n5 Whole Course Notes
n5 Whole Course Notes
n5 Whole Course Notes
NATIONAL 5 NOTES
A = r
V = lbh
INDEX:
page 1
Chapter 1: Fractions
page 3
Chapter 2: Percentages
page 5
Chapter 3: Surds
page 7
page 9
page 11
page 13
page 15
page 17
page 19
page 20
page 24
page 27
page 30
page 33
page 40
page 42
page 48
page 51
page 53
2013 D R Turnbull
This material may be used for non-profit educational purposes only
and must include this copyright notice.
www.duggie.weebly.com
FORMULAE LIST
b b 2 4ac
The roots of ax + bx + c = 0 are x =
, a 0
2a
2
Sine rule:
a
b
c
=
=
sinA sinB sinC
Area of a triangle:
Area = 12 absin C
Volume of a sphere:
Volume = 43 r 3
Volume of a cone:
Volume = 13 r 2h
cosA =
b2 + c2 a2
2bc
Volume = r 2h
2
x 2 ( x) 2 n
( x x )
Standard deviation: s =
=
, where n is the sample size.
n 1
n 1
CHAPTER 1: FRACTIONS
Simplify (cancel down):
28 28 4 7
=
=
36 36 4 9
bottom stays as 4
11 4 = 2 R3
6
9
15
8
=
18
18
=
42 8
=
9 2 18
3
3
2
10
4
=
5 3 15
=
6 3 18
b
d
bd
b
d
7
18
3
11
10
4
33
=
40
a
d
b
c
4
7
5
8
4
8
5
7
32
35
page 1
multiply by reciprocal
and before + or
BRACKETS FIRST!
ORDER OF CALCULATION:
to change the order use brackets
5
8
3
(1) 7
of 2
6
9
4
multiply first
8
11
9
4
88
=
36
subtraction last
7 56
of means multiply
fully simplify
22
=
9
=2
4
9
=7
15
18
=5
7
18
2 49
2 188
common denominator
subtract whole numbers and
fractions separately
5
1
3
1
6
2
4
(2)
5
1
6
2
5
3
=
6
6
2
=
6
1
=
3
3
1
=
3
1
=
3
4
=
21
brackets first
fully simplify
page 2
3
4
7
4
4
7
top-heavy first
multiply by reciprocal
CHAPTER 2: PERCENTAGES
PERCENTAGE CHANGE
original
value
changed
value
+a%
100% (100 + a)%
a%
100% (100 a )%
non-calculator:
12
10
120% 10%
100%
96 12 = 8
8 10 = 80
(2) A camera
costs 120 after a discount of 25% is applied. Find the original cost.
x 0 75 = 120
x = 120 0 75
= 160
non-calculator:
75% =
3
4
3 3 1 4 4
4
4
4
120 3 = 40
page 3
40 4 = 160
or
240000 1 05 110 0 85
= 235620
compound interest
invested at 5% pa for 3 years.
(2) Calculate the compound interest on 12000
12000 (1 05)3
ie. 1 05 1 05 1 05
12000 1 157625
= 13891 50
compound interest = 13891 50 12000 = 1891 50
% change =
A 15000 car is resold for 12000.
Find the percentage loss.
change
100%
start
page 4
3000
100% = 20%
15000
CHAPTER 3: SURDS
NUMBER SETS:
Natural numbers
N = {1, 2, 3...}
Whole numbers
W = {0, 1, 2, 3...}
Integers Z = {... -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3...}
5,
9
whereas 25 ,
4
9,
For example,
16 are surds.
SIMPLIFYING ROOTS:
RULES:
mn = m n
(1) Simplify 24 3
(2) Simplify
24 3
= 72
= 36 2
72
m= m
n
n
72 + 48 50
+
= 36 2 +
36 is the largest
square number which
is a factor of 72
= 6 2
6 2
6 2 5 2 + 4 3
page 5
2 + 4 3
16 3
=6 2
48
4 3
50
25 2
5 2
3 2
3 2
= 3
)(
(3
(b)
3 2
3 2
)(
)(
2 +2 3 2 2
= 3 2+ 2 3 22
3 2
= 3 2 3 22
+ 2 3 22
9 6
6 + 4
9 4 6 2
+ 6 2 4
3 6
6 +2
18 6 2
+ 6 2 4
5 2 6
14
RATIONALISING DENOMINATORS:
Removing surds from the denominator.
Express with a rational denominator:
(1)
4
6
(2)
4
6
4 6
6 6
3
3 2
3 2
3 2 2
6
3 4
4 6
6
2 6
3
page 6
3
3 2
6
6
CHAPTER 4: INDICES
an
base
index or exponent
m
n
a a = am + n
Examples:
2
a m an = a m n
w w5 = w 7 = w 4
w3
w3
m n
mn
a = a
5 2
10
3 = 3
(ab)
2 6 2
6 2
3 2
2a b = 2 a b = 4a b
= an bn
a 0 =1
a1 = a
m
n
5 0 =1
51 = 5
a = a = a
m
4
3
8 = 8 = 2 =16
1 = a p
ap
43
1
8
page 7
4
3
1
=
16
32800 = 3 28 10 10 10 10 = 3 28 10 4
0 000328 = 3 28 10 10 10 10 = 3 28 10 4 = 3 28 10 4
Notice for numbers starting 0 the power of 10 is negative (same as 10).
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES indicate the accuracy of a measurement.
3400 cm = 34 m = 0. 034 km
For example,
same measurement, same accuracy, each 2 significant figures.
Count the number of figures used, but not zeros at the end of a whole number
or zeros at the start of a decimal.
rounding: 5713.4
0. 057134
learn to enter
standard form in the calculator using the
appropriate button EE or EXP or x10 n eg. 2.987 EXP 20
1 49 10 24 molecules
2
(-) button for a minus eg. 4.15 EXP (-) 2
4 15 10
use the
6 63 10 23
= 6 259... 10 20
6 26 10 20 atoms
page 8
V = Al
cylinder V = r 2 h
PYRAMIDS
V = 13 A h
cone
h
V = 13 r 2h
r
SPHERE
V = 43 r 3
EFFECT OF CHANGE
Describe the effect on the volume of a cylinder of:
(i) trebling the radius
(ii) doubling the radius and halving the height
V = (3r ) h
V = (2r ) 2 ( 12 h )
= 9r 2 h
= 4r 2 12 h
= 9r 2 h
9 times bigger
= 2r 2 h
2 times bigger
page 9
8 cm
= 40 cm 2
10 cm
20 cm
8 cm
10 cm
V = Al
= 40 20
= 800 cm 3
25 cm
= 13 10 10 25
= 2617 993... cm 3
30 cm
V = r 2 h
= 10 10 30
= 9424 777... cm 3
20 cm
V = 43 r 3 2
= 43 10 10 10 2
= 2094 395... cm 3
page 10
a2
b
b2
c2
W
2
C
24
18
B
slant height VM 2 = 4 2 2 2
= 16 4
= 12
VM = 12
=2 3
face diagonal AC 2 = 24 2 + 18 2
= 576 + 324
= 900
AC = 900
= 30
space diagonal AD2 = 40 2 + 30 2
=1600 + 900
= 2500
AD = 2500
= 50
height VC 2 =
( 12)
=
12
=
8
VC = 8
=2 2
page 11
22
4
If
a2
then
b2
c2
b
Show that ABC is right angled.
AB 2 + BC 2 = 8 2 + 6 2 =100
AC 2 = 10 2 = 100
10 m
6m
since AB2 + BC 2 = AC 2
A
8m
page 12
6 cm
9 cm
equiangular
and SF =
37
16 cm
15 cm
3
2
37
24 cm
SF =
image side
original side
enlargement if
SF > 1
reduction if 0 < SF < 1
Original
o
16 cm
16 cm
x cm
6 cm
15 cm
9 cm
x=
image
original
6 2
=
15 5
2
16 = 6 4
5
Image
shape with the
unknown side
x cm
x
SF =
s equiangular and
so similar
page 13
6 cm
SCALING AREA
length SF = n
area SF = n 2
48
cm 2
12 cm
15 cm
A cm 2
Given that the two shapes shown are similar, find the area of the larger shape.
length SF =
image
original
area SF =
A=
5
4
25
16
5
4
12
25
16
48 = 75
SCALING VOLUME
15
length SF = n
volume SF = n 3
15 cm
12 cm
250 ml
V ml
Given that the two solids shown are similar find the volume of the smaller solid.
length SF =
volume SF =
V=
image
original
4 4 4
5 5 5
12 4
=
15 5
=
64
125
64
250 = 128
125
page 14
COMPLEMENTARY angles
c + d = 90
VERTICALLY OPPOSITE
angles are equal
b
ALTERNATE
angles are equal
CORRESPONDING
angles are equal
ALLIED angles
are supplementary
TRIANGLES
angle sum a+ b+ c = 180
60
b
a+ b
60
ISOSCELES
60
EQUILATERAL
POLYGONS
INTERIOR ANGLES sum to (n-2) 180 where n sides
EXTERIOR ANGLES sum to 360
all sides and angles equal
72
108
pentagon
interior sum 3 180 = 540
page 15
REGULAR pentagon
interior angle 5405 = 108
QUADRILATERALS
KITE
x
x
*
*
x
x
*
*
TRAPEZIUM
b
a
d
c
a + b = 180 , c + d = 180
PARALLELOGRAM a trapezium
*
*
*
RECTANGLE a parallelogram
*
45
page 16
ANGLES
(1)
A
120
ABC = 90 30 = 60
(2)
A
page 17
PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
hm
10 m
10
h
x
10
h = x + 10
= 6 +10
h =16
x = 36
x =6
height 16 metres
page 18
AOB arc AB
=
360
d
6 cm
120 O
240 arc AB
=
360 12
? cm
arc AB =
diameter d = 2 6 cm =12 cm
reflex AOB = 360 120 = 240
= 8 cm
24 cm
(25 132...)
? cm2
240
12
360
24
area of sector AOB
=
12
66
B
24
6 6
12
= 72 cm 2
page 19
(3) 3w (w 2 4)
(2) 2 (3t + 5)
= 6x 2 3xy + 21x
= 3w 3 + 12w
= 6t 10
3x 2x = 6x
3x y = 3xy
3x + 7 = +21x
2 3t = 6t
2 + 5 = 10
3w w 2 = 3w 3
3w 4 = +12w
Fully simplify:
(4) 2t (3 t ) + 5t 2
(5) 5 3 (n 2)
= 6t 2t 2 + 5t 2
= 6t + 3t 2
= 5 3n + 6
= 5 + 6 3n
= 11 3n
DOUBLE BRACKETS
= 6x 2 15x + 4 x 10
FOIL
or
(3x + 2)(2 x 5)
= 6x 2 11x 10
(2)
(2t 3)
(3)
= 2t (2t 3) 3 (2t 3)
= 4t 2 6t
= w w 2 3w + 5 + 2 w 2 3w + 5
= (2t 3)(2t 3)
(w + 2)(w 2 3w + 5)
6t + 9
= w 3 3w 2 + 5w + 2w 2 6w +10
= w 3 3w 2 + 2w 2 + 5w 6w + 10
= 4t 2 12t + 9
= w 3 w 2 w +10
page 20
FACTORSATION
COMMON FACTORS
ab + ac = a(b + c)
Highest Common Factors are used to write expressions in fully factorised form.
4a 2a 2
Factorise fully:
= 2a (2 a )
2a 2 2a a using HCF(4a, 2a 2 ) = 2a
2 2a a 2
a(4 2a)
a 2 b 2 = (a + b)(a b)
DIFFERENCE
OF TWO SQUARES
Factorise fully:
(1) 4x 2 9
(2) 4x 2 36
= (2x )2 32
= 4 x 2 9
= (2x + 3)(2x 3)
= 4 (x + 3)( x 3)
page 21
TRINOMIALS
ax 2 + bx + c , a =1
x 2 + bx + c = (x +?)(x +?)
ie. 1x 2
Factorise fully:
(1) x 2 + 5x + 6
(2) x 2 5x + 6
(3) x 2 5x 6
1,6 or 2,3
1 6 = 2 3 = 6
2+ 3 = 5
use + 2 and + 3
2 + (3) = 5
use 2 and 3
= (x + 2)( x + 3)
use + 1 and 6
= (x 2)(x 3)
c
b
= (x + 1)( x 6)
ax 2 + bx + c , a 1
ie. not 1x 2
Try out the possible combinations of the factors which could be in the brackets.
Factorise 3t 2 10t 8
3 (8) = 24 pairs of factors 1,24
or43,8
or4
4,6
14or
42,12
442
44
3 one factor is negative
12 + 2 = 10
3t 2 10 t 8
12t + 2t = 10t
factors sum to 10
2
factor pairs: 3t t for 3t
1 8 or 2 4 for 8 , one factor negative
3t
1t
+1
3t
-8
3t
+2
3t
+4
-8
-24t
+1
-8t
3t
2t
-4
-12t
-2
-6t
(3t + 2)(t 4)
page 22
4t
ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS
SIMPLIFYING: fully factorise top and bottom and cancel common factors
MULTIPLY/DIVIDE:
a
c
ac
=
b
d
bd
a
c
b
d
a
d
b
c
x2 9
(1)
(2)
x + 2x 3
(x 3)(x + 3)
=
(x 1)(x + 3)
x3
x 1
fully factorise
ab
8a
b2
ab
b2
8a
4 b 2
=
ab 8a
4 bb
8a a b
1 b
2a a
b
2a 2
x
2
x3
3
3x
6
2(x 3)
6
3x 2(x 3)
6
3x 2x + 6
6
x+6
6
(3)
3
x ( x 3)
1(x 3)
3
+
x( x 3)
x (x 3)
x 3+ 3
x (x 3)
x
x( x 3)
1
x3
page 23
1
x
(4)
can simplify
x a =b
x
= b+ a
x = ab
x = ab
(1) Solve: 5x 4 = 2x 19
3x 4 = 19
3x
= 15
x = 5
subtracted
2x from each side
12x + 9
+9
15
x = 15
7
( x + 3) + 26 x =
6
6
3( x + 3) + 2x = 6
3x + 9 + 2x = 6
5x = 3
x = 35
page 24
INEQUALITIES
Follow the rules for equations, except:
multiply or divide by a negative number, reverse the direction of the inequality sign
x
ax > b
a > b
b
x < a
x < ab
(1) 8 + 3x > 2
(2)
8 3x > 2
x>
6
+3
x<
6
3
RESTRICTIONS ON SOLUTIONS
(1) x 5 where x is a whole number
(2) 2 x < 2
2
x = 0,1,2
x< 2
x > 2
3x > 6
+3x > 6
simplified
where x is an integer
x = 2,1,0,1
page 25
x a =b
x
= b+ a
x = ab
x = ab
x=a
x = a2
x= a
F = 3r 2 + p
Fp
3
r2
F p = 3r 2
Fp
= r2
3
Fp
= r
3
+p
F
p
Fp
3
F p F
3
inverse operations in reverse order
F = 3r 2 + p
r=
3r 2
page 26
y y
mAB = x B xA
Y
R
S
Q
0
R (0,8) , S (4,2)
3
mRS = yx S yxR = 24 80 = 6
=
4
2
S
R
P (3,1) , Q (6,1)
y y
mPQ = xQ xP
Q
mRS = 32
R (0,8) C = 8
y = mx + C
y = 32 x + 8
1 (1)
2
=
63
3
11
2
2
=
=
36
3
3
y= mx + C
yb = m (xa )
3y 3 = 2 x 12
3y = 2 x 9
page 27
y = 23 x + 8
obtain 1y =
y = mx + C
m = 32 , C = 8
RATE OF CHANGE
distance/time graphs:
speed/time graphs:
isolate y - term
cost ()
CITY
10
m = 1.5
C=0
m = 0.5
C=4
RENTAL
5
same cost for 4 miles, but
under 4 miles CITY cheaper
over 4 miles RENTAL cheaper
0
10
miles
page 28
W grams
6. 0
x
x x x
x xx
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
5.5
x
x
5. 0
10
15
20
T C
(16 , 6 0)
0 5 4 0 6
m = 6 16
=
= 0 15
12
4
(12 , 5 4)
y b = m ( x a)
a b
substituting for one point on the line (16 , 6 0)
y 6 0 = 0 15 ( x 16 )
y 6 0 = 0 15 x 2 4
y = 0 15 x + 3 6
W = 0 15T + 3 6
T = 30
page 29
W = 0 15 30 + 3 6
= 4 5 + 3 6
= 8 1
8 1 grams
y x= 2
y0 = 2
(1)
substituted for x = 0
plot (0,8 )
(2)
substituted for x = 0
plot (0,2 )
y=2
yx=2
0x=2
(1)
substituted for y = 0
plot (4,0 )
(2)
substituted for y = 0
x = 2
plot (2,0 )
y + 2x = 8
yx=2
SOLUTION:
x = 2 and y = 4
-2
CHECK:
x = 2 and y = 4
substituted in both equations
X
y + 2x = 8
4 + 2 2 = 8
8=8
page 30
(1)
yx=2
42=2
2=2
(2)
y + 2x = 8
(1)
y = 8 2x
3y x = 10
(2)
3(8 2x ) x = 10
replace y by 8 2x
24 6x x = 10
7x = 14
x=2
y = 8 2x
= 8 2 2
y=4
SOLUTION:
solve
(1)
x = 2 and y = 4
CHECK:
3y x = 10
3 4 2 = 10
10 = 10
(2)
page 31
4 x + 3y = 5
5 x 2y =12
(1) 2
(2) 3
8x + 6y =10
15 x 6y = 36
(3)
23x
( 3) + (4)
(1)
= 46
x =2
4 x + 3y = 5
4 2 + 3y = 5
8 + 3y = 5
3y = 3
y = 1
SOLUTION:
( 4)
x = 2 and y = 1
CHECK:
5 x 2y =12
(2)
5 2 2 (1) =12
10 (2) =12
12 =12
page 32
-2
5
(-2, 5)
-1
0
(-1, 0)
0
-3
(0,-3)
1
-4
(1,- 4)
2
-3
(2,-3)
3
0
(3, 0)
4
5
(4, 5)
If all possible values of x are considered, a graph will show the images (the RANGE).
The graph is a symmetrical curve called a PARABOLA.
Y
5
4
3
2
1
-3
-2
-1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
page 33
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
An equation of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a 0 , where a, b and c are constants.
The values of x that satisfy the equation are the roots of the equation.
The quadratic formula can be used to solve the equation.
QUADRATICFORMULA
b b 2 4ac
x=
, a0
2a
Find the roots of the equation 3x 2 5x 1 = 0 , correct to two decimal places.
3x 2 5x 1 = 0
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
a = 3 , b = 5 , c = 1
2
b b 2 4ac
x=
2a
x=
5 37
6
5 37
6
or
5 + 37
6
1 0827....
6
or
11 0827....
6
x = 0 1804....
or
1 8471....
b = (5) = +5
2a = 2 3 = 6
(i) (ii)
(iii)
NO REAL ROOTS
(ii) b 2 4ac = 0
page 34
b 2 4ac 0
16 + 8k 0
a = 2 , b = 4 , c = k
8k 16
b 2 4ac = (4)2 4 2 (k )
=16 + 8k
k 2
FACTORISATION
RATIONAL ROOTS
(non-surds)
IRRATIONAL ROOTS
(surds)
Solve:
(1)
4n 2n 2 = 0
(2)
2n(2 n) = 0
2n = 0
or
n=0
or
2t 2 + t 6 = 0
(2t 3)(t + 2 ) = 0
2 n=0
n= 2
2t 3 = 0
2t = 3
t=3
2
or
or
t+2= 0
t = 2
(w + 1) = 2(w + 5)
(4)
w 2 + 2w + 1 = 2w +10
x( x + 2) =15
w2 9 = 0
w = 3
x 2 + 2x =15
x 2 + 2x 15 = 0
(w + 3)(w 3) = 0
w + 3= 0
x + 2 = 15 , x 0
x
or
w 3= 0
or
w= 3
( x + 5)(x 3) = 0
x+ 5=0
x = 5
page 35
or
x 3= 0
or
x=3
GRAPHS
A sketch of the graph of a quadratic function should show where the parabola
meets the axes and the maximum or minimum turning point.
Sketch the graph y = x 2 2x 3.
Y
(i) meets
the Y-axis where x = 0
x=1
y = x 2 2x 3
y = 0 2 0 3 = 3 point (0 , -3)
(x + 1)( x 3) = 0
x = 1 or x = 3
points (-1, 0) and (3, 0)
-1
-3
1+ 3 2
= = 1 , equation x =1.
2
2
(1, - 4)
page 36
APPLICATIONS
Problems involving maxima or minima which can be modelled by a quadratic equation.
A sheet of metal 40 cm. wide is folded x cm from each end to form a gutter.
To maximise water flow the rectangular cross-section should be as large as possible.
40
40 - 2 x
Find the maximum cross-sectional area possible.
A = lb
= x (40 2x )
= 40x 2x 2
Zeros:
40x 2x 2 = 0
2x (20 x) = 0
2x = 0 or 20 x = 0
x = 0 or
x = 20
x = 10
(10 , 200)
A = 40 x - 2 x 2
Turning Point:
( 0 + 20 ) 2 = 10
axis of symmetry x = 10
y = 40x 2x 2
y = 40 10 2 10 2 = 200
maximum turning point (10 , 200)
page 37
10
20
EQUATION OF A GRAPH
y = k (x a)(x b )
a and b are the zeros of the graph
k is a constant.
y = k ( x a )( x b)
zeros -1 and 3
y = k (x + 1)( x 3)
xy
for (0,6 ) , 6 = k (0 +1)(0 3)
-1
6 = k 1 (3)
6 = 3k
k =2
-6
y = 2(x + 1)( x 3)
(-3,18)
x y
2
for (3,18) , 18 = k (3)
18 = 9k
k=2
y = 2x 2
0
page 38
COMPLETED SQUARE:
Quadratic functions written in the form
axis of symmetry
turning point
x=a
(a, b)
, minimum for
+1 , maximum for 1
y = x 2 8x + 21 can be written as y = (
x 4) 2 + 5
x=4
21
y = (0 4 ) + 5 = 16 + 5 = 21
point (0, 21)
axis of symmetry x = 4
0
= x 2 8x + 16
=
(x 4) 2
(x 4) 2 + 5
+ 21
16 + 21
16 + 21
page 39
The ratios of sides O , A and O have values which depend on the size of angle a.
H H
A
These are called the sine, cosine and tangents of a, written sin a , cos a and tan a.
For example,
O
H
3
sin a o =
5
S=
A
H
4
cos a o =
5
C=
O
A
3
tan a o =
4
T=
of the ratio.
The inverse trig. function acts on the value of a ratio to produce the angle.
For example,
sin 30 = 0.5
sin 1 0.5 = 30
ACCURACY
Rounding the angle or the value in a calculation can result in significant errors.
For example,
100 tan 69.5 o = 267.462... 267
tan 1 2.7
page 40
= 69.676... 69.7
xm
40
40
x
10
ensure calculator
10
sin 40
sin 40 o =
= 6 427....
x = 64
know H , find O
SOH-CAH-TOA
(2) Find y.
rearrange for y
ym
cos55
55
55
4
y
4
y=
cos55 o
4 cos 55,
calculator set
to DEGREES
= 6 973....
4m
cos55 o =
y = 7 0
know A , find H
SOH-CAH-TOA
1 9
x = tan
7
x
7 cm
H
x
9
7
= 52 125....
x = 52 1
know O , know A
SOH-CAH-TOA
page 41
use brackets
for (9 7),
calculator set
to DEGREES
y = cos x
1
-360
-270
-180
-90
90
180
270
360
720 X
y = sin x
-1
(90,1)
90
y = sin x
180
-1
270
360
y = cos x
(0,1)
90
180
-1
(270,-1)
Turning points:
maximum (90,1) , minimum (270,-1)
1
-90
90
180
360
-180
270
(180,-1)
y = tan x
-270
(360,1)
270
360
-1
450
(1)
y = n sin x
y-coordinates multiplied by n.
amplitude n units
maximum value + n , minimum value - n
Y
2
y = 2 sin x
y = sin x
0
90
180
270
360
-1
-2
X-STRETCH
(2)
y = sin n x
x-coordinates divided by n.
period 360 n. There are n cycles in 360.
y = sin 2x
y = sin x
0
90
180
270
-1
page 43
360
Y-SHIFT
(3)
y = sin x+ n
Y
3
y = sin x + 2
2
y = sin x
90
180
270
360
-1
X-SHIFT
y = sin ( x + n )
(4)
y = sin x
y = sin (x - 20)
20
110
200
290
380 X
-1
NOTE: for y = sin ( x + 20) the graph y = sin x would be shifted 20 to the left.
page 44
COMBINING TRANSFORMATIONS
(1)
Y
15
y = 7 sin 3 x + 8
amplitude 7
oscillates
around the line
y=8
period 120
1
0
by
30
903
60
1803
90
2703
120
3603
y = sin x
(90 , 1)
(270 , -1)
y = 7 sin 3 x + 8
(30 ,15)
(90 , 1)
7 + 8
(2)
Y
5
7 + 8
y = 5 cos (x - 10)
10
100
190
280
370
period 360
-5
y = cos x
(0 , 1)
(180 , -1)
(10 , 5)
(190 ,-5)
+10
y = 5 cos (x-10)
+10
page 45
EQUATIONS
The graphs with equations y = 5 + 3 cos x and y = 4 are shown.
Find the x coordinates of the points of intersection A and B.
Y
y = 5 + 3 cos x
8
y=4
360
5 + 3cos x = 4
3cos x = 1
1
cos x =
3
x =109 5 or 250 5
cosine
negative
cosine
positive
180 - a = 109.5
180 + a = 250.5
360 - a = 289.5
cosine
negative
cosine
positive
* A
all functions are positive
S
sine function only is positive
T tangent function only is positive
C cosine function only is positive
page 46
IDENTITIES
sin 2 x + cos 2 x =1
tan x =
1 cos 2 x
Simplify
.
sin xcos x
sin x
cos x
sin 2 x
=
sin xcos x
sin xsin x
sin xcos x
sin x
cos x
= tan x
EXACT VALUES
60
45
30
45
3
For example,
sin 60 =
3
, tan 30 = 1
2
3
ANGLES > 90
sin 240
cos 45 = 1
2
S A
180 - a
a = 60
240
= sin(180 + 60)
= sin 60
=
3
2
60
180 + a = 240
360 - a
T C
sine negative
page 47
, tan 45 = 1 = 1
1
a
b
c
=
=
sin A
sin B
sinC
82
6m
43
a
b
=
sin A
sin B
?a
a
6
=
sin 43
sin 55
55
a =
6
sin 43
sin 55
= 4 995.....
BC 5 0 m
b6m
A
5m
55
sin A
sin B
=
a
b
sin A
sin 55
=
5
6
sin 55
sin A =
5
6
= 0 682.....
a
B
A = sin -1 0 682.....
= 43 049.....
BAC 43.0
page 48
COSINE RULE
C
a 2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A
a
b 2 + c2 a 2
cos A =
2bc
a 2 = b 2 + c2 2bc cos A
= 6 2 + 9 2 2 6 9 cos32
6m
a 2 = 25 410.....
A
32
= 25 410.....
= 5 040.....
BC 5 0 m
9m
6m
5m
b 2 + c2 a 2
cos A =
2bc
=
A
?
9m
62 + 92 52
2 6 9
cos A = 0 85185.....
A = cos-1 (0 85185.....)
= 31.586.....
BAC 31 6
page 49
AREA FORMULA
C
b
A
53
5m
6m
Area 12 0 m 2
(2)
C
12 = 1 5 6 sin C
2
24 =
30 sin C
5m
6m
12 m2
A
sin C = 24 30 = 0 8
C = sin -1 (0.8 )
= 53.130....
ACB 53 1
page 50
or 126.869....
( from 180 53.130...
as angle could be obtuse)
from diagram, angle acute
H
C
-3
5
CD =
3
4
GH =
6
0
IJ =
2
3
EF =
6
-6
4
AB =
0
J
G
-4
u= a +b
parallelogram
GH =
C (1, 5)
u
A
2
(4) + 6 2 = 52 = 2 13 units
3
AD = BC =
4
u
v
B (-2,1)
ADD/SUBTRACT
by column vectors
add or subtract components.
3 7 4
+ =
4 2 6
by diagram
head-to-tail addition
PQ + QR = PR
b
Q
resultant vector
a+b
a
P
page 51
MULTIPLY by a number
a
u =
b
ka
ku =
kb
if
v = ku
2
AB =
1
8
CD =
4
C
CD = 4 AB
is parallel to AB
CD
B
A
3D
A(5, 2, 7)
1
1
If u = 2 and v = 0 find the value of v 2u .
3
1
1
1
1
2
= 0 2 2 =
v 2u
0
4 =
1
3
1
6
v 2u =
(3) 2 + 4 2 + (5) 2 =
50 = 5 2
page 52
3
4
5
5
a = 2
7
SPREAD:
Ordered results are split into 4 equal groups so each contains 25% of the results.
Q1
Q2
Q3
range, R = H L
interquartile range, IQR = Q3 Q1
Q Q1
semi interquartile range, SIQR = 3
2
NOTE: If Q1 , Q2 or Q3 fall between two results, the mean of the two results is taken.
For example,
12 ordered results: split into 4 equal groups of 3 results
Q1
Q2
10
11
13
17
18
20
20
23
Q3
25
26
27
29
13 +17
20 + 20
25 + 26
Q1 =
= 15 , Q2 =
= 20 , Q3 =
= 25 5
2
2
2
page 53
60
62
5 Figure Summary:
L = 56 ,
64
Q2
66
66
Q1 = 64 ,
66
69
Q3
71
71
Q2 = 69 ,
73
75
75
Q3 = 75
77
79
H = 79
Box
Plot:
50
60
70
80
Spread:
R = H L = 79 56 = 23
IQR = Q3 Q1 = 75 64 = 11
SIQR =
Averages:
Q3 Q1 75 64 11
=
= =55
2
2
2
(total
= 66 + 64 + 71+ ... + 66 =1030)
MEAN =
1030
= 68 666... = 68 7
15
(Q2 )MEDIAN = 69
MODE = 66
page 54
90
STANDARD DEVIATION
A measure of the spread of a set of data, giving a numerical value to how the data deviates
from the mean. It therefore gives an indication of how good the mean is as a representitive
of the data set.
Formulae:
mean x =
x
n
standard deviation s =
( x x)
n 1
or
s=
( x )
n 1
Examples,
20
30
40
50
60
Speed (mph)
mean = 38 , standard deviation = 7.5
(2) Low Standard Deviation: results clustered around the mean
the results are more consistent
20
30
40
Speed (mph)
mean = 38 , standard deviation = 3.8
page 55
50
60
The pulse rates of 8 army recruits: 61, 64, 65, 67, 70, 72, 75, 78 beats per minute.
x = x
n
x x
552
=
8
= 69
61
-8
64
64
-5
-4
-2
+1
+3
+6
+9
25
16
4
1
9
36
81
TOTALS
65
67
70
72
75
78
552
( x x)
s=
=
( x x)
n 1
236
7
= 5 806....
5 8
236
or
x = x
n
552
=
8
= 69
TOTALS
x2
61
3721
64
67
70
72
75
78
4096
4225
4489
4900
5184
5625
6084
552
38324
65
s=
( x )2
n
n 1
552 2
38324
8
=
7
=
236
7
= 5 806....
5 8
page 56
PROBABILITY
P (A) =
P = 0 impossible
P = 1 certain
P (not A) = 1 P (A)
frequency
relative frequency
vowel
111
consonant
189
111300 = 0.37
189300 = 0.63
total = 300
total = 1
P (vowel) = 0 37
Estimate of probability,
4 2
4 vowels out of 10 letters,
P (vowel) = =
10 5
for 300 trials,
= 300 0.4
= 120
P (consonant ) =
ie. 0 4
6 3
=
10 5
ie. 0 6
vowel or consonant,
10
P (either) = = 1
certain
10