B

rm s a n d Q u e s tio n s : th e
S eq ue l
ro o k e L a rs o n

a r ls b a d D e c re e s

th ro

hq

\u

Te

T h e C a rls b a d D e c re e s w e re is s u e d b
y K le m e n s v o n M e tte m

u g h th e G e rm a n C o n fe d e
ra tio n in

lc h

1 8 1 9 T h e y re q u ire d a ll 3 8 G e rm a n m e m b e r
s ta te s to s c re e n u n iv e
rs itie s a n d n e w s a e rs fo r tro u b le s o m e id e a s a la t d id n o t a li n
p p
g
w ith th o s e o f th e s ta te
T h e y a ls o c re a te d a n a s s e m b ly o f s p ie s a n d in fo rm e rs w h o s e
o b w a s to fin d a n d
p u n is h lib e ra l o r ra d ic a l o rg a n iz a tio n s
.

o n s e rv a tis m : C o n s e rv a tiv e s lik

o u t U 1e re c e n t c e n tu r o r s o o f v io le n c e
y

a n d s u tft rin g

in v o

lv e d

p e c ia lly th e lib e ra l m id d le c la s s re v o lu tio n a rie s th a t g o t th e lo w e rd

a ss

L Ib e

ra lis m

1 8 th c e

T h e p rin c ip le id e a s o f lib e ra lis m

to

n th e ris e d u rin g th e la te

n tu ry a n d o p p o s ite to c o n s e rv a tis m

e r e
lib e rty a n d e q u a lity L ib e ra ls b e lie v e d
, w
re p re s e n ta tiv e g o v e r n m e n t in s te a d o f a u to c ra tic m o n a rc
h y a n d n o le g a l s e p a ra tio n o f
c la s s e s T h e s e id e a s w e re re s o n s ib le fo r re v o lu tio
n s lik e U 1e F re n c h R e v o lu tio n a n d
p
.

in

th e
p re

A m e ric a n R e v o lu tio n
ss

fre

ed o m

o f sp e e ch

re a t b rita in a n d f ra n c e

w a sn

p re

'

t re

se z

y b e lie v e d in fo u r in d iv id u a l fr e e d o m s a s w e ll fre e d o m

fr e e
th e

d o m

o f a s s e m b ly

fa

ir e

it w

d fre e

d o m

o n ly c o u n trie s w h e re lib e ra lis m

a lly c a tc h in g o n b y th e
ye a r 18 15

v io u s ly h a d

L a is

T he

T he

o f a rb m

'

ow n a s

lib e

ra lis m

la

s s ic a l lib e ra lis m

T h is id e a

e s ta b lis h e d m o d e m

A da

S m

a tio n s

it h

'
a

"

th e te rm

to

la

d is tin g u is h it fro m

w a s p o p u la riz e d b y A d a m
e c o n o m ic s

A d am

d sup

'

is s e z

fa

ire

"
re

fe

rs to a n e c o n o m ic

o p p o s e d to 1 8 th c e n tu ry m e rc a n tilis m
e c o n o m ic a c tiv itie s

th e
ha

fo

e b e lie v e d in m

n d

to

fa

is a ls o

a lth o f N a tio n s

ire s ty le o f e c o n o m y

'
,

h ic h

'

e a lth o f

e w a s v e ry

a n d th e w a y it re g u la te d tra d e a n d o th e r

co n cep t o f a n

e c o n o m y w ith o u t th e g o v e r n m e n t n t e r f e r i n g
'

S m ith a n d h is W

T h is

d itfe rin g id e a s in A m e ric a n

m ith w a s v e ry c ritic a l o f m e rc a n tilis m

a n d a la is s e z

it

S m ith w a s a S c o ttis h p h ilo s o p h y p ro fe s s o r w h o w ro te

p o rte d lib e ra lis m

id e o lo g y fa c e d m o re o p p o s itio n th a n it

p o lic y in w h ic h th e g o v e r n m e n t h a s n o in llu e n c e o v e r tra d e o r th e e c o n o m y

E ven

h a d b e e n re c o g n iz e d

a s s e e n a s le s s p o w e rfu l th a n it h a d b e e n

S u p p o rte d b y lib e ra lis m

ry a rr e s t

o f

'

in v is ib le

h and

'

th a

t w o u ld re g u la te

e a rg u e d th a t a llo w in g th is

'

in

v is ib le

ta k e o v e r w o u ld re s u lt in m o re e c o n o m ic o p p o rtu n ity a n d a n in c re a s e d in c o m e

r e v e ry o n e in v o lv e d

b u s in e s s m e n

E a rly

1 9 t h t u r y B rita in e m b ra c e d th e s e id e a s

pe

c ia lly

Scanned by CamScanner

a tio n a lis m

id e

'

a o f a

: A ls o b e c o m in
g p o p u la r a fte r 1 8 1 5 lik e lib e ra lis m

tjo n a l id e a '

u n iv

iv e

tio n a lis m

rs a l id e a l b e lo n g in g to a c e rta in c u ltu re

w a s th e

T h is

c u ltu ra l

m a n ife s te d its e lf
in c o m m o n la n u a e s te rrito rie s a n d h is to r
,
,
y H o w e v e r , t h is w a s
g
g
n o t e xa cu
y t ru e a t th is tim e a s m a n
,
y d itft re n t v a ria tio n s o f a la n g u a g e w e re s p o k e n in
m o s t c o u n tr ie
s O n l th e e lite
y
s p o k e th e w ritte n d o w n e s ta b lis h e d d ia le c t T h e re w e re
,
a ls o m a n
y d iffe re n t e th n ic
ro
u
g
p s w ith in te rrito rie s
.

o c la lls m l u t
o p la n S o o la lls
m
A n o th e r ra d ic a l id e a th a t
e m e r g e d a fte r 1 8 1 5 , s o c ia lis m
w a s th e id e a
th a t s o c ie t n e e
d
e d to b e re fo rm e d in
y
a w a y th a t w o u ld e n c o u ra e
c o o p e ra tio
g
n a nd a se n se
o f c o m m u n it a m o
n g c itiz e n s S o c ia lis ts b e lie v e d th a t
y
in d iv id u a lis m w a
s s e ltis h a n d
d a n g e ro u s a n d s
a w th e ris e o f la is s e z fa ire a n d
,
id e a s in B rita in a s
a n in s tru m e n t fo
r it A s o p o s e d to a m
e co n o m
tra d e
p
y , s o c ia lis ts a d v o c a te
d e c o n o m ic
la n n in
p
b
th
e
g
c o m
y
g o v e r n m e n t , in s te a d o f le ttin g
p e titio n s h a p e h o w th
in g s w o rk e d
.

industnalization

C ha

rle s F o u r ie r
C h a rle s F o u rie
r w a s a n e a r. d
e lu s io n a l s o c ia
lis t w h o d r e a m e d
u to p ia n s o c ie
o f a
ty c o m p o s e d o f
m a th e m a tic a ll b
a
se d a nd co m
y
le
te ly s e lk s u ffid e n t
c o m m u n itie s
p
o f e x a c tl 1
y
,6 2 0
p e o p le H e w a s a s tro n a d v o
c a te fo r w o m e n a n d v i
g
m o s t m a rria e
,
ew e d
g s a s a n e x te n s io n o f
'
p r o s titu tio n b e c a u s e o f
th e w a y
o
u
b o u g h r fr o m th e ir
n
n
y
w e re
g
h u s b a n d s w ith
d o w rie s H e w a n
te d to a b o lis h m a rria
it w ith fre e u n io n s
e a n d re la c e
g
p
b a s e d o n lo v e
a n d s e x u a l fre e
d o m
M o s t m id d lM
a s s p e o p le s a w
th e s e id e a s a s s h o
c k in g a n d im m o ra
l
-

a r l M a n u M a rx la
n S o c ia lis t K a rl
M a rx w a s
p h ilo s o p h e r a n d a s tro n
s o c ia lis m
g a d v o c a te o f
H e w a s b o m to J e w is
h p a re n ts b u t w a s c o
n v e rte d to a th e is m
th e tim e ) H e a n d F rie d ric
( s till n o t c o o l a t

h E n g e ls w ro te a n d
'
p u b lis h e d T h e C o m m u n is t M a n il
e s to ,
w h ic h b e c a m e th e m o s
t im p o r ta n t s o c ia lis t te
xt H e
g re w u p re a d in g F o u rie r s w o rk a
n d
,
a g re e d w ith h is id e a s
a b o u t th e e m a n c i a tio
n
o
f
w o m e n a n d th e a b o litio
p
n o f th e fa m il
y
H e d iffe re d o m m a n F re n c h s o c ia
y
lis ts in th in k in
g th a t th e w o rk in g d a s s a n d m id d l
e
c la s s w o u ld a lw a s b e in e
v ita b ly o p o s e d to o n e a
y
p
n o u re r H e c a te o riz e d
th e tw o a s th e
g
ro
le
ta ria t (w o rk in g d a s s a n d th e b o u
p
)
r g e o is ie ( m id d le d a s s
a
n
d b e lie v e d M a t th e
),
P ro le ta ria t w o u ld s o o n o v e M ro w th e b o u rg e o is ie a n d ta k e o v e
r
.

o m m

a n ife s to

u n is t M a n ife s t o
'

ia

t itte n b y K a rl M a rx a n d F rie d ric h

'
,

T he

C o m m u n is t

lis t w o rk U ra t la te r b e c a m e th e m o s t im
p o rta n t w ri& n g to
s o c ia lis m
In a d d itio n to e s ta b lis h in g th e b a s ic id e o lo
g y o f s o c ia lis m , it a ls o p re d ic te d a n
u p ris in g o f th e p ro le t a ria L o r w o rk in
d
a
s
s
a
a
i
n
s
t
th
e b o u rg e o is ie , o r m id d le c la s s
,
g
g
M a rx b e lie v e d th a t U re b o u rg e o is ie e x p lo ite d th e ro le ta ria t m a k in th is u s titi
p
,
ed
g
j
w

Scanned by CamScanner

e o rg e H a e l
g
G e rm a n
bo m G e o r e H
re
e g e l w a s a p h ilo s o p h e r w h o e e th e o r ie s w e
g
th e b a s is fo r M
a rr e id e
a s a b o u t h is
e
b
to ric a l e v o lu tio n H e e l b e liw e d th a t a ra l c a n
c a te g o riz e d b
g
y th e s e t o f d o m i
n n er
n a n t id e a s th a t is c re a te d o u t o f a s y n th e s is b e tw e e
id e a s a n d a s
a
t o ne s H e
p
d c r e a te s
p ro p o s e d th a t e v e r id e a h a s a r e c i p r o c a l d e a
y
s y n th e s is o f
th e tw o id e a
re
s T h is re s u lts in th e th e o r h a t h is to ric a l c h a n g e s a
y
patterned a n d d e lib e ra te
-

o m a n t ic is m

A n o th e r ra d ic a l n e w

id e a w a s ro m a n tic is m

e d
w a s m a rk

h ic h

b y a n

on l

s
p e r*
e m p h a s is o n
lu id ity in o n e
d is p la y s o f e m o tio n
tra in e d c r e a tiv ity , a n d f
u n d
e s s b Jr m
life a n d a rt T h e ro m
th e m s e b
a n tic s in la te 1 6 th c e n tu ry G e rm a n y c a lle d
M ld
a te d liv e s
D ra n g , m e a n in ' s t o r m a n d s tr e s s T h e o fte n liv e d e m o tjo n a lly c o m p lic
g
y
r h a ir
d w o r M
b o h e m ia n
o
s u ic id e , m e n ta l illn e s s
a
ls
re
e
w
e
h
T
d m ad ne ss
y
w e re
n T he y
u la r fa s h io
d w ig s o f p o p
lo n g a n d u n k e m p t
re
e
w
d
e
o
th
to
o
s
e
d
p
pp
h m
,

r e

'

'

ro u g
* ee d o m M
n d s p iritu a l
a n d s triv e d e n lig h te n m e n t a
l Th ey
'
u
iq e p o * a n tl*
n
in g o n e s u
e
lo
v
e
d
p
n
d
a
R o m a n tic is m a ls o a d v o c a te d in d iv id u a lis m
a th re a t to
a liz a tio n a s
s a w in d u s tri
a n d
rld
o
l
w
ra
,
w e re h e a v ily in to n a tu re a n d th e n a tu

a g a in s t m a te ria lis m

th is a n d h

s tu

u m a n ity

u n d

rm

T ra n s la tin g to

D ra n g

c h o s e n b y la te

1 8 th

to rm

c e n tu ry ro m a n tic s

a n d s tre s s

'
,

s e w a s th e m
th is G e rm a n p h ra

r e
o
o d c liv e s , w
m o tio n a lly d ra
T h e y o fte n le a d e
a
l o * * e lo n .
e c * e d m a te ria p
r e l
re s s p ro p e rl)( ,
c in a l a d
.

e s s y fa s h io n

th e ir h a ir in a m

v a lu e d th e in d iv id u a l,

w ith n a tu fe a n d d re w

s p iritu a l e s c a p e

d id

itte

n ot d

t a b le
re m e n ta lly u n s
d s u ic id e o r w e

in s p ira tio n fr o m

o rk
it fo r th e ir a rtw

h ic h

i e re

ia

as a m e a n s o

th e y s a w

a n d e r
a n a t* e m p t t o s q u
ritis h a ris to c ra c y in
fte r 1 8 1 5 b y th e B
a
e
d
is
v
e
R
co m
th a t re o u a te d
w e re a s e t o f la w s
le , th e C o m L a w s
a n d s e c u re th e ir ru
t
s
te
ro
b
lic
u
p
w a s to o b ro k e
p
e c a u a e e v e ry o n e
v io u s ly n e c e s s a ry b
re
t
o
n
e
re
w
u
t
p
b
fo re ig n g ra in tr a d e
n e w la w s
'
ra in b a d e a n y w a y T h e
re n t in v o lv e d in th e g
fr o m fig h tin g th a t th e y w e
a in It re s tM e d In
c k e tin g o f p ric e s in B rit
in w ith o u t th e s k y ro
ite d th e im p o rt o f g r a
ib
o
h
r
p
tiin a
d ic a l in te lle c h a ls o f m
w a s b a c k e d b y th e r a
m u c h p ro te s t, w h ic h
L a w s

e fo r m

18 3 2 T h e
.

o n a r c h y to c re a * e m
H e a v y p ro te s t le a d th e m
H o use o f C o m m o n a a s m
re fo rm s e s ta b lis h e d th e

B ill o f 1 8 3 2
n e w

R e lo rm

B a

rn o s t in R u e n tia l

a in e d a s a y
lr
in d u s tria liz e d re g io n s o f th e c o u n y g
le g is la tiv e b o d y , a n d th e n e w ly
rm B iir s re te rm s w a s p u t
re e lim in a te d A R e r th e R M
o th e rs th a t h a d v e ry fe w v o te rs w e
h
e d b y n e a rly h a lf A b o u t 1 2 % o f B ri6 e h a n d Iris
in to p la c e , th e n u m b e r o f v o te rs in c re a s
'

m en now

h a d th e rig h t to v o te

Scanned by CamScanner

t F m lm

m ld

In M

19 1h

c e n tu r y

lre la n d

'
a

p o p u la tio n

th e y a ls o b e c a m e m o ro d e p e n d a n t o n p o ta to e s lo r s u s le
d is e a s e c a lle d b lig h t ro tte d a ll M
p o ta to e s W d e s p re a d
.

e n sued

om

Law s

c o lle c te d

Po p u

A Iu 1o u

g h to n s o f p e o p le w e re s ta rv in g to d e a th
'

th e g o v e r n m e n t d id n t d o m u c h fo r a lo n g tim

d la rw Jlo r d

la tio n w a s n e a w

p r o c re

a te (o r d ie d )

s d e m a n d e d th e ir re n ts

B e tw

c u t in h a lf b e c a u s e a o m a n y p

b e g a n to In c re a r e

na nc e

In

a p o ta to

m tc a
s ta rv a tio n a n d lo v e r e p id e

be c a
e

u s e o f th e n e w ly re v ia e d

Ta xea

e e n 184 5 a nd

18 4 5

w e re s b ll b e in g
19 1 1

Ire la

'

nd

e e m ig r a te d o r d id n o t
:
s

' -R
'

Q v (\ h

Dn

'

Scanned by CamScanner