ACFIM Final Report

EXTENDED STUDY ON CAMPAIGN
FINANCING FOR PRESIDENTIAL AND

MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT RACES
FINAL REPORT 2016
EXTENDED STUDY ON CAMPAIGN FINANCING FOR

PRESIDENTIAL AND MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT RACES
2015-2016 IN UGANDA
ALLIANCE FOR CAMPAIGN FINANCE MONITORING

REPORT MAY 2016
C/O Transparency International Uganda

Plot 3 Martyrs Way
Ntinda
P.O Box 24335, Kampala
www.acfimuganda.org
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You may re-use this information (not including logos) free of charge in any
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ACFIM PARTER ORGANISATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
On behalf of the Steering Committee of ACFIM and on my own behalf, I wish to
extend our most sincere gratitude to the Researchers, Research Assistants and
District Supervisors who endured difficult times and collected data on campaign
financing at constituency and national levels over an extended period of 10 months.
We thank all political party officials and campaign agents that volunteered vital
information to our Researchers and Research Assistants. Without you this report
would never have been. Special recognition goes to the Database Manager who
worked tirelessly in navigating the database, testing the quality and consistence of
data posted, following up with data entry clerks, cleaning and analysing the data to
be able to provide us with the information that makes this report unique.
I cannot forget to thank our development partners, the Democratic Governance
Facility (DGF) for trusting and believing in ACFIM to do what no other organisation
has successfully done in Africa. Without your financial support the dream of ACFIM
partners to come up with credible estimates of expenditure in 16 districts for
Presidential and Member of Parliament campaigns, would probably never have seen
the light of day.
To the National Democratic Institute (NDI) and National Endowment for Democracy
(NED) we thank you for your continued technical and financial support. The parallel
projects you supported produced synergy that strengthened the capacity of ACFIM
Secretariat and partner organisations to manage and coordinate a project of this
nature.
To the staff of ACFIM and the host organisation Transparency International Uganda
(TIU), thank you for the hard work you put into the project.
Last but by no means least, the Steering Committee of ACFIM and particularly the
Chairperson that worked hard to ensure the smooth running of the ACFIM Secretariat
in coordinating the implementation of this study. Your efforts are priceless.
Thank you very much every one.
Extended Study On Campaign Financing For Presidential And Member Of Parliament Races
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................v
LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................ix
LIST OF FIGURES...........................................................................................................xi
ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................................... xiii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................xv
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Context............................................ 1

1.2 National Budget 2015/2016..........................................6
1.3 Increase in the Cost of Contesting for Elective
Position........................................................................9
1.4 Sources of Political Party Financing in Uganda........ 10
1.5 Party Primary Elections............................................. 12
1.6 Overview of General Expense Categories during
Campaigns.................................................................. 13
2.0 SCOPE OF THE STUDY........................................................................................... 23

3. 0 METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................24
4. 0
REGULATORY
FRAMEWORK FOR
CAMPAIGN FINANCING
IN UGANDA
4.1 Legal Framework........................................................ 22

4.3 Institutional Framework for Campaign Financing....25
5. 0
FINANCING OF
ELECTION CAMPAIGNS
2015/2016
5.1 Anatomy of Campaign Expenditure...........................26

5.2 Combined Expenditure on Pre-Campaign and
Campaign Activities...................................................26
5.3 Pre-Campaign Expenses............................................. 31
5.4 Breakdown of Combined Campaign Expenses by
Category.....................................................................33
5.5 Breakdown on Combined Expenses by Political
Affiliation....................................................................37
5.6 Breakdown of NRM Party Expenses........................ 40
5.7 Independent Candidates Expenses..........................47
5.8 Forum for Democratic Change (FDC) Party Campaign
Spending....................................................................52
5.10 How UPC Money Was Spent - The Breakdown....... 61
5.11 How DP Money Was Spent - The Breakdown..........63
5.12 Analysis Campaign Expenses by Other Parties........65
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6. 0
OVERALL CAMPAIGN
SPENDING BY
PRESIDENTIAL
CANDIDATES
6.1 Trends in Combined Spending by Presidential

Candidates................................................................. 71
6.2 Analysis of Monthly Spending by Presidential
Candidates................................................................. 72
6.3 Variation in Campaign Spending by Month..............73
6.4 Breakdown of Campaign Spending of Presidential
Candidates.................................................................73
6.5 Campaign Spending Categories Disaggregated by
Presidential Candidate...............................................75
6.6 Yoweri Kaguta Museveni Expenses - The Breakdown.
.................................................................................... 77
6.7 Amama Mbabazi Expenses - The Breakdown........... 81
6.8 Kizza Besigye Estimates - The Breakdown...............83
6.9 Campaign Spending at District Level........................87
7. 0
GENERAL
OBSERVATIONS AT
CONSTITUENCY LEVEL
7.1 Type of Event Observed.............................................. 91

7.2 Duration of Campaign Rallies/Events........................93
7.3 Estimated Number of Participants on Campaign
Events........................................................................ 94
7.4 Expenses on Means of Transport Used.....................95
7.5 Expenses on Campaign Materials..............................97
7.6 Expenses on Electronic and Print Media.................. 98
7.7 Event/Rally/Consultative Meetings Expenses
Resources.................................................................. 99
8. 0
ANALYSIS OF
DONATIONS TO
VOTERS
8.1 Donations by Candidates.......................................... 102

8.2 Donations by Presidential Candidates..................... 107
8.3 Handout Materials................................................... 109
8.4 Analysis of Expenditure on Handout Materials....... 113
8.5 Voter Bribery.............................................................114
8.6 Acts of Voter bribery During the Final Five Days to
Election Day.............................................................. 115
8.7 Donations and Voter Hospitality are akin to Voter
Bribery.......................................................................116
9. 0 VOTER TOURISM................................................................................................... 23
10. 0 MISUSE OF GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATIVE RESOURCES FOR CAMPAIGNS.23
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11. 0
ANALYTICAL CASE
STUDIES ON FLOW OF
NATIONAL BUDGET
RESOURCES
11.1 Unprecedented Rise in FY 2015/26 National Budget....

...................................................................................122
11.2 Half Year Budget Performance 2015/16:..................123
11.3 Office of the President Financial Flow in FY 2015/2016
.................................................................................. 124
11.4 Half Year Budget Utilisation by Office of the
President...................................................................125
11.5 State House Financial Flow in FY 2015/16................127
11.6 Ministry of Defence financial flow in FY 2015/16.... 129
11.7 Flow of Funds in the Office of the Prime Minster.. 133
11.8 General Observations on Campaigns and National
Economy.................................................................. 133
12. COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR

POLITICAL FINANCING........................................................................................ 136
13. RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................................... 139
APPENDIX I (NRM Party Estimated Expenses by November 2015)......................... 144
APPENDIX II (SUMMARY of NRM Party Minimum Expenses Nov - 2015)............... 145
APPENDIX III (M7s Cash Donations/Pledges - Jan 2015 & Aug 2015)...................... 146
APPENDIX IV (Campaign Expenses for Eng. Mabiriizi)............................................. 149
APPENDIX V (Detailed Campaign Expenses for Venasius Baryamureba)................ 150
APPENDIX VI (Detailed Campaign Expenses for Benon Biraaro).............................. 151
APPENDIX VII (Detailed Campaign Expenses for Abed Bwanika)............................152
APPENDIX VIII (Detailed Campaign Expenses for Joseph Mabirizi)........................ 153
APPENDIX IX (Detailed Campaign Expenses for Maureen Kyalya).......................... 154
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1:
Table 2:
Table 3:
Table 4:
Table 5:
Table 6:
Table 7:
Table 8:
Table 9:
Table 10:
Table 11:
Table 12:
Table 13:
Table 14:
Table 15:
Table 16:
Table 17:
Table 18:
Table 19:
Table 20:
Table 21:
Table 22:
Table 23:
Table 24:
Table 25:
Table 26:
Table 27:
Table 28:
Table 29:
Table 30:
Table 31:
Table 32:
Sector Budget Allocations for FY 2014/15 and FY 2015-16 (UGX, Billions).7

Budget Allocation to the Various Political Parties.................................. 10
Districts Covered in the Study ACFIM...................................................... 17
Minimum Expenses by Political Affiliation (May 2015 Feb 2016).........28
NRM Party Pre-Campaign Expenditure................................................... 31
Estimates of Go Forward Pre-Campaign Expenditure............................ 32
FDC Party Pre-Campaign Expenditure..................................................... 32
DP and UPC Party Pre-Campaign Expenditure........................................ 32
Breakdown of Combined Campaign Expenses for All Parties................35
Breakdown of Expenses by Category by Political Party/Group..............39
NRM Party Expenses - The Breakdown.................................................. 40
NRM Guidelines for Utilization of the 20m for Constituency
Mobilisation..............................................................................................42
NRM Party Expenses - The Breakdown...................................................42
NRM Party Minimum Pre-Campaign Expenses (May October 2015)...43
Party Spending on Flagbearer in Presidential Campaigns......................43
NRM Spending on Cash Campaign Contribution to Party Flagbearers for
MP Races.................................................................................................. 44
Independent Candidates Expenses - The Breakdown............................50
FDC Party Expenses - The Breakdown.....................................................53
FDC Party Minimum Expenses June 2015 February 2016.....................55
FDC Party Expenses - The Breakdown.....................................................55
Go Forward Expenses - The Breakdown..................................................59
UPC Party Expenses - The Breakdown..................................................... 61
UPC Party Expenses - The Breakdown.....................................................63
Breakdown of Other Political Parties Expenses......................................65
Minimum Expenses by Presidential Candidates (Nov. 2015 Feb. 2016)...
...................................................................................................................70
Presidential Candidates Combined Expenses - The Breakdown............74
All Presidential Candidates Expenses - The Breakdown.........................76
Yoweri Kaguta Museveni Expenses - The Breakdown............................ 77
Amama Mbabazi Estimates - The Breakdown........................................ 81
Kizza Besigye Estimates - The Breakdown..............................................83
Minimum District Expenses per Month (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)..............87
Type of Event Observed (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)...................................... 91
Table 33:
Table 34:
Table 35:
Table 36:
Table 37:
Table 38:
Table 39:
Table 40:
Table 41:
Table 42:
Table 43:
Table 44:
Table 45:
Table 46:
Table 47:
Table 48:
Table 49:
Duration of Events Observed (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)..............................93

Estimated Number of Participants (Nov 2015 Feb 2016).................... 94
Expenses on Means of Transport Used (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)..............95
Expenses on Campaign Materials (Nov 2015 Feb 2016).......................97
Expenses on Electronic and Print Media (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)........... 98
Event/Rally/Consultative Meetings Expenses (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)... 99
Expenses on Donations.......................................................................... 103
Examples of Donations in November and December 2015.................. 106
Observed Donations by President in Monthly Minimums.................... 108
Illustrating Some Donations by Incumbent Presidential Candidate.... 108
Expenses on Handout Materials (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)....................... 109
Examples of Materials Handed out During Campaigns......................... 112
Other Examples of Misuse of Government/State Resources................ 121
Expenditure Outflows for the FY 2015/16...............................................123
Office of the President Budget Utilisation by First Half of FY 2015/16..125
Half Year Budget utilization for State House for FY 2015/16................. 128
Ministry of Defence Budget Utilisation by item First Half of FY2015/16.131
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2:
Figure 3:
Figure 4:
Figure 5:
Figure 6:
Survey on Commercialization of Ugandas Political Culture....................4

High Rise in Flows during the Election Fiscal Year....................................8
Trends in Supplementary Budget..............................................................9
Distribution of 10bn Government Contribution to Political Parties....... 10
Map Showing the Geographical Spread of the Districts Covered Under
this Study.................................................................................................. 18
Figure 7: Minimum Expenses by Parties (May 2015 Feb 2016)............................ 27
Figure 8: Variation in Combined Spending by Political Parties by Month.............29
Figure 9: Variation in Spending by Political Affiliation (Month by Month)............30
Figure 10: Estimates of Pre-Campaign Expenditure by Political Party....................33
Figure 11: Illustration of Combined Campaign Expenses Breakdown....................36
Figure 12: Visual Representation of NRM Party Expenses Breakdown.................. 41
Figure 13: Who Spent the NRM Money?.................................................................. 44
Figure 14: Percentage Share of Campaign Spending by Independent Candidates in
Comparison to other Parties in January 2016......................................... 48
Comparison to other Parties in February 2016....................................... 48
Figure 16: Independent Candidates Expenses - The Breakdown............................ 51
Figure 17: Illustration on FDC Party Expenses by Category.....................................54
Figure 18: FDC Party Expenses - The Breakdown.....................................................56
Figure 19: Illustration of Go Forward Expenses by Category................................. 60
Figure 20: UPC Party Expenses - The Breakdown.....................................................62
Figure 21: UPC Party Expenses - The Breakdown.....................................................63
Figure 22: Other Parties Expenses - The Breakdown...............................................67
Figure 23: Minimum Expenses by Candidates (Nov 2015 Feb 2016).................... 69
Figure 24: Monthly Variations in Combined Spending of Presidential Candidates.71
Figure 25: Minimum Candidates Estimates per Month (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)....... 72
Figure 26: Breakdown of Presidential Candidates Combined Expenses.................75
Figure 27: Yoweri Kaguta Museveni Expenses - The Breakdown............................78
Figure 28: Amama Mbabazi Estimates - The Breakdown........................................82
Figure 29: Kizza Besigye Estimates - The Breakdown............................................. 84
Figure 30: Minimum District Expenses per Month (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)............. 89
Figure 31: Percentage Minimum District Expenses per Month (Nov 2015 Feb
2016)......................................................................................................... 90
Figure 32: Type of Event Observed (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)......................................... 91
vii
Figure 33: Duration of Events Observed (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)..............................93

Figure 34: Estimated Number of Participants (Nov 2015 Feb 2016).................... 94
Figure 35: Event/Rally/Consultative Meetings Expenses (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)....95
Figure 36: Expenses on Campaign Materials (Nov 2015 Feb 2016).......................97
Figure 37: Expenses on Electronic and Print Media (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)........... 99
Figure 38: Event/Rally/Consultative Meetings Expenses (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)...101
Figure 39: Donations & Fundraising........................................................................ 103
Figure 40: Cash Donations by Pres. Museveni (January 2015 to October 2015).... 109
Figure 41: Expenses on Handout Materials (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)........................110
Figure 42: Flow of Funds in the Office of the President......................................... 124
Figure 43: State House Flow of Funds in the FY 2015/16 budget............................127
Figure 44: Budget Allocation Trends for State House over 8 Financial Years....... 128
Figure 45: Flow of Funds in the Ministry of Defence for the FY 2015/16............... 129
Figure 46: Illustration of Percentage Allocation of Supplementary Financing..... 130
Figure 47: Flow of funds for OPM FY 2015/16......................................................... 133
Figure 48: Growth Rates of Currency Circulation................................................... 135
viii
ABBREVIATIONS
ACCOB
Anti-Corruption Coalition of Busoga
ACCU
Anti-Corruption Coalition Uganda
ACFIM
Alliance for Campaign Finance Monitoring
CEON-U
Citizens Election Observers Network - Uganda
CIPDA
Citizens Platform for Democracy and Accountability
CODI
Community Development and Children Welfare Initiatives
COG
Commonwealth Observer Group
CP
Conservative Party
DGF
Democratic Governance Facility
DP
Democratic Party
EC Electoral Commission
FABIO
First African Bicycle Organisation
FDC
Forum for Democratic Change
FY Financial Year
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
KICK
Kick Corruption out of Kigezi
LC Local Council
MACCO
MAYANK Anti-Corruption Coalition
MDA
Ministries, Departments & Agencies
MIRAC
Midwestern Region Anti-Corruption Coalition
MONARLIP
Moroto Nakapiripirit Religious Leaders Initiative for Peace
MP
Member of Parliament
NDI
National Democratic Institute
NRM
National Resistance Movement
NTF
Native Travel Festival

ix
NUAC
Northern Uganda Anti-Corruption Coalition
PPOA
Political Parties and Organizations Act
RA
Research Assistant
RAC
Rwenzori Anti-Corruption Coalition
SMS
Short Message Service
TAACC
The Apac Anti-Corruption Coalition
TAC
Teso Anti-Corruption Coalition
TDA
The Democratic Alliance
TIU
Transparency International Uganda
UBOS
Uganda Bureau of Statistics
UGX
Uganda Shillings
UPC
Uganda Peoples Congress
WACSOF
Western Ankole Civil Society Forum
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
Currently, money dominates Ugandas politics and as a result the gap between
elected politicians and their voters has widened substantially. This has created an
environment where the principles of political accountability are grossly undermined.
In November 2014 the Governor Bank of Uganda Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile
was reported confessing that he had been misled by the government into indirectly
financing election activities in 2011, an action which plunged the countrys economy
into chaos. He promised not to repeat the same mistake in 2016. ACFIM observed
that during the campaign period of 2015/2016 Government spending was kept
within sector ceilings, so there was no extreme surges and no visible shocks in the
economy. This, however, is not the whole story.
This report is an outcome of a 10 month study conducted by the Alliance for Campaign
Finance Monitoring (ACFIM)1 on the financing of campaigns for the Presidential and
Member of Parliament Ugandan elections of 2016.
Scope and Methodology

The study was conducted in 16 districts across Uganda and focused on both the
money spent by candidates at the constituency level as well as the use of the
national budget by the incumbent government during campaigns. Primary data was
collected at both constituency level and national level in the different districts and
entered into a centralized database where the data was then cleaned and analysed.
All expenditures reported are statistically significant at the 95 per cent confidence
level.
Regulatory Framework for Campaign Financing

The regulatory framework for campaign financing in Uganda is very weak. The
electoral laws have a few provisions on party financing, voter bribery and misuse of
government resources but they are neither followed nor enforced.
Campaign Spending
ACFIMs study has recorded that the total expenditure incurred by all political
parties and independent candidates that contested in the Presidential and Member
of Parliament races in the 16 districts combined is a minimum of UGX 435 billion (US$
128 million). If this figure is extrapolated in view of all the 112 districts of Uganda, it
ACFIM is a coalition of 16 local non-government organisations network that cane together in 2014 to foster transparency
and accountability in financing of political and electoral processes.
(for details visit: www.acfimuganda.org)
1
xi
can be estimated that at least UGX 2.4 trillion (US$ 716 million) was spent by political
parties and candidates on the elections campaigns of 2015/2016.
The majority of the recorded campaign spending in the 16 districts (76.6 per cent)
was done by the Incumbent National Resistance Movement (NRM) party to the
tune of at least UGX 333bn (US$ 98 million), followed by independent candidates. A
combined minimum of UGX 122.5 billion (US$ 36 million) is estimated to have been
spent by all the other presidential candidates combined during the campaign period
(November 3rd 2015 February 16th 2016).
Incumbent candidate Yoweri Museveni outspent the other candidates by 91.5 per
cent. The second biggest spender was candidate Amama Mbabazi (6.3 percent)
and third biggest, candidate Kizza Besigye (1.8 per cent). The lowest spender
amongst the presidential candidates was candidate Mourine Faith Walube Kyalya
representing 0.01 per cent of the observed combined expenditure by presidential
candidates. Other candidates spending was below 2 per cent namely: Venasius
Baryamureeba (0.18 per cent), Benon Biraaro (0.1 per cent), Abed Bwanika (0.1 per
cent) and Joseph Mabirizi (0.05 per cent).
Kampala district recorded the highest campaign spending at constituency level
with a share of 27.3 per cent, followed by Luweero District (16 per cent), Masaka
District (9.4 per cent), Iganga District (7.5 per cent) and Jinja District (7.2 per cent).
The districts in which presidential candidates spent the least was in the districts of
Nwoya (1.1 per cent), Hoima (1.6 per cent), Kanungu (2.1 per cent), Kabalore (2.3 per
cent) and Apac (2.6 per cent).
Campaign Finance Offenses

Voter bribery and misuse of government resources for campaigns was prevalent
throughout the entire campaign period. The amendment of section 25 and scraping
of section 26 of the Public Finance Management Act 2015 relaxed the principles
governing the supplementary budgets. This potentially created a loophole that
enabled the manipulation of inflows and outflows of budget funds and expenditure.
By December 2015, votes like Statehouse, Office of the President and Ministry of
Defence had used up over 80 per cent of their budgets requiring supplementary
financing. The Ministry of Defence received the highest budget allocation in the FY
2015/16 budget of over 1 trillion. On top of this it was also the biggest beneficiary
of supplementary financing accounting for 72.94 per cent of the supplementary
budget.
Recommendations
Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs; and Parliament
xii
Develop tougher laws and institutions on Campaign financing.

a) A law to be created on political financing to regulate the power of money in
political and electoral processes.
b) Redefining what constitutes voter bribery with a view of enforcing legislations
in respect to vote buying.
c) More stringent and explicit regulations limiting the use of state resources for
campaign purposes are critical.
d) Prohibit Government from undertaking large procurements in less than half a
year before election period.
e) Create institutions that will enforce laws on campaign financing.
f) Re-amend the Public Finance Management (PFM) Act 2015 to among other
things restrict supplementary financing to cases that are unavoidable,
unforeseeable and unabsorbable.
g) Amend relevant laws and where possible develop new legislations to prevent
private interests from subverting the democratic process through purchase
of control2 and favours.
Electoral Commission
1. Enforce on the all major political parties the provisions laid out in Political Parties
and Organisations Act (as amended) 2010.
2. Designate an office or officer to handle matters of campaign and political party/
organisation financing.
Inspectorate of Government
The Inspectorate of Government (IG) should take keen interest in cases of corruption
in campaign financing.
Office of the Auditor General
1) Review financial reports on budget utilisation and supplementary financing for
key Ministries, Departments and Agencies
2) Audit utilisation of government funding of UGX 10 billion to political parties
which was on the basis of numerical strength in parliament was shared between
NRM, FDC, DP, UPC, CP and JEEMA3.
2 Purchase of control is when a private company used the power of its contribution to a political candidate to influence
business decisions in its favour.
3
Political Parties and Organisations Act (as amended) 2010, Section 14 (d), provides that the funds provided to political
parties and organisations under this Act, shall be subject to audit by the Auditor General.
xiii
Political Party Leaders

1) Leaders of political parties should take rigorous action against voter bribery and
the commercialization of politics in Uganda.
2) Detailed disclosure of campaign income and expenditure.
Civil Society Organisations
1) Revitalise the Advocacy for Electoral Reforms on areas highlighted by
international and domestic election observers as well as court of appeal.
2) Advocate for restoration in the Public Financial Management (PFM) Act 2015, of
appropriation of supplementary funding to be approved by Parliament with a
two thirds majority vote.
3) Organise grassroot based awareness interventions targeting voter attitudes
towards vote buying and levying unlimited financial demands on Members of
the 10th Parliament.
4) Build capacity of civil society monitors to track and document campaign spending
by political parties and candidates at constituency level.
xiv
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Context
There is a broad consensus within civil society, academia and in the political sphere
that the commercialisation of political and electoral processes is a major challenge
to Ugandas progression into a modern democracy. Ugandans often observe with
disbelief as elected politicians in parliament or local councils get co-opted and
sometimes bought to serve the interests of the one with biggest pockets, rather
than the one who will serve the people the best. The use of money to induce voters
during campaigns has given leeway for stained politicians to successfully compete in
elections at the expense of talented and well-intentioned but less resourced leaders.
Equally, when a political party or candidate resorts to paying for votes rather than
focusing on the quality of its campaign message, democracy suffers.
Covert party and candidate funding streams, influence peddling and leveraging state
resources for party campaign purposes serve to compromise the greatest asset of
democracy fair competition, faith and support of ordinary citizens in the political
process. Corruption in the financing of election campaigns damages democracy
because it undermines elections and distorts and inhibits political competition. But
the damage does not end there, it goes deeper to affect the quality of governance
when subsequent decisions by elected politicians are taken to pay back those who
funded their ascent to power, rather than for the benefit of the population as a
whole. Corruption in political finance erodes trust in the institutions of democracy,
when scandal after scandal reveals politicians sharing the spoils of power with their
financial backers.
Alliance for Campaign Finance Monitoring (ACFIM) has been promoting transparency
and accountability in financing of political and electoral processes since 2014.
From May 2015 to February 2016, the organisation embarked on the onerous task
of monitoring the financing of political party activities and campaigns in Uganda.
This research was conducted in order to investigate the means by which political
parties and candidates in Uganda raise financial resources and how they spend them
in election campaigns. This undertaking was implemented by 16 ACFIM partners
working in 16 sample districts where Research Assistants were deployed on the
ground to track campaign activities and used data collection tools to quantify the
amount of money political parties and candidates spend. No other organisation
in Africa had ever succeeded in doing this, and this task was made even harder as
Uganda is a country which has no legal provisions requiring candidates and political
parties to disclose campaign income and expenditure.
As elaborated in the subsequent chapters of this report, the playing field for
campaign financing between the incumbent political party and opposition parties is
uneven. Political parties and candidates that participated in the election campaigns
2015/2016 spent huge amounts of money, in what could turn out to be the most
expensive campaigns in the history of Ugandas multiparty democracy. The countrys
electoral laws4 have provisions requiring all political parties to disclose to the
Electoral Commission their annual income and expenditure and provide copies of
their annual audit report. There are also provisions against voter bribery and misuse
of government resources but these are not enforced.
1.1.1 Historical Context

The ushering in of the National Resistance Movement (NRM) in 1986 with Yoweri
Kaguta Museveni as president marked the beginning of a new era in the political
history of Uganda. Subsequently a new constitution was promulgated in October
1995 completing a process that begun in 1989. The constitution provided that until
2000, elections were to be held under the movement system - that was introduced
in 1986 - whereby political candidates contested as individuals to be elected on
personal merit. It further provided for a unitary republic, an executive President, and
a Parliament directly elected for a five year tenure by a universal adult suffrage which
comprised of 375 elected members. Out of these, 137 were from special interest
groups from electoral colleges including: women (112 members), the Defense
forces (10 members), youth (5 members), people with disabilities (5 members)
and workers representatives (5 members),where the president was mandated to
appoint the cabinet, with non-parliamentary members becoming ex-officials. The
two elections held under this political system in 1996 and 2001 were subsequently
won by President Yoweri Kaguta Museveni.
This movement system ended in 2005 when Ugandans voted for a constitutional
referendum in favor of the return to a multiparty political system under which the
disputed elections of 1980 had been conducted. However in 2005, citizens witnessed
the genesis of monetary tendencies beginning to dictate the trend of political
decision making in Uganda. This was followed by a extremely significant amendment
to the constitution where all, but two Members of Parliament from the ruling NRM
party, voted in favor of dropping presidential term limits. It later transpired that
MPs had received a cash reward of UGX 5,000,000 (five million shillings) to support
the motion of amending Article 105(2) of the constitution that provided for only
two presidential term limits, robbing us of independent and democratic legislations.
Henceforth, money has influenced greately politics at the national level.
25 years down the road, Uganda held elections in February 2006 under the multiparty
political system. These were the first held in 25 years. National Resistance Movement
(NRM) party flag-bearer Yoweri Museveni was declared the winner with 59% while
Electoral Commission Act Cap.140; Presidential Elections Act (as amended) 2010; Parliamentary Elections Act (as
amended) 2010; Political Parties and Organsations Act (as amended) 2010; Local Government Act (as amended) 1995.
4
Forum for Democratic Change (FDC) party flag-bearer Kizza Besigye Kifefe came
second with 37% of the total votes casted. International election observers concluded
that while the results reflected the will of Ugandans that were able to vote,
there were serious irregularities and shortfalls. In particular, the Commonwealth
Observer Group (COG) noted that:
a) There was lack of a level playing field and a failure to ensure a distinction
between the ruling party and state.
b) The COG further observed harassment of Kizza Besigye, the lead
opposition candidate
c) The lack of balance in media coverage and the use of financial and
material handouts to induce voters.
Against that background, the Commonwealth Observer Group recommended
among other things the following:
a) More stringent and explicit regulations limiting the use of state resources
for campaign purposes should be introduced, thereby helping to create a
more level playing field for the elections.
b) Enforcement of legislation with respect to vote buying.
c) The Introduction of regulations stipulating expenditure ceilings on election
campaigns.
d) A requirement for political parties and candidates to provide more detailed
accounts of funding and expenditure for their campaign, which will help to
create a higher level of transparency and accountability. This would also
help to address the current misuse of money on political campaigns.
These recommendations were aimed at strengthening the regulatory framework for
campaign financing in Uganda with a view of equalizing the conditions for political
competition.
1.1.2 Political context

In 2004 president Museveni announced that he had retired from the army, while
remaining army commander-in-chief. This opened the way for him to participate
in multiparty politics. It was against this backdrop that government proposed
substantial amendments to the constitution including lifting the presidential term
limits. In November 2005 Museveni announced he would contest for the presidency
again in the 2006 elections and he won. Monitoring Reports from 2006 presidential
and parliamentary elections revealed that the trend of using money to influence
voting behavior had emerged. These reports were corroborated by petitions filed
in the Supreme Court protesting the declaration of 2006 general election results.
Kizza Besigye in specific indicted President-elect Yoweri Museveni and the Electoral
Commission on several grounds, including voter bribery. Ultimately, three out of five
judges declared that although they had sufficient evidence to prove voter bribery
had taken place, it was not significant enough to alter the outcome of the elections.
Subsequently the use of money in political and electoral processes escalated to
unprecedented levels in 2011. Although information to back up this statement
remains largely anecdotal, a number of Members of Parliament ascertain that in
2011, candidates with more money are the ones that were largely voted into the
9th parliament.
Figure 1: Survey on Commercialization of Ugandas Political Culture
Source: ACFIM MP Survey on the Commercialization of Politics, 2014
When asked about the sources of campaign financing, MPs said that most of their
campaign income (79 per cent) came from their personal resources. They indicated
that donations from their Party was their second most important source for financing
their election campaigns representing 39 per cent of their total campaign income.
In another survey conducted by ACFIM titled Shaking the Mango Tree5, in which
the citizens at the grassroots were targeted in February March 2015, revealed
among other things the following:
a) There is deep seated cynicism about the political processes in Uganda. People
do not trust politicians promises. Citizens do not believe that casting their
The study involved 64 focus group discussions attended by between 10-15 people. It was conducted at village level 13 Districts namely: Kabale, Kabalore, Bushenyi, Luweero, Masaka, Jinja, Iganga, Bukedea, Moroto, Apac, Lira, Arua and Hoima.
5
vote can transform into an improvement in their living conditions. There is

little or no trust in elected leaders to act for and on behalf of the people.
b) Voters are determined to get as much as they can from the candidates
because they suspect that the big spenders on the election campaigns are
probably those that have access to government coffers and can abuse the
public funds
c) People are currently more than happy to take money in exchange for their
votes as they see campaigns as a chance for them to gain something from
their politicians. A chance which only comes once every five years. The
perception is strengthened by media reports about MPs increasing their
emoluments and receiving financial rewards from the president to pass
certain legislations.
d) Voters know it is illegal to demand or accept money and/or gifts from political
candidates but the law is not enforced. Some would like it to stop, but want
others to help them stop this. They look up to the police and the President
to do this.
e) Some of the voters are envious about how much campaign agents receive
(high in comparison to the ordinary villager).
f) Some believe taking the money means forfeiting their future. These citiznes
realise that if they accet the bribe, they wont be able to lobby for the
improvement of public services.
During this study, an observation was made that politicians, printers, transporters,
advertising agencies, and events managers who had tested the shallow waters of
monetized electoral processes in 2011, were ready to dive into the deep end of the
same behaviour in 2016. At grass root level, the general perception of voters was
that election campaigns provide them a rare opportunity to harvest from political
candidates who disappear in parliament, only to return to the electorates soliciting
for more support.
1.1.3 Economic Context

In 2011 the European Union Election Observers pointed out the increase in campaign
spending and the monetization of the elections as a major concern. They also
recalled how the aftermath of the 2011 election saw the economy of Uganda suffer
from acute inflationary pressure.
In November 2014 the Governor Bank of Uganda Emmanuel Tumusiime-Mutebile
was reported confessing that he had been misled by government into indirectly
financing electioneering activities in 2011, an action which plunged the countrys
economy into chaos. Tumusiime-Mutebile reportedly made the confession while
addressing the 10th annual meeting of the African Science Academies at the Lake
Victoria Serena Hotel in Kampala. In the reportage Tumusiime-Mutebile explained
that although the Central Bank did not directly print money for the elections, there
were indirect expenditures by the government into what he called areas that were
not transparent. The statements of the Central Bank Governor were consistent the
following month (December 2014) when he was reported accepting the mistake
he had committed in 2011 but noted that it was not his role to determine how the
government uses the money obtained from treasury bills. He however promised
Ugandans that the Central Bank would not print more money in 2016 for fear that
some of it may end up facilitating political campaigns or even worse, fuel inflation
such as the one that hit the economy after the 2011 elections.
The statements from the Central Bank Governor provided Ugandans with a clue
of what may have happened to some of their tax payers money budgeted for the
delivery of development and social services in FY 2010/2011. To the elite citizenry of
Uganda the Governors statement gave an insight into what was likely to happen
in 2016, the possibility of budgeted funds being diverted once again for campaign
financing ostensibly by the incumbent government. The discourse within the
citizenry about what may or may not happen to budget funds during the year of
campaigns increased public suspicion and speculation about the diversion of budget
funds to finance campaigns in favour of incumbent political party.
1.2 National Budget 2015/2016

There was an unprecedented increase in the size of the national budget for FY
2015/16 of UGX 23.9 trillion up from UGX 14 trillion in the previous FY 2014/15. With
the increase taking place during the year of the elections and with the revelations
of the Central Bank Governor still fresh in the minds of the citizens, debate and
speculation grew about the intentions of government. In October 2015 government

questionably amended the Public Finance Management Act 2015 which had only
been passed and assented to by the president on February 23rd 2015 and came into
force on March 6th, 2015. Civil society, media, academia and development partners
among others questioned the timing of the amendment coming in the middle of
an election campaign. The amendment changed amongst others sections, the
section 25 of the Public Finance Management Act 2015 which relaxed the principles
governing supplementary budgets and the movement of money from one vote to
another. This created a loophole than could potentially enable a manipulation of
inflows and outflows of budget funds and its expenditure.
By conducting the analytical studies on the flow of national budget resources during
the campaign period, ACFIM set out to investigate the possibility of resources
intentioned for government programs finding their way into financing election
campaigns. If and when this occurred ACFIMs aim was to track and expose these.
Whereas the total approved budget was UGX 23.9 trillion, the budget for sector
allocations was UGX 18.3 trillion. The break down for the UGX 23.9 trillion budget
was such that UGX 18.3 trillion was mobilised from domestic resources of which UGX
11.3 trillion would come from Tax and Non-Tax revenue and UGX 6.3 trillion from
Domestic Financing. From external sources, UGX 5.6 trillion would be sourced of
which UGX 51.3bn was to come from budget support and UGX 5.5 trillion to come
from project support.
The major planned expenditure lines for these moneys UGX 8.6 trillion for recurrent
expenditure and UGX 9.6 trillion for development expenditure. Whereas no money
was allocated for taxes, UGX 4.7 trillion was allocated for domestic debt repayment.
Peculiar about this budget allocation is that in the FY 2014/15 no money was allocated
for domestic debt repayment irrespective of the cat that government knew that
they had borrowed UGX 2.7 trillion from the domestic market. This domestic debt
repayment accounted for 20% of the total budget for the FY 2015/16. No sector
has ever got such an allocation to spend in one FY in the history of Ugandas
expenditure. This was also the first time since the inception of domestic borrowing
that government had not budgeted for repayment of domestic debt. Therefore in
terms of utilisation of the national budget for the FY 2015/16, we witnessed huge
sums of money, being channeled to an item that cannot be easily verified.
Sectors like Public Administration where votes like Office of the President, State
House and the Electoral Commission are domiciled, had an increase in allocation
of UGX 198.81bn to raise their total budget allocation to UGX 753.651bn in the FY
2015/16. Table 2 below highlights the changes in allocation for the three sectors of
Security, Public Administration and Legislature during the election period.
Table 1: Sector Budget Allocations for FY 2014/15 and FY 2015-16 (UGX, Billions)
Sector
Security
FY 2014/15
Approved
Budget
FY 2015/16
Approved
Budget
Variance
% change
1,159.29
1,636.14
476.85
41%
Public Administration
554.84
753.651
198.81
36%
Legislature
331.92
371.30
39.38
12%
Source: Sector Approved Budgets
1.2.1 General Spike in Allocations, the Year Preceding the General

Elections
In every financial year before an election year, there is a noticeable spike in flow
of funds generally to all sectors. As seen in figure 1 below, there were peaks in the
allocations of UGX 4 trillion in FY 2005/06 the year before the 2006 elections. There
was another peak at UGX 6.5 trillion in financing in FY 2009/10 - the year before the
2011 elections. In 2014 all projections had put the national budget envelope at UGX
18.08 trillion only for the Ministry of Finance to announce to Parliament that the
value of the national budget was to be UGX 23.9 trillion. That was FY 2014/15 a year
before the 2016 general elections.
Figure 2: High Rise in Flows during the Election Fiscal Year
Source: Analysis of the Background to Budget Reports 2001/02 2016/17
1.2.2 Overall assessment of Supplementary Budget Financing

In accordance with Article 156 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, the
Government is required to lay before parliament proposals for supplementary
allocations to different sectors. The total of these should not exceed 3% of the
national budget. Analysis of supplementary funding for all sectors peaked at UGX
2.01Trillion for FY 2010/11, the highest in Ugandas history and while this reduced
(partly due to pressure from budget support development partners) it again rose
sharply in FY 2014/15 to UGX 983 billion.
Figure 3: Trends in Supplementary Budget
Source: Analysis of Data from Budget Office, Parliament of Uganda

It is important to add that Development Partners and Civil Society Organizations
roundly condemned government for the passage of the supplementary budget
mainly budget support development partners (Evaluation of Budget Support
to Uganda Report DfID 2015). Great Britain, Ireland and Norway threatened to
withdraw aid to Uganda and government relented as seen in the bars after 2010/11.
However, the financial year before yet another election, there was again a spike
noted in the supplementary budget allocation. In the election year 2015/16 gone
only two quarters, already UGX 346 billion has been approved as supplementary
budget almost the whole value for 2013/14. The questions is therefore if there is a
coincidental spending or a withdrawal of funds from consolidated funds to support
public investments linked to a mobilization of political support.
1.3 Increase in the Cost of Contesting for a Political Position

The amendment of some electoral laws in 2015 within days to nomination of
presidential candidates increased the cost of nomination for presidential and

parliamentary races. Notably the Parliamentary Elections Act was amended to
increase the nomination fees payable by parliamentary aspirants from UGX 200,000
(two hundred) to UGX 3,000,000 (three million). Additionally the Presidential
Elections Act was amended to increase the nomination fees payable from UGX
8,000,000 (eight million) per aspirant to UGX 20,000,000 (twenty million shillings).
Ironically the amendment further scrapped state funding to presidential candidates
which had been UGX 20,000,000 (twenty million per candidate). The mandatory
times for opening up polling stations were also changed from 8.00 am-5.00pm to
7.00 am 4.00pm. The increase in MP nomination fees from UGX 200,000 (two
hundred thousand shillings only) to UGX 3,000,000 (three million) presents a huge
increase that points towards an over exaggerated increase of expenditure in the
national budget
1.4 Sources of Political Party Financing in Uganda

In Uganda there are no definite sources of funding for political parties and election
campaigns. The funding sources can be classified as disclosed; non-disclosed
and abused.
1.4.1 Disclosed Sources

(i). Public Financing.
A total of 10Bn was appropriated in the FY 2015/16 national budget to facilitate
political parties through the electoral commission body. The distribution is done as
provided for under Section 14A (C) of the political Parties and Organizations Act,
to facilitate only political parties that are represented in parliament. The ruling
National Resistance Movement had the largest representation of 264 members,
followed by Forum for Democratic Change with 34 members. Democratic Party
had 12 members,Uganda Peoples Congress 10 members, Justice Forum 1member
and Conservative Party 1member. The parties therefore respectively received the
following amounts:
Table 2: Budget Allocation to the Various Political Parties
Political Party
No. Seats
Budget Allocation
(UGX)
% Share
Forum for Democratic change
37
1,145,510,836
11%
National Resistance Movement
259
8,018,575,851
80%
JEEMA
30,959,752
0%
Conservative Party
30,959,752
0%
Uganda Peoples Congress
10
309,597,285
3%
Democratic Party
15
464,396,285
5%
10,000,000,000
100%
Total
10
Figure 4: Distribution of 10bn Government Contribution to Political Parties
Approximately, the NRM received a total of UGX 8.2 Bn (80.2%) of the total public
funding. The FDC received an approximate total of UGX1.14bn (11.5%), DP received
UGX 471 million, and UPC received UGX 309 million, while JEEMA and CP received
UGX 30.9 million. Out of a total of twenty nine registered political parties in Uganda,
only six qualified to benefit from the public resource distribution.
(ii). Sale of Party Membership Cards, T-Shirts, Badges, etc.
The second disclosed source of campaign financing is contributions from the sale of
party cards (mainly done by the parties in the opposition). Despite the disappointment
over ownership of political party cards (also because there are no alluring benefits
of members), a few parties such as the FDC, UPC and DP managed to sell cards
to potential members. However, this is not vigorously done as a mobilization and
recruitment tool. The NRM on the other hand which boasts to have registered a
total of 10.2 million members, carried out the registration and distribution of party
cards without charging any money. Thus in terms of funding, the majority of the
parties are losing income from this source rather than gaining.
(iii). Business Arm of the Party.
There is only one party in Uganda which can make reference to their own internal
sources derived from business contributions. UPC through the Milton Obote
Foundation; receives a monthly contribution of 5,000,000 (five million) shillings
to cover administrative costs. Although parties like FDC and JEEMA have political
homes with structures of their own, they do not generate additional resources from
them.
11
(iv). Party Well-Wishers.

Well-wishers provide resources both in cash and in kind to promote their party
ideologies and activities.
(v). Remissions from MPs and Other Executive Members.
The parties with a membership in Parliament have an arrangement for them to remit
an agreed percentage off their monthly emoluments to the party on a monthly basis.
The NRM members make a monthly contribution of UGX 500,000 (five hundred
thousand shillings only); FDC remits a UGX 300,000 (three hundred thousand
shillings only). The UPC members on the other hand are expected to contribute up
to 1,000,000 (one million) shillings.
(vi). Donations.
Political parties especially those in the opposition have largely benefited from
international development partner donations. These resources are characterized by
a well prepared plan and budget. Majority of the donors that provide specific support
to parties are interested in strengthening internal democracy; and supporting the
participation of interest groups in party politics such as women and the youth. A
few have also invested in institutional development by strengthening internal
governance and systems, and procedures.
However, the capacity for political parties to sustain themselves using internal
sources of income is very minimal. Political parties especially those in opposition
are operating under extremely modest terms. Others disclosed include membership
subscriptions and annual membership fees since parties are not well organized
and mobilized throughout the country, there is only a handful that can be realized.
The sale of Party Cards, T/Shirts, Caps and Stickers among others is equally limited as
well as nomination fees and other incomes from the members. Tanga Odoi, chairman
of the NRM Electoral Commission, revealed that the party raised at least 202 million
from parliamentary aspirants from the nomination of parliamentary candidates.
The sale of membership cards is supposed to be a big source of income for political
parties, however, not all the parties are keen in promoting this component of
fundraising including the NRM which boasts of 10.2 million registered voters.
1.4.2 Undisclosed Sources

Whereas section 9 (3) of the Political Parties and Organizations Act (as amended)
2005 requires a declaration of sources of funds and other assets of the political party
or organization, the practice is different. Available anecdotal information indicates
that the business community makes concealed yet substantial financial campaign
donations / contributions towards campaign budgets of different political parties
especially during the campaign period. The level of secrecy about sources of funds
12
is higher in the opposition political parties partly for fear of economic repression or
retribution by the government in power. A report by Roger Tangri and Andrew Mwenda
indicates that the party in power - the NRM, always cashes into large sums of
financial support coming from the Asian Businesses and local businesses in Uganda
for its campaign activities in return for privileges and favors. The report mentions
business enterprises like the Mukwano group of companies, Sudhir Ruparelia and
his business empire that includes Crane bank and a chain of hotels; Karim Hirji,
Madhvani, Mehta, SWIPCO and Mandela of City Oil and City Tyres. In 2011 alone, the
NRM is alleged to have received USD 50m. All these business groups then reap the
rewards in terms of tax deductions or waivers, land giveaways, and government
contracts among others.
1.5 Party Primary Elections

The incumbent National Resistance Movement (NRM) is the only Political Party
that carried out countrywide primary elections ahead of the general elections
of 2016. The primary elections were conducted at the grass root level in October
2015 with all the 67,000 villages participating and giving the opportunity to many
citizens to choose representatives for Parliament, District and Sub County Local
Governments. Whereas the main opposition party Forum for Democratic Change
(FDC) conducted vibrant and transparent party flag bearer campaigns contested by
Dr. Kizza Besigye and party president Gen. Mugisha Muntu in September 2015, their
grass root elections did not live up to standards as in some constituencies it looked
more like selection as opposed election. Historical parties namely Democratic
Party and Uganda Peoples Congress were embroiled in internal leadership wrangles
and ended up failing to organize party primaries. Justice Forum (Jeema) and the
Conservative Party (CP) did not organize primary elections as well.
The NRM primary elections for Member of Parliament flag bearers for 2016 turned
out to be the most expensive for contestants in the history of the party. It started
with certification of academic papers where every candidate paid UGX 500,000 to
Uganda National Examinations Board (UNEB) to have copies of their academic
papers certified. The party introduced new nomination fees for aspirants seeking to
contest on the partys ticket. Accordingly presidential aspirants paid UGX 10million,
MP race spirants paid UGX 2m, while those aspiring for District LCV Chairperson paid
UGX 1million. The village Local Council (LC) 1 aspirants were required to pay UGX
10,000. Nonetheless, positions for NRM flag-bearer especially at MP and LCV levels
were highly contested and this constituted grounds for unprecedented expenditure.
1.6 Overview of General Expense Categories during Campaigns

Campaigning for an elective post in Uganda has become an expensive venture.
Campaign expenditure requirements range from consultations, mobilization,
planning, nominations, managing rallies, publicity- media, welfare, posters and
13
provision of support to organized groups to donations, voter inducements and

transport. Below is a typical scenario of a candidate contesting in the race for
Presidency or to become a Member of Parliament:
1.6.1 Establishment of a Campaign Structure
The MP aspirants all aim at ensuring that there is a campaign structure through which
mobilization can be realized. Below is an example of one of the Constituencies in
Western Uganda with 4 sub counties and 24 parishes in total.
1.6.2 Managing a Rally

Each rally requires an advance team to carry out mobilization of the members; hiring
of so called boda bodas(motorbike cyclists) as part of the procession; the hire
of a public address system; hire of pickups carrying people to cheer the candidate
throughout the journey from one venue to another and another to carry the dancers/
entertainment crew. A political candidate spends a minimum of UGX 1,500,000 (one
million five hundred thousand shillings) per rally6.
1.6.3 Outdoor Advertising and Branding

Each aspirant is expected to have a branding plan that includes posters; PVC
banners, t-shirts, placards and fliers. On some instances candidates invested in
vehicle branding and expensive billboards.
1.6.4 Media Publicity

The use of the media is a necessary component of the campaign programme. These
includes paying for radio talk shows; payment of musicians composing songs in praise
of the aspirant; radio presenters (DJs) and journalists to promote the candidate
6
Discreet interviews with former political candidates and campaign managers.
14
on local print and electronic media as well as counter the negative publicity from
opponents.
1.6.5 Financing Organized Groups

The campaign period is also a lucrative fundraising period for the organized groups
(women, persons with disabilities; youth; and churches). All these groups are
resident in the villages and the candidates must make a contribution to each one of
the churches/mosques and interest groups.
1.6.6 Transport Expenses

Transport constitutes a major expenditure item during political campaigns for
candidates as this allows them to reach out to as many voters as possible and they
must do so with a crowd accompanying them as an indicator of popularity. Transport
includes cost of hire of vehicles and fuel.
1.6.7 Voter Tourism and Voter Hospitality

Voter tourism is where political candidates provide buses, vans or trucks for voters
to be driven around the constituency to enjoy a free ride. Voter hospitality on the
other hand is when political candidates host voters to banquets, luncheons, dinners
or provided with free disco dance among other incentives with a view of inducing
them to support the generous candidate.
1.6.8 Campaign Gifts and Donations

Candidates always offer gifts in the form of fabrics and groceries to voters in order
to establish a bonding relationship. Additionally they make donations to places of
worship namely churches and mosques in the form of building materials or cash for
faith-based development projects. Sometimes fundraising functions are organized
targeting political candidates. This is very costly considering that a constituency can
have 200 places of worship to which the candidate or his agents must visit and make
a donation to.
1.6.9 Security Expenses

Candidates must spend on private security during campaigns. This expenditure
includes hire of body guards or engaging a private security company to provide
security services.
1.6.10 Administrative Expenses

It is a traditional practice for a political candidate to have a coordinating office in
a constituency. The coordinating office must have administrative staff who are
paid monthly stipends. The offices are maintained by payment of monthly rent and
utilities including water, electricity and internet must also be covered.
15
2. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study on campaign financing for the 2015-2016 elections constitutes a major
breakthrough for civil society in Uganda in coming up with credible estimates of
expenditure of political parties and individual candidates on election campaigns;
documenting how money is used in elections, how government resources (financial
and administrative) are misused for campaigns and how each, or a mix of these,
influences election outcomes.
The scope of this extensive study focused on answering questions on the following
five aspects:
1) Quantity of money spent by political parties and candidates contesting in
the presidential and Member of Parliament races.
2) The use of national budget funds during the financial year of 2015/2016 the
year of the general elections in Uganda
3) The extent and effects of vote buying on election outcomes
4) The misuse of government resources for political campaigns
5) If regulatory framework for financing of political parties and election
campaigns was enforced and if so, how it was done.
The study comprised two strands namely:
a) National level where analytical case studies were conducted pertaining to
the flow and use of funds from the national budget during campaigns;
b) Constituency level where the focus was put on monitoring campaign
activities on the ground in order to quantify the amount of money spent by
political parties and candidates during 2016 election campaigns in 16 districts.
2.1 National Level Analytical Studies

The analytical studies examined budget allocations and performance of selected
budget votes7 of the last four years in order to investigate the hypothesis that
resources intentioned for government programs find their way into financing
election campaigns. The studies put particular emphasis on the flow of money
allocated in the national budget for FY 2015/2016 and Supplementary Budgets.
Typical examples include the deployment of state officials to organize campaign
The national budget is divided into different budget parts known as votes. There is a Budget Vote for each Ministry,
Department or Agency.
7
16
events, use of government vehicles for campaign activities, and direct distribution
to voters of public funds or goods and services purchased with public funds. We also
analysed expenditure trends in selected government ministries, departments and
agencies. The studies were limited to the following budget votes:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Office of the President

State House
Ministry of Defence
Office of the Prime Minister
Parliamentary Commission
2.2 Monitoring of Campaign Expenses at Constituency Level

ACFIM monitored campaign expenses of the Presidential and Member of Parliament
races in 74 constituencies within 16 districts representing 14.4 per cent of the whole
country. Out of the 74 constituencies covered, 16 were district woman Member of
Parliament constituencies. The districts covered in the study include:
Table 3: Districts Covered in the Study ACFIM
Name of District
Region
Direct
Constituencies
Woman MP
Constituencies
1.
Kampala
Capital City
2.
Masaka
Central
3.
Luweero
Central
4.
Jinja
Busoga
5.
Iganga
Busoga
6.
Kabale
Kigezi
7.
Kanungu
Kigezi
8.
Bushenyi
Ankole
9.
Kabalore
Rwenzori
10.
Hoima
Bunyoro
11.
Arua
West Nile
12.
Nwoya
Acholi
13.
Lira
Lango
14.
Apac
Lango
15.
Moroto
Karamoja
16.
Katakwi
Teso
58
74
TOTAL
17
In a country where there are no legal provisions that require political candidates to
disclose their campaign income and expenditure, the task of monitoring campaign
expenses is a difficult one. Because of these difficulties, the study set out to track
and record just minimum expenditures incurred by political parties and candidates
on campaign trail. The study monitored the following campaign events:

Consultative meetings
Campaign Events / Rallies
Publicity
Fundraising events
Outdoor advertising and promotional materials
Stipends for campaign agents
Transport and fuel expenses
Media expenses
Campaign donations and handout materials
Expenses on voter tourism and hospitality
Campaign Coordination and Administration expenses
Election day expenses on polling agents
Figure 6: Map Showing the Geographical Spread of the Districts
Covered Under this Study
18
3. METHODOLOGY
A preliminary / scoping study was conducted on campaign financing in Uganda.
The study interrogated the means by which campaign money is raised and spent by
political parties and candidates as well as the regulatory framework for campaign
financing in Uganda. Findings informed the process of defining the scope this
extended study and determining the type of tools and caliber of Research Assistants
that we needed to collect data.
Whereas the study is informed by data from primary and secondary sources, it
the analysis is mostly informed by primary data that was collected at constituency
level and from discreet interviews with officials in political parties and government
institutions. Secondary data was mostly used to support analysis of budget utilization
at national level.
3.1 Campaign Expenses Monitoring at Constituency Level

Tools were developed for data collection at constituency level. These included:
a) Campaign Expenses Form - designed to collect candidate/party expenditure
on transport, campaign events/rallies, campaign materials, media, handout
materials, donations and cash giveaways.
b) Outdoor Advertising Form designed to collect candidate/party expenditure
on billboards, banners, posters, fliers and leaflets.
c) Administrative and Coordination Expenses Form used to collect candidate
/party expenditure used to coordinate campaign activities and to maintain
campaign offices in their respective constituencies.
d) Election Day Expenses Form designed to collect expenditure for facilitating
polling agents
e) Average Cost Estimate Form This form listed all the known expenditure
items that are used in a campaign and the unit cost per item based on the
market rates obtained in a particular district. This form was updated every
month to reflect changes in prices. This form was managed by the heads of
the respective implementing member organizations.
All of these forms were pre-tested during the NRM primary elections and again
cross-checked in a reflection forum attended by all Research Assistants and their
supervisors. ACFIM leveraged the presence of 65 locally recruited and meticulously
19
trained long-term Research Assistants (RAs) that used their familiarity with the
local context and situational awareness to gather the required data. These men and
women kept their identity concealed but worked with a network of informers some
of whom were campaign agents of different political candidates. Each Research
Assistant was assigned one constituency in which they used skills obtained at their
training to observe and document campaign expenses directly or indirectly through
credible third party informers whom they identified using their familiarity with the
constituency. The RAs tracked observable spending on campaign events, outdoor
advertising and donations among others, and where possible, covert campaign
spending done by presidential and Member of Parliament candidates through
proxies.
Before an expense was entered into a form, the RA was required to verify the cost
from at least three different sources namely: the campaign agent, the supplier
and the ongoing market rate. The suppliers were skillfully approached to find out
how much they charged the candidates. In some constituencies the candidates or
their agents volunteered the information. Triangulation was also applied to the
data before it would be entered for analysis. This was achieved by interviewing the
suppliers of the goods and services, or a friendly member of the campaign team or
in some cases, the candidate itself. In cases where the suppliers declined to share
information and informers in the campaign camps also refused, we relied on the
average cost estimate form. Monitoring misuse of government vehicles and civil
servants for campaigns was also done through direct and indirect observation.
The district supervisors regularly visited the different constituencies to verify data
that had been submitted to the different forms as well as to ensure that the RAs
followed thoroughly the basic principles of quality data collection. In addition,
ACFIM secretariat made monthly field visits in order to speak to the RAs about their
experiences, challenges and lessons.
Data was entered into a central database by well-trained and closely supervised
Data Entry Clerks. The Database Manager at ACFIM secretariat examined entered
data for consistence and validity. Field visits were regularly made based on advice
from the Database Manager to test-retest the data. This was done by independently
interviewing some of the suppliers of campaign goods and services to establish the
validity of data collected. Data was cleaned of inconsistencies, stored and analysed.
Critical incidences were also transmitted to supervisors in real time through phone
calls or SMS text messaging. ACFIM observers/monitors were strongly advised
to collect photographic or video evidence to back up their data and reports. It is
important to note that the RAs improved their skills immensely throughout the
entire period which can be reflected in the improved quality of the data collected
and subsequently, the quality of the ACFIM progress reports.
20
3.2 Analytical Case Studies on the Flow of Budget Resources

At the national level we adopted both inductive and deductive research approaches
to monitor public spending and changes in the utilization of selected budget
categories for FY 2015-2016. The national level strand of the study was premised on
reviewing the current legal documentation on public finance management; reviews
of budget data from the Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development
and qualitative analysis from interviews of key personnel in the public finance
management sector. The use of secondary data was critical in the interrogating flow
of national budget resources. Documents reviewed include: Approved budgets for
the selected Ministries, Department and Agencies (MDAs); and Budget performance
reports for the MDAs over the past 5 Financial Years (FYs). The impetus for analyzing
trends in budget spending over 5 years was to track campaign-motivated changes
in budgetary allocations in the pre-election period. Special attention was put MDA
Budget Performance Papers (MFPs) and Ministerial Policy Statements (MPS) for the
FY 2015/16.
3.3 Key Informant Interviews

At constituency level, discreet interviews were conducted with campaign agent and
mobilisers, suppliers of goods and services, bodaboda cyclists, drivers of trucks,
buses and mini buses that were often hired by candidates, fuel pump attendants,
providers of public address systems, journalists, radio presenters and candidates
among others. At national level, key interviews were conducted with technical staff
in the Office of the President, Ministry of Defence, Parliament of Uganda, Electoral
Commission and State House. In-depth interviews elicited information on (a) the
budget allocations for the past eight years, (b) supplementary budget allocations for
the FY 2015/16 and (c) budget utilisation for the FY 2015/16. Interviews were further
conducted with officials in the party headquarters of NRM, FDC, DP, and UPC.
3.4 Sampling
At the district level purposive sampling method was used to pick one districts in
the regions where ACFIM partners operate and cover all the constituencies in the
district. For the national level studies, sampling was used to select MDAs for review
and analysis. This approach was helpful because it took into account the mandate
and budgetary allocations of MDAs that were analysed. The selected MDAs here
within included; Office of the President, Ministry of Defence, Parliament of Uganda,
State House, and the EC. This was because these institutions play a key role in the
administrative section of government, and more importantly played a key role
during the 2016 general elections.
3.5 Statistical Significance and Confidence Intervals

In this report, all expenditures reported are statistically significant at the 95 per cent
21
confidence level. That is to say, there is a 95 per cent probability that the expenses
in this report are real and not the result of sampling error.
3.6 Report Structure

Following this chapter, Chapter two presents the scope of this extended study
in terms of geographical and thematic coverage. Chapter three outlines the
methodology used to collect and analyse data. Chapter four presents the regulatory
framework for campaign financing in Uganda highlighting gaps therein. Chapter five
is the articulated the main thrust of the study campaign financing for the 2016
presidential and parliamentary elections. Chapter six analyses the flow of budget
resources in selected ministries, departments and agencies interrogating the
possibility that some budget funds could have been diverted to finance elections
campaigns. Chapter seven examines the levels of compliance and enforcement of
provisions in the electoral laws that relate to campaign financing. Last but by no
means least, the recommendations chapter (Chapter 8) reviews key findings from
each chapter and presents recommendations for improved regulatory framework
and voter awareness with a view of fostering transparency and accountability in
financing of electoral and political processes.
22
4. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR

CAMPAIGN FINANCING IN UGANDA
This section scrutinises the legal and institutional framework relating to campaign
financing. The current legal framework has provisions that relate to routine financing
of political parties and organisations (declaration of assets and liabilities, records
and audit, restrictions on contributions from foreign sources); voter bribery; and
misuse of government resources for campaigns; but it lacks provisions relating to
campaign financing. This report draws a clear line between routine party financing
and campaign financing. Routine financing refers to donations, contributions
and expenditure of political parties while campaign financing refers to resources
acquired and/or spent by electoral candidates and political parties in election
campaigns. Election campaigns are subjected to different financial pressures and
they need specific legal provisions to regulate them. In addition, the country has
weak institutional framework to enforce the existing provisions on political party
financing, voter bribery and misuse of government resources for election campaigns.
4.1 Legal Framework

A good legal framework for campaign financing is essential for equalising the
conditions for political competition in order for a country to administer genuine
democratic elections. The legal framework includes provisions in the national
constitution and electoral laws that regulate money in politics, financing of political
parties and organisations, disclosure of party income and expenditure, submission
of annual returns, voter bribery and misuse of government resources for elections
campaigns.
Article 72 section 5 of the Constitution of Uganda says that parliament shall by law
regulate the manner of participating in, and financing of elections by individuals
seeking political office as independent candidates. Uganda has five electoral laws
namely:
1) The Presidential Elections Act
2) The Parliamentary Elections Act
3) The Political Parties and Organisations Act
4) The Electoral Commission Act
5) The Local Government Act
23
Provisions on Voter Bribery

Section 68 (1 & 2) of the Parliamentary Elections Act (as amended) 2005 makes voter
bribery illegal. It clearly states that: a person who, either before or during an election
,either directly or indirectly, tries to influence another person to vote or refrain
from voting for any candidate by giving any money, gift or other consideration to
that person, commits the offence of bribery and is liable on conviction to a fine not
exceeding 72 currency points or imprisonment not exceeding three years or both.
Section 68 (2) incriminated the receiver as well. The law however makes exception
of refreshments and food provided by a candidate or candidates agent. Section 64
(1 & 2) of the Presidential Elections Act also highlights voter bribery as an illegal
practice.
Provisions on Misuse of Government Resources for Campaigns
Section 25 (1) of the Parliamentary Elections Act, 2005 and Section 27 (1) of the
Presidential Elections Act (as amended) 2005, prohibits the use of government and
public resources for purposes of campaigning for elections, except as authorised
under the Act. Sec 27 (2) of the Presidential Elections Act (2000) that allows a
candidate who holds the office of the President to continue using government
facilities attached to his office during the campaign.
Provisions on Public Financing of Political Parties
Section 14 A of the Political Parties and Organisations Amendment Act (2010) sets
the principles upon which government contributes funds towards the activities
of other political parties. Section 22 (2) (a) of the Presidential Elections Act 2005
provides that the EC shall facilitate candidates with 1000 currency points. Whereas
the provision in Section 22 (2), (a) was repealed by Section 3 of the Presidential
Elections (Amendment) Act 2015, the provisions in Section 14(a) of the Political
Parties and Organisations (Amendment) Act were not repealed. This means that
whereas government stopped facilitation of the candidates, the political parties
are still eligible for this facilitation but dependant on the numerical strength of the
party in Parliament. This development left independent candidates to fully finance
their elections in 2016 without government support. The Political Parties and
Organisations Act 2005 put a limit on foreign sources of 20,000 currency points per
year, were a currency point is UGX 20,000 making the total limit UGX 400,000,000.
In 2010, the Political Parties and Organizations Act (PPOA) was amended to insert
Section 14(a) that provides for the use of government funds or other public
resources to political parties or organizations represented in Parliament; (b) in
respect of elections funding shall be on equal basis; and (c) level of public financing
for Political Parties and or Organisations shall be based on the numerical strength
of each party in Parliament. Sec 12 (1) (b) of PPOA requires that every political party
or organisation shall maintain at its national head office, an accurate and permanent
24
record of a Statement of its accounts, showing the sources of its funds and the
name of any person who has contributed to the funds including contributions by
persons who are not citizens of Uganda, membership dues paid, donations in cash
or in kind and all the financial transactions of the political party or organisation
which are conducted through, by or with the head or national office of the political
party or organisation. As regards individual candidates, Sec 19 (6) of the Presidential
Elections Act provides that they should maintain records of all assistance obtained
during the campaigns.
Key Gaps in Legal Framework Pertaining to Election Campaign Financing
a) Amendment of section 25 of the Public Finance Management Act 2015 in
October 2015 (just 8 months after its enactment) that relaxed the principles
governing supplementary budgets. This created a loophole than can enable
manipulation of inflows of budget funds and its expenditure during the
year of election campaigns. In other words the amendment circumvented
the oversight of parliament and use the central bank and treasury to draw
money for supplementary budget without prior approval.
b) Section 27 (2) of the Presidential Elections Act (as amended) 2005 allows a
candidate who holds the office of President to continue using government
facilities attached to his/her office during campaigns. For election campaign
year 2015-2016 the incumbent president had the entire budgets of State
House and Office of the President to his disposal.
c) There are no provisions in the national laws that restrict private companies/
corporations (national and international) with running government contracts
or partial government ownership from making campaign contributions to
the incumbent party in government or other political parties participating
in the elections. This provides fertile grounds for a form of corruption in
campaign finance where private corporations make quid-pro-quo donations
to prospective political parties or candidates in return for favourable
treatment by elected representatives. This type of corruption often results
in finance scandals, particularly in the domain of public contracting.
d) There are no rules regulating campaign income and expenditure. Regulation
in this context includes disclosure of campaign income and expenditure; and
putting limits of campaign spending. Absence of restrictions on spending
can result in spiralling campaign costs, which, in turn, encourages parties
and candidates to engage in corrupt financing to meet ever-increasing
financial demands. The significance of this gap is premised on grounds that
election campaigns are one-off events that are subject to different financial
pressures. Political parties and individual candidates invest large amounts
of money. The lack of regulatory framework for campaign financing largely
25
explains the high levels of commercialisation of politics that Ugandas

politicians especially the MPs are grappling with to date.
e) There are no provisions that require political parties and individual candidates
contesting in the election campaign to manage campaign finances
transparently. In the absence of the law it is unclear who can be authorised
and/or held accountable in regards to management or mismanagement of
election campaign expenditure. In the absence of a provision alluding to
this, political parties and individual candidates do not keep updated records
on campaign income and expenditure. The ideal regulation should require
candidates and political parties to open bank accounts on which campaign
income and expenditure is managed. It should also be clear the number of
people that need to be signatory to that account. This is where accountability
has to begin.
f) No provision on dispute resolution mechanisms - Dispute Resolution Allows
any person to lodge a complaint alleging a breach of the Act has been
committed which will then be investigated and determined.
g) No provisions on Offences by a candidate/party States that fail to submit
returns or submission of false returns/accountability.
4.3 Institutional Framework for Campaign Financing

Institutions that are relevant for campaign financing in Uganda include:
a) Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs that is among others charged
with responsibility of drafting bills and policy development
b) The Electoral Commission (EC)
c) Inspectorate of Government
d) Police
e) Director of public prosecutions that prosecutes cases including those in
bleach of electoral laws
The Electoral Commission lacks the wherewithal to evoke sanctions in the electoral
laws when political parties and organisations, as well as individual candidates fail to
comply. For example, political parties do not follow the legal requirements in the
Political Parties and Organisations Act 2005 that requires them to submit to the EC
annually, a record that states sources of funding and other assets of the political
party (section 9(3)). Instead, they simply ignore it and the EC fails to sanction them.
It was clear throughout the campaign period (November 2015 January 2016) that
the Inspectorate of Government and Police are not very interested in offences
relating to voter bribery and misuse of government resources for campaigns. In a
nutshell, it remains unclear which institution in Uganda has the direct responsibility
to regulate campaign financing.
26
5. FINANCING OF ELECTION
CAMPAIGNS 2015/2016
5.1 Anatomy of Campaign Expenditure
This section presents credible estimates of campaign expenses incurred by political
parties and individual candidates that contested in Presidential and Member of
Parliament races as monitored and documented by ACFIM over an extended preelection period of ten months. This period covers the months May 1st December
30th, 2015 and January 1st February 18th, 2016. Tracking and documenting campaign
spending for the first time in the political history of Uganda was as challenging as
had been anticipated due to a number of reasons.
First, politicians spend money not only through formal ways but also through proxies
and third parties, as well as at times even at night. Covert campaign spending was
difficult for ACFIM to track. Second, political parties and individual candidates do not
keep updated record of campaign expenditure. As such many of them may not be in
position to tell the correct amount of money they spent during the campaign period.
Third, some of the people who received money from political parties and individual
candidates were reluctant to reveal the correct information about the amounts
received. Fourthly, the lack of legal requirements for the disclosure of campaign
expenditure made the work to monitoring campaign spending much harder.
Nonetheless by exercising a high degree of cunningness and sustaining a network
of informers, ACFIM Research Assistants were to the extent possible able to obtain
credible data that has enabled us to quantify the minimum expenditure by political
parties and individual candidates contesting in the Presidential and Member of
Parliament races 2015-2016. The figures provided in relation to political party spending
include observable expenditure made at national and constituency levels. Some
of the national level expenses we observed include party delegates conferences,
party primary elections, contribution to party flag bearers, media expenses, office
administration and campaign coordination expenses.
5.2 Combined Expenditure on Pre-Campaign and Campaign Activities

The combined observable expenditure recorded in the ACFIM database to have
been incurred by all political parties and independent candidates that contested in
the Presidential and Member of Parliament races in 16 districts is UGX 435 billion (US$
128 million). If this figure is extrapolated in view of all the 112 districts of Uganda, it
can be estimated that at least UGX 2.4 trillion (US$ 716 million) was spent by political
27
parties and candidates on elections campaigns 2015/2016. The computation covers

minimum expenses incurred on pre-campaign activities, and campaign activities
for Presidential and Member of Parliament races combined. These expenses were
incurred between May 2015 and February 2016 an extended period of ten months.
It should be noted that these are only minimum expenditure incurred as there was
more money spent covertly through proxies and third parties that ACFIM could not
gain access to and/or independently verify. It was on rare occasions that ACFIM
Researchers and Research Assistants were able to access discreet information from
party insiders/candidates campaign camps.
Majority of the recorded campaign expenditure in the 16 districts (76.6 per cent)
was by the Incumbent National Resistance Movement (NRM) party to the tune of at
least UGX 333bn (US$ 98 million). NRM is followed in expenditure by Independent
Candidates whose observable expenses add up to UGX 77.5bn (22.8m) representing
17.8 per cent. ACFIM observers at constituency level noted that majority of the
Independent Candidates contesting in the Member of Parliament races were
NRM leaning having lost out during the laborious party primaries. Main opposition
party Forum for Democratic Change (FDC) party comes third with a total recorded
expenditure of UGX 12.0 bn (US$ 3.5m) which translates into a percentage share
of 2.8 per cent followed by Go Forward political pressure group in forth position
having spent an estimated UGX 8.2bn (US$ 2.4m) or 1.9 per cent. Candidates
from the countrys two oldest political parties Democratic Party (DP) and Uganda
Peoples Congress (UPC) are estimated to have spent at combined minimum of UGX
1.7 billion (US$ 0.48m) or 0.4 per cent and UGX 894 million (US$ 0.26) or 0.2 per cent
respectively. The pie chart below illustrates the percentage party share of the total
political party and independent candidates expenses presented.
Figure 6: Minimum Expenses by Parties (May 2015 Feb 2016)
28
29
132,000
UPC
23.46
Overall
Increase
Monthly
Month %
102,124,980
TOTAL
153,080
DP
OTHERS
327,900
1,512,000
100,000,000
May-2015 to
Oct-2015
(000s)
GO FORWARD
FDC
INDEPENDENTS
NRM
PARTY
11.40
49,625,169
127,170
184,342
429,480
849,120
1,293,965
2,327,800
44,413,292
Nov-2015
(000s)
77.5
20.23
34.4
27.18
118,348,132
599,326
160,543
321,682
2,964,231
4,432,770
42,543,780
67,325,800
Jan-2016
(000s)
-34.8
17.73
77,189,095
742,890
189,311
532,764
3,427,440
3,196,390
24,068,100
45,032,200
Feb-2016
(000s)
100.00
435,350,411
1,699,213
894,453
1,661,389
8,218,477
12,047,378
77,469,074
333,360,427
Combined
Spending
in 16 Districts
(000s)
Source: ACFIM Database 2015/2016
88,063,035
229,827
228,257
224,383
649,786
1,612,253
8,529,394
76,589,135
Dec-2015
(000s)
Table 4: Minimum Expenses by Political Affiliation (May 2015 Feb 2016)
11,894,491
5,469,171
10,711,243
55,561,937
75,259,646
542,283,518
100.0 2,434,702,995
0.4
0.2
0.4
1.9
2.8
17.8
716,089,116
3,498,380
1,608,580
3,150,366
16,341,746
22,135,190
159,495,152
509,859,703
Projection for Projection in

All Districts
US Dollars
(000s)
76.6 1,733,522,989
Overall
%
5.2.1 Analysis of Spending Patterns by Political Affiliation

Political candidates from the NRM Party and Independents combined spent more
money on campaign activities than the rest of the candidates. During the six month
pre-campaign period (May October 2015) NRM party conducted more political
activities than any other party. These activities included among others retreat at
Kyankwanzi Leadership Institute for all NRM incumbent members of parliament, a
party delegates conferences to amend the party constitution, cleaning the party
voters register, reactivating party structures at village level and conducting grass
root primary elections countrywide. These activities combined, cost the party at
least UGX 100 billion (US$ 29.4 million).
During the campaign period which started in earnest on November 3rd, 2015 after the
first round of presidential nominations, the NRM continued to outspend the other
parties and independent candidates that were participating in the race. The highest
campaign spending in a single month was recorded in January 2016 the month
in which political parties used up the biggest amount of money with a combined
expenditure of UGX 118.3 billion (US$ 34.8 million) representing 27.2 per cent of the
total cash spent during the campaign period. This was followed by the month of
December 2015 with a combined expenditure of UGX 88.1 billion (US$ 26 million) or
20.2% per cent of the total expenditure on election campaigns; and February 2016
with UGX 77.2 billion (US$ 22.7 million) or 17.7 per cent and lastly November 2015
with combined expenditure of UGX 49.6 billion (US$ 14.6 million) or 11.4 per cent per
cent of the combined expenditure. The combined months from May 2015 to October
2015 had expense of 102.1 billion UGX (23.5 per cent) of the total expenditure. The
graph below illustrates the trend in campaign spending between candidates of
different political affiliations.
Figure 7: Variation in Combined Spending by Political Parties by Month
30
5.2.2 Variation in Spending by Political Affiliation

Throughout this period, political parties spent differently from one month to another.
The biggest expenses by the political parties in a single month were in the following
months: NRM (December 2015), Independents (January 2016), FDC (January 2016),
Go Forward (February 2016), DP (February 2016) and UPC (December 2015).
The least expenses by the political parties were in the following months: NRM
(November 2015), Independents (November 2015), FDC (November 2015), Go
Forward (May-October 2015), DP (May-October 2015) and UPC (May-October 2015).
The graph below illustrates the variation in party spending month by month.
Figure 8: Variation in Spending by Political Affiliation (Month by Month)
5.2.3 Overall Increase or Decrease in Monthly Spending

Political parties and candidates either increased or decreased their expenses from
one month to another. Between the months of November 2015 and December 2015,
there was an overall increase in the expenses by 77.5%. There was also an overall
increase in expenses by 34.4% between the months of December 2015 and January
2016. However expenses by parties reduced by 35.1% between the months of January
2016 and February 2016 which may be attributed to the fact that the campaign period
during this time was for a shorter period of time.
31
5.3 Pre-Campaign Expenses

The biggest percentage of funds spent during the pre-campaign (97.9 per cent) is
apportioned to the NRM party of the total spending observed by ACFIM during the
pre-campaign period. The pre-campaign period in the context of this study covers the
period May October 2015. During this period the NRM party spend an aggregable
minimum amount of UGX 100 billion (US$ 29.4m) on among other things reactivating
party village structures, conducting delegates conferences, supporting party MPs to
popularise the sole candidature on incumbent president Yoweri Museveni as party
flag bearer for presidential nominations, procurement of Vehicles for senior officials
at the party headquarters and carrying out party primary elections. FDC was second
biggest spender during the pre-campaign period. The opposition party was observed
spending on delegates conferences and making a contribution towards activities of
The Democratic Alliance (TDA). All together the party spent a minimum of UGX 1.5
billion (US$ 0.44m). Go Forward political group came third by spending a minimum
of UGX 328 million (US$ 96,470) mainly on consultative visits to eastern Uganda and
donations. Other parties observed conducting activities during the pre-campaign
period included DP and UP. The following tables and graphs provide details on precampaign expenditures.
Table 5: NRM Party Pre-Campaign Expenditure
NRM Party Minimum Expenses May October 2015
Expense Category
Total Estimates (UGX)
Per village to reactivate NRM village structures
15,000,000,000
Delegates Conference - constitutional amendment
19,000,000,000
2nd Delegates Conference to elect Party Flag Bearer
20,000,000,000
Money to NRM MPs to popularise sole candidature
Procurement of Vehicles for Party Officials
Party Primary Elections
TOTAL
6,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
30,000,000,000
100,000,000,000
Source: ACFIM Database
Table 6: Estimates of Go Forward Pre-Campaign Expenditure

Expense Category / Type
Total Estimates
(UGX)
1.
St Paul Church, Wobulenzi
2.
All Saints Cathedral in Kabale
11,000,000
3.
Fundraising for Kigezi college Butobere
4.
Money spent on Rallies/Consultative Meetings in

Mbale, Kapchorwa, Soroti and Jinja
300,000,000
TOTAL
327,900,000
6,000,000
10,900,000
32
Table 7: FDC Party Pre-Campaign Expenditure

FDC Party Minimum Expenses June December 2015
Expense Category
Total Esti-
mates (UGX)
1.
2.
2.
3.
4.
Party Delegates Conference at UMA

Coordinating campaigns for party presidential flag
bearer (fuel, upkeep, stipends etc)
2nd Party Delegates Conference for Pres. Frag Bearer
elections at Namboole
Contribution to TDA
Party Primaries for MP&LG, Secretariat, Publicity
TOTAL
350,000,000
100,000,000
409,000,000
70,000,000
583,000,000
1,512,000,000
Table 8: DP and UPC Party Pre-Campaign Expenditure
1.
2.
Political Party
Delegates
Conference
Contribution Total Estimates

to TDA
(UGX)
Democratic Party
(DP)
Uganda Peoples
Congress (UPC)
153,000,000
3,000,000
156,000,000
132,000,000
132,000,000

The pie chart below shows that the NRM party outspent the other political
parties during the pre-campaign period (May October 2015) and in the process
shadowing the other parties. NRM party accounts for 97.92 per cent of the
combined pre-campaign expenditure.
Figure 9: Estimates of Pre-Campaign Expenditure by Political Party
33
5.4 Breakdown of Combined Campaign Expenses by Category

A combination of activities like organising delegates conferences, conduct of party
primaries and contribution to flag bearers, took the biggest percentage (18.4 per
cent) of overall party expenditure categories observed. The NRM party spent a
minimum of UGX 39 billion (US$ 11.5m) on organising two delegates conference the
first of which amended the party constitution while the second one legitimised the
sole candidature of Yoweri K. Museveni as party flag bearer for Presidential race.
The partys nationwide primary elections cost a minimum of UGX 30 billion (US$
8.8m) while contribution to flag bearers contesting in the Member of Parliament
race cost the party a minimum of UGX 10.6 billion (US$ 3.1m).
Leading opposition FDC party spent a minimum of UGX 410 million (US$ 0.12m) on
organising two delegates conference. The party refunded the nomination fees of
party flag bearers for Member of Parliament which cost them a minimum of UGX 801
million (US$ 0.24m). The Democratic Party (DP) spent UGX 150 million (US$ 44,118)
on organising the party delegates conference while Uganda Peoples Congress
spent UGX 132 million (US$ 38,824) on similar party activity.
The second biggest expenditure category was election campaign management
which took 13.5 per cent of the total expenses by political party. Election campaign
management comprises facilitation and stipends to campaign managers and/or
agents, polling agents, village and Sub-county supervisors and coordinators among
others. The third most costly category is campaign materials which comprises
among others: branded shirts, T-Shirts, Fliers, Capes, Badges, Bandanas, and wrist
bands. These represent 13.0 per cent of the total spending observed. They are
closely followed by donations to churches, mosques, schools, women groups,
youth groups, veterans and elderly groups among others, translating into 11.8
per cent of the aggregate minimum expenses observed. Campaign Events/Rally/
Meetings (Venue, Tents, Chairs, Public Address, Drinks, Entertainment, Security
etc) took a percentage share of 9.9 per cent followed by Transport Expenses (Fuel
and Hire of Buses, Lorries, Boda-Bodas, Helicopter, Van/Taxis, Cars etc) at 9.1 per
cent. The least expenses were 2.2 per cent on Electronic & Print Media (Journalists
Facilitation, Radio/TV/Newspaper Adverts & Shows, SMS/Robbo-calls etc), 4.1 per
cent on Campaign Offices (Office Rent, Equipment/Furniture/Computer/Internet and
Attendants/Drivers etc) and 4.9 per cent on Handout Materials (Sugar, Salt, Hoes,
Seeds etc).
The next table gives a detailed breakdown of party expenses by category as observed
over a period of 10 months.
34
Table 9: Breakdown of Combined Campaign Expenses for All Parties

COMBINED CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR POLITICAL PARTIES AND INDEPENDENT CANDIDATES
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
EXPENSES
Conferences/
Cash for
Flagbearers
Delegates Conferences, Organising Party

Primaries, Flagbearers Cash etc
80,250,139,000
18.4
Campaign
Managers/
Agents
Polling Station Agents, Village/Parish/

Subcounty Supervisors & Coordinators etc
58,912,025,000
13.5
Selected
Campaign
Materials
Shirts, T-Shirts, Fliers, Caps, Badges,

Bandanas etc
56,705,153,000
13.0
Donations &
Fundraisings
Cash to Voters, Churches, Schools, Youth

Groups, Women Groups etc
51,258,741,000
11.8
Campaign
Events/Rally/
Meetings
Venue, Tents, Chairs, Public Address,

Drinks, Entertainment, Security etc
43,052,790,000
9.9
Transport
Expenses
Fuel & Hire of Buses, Lorries, BodaBodas, Helicopter, Van/Taxis, Cars etc
39,532,537,000
9.1
Advertising
Posters, Fliers, Banners & Billboards etc
27,743,133,000
6.4
Handout
Materials
Sugar, Salt, Hoes, Seeds etc
21,237,412,000
4.9
Campaign
Offices
Office Rent, Equipment/Furniture/

Computer/Internet & Attendants/Drivers
etc
17,730,586,700
4.1
Electronic &
Print Media
Journalists Facilitation, Radio/TV/Newspaper Adverts & Shows ,SMS/Robbo Calls

etc
9,678,243,000
2.2
Others
Cars for Party Officials, Upkeep for Team

on Campaign Trail, Pressure Groups etc
29,249,651,000
6.7
TOTAL
435,350,410,700
100.0
35
Figure 10: Illustration of Combined Campaign Expenses Breakdown
5.5 Breakdown on Combined Expenses by Political Affiliation

A deeper analysis of the combined expenditure reveals that the incumbent NRM
party spent most of its campaign finance on delegates conferences, organising
party primaries, cash contribution to party flag bearers and conferences/Cash for flag
bearing candidates which claims 23.5 per cent of the overall minimum expenditure
observed. Opposition FDC party spent more on advertising including posters, fliers,
and banners, translating into 17.6 per cent of the total observed party spending. On
the contrary independent candidates spent mostly on selected campaign materials
including branded shirts, T-Shirts, Fliers, Caps, Badges and Bandanas among others,
representing 18.2 per cent of their total observed expenditure. Overall this was the
most common campaign spending category. Other parties including the Go Forward
political group also spend significantly on branded shirts, T-Shirts, Fliers, Caps,
Badges, Bandanas at 18.8 per cent. The next table illustrates this further. Overall, all
parties spent massively on campaign branding.
36
FDC presidential candidate Kizza Besigye invested

significantly in branding the mobile campaign
platform and the public address system that moves
with it.
The NRM party branded vehicle that carries the

sound system and entertainers that integral to
the advance party of candidate Yoweri Museveni.
Observers reported third parties spending to
support their candidates. Spending by third parties
was not excluded from the data collected.
NRM Expenses on Billboards of Incumbent Yoweri Museveni. ACFIM Research Assistants reported that
some of the billboards were not directly finance by NRM candidate Museveni but by supporters and wellwishers of the party. Spending by well-wishers and supporters was excluded from the data collected.
37
38
6,039,612,000
38,727,545,000 14,069,190,000
28,300,320,000 11,520,340,000
27,308,622,000
42,038,709,000 13,070,907,000
13,119,530,000
78,248,032,000
27,282,632,000
333,360,427,000 77,469,074,000
Electronic & Print Media
Selected Campaign Materials
Campaign Events/Rally/Meetings
Transport Expenses
Campaign Managers & Mobilisers
Campaign Offices
Conferences/Cash for Flagbearers
Others
TOTAL
13,297,590,000
Hand-out Materials
1,224,072,000
3,673,450,000
8,896,288,000
3,049,381,000
6,548,800,000
8,944,430,000
41,293,770,000
Donations & Fundraisings
6,472,216,000
INDEPENDENTS
17,704,065,000
NRM
Advertising
ITEM
12,047,378,000
245,138,000
1,506,327,000
405,112,000
2,122,549,000
1,856,442,000
1,235,210,000
1,443,030,000
216,040,000
455,848,000
532,568,000
2,029,114,000
FDC
8,218,476,700
236,710,000
384,596,700
1,125,774,000
946,869,000
1,483,800,000
1,541,288,000
357,811,000
673,984,000
357,203,000
1,110,441,000
GO FORWARD
4,255,055,000
261,099,000
495,780,000
147,898,000
554,086,000
524,316,000
513,120,000
924,100,000
15,399,000
261,190,000
130,770,000
427,297,000
OTHERS
CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR ALL POLITICAL PARTIES AND INDEPENDENTS
Table 10: Breakdown of Expenses by Category by Political Party/Group
435,350,410,700
29,249,651,000
80,250,139,000
17,730,586,700
58,912,025,000
39,532,537,000
43,052,790,000
56,705,153,000
9,678,243,000
21,237,412,000
51,258,741,000
27,743,133,000
TOTAL
EXPENSES
100.0
6.7
18.4
4.1
13.5
9.1
9.9
13.0
2.2
4.9
11.8
6.4
5.6 Breakdown of NRM Party Expenses

The biggest campaign expense category for NRM party was incurred on organisation
of delegates, conferences, party primaries and contribution to flag bearers campaign
financing. These lumped together translate into 23.5% of the aggregated observed
campaign spending by the party. This is followed by facilitation and payment of
stipends for Campaign Managers, Village/Subcounty Mobilisers, and Polling Agents
representing 12.6% on the entire expenditure. Donations to churches, mosques,
schools, youth groups, women groups, market venders, SACCOs, elders, and army
veterans come third at 12.4%. Expenses relating to campaign materials and campaign
events got 11.6% and 8.5% respectively. The next table illustrates these further.
Table 11: NRM Party Expenses - The Breakdown
CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR NRM
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
Expense in UGX
Conferences/
Primaries/ Cash for
Flagbearers
Delegates Conferences, Fees,

Organising Party Primaries, Flagbearers Cash etc
78,248,032,000
23.5
Campaign Managers/
Agents/Mobilisation
Polling Station & Campaign

42,038,709,000
Agents, Village/Parish/Sub-county Supervisors & Coordinators etc
12.6
Donations &
Fundraisings
Cash to Voters, Churches,

Schools, Youth Groups, Women
Groups etc
41,293,770,000
12.4
Selected Campaign
Materials
Shirts, T-Shirts, Fliers, Caps,

Badges, Bandanas etc
38,727,545,000
11.6
Venue, Tents, Chairs, Public

Address, Drinks, Entertainment,
Security etc
28,300,320,000
8.5
Transport Expenses
Fuel & Hire of Buses, Lorries,

Boda-Bodas, Helicopter, Van/
Taxis, Cars etc
27,308,622,000
8.2
Advertising
17,704,065,000
5.3
Handout Materials
13,297,590,000
4.0
Campaign Offices
Equipment/Furniture/Computer/ 13,119,530,000
Internet & Attendants/Drivers
etc
3.9
Electronic & Print

Media
Journalists Facilitation, Radio/

6,039,612,000
TV/Newspaper Adverts & Shows ,
SMS/Robbo Calls etc
1.8
Others
Posh Cars for Party Officials,

Cash to Popularise the M7 Candidature etc
27,282,632,000
8.2
TOTAL
333,360,427,000
100.0
39
Figure 11: Visual Representation of NRM Party Expenses Breakdown
How was NRM Money Spent?

It was difficult to track, observe how NRM spent all the campaign money. In August
and September 2015 the party disbursed UGX 250,000 (US$ 73.5) to each of the
67,000 villages of Uganda for mobilisation of party structures. This transaction
was repeated in February 2016 just days before Election Day. An estimated total
of UGX 33.5 billion (US$ 9.8m) was spent on this activity. The first disbursement
was sent through NRM village registrars while the second was sent to village Local
Council 1 (LC1) chairpersons, days before polling day. In Apac, Nwoya, Lira, Katakwi,
Hoima and Iganga the LC1 chairpersons were observed holding village meetings and
presented the money as a gift from Mzee8. The money ended up being shared
among the known NRM supporters in the village with each of them taking away UGX
1,000 or 2,000.
The party had supervisors at Parish and Sub-county level who were facilitated with
cash payment as well to oversee mobilisation activities as presented in the following
table. ACFIM observers in all the 16 district reported that the party sent UGX
20,000,000 (US$ 5,882) per constituency for mobilisation ahead of the incumbent
president. Uganda has 290 direct constituencies and 112 District Woman Member of
Parliament Constituencies. The money was to ensure that the presidents rallies are
massively attended by NRM supporters in every constituency. It would be received
by the NRM District Chairperson who would in turn pass it on to constituency
coordinators/mobilisers some of whom were incumbent Members of Parliament. To
ensure consistency in utilisation of this money, the party developed a standard guide
8
Mzee is Swahiri word for a respected older person or eminent elder in a society.
40
that was handed over together with the money to every constituency coordinator/
mobiliser. The break down is illustrated in the second table below.
Table 12: NRM Guidelines for Utilization of the 20m for Constituency Mobilisation
No.
ITEM
Hire of Tents (4)
No.
Hire of Chairs (400)
Hire of Public Address System (2)
Water (600) Cartons
Transport (15) Lorries
UNIT COST
Total Amount (UGX)
150,000
600,000
400
500
200,000
500,000
1,000,000
600
12,000
7,200,000
15
400,000
6,000,000
Media/Publicity (Local)
1,000,000
1,000,000
Central Coordination
1,000,000
1,000,000
Constituency Coordination Team
1,000,000
1,000,000
Boda-bodas
500,000
500,000
10
Local Musicians
1,000,000
1,000,000
11
Brass Band
500,000
500,000
TOTAL
20,000,000
Most of the NRM money was spent by the party at 120.7 billion (36.2 per cent)
followed by money spent on Museveni at 112.1 billion (33.6 per cent) and money
spent by the NRM MPs at 100.5 billion (30.2 per cent).
Table 13: NRM Party Expenses - The Breakdown
WHO IS SPENDING?
OVERALL ESTIMATE
NRM Party
120,692,400,000
36.2
M7
112,080,144,000
33.6
MPs
100,587,883,000
30.2
TOTAL
333,360,427,000
100.0
Table 14: NRM Party Minimum Pre-Campaign Expenses (May October 2015)
NRM Party Minimum Expenses May October 2015
Expense Category
Observable
Minimum Cost
Per village to reactivate NRM village structures
15,000,000,000
Delegates Conference - constitutional amendment
19,000,000,000
2nd Delegates Conference to elect Party Flag Bearer
20,000,000,000
Money to NRM MPs to popularise sole candidature
6,000,000,000
Posh Cars for Party Officials
10,000,000,000
30,000,000,000
TOTAL
100,000,000,000
41
Table 15: Party Spending on Flagbearer in Presidential Campaigns

Expenses On Museveni (Mobilisation In Villages, Parishes Etc)
Area
Concerned
Number
Number
CountryWide
Amount
Total Spent
Villages
Village Facilitation
67,000
250,000
33,500,000,000
Parishes
Parish Supervisors
7,431
100,000
743,100,000
Sub counties
Sub county Supervisors
1,403
300,000
420,900,000
Constituencies
Mobilisation Per Rally
290
20,000,000
5,800,000,000
Polling Stations
Polling Agents
28,010
60,000
6,722,400,000
Total
47,186,400,000
Table 16: NRM Spending on Cash Campaign Contribution to Party Flagbearers for MP
Races
NRM EXPENSES ON FLAGBEARERS
AREA
CONCERNED
Number
Number
Country-
Amount
TOTAL SPENT
Wide
Constituencies
Directly Elected MPs
290
25,000,000
7,250,000,000
Districts
Woman MPs
112
30,000,000
3,360,000,000
Districts
LC 5 Chairpersons
112
30,000,000
3,360,000,000
TOTAL
13,970,000,000
Figure 12: Who Spent the NRM Money?
42
Minister of State for ICT, Hon. Nyombi Thembo (in army fatigue and eye glasses) was a key member of
candidate Musevenis Campaign Taskforce
ACFIM Research Assistants christened him: The Money Man. He is retired Lt. Gen. Henry Tumukunde,
one of the main campaign agents for incumbent presidential candidate Yoweri Museveni. He was handing
over a cash donation of UGX 20million to the Association of vendors in Entebbe Market in December 2015.
He was observed leading the advance party of candidate Yoweri Museveni. Observers in Arua reported
that he handed out UGX 50,000 to 400 voters who claimed to have converted from FDC they met him at
White Castle Hotel in Arua. In Apac he was observed meeting a group of Bodaboda cyclists in Judin Hotel
and donated notes of UGX 50,000 to each of them. The General always met supporters in a secluded place
and utilisation of phones and cameras was prohibited making it hard for Research Assistants to take a
photo of him in action. Lt. Gen. Tumukunde headed President Musevenis advance party and was always
observed arriving into a district five days ahead of candidate Museveni to soften the ground like he was
pictured doing here.
43
Branded Aircraft was used as a mobilisation tool ahead of candidate Musevenis arrival for campaign rallies
in various constituencies. It started hovering in the Ugandan skies from in November 2015. The Aircraft
Number 5Y-HKK, Make: Bell 206l-4 Long-Ranger, was registered in Kenya by a private owner. ACFIM learnt
that the market rate for renting the aircraft is US 2,000 per hour. It was reportedly a campaign donation
offered by one of the East African presidents.
44
In addition to the branded Helicopter, the yellow buses were another symbol of campaigns for NRM
Presidential candidate at constituency level. These buses were a constituent of the candidate Musevenis
advance party in every constituency he visited. They were eleven in number, some would carry supporters
other would go empty. The buses are registered with private number plates (UAX series). Fuel of these
buses is included in the estimates of campaign expenses provided in this report. ACFIM continues to track
where the money that purchased these buses came from.
5.7 Independent Candidates Expenses

Independent candidates contested in elective positions at different levels including
Presidential and Member of Parliament races. Majority of the independent candidates
that contested in the MP races had lost during the NRM party primaries and therefore
were NRM leaning. ACFIM observers reported that independent candidates made
significant campaign spending in the final two months of the campaign period namely
January and February 2016. During the final two months, independent candidates at
presidential and parliamentary level were the second biggest spenders after NRM
party. The highest spending month by independent candidates was January 2016.
The first pie chart below shows that campaign spending by independent candidates
was estimated at 36 per cent of the total campaign spending while NRM partys was
estimated at 57 per cent. In February 2016 spending by independent candidates fell
to 31 per cent shown in the second pie chart.
Comparison to other Parties in January 2016
45

Comparison to other Parties in February 2016
Analysis of Campaign Spending Categories by Independent Candidates

Further analysis shows that the biggest expense by independent candidates went
to selected campaign materials namely branded shirts, T-shirts, fliers, caps and
bandanas among others. These take a percentage share of 18.2 per cent followed
by payments of stipends and facilitation for campaign managers, and polling agents
at 16.9 per cent. Campaign Events/Rally/Meetings were the third biggest expense
category at 14.9 per cent. Donations in cash or kind to individual voters or churches,
mosques, schools, women groups, youth groups, market vendor associations,
bodaboda associations, as well as and voter hospitality9 activities together translate
into 11.5 per cent. Transport expenses for the candidate, campaign team, campaign
agents, including fuel for bodaboda cyclists and voter tourism10 took the same
percentage share. The next table gives a detailed breakdown of campaign spending
by independent candidates at presidential and Member of Parliament level.
Voter hospitality is a situation where a political candidate(s) hosts voters to a banquet or party or meal or retreat where
they are treated to a good meal, bull roasting, lots of drinks, music/disco or live entertainment and sometimes lodging in
a comfortable hotel, motel or lodge.
10
Voter tourism is a practice where political candidates provide voters with buses, trucks, minibuses or cars and driven
from their homes to campaign rallies or around the constituency as an inducement to voters in return for their support
come polling day.
9
46
Table 17: Independent Candidates Expenses - The Breakdown

CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR INDEPENDENTS
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
ESTIMATES
Selected Campaign
Materials

Bandanas etc
14,069,190,000
18.2
Campaign Managers/
Agents/Mobilisers

Sub-county Supervisors & Coordinators etc
13,070,907,000
16.9
Campaign Events/Rally/
Meetings

11,520,340,000
14.9
Donations, Fundraisings

8,944,430,000
11.5
Transport Expenses
Fuel & Hire of Buses, Lorries, Boda-Bodas,

Helicopter, Van/Taxis, Cars etc
8,896,288,000
11.5
Handout Materials
6,548,800,000
8.5
Advertising
6,472,216,000
8.4
Campaign Offices
Equipment/Furniture/Computer/Internet &
Attendants/Drivers etc
3,673,450,000
4.7
Electronic & Print

Media
Journalists Facilitation, Radio/TV/

Newspaper Adverts & Shows ,SMS/Robbo
Calls etc
3,049,381,000
3.9
Conferences/Cash for
Flagbearers
Delegates Conferences, Fees, Organising

Party Primaries, Flagbearers Cash etc
Others
Upkeep for Team on Campaign Trail,

Facilitation for Organising Committee etc
TOTAL
1,224,072,000
1.6
77,469,074,000
100.0
Figure 15: Independent Candidates Expenses - The Breakdown
47
0.0
Nomination of Member of aspiring Parliament candidates at the beginning of December 2015 was
characterised by splendour and opulence with independent candidates standing out as big spenders.
Buses, Minibuses, Commuter Vans and Trucks were hired to transport supporters that accompanied the
candidates in to nomination and thereafter attended the inaugural campaign rallies. Above are some of
the vehicles that escorted aspiring independent MP candidate Salongo Alfred Muwanga on nomination
day in Luwero District. ACFIM Research Assistants in all the 16 districts observed similar happening.
5.8 Forum for Democratic Change (FDC) Party Campaign Spending

Forum for Democratic Change (FDC) is the strongest opposition political party
among those that participated in election campaigns 2015 / 2016. Party spending
started during the pre-campaign period and continued through February 2016. The
party had a candidate at Presidential level (Rtd. Col. Dr. Kizza Besigye) and a number
of candidates participating in the Member of Parliament races in at least 200
constituencies across the country. The biggest expense by FDC was on advertising
(17.5 per cent), followed by payment of stipends and facilitation for Campaign
Managers, grass root mobilisers and polling agents (15.7 per cent). Transport
expenses represent 15.2 per cent of the partys overall observed spending while 13.0
per cent went to financing part delegates conferences and refund of nomination
fees to party flag bearers. Campaign materials took 12.4 per cent of the partys
campaign spending on Selected Campaign Materials.
48
Table 18: FDC Party Expenses - The Breakdown

CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR FDC PARTY
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
ESTIMATES
Campaign Managers/Agents/Mobilisers

Sub-county Supervisors & Coordinators etc
2,122,549,000
17.6
Advertising
2,029,114,000 16.8
Transport Expenses Fuel & Hire of Buses, Lorries, Boda-Bodas,

1,856,442,000 15.4
Conferences/Cash
for Flagbearers
1,506,327,000 12.5
Delegates Conferences, Fees, Organising

Party Primaries, Flagbearers Cash etc
Selected Campaign Shirts, T-Shirts, Fliers, Caps, Badges, BanMaterials

danas etc
1,443,030,000 12.0
Campaign Events/
Rally/Meetings

1,235,210,000 10.3
Donations

532,568,000 4.4
Handout Materials
455,848,000 3.8
Campaign Offices
405,112,000 3.4
Electronic & Print

Media
Journalists Facilitation, Radio/TV/Newspaper Adverts & Shows ,SMS/Robbo Calls etc
216,040,000 1.8
Others
Upkeep for Team on Campaign Trail, Contribution to TDA etc
245,138,000 2.0
TOTAL
12,047,378,000 100.0
Figure 16: Illustration on FDC Party Expenses by Category
49
Table 19: FDC Party Minimum Expenses June 2015 February 2016
Expense Category
Total
Estimates (UGX)
Party Delegates Conference at UMA
200,000,000
2nd Party Delegates Conference for Pres. Frag Bearer elections 210,000,000
at Namboole
Contribution to TDA
70,000,000
Fuel on Campaign Trail @ 900,000 x 95
142,500,000
Posters
120,000,000
Upkeep for team on campaign trail
379,240,000
Allowances for campaign agents
164,245,000
Hire of sound system for entire campaign period of 95 days

@700,000
66,500,000
Mobilization and Coordination @ 550,000 per district
20,000,000
10
Radio Talk Shows
15,000,000
11
Reimbursement of Nomination fees to 267 MP flag bearers
801,000,000
12
Allowances for Polling Agents on polling day, @ 20,000 x

15,000 polling stations
300,000,000
13
Others
290,480,000
TOTAL
2,778,965,000
How FDC Money Was Spent - The Breakdown

Most of the FDC money was spent by the MPs at 7.21billion (58.8%) followed by
money spent on the FDC party at 2.8 billion (23.1%) and money spent by Besigye at
2.2 billion (18.1%).
Table 20: FDC Party Expenses - The Breakdown
WHO IS SPENDING?
OVERALL EXPENSES
FDC Party
2,778,965,000
23.1
Besigye
2,182,789,500
18.1
MPs
7,085,623,500
58.8
12,047,378,000
100.0
TOTAL
50
Figure 17: FDC Party Expenses - The Breakdown
FDC Expenses on T-Shirts & Posters for Candidate Kizza Besigye
51
Kizza Besigyes Campaign Stage & Rally in Kibiito (Banners were used throughtout the Campaigns by
most candidates)
Kizza Besigyes Opening up party offices on 17th Dec 2015 at Rwimi Town Council
5.9 Go Forward Campaign Spending

Go Forward a political pressure group that was formed by former Prime Minister
and NRM Secretary General, John Patrick Amama Mbabazi (JPAM). Whereas JPAM
participated in the presidential elections as independent candidate, in the context
of this report he is not treated as such. We have chosen to interrogate Go Forward
in its own right in order to give it the attention it deserves. The campaign activities
of Go Forward that were observed by ACFIM were more related to the race for
Presidency. Research Assistants in the 16 districts covered under our scope did not
observed any Member of Parliament candidate nominated and campaigning on the
ticket of Go Forward.
Analysis of Go Forward campaign expenditure shows that the biggest expense was
incurred on campaign materials (18.8 per cent) followed by Campaign Events which
52
were mostly rallies by candidate JPAM across the countrys 112 districts (18.1 per
cent. Remuneration of campaign managers, grass root mobilisers and polling agents
was the third most expensive category of campaign spending translating into 13.7
per cent. Advertising and transport expenses are 13.5 per cent and 11.5 per cent
respectively. ACFIM observers reported that spending by Go Forwards JPAM was
the most sophisticated of the eight Presidential candidates to monitor because he
mostly used mobile money to pay campaign agents, mobilisers, and make donations.
Table 21: Go Forward Expenses - The Breakdown
CAMPAIGN SPEMDING BY GO FORWARD
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
ESTIMATES

Bandanas etc
1,541,288,000
18.8
Campaign
Events/Rally/
Meetings

1,483,800,000
18.1
Campaign Managers/Agents/
Mobilisers

Subcounty Supervisors etc.
1,125,774,000
13.7
Advertising
1,110,441,000
13.5
Transport Expenses
Fuel & Hire of Buses, Lorries, Boda-Bodas, Helicopter, Van/Taxis, Cars etc
946,869,000
11.5
Handout Materials
673,984,000
8.2
384,596,700
4.7
Campaign Offices Equipment/Furniture/Computer/Internet & Attendants/Drivers etc

Electronic &
Print Media

Newspaper Adverts & Shows ,SMS/Robbo Calls etc
357,811,000
4.4
Donations, Fund- Cash to Voters, Churches, Schools,

raisings & Vote
women &Youth Groups
Buying
357,203,000
Others
Facilitation for Organising Committee,

Contibution to TDA, Pressure Groups etc
236,710,000
2.9
TOTAL
8,218,476,700
100.0
53
4.3
Figure 19: Illustration of Go Forward Expenses by Category
Go Forward Supporter with candidate Amama Mbabazi T-Shirt and Stickers. Bodaboda cyclists (like one
in the picture) received cash facilitation sometimes wired by mobile money to brand their motorcycles as
such especially on the day candidate Mbabazi was expected to hold campaign rally.
54
Caption: Go Forward political group spent significantly on erecting metallic podiums at campaign rallies.
5.10 How UPC Money Was Spent - The Breakdown

Analysis from ACFIM database shows that the biggest amount of campaign
expenditure made under the auspices of Uganda Peoples Congress (UPC) party
was by candidates contesting in the Member of Parliament races. These candidates
combined spent UGX 762 million (US$ 224,117.65) representing 85.2 per cent of the
total spending by the party. The rest of the money UGX 132 billion (14.8 per cent) was
spent at the party headquarters on Uganda House to organise the party delegates
conference.
Table 22: UPC Party Expenses - The Breakdown
WHO IS SPENDING?
OVERALL ESTIMATES
UPC Party
132,000,000
14.8
MPs
762,453,000
85.2
TOTAL
894,453,000
100.0
55
Figure 20: UPC Party Expenses - The Breakdown
5.11 How DP Money Was Spent - The Breakdown

The combined minimum campaign spending by the Democratic Party (DP) was
UGX 1.7 billion (US$ 488,643.82) of which UGX 1.5 billion was spent by candidates
contesting in the race for Member of Parliament. The balance of UGX 153,080,000
(US$ 45,023.53) was spent at the party headquarters to organise the delegates
conference.
Table 23: UPC Party Expenses - The Breakdown
WHO IS SPENDING?
DP Party
OVERALL EXPENSES
153,080,000
9.2
MPs
1,508,309,000
90.8
TOTAL
1,661,389,000
100.0
56
Figure 21: UPC Party Expenses - The Breakdown
Nabukenya Brenda, Former District Woman MP Luwero addressing a rally at Kasana
57
Expenses on Calendars with Candidates Photos.
5.12 Analysis Campaign Expenses by Other Parties

The description Other Parties comprises of smaller political parties like Conservative
Party (CP), Peoples Development Party (PDP), Farmers Party of Uganda (FPU), Justice
Forum (JEEMA), Social Democratic Party (SDP), and Uganda Federal Alliance (UFA)
among others that put forward a candidate or two in the Presidential and Member
of Parliament races. The biggest campaign expense incurred by Other Parties was on
Selected Campaign Materials (21.7 per cent), followed by facilitation for Campaign
Managers and Polling Agents (13 per cent), and Transport Expenses (12.3 per cent).
Campaign Events including rallies and consultative meetings consumed 12.1 per cent
of the total observed campaign expenses. Details of minimum amounts of money
spent are provided in the following table.
Table 24: Breakdown of Other Political Parties Expenses
CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR OTHER PARTIES
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
Selected Campaign
Materials

Bandanas etc
924,100,000
21.7
Campaign Managers/Agents/Mobilisers
Polling Station Agents, Village/Parish/Subcounty Supervisors & Coordinators etc
554,086,000
13.0
58
EXPENSES
CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR OTHER PARTIES

ITEM
DESCRIPTION
EXPENSES
Transport Expenses
Fuel & Hire of Buses, Lorries, Boda-Bodas, Helicopter, Van/Taxis, Cars

etc
524,316,000
12.3
Campaign Events/
Rally/Meetings

513,120,000
12.1
Conferences
Selecting and Coordinating party flag

bearers, party contribution to flag
bearers, accompanying flagbearers
on campaign trail
495,780,000
11.7
Outdoor Advertising
Posters, Fliers, Banners & Billboards

etc
427,297,000
10.0
Handout Materials
261,190,000
6.1
Campaign Offices
Equipment/Furniture/Computer/Internet & Attendants/Drivers etc
147,898,000
3.5
Donations & Voter

Hospitality
Cash to Voters, Churches, Schools,

Youth Groups, Women Groups etc
130,770,000
3.1
Electronic & Print

Media

Newspaper Adverts & Shows ,SMS/
Robbo Calls etc
15,399,000
0.4
Others
Upkeep for Team on Campaign Trail,

Facilitation for Organising Committee
etc
261,099,000
6.1
TOTAL
4,255,055,000
100.0
Figure 22: Other Parties Expenses - The Breakdown
59
6. OVERALL CAMPAIGN SPENDING

BY PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES
This section disaggregates campaign spending by presidential candidates. On
November 3rd and 4th 2015, eight candidates (on which only one was female) were
duly nominated at Nelson Mandela National Stadium to contest for President in
the 2016 general elections. These were: incumbent president Yoweri Museveni, Dr.
Abed Bwanika, Prof. Venansius Baryamureeba, Dr. Kiiza Besigye, Rt. Hon. Amama
Mbabazi, Gen. Benon R.M. Biraaro, Joseph Mabirizi, and Mourine Faith Walube
Kyalya.
Expenses by all presidential candidates were observed at constituency level in

16 districts for the months of November 2015, December 2015, January 2016 and
February 2016. According to the ACFIM database, a combined minimum of UGX
122.5 billion (US$ 36 million) is estimated to have been spent by all presidential
candidates during this period. By way of extrapolation in view of the 112 districts
Uganda is made of, ACFIM estimates that presidential candidates spent a combined
total of at least 857 billion UGX (approximately US$ 252 million). This figure excludes
activities conducted at national level directly by party headquarters/secretariats. In
other words, spending on delegates conferences, party primaries and coordination
among others are exclusive of this estimated figure.
Going by the above extrapolation, incumbent candidate Yoweri Kaguta Museveni is
estimated to have spent a minimum of US$ 231 million on campaign train in the 112
districts on Uganda. He is followed by Amama Mbabazi with an estimated minimum
of US$ 15.9 million, Kizza Besigye US$ 4.5 million, Venasius Baryamureeba US$ 0.46
million, Benon Biraaro US$ 0.26 million, Abed Bwanika US$ 0.24 million, Joseph
Mabirizi US$ 0.13 million and Maureen Kyalya US$ 0.02 million.
The pie chart and table that follow indicate that the incumbent candidate Yoweri
Museveni outspent the other candidates by 91.5 per cent compared with the
second biggest spender, candidate Amama Mbabazi (6.3 percent) and third biggest,
candidate Kizza Besigye (1.8 per cent). The lowest spender among presidential
candidates was candidate Mourine Faith Walube Kyalya representing 0.01 per cent of
the observed combined expenditure by presidential candidates. Other candidates
spending was below 2 per cent namely: Venasius Baryamureeba (0.18 per cent),
Benon Biraaro (0.1 per cent), Abed Bwanika (0.1 per cent) and Joseph Mabirizi (0.05
per cent).
60
Figure 23: Minimum Expenses by Candidates (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
61
62
12,543
14,532
11,571
3,710
5,950,153
Biraaro
Bwanika
Mabirizi
Kyalya
TOTAL
299
19.35
23,717,766
1,983
14,915
19,779
18,779
64,330
847,103
498,237
22,252,640
Estimates
(000s)
Dec-2015
-28
31.60
38,726,874
2,592
23,632
44,871
55,799
34,200
551,230
3,427,440
34,587,110
Estimates
(000s)
Feb-2016
100.00
122,544,515
10,361
62,881
118,945
125,997
224,367
2,182,790
7,739,031
112,080,144
Combined
Spending in 16
Districts
(000s)
128
44.19
54,149,722
2,076
12,763
39,763
38,876
94,435
654,900
2,964,231
50,342,678
Estimates
(000s)
Jan-2016
31,402
Balyamureba
Monthly Increase
129,557
Besigye
4.86
849,123
Amama
Overall Month %
4,897,716
Nov-2015
Estimates
(000s)
Museveni
CANDIDATE
PRESIDENTIAL
Table 25: Minimum Expenses by Presidential Candidates (Nov. 2015 Feb. 2016)
100.00
0.01
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.18
1.78
6.32
91.46
Overall
%
857,811,605
72,524
440,167
832,615
881,979
1,570,569
15,279,527
54,173,217
784,561,008
Projection for
All Districts
(000s)
252,297,530.88
21,330.44
129,460.88
244,886.76
259,405.59
461,932.06
4,493,978.38
15,933,299.12
230,753,237.65
Projection in
US Dollars
6.1 Trends in Combined Spending by Presidential Candidates

January 2016 was the month in which presidential candidates spent the most amount
of money with a combined minimum expenditure of UGX 54.1 billion (44.2 per cent)
of the overall expenditure on the campaign trail. This was followed by the month of
February 2016 with UGX 38.7 billion UGX (31.6%) and December 2015 with 23.7 billion
UGX (19.4%). The month with the lowest expenditure by the presidential candidates
was the month of November 2015 with expenses amounting to 5.95 billion UGX
(4.9%) of the total expenditure.
The figure below shows the minimum expenses of presidential candidate by month
(November 2015 February 2016).
Figure 24: Monthly Variations in Combined Spending of Presidential Candidates
6.2 Analysis of Monthly Spending by Presidential Candidates

Whereas the previous section shows that combined campaign spending was highest
in January 2016, deeper analysis reveals that only two candidates recorded peak
spending in this month, and this was Yoweri Museveni and Venasius Baryamureeba.
It is noted that during the almost four month campaign period (November
2015-February 2016), candidates recorded peak spending in different months on
the campaign trail. Candidates - Amama Mababazi Benon Biraaro, Abed Bwanika,
Joseph Mabirizi and Maureen Faith Kyalya recorded their highest campaign spending
in February 2016 the month of the elections. Candidate Kizza Besigyes highest
63
spending month was December 2015. The degrees of spending depended on the
volume of campaign activities that the candidate had in a particular month.
In contrast, the months were candidates spent the least were in the following:
Yoweri Kaguta Museveni (November 2015), Amama Mbabazi (December 2015), Kizza
Besigye (November 2015), Venasius Baryamureeba (November 2015), Benon Biraaro
(November 2015), Abed Bwanika (November 2015), Joseph Mabirizi (November
2015) and Maureen Kyalya (December 2015). Figure 7 below shows the presidential
candidates expenses (month by month).
Figure 25: Minimum Candidates Estimates per Month (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
6.3 Variation in Campaign Spending by Month

The presidential candidates either increased or decreased their campaign spending
from one month to another. Between the months of November 2015 and December
2015, there was an overall increase in combined spending of 299 per cent. There was
also an overall increase in expenses by 98 per cent between the months of December
2015 and January 2016. However spending reduced by 44 per cent between the
months of January 2016 and February 2016 which may be partly attributed to the
fact that the campaign period during this month was less than 17 days - a shorter
period of time.
6.4 Breakdown of Campaign Spending of Presidential Candidates

Presidential candidates spent their money on a number of items during the election
period. The biggest expense was 22.9 per cent on selected campaign materials
(Shirts, T-Shirts, Fliers, Caps, Badges, Bandanas etc.), followed by donations
(cash to voters, churches, schools, youth groups, women groups etc.) at 19.2 per
64
cent. In third position was transport expenses (fuel & hire of buses, lorries, bodabodas, helicopter, van/taxis, cars etc.) at 13.1 per cent. Facilitation of Campaign
Managers/Agents (Polling Station Agents, Village/Parish/Sub-county Supervisors &
Coordinators etc) accounted for 11.5 per cent followed by Campaign Events/Rally/
Meetings (Venue, Tents, Chairs, Public Address, Drinks, Entertainment, Security etc.)
at 8.8 per cent.
ACFIM observers reported that candidate Yoweri Museveni outstripped other

candidates in offering donations. It is further reported that in the evenings while on
campaign trail, Museveni would be visited by groups of elders in the community, local
women leaders or youth to whom he is reported to have donated cash per person
in amounts ranging between UGX 500,000 and 1,000,000. However whereas some
elders who received these gifts disclosed this information with ACFIM observers,
we could not independently verify this information. As such these figures on cash
donations by candidate Museveni are not part of the computation provided in this
report.
Table 26: Presidential Candidates Combined Expenses - The Breakdown
CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR ALL PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
EXPENSES

Bandanas etc
28,113,168,000
Donations &
Fundraisings

23,501,536,000
Transport Expenses

Boda-Bodas, Helicopter, Van/Taxis,
Cars etc
16,072,202,000
Campaign Managers/Agents
14,146,710,300
Campaign
Events/Rally/
Meetings
Venue, Tents, Chairs, Public Address, Drinks, Entertainment, Security etc
10,724,928,000
Advertising

etc
Handout Materials
Electronic &
Print Media

Robbo Calls etc
65
%
22.9
19.2
13.1
11.5
8.8
9,728,901,000
7.9
8,120,902,000
6.6
5,674,970,000
4.6
CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR ALL PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES

ITEM
DESCRIPTION
EXPENSES
Campaign Offices
Office Rent, Equipment/Furniture/

Computer/Internet & Attendants/
Drivers etc
3,469,644,200
2.8
Others
Legal Fees, Upkeep for Team on

Campaign Trail etc
2,991,553,500
2.4
122,544,515,000
100.0
TOTAL
Figure 26: Breakdown of Presidential Candidates Combined Expenses
6.5 Campaign Spending Categories Disaggregated by Presidential

Candidate
From the next table it is observed that Yoweri Museveni (23.2%), Amama Mbabazi
(17.3%), Kizza Besigye (30.3%), Venasius Baryamureeba (27.9%), Benon Biraaro
(23.4%) and Maureen Kyalya (30.9%) spent most of their expenditure on Selected
Campaign Materials (Shirts, T-Shirts, Fliers, Caps, Badges, Bandanas etc) whereas
Abed Bwanika (21.7%) spent most of his expenditure on Campaign Managers/Agents
(Polling Station Agents, Village/Parish/Sub county Supervisors & Coordinators etc)
and Joseph Mabirizi (23.8%) spent most of his expenditure on Campaign Events/Rally/
Meetings (Venue, Tents, Chairs, Public Address, Drinks, Entertainment, Security etc).
It is further noted from the same table that only two candidates, Yoweri Museveni
and Amama Mbabazi, provided donations, handed out materials and engaged in
other forms of voter hospitality including giving provision of food and drinks to
campaign rally attendees.
66
67
8,290,380
23,144,333
7,446,918
5,122,196
25,982,132
9,076,240
14,721,625
12,630,400
2,976,190
2,689,730
112,080,144
Handout Materials
Electronic & Print Media
Transport Expenses
Campaign Offices
Others
TOTAL
Museveni
Advertising
ITEM
7,739,031
236,710
384,597
1,146,328
946,869
1,283,800
1,341,288
357,811
673,984
357,203
1,010,441
Amama
224,367
6,048
9,495
38,160
21,825
28,800
62,500
16,100
41,439
Barya
125,997
2,580
5,460
18,340
16,926
9,681
29,510
17,320
26,180
Biraaro
2,182,790
52,624
85,820
272,257
340,220
297,822
662,050
139,727
332,270
Besigye
118,945
2,437
5,170
25,852
15,447
11,730
23,217
13,481
21,611
Bwanika
62,881
1,210
2,419
13,827
7,944
14,964
9,272
7,685
5,560
Mabirizi
CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR ALL PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES (000s)
Table 27: All Presidential Candidates Expenses - The Breakdown
2,991,554
3,469,644
14,146,710
16,072,202
10,724,928
28,113,168
5,674,970
8,120,902
23,501,536
9,728,901
TOTAL
10,361 122,544,515
215
494
1,546
1,346
1,891
3,199
650
1,020
Kyalya
100.0
2.4
2.8
11.5
13.1
8.8
22.9
4.6
6.6
19.2
7.9
6.6 Yoweri Kaguta Museveni Expenses - The Breakdown

The biggest campaign expense by candidate Yoweri Kaguta Museveni was incurred
on selected campaign materials (23.2 per cent), followed by donations and 20.6 per
cent, and transport expenses at 13.1 per cent. Facilitation of campaign managers/
agents accounted for 11.3 per cent of the total estimates while 8.1 per cent was
spent on campaign events including rallies at constituency level.
Table 28: Yoweri Kaguta Museveni Expenses - The Breakdown
CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR YOWERI KAGUTA MUSEVENI
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
EXPENSES
Selected
Campaign
Materials
Shirts, T-Shirts, Fliers, Caps,

Badges, Bandanas etc
25,982,132,000
23.2
Donations

23,144,333,000
20.6
Transport
Expenses

Boda-Bodas, Helicopter, Van/Taxis,
Cars etc
14,721,625,000
13.1
Campaign
Polling Station & Campaign
Managers/Agents Agents, Village/Parish/Subcounty
Supervisors & Coordinators etc
12,630,400,000
11.3
Campaign
Events/Rally/
Meetings
Venue, Tents, Chairs, Public Address, Drinks, Entertainment,

Security etc
9,076,240,000
8.1
Advertising

etc
8,290,380,000
7.4
Handout
Materials
7,446,918,000
6.6
Electronic &
Print Media

Robbo Calls etc
5,122,196,000
4.6
Campaign Offices Equipment/Furniture/Computer/

Internet & Attendants/Drivers etc
2,976,190,000
2.7
Others
Legal Fees, Upkeep for Team on

Campaign Trail etc
2,689,730,000
2.4
TOTAL
112,080,144,000 100.0
68
Figure 27: Yoweri Kaguta Museveni Expenses - The Breakdown
Candidates spent significantly on branded T-shirts Branded such as these observed donned by supporters
of candidate Yoweri Museveni in this photograph.
69
Expenses on Caps, Badges & T-Shirts for Candidates
Expenses on Tents, Venue, Chairs & Banners for Museveni Rallies
70
Expenses on Tranport (Kamunye/Taxis) for

Museveni Rallies
Entertainers & Disco Passing through Town before

Musevenis Rallies
6.7 Amama Mbabazi Expenses - The Breakdown

The biggest expense by Amama Mbabazi was 17.3 per cent on selected campaign
materials, followed by 16.6 per cent on campaign events like rallies and meetings,
14.8 per cent on campaign managers/agents, 13.1 per cent on Advertising, 12.2 per
cent on transport expenses and 8.7 per cent on handout materials.
Table 29: Amama Mbabazi Estimates - The Breakdown
CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR AMAMA MBABAZI
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
ESTIMATES
Selected
Campaign
Materials
Shirts, T-Shirts, Fliers, Caps, Badges, Bandanas etc
1,341,288,000
17.3
Campaign
Events/Rally/
Meetings
Venue, Tents, Chairs, Public Address, Drinks,

Entertainment, Security etc
1,283,800,000
16.6
Campaign
Managers/
Agents
1,146,328,300
14.8
Advertising
1,010,441,000
13.1
Transport
Expenses

946,869,000
12.2
Handout Mate- Sugar, Salt, Hoes, Seeds etc

rials
673,984,000
8.7
Campaign
Offices
384,596,700
5.0
Electronic &
Print Media
357,811,000
4.6
Donations

357,203,000
4.6
71
CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR AMAMA MBABAZI

ITEM
DESCRIPTION
Others
Legal Fees, Contibution to TDA, Pressure

Groups etc
TOTAL
ESTIMATES
236,710,000
3.1
7,739,031,000
100.0
Figure 28: Amama Mbabazi Estimates - The Breakdown
Amama Mbabazi Campaign Poster and T-Shirt
72
6.8 Kizza Besigye Estimates - The Breakdown

The biggest expense by Kizza Besigye was 30.3 per cent on selected campaign
materials, followed by 15.6 per cent on transport expenses, 15.2 per cent on
advertising, 13.6 per cent on campaign events rallies, meetings and 12.5 per cent
on campaign managers/agents.
Table 30: Kizza Besigye Estimates - The Breakdown
CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR KIZZA BESIGYE
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
ESTIMATES
Selected Campaign
Materials
662,050,000
30.3
Transport Expenses
Fuel & Hire of Buses, Lorries, Boda-Bodas, Helicopter,

Van/Taxis, Cars etc
340,220,000
15.6
Advertising
332,270,000
15.2
Campaign Events/
Rally/Meetings
Venue, Tents, Chairs, Public Address, Drinks, Entertainment, Security etc
297,822,000
13.6
272,257,000
12.5
Electronic & Print

Media
Journalists Facilitation, Radio/TV/Newspaper Adverts &

Shows ,SMS/Robbo Calls etc
139,727,000
6.4
Campaign Offices
Equipment/Furniture/Computer/Internet & Attendants/

Drivers etc
85,819,500
3.9
Cash to Voters, Churches, Schools, Youth Groups,

Women Groups etc
0.0
Handout Materials
0.0
Others
Upkeep for Team on Campaign Trail etc
52,624,000
2.4
TOTAL
2,182,789,500
100.0
Figure 29: Kizza Besigye Estimates - The Breakdown
73
FDC spent on erecting metallic Campaign podiums and powerful Public Address Systems.
Campaign Contributions from Party Supporters and Well-wishers

ACFIM Research Assistants reported that candidate Kizza Besigye profiled himself
from the start as the candidate with the least resources. By doing so he reportedly
avoided expenses by not providing donations, handout materials and the different
forms of voter hospitality. Instead it is the voters who made campaign contributions
to him in the form of cash or in kind. It was further reported that candidate Museveni
on some occasions received in-kind donations from some voters.
The campaign trail of candidate Kizza Besigye was characterized with images like this one where citizens
donated money towards his campaign expenses. ACFIM observers in Bushenyi District reported that
on Sunday the 20th of December 2015, candidate Kizza Besigye (pictured above) attended mass at
St Kagwa Parish church and later a service at All Saints Church. Christians in both churches made total
cash contributions of UGX 1.2million towards his campaign financing. The principles of transparency and
accountability demand that FDC party leadership come out to publicly declare the total of the campaign
income raised through grass root contributions such as the one seen in the photograph above and how
the money was utilised..
74
Goat donated to Muwanga Alfred Salongo (Independent-Katikamu South Constituency) by supporters at

Waluleeta- Makulubita Sub County
6.9 Campaign Spending at District Level

The table below shows that most of the spending by Candidates/Parties at
constituency level during the observed period was in Kampala District (27.3 per
cent), followed by Luweero District (16.0 per cent), Masaka District (9.4 per cent),
Iganga District (7.5 per cent) and Jinja District (7.2 per cent). The least expenditure
was in the districts of Nwoya (1.1 per cent), Hoima (1.6 per cent), Kanungu (2.1 per
cent), Kabalore (2.3 per cent) and Apac (2.6 per cent).
75
76
1,281,064,900
1,113,817,200
KABALE
APAC
Overall Month %
14.9
49,625,169,000
1,524,316,200
MOROTO
TOTAL
1,675,587,000
LIRA
708,302,000
2,130,552,200
ARUA
NWOYA
2,283,512,000
KATAKWI
826,031,600
2,975,282,000
BUSHENYI
HOIMA
3,296,972,800
JINJA
780,340,000
3,320,783,000
IGANGA
KANUNGU
4,417,323,100
MASAKA
807,675,000
8,874,592,000
LUWEERO
KABAROLE
13,609,018,000
Nov-2015
KAMPALA
District
26.4
88,063,034,700
1,128,108,000
1,259,060,000
1,997,027,500
1,890,503,400
2,125,504,200
2,575,309,000
2,841,009,000
2,322,366,200
3,721,684,000
4,263,801,000
5,593,768,000
6,241,036,000
6,153,370,900
8,491,767,000
14,599,592,500
22,859,128,000
Dec-2015
35.5
118,348,132,000
1,232,459,000
2,134,590,000
2,550,278,000
2,437,855,000
2,997,860,000
3,217,990,000
3,247,550,000
4,326,790,000
4,532,400,000
3,715,950,000
4,267,800,000
8,111,750,000
8,643,510,000
11,823,600,000
19,425,550,000
35,682,200,000
Jan-2016
Table 31: Minimum District Expenses per Month (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
23.0
76,756,095,000
754,860,000
975,571,000
1,700,420,000
2,500,210,000
2,341,360,000
2,400,240,000
3,201,159,000
3,200,580,000
3,009,755,000
3,845,780,000
4,246,660,000
6,328,800,000
6,995,500,000
6,688,960,000
9,854,300,000
18,711,940,000
Feb-2016
100.0
333,225,430,700
3,823,729,000
5,195,252,600
7,028,065,500
7,636,243,400
8,578,541,400
9,474,603,900
10,814,034,200
11,525,323,200
13,394,391,200
14,109,043,000
17,083,510,000
23,978,558,800
25,113,163,900
31,421,650,100
53,187,034,500
90,862,286,000
OVERALL TOTAL
1.1
1.6
2.1
2.3
2.6
2.8
3.2
3.5
4.0
4.2
5.1
7.2
7.5
9.4
16.0
27.3
100.0
Overall %
Figure 30: Minimum District Expenses per Month (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
Mobile Clinic donated by incumbent MP Makindye East, Kampala District, Hon. John Ssimbwa (NRM flag
bearer). He also provided commuter vans to transport voters from Makindye East to the central business
district. Despite this spending, Hon. Ssimbwa lost the election to FDC candidate Ibrahim Kasozi.
77
Figure 31: Percentage Minimum District Expenses per Month (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
78
7. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AT
CONSTITUENCY LEVEL
7.1 Type of Event Observed
Table 32: Type of Event Observed (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
TYPE OF EVENT
PERCENT
Campaign Rally
66.4
Campaign meeting
17.7
Consultative meeting
6.0
Other
9.9
TOTAL
100.0
Figure 32: Type of Event Observed (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
The table and bar graph above show that several events were observed during the
campaign period (November 3rd 2015 February 16th 2016). These events included
campaign rallies (66 per cent), campaign meetings (18 per cent), consultative
meetings (6 per cent) and other events. Major spending items on a campaign rally
included public address systems, campaign platforms, facilitation of musicians, hire
of tents and plastic chairs, food and sodas/water. The most expensive campaign
rallies observed were those organised for presidential candidate Yoweri Museveni
which had a standard budget of UGX 20,000,000 (US$ 5,882). These were managed
by the constituency mobiliser and had a clear breakdown as was presented earlier
in this report. At Member of Parliament level the candidates were observed to have
spent on average UGX 2,337,267 on each campaign rally.
79
The drinks served to attendees on Candidate Museveni Rallies This particular consignment was in
observed in Usuk, Katakwi district.
Branded Mineral Water Bottles for some Candidates
7.2 Duration of Campaign Rallies/Events

Table 33: Duration of Events Observed (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
DURATION OF EVENT
PER CENT
0-1hr
45.4
1-2hrs
32.4
2-3hrs
12.3
Over 3hrs
TOTAL
9.9
100.0
The table shows that the majority of campaign rallies/events (45.4 per cent) were
held for one hour or less in the constituencies. Events held for 1-2 hours were the
80
second most common (32.4 per cent) while those that went beyond 3 hours were
the least observed. The following pie chart illustrates this further.
Figure 33: Duration of Events Observed (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
7.3 Estimated Number of Participants on Campaign Events

The table below shows that 42.6 per cent of the events observed by ACFIM Research
Assistants had the number of participants/attendees ranging between 500 and 1,000
people and a third (33.8 per cent) of the events had less than 1,000 participants.
These were mainly rallies of presidential candidates. Rallies/events of presidential
candidates drew huge crowds at constituency level estimated to over 1,000. Crowds
were particularly big for candidates Museveni, Besigye and Amama Mbabazi. The
rallies for Member of Parliament races attracted far less attendees. Events that had
below 100 people were about 6.3 per cent.
Table 34: Estimated Number of Participants (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS

500-1000
Over 1000
100-500
Below 100
Total
81
PERCENT
42.6
33.8
17.3
6.3
100.0
Figure 34: Estimated Number of Participants (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
7.4 Expenses on Means of Transport Used

Different means of transport were used to arrive at campaign events/rallies.
According to the data on expenses, the most common type used was Coasters (20
per cent), followed by Buses (19 per cent) and Van/Taxi/Matatu (19 per cent). Other
means used were Boda-Bodas (17 per cent), Saloon Cars (10 per cent) and Trucks/
Lorries (8 per cent).
Table 35: Expenses on Means of Transport Used (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
TYPE OF AUTOMOBILE USED

Coaster (s)
Bus (es)
Van/Taxi/Matatu
Boda-Bodas
Saloon Cars
Trucks/Lorries
Pick-ups
Helicopter
Others
TOTAL
PERCENT
19.96
19.33
18.87
16.67
10.43
7.86
5.52
1.07
0.29
100.00
82
Figure 35: Event/Rally/Consultative Meetings Expenses (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
7.5 Expenses on Campaign Materials

Branded Shirts & T-Shirts (48 per cent), Posters (23 per cent), Fliers (8 per cent) and
Banners (5 per cent) took up the biggest chunk of the campaign materials expenses.
Table 36: Expenses on Campaign Materials (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
CAMPAIGN MATERIALS
PERCENT
T-Shirts
41.7
Posters
22.8
Fliers
7.8
Shirts
7.3
Banners
5.1
Capes
5.0
Billboards
3.3
Badges
3.3
Bandanas
0.5
Wrist Bands
0.2
Branded Kitenges
0.1
Others
2.8
TOTAL
100.0
83
Figure 36: Expenses on Campaign Materials (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
7.6 Expenses on Electronic and Print Media

From the next table it can be seen that when it came to media the largest portion
of spending by candidates went to radio. This means to include talk shows (48.7
per cent), jingles (29 per cent) and DJ mentions (5.9 per cent). The table further
shows that almost a tenth (9.7 per cent) of campaign spending on media went
to facilitating journalists who were accompanying candidates on their campaign
trail. At Presidential level, journalists travelling on candidate Musevenis campaign
trail received daily facilitation of UGX 150,000 per day to cover their lodging and
upkeep costs. ACFIM observers reported that candidate Museveni had a team of 20
journalists on his campaign trail.
Table 37: Expenses on Electronic and Print Media (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
ELECTRONIC AND PRINT MEDIA ITEMS
PERCENT
Talk Shows
48.7
Radio Adverts/Jingles
29.0
Facilitation for Journalists
9.7
DJ Mentions
5.9
SMS Blasts
2.9
Print media
2.3
Robbo calls
1.6
TOTAL
0.0
84
Figure 37: Expenses on Electronic and Print Media (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
7.7 Event/Rally/Consultative Meetings Expenses Resources

The next table shows that donations in kind by candidates and physical cash
combined took up more than 70% of the event/rally/consultative meetings expenses.
The impetus of political candidates donating generously was clearly to induce voters
to vote for them come February the 18th, 2016. Other expenses accounted were
transport refunds for campaign attendees (9.8 per cent), public address (6.2 per
cent) and food (4.0 per cent).
Table 38: Event/Rally/Consultative Meetings Expenses (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
RESOURCE/EXPENSE
PERCENT
Donation by candidate
39.27
Cash to Voters & Agents
31.81
Transport refunds to Event Attendees
9.81
Public Address
6.16
Food
4.01
Musicians/Entertainment
3.55
Soda
1.36
Security
1.01
Water
0.92
Tents
0.74
Venue
0.69
Chairs
0.29
85
RESOURCE/EXPENSE
PERCENT
Alcohol
0.24
Ambulance
0.15
TOTAL
100.00
Nomination day for Member of Parliament candidates in Luweero district: Above left is a state of the art
platform build by independent candidate Patricia Magara of Katikamu South constituency.
Figure 38: Event/Rally/Consultative Meetings Expenses (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
86
8. ANALYSIS OF DONATIONS
TO VOTERS
8.1 Donations by Candidates
The practice of candidates offering donations to voters was prevalent in all the
constituencies in the 16 districts of our geographical scope. Whereas at presidential
level it was just a few candidates that offered donations, all candidates in the
Member of Parliament races across all parties that contested in the campaigns were
observed donating to various groups of voters personally and on some occasions,
through campaign agents. The difference was in the degrees. These donations were
either in cash or in kind. In kind items included ambulances branded with candidates
photographs, solar powered lights, bicycles, iron sheets, cement, hoes, seeds,
football jerseys, source pans, plastic chairs, tents, mattresses, branded cloths,
T-shirts, and helmets for cyclists among others.
This generosity was a ploy to avoid being construed as engaging in voter bribery
which is an offense under the Presidential Elections Act (as emended) 2005 and the
Parliamentary Elections Act (as amended) 2005. Candidates hid under the cover of
livelihood improvement initiatives to donate cash and items with a clear purpose
of inducing voters to vote for them. This practice started as early as May 2015 and
continued throughout the months of October, November, December 2015 and
January 2016. In Arua district observers reported that donations to churches and
mosques were prevalent in all the eight constituencies (including district woman
MP). In Moroto district the incumbent woman MP donated branded kitenge cloth
materials to women. Incumbent MPs for Kwania constituency in Apac and Bugwere
in Iganga districts donated hoes and hybrid maize seeds and candidate Jack Sabiiti
(FDC) donated cash Ugx 1million to Kashambya Parents Primary School. In Rubanda
East Hon. Musasizi donated 30 bags of cement to Karagama Church of Uganda and
St.Thomas Aquinas Primary Schools.
The next table illustrates how churches were the major recipients of the donations
(41.9 per cent), followed by schools at 26.4 per cent. Other beneficiaries included
in women groups (17.7 per cent), mosques (3.7 per cent) and youth groups (3.1 per
cent).
87
Table 39: Expenses on Donations
ITEM
Churches
Schools
Women Groups
Mosques
Youth Groups
Others
TOTAL
PERCENT
41.9
26.4
17.7
3.7
3.1
7.3
100.0
Figure 39: Donations & Fundraising
88
Bicycles donated by the incumbent candidate for Iganga District Woman MP Hon. Olivia Kabale. She lost
the seat to Hallat Kawuda who had donated fumigation services against bedbugs to every household in
the entire Municipality of Iganga and surrounding sub counties.
Cash Donation for livelihood improvement or Voter Bribery? The Race for Jinja East
Constituency Member of Parliament.
Top Left: One of the youth leaders (yellow T-shirt) displaying

a cash bundle of Ugx 5m which he had just received from NRM
flagbearer in the race for Jinja East constituency Igeme Nathan
Nabeta (2nd right) while the RDC Jinja, Gulume Richard (1st
right in suit) and others looked on.
Top Right & Bottom Left: Women leaders counting cash
bundles of Ugx 1m each received while the leader of one of
the local womens development groups (left in yellow T-shirt)
is all smiles upon receiving Ugx 10m. The event took place
at Main Street Primary School in Jinja in August, 2015 where
Nathan Igeme Nabeta made cash donations of over Ugx
40m to different groups of women and youth for livelihood
improvement programmes. Nabeta is now the MP-elect having
polled the highest number of votes beating the incumbent MP
from FDC Party Hon. Paul Mwiru. Cash donations like these
were observed in all the 16 districts.
89
90
Bazaar, Public Library
Bugongi
KANUNGU
Nabitambala
KABAROLE
Mafumbira/Wairaka
JINJA
Rutengye, Kazooha
Buwabe
Bulowoza
IGANGA
Central Ward
9/24/2015
Kyamukenda
KABALE
9/22/2015
Kidoma, Nyabunyira
HOIMA
10/21/2015
10/2/2015
10/24/2015
10/25/2015
9/16/2015
9/20/2015
10/10/2015
10/26/2015
10/22/2015
Kibaare
12/14/2015
Ryeishe, Kitabi
12/15/2015
Okollo Trading Centre
BUSHENYI
12/11/2015
Kenya, Club Village
9/23/2015
Ayumi London
ARUA
9/7/2015
Awiri, Awiri
APAC
Date
Parish/Village
District
Namunye Mosque
Njara Church Of Uganda
Kashambya Parents P. S
All Saints Church
Farmers
Pregnant Women
Community
Kasolo Women Group
Kitana Catholic Church
Tugende Omumaiso
Bwooma Women Group
Kitabi Women Group
Appreciation of Supporters
Fundraising
St. Peters Catholic Church
Church
Organization
NRM
NRM
FDC
NRM
NRM
NRM
NRM
NRM
NRM
NRM
NRM
Independent
Independent
Go Forward
NRM
UPC
Party
EXAMPLES OF DONATIONS DURING CAMPAIGNS
Table 40: Examples of Donations in November and December 2015
Cash
Cash
Cash
Cash
Maize Seeds
Mama Kits
Cash
Cash
Cash
Cash
Cash
Cash
Cash
Cash
Cement
Cement
Donation
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
100,000
14,000,000
100 Kits
1,000,000
300,000
300,000
400,000
1,500,000
100,000
300,000
1,000,000
40 Bags
2,250,000
Total Estimate
91
Wobulenzi
Kasana Kisaawe
Kyabakuza A
Kamuzinda, Bukunda
Kimanya, Kigamba
LUWEERO
MASAKA
Anaka Town Council
9/20/2015
Ongongoja, Akwamor
NWOYA
11/9/2015
Northern Ward,Katanga
KATAKWI
9/26/2015
10/23/2015
11/1/2015
11/23/2015
10/10/2015
9/20/2015
10/20/2015
Katete
Date
Parish/Village
District
Community, Hospital
St Lucia
Teachers Day
Kyabakuza Catholic Parish
Healthy Centre 5
Kwagalana Women Group
Akwamor Village
St Steven Catholic Church
Kirima Community S S
Organization
NRM
NRM
DP
DP
NRM
Independent
NRM
NRM
NRM
Party
EXAMPLES OF DONATIONS DURING CAMPAIGNS
Ambulance,
Basins & Boreholes
Desks
Beddings
Cash
Cash
Iron Sheets
Iron Sheets
Cash
Bursaries
Donation
102,200,000
2,000,000
880,000
1,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
3,640,000
10,000,000
1,000,000
Total Estimate
8.2 Donations by Presidential Candidates

President Yoweri K. Museveni made more donations than any of the other aspiring
candidates. These donations started as early as January 2015 and were made in a
manner that was construed to be aimed at enhancing his candidature that was to be
confirmed less than five months later. Between May and August 2015, the incumbent
president made observable cash donations totalling at least UGX 13.5 billion (US$ 3.9
million) to different categories of voters. He made donations in September 2015 of at
least UGX 500 million (US$148,529) and in October of UGX 661 million (US$194,412).
The total recorded cash donations made by president Museveni between the
months of January October 2015 is UGX 14.7 billion (US$ 4.3 million). It is important
to note that it was difficult to access information on all cash donations made by the
president Museveni. Some of the beneficiaries of the cash donations include the
following:
1) Completion of St. Jane Frances Catholic Church in Nakabago, Mukono.
2) Construction of Uganda Institute of Science and Technology, a project of St
Peters cathedral Nyakatare in Kanungu district.
3) Staff savings scheme of Nkumba University.
4) Savings scheme of Wakiso Secondary School Headteachers Association
(WAKISSHA).
5) Construction of library complex for City High School.
6) Mbarara diocese to establish a shopping mall.
7) Abayita Ababiri Women Savings group.
8) Contribution for the renovation of Kigezi College, Butobere, Kabale.
9) Donation to Masaka Muslims during Idd-el-fitr prayers.
10) Civil servants saving scheme and boda boda cyclists scheme in Moyo.
11) Nurses savings scheme, women groups and boda boda cyclists scheme in
Adjumani.
12) Completion of Church House in Kampala.
13) All Saints Church in Mbarara.
14) Construction of two mosques in Ntungamo, West Ankole Diocese, St Kaggwa
Parish Bushenyi.
15) Construction of parish priests residence at St Josephs Catholic Church,
Lweza.
92
Table 41: Observed Donations by President in Monthly Minimums

Month/2015
Monthly Exp. In Billions (Ugx)
January
2,340,000,000
February
60,000,000
March
210,000,000
April
1,132,000,000
May
5,140,000,000
June
205,000,000
July
1,838,000,000
August
2,590,000,000
September
505,000,000
October
661,000,000
TOTAL
14,681,000,000
Table 42: Illustrating Some Donations by Incumbent Presidential Candidate

SEPTEMBER 2015
DATE
CASH/PLEDGE
PURPOSE
Sept 1
20 million
SACCO - Lead Again and Again Youth Association
Sept 2
200 million
Rehabilitation of Obusinga Palace of Rwenzururu

Kingdom
Sept 7
50 million
For the savings scheme of palm oil out growers in

Kalangala
Sept 15
15 million
Contribution to funeral expenses of Gen Aronda

Nyakairima
Sept 16
220 million
Mount Sion Catholic Prayer Centre, Bukalango for

establishment of TV and Radio station
Total
Shs 505 million

OCTOBER, 2015
Oct 2
20 million
Medical bill for Gloria Ankunda from Bushenyi. She

was operated due to carotid artery disease
Oct 7
230 million
Members of Kira Metal Fabricators Association in

Najjera to purchase fabrication machines
Oct 7
1 million
Tea girl in Najjera to purchase charcoal stove and

restaurant equipment
Oct 11
10 million
Funeral contribution for late Dr James Mutende
Oct 16
400 million
Local musicians who composed a song Tubonga

Naawe for Museveni.
Total
Shs 661 million
93
Figure 40: Cash Donations by Pres. Museveni (January 2015 to October 2015)
8.3 Handout Materials

Handout materials constituted another form of donations by political candidates
to voters. Different materials were handed out during campaigns. The table below
shows that the majority (51 per cent) of materials handed out were hoes, then
followed by sugar (23 per cent), food (16 per cent), sauce pans (5 per cent), seeds (4
per cent) and salt (1 %).
Table 43: Expenses on Handout Materials (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
HANDOUT MATERIALS
Material Items (in a pack)
Hoes
Sugar
Food
Sauce pans
Seeds
Salt
TOTAL
Percent
50.9
23.1
15.9
5.3
3.8
1.1
100.0
94
Figure 41: Expenses on Handout Materials (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)
Plastic chairs and NASECO maize seeds donated by incumbent Member of Parliament for Bukoto Central
in Masaka District and incumbent Vice President Edward Kiwanuka Sekandi. He was re-elected to the 10th
Parliament.
Mama Kit donated by incumbent Member of Parliament for Jinja Municipality East Constituency Hon. Paul
Mwiru (FDC Party flagbearer).
95
Boxes of washing soap, sauce pans and other items awaiting distribution for supporters of the incumbent
Katikamu North MP (NRM flag bearer) Hon. Abraham Byandaala in Luweero district. He was re-elected to
the 10th Parliament.
96
97
Western Ward B, Akere
Atik Owang
Nicu
Bushenyi Town
Katungu
Nyagabo
Lunju
Nyamundeija
Nsale/Nawansega
Bukoyo, Busu Village
Butamila/Buyengo
Nyakabungo
Kabale Municipality
Rugyeyo
ARUA
BUSHENYI
HOIMA
IGANGA
JINJA
KABALE
KANUNGU
Parish/Village
APAC
District
Event
10/22/2015 Campaign Rally
10/25/2015 Campaign Meeting
11/20/2015 Consultative Meeting
9/24/2015 Consultative Meeting
Date
NRM
NRM
NRM
NRM
NRM
FDC
NRM
NRM
NRM
NRM
Go Forward
NRM
UPC
UPC
Party
EXAMPLES OF HANDOUT MATERIALS DURING CAMPAIGNS
Table 44: Examples of Materials Handed out During Campaigns
Cash
Bars of Soap
Salt Sachets
Iron Sheets
Borehole maintenance
Hoes & Cash
Jericans of Kwete
Dozens of Plates
Boxes of Soap
Movit Products
Food
Cash
Cash
Cash
Handout/Donation
200,000
603,000
167,500
1,500,000
200,000
12,500,000
30000
250000
380000
6,290,000
3,004,000
100,000
1,150,000
1,200,000
Total Estimate
98
Acherer, Arengekeju
Alero/Panyabono
Ireda West, Ireda Shamba
MWOYA
LIRA
Bwaliba/Lusanja
Mogoth, Kisop & Atedeoi
Lusanja/Bwaliba
LUWEERO
MOROTO
Agodingod,Okeriso
Kyabakuza, Kyabakuza B
Alogook,Wera
KATAKWI
Kirumba, Kirumba
Nakivubo
Kawempe 2
KAMPALA
MASAKA
Kambuga
Parish/Village
District
Event
Date
NRM
NRM
NRM
NRM
DP
NRM
NRM
NRM
NRM
NRM
FDC
NRM
NRM
Party
EXAMPLES OF HANDOUT MATERIALS DURING CAMPAIGNS
Cash
Transport Refund
Jerricans of Kwete
Bull
Cow & Firewood
Iron Sheets & Sand
Sprayer, Tarpaulin, Ball
Tarpaulins
Plates
Pipes & Sockets
Loaves of Bread
Sugar
Cash
Handout/Donation
100,000
450,000
65,000
1,000,000
1,100,000
210,000
320,000
105000
30,000
132,000
51,000
64,000
900,000
Total Estimate
8.4 Analysis of Expenditure on Handout Materials

On average, minimum expenses on handout materials increased by 165 per cent
between the months of November and December. The biggest expense increase
was in Seeds (1069%), followed by Salt at 250 per cent, and food at 154 per cent.
Providing food to attendees of campaign rallies, meetings and other voters that
visited homes of political candidates was a manifestation of voter hospitality which
candidates invested in significantly to increase their popularity. The pie chart below
illustrates the increase in handout materials between the first two campaign months
of November and December 2015.
Figure 21: % Increase in Expenses on Handout Materials in November & December
8.5 Voter Bribery

Providing money or other benefits to voters to support a particular party or
candidate is an offense under the electoral laws of Uganda, namely the Parliamentary
Elections Act (as amended) 2005 and the Presidential Elections Act (as amended)
2005. Section 68 (1 & 2) of the Parliamentary Elections Act (as amended) 2005
provides that: a person who, either before or during an election with intent, either
directly or indirectly to influence another person to vote or refrain from voting
for any candidate, gives or provides or causes to be given or provided any money,
gift or other consideration to that person, commits the offence of bribery and is
liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding 72 currency points or imprisonment not
99
exceeding three years or both. Section 68 (2) incriminates the receiver as well. The
law however makes exception of refreshments or food provided by a candidate or
candidates agent. Section 64 (1 & 2) of the Presidential Elections Act also highlights
voter bribery as an illegal practice.
Reports by ACFIM Research Assistants/Observers show that voter bribery was
prevalent in all 16 districts. It was observed during party primaries of the NRM
party and throughout the campaign period November 3rd 2015 February 16th, 2016.
Candidates across political parties, political groups and independents were reported
to be complicity of providing money, gifts and other forms of inducements that
may be interpreted as what the law refers to as other consideration.
Whereas the chairperson of the Electoral Commission for the National Resistance
Movement (NRM) Dr. Tanga Odoi had strongly warned against voter bribery, the
practice was prevalent during the party primary elections. Observers reported an
escalation in voter bribery during the month of October targeting mostly women and
youth in all the 16 districts in which the study was conducted. Bribery was manifested
in form of cash and/or groceries, and even on some occasions in buying booze. The
practice of putting money in kaki envelopes and getting them delivered to groups
of youth and women during campaign rallies was prevalent. ACFIM observers saw
these envelopes being opened containing money in denominations of 1,000 and
2,000 totalling between UGX 100,000 (US$ 30) 500,000 (US$ 147) across districts.
The money would eventually be split so that every person present at the event got
Ugx 1,000 or 2,000. All candidates used a strategy of participating in village visits
where they would again leave money ostensibly for a drink or a bite. In Moroto
district one of the candidates for Tepeth and Metheniko constituencies bought bulls
that were slaughtered and then shared by voters. The Moroto Municipality NRM frag
bearer-elect bankrolled by the business community distributed groceries like sugar,
cooking oil and maize flour to voters. On the eve of the elections all candidates sent
their agents knocking on doors of voters between 6.00pm 11.00pm at night giving
out cash Ugx 5,000 or 10,000 per person of voting age in the household. In Iganga
district observers in Bugweri and Kigulu south constituencies reported agents of
candidates on polling day who stood near polling stations and were openly paying
out Ugx 5,000 to every voter that would promise to cast the ballot in favour of their
candidates.
100
One of the candidates for the race of Lira District NRM Chairperson Moses Ocip dishing out a 10,000/= note
to each of the voters that gathered at Lira Hotel to participate in the just concluded elections for NRM
grass root structures. The other voters that are looking on had already received their share of the money.
It is estimated that Mr. Ocip spent over 1,000,000 on that occasion alone. Three candidates competed for
this post. Ocip lost out to the incumbent and eventual winner Sam Engola who hosted voters in his Lira
Hotel on voting day where they enjoyed free food and drinks on the house. The former treasurer Agasaki
Abdu also dished out money in this style but also lost. However Sam Engola later lost the February 18th,
2016 MP election.
8.6 Acts of Voter bribery During the Final Five Days to Election Day
In the final five days that preceded Election Day we conducted a mini-survey where
we asked Research Assistants to observe and interview ten respondents per
constituency to tell whether they have received, heard or been informed of any of
the following acts taking place in their constituency.
a) Cash giveaways to voters including doing so at or near polling stations
b) Hand out materials / groceries
c) Voter incentives in form of intangible services like voter tourism, being
hosted to a banquet, a free disco dance, and free tickets to theatre or video
hall among others.
d) Misuse of government vehicles and
e) Turnout buying11.
Turnout buying is where voters stay in their homes or hand around major trading centres hesitating to vote until a candidate that wants their vote given them money to turnout any vote.
11
101
The next table shows that all these acts were prevalent during the final five days.
The majority of respondents (75 per cent) either received, saw or heard candidates
giving out cash to voters during this last stretch of the campaign. Handout materials
were received or witnessed by 68 per cent of the respondents. On elections day
(February 18th, 2016) 62 per cent of the respondents witnessed or heard about cash
being given away at or near polling stations and 65 per cent reported acts of turnout
buying. Misuse of government vehicles was minimal with less than half (42 per cent)
of the respondents attesting to it.
8.7 Donations and Voter Hospitality are akin to Voter Bribery
Whereas there is no provision in the electoral laws that stops political candidates
from offering donations to voters during election campaigns, it is the opinion of
ACFIM that donations whether made in cash or in kind, are clearly intended to induce
voters to vote for that particular candidate(s) rather than to extend generosity.
Voter hospitality is said to be where political candidates host voters to a banquet or
a party or retreat where they are entertained with food, bull roasting, lots of drinks
including booze, music or live entertainment among others things. Going by intent
and purpose, donations and voter hospitality are forms of voter bribery, which is an
offense under the Ugandan electoral laws. There is, however, no clear demarcation
line between what the electoral laws refer to as gifts, handout material or services
like voter tourism and/or voter hospitality, all of which were prevalent during the
campaign period (November 2015 February 16th, 2016). As ACFIM we strongly
believe donations of whatever kind should be understood as a form of voter bribery
and be condemned without qualification.
Hospitality: Food being prepared at a campaign event in Bukalasa for attendees who came for one of
the campaign rallies of independent candidate Patricia Magara one of the contestants in the race for
Katikamu South Member of Parliament Luweero District. She lost the election.
102
9. VOTER TOURISM
ACFIM defines voter tourism as the practice by candidates where voters are
provided with buses, trucks, minibuses or cars to drive them around the Sub-county
or constituency as they escort the candidates campaign entourage or mobilisation
team. Voter tourism was prevalent during election campaigns 2015/2016 as
candidates invested in hiring buses, mini-buses or trucks to transport voters from
their village to campaign rallies/events. ACFIM observers reported that during the
campaign period many voters were more than to enjoy a ride in any automobile
provided by the candidate.
Voter Tourism in Jinja District (above) and in Arua Municipality observed during the months of December
2015
103
Voters observed being driven around in Hoima town in December 2015 (above) and in Bushenyi (below)
104
10. MISUSE OF GOVERNMENT

ADMINISTRATIVE RESOURCES FOR
CAMPAIGNS
Misuse of government administrative resources in the context of this report refers
to the use of state infrastructural, and human resources for campaign purposes. This
practice undermines the integrity of state functions by using them as a means for
conducting electoral campaigns rather than for their established purposes. Typical
examples include among others the deployment of state officials on campaign
events or activities and use of government vehicles for campaign activities. Misuse
can further manifest in form of direct distribution to voters of public funds or goods
and services purchased with public funds. Public funds are another category of
administrative resource that may be used to promote the electoral prospects of
incumbent parties and candidates but that will be handled in the next chapter.
Section 27 of the Presidential Elections Act (as amended) 2005 makes it illegal for any
candidate to use government resources for the purpose of campaigning for election.
Section 27 (1)The law however makes exception of the incumbent president who is
permitted to continue using state resources that are attached to and utilised by the
holder of that office.
ACFIM Research Assistants observed incidents of misuse of government vehicles in
different districts. On November 9th, 2015 a number of government vehicles were
used on candidate Musevenis rally held at Kasana Play Ground, Luweero. Some of
the vehicle registration plates observed in action at the rally include: UG2183C, UG
0178H, UG1427W, UG 0187D, UG 2688D, UG 2183C, UG 2043C, UG 2405C. UG 1832S,
UG1768C.
Office of the President van

was observed being used
to ferry people to attend
the NRM flag bearers
rally in Jinja district. This
is in breach of the legal
provisions against use of
government resources for
campaigns.
105
Bus used by independent candidate Katikamu South, Luweero District, Patricia Magara to transport
attendees to her first rally at Bukalasa after being successfully nominated in Luweero on December
3rd, 2015. ACFIM Research Assistants observed the bus transporting campaign event attendees from
Wobulenzi, Bombo, Nyimbwa and other villages to Bukalasa all day. Patricia is a daughter to the late bush
war veteran Sam Magara. Here the bus was pictured at the venue of her nomination rally at Bukalasa.
106
107
Kamuzinda,Bulegeya
Bulubandi Central B
Omodoi, Atirir
Omot
IGANGA
KATAKWI
LIRA
Bukalasa
Zirobwe
Kyantale, Kyanamukaka
Luweero TC/Kasana
LUWEERO
12/3/2015
Omodoi,Atirir
KATAKWI
Kyantale, Kyanamukaka
12/3/2015
Nyaruhanga, Ntaranga
MASAKA
11/9/2015
Kashasha, Ndeego
KABALE
NRM
NRM
NRM
PARTY
11/3/2015
10/19/2015
12/3/2015
UP 4690
UG 2600E
NRM
NRM
NRM
NRM
UG 2431C, UG 1831C, UG 2340C,

10/22/2015 UG 2339C
UG 3077R
NRM
SUB- COUNTY HALL FOR KYANAMUKAKA S/C
9/14/2015
Campaign Rally
Campaign Rally
Consultative Meeting
Campaign Rally
Campaign Rally
EVENT
Campaign Rally
Campaign Rally
Campaign Rally
Campaign Meeting
Independent Campaign Rally
NRM
NRM
UG0187D
BUS UG0187D
UG 2688R,UG 2183C,UG 2405C,UG

2708R,UG
NRM
UG 2600E
Sub County Premises
UG 2253C
VEHICLE/GOVERNMENT OFFICE
USED FOR PARTY
UG 1771C, UG 1831C, UG 2236C
9/14/2015
10/19/2015
10/14/2015
10/17/2015
PARISH/VILLAGE
DISTRICT
DATE
EXAMPLES OF MISUSE OF STATE RESOURCES
Table 45: Other Examples of Misuse of Government/State Resources
11. ANALYTICAL CASE STUDIES

ON FLOW OF NATIONAL BUDGET
RESOURCES
This chapter will focus on the use, misuse and/or abuse of national budget resources
during election campaigns 2015/2016. It establishes whether or not it happened,
and in times when it happened, maps loopholes that facilitated this to take place.
In order to investigate this, case studies were conducted to examine budgetary
allocations to selected ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs). These included
the following:
1) Ministry of Defence
2) Office of the President
3) State House
4) Ministry of Gender Labour and Social Development
5) Parliament of Uganda
6) Office of the Prime Minister
In each of these institutions the analysis was made on how funds disbursement
and extension arrangements (mainly supplementary budget) for FY 2016/17 were
handled, the nature of the requisition and for what these funds were earmarked.
11.1 Unprecedented Rise in FY 2015/26 National Budget

The national budget for FY 2015/16, the year of election campaigns, was
unprecedented. It rose from UGX 15,829.8 trillion to UGX 23,972.3 trillion reflecting a
51.4 per cent increase in the total budget. The recurrent budget grew by 8.9 per cent
and the development budget grew by 37.2 per cent. A deeper analysis of the figures
revealed that MDAs in focus, which are largely suspected to be sources of election
financing, were among the prominent beneficiaries of the increase in the budget.
The table below summaries the expenditure of FY 2015/16 budget which allows us to
compare spending to the previous financial years budget.
108
Table 46: Expenditure Outflows for the FY 2015/16
Budget
Estimates
FY 2014/15
%
Budget
Estimates
of
Budget FY 2015/16
%
of Budget
Recurrent Expenditure
7,948.5
50.2%
8,656.7
36.1%
o/w Wage
o/w NonWage(excluding
Statutory interest )
o/w Statutory Interest
Payments
Development
Expenditure
o/w GoU
o/w External Financing
2,904.3
18.3%
2,894.1
12.1%
3,961.4
25.0%
4,106.4
17.1%
1,082.9
6.8%
1,656.2
6.9%
7,037.0
4,362.7
44.5%
27.6%
9,654.7
4,057.0
40.3%
16.9%
2,674.3
16.9%
5,597.7
23.4%
14,985.6
80.0
139.2
94.7%
0.5%
0.9%
18,311.4
80.0
172.0
76.4%
0.3%
0.7%
56.3
0.4%
0.0%
4,787.5
20.0%
Sub-total
Domestic Arrears
Amortisation
Taxes
Domestic Debt
Repayment
Total Including Taxes,
Amortisation &
Arrears, Debt
Appropriation in Aid
(AIA)
Grand Total Including
Taxes on Imports,
Amortisation & Arrears
15,261.0
96.4%
23,350.9
97.4%
568.8
3.6%
621.4
2.6%
15,829.8
100.0%
23,972.3
100.0%
Source: Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development
11.2 Half Year Budget Performance 2015/16:

Assessment of warrants and cash limits against the non-wage approved budget
across MDAs but focusing on Defence, State House, Presidency, Office of the
Prime Minister (OPM) among others, shows that it is the MDAs that received the
highest amount of supplementary financing from the national budget that have the
highest percentage of payments to warrants. Looking from the table below, even
with supplementary financing (and hence the revised budget) The State House and
109
Ministry of Defence had by the end of the first half year (by December 2015) 94.6 per
cent and 80 per cent respectively of the releases.
Table 3: Analysis of flows from the National Budget for Q1+Q2 of the FY 2015/16
VOTE AND
FUNCTION
Total
Revised
Budget
(Mn)
Total
Cash
Limits
(Q1+Q2)
(Mn)
Total WarTotal
rants
Payments
(Q1+Q2)
(Q+Q2)
(Mns)
(Mn)
%
% Payments
Warrant to Warrants
to Cash
limit
001Office
of The
President
117,132
66,545
64,545
47,042
96.99
72.88
002State
House
257,811
204,644
173,422
164,000
84.74
94.57
003Office
of The
Prime
Minister
127,032
79,148
79,148
29,821
100.00
37.68
1,003,174
572,753
572,753
458,762
100.00
80.10
018Ministry of
Gender, L
& S.D
79,599
25,079
25,079
18,913
100.00
75.42
102Electoral Commission
295,580
193,055
193,055
25,520
100.00
13.22
104Parliamentary
Commission
371,30
196,368
196,351
143,115
99.99
72.89
004Ministry of
Defence
Source: Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic development
The Office of the President as well as State House are directly under the MDAs that
are directly under the President. As Commander-in-Chief, the budget of the ministry
of defence which is for the most part classified, is also largely under the control
of the President as are other classified budgets for Internal and External Security
Organisations (ISO and ESO).
110
11.3 Office of the President Financial Flow in FY 2015/2016

Figure 42: Flow of Funds in the Office of the President
Source: Ministry of Finance Planning & Economic Development
The money allocated for Office of the President in the FY 2015/2016 budget was UGX
117 billion of which UGX 40.27 billion went to paying wages and UGX 70.95 billion
was allocated to Non-Wages. The bar graph below this section shows that for FY
2015/16, the budget for the non-wage recurrent for the Office of the President shot
up astronomically from UGX 24.65 billion to UGX 40.57 billion; an increment of 64.6
per cent. Funds categorised as non-wage finance day-to-day activities of the office
of which the main beneficiary is the incumbent president.
In the absence of any new mandate or additional activities as adduced from both
Ministerial policy statements and Sector Budget Frame Work, it can be argued that
this noticeable increment may have been a direct response to the added needs and
pressures to the office of the President at a time of elections. By end of the first half
of the financial year (H1), the expenditure performance for the vote translated into
89.1 per cent.
11.4 Half Year Budget Utilisation by Office of the President

The following table provided a detailed picture of how funds allocated to the Office
of the President were utilised during the first half of the Financial Year 2015/2016 (July
December 2015). In the breakdown there is an item called classified expenditure
which resonates with the vote function for the Coordination of security. Classified
expenditure such as this was very difficult for ACFIM to ascertain.
111
Table 47: Office of the President Budget Utilisation by First Half of FY 2015/16
Item
Budget
Outputs Provided
Classified
Expenditure
General Staff
Salaries
Pension for General
Civil Service
Gratuity Expenses
Travel inland
Allowances
Travel abroad
Fuel, Lubricants and
Oils
Workshops and
Seminars
Rent (Produced
Assets) to private
entities
Maintenance - Vehicles
Staff Training
Telecommunications
Contract Staff
Salaries (Incl.
Casuals,
Temporary)
Welfare and
Entertainment
Commissions and
related charges
Printing, Stationery,
Photocopying and
Binding
Maintenance
Machinery,
Equipment &
Furniture
Releases
Expenditure
%
% of
of budget
release
released
spent
17.65
61.6%
89.8%
5.3
134.5%
100.0%
31.89
3.94
19.66
5.3
10.3
5.75
4.13
55.8%
71.8%
1.89
1.42
1.45
75.1%
102.1%
2.98
2.27
1.36
0.85
0.74
1.34
1.08
0.66
0.41
0.38
1.22
1.07
0.65
0.39
0.38
45.0%
47.6%
48.5%
48.2%
51.4%
91.0%
99.1%
98.5%
95.1%
100.0%
0.87
0.38
0.36
43.7%
94.7%
0.9
0.35
0.35
38.9%
100.0%
0.98
0.47
0.33
48.0%
70.2%
0.65
0.53
0.41
0.29
0.27
0.21
0.29
0.27
0.2
44.6%
50.9%
51.2%
100.0%
100.0%
95.2%
0.33
0.16
0.16
48.5%
100.0%
0.6
0.15
0.15
25.0%
100.0%
0.33
0.15
0.12
45.5%
80.0%
0.24
0.09
0.09
37.5%
100.0%
112
Item
Budget
Maintenance - Civil
Maintenance
Other
Cleaning and
Sanitation
Special Meals and
Drinks
Subscriptions
Computer supplies
and ICT
Guard and Security
services
Statutory salaries
Books, Periodicals
& Newspapers
Electricity
Water
Consultancy Services- Short term
Medical expenses
(To employees)
Incapacity, death
benefits and funeral
expenses
Advertising and
Public Relations
Small Office
Equipment
IFMS Recurrent
costs
IPPS Recurrent
Costs
Information and
communications
technology (ICT)
Uniforms, Beddings,Protective
Gear
Releases
Expenditure
0.19
0.17
0.08
0.08
%
% of
of budget
release
released
spent
0.08
42.1%
100.0%
0.08
47.1%
100.0%
0.16
0.07
0.07
43.8%
100.0%
0.15
0.07
0.06
46.7%
85.7%
0.12
0.14
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.05
50.0%
50.0%
100.0%
71.4%
0.1
0.05
0.05
50.0%
100.0%
0.09
0.06
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.04
44.4%
83.3%
100.0%
80.0%
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
44.4%
37.5%
42.9%
75.0%
100.0%
100.0%
0.04
0.02
0.02
50.0%
100.0%
0.05
0.02
0.02
40.0%
100.0%
0.04
0.02
0.02
50.0%
100.0%
0.05
0.02
0.02
40.0%
100.0%
0.05
0.02
0.02
40.0%
100.0%
0.03
0.01
0.01
33.3%
100.0%
0.03
0.02
0.01
66.7%
50.0%
0.01
0.0%
#DIV/0!
113
Item
Budget
Class: Outputs
Funded
Transfers to other
govt. Units (Current)
Other Current grants
(Current)
Contributions
to Autonomous
Institutions
Class: Capital
Purchases
Transport
Equipment
Non-Residential
Buildings
Furniture and fittings
(Depreciatn.)
Machinery and
Equipment
Furniture & Fixtures
Taxes on Machinery,
Furniture & Vehicles
Releases
Expenditure
%
% of
of budget
release
released
spent
9.72
56.1%
88.9%
19.47
10.93
14.99
8.76
7.62
58.4%
87.0%
4.46
2.16
2.09
48.4%
96.8%
0.02
0.01
0.01
50.0%
100.0%
2.65
1.35
0.81
50.9%
60.0%
2.65
1.54
1.43
58.1%
92.9%
1.51
0.81
0.81
53.6%
100.0%
0.04
0.01
25.0%
0.0%
0.23
0.09
39.1%
0.0%
0.22
0.65
0.07
0.37
0
0
31.8%
56.9%
0.0%
0.0%
Source: Office of the President
11.5 State House Financial Flow in FY 2015/16

The total budget for statehouse for FY 2015/2016 rose from UGX 249.84 billion in
2014/15 to UGX 257.26 billion of which UGX 228.36 billion was Non-Wage. The budget
for wages was constant at UGX10.58 billion, the same as the previous financial year
(2014/2015). The overwhelming allocation of non-wage of 88.6% is the total agencys
budget. By the end of the end of the first half of the financial year (December
2015), UGX 219.9 billion had been released of which UGX 215.43bn was spent. This
translated into an expenditure performance of 98 per cent. This explains why the
agency required supplementary financing to help it meet its routine operations.
114
Figure 43: State House Flow of Funds in the FY 2015/16 budget
The following table further shows that the actual amount of money released for
State House for the first two quarters (half year) was UGX 217.93 billion out of which
UGX 213 was spent by December 2015, leaving a balance of just UGX 4.3 billion which
could not meet the office requirements for the month of January 2016. By the middle
of the financial year (December 2015) State House has exhausted the UGX 89 billion
budget for donations alongside the UGX 38 billion for classified expenditure. Travel
inland and abroad too had their budgets nearly exhausted (above 85 per cent).
All these items have a big bearing on the expenditure of the president, especially
donations.
Table 48: Half Year Budget utilization for State House for FY 2015/16
Vote Functions
VF:1611
Approved
Budget
Released
Released
Spent
Administration & Support to the 254.43

Presidency
217.93
213.55
Total For Vote
217.93
213.55
254.43
Source: State House half year performance report
Further analysis shows that the rise in budget allocation for State House was effected
three financial years back, in FY 2013/2015 when it rose from UGX 63.23 billion in FY
2012/2013 to UGX 205.23 in FY 2013/2014. By doing this government avoided surges
and shocks in the economy that would have happened if had been effected during
the campaign year. The bar graph below illustrates the trend in budget allocation
for State House over the past eight financial years.
115
Figure 44: Budget Allocation Trends for State House over 8 Financial Years
11.6 Ministry of Defence financial flow in FY 2015/16

The security sector is composed of the Ministry of Defence, Internal Security
Organization and External Security Organization. The Sectors approved total
budget allocation (excluding Tax and Arrears) amounted to UGX 1,636.15 billion (US$
489.86 million) for the FY 2015/16 of which; UGX 427.57 billion was Wage, UGX 506.22
billion was Non-Wage, UGX 140.04 billion was Government of Uganda Development
and UGX 562.32billion was earmarked for external financing. The bulk of the sector
allocation went to the Ministry of Defence whose budget increased in non-wage and
external financing.
The ministry had an allocation of UGX 1,560.786 billion of which UGX 671.798
billion was released by December 2015. Out of this, UGX 663.362 was spent giving
an expenditure performance of 98.7%. It was noted that by December 2015 there
was already supplementary financing of UGX 345 billion over and above what was
appropriated in the 2015/2016 National Budget. Most of this supplementary financing
(72.94 per cent) was allocated to the Ministry of Defense. It was understood that the
supplementary budget was sought to cater for National Defense but no work plan
on how the funds were used is shown in the progress reports. Most activities within
this Ministry are classified making it very difficult to find out which funds made their
way into financing election campaigns between November 2015 and February 2016.
116
Figure 45: Flow of Funds in the Ministry of Defence for the FY 2015/16
Source: Source: Ministry of Finance Planning & Economic Development
The bar graph below show percentage allocation of supplementary financing of

UGX 345 billion that was appropriated by December 2015. From the illustration it is
clear that Ministry of Defense was allocated the biggest proportion of the money.
It is important to note that the Ministry of Defence has since 2010 been the single
largest recipient of supplementary financing followed by State House among all
other ministries, departments and agencies.
Figure 46: Illustration of Percentage Allocation of Supplementary Financing
117
Analysis of Spending by Ministry of Defense

In the table below we have highlighted the section of general supply of goods and
services. This item had no budget allocation but had a release and expenditure
of UGX 250 billion and its expenditure was exhausted (100 per cent). ACFIM notes
that this item was restricted by the Ministry of Finance planning and Economic
Development (MFPED) because it is ambiguous. The ministry requires that such
expenditure items are broken down for the sake of accountability but this is not done
here. We further note that not only had this item been declared defunct by MFPED,
but it was not originally budgeted for. ACFIM finds this expenditure questionable. In
addition expenditure on classified items that was funded up to 99.6 per cent has no
work plan on how the funds were used in the progress reports. Overall, the Ministry
of Defense had about 36.7 per cent of the total half year expenditure on items that
cannot be verified.
Table 49: Ministry of Defence Budget Utilisation by item First Half of FY2015/16
Items
Approved
budget
Out puts provided
Release
Expenditure
% of budget % of
released
release
spent
972.96
659.19
651.05
250
250
General Staff Salaries
388.82
207.11
207.07
53.3%
100.0%
Classified Expenditure
372.48
107.04
106.61
28.7%
99.6%
Welfare and Entertainment
37.61
18.81
18.48
50.0%
98.2%
Fuel, Lubricants and

Oils
18.98
16.8
16.01
88.5%
95.3%
Gratuity Expenses
35.31
10.66
10.65
30.2%
99.9%
Pension for Military

Service
34.77
10.38
8.38
29.9%
80.7%
Maintenance - Vehicles
14.81
8.19
6.11
55.3%
74.6%
Subscriptions
9.41
4.71
4.7
50.1%
99.8%
Staff Training
8.29
4.14
4.11
49.9%
99.3%
Travel inland
6.35
3.18
3.17
50.1%
99.7%
Consultancy Services- Short term
2.99
2.5
2.49
83.6%
99.6%
Electricity
7.47
3.74
2.06
50.1%
55.1%
Travel abroad
4.18
2.09
2.04
50.0%
97.6%
General Supply of
Goods and Services
118
67.8%
98.8%
100.0%
Items
Approved
budget
Release
Expenditure
% of budget % of
released
release
spent
3.6
1.8
1.77
50.0%
98.3%
Water
3.68
1.84
1.77
50.0%
96.2%
Medical and
Agricultural supplies
3.19
1.6
1.5
50.2%
93.8%
Telecommunications
2.53
1.26
1.04
49.8%
82.5%
Commissions and
related charges
1.06
0.53
0.53
50.0%
100.0%
Carriage, Haulage,
Freight and transport
hire
1.13
0.57
0.53
50.4%
93.0%
Medical expenses (To

employees)
1.01
0.5
0.5
49.5%
100.0%
Compensation to 3rd
Parties
0.4
0.3
0.28
75.0%
93.3%
Allowances
0.56
0.28
0.27
50.0%
96.4%
Maintenance - Civil
0.49
0.25
0.25
51.0%
100.0%
Rent (Produced
Assets) to private
entities
0.49
0.25
0.18
51.0%
72.0%
Incapacity, death
benefits and funeral
expenses
0.31
0.15
0.15
48.4%
100.0%
Printing, Stationery,
Photocopying and
Binding
0.49
0.25
0.15
51.0%
60.0%
Small Office Equipment
0.22
0.11
0.11
50.0%
100.0%
Computer supplies
and ICT
0.12
0.06
0.06
50.0%
100.0%
Advertising and
Public Relations
0.09
0.05
0.04
55.6%
80.0%
Property Expenses
0.03
0.02
0.02
66.7%
100.0%
IFMS Recurrent costs
0.02
0.01
0.01
50.0%
100.0%
IPPS Recurrent
Costs
0.03
0.01
0.01
33.3%
100.0%
Uniforms, Beddings
and Protective Gear
12.04
0.0%
#DIV/0!
Class: Capital Purchases
25.09
12.64
12.32
50.4%
97.5%
1.12
0.56
0.53
50.0%
94.6%
Information and
communications
technology (ICT)
Land
119
Items
Approved
budget
Release
Expenditure
% of budget % of
released
release
spent
Residential Buildings
16.41
8.21
8.2
50.0%
99.9%
Transport Equipment
5.16
2.58
2.58
50.0%
100.0%
Machinery and Equipment
2.23
1.16
0.89
52.0%
76.7%
Furniture & Fixtures
0.17
0.13
0.12
76.5%
92.3%
Class: Arrears
5.11
3.16
1.02
61.8%
32.3%
Domestic arrears
(Budgeting)
2.01
1.01
0.83
50.2%
82.2%
Telephone arrears
(Budgeting)
0.03
0.0%
Electricity arrears
(Budgeting)
3.07
2.15
0.19
70.0%
8.8%
Source: Ministry of Defence
11.7 Flow of Funds in the Office of the Prime Minster

The budget for the OPM in the FY 2015/16 did not significantly change as regards
the GoU resources. The visible change in resources was due to the reduction in
external funding from UGX 60.83bn to UGX 20.46bn. However it is noted that the
expenditure for purchase of hoes promised by the incumbent president during the
campaigns was charged on OPM budget. In the FY 2014/15 the office of the Prime
Minister received UGX 4 billion as supplementary financing and by the second
quarter of the FY 2015/16, the institution had requested and obtained UGX 1.3 billion.
Figure 47: Flow of funds for OPM FY 2015/16
Source: Source: Ministry of Finance Planning & Economic Development
120
11.8 General Observations on Campaigns and National Economy

Government spending during the campaign period seems to have been kept within
the ambits of Bank of Uganda fiscal policies. ACFIM observed that government
spending was kept within sector ceilings which ensures that the country avoided
significant surges and shocks in the economy. Bank of Uganda deliberately
maintained the CBR at 17% for at least six months as one of the mechanisms to keep
fiscal pressures under control. Inflation was observed reaching a high percentage of
9.1 in November 2015 and this is the highest it has been in Uganda since August 2012
when inflation was 11 per cent.
The shilling that had lowered its value significantly in the 2015 started strengthening
gradually after February 2016 the election month. The volume of currency in
circulation was also better controlled compared to what was observed in 2011.
Figure 48: Growth Rates of Currency Circulation
Source: Bank of Uganda statistics
From the figure above, the growth rate trend of currency in circulation shows that
the there is a positive trajectory of cash in circulation. Following the tight monetary
policy stance12 that was adopted by BoU since June 2015, one would expect that the
currency outside depository corporations would reduce. To the contrary, we notice
a steady increase in cash in circulation in the economy and this is not necessarily
backed by economic activity.
Central Bank Rate is currently at 17% signaling a tight monetary stance
12
121
12. COMPLIANCE AND

ENFORCEMENT OF REGULATORY
FRAMEWORK FOR POLITICAL
FINANCING
Public Finance Management Act (as amended) 2015
The Public Finance Management (PFM) Act 2015 that was amended in October, just
eight months after it was enacted, stipulates that when a general election is held,
the government must publish a pre-election and a post-election economic and fiscal
update detailing all election-related spending. This was not done before the elections
and it remains to be seen whether the second part of the provision will be complied
with. The PFM Act had been put in place in order to safeguard the supplementary
budget but this Act was hastily reversed in October 2015, which made it easier for
government to access supplementary funding without approval or sanctions from
Parliament. This has created public discontent as it implies that government seeks
to bypass fiscal oversight and obtain funding directly from the central bank only to
account to Parliament four months after the moneys appropriation and spending.
Political Parties and Organisations Act (as amended) 2005

Part III, section 12 (1) of the Political Parties and Organisations Act (as amended)
2005, requires every political party or organisation to maintain at its head office an
accurate and permanent record consisting of the following:
a) Any contribution, donation or pledge of contribution whether in cash or in
kind made by the funders or promoters of the political party or organisation.
b) A statement of its accounts showing the sources of its funds and the name
of any person who has contributed funds including contributions by persons
who are not citizens of Uganda, membership dues paid, donations in cash
or kind and all the financial transactions of the political party or organisation
which are conducted, through or with the head of the national office of the
political party or organisations;
Subsection (3) indicates that every political party or organisation shall be audited
once every year but not later than six months after its financial year by an auditor
from a recognised professional body.
122
Subsection (4) provides that a copy of the audited accounts provided in subsection
(3) shall be filed by the political party or organisation with the Electoral Commission
within six months from the end of its financial year. Subsection (5) permits among
others a member of the public to access these records upon request and payment
of a reasonable fee. Subsection (6) prescribes how the EC can proceed against a
political party or organisation that fails to comply. ACFIM noted that Political parties
and organisations are poor at keeping updated records of campaign income and
expenditure.
The Political Parties and Organisations (amendment) Act 2010 section 14 (1-9) puts
a limit on foreign donations but these limits are hardly followed by some of the
political parties and the Electoral Commission as the relevant institution is noticeably
reluctant to enforce them.
Submission of Audited Accounts to Electoral Commission
Political parties and organisations rarely comply with section 12 subsection (4) that
requires them to submit copies of audited accounts to the Electoral Commission.
Information accessed from the electoral commission shows that between 2011
and 2015, only three political parties complied with this requirement. These were:
National Resistance Movement (in 2014), Conservative Party (in 2014) and Forum
for Democratic Change (in 2013). The EC is yet to stamp its authority of these big
political parties to enforce compliance. However, in 2013 the Electoral Commission
took a decision to de-register eleven small parties that had failed to comply with
key provisions of the Political Parties and Organisations Act including failure to
submit an annual audit report and a declaration of assets and liabilities. Parties that
fell victim of this decision include among others: Social Democratic Party, Action
Party, Progressive Alliance Party, Reform Party, Uganda Mandate Party, Movement
for Democratic Change and Movement Volunteer Mobilisers Organisation.
Use of Public Resources for Political Party or Organization Activities
Section 14 (a-c) of the Political Parties and Organisations (amendment) Act 2010
appoints government to contribute funds or other public resources towards the
activities of political parties or organisations represented in Parliament in accordance
with the following principles:
a) Registered political parties or organisations shall be funded by Government
under this Act in respect of elections and their normal day to day activities;
b) In respect of elections, Government shall finance political organisations and
parties on equal basis;
c) In respect of normal day to day activities, funding shall be based on the
numerical strength of each political party or organisation in Parliament.
123
Subsection-c above was enforced when the Electoral Commission released UGX 10
billion that was shared among the five political parties represented in parliament
namely, NRM, FDC, DP, UPC and JEEMA.
Provisions on Voter Bribery
In accordance with the Presidential Elections Act (as amended) 2005, section 64 and
Parliamentary Elections Act (as amended) 2005 Section 68, it is illegal for a person
either before or during an election to directly or indirectly influence another person
to vote, or refrain from voting for any candidate by, providing money, gifts or other
considerations to that other person. Committing these acts constitutes an offense
known as bribery. ACFIM observers reported that the provisions on voter bribery are
not followed by political parties and candidates, but furthermore, that the relevant
government enforcement institutions namely: Inspectorate of Government, Police
and Electoral Commission do not enforce them. For example, campaigns for NRM
primary elections, and presidential and parliamentary races were characterised by
candidates offering cash and gifts to the electorate under the guise of donations.
This report will examine these cases and furthermore as this report has exposed but
none of them was brought to book. The expressed view of the Inspector General of
Police was that the law falls short of drawing a clear line between voter bribery and
voter facilitation.
Provisions on Misuse of Public Resources for Campaigns
Presidential Elections Act 2005, Section 27 (1) and Parliamentary Elections Act
Section 25 (1-5), prohibits any political candidate from using government resources
for purposes of campaigning for elections. Under the parliamentary elections act
ministers and other candidates that hold political office are permitted to continue
using facilities attached to their office provided that the use is restricted to official
duties of that office. However during elections campaigns it is difficult to draw the line
between what is official duties and electioneering. Subsection (2) makes exception
to a candidate who holds the office of the president but shall use only those facilities
that are ordinarily attached and utilised by the holders of that office. Throughout
the campaign period there were incidences on misuse of government vehicles, fuel
cards, and personnel among others which relevant government institutions were
reluctant to interrogate the offenders.
124
13. RECOMMENDATIONS
In view of the findings discussed in this report, ACFIM makes the following
recommendations.
Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs; and Parliament

a. Tougher laws and institutions on Campaign financing. The current electoral
laws of Uganda do not contain provisions on campaign financing that promote
a level playing field for all candidates to compete. There are no legal provisions
that require political parties and candidates to open an official campaign finance
account, keeping detailed and scrupulous records of campaign income and
expenditure with a view of making public declarations of the same. There are
also no provisions in the electoral laws that put a limit on campaign spending, a
factor that has contributed to the overly commercialized electoral campaigns.
This has meant that potential good political leaders who dont have access
to huge funds have not been able to enter into political races as they cannot
meet the high costs of campaigning for Presidency or a seat in Parliament.
The disproportionate expenditure on the incumbent political party and its flag
bearers as highlighted in this report has eroded the principle of fairness that
is so central to democracy. According to a survey by Afrobarometer of 2015 in
Uganda, eight out of ten respondents supported the enactment of tougher
laws to curb the commercialization of politics. Specifically, Uganda needs the
following legal reforms:
b. A law on political financing to regulate the power of money in political and
electoral processes. Transparency of political financing is the starting point for
any regulatory framework. Transparency of campaign income and expenditure
by political parties and candidates empowers voters to make informed
choices on Election Day13. As such the law should obligate political parties and
candidates to provide more detailed accounts of funding and expenditure for
their respective campaign. The impetus for this recommendation it to curb
corruption in campaign financing as well as promoting fair completion between
the incumbent party and opposition parties and candidates. ACFIM is cognisant
of the fact that reforming campaign financing in Uganda will not depend on laws
and institutions alone but will require political will and commitment from the
executive and parliament.
The United Nations Convention against Corruption calls on states to enhance transparency in the funding of candidates
for elected public office and, where applicable, the funding of political parties. The African Union Convention goes a step
further and is the only convention to have mandatory provisions on the subject of political finance, requiring members to
incorporate the principle of transparency into funding of political parties
13
125
c. Redefining what constitutes voter bribery with a view of enforcing legislation in

respect to vote buying. The provisions on voter bribery should qualify donations
to voters be through churches, mosques, groups of people or individuals as a
form of voter bribery. In addition the law should impose a ban from public office
and standing for elections for five years for politicians who are found guilty in a
competent court of law. This we believe would be one of the deterring factors
to candidates and campaign agents from engaging in this vice during campaigns.
d. More stringent and explicit regulations should be introduced limiting the use
of state resources for campaign purposes with a view of reducing the power of
the respective party in power, especially at Presidential level, thereby helping to
create a more level playing field for the elections.
e. Prohibit Government from undertaking large procurements in less than half a
year before the election period. This recommendation is premised on the growing
public perception that public funds could be syphoned out of government by
way of inflated or bogus public contracts. This can only be remedied by having
a law in place to regulate procurements of goods and services during the precampaign and campaign period. Such a law would prohibit government from
undertaking contracts involving colossal sums of money.
f. The Ministry should further consider carrying out institutional reforms for
campaign financing. Regulating campaign financing is central for ensuring that
regular free and fair elections are held, which is one of the core functions of
the Electoral Commission (EC)14. However the EC is visibly paying little attention
to regulating how money is obtained and utilised during election campaigns.
As highlighted in this report political parties rarely comply with the legal
requirements to submit to the EC annual returns including audited reports. The
EC does not enforce these requirements for various reasons that may include
lack of wherewithal to do so. As such we recommend that government consider
establishing or designating an independent agency to which political parties,
candidates and politicians should disclose campaign income and expenditure.
Such information should be presented in a timely manner, on an annual basis,
but particularly before and 6 months after each election. It should list donors
and the amount of their campaign donations, including in kind contributions and
loans, and should also list destinations of expenditure. The information should
be made available to the public in a timely manner so that the public can take
account of it.
g. Re-amend the Public Finance Management (PFM) Act 2015. Supplementary
financing should be restricted to cases that are unavoidable, unforeseeable and
unabsorbable. Section 25 of the PFM Act 2015 should be amended to restrict
supplementary expenditure to the contingency funds.
14
Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995; Chapter Five, Section 61 (1-4)
126
h. Amend relevant laws and where possible develop new legislations to prevent
private interests from subverting the democratic process through purchase of
control15 and favours. There should be a law that requires private companies
and business corporations to make quid pro quo campaign contributions/
donations to prospective political parties and/or candidates with a view of gaining
advantage to future government business/contracts or trade/tax concessions.
ACFIM identifies contributions to political/campaign finance as one of the highrisk areas where bribery takes place. Businesses should make donations within
the contribution limits specified in the electoral laws. The Companys Act 2012
should be amended to require companies to list all donations made to political
parties and candidates, and publish them on their websites.
a. Enforce on all major political parties the provisions requiring political parties
and organisations to maintain accurate and permanent record of donations,
sources of the funds and expenditure, and filing with the EC a copy of the audit
report within six months from the end of its financial year. Provisions against
voter bribery and misuse of public resources for campaigns should be enforced
as well.
b. Designate an office or officer to handle matters of campaign and political party/
organisation financing. This officer should be charged with reviewing financial/
audit reports filed by political parties and organisations including following up
on those that fail to comply. This report should be publicised in order to help
promote accountability.
Inspectorate of Government
a. The Inspectorate of Government (IG) should take a keen interest in cases of
corruption in campaign financing. One of the core functions of the inspectorate
is to eliminate and foster the elimination of corruption, abuse of authority and of
public office16. However experiences from the 2015/2016 campaigns reveal that
the IG does not take keen interest in corruption offenses related with campaign
financing. Voter bribery - which is a form of corruption was prevalent during
NRM party primaries in October and throughout the entire Presidential and
Parliamentary campaign period however to our knowledge no case was picked
up by the IG or followed up.
Office of the Auditor General
a. Review financial reports on budget utilisation and supplementary financing
for key Ministries, Departments and Agencies including Ministry of Defence,
Purchase of control is when a private company used the power of its contribution to a political candidate to influence
business decisions in its favour.
16
Inspectorate of Government Act 2002, Part III, Section 8 (1b)
15
127
Office of the President, Statehouse, and Office of the Prime Minister among
others during the campaign period (October 2015 February 2016). Among
other things, the use of government fuel cards for the above MDAs such as the
Ministry of Gender Labour and Social Development, Ministry of ICT, Parliamentary
Commission and Uganda National Roads Authority should be examined.
b. Audit the utilisation of government funding of UGX 10 billion to political parties
which was given on the basis of numerical strength in parliament and was shared
between NRM, FDC, DP, UPC, CP and JEEMA17.
Political Party Leaders
a) Leaders of political parties should take rigorous action against voter bribery
and the commercialization of politics in Uganda. ACFIM welcomes the robust
statements against voter bribery that were made by some NRM party leaders
including Chairman of Party Electoral Commission, Dr. Tanga Odoi during the
party primaries in October 2015 as did the incumbent president18. Unfortunately
most of the pronouncements were mere rhetoric as candidates continually
ignored them. Words without action are not enough. Party leaders should adopt
a No voter-bribery policy for all flagbearers during campaigns. Party leaders
should be seen to be taking disciplinary action against offenders including
sanctioning thorough investigation on cases of voter bribery highlighted in this
report.
b) Detailed disclosure of campaign income and expenditure. Notwithstanding
the absence of legal requirements for the disclosure of campaign income
and expenditure, political parties and flag bearers should voluntarily declare
campaign income and expenditure in respect of the election campaigns
2015/2016. Conversely, Candidates that were observed on campaign trails
receiving campaign contributions from the public including Kizza Besigye, Yoweri
Museveni, Abedi Bwanika and others, be it at presidential or parliamentary level,
should voluntarily disclose how much was collected and how it was utilised.
Civil Society
a) Revitalise the Advocacy for Electoral Reforms on areas highlighted by
international and domestic election observers as well as the court of appeal.
Critical to this are reforms around the regulatory framework for campaign
financing. ACFIM and partner organisations should engage with the 10th
Parliament, Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs, and the Electoral
Commission for dialogue on areas of legal and institutional reform.
Political Parties and Organisations Act (as amended) 2010, Section 14 (d), provides that the funds provided to political
parties and organisations under this Act, shall be subject to audit by the Auditor General
18
Statement by President YK. Museveni while addressing the NRM National Delegates Conference, 15th December 2014:
They attempt to fundraise for this church, the other mosque, this other school, etc., etc. What is the result? Heavy
indebtedness by the leader to the extent of having their properties sold off.
17
128
b) Advocate for restoration in the Public Financial Management (PFM) Act 2015,
of the appropriation of supplementary funding to be approved by Parliament
with a two thirds majority vote. This is in respect to the amendment on the PFM
Act in October 2015 that thwarted budget prudency and could lead to abuse
of public resources in a manner that undermined oversight by parliament and
other state authorities.
c) Organise grass root based awareness interventions targeting voter attitudes
towards vote buying and levying unlimited financial demands on Members
of the 10th Parliament. Ugandans from all walks of life including religious
leaders, cultural leaders, the academia, civil society organisations, faith based
organisations and the media among others should take collective action
to curb vote buying/selling and the resultant commercialization of politics.
Commercialization of politics is a problem that requires Ugandans from all walks
of life to take collective action to reduce it. The practice of ordinary citizens
making campaign donations towards political candidates should be strongly
encouraged.
d) Build capacity of civil society monitors to track and document campaign
spending by political parties and candidates at constituency level. This will
include improving the quality of data collection tools and establishing a standard
data base to store and analyse data on campaign spending.
129
APPENDIX I (NRM Party Estimated Expenses by

November 2015)
OBSERVABLE
MINIMUM COST
EXPENSE
1
Money advanced per village to reactivate NRM village structures
15,000,000,000
Delegates Conference that confirmed Pres. Sole candidates and

amending the constitution to make SC position appointive
19,000,000,000
2nd Delegates Conference to elect Party Flag Bearer October

30-November 2nd
20,000,000,000
Money received by NRM MPs to popularise sole candidature of

Pres. Museveni
10,000,000,000
30,000,000,000
Outdoor Advertising
6,000,000,000
a) Bill Boards
1,274,100,000
b) Posters
1,706,400,000
c) Banners
214,550,000
Media Advertising
a) Newspapers
132,370,000
b) Radio
439,962,000
c) Television
829,200,000
Yellow T-Shirts
15,806,630,000
10
Other Expenses
Allowances for Journalists on Campaign Trail
Allowances for Media Coordinator
Cash to constituency coordinators to transport supporters to

rally (voter tourism)
First Aid
Water and/or Soda in cartons
Pressure groups (15 in W.Nile, 7 in Luweero)
7,350,000
Tents
2,400,000
Plastic Chairs
4,000,000
Team coordinators allowances per district
6,000,000
Cash to 400 FDC Converts that given by Lt. Gen. Henry Tumukunde at White Castle Hotel, Arua
Cash to 60 boda-boda riders in Arua
12,000 A3 Glossy Color Posters valued at 1,000/=
42,000,000
7,000,000
140,000,000
5,000,000
28,800,000
20,000,000
1,200,000
130
12,000,000
OBSERVABLE
MINIMUM COST
EXPENSE
65 packs of yellow T-shirts each containing 48 pieces valued at

8,000/= each
Compensation to BCU farmers arrears out of the 9bn demanded
Fuel for 2 media vans per day
24,000,000
Fuel (full tank) for 12 Coasters per day
72,000,000
Allowance for 500 SFC men and women 20,000 per day for 30
days
300,000,000
Facilitation for at least 40 Journalists on 6 regional press conferences in Lango, W.Nile, Gulu, Karamoja, Kapchorwa and Soroti:
500,000/= per person
120,000,000
TOTAL MINIMUM
24,960,000
4,000,000,000
125,219,922,000
APPENDIX II (SUMMARY of NRM Party Minimum Expenses Nov - 2015)

OBSERVABLE
MINIMUM COST
EXPENSE
30,000,000,000
2nd Delegates Conference to elect Party Flag Bearer October

30-November 2nd
20,000,000,000
Delegates Conference that confirmed Pres. Sole candidates and

amending the constitution to make SC position appointive
19,000,000,000
Yellow T-Shirts
15,806,630,000
Money advanced per village to reactivate NRM village structures
15,000,000,000
10,000,000,000
Money received by NRM MPs to popularize sole candidature of

Pres. Museveni
6,000,000,000
Compensation to BCU farmers arrears out of the 9bn demanded
4,000,000,000
Outdoor Advertising
3,195,050,000
Media Advertising
1,401,532,000
Other Expenses
816,710,000
TOTAL MINIMUM
125,219,922,000
131
APPENDIX III (M7s Cash Donations/Pledges Jan 2015 & Aug 2015)
JANUARY 2015
DATE
CASH/PLEDGE
PURPOSE
Jan 1
Shs 30 million
Sacco of Nswere Church of

Uganda, Kiruhura district
Jan 9
Approx Shs 2.1 billion
11 Mitsubishi Pajeros to
district khadis of Iganga,
Ntungamo, Kamuli, Masindi,
Tororo, Kanungu, Mayuge,
Hoima, Bushenyi, Nebbi and
Sebei
*Each Pajero costs about Shs
200 million)
Jan 10
Shs 10 million (cash)
Construction of Tunyi
Catholic church in Bulambuli
district
Jan 24
100 million
Donation to Queen mother

Best Nursery, Primary and
Vocational School in Fort
Portal
Jan 25
Pledged Shs 100 million (deposited 30 million)
Boost church projects of St

Paul Cathedral, Namirembe,
Kampala
TOTAL (JANUARY)
SHS 2.275 BN
FEBRUARY 2015
Feb 4
Pledges 30 million (deposits

10 million)
Donation to KAWADISA
sacco at the Chieftaincy of
Mubende Rehabilitation
Centre
Feb 17
Shs 30 million
Bishop Janani Luwum parish

church in Mucwini, Kitgum
TOTAL (FEBRUARY)
40 MILLION
MARCH 2015
March 4
200 million
For purchase of 20,000 hoes

for farmers in Arua
March 20
10 million
Completion of the House of

late singer AK 47
TOTAL (MARCH)
210 MILLION
APRIL 2015
132
JANUARY 2015
DATE
CASH/PLEDGE
PURPOSE
April 14
Shs 120 million
Construction of a
300,000-litre underground
tank at Mary Hill school,
Mbarara
April 17
Shs 12.3 million
To purchase 300 bags of

cement and 300 iron sheets
for St Charles Lwanga church
in Koboko
April 17
Shs 50 million
Contribution to burial
expenses of Supreme Mufti
Zubair Kayongo
April 18
Shs 10 million
Contribution to burial
expenses of Canon Justina
Kabushenga in Kanungu
April 19
Shs 500 million
Contribution to the RDCs

saving scheme
April 22
Shs 350 million
Development of an HIV/AIDS
orphans centre in Kiruhura
district
April 27
Shs 30 million
Contribution to veterans
savings group in Masaka
April 28
Shs 60 million
To Uganda amateur golf team

for winning the Zone VI Africa
Championship
TOTAL (APRIL)
1.132 BN
MAY 2015
May 5
20 million
Completion of St Jane
Frances Catholic Church in
Nakabago, Mukono
May 6
10 million
Burial expenses for Idah Kamuntu, wife of Prof Ephraim

Kamuntu
May 11
100 million
To the construction of
Uganda Institute of Science
and Technology, a project
of St Peters cathedral,
Nyakatare, Kanungu
May 25
10 million
Staff savings scheme of

Nkumba University
May 24
5 billion (pledge)
Construction of perimeter
wall around Makerere
university
TOTAL (May)
5.140 BN
JUNE 2015
133
JANUARY 2015
DATE
CASH/PLEDGE
PURPOSE
June 5
5 million
Burial expenses of late

Bishop of West Buganda
Diocese. Rt Rev Godfrey
Makumbi
June 19
20 million
To the savings scheme of

Wakiso Secondary School
Headteachers Association
(WAKISSHA)
June 20
80 million
Towards construction of
library complex for City High
School
June 22
80 million
Mbarara diocese top

establish a shopping mall
June 25
20 million
Abayita Ababiri Women

Savings group
TOTAL
205 MILLION
JULY 2015
July 2
Shs 10 million
Burial expenses for Sheikh

Ibrahim Kirya
July 4
Shs 350 million
Food items for Muslims in

Kampala for the month of
Ramadhan
July 6
Shs 60 million
Contribution for the

renovation of Kigezi College,
Butobere, Kabale
July 13
Shs 10 million
Burial expenses for Enock

Bahemurwabusha, brother to
Amama Mbabazi
July 17
Shs 20 million
Donation to Masaka Muslims

during Id-el-fitr prayers
July 21
Shs 20 million
(10 million each) for civil

servants saving scheme and
boda boda cyclists scheme in
Moyo
July 22
Shs 30 million
(10 million each) for nurses

savings scheme, women
groups and boda boda
cyclists scheme in Adjumani
July 22
Shs 50 million
Completion of Riyadh
mosque in Obongi
134
JANUARY 2015
DATE
CASH/PLEDGE
PURPOSE
July 29
I billion (pledge)
Funding for Alliance of

Mayors and Municipal
Leaders Initiative for
Community Action on
HIV/Aids at Local Level
(AMICAALL)
July 30
Shs 288 million
Competition of various grain

milling machines in Amolatar
district
TOTAL
1.838 BN
AUGUST 2015
August 3
400 million (pledge)
Completion of Church House

in Kampala
August 5
60 million
Construction of Burora
Pastoral centre in Kibaale
August 9
400 million (Pledge)
Fundraising for All Saints

Church in Mbarara
August 11
640 million
Funds to launch the

University of Saint Joseph
Mbarara
August 13
50 million
Construction of two mosques

in Ntungamo
August 18
20 million
For St Marys Catholic Church

in Kagadi, Kibaale
August 20
400 million
Redevelopment of
Namugongo Martyrs shrine
August 26
200 million
To West Ankole diocese
August 26
300 million
To St Kaggwa Parish,
Bushenyi
August 26
60 million
Womens savings group in

Bushenyi
August 31
60 million
Construction of parish
priests residence at St
Josephs catholic Church,
Lweza
TOTAL
2.590 BN
135
APPENDIX IV (Campaign Expenses for Eng.

Mabiriizi)
CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR ENG. MABIRIZI
Outdoor advertising (posters, banners ,flyers)
22,100,000
Fuel
28,100,000
Administration costs
15,800,000
Facilitation for campaign agents
120,200,000
Mobilization and publicity
101,100,000
Donation
T-shirts
Public Address System
32,500,000
Venue ,tents and chairs
2,800,000
10
Accommodation for the team
31,500,000
11
Refreshments during the campaign (including meals)
35,800,000
12
5600 Polling Agents on E-Day @ 10,000/- per agent
56,000,000
13
230 parish supervisors @ 20,000/-
7,300,000
4,600,000
TOTAL
457,800,000
Source: Eng. Mabiriizi Official Campaign Manager
APPENDIX V (Detailed Campaign Expenses for

Venasius Baryamureba)
CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR VENASIUS BARYAMUREEBA IN 16 DISTRICTS
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
Advertising
Donations, Fundraisings & Vote Buying
EXPENSES
41,439,000
18.5

0.0
Handout Materials
0.0
Electronic & Print

Media
Journalists Facilitation, Radio/TV/Newspaper Adverts & Shows ,SMS/Robbo

Calls etc
16,100,000
7.2
Selected Campaign
Materials

Bandanas etc
62,500,000
27.9

28,800,000
12.8
Transport Expenses
Fuel & Hire of Buses, Lorries, Boda-Bodas, Helicopter, Van/Taxis, Cars etc
21,825,000
9.7
136
CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR VENASIUS BARYAMUREEBA IN 16 DISTRICTS

ITEM
DESCRIPTION
EXPENSES
Campaign Managers/
Agents

Subcounty Supervisors & Coordinators
etc
38,160,000
17.0
Campaign Offices
9,495,000
4.2
Others
6,048,000
2.7
224,367,000
100.0
TOTAL
APPENDIX VI (Detailed Campaign Expenses for

Benon Biraaro)
CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR BENON BIRAARO IN 16 DISTRICTS
ITEM
Advertising
DESCRIPTION
EXPENSES
26,180,000
20.8
Donations, Fundraisings Cash to Voters, Churches, Schools, Youth

& Vote Buying
0.0
Handout Materials
0.0
Electronic & Print

Media

Robbo Calls etc
17,320,000
13.7
Selected Campaign
Materials

Bandanas etc
29,510,000
23.4
9,681,000
7.7
Campaign Events/Rally/ Venue, Tents, Chairs, Public Address,

Meetings
Transport Expenses
16,926,000
13.4
Campaign Managers/
Agents

etc
18,340,000
14.6
Campaign Offices
5,460,000
4.3
Others
2,580,000
2.0
125,997,000
100.0
TOTAL
137
APPENDIX VII (Detailed Campaign Expenses for

Abed Bwanika)
CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR ABED BWANIKA IN 16 DISTRICTS
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
Advertising
Donations, Fundraisings & Vote Buying
EXPENSES
21,611,000
18.2

0.0
Handout Materials
0.0
Electronic & Print

Media

Robbo Calls etc
13,481,000
11.3
Selected Campaign
Materials

Bandanas etc
23,217,000
19.5
Campaign Events/
Rally/Meetings

11,730,000
9.9
Transport Expenses
15,447,000
13.0
25,852,000
21.7
Campaign Managers/ Polling Station Agents, Village/Parish/

Agents
etc
Campaign Offices
Equipment/Furniture/Computer/
Internet & Attendants/Drivers etc
5,170,000
4.3
Others
2,437,000
2.0
118,945,000
100.0
TOTAL
APPENDIX VIII (Detailed Campaign Expenses for

Joseph Mabirizi)
CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR JOSEPH MABIRIZI
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
EXPENSES
Campaign Events/
Rally/Meetings

14,964,000
23.8
13,827,000
22.0
Selected Campaign
Materials
9,272,000
14.7
7,944,000
12.6
Transport Expenses Fuel & Hire of Buses, Lorries, Boda-Bodas,

138
CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR JOSEPH MABIRIZI

ITEM
DESCRIPTION
EXPENSES
Electronic & Print

Media
7,685,000
12.2
Advertising
5,560,000
8.8
Campaign Offices
Equipment/Furniture/Computer/Internet
& Attendants/Drivers etc
2,419,000
3.8

0.0
Handout Materials
0.0
Others
1,210,000
1.9
TOTAL
62,881,000
100.0
APPENDIX IX (Detailed Campaign Expenses for

Maureen Kyalya)
CAMPAIGN EXPENSES FOR MAUREEN KYALYA IN 16 DISTRICTS
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
EXPENSES
Advertising
Donations, Fundraisings & Vote

Buying

0.0
Handout Materials
0.0
Electronic & Print

Media
Selected Campaign
Materials
3,199,000
30.9
Campaign Events/
Rally/Meetings

1,891,000
18.3
Transport Expenses

1,346,000
13.0
1,546,000
14.9
Campaign Offices
Equipment/Furniture/Computer/Internet
& Attendants/Drivers etc
494,000
4.8
Others
214,500
2.1
TOTAL
1,020,000
650,000
10,360,500
139
9.8
6.3
100.0

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EXTENDED STUDY ON CAMPAIGN

FINANCING FOR PRESIDENTIAL AND

FINAL REPORT 2016

EXTENDED STUDY ON CAMPAIGN FINANCING FOR

ALLIANCE FOR CAMPAIGN FINANCE MONITORING

C/O Transparency International Uganda

ACFIM copyright 2016

ACFIM PARTER ORGANISATIONS

1.1 Background and Context............................................ 1

2.0 SCOPE OF THE STUDY........................................................................................... 23

4.1 Legal Framework........................................................ 22

5.1 Anatomy of Campaign Expenditure...........................26

6.1 Trends in Combined Spending by Presidential

7.1 Type of Event Observed.............................................. 91

8.1 Donations by Candidates.......................................... 102

11.1 Unprecedented Rise in FY 2015/26 National Budget....

12. COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR

Sector Budget Allocations for FY 2014/15 and FY 2015-16 (UGX, Billions).7

Duration of Events Observed (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)..............................93

Survey on Commercialization of Ugandas Political Culture....................4

Figure 33: Duration of Events Observed (Nov 2015 Feb 2016)..............................93

Anti-Corruption Coalition of Busoga

Anti-Corruption Coalition Uganda

Alliance for Campaign Finance Monitoring

Citizens Election Observers Network - Uganda

Citizens Platform for Democracy and Accountability

Community Development and Children Welfare Initiatives

Commonwealth Observer Group

Democratic Governance Facility

First African Bicycle Organisation

Forum for Democratic Change

Gross Domestic Product

Kick Corruption out of Kigezi

MAYANK Anti-Corruption Coalition

Ministries, Departments & Agencies

Midwestern Region Anti-Corruption Coalition

Moroto Nakapiripirit Religious Leaders Initiative for Peace

National Democratic Institute

National Resistance Movement

Native Travel Festival

Northern Uganda Anti-Corruption Coalition

Political Parties and Organizations Act

Rwenzori Anti-Corruption Coalition

Short Message Service

The Apac Anti-Corruption Coalition

Teso Anti-Corruption Coalition

The Democratic Alliance

Transparency International Uganda

Uganda Bureau of Statistics

Uganda Peoples Congress

Western Ankole Civil Society Forum

Scope and Methodology

Regulatory Framework for Campaign Financing

Campaign Finance Offenses

Develop tougher laws and institutions on Campaign financing.

Political Party Leaders

1.1.1 Historical Context

1.1.2 Political context

Source: ACFIM MP Survey on the Commercialization of Politics, 2014

vote can transform into an improvement in their living conditions. There is