STPM

MARKING SCHEME
20 (a)
11
12
13
14
10
15
Nuclear fission is said to happen when a big nucleus breaks up into 2 smaller
nuclei
Thermal neutrons are neutrons at room temperature ( about 300 K )
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Mass defect=(235.04392 u + 1.00867 u) (140.91963u+92.92157u+2x1.00867u)

= 0.19405 u
Mass defect occurs because the energy state of nucleus in U-235 is higher than
the energy state of nucleons in Cs-141 and Rb-93. The binding energy per nucleon
is higher for Cs-141 and Rb-93.The mass defect , m, is then changed to energy
given by the equation E = mc2
(ii) For every U-235 fission, there is a mass defect of 0.19405 u
0.19405
The ratio of mass defect from each U-235 nucleus = 235.04392
Reduction in mass for 180 kg of U-235 after fission
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(b) (i)
m =180
(iii)
Energy released = (m) x c2

=0.1486 x ( 3 x 108 )2
= 1.337 x1016 J
0.19405
235.04392
= 0.1486 kg
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1.337 1016
(iv)
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1.337 x 1016 J = 1.60 1013 MeV
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=8.356 x 1028 MeV

=8.356 x 1028/2.6 x 1028 megatonnes of TNT
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= 3.214 megatonnes of TNT
19 (a)(i)
(ii)
The maximum K.E. of the photoelectrons emitted does not depend on the
intensity of the incident light
Photoelectrons can only be emitted when the frequency of the incident light
exceeds the threshold frequency
Using Einsteins equation hf = w0 + KEmax
h = w0 + me vmax2
6.63 x 10
(iii)
8
-34 3.0 10
300109
= 2.50x ( 1.60 x 10-19 ) + ( 9.11 x10-31 ) vmax2
Vmax = 7.60 x 105 ms-1

From the relationship hf = w0 + me vmax2
2 hf 2w0 = mevmax2
2
vmax=
( hf wo )1/2 when vmax = 0 , hf = w0 ,
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f=
vmax
w0/h
(b) (i)
(ii)
Continuous X-rays : when an electron strike the target metal, it can lose any
portion of its energy. This energy loss in the incident electron is converted
into energy of a single photon of X-rays. Therefore the energies of the X-ray
photons are different. Since the wavelength of a photon is inversely
proportional to its energy, the wavelengths of the photons emitted are
different.
Line X-rays: The incident electrons may penetrate deep into the inner shell
of the target atoms. This causes the electron from the inner K shell or L shell
excited to higher energy levels. When an electron from a higher energy level
falls to fill up these empty shells , the different in energy emitted as energy
of line X-rays.
The energy level of the target atoms are quantized. Different target atoms
have different quantized energy levels. The energies of the emitted X-ray
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photons resulting from the transition between these quantized energy levels
of the target atoms therefore have different discrete values, depending on
the type of target atoms used.
When all the energy of the incident electrons is converted into energy of an
X-ray photon
(iii)
eV = h
(iv)
substituting ( 1.6 x 10
-19
-34
) 5.5 x 10 = 6.63 x10
= 2.26 x 10-10 m
The line X-ray cannot be produced. It is because the minimum wavelength

(2.26 x 10-10 m) of the X-rays produced in (b) (iii) above is longer than the
wavelength 1.54 x10-10 m of the X-rays.
18
x : distance from the point the wave starts to propagate
(a)(i) y : displacement of the particle in the string from the equilibrium position
(ii)
= 4 = 2f f = 4/ 2
2/ = 0.25 , = 2/0.25 v = f
=16 ms-1
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(b)
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3.0 108
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(i) f1 = ( ) f = 700 Hz
)
+
f2 = (
f =580 Hz
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solving us =30.9 ms-1
(ii)
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f = 634.4 Hz
(c)
(i)
= ( n-1 )
1
(
1
1
+
2
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= (1.55 1) (15 + 15 )
f = 13.64 cm
(ii)
= +
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1
= 13.64 - 20 = 0.02331
v = 42.9 to the right of the lens
(iii) For destructive interference 2nt = ( m + ) m = 0,1,2,3,
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When m=0 ,the thickness of the film is minimum

tmin = /4n
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tmin =500/4 x 1.55 = 80.65 nm

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16
10.0
=
2
(i) amplitude =
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5.0 cm
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(ii) T= 1.5 x 2 = 3.0 s

f=
(iii)
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= 0.333 Hz
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2
amax = xo =( )2 x amplitude
2
= ( 3 )2 x 5.0 = 21.93 cm s-2
2
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(iv) v =
2
3
=
17 (a)
52 32
= 8.38 cm s-1
(i)
1 = -13.6 x 1.6 x10
(ii)
-13.6 (
1
42
1
22
-19
=-2.176 x 10
-18
) = 2.55 eV
=2.55 x1.6x10-19
6.63 1034
= 2.551.61019 x3x108 = 4.875 x10-7 m

(b)
6.63 1034
(i) = , p = = 1.51010 =4.42 x10-24 kg m s-1
4.42 1024
(ii) v = = 9.111031 =4.852 x106 m s-1
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mv2 = x9.11x 10-31x (4.852 x106 )2 = 1.072 x 10-17 J
(iii) mv2 = e V
V=
1.072 1017
1.6 1019
= 67.0 volt
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MARKING SCHEME

Mass defect=(235.04392 u + 1.00867 u) (140.91963u+92.92157u+2x1.00867u)

Energy released = (m) x c2

1.337 x 1016 J = 1.60 1013 MeV

=8.356 x 1028 MeV

= 3.214 megatonnes of TNT

= 2.50x ( 1.60 x 10-19 ) + ( 9.11 x10-31 ) vmax2

Vmax = 7.60 x 105 ms-1

( hf wo )1/2 when vmax = 0 , hf = w0 ,

) 5.5 x 10 = 6.63 x10

The line X-ray cannot be produced. It is because the minimum wavelength

solving us =30.9 ms-1

v = 42.9 to the right of the lens

(iii) For destructive interference 2nt = ( m + ) m = 0,1,2,3,

When m=0 ,the thickness of the film is minimum

tmin =500/4 x 1.55 = 80.65 nm

(ii) T= 1.5 x 2 = 3.0 s

1 = -13.6 x 1.6 x10

= 2.551.61019 x3x108 = 4.875 x10-7 m

(i) = , p = = 1.51010 =4.42 x10-24 kg m s-1

(ii) v = = 9.111031 =4.852 x106 m s-1

mv2 = x9.11x 10-31x (4.852 x106 )2 = 1.072 x 10-17 J

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