Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 128 views

    Embryogenesis 1

    Uploaded by

    api-319386998
    The document describes the early stages of human embryo development according to the Carnegie staging system. It provides an overview of the key stages from fertilization through gastrulation. These stages include the zygote, morula, blastula, and gastrula. The summary describes the defining features of each stage, such as the formation of the zygote after fertilization, cleavage into a morula, formation of a blastocoel cavity creating the blastula, and cell differentiation during gastrulation. The document also includes a Carnegie stage table that outlines the key events and changes that define each stage from C1 to C6.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Embryogenesis 1

    Uploaded by

    api-319386998
    128 views7 pages
    The document describes the early stages of human embryo development according to the Carnegie staging system. It provides an overview of the key stages from fertilization through gastrulation. These stages include the zygote, morula, blastula, and gastrula. The summary describes the defining features of each stage, such as the formation of the zygote after fertilization, cleavage into a morula, formation of a blastocoel cavity creating the blastula, and cell differentiation during gastrulation. The document also includes a Carnegie stage table that outlines the key events and changes that define each stage from C1 to C6.

    Original Description:

    Original Title

    embryogenesis 1

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document describes the early stages of human embryo development according to the Carnegie staging system. It provides an overview of the key stages from fertilization through gastrulation. These stages include the zygote, morula, blastula, and gastrula. The summary describes the defining features of each stage, such as the formation of the zygote after fertilization, cleavage into a morula, formation of a blastocoel cavity creating the blastula, and cell differentiation during gastrulation. The document also includes a Carnegie stage table that outlines the key events and changes that define each stage from C1 to C6.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    128 views7 pages

    Embryogenesis 1

    Uploaded by

    api-319386998
    The document describes the early stages of human embryo development according to the Carnegie staging system. It provides an overview of the key stages from fertilization through gastrulation. These stages include the zygote, morula, blastula, and gastrula. The summary describes the defining features of each stage, such as the formation of the zygote after fertilization, cleavage into a morula, formation of a blastocoel cavity creating the blastula, and cell differentiation during gastrulation. The document also includes a Carnegie stage table that outlines the key events and changes that define each stage from C1 to C6.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    EMBRYOGENESIS

    The Visible Embryo: Carnegie Stages


    STUDENT
    "It is not birth, marriage, or death, but gastrulation, which is truly the most important
    time in your life." Lewis Wolpert (1986)
    Introduction
    The first week of human development begins with fertilization of the oocyte (egg) by sperm
    forming the zygote, followed by early cell division forming the morula, blastula and gastula. The
    correlation between age, size or morphological characteristics allows the identification of
    specific embryonic developmental stages. One example of an embryo classification system is
    the Carnegie Staging. This system is named after the famous institute which began collecting
    and classifying embryos in the early 1900s. The Carnegie system is based on morphological
    and physiological changes that take place during the first trimester of pregnancy. In this activity
    we will utilize The Visible Embryo website which uses the Carnegie system to describe the
    early stages of embryonic development.
    Activity: Carnegie Stage Table
    The Visible Embryo site is a visual guide through embryogenesis from fertilization through to a
    full term pregnancy. In this activity you will use the Visible Embryo web page as a visual guide
    to learn about the morphological and physiological changes that occur during early
    embryogenesis and the Glossary to complete the Carnegie Stage Table.
    For the purposes of this activity we will focus on 6 of the 23 Carnegie Stages of the 1st trimester.
    1. Open The Visible Embryo website :
    http://www.visembryo.com/baby/index.html
    1. Click on the small round structure on the tail of the spiral (under the number 1).

    1. On the new page you will see


    an image of an embryo at Carnegie Stage 1
    a tab indicating the Carnegie Stage 1 you are viewing
    a scale insert indicating actual size of the embryo
    time period (days post-ovulation)
    and a detailed description of the embryo and important events

    1. Examine the image and read the descriptive information for Carnegie Stages 1,
    2, 3, 4/5, and 6 then complete the table by
    Sketching embryo at each stage and labeling when possible.
    Record the size of the embryo at each stage.
    The stem cell types (totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent) are given on the table.
    Some special features are listed on the worksheet. Use the website to add details about
    each stage.

    1. Click the Next button to go to the next Carnegie stage.

    CARNEGIE STAGE TABLE


    C-STAGE DAY

    C1
    Zygote

    SKETCH/ SIZE (mm)

    STEM CELL
    TYPE

    FEATURES/EVENTS

    Totipotent

    Formation of the Zygote


    sperm penetrates
    oocyte
    and ends with the
    creation of a zygote
    takes about 24 hours
    one sperm needs to
    bind with the protein
    receptors in the zona
    pellucida to trigger an
    enzyme reaction allowing
    the zona to be pierced

    Day
    1

    _.1-.15__mm
    Totipotent
    C2
    Day
    Zygote - 1.5 - 3
    Morula

    1st cell division


    Blastomeres
    Formation of morula
    zygote begins to
    cleave
    cell begins to divide
    into two, and two again,
    called blastomeres
    When cell division
    generates about sixteen
    cells, the zygote becomes a
    morula
    leaves fallopian
    tubes, enters uterine cavity

    ___.1-.2___mm
    Pluripotent

    C3

    Day

    Formation of blastula
    Blastocoel
    Embryoblast (inner cell mass)
    Trophoblast

    Early
    Blastula

    Cells flatten and


    compact on the inside of the
    uterine cavity while the
    zona pellucida remains the
    same size
    structure now called
    blastocyst

    ___.1-.2___mm
    Pluripotent

    C4 & C5 Day
    Late- 5-12
    Blastula

    ___.1-.2__mm

    Multipotent
    C6
    Day
    Gastrula 13

    Hatching
    Epiblast
    Hypoblast
    blastocyst hatch
    from the zona around the
    sixth day after fertilization
    blastocyst implants
    into the epithelial lining of
    the uterus
    the Endometrial
    glands in the uterus begin to
    enlarge in response to the
    progesterone release
    Trophoblast cells
    engulf and destroy cells of
    the uterine lining creating
    blood pools and stimulating
    new capillaries to grow
    this is the beginning
    of the growth of the
    placenta
    Gastulation
    Ectoderm
    Mesoderm
    Endoderm
    villi form in the
    placenta
    embryo anchored in
    the uterus
    The yolk sac begins
    producing hematopoietic or

    non-nucleated blood cells


    now the embryo is
    attached to the developing
    placenta by a stalk later to
    become part of the
    umbilical cord

    _.2_mm

    Carnegie Stage Questions


    1. List the stage (C1-C6) at which the following events occur according the
    Carnegie Stage embryo classification system.
    ___3____ Formation of the inner cell mass
    ____2___ Formation of the morula
    ___6____ Formation of the gastrula
    ____3___ Formation of the blastula
    ____1___ Fertilization
    ___4&5____ Hatching of the blastocyst
    ___2____ Cleavage produces blastomeres
    ___4&5____ Formation of the placenta begins

    1. TRUE or FALSE: The zygote, morula and early blastula are the same size.
    False
    1. TRUE or FALSE: Initially, the zygote cells are multipotent.
    False

    1. TRUE or FALSE: The inner cell mass secretes an enzynme that erodes the
    uterine lining.
    False

    1. Match the following terms with the descriptions below:


    Ectoderm
    Mesoderm
    Endoderm
    ___Mesoderm______ middle layer becomes muscle, bone, heart, lungs.
    ___Endoderm______ becomes digestive tract, lines lungs, reproductive tract
    Ectoderm___ top layer becomes nervous and skin tissue

    1. What is the zona pellicida?

    the thick transparent membrane surrounding a mammalian ovum before implantation

    PART 4, SCHOOLOGY COMMENT:


    Before reading this article, I had a previously formed opinion, and my answer
    would have been: Yes, the promises of stem cell use are realistic. My uncle
    who has suffered from an array of different cancers, is currently in remission
    with the help of stem cells along with other treatments. This article however,
    helped me back my argument with more substance. The uses of stem cells
    has come a long way, and with all the research being done, the medical
    achievements that stem cells can make seem to be exponentially growing.
    While there are many diseases that scientists are still working on curing with
    stem cells, like Parkinson's; blood stem cells are currently being used to treat
    leukemia, sickle cell anemia, bone marrow diseases and more. Stem cell
    research is going to continue over the next decade at least, because of the
    clinical trials, legal jumbo and even social questions that erupt when talking
    about the use of stem cells. The medical use of stem cells face an uphill
    battle, but their realistic promises are questionable when it comes to saving
    lives.

    Glossary
    Blastocoel The cavity in the blastula of the developing embryo.
    Blastocyst A preimplantation embryo of 30-150 cells. The balsocyst consists of a sphere made
    up of an outer layer of cells (the trophoderm), a fluid-filled cavity (the blastocoels), and a cluster
    of cells on the interior (inner cell mass).
    Blastula An early Stage in the development of an ovum consisting of a hollow sphere of cells
    enclosing a cavity called the blastocoel.
    Differentiation the process whereby an unspecialized early embryonic cell acquires the
    features of a specialized cell such as a heart, liver, or muscle.
    Ectoderm The upper outermost of the three primitive germ layers of the embryo; it gives rise
    to skin, nerves, and brain.
    Embryo In humans, the developing organism from the time of fertilization until the end of the
    eighth week of gestation, when it becomes known as a fetus.
    Embryonic stem cells Primitive undifferentiated cells from the embryo that have the potential
    to become a wide variety of specialized cell types.
    Endoderm Lower layer of a group of cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst; it
    later becomes the lungs, and digestive organs.
    Epiblast Gives rise to the ectoderm and mesoderm. The mesoderm then displaces the
    hypoblast cells and forms the endodermis cell layer on its inner surface.
    Fertilization the process where by male and female gametes unite.
    Gastrula Animal embryo at an early stage of development in which cells are enclosed in a
    sheath to form the beginning of a gut cavity.
    Inner Cell Mass The cluster of cells inside the balstocyst. These cells give rise to the
    embryonic disk of the later embryo and ultimately, the fetus.
    Mesoderm The middle layer of the embryonic disk which consists of a group of cells derived
    from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. This middle germ layer is known as gastrulating and
    is the precursor to bone, muscle and connective tissue.
    Morula A solid mass of cells that resembles a mulberry and results from the cleavage of a
    fertilized oocyte.
    Multipotent Stem cells stem cells hat have the capability of developing cells of multiple germ
    layers. These cells are not able to develop into as many cell types as totipotent or pluripotent
    cells.

    Placenta the oval or discoid spongy structure in the uterus from which the fetus derives its
    nourishment and oxygen.
    Pluripotent stem Cells A single stem cell that has the capability of developing cells of all germ
    layers (endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm).
    Stem Cell A cell that has the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and give rise to
    specialized cells.
    Totipotent Having unlimited capability. The totipotent cells of the very early embryo have the
    capacity to differentiate into extra embryonic membranes and tissues, the embryo, and all
    postembryonic tissues and organs.
    Trophoderm The outer layer of the developing blastocyst that will ultimately form the
    embryonic side of the placenta.
    Trophoblast the extra embryonic tissue responsible for negotiating implantation, developing
    into the placenta, and controlling the exchange of oxygen and metabolites between mothers and
    embryo.
    Yolk Sac Vital to the embryo for the formation of primordial and other cells that form the
    embryo. In mammals, it is small and devoid of yolk.
    Zona Pellucida A Thick, transparent noncellular layer that surrounds and protects the oocytE.
    Zygote A cell formed by the union of male and female germ cells (sperm and egg,
    respectively).

    You might also like