11.23 Negative Skin Friction 651 Example 11.11 Consider a 20-m-long steel pile driven by a Bodine Resonant Driver (Section HP 310 x 125) in a medium dense sand. If H, = 350 horsepower,v, = 0.0016 m/s, and f = 115 Hz, calculate the ultimate pile capacity, Q,. Solution From Eq. (11.122), 0.746H, + 98v, 0, = et 6 y+ Sf For an HP pile in medium dense sand, 5, ~ 0.762 x 107 m/cycle. So 746) (350) + (98) (0.0016) (0-746) (350) + (98) (0.0016) _ 5, 6= 0016 + (0.762 x 10°) (115) ~ 98 KN . Negative Skin Friction Negative skin friction is a downward drag force exerted on a pile by the soil sur- rounding it. Such a farce can exist under the following conditions, among others: 1. If a fill of clay soil is placed over a granular soil layer into which a pile is dri- ven, the fill will gradually consolidate. The consolidation process will exest a downward drag force on the pile (see Figure 11.42a) during the period of consolidation. 2. [a fll of granular soil is placed aver a layer of soft clay,as shown in Figure 11.42b, it will induce the process of consolidation in the clay layer and thus exert a down- ward drag on the pile, @ : a Figure 11.42 Negative skin friction552 Chapter 11 Pile Foundations 3. Lowering of the water table will increase the vertical effective stress on the soil at any depth, which will induce consolidation settlement in clay. Ifa pile is lo cated in the clay layer, it will be subjected to a downward drag force. In some cases, the downward drag force may be excessive and cause founda.» tion failure. This section outlines two tentative methods for the calculation of nega- tive skin friction. Clay Fill over Granular Soil (Figure 11.42a) Similar to the 8 method presented in Section 11.13, the negative (downward) skin stress on the pile is fa = K'oytand (11.125) where K’ = earth pressure coefficient = K, = 1 - sing! ertical effective stress at any depth z = y}z effective unit weight of fll 6 = soil-pile friction angle ~ 0.5-0.76" Hence, the total downward drag force on a pile is 7 VK’, HF tan 8 [ (pK'y; tan 8)z dz ee (11.126) where H; = height of the fill If the fill is above the water table, the effective unit weight, yj, should be replaced by the moist unit weight. Granular Soil Fill over Clay (Figure 11.42b) In this case, the evidence indicates that the negative skin stress on the pile may exist from z = 0 to z = Ly, which is referred to as the neutral depth. (See Vesic, 1977, pp. 25-26.) The neutral depth may be given as (Bowles, 1982) Hy (ai.a27) (L-H,) [5% 1H) 2yy gaat Ly 2 Y where y; andy’ = effective unit weights of the fill and the underlying clay layet, respectively For end-bearing piles, the neutral depth may be assumed to be located at the pile tip (ue.,L) = L - H)). ‘Once the value of L; is determined, the downward drag force is obtained in the following manner: The unit negative skin friction at any depth from z = Oto z = Liis fr = K'oytand (44.128)Q, = (a X 05)(0.22)[(16 x 2) + (8-69 x 11)](27) + 11.23 Negative Skin Friction 553 7 1, Qn = [ Phy dz = [ PK’ (yjH, + y'z)tan 8 dz es = (pR’ypH tan 8)Ly + ee (11.129) If the soil and the fill are above the water table, the effective unit weights should be replaced by moist unit weights. In some cases, the piles can be coated with bitumen in the downdrag zone to avoid this problems. A limited number of case studies of negative skin friction is available in the lit- erature, Bjerrum et al, (1969) reported monitoring the downdrag force on a test pile at Sorenga in the harbor of Oslo, Norway (noted as pile G in the original paper). The study of Bjerrum et al. (1969) was also discussed by Wong and Teh (1995) in terms of the pile being driven to bedrock at 40 m. Figure 11.43a shows the soil profile and the pile. Wong and Teh estimated the following quantities: — Fill: Moist unit weight, y, = 16 kN/m? Saturated unit Weight, Yau) = 18.5 KN/m” So y} = 18.5 — 9.81 = 8.69 kN/m? and H, = 13m ~ Clay: K’ tan 6 ~ 0,22 Saturated effective unit weight, y’ = 19 ~ 9.81 = 9.19 kN/m* ~ Pile: =40m Diameter, D = 500m Thus, the maximum downdrag force on the pile can be estimated from Eg. (11.129). Since in this case the pile is a point bearing pile, the magnitude of L, = 27m, and Lipy'(K' tan 8) Q, = (p)(K' tan By, X 2+ (13 = 2) ya) + ES or 27x x 05)(019)(022) 2 = 2348KNBh Chapter 11 Pile Foundations Asxial force in pile Ge) 01000 200 20900 o T \ 10h 4 a om gah Pile D = 500 mam a \ \ 20 \ \ \ 40) ~ 1 ) Figure 11.43. Negative skin friction on a pile in the harbor of Oslo, Norway {based on Bjerrum et al. (1969) and Wong and Teh (1995)] ‘The measured value of the maxirnum @,, was about 2500 KN (Figure 11.43b), which is in good agreement with the calculated value. Example 11.12 In Figure 11.42a, let H, = 2.m. The pile is circular in cross section with a diame- ter of 0.305 m. For the fill that is above the water table, yy = 16 kN/m? and $' = 32°. Determine the total drag force. Use § = 0.6 ¢'. Solution From Eq, (11.126), pK'y;E0} tan 6 2 with P = (0.305) = 0.958, K' =1- sing! = 1 ~ sin32 = 0.47 and 8 = (0.6) (32) = 19.2°17.23. Negative Skin Friction BBB 5.02KN * Example 11.13 In Figure 11.42b, let Hy = 2m, pile diameter = 0.305 m, 7, = 165KkN/m’, hay = 34°, Yeaiceyy = 17.2KN/m?, and L = 20m. The water table coincides with the top of the clay layer. Determine the downward drag force. Assume that B = 0.66. Solution The depth of the neutral plane is given in Eq, (11.127) as, 2y,Hy L (yt ) - 2h Ly 2 y Fr Note that y; in Eq. (11.127) has been replaced by y, because the fill is above the water table, 0 (m= 9 [m= asa) (2) (06.5) (2) Ly 2 (72 = 981) |” (172-981) Lh or 224 _ 93.1, = 175m Ly Now, from Eq, (11.129), we have Q, = (pK'yHl; tan 8)L, + Heky. cx with p= 7(0.305) = 0.958 m and Ki = 1~ sin34? = 0.44 Hence, (0.958) (0.44) (16.5) (2)[tan(0.6 x 34)](11.75) 4p 11:75)*(0.958) (044) (17:2 = 981) {tan(06 x 34)] corer arene reeAuNnSES Versi EES = 0.18 + 79.97 = 140.75 KN »556 Chapter 11. Pile Foundations Group Piles 11.24 Group Efficiency In most cases, piles are used in groups, as shown in Figure 11.44, to transmit the structural load to the soil. A pile cap is constructed over group piles. The cap canbe. in contact with the ground, as in most cases (see Figure 11.44a), or well above the: ground, as in the case of offshore platforms (see Figure 11.44b). § Determining the load-bearing capacity of proup piles is extremely complicated and has not yet been fully resolved. When the piles ate placed close to each other.area- ” sonable assumption is that the stresses transmitted by the piles to the soil will overlap (see Figure 11.44c), reducing the load-bearing capacity af the piles Ideally. the piles in a group should be spaced so that the load-bearing capacity of the group is not less than "8a the sum of the bearing capacity of the individual piles In practice, the minimum center - to-center pile spacing, d, is 25D and, in ordinary situations, is actually about 3-35D. The efficiency of the load-bearing capacity of a group pile may be defined as Qe 1.130) o (11.130) n= MI where = group efficiency Qy = ultimate load-bearing capacity of the group pile Q,, = ultimate load-bearing capacity of each pile without the group effect Many structural engineers use a simplified analysis to obtain the group effi- ciency for friction piles, particularly in sand. This type of analysis can be explained wi the aid of Figure 11.44. Depending on their spacing within the group, the piles may act in one of two ways: (1) as a block, with dimensions L, x B, x L, or (2) as individ- ual piles. If the piles act as a block, the frictional capacity is fy.pgl- ~ Osta (Ni DP, = perimeter of the cross section of block = 2(m +n, — 2)d + 4D, and fa, = average Unit frictional resistance.] Similarly, for each pile acting individually, | Q, ~ pLfay. (Nate: p = perimeter of the cross section of each pile.) Thus, Qe, _ fal2(r + m2 — 2)d + ADIL “3Q,— map fay _2(m + m-2)d + 4D ~ Prary (1.131) Hence, [2otmnmer hg KE) Pryny 4 4 Qe11.24 Group Efficiency 557 lial gee Plan }e—d—e}e—d—a} ——-= Te aT a 1 tod I ' ,. @ @ Number of piles in group = m,n ls 1 | Naet, 2 5, l “ 1 7 Lam, = 1d + 20/2) we wt Re ata (a) (o) Figure 11.44 Group piles From Eq, (41.132), if the center-to-center spacing d is large enough, 7 > 1. In that case, the piles will behave as individual piles. Thus, in practice, if 7 <1, then Qs) = 1 Qe and if y > 1, then Qe = % Qu558 Chapter 17. Pile Foundations Table 11.15 Equations for Group Efficiency of Friction Piles nome Eaton : . J Qa Apna + (m= Lym 5 vers-Labare equation — [pada tm Do Convers Labare equation [odes ta vel, 1 where ®(degy = tan'(D/d) Los Angeles Group Action Db _ equation dyn, lm n : +m, - + V2(m — Ym = Y)) Seiller-Keeney equation Md Wat, -2 a3 (Seiler and Keeney, 1944) Po li@=n. ees raed ences where dis in & ‘There are several other equations like Eq. (11.132) for calculating the group effi- ciency of friction piles Some of these are given in Table 11.15. Feld (1943) suggested a method by which the load capacity of individual piles (when only frictional resistance is considered) in a group embedded in sand could be assigned. According to this method, the ultimate capacity of a pile is reduced by one-sixteenth by each adjacent diagonal ar row pile. The technique can be explained if one examines Figure 11.45, which shows the plan of a group pile. For pile type A, there are eight adjacent piles, for pile type B, there are five, and for pile type C, there are three. With this in mind, the following table can be prepared: Pile No.of No.of adjacent Reduction factor Ultims type Pies piles/pile foreach ple capacity: A 1 8 ing 050, 5 5 3 5 B 4 lr, 2.750, . 3 c 4 3 1- % 3.250, 3650, = qu *(No of piles) (Q,) (reduction factor) = ulimate capacity for an isolated pile Hence, re) _ 650. oo = 950s _ 29%, 2Q, 92s11.24 Group Efficiency 559 76. ® © 6-8-6 5) @-6 ioe lobo 4© © © 4©@ © © ‘© ® b) o © ©-9 ® ® ¢ =) aoe ana & © Figure 11.45 Fed's method for estimating the group capacity of friction piles 14 Clay | G roup size = 2x2 | “Bffiseney, 0 Freestanding group 09 Converse-Labarre ‘equation 08 07 06 aD Figure 11.46 Variation of group efficiency with d/D (after Brand et al, 1972) Figure 11.46 shows a comparison of field-test results in clay with the theo- retical group efficiency calculated from the Converse-Labarre equation. (See Table 11.15.) Reported by Brand et al. (1972), the tests were conducted in soil, the details of which are given in Figure 3.7. Other parameters include the following: Length of piles = 6m ~ Diameter of piles = 150 mm ~ Pile groups tested = 2 x 2 ~ Location of pile head = 1.5 m below the ground surface560 Chapter 11 Pile Foundations i Pile tests were conducted with and without a cap. (In the latter state, the group = is a freestanding group.) Note that for d/D > 2, the magnitude of 7 was greater than 1.0. Also, for similar values of d/D, the group efficiency was greater with the pile cap than without the cap. Figure 11.47 shows the pile group settlement at vari ous stages of the load test. ‘ Figure 11.48 shows the variation of the group efficiency 7 for a 3 X 3 group pile in sand (Kishida and Meyerhof, 1965). It can be seen that, for loose and medium sands, the magnitude of the group efficiency is larger than unity. This is due primar- ily to the densification of sand surrounding the pile. Liu et al. (1985) reported the results of field tests on 58 pile groups and 23 sin- gle piles embedded in granular soil. Included in the report were the following details: Pile lengtly, L = 80-230 Pile diameter, D = 125 mm-330 mm ‘Type of pile installation = bored Spacing of piles in group,d = 2D-6D. Figure 11.49 shows the behavior of 3 x 3 pile groups with low-set and high-set pile caps in terms of the average skin friction, f,.. Figure 11.50 shows the variation of the average skin friction, based on the location of a pile in the group, Based on the experimental observations of the behavior of group piles in sand to date, the following general conclusions may be drawn: aD Settlement, in. x 10 Capped Free- standing | tare teat 0 {ture od 4 } failure joad failure load V Figure 11.47 Variation of group pile settlement at various stages of load (after Brand et al.,1972)Group efficiency, 9 Average skin fiction, oy (RN/m?) 11.24 Group Efficiency 561 bike ultimate toad Sandy soil ey aan D=250 mm Pile group —-— Single pile 20 Settlement (mm) (a) Low-set pile cap Figure 11.48 Variation of efficiency of pile ‘groups in sand (based on Kishida and Meyerhof, 1965) Figure 11.49 Behav- ior of low-set and high- set pile groups in terms of average skin friction (based on Liu et al, 1985)562 Chapter 11 Pile Foundations 11.25 ‘Sandy soil Average skin fiction, fy (kN/m?) ° 0 20 30 40 ‘Settlement (mm) Figure 11.49 (b) High-rise pile cap (Continued) 1. For driven group piles in sand with d > 3D, Q,(,) may be taken to be 2 Oy» which includes the frictional and the point bearing capacities of individual piles. 2. For bored group piles in sand at conventional spacings (d ~ 3D), Oya) may be taken to be § to} times 5 Q, (frictional and point bearing capacities of individ- ual piles). Ultimate Capacity of Group Piles in Saturated Clay Figure 11.51 shows a group pile in saturated clay. Using the figure, one can estimate the ultimate load-bearing capacity of group piles in the following manner: 1. Determine 2 Q, = n,n,(Q, + Q,). From Eq. (11.19), 2p = AL Mupy] where c,,) = undrained cohesion of the clay at the pile tip Also, from Eq. (11.55), Q, = SapeAL So 2Q.= mMVA,cuy + EapoAL] 11.133)11.26 11.26 Piles ia Rocks 563 Border pile & Corner pile Average skin friction, f,, (kN/m?) Figure 11.50 Average skin 0 10 20 30 friction, based on pile loca- Settlement (mm) tion (after Liu et al,, 1985) 2. Determine the ultimate capacity by assuming that the piles in the group act as a block with dimensions L, x B, X L. The skin resistance of the block is % pyewAL = 3 2(L, + BycgAL Calculate the point bearing capaci App = AplupyNE = (LgBs) Cup NE Obiain the value of the bearing capacity factor N? from Figure 11.52. Thus, the ultimate load is EQ, = LyBeeupNE + EL, + BAL (11.134) 3. Compare the values obtained from Eqs. (11.133) and (11.134). The lower of the two values 18 Qe Piles in Rock For point bearing piles resting on rock, most building codes specify that Qziu) = % Q,, provided that the minimum center-to-center spacing of the piles is D + 300mm, For H-piles and piles with square cross sections, the magnitude of D is equal to the diagonal dimension of the cross section of the pile.564 Chapter 11 Pile Foundations re pon Apes TTT p-o-s-0-7 i, -p—o -o-0-6- L oogod L Y | ly Figure 11.51 Ultimate capacity of ‘e ot group piles in clay 9 LT —7 8 a oF N: 6 5 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 Lg Figure 11.52 Variation of N? with L,/B, and L/B, Example 11.14 a In Figure lisda, tet m= 4, m2 =3, D= 305mm, d= 1220mm, and L = 15m. Suppose the piles are square in cross section and are embedded in @ homogeneous saturated clay with ¢, = 70 kN/m?. Using a factor of safety equal11.26 Piles in Rocks 565 to 4, determine the allowable load-bearing capacity of the group pile, The unit weight of clay, y = 18.8 KN/m®, and the groundwater table is located at a depth 18 m below the ground surface. Solution From Eq. (11.133), XQ, = mnlIA geuip) + Lape,AL} with A, = (0.305) (0.305) = 0.093 m? and p = (4)(0.305) = 1.22m ‘The average value of the effective overburden pressure is (S)as 8) = 14. KN/m? Also, with Cy = T0KN/m? it follows that caren OPS Be yar 7 0496 From Figure 11.24, for 0.496, the magnitude of ais about 0.7. S0 &. Qu = (4)(3){(9) (0.093) (70) + (0.7) (1.22)(70) (15)] = 12(58.59 + 896.7) ~ 11,463 kN Again, from Eq. (11.134), the ultimate block capacity is LByCugyNt + 32(L, + Bye AL (m- d+ (3) = (my 1d + (2) = (3 ~ 1) (1.22) + 0.305 = 2.745 m Now, (4 = 1) (1.22) + 0305 = 3.965 m and B, so we have icy aes) B, ~ 2745 = 54586 Chapter 11. Pile Foundations 11.27 and 2745 From Figure 11.52, N¥ = 8.6. So. block capacity = (3.965) (2.745) (70) (8.6) + 2(3.965 + 2.745) (70) (15) = 6552 + 14,091 = 20,643 KN Hence, Qyiuy = 11,463 KN < 20,643 KN and Qe 11,463 Quo = Ege = 2866 RN Elastic Settlement of Group Piles In general, the settlement of a group pile under a similar working load per pile in- creases with the width of the group (B,) and the center-to-center spacing of the piles (@).This fact is demonstrated in Figure 11.53, obtained fram the experimental results of Meyerhof (1961) for group piles in sand. In the figure, s,,.) is the settlement of the gToup pile and 5, is the settlement of isolated pites under a similar working foad. Several investigations relating to the settlement of group piles have been re- ported in the literature, with widely varying results. The simplest relation for the set- tlement of group piles was given by Vesic (1969), namely, B, Sto = Bs 1.135) Figure 11.53. Seutie- OSS 0 piles in Bs sand (after Meyerhof, a 1961)11.28 Consolidation Settlement of Group Piles 567 where 54.) = elastic settlement of group piles width of group pile section D = width or diameter of each pile jn the group 5, = elastic settlement of each pile at comparable working load (see Section 11.18) For group piles in sand and gravel, for elastic settlement, Meyerhof (1976) sug- gested the empirical relation (in.) 2aV/Bat (11.136) Sq (i0.) = ae Deo where O,/(L,B,)(in US. ton/ft) (11.137) L, and B, ~ length and width of the group pile section, respectively (ft) (WN) = average corrected standard penetration number within seat of settlement (=B, deep below the tip of the piles) fluence factor = 1 ~ L/8B, > 0.5 (11.138) L = length of embedment of piles In Sl units, 0.96qVB,L Sgg)(mam) = = (11.139) eo Oe where q is in KN/m* and B, and L, are in m, and L(m) To 1 5 my Similarly, the group pile settlement is related to the cone penetration resistance by the formula Bl Sita = age (11.140) where q, = average cone penetration resistance within the seat of settlement. (Note that, in Eq. (11.140), all quantities are expressed in consistent units.) Consolidation Settlement of Group Piles ‘The consolidation settlement of a group pile in clay can be estimated by using the 2:1 stress distribution method. The calculation involves the following steps (see Figure 11.54): ee568 Chapter 11 Pile Foundations Figure 11.54 Consolidation settlement of group piles 1. Let the depth of embedment of the piles be L. The group is subjected to a total load of Q,. If the pile cap is below the original ground surface, Q, equals the total load of the superstructure on the piles, minus the effective weight of soil above the group piles removed by excavation. 2. Assume that the load Q, is transmitted to the soil beginning at a depth of 2L/3 from the top of the pile, as shown in the figure. The load Q, spreads out along two vertical lines to one horizontal line from this depth. Lines aa’ and bb’ are the two 2:1 lines. 3. Calculate the increase in effective stress caused at the middle of each soil layer by the load Q,. The formula is a '* (B+ aL, + &) (11.141)11.28 Consolidation Settlement of Group Piles 569 where Ac? = increase in effective stress at the middle of layer i L,, B, = length and width, respectively of the planned group piles 2, = distance from z = 0 to the middle of the clay layer i i For example, in Figure 11.54, for layer 2, z; = L,/2; for layer 3, z; = Ly + La/2; and for layer 4, z; = Ly + Lz + Lx/2. Note, however, that there will be no in- crease in stress in clay layer 1, because it is above the horizontal plane (z = 0) from which the stress distribution to the soil starts, 4. Calculate the consolidation settlement of each layer caused by the increased, stress, The formula is say = oH, 142} "lite Le (11.142) where As.) = consolidation settlemem of layer i ‘Ae, = change of void ratio caused by the increase in stress in layer i @, = initial void ratio of layer i (before construction) H, = thickness of layer i (Note: In Figure 11.54, for layer 2, H for layer 3, H, = Lz; and for layer 4, H, = L3.) Relationships involving Aeg) are given in Chapter 1. 5. The total consolidation settlement of the group piles is then Asc) = TSS (11.143) Note that the consolidation settlement of piles may be initiated by fills placed nearby, adjacent floor loads, or the lowering of water tables. Example 11.15 A group pile in clay is shown in Figure 11.55. Determine the consolidation settle- ment of the piles. All clays are normally consolidated. Solution Because the lengths of the piles are 15 m each, the stress distribution starts at a depth of 10 m below the top of the pile. We are given that Q, = 2000 KN. Calculation of Settlement of Clay Layer 1 For normally consolidated clays, [ See Jane [set tt) 1+ ex) oa) e200 (Ly + 4)(B, +a) (3.3 +35)(22 +35) Aseay Ag = = 51.6 KN/m? and Gig) = 2(16.2) + 12.5(18.0 — 981) = 134.8 KN/m?570 Chapter 11 Pile Foundations Sand = 18.0 kN/m 0.82. 03 18.9 N/m? / ° asin \ C= 02 Chay 0 5) Aoi oN am = 075 025 Pile group: Ly = 3.3 m; B, = 2.2m (not to scale) Figure 11.55 Consolidation settlement of a pile group So 0.1624 m = 162.4 mm O31) F134. x As = 4 1) [Ss 140828 |" 1348 Settlement of Layer 2 AAS with layer 1, CocryHa Goa) + Avia saa) = og) 2-7 1+ eo) oa) = 2(16.2) + 16(18.0 ~ 981) + 2(18.9 — 981) = 181.62 kN/m? Fo) and doy = LO ___ 2 Soin = Gap ayaa eo 7 MS2KN/aProblems 571 Hence, 02)(4 + 24) , pss 1432] = 0.0157 m = 15.7mm Ase Te 07 SL” iste | Settlement of Layer 3 Continuing analogously, we have ofa) = 181.62 + 2(18.9 — 9.81) + 1(19 ~ 9.81) = 208,99 kN/m* 2000 ae = 2 Ae = G34 in) (224 1a) RN __ (025) (2) [20899 + 9.2) _ _ Asse) = Ty o7e 8| —g9g.99 | = 0054 = 5.4mm Hence, the total settlement is Ase) = 1624 + 15.7 + 5.4 = 183.5 mm . Problems 11.1 A concrete pile is 25 m long and 305 mm x 305 mm in cross section. The pile is fully embedded in sand, for which y = 17.5 kKN/m? and #' = 35°. Calculate a. The ultimate point load, Q,, by Meyerhof's method. b. The total frictional resistance [Eqs (11.14), (11.37), (11.38), and (11.39)] for K = 13 and 6 = 0.86" 11.2. Solve Problem 11.1, Part (a), using Coyle and Castello’s method. 113 Solve Problem 11.1, Part (a), using Vesic’s method [Eq. (11.20)]. Take 1, = by = 50. 114 Solve Problem 11.1, Part (a),using Janbu’s method [Eg. (11.31)}. Take 1° = 90°. 115 Use the results of Problems 11.1-11.4 to estimate an allowable value for the point load. Take FS = 4 11.6 Redo Problem 11.1 for y = 18.5 kN/m’ and ¢' = 40°. 11.7. Solve Problem 11.6, Part (a), by Coyle and Castello’s method, 118 A driven closed-ended pile, circular in cross section, is shown in Figure P11.8. Calculate a, The ultimate point load, Meyerhof’s procedure. b, The ultimate point load, using Vesic’s procedure. Take [, = I,, = 50. ¢. An approximate ultimate point load, on the basis of Parts (a) and (b) 4. The ultimate frictional resistance Q,. (Use Eqs. (11.14), (11.37), (11.38), and (11.39), and take K = 1.4 and 5 = 0.64") ©. The allowable load of the pile. (Use FS = 4) 11.9 A concrete pile 20 m long having a cfoss section of 381mm x 381 mm is fully embedded in a saturated clay layer for which ya = 18.5 KN/m’, d = 0,