AC? (A) 23 (B) 3,70 (©) 10 Dn (B) 12 39. What is the equation of line AC? l W yepee (B) yas 202 (C) x+3y=6 (D) x-3y+6=0 (B) aryz6 40, What is the slope of line BD? ws B38 72FE Refresher (4° * ka Spring /Mass Oscillation bly xlo) = 3 ty de t+l6¢=0 dt* pu=o 21. What is general solution ? (De ib)yso Dette = C, Cosdt to,sin4e Solution &) 22. Whatis ule)? y 4 C,sin4t t Y= S Hl) = 46,70; yee C, ele) = x= + at Solution E) yO, cosdt2 23. What is the Amplitude ? Amplitude = maximum Value of 4 4 wan 7 4h Solution A) 24. What is the period , T TT = minimum time for motion bh repeat. x 4t an 4 + cosaie+T)) = 4 con (48) ay = 2 Te Period= F Solution B2S, Given Y= B-240" 3 A tangent is drawn at (1,6). Where does it cross the x-axrs! Note’. when #!, 4 g-2=6 fie ge = -44 When Z=/, 4 -Ye ole of tame Eguation of tangeut 4p = mith = -44 tb. But whan 4=!, dr = 6 4r = OF -4u) th) b2lo Yrs -t4 +10 Intersects L-axis when ys O= -4H#HO) vee26. E guation normal fo curve at (1,6) Since, at #21, 4! -4() = —4, the slope ot the normal will be 2 or -+ e #4. Thus yn ka bby When “eal, dv* 6 = ttby bee qu = +4 +6 42 + 6 or yo. el der t ae. + Solution B) xl orFE Review Prob 25 Tengent @ (1.6) FE Review Prob 25 Normal & TangentDLT) 1%) ® gee 2 6, ©) 27, Aven BAB fat fe g/d 2D Area = a 24 Volume Roboled About - axis dr- TY * dal dre thle = 74"dy . 4 rae V= tftde -o4 | ~29. First Moment about X- Axis. diy = a Ai, "Sgt dny -L gde 4 st Me A (xtde= le | Mz= (ory = = Ans E)30-39, great a 2b 125 GC 30, Slope of tangent at Cl,-l2) Note y ae -\2 old 2 on $ bu -36 li= 6-6 -36 ==) 3). AL what points will Jengent be horizente! ? yl= 6( P-4 -B)=0 ye 1 ELTAT peey 2 a 2 9 Slope =0 at 2 goivts = oC)32, Y= mini wart at 427 Y= min where Wi 0 and q >o a at £= 3,7 2 (24 -#)- ro 6 (2-3-8) = +20 o ° min oceurs at @ 3d, Inflection Point Occurs Nhare y'=o 1. g(2y4)=0 5 = Wy o inflectin at ah = ¢) a4, gh = i j aka fyi =D)1a FE Probs 30 - 34 y = 2x-3 + 3x42 - 36x + 257b FE Probs 30 - 34 y = 2x09 + 3x42 - 3Bx + 25y+ sy 6x =O Xbe)ed V)=0 35, General Solution. (O%+ SD 14) % =O | (pt (O1B) H=0, D= 2-9 ~2t ~3t Y= q e +Ge = >) -—at a “bt y= -2cge 362" Yle)= -2¢,-3G 503 OF @D A(0,2) 3% What Is length of A€ L=Yqrise = feieq = 90 = 310 8) 34 Equation of AC. >y £4b ba G quation 4 nel Pa ;40. What is slope of BD? | Bo- yy =F "WT = Mac /y -F3=8|PCT H Weep ice Pgedlyy fiubedaicebing if EXAM 1—P.M. aL ‘Two smooth epherco are inecrted in a frictionless square 19. What ate the forces in members AD and EU? slot. Sphere A weighs 10 pounds and sphere B weighs 40 pounds. The angle that the line of contact makes (A) Fan = 676 (tension); with the horizontal is JU” Fep = 546 (tension) - (B) Fan = 676 (compression); 16. What is the normal force, F, at the bottom of the a) slot? (C) Fan = 380 (tension); Fey = 1983 (compression) (A) 3OIbE — (B) 40 IBF (C) 45 bE 57 (D) Fan = 380 (compression); (D) 501bf (EB) 57 Ibe omens cea : (E) Fav 17. What is the wall reaction, Nn? Fan = 692 (tension) (A) 581 (B) tse (©) tau We ah . a . What additional horizontal forre applied at D will Se mam eaaee reduce the value of the reaction at roller E to zero? (A) 1221 to the right (B) 1461 to the eight (©) 2344 to the right (W) 2441 to the right Problems 18-20 are based on the following diagram and statement, (E) Force must be applied vertically, not horizon- tally. Problems 21-22 are based on the following statement. = a ar — The position of an object as a function of time is de- seribed by ead $2 045 21, What is the acceleration of the object at t = ase Ts aoe ” (a) 26 (7s) a De 4% (D) 52 (E) 55, a N AD a4 _ note: ABC incre member SK | 2. What ic the total distance traveled from ¢ = ~2 to receppeveen rey awn | acepstees . XS] wr @ 8 oa Asinple truss mechani toned as shown. [er =s 18. What are the reactions at pin A and roller E? (A) A = 14611 + 8304; +1976 95 Mat (B) A= 14614 +890}; B- 419915 (Ca B= +1989.41 tf (B) A= B= +058. ve (B) A = 1401+ 730); EB = +1202.81 CONTINUE >>> PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC. © Belmont, CA2 E-LT SAMPLE EXAMINATIONS Problems 23-25 refer to the following diagram, 23. What is the velocity of a 4-Ibm particle, initially at rest, after 3.5 seconds? (A) 16.9 ft/see (B) 17.2 ft/sec (C) 69.0 ft/see (D) 543 ft/sec (E) 553 ft/see 24, What isthe change of momentum of the object after 3 seconds if the object has a mass of 40 Ibm? (A) 22.0 lbf-see (B) 55 Ibf-sec (©) 67. Ibt-see (D) 68.8 Ibf-sec (E) 550 Ibfsec 25, What is the total linear impulse on a 40-Ibm mass after t = 3.5 seconds? (A) 85 Ibfece (B) 17.2 Ibt-see (C) 34.4 Ibf-see (D) 98.8 Ibf-see (B) 275.2 Ibt-see Problems 26-28 refer to the following diagram. 10 nt sale ae ae 26. What are the coordinates of the circle’s center? (A) (-4,-8) (B) (2-4) (C) (~4,-2) (D) (-2,-4) (BE) (4, 8) 27. What is the (a) ve (0) 10 ius of the circle? (B) 2V6 (0) 4v5 (©) 20 28, What isthe slope of the line that is tangent to the circle and passes through the origin? 2 @)-3 ©) + 2 () -3 Problems 29-33 are based on the following problem state. Some campers are walking back to their truck. They are 4 miles from the road on which the truck ie parked, and the truck is 6 miles down the road. They walk in a straight line, but not directly back to the road. campers ‘The campers walk at a rate of 2 miles per hour in the forest and 4 miles per hour on the road. CONTINUE 3+EXAM 1—P.M. 33 29. What is the equation that describes the total time taken by the campers to walk to the truck? (A) toes = (27 + 16) + (6-2) vz? -2 (B) tora = EB, So2 (C) trotar = 2Vz7 +16 + (4)(6 - 2) gor ©) tow = 45 (E) tous = $e? M0. What distance must + he to minimize the campers? walking time? 4 (A) 2mi— (B) mi (Cami 16 (0) 4VEmi (EF ai 31. What distance must z be to maximize the walking (ayo (B) VE mi (C) 3.5 mi ()4mi(B) bmi 32, What is the minimum possible walking time? (A) 3.23br (B) 3.27hr — (C) 3.33 hr (D) 3.50hr — (B) 3.61 br 33. What is the maximum possible walking time? (B) 3.99 mr (©) 3.61 be (A) 8.25 he (D) 3.50 he (©) 3.45 be Problems 34-37 refer to the following equation 2 Reyer 34. The equation is 3 (A) first-order polynomial (B) second-order polynomial of two variables. (©) first-order, homogeneous equation. (D) linear first-order differential equation. (E) second-order differential equation. 35. How many initial conditions are required to solve the equation for a unique solution’ (A) none (B) one (©) two (D) three (B) four 36. What is the integrating factor? ae (A) 32 (B) fe (C) 2" wae (ny i? 37. What is the solution? (A) y=in(3z4) +0 (8) y=3r40 Problems 38-40 refer to the fallowing system sna Sra! 38. What ie the output signal as a function of time if a unit impulse function is the input signal? CONTINUE >>> PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS, INC. # Belmont, CAMathematics 34 ELT SAMPLE EXAMINATIONS 39. What is the steady-state output if the unit step function of height 5 at t = 0 is the input signal? (a) 0 B® & Oe (D) # (E) $ What is the otcady-state rcaponse if the sinusoid Tsin (2t + £) is the input signal? (A) 6.082157", (B) 6.08/=37 (c) 608/52.9° (D) 5.0slaze" (B) 52.9/6.08% Problems 41-50 refer to the figure below. primary single-phase transformer 90 kVA, 10,000 V primary: 2000 V secondary 60 He power factor: 0.8 leading A=62 R=72 Xy,-M Xj, =910 Xf = 552 R= 120k iz = 55.0 Note: Primed quantities are equivalent circuit, parameters used for Problems 45-50. 41. What is Tp referred to the secondary side if the sec- condary voltage is 2000 V? (A) 36.36/=36.87° A (B) 96 87/26. 26° A (C) 33.10/36.87° A (D) 36.36/36.87° A (B) 45.82/36.96° A 142. What is Ez referred to the secondary cide? (a) 2o00l02 v (B) 5000/0" v (C) 10,0000. V () 2000200". v (B) 10,000/902. [13. What is Ty referred wo the primary side? (A) 181.80/=36.87" A (B) 36.87/=36.36 A (©) rarlaapare A () r2rdagare A (E) 181.80/36.872 A 44. What is Ep referred to the primary side? (A) 400202 V (B) 800do* v (©) sooodor v (D) 10,00020% v (E) 50,000202 V Problems 45-50 refer to the primary side of the trans: former and the following equivalent circuit, r St oy + ayy Tye LT. n 7 A Kn 45. What is the current through the inductor, X,? (A) 82.6 « 10-9/_Lg9" 4 (B) 82.6 10-127 A (©) 8.8.x 10-8/—179.9° A f (D) 180 x 10-2/_gg.° A “+ (B) 180 x 108/88 98 A CONTINUE 33>A: Ets meno mea 21. What is acceleration when ts2! Xe 4t gat? -¢ +3 y-let bat -l 09 xv. 24t +4 wld=2) = 24°2 44> YBH4= S2 22, What is the total distance trave led from t=-2 + t= 2! Does it reverse motion? If Se then V=0 im $2.6 £42, we attgye-l= (t-)(2tt=o EA, U(-2)= -32+ ¥ +24+3=-19 U(-f)= ~h th tht3= 3 “d= th -b eas Fee? w= 32 +e -2 3 eal I S=(3.S- (19) +12.907-3.5] +2. D) £225 406934 540xs4t*3 + 2t*2 - t +3, 40. 30 20. -2et<2 — -19.0 10. -20.30 2s 20 m: albm l 32 35 t 23. I mpuls« = Charre of momentum mz dlbm Voz0, vE=? = (2) 00 + (204252) 4282) (1) ~ lo 445 4G = 6875 Ib-sec. amv = mvp -W)= sb (up-o) iVe 322 26R7S Vp = 553.44 RC. 24 Change of momentum aller asec if M=4o, | mpulse = [0445 = SS m sec | ns= SElLy See : B25. What is the tote! linear impulse ena do-lbm mass after 3S Sec. Tnpulse = 10 44S + = 6875 lipses [Ans = 6B lbp “See =D} 26. (xh) 4-H) = x axh hay =2ky ber -2hye 14M, he-2 w2ky= BY; ket 27. What is re pez hbk s (n= 4 +16 =20 Laan egy =C2%. What is the slope ef the line tang ext 4o the cirele and passes th rough the origin. 144447 $8420 ole: This circle does pay Differentiate wrt & 24 +4 toy dt tedy =O Check value of q when n= d= oO 2-0 +4 $2-0-4" + Ry'=0 4+ gy! =0 theogh the origi29-33. Campers Walk beck +o track 6 mt Truck Road ‘ Ve = 2 mph / Rrest Vp a mph Campers Ly Jofel fine ty well tote vied % Wy dp= fe wee fe Vere ee =AuB da: b-# bye 28 TZ 249, What ts equation 30. What % minimizes time? dt. 1, 2H “4 ¢ _lso an 2 2fere > ae 7 ee yh «[o 4nr= dns 8 ay: |63l, 32, 33. What value of NM Maximizes the time? Case | walk straigh to road , K=e ts rf = £44 2415-3shr Case 2 walk stright + track , w26 Ue te 436 + oe 6-6 = {se 22h 5 2 ze What ts the minimum wal king time? JMS 65 WB 6. 4 2 1 2 3b] by = prise 13 thS=3.23br -oreagp GthT [4 3,aahr= Ans A What ts the maximum walking time 2 [é-341 hr =Ans E}Probs 34-37 24! 23M +%, 34, The equation ts = A ~ First order polynomia Bg - gn Order polynomial W2 Variables c- It Order hommppenenus opt > D- Linear [order OF e- gm Order OF 35, tow many Iniktal Gnditiens are Rogurireal? [Ans B - One 3. What wv the TF? 24! - 3% = % y'-24 42h Pyd= 24 [eudde> -F ree et Geol 237, What is Selutha fPrddd ye = (ae RG t2 yr L a q* -$+ Ce =AnsD SHS +3 signalOutput aigna| transform oy ED) Inpat signal transterm = Fcs) Then Output Transtar -7 ee 5 Bleck Box Fanshem = Ingut transform Black Box lm mM Sayoh dk. Dut pt Signal if the input is the unit imp Input - Sf) Fes)-+4 (s)= a BS x = A gb A says (st8)(SH) St! tet a2 Ast) +8¢s+) S2-1, TF ACit3)=2A} BF he S=-3, Ts © + B(-2)) Bah Rcs)= wh _% 6tl St or Oulqut = i(e _e°) = Ans E39, Inpat = Sut) 5 ult): unit step finetion, What Is steady stale response / Fie sul) » FCs): = Ris)? =. 4 3S S° dyysr3 ~ s(sHiss3) BO se > sR)| 3 = S* 1S) | 5 me 35 | 3s (StNCSt2) lsa0° = B ob. 3- A.B Vv 2 A c sewer) ~ s ‘su st BS = Alst sta) esis) + CS¢SH) Let Seo} 35= AMG) ; A=2%. ~ -3t = gu> 2p ee tC eter =2=| -40. What is steady stele response if Inpat is 7 sin(2t +7)? Avyle =s red = 60° W = 2 rad/sec, For S= 420 G7) 1, — . shasta (ji) 49(j2) 43 -) +48 7 -97 13 - —.., = o weet G62 L4N3 Input = 71460 Output: Tlie + okbELile 216.0 723u = AnsB