QA 2015 Part 4

BMC INTERNATIONAL
COLLEGE
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
Reference Notes
2015
(Video Version)
Part IV (QA3)
Qualitative Analysis Notes
6.
Other reactions
6.1
Acidified potassium manganate(VII)/

hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agents
BMC 2015
The acidified purple manganate(VII) solution is reduced to almost colourless

manganese(II) ion.
The hydrogen peroxide is reduced to water.
Cr2O72 + 3 SO32 + 8 H+ 2 Cr3+ + 3 SO42 + 4 H2O
2 Fe2+ + 2 H+ + H2O2 2 Fe3+ + 2 H2O
2+
5 Fe
+ 8 H+ + MnO4 5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O
6 Fe2+ + 14 H+ + Cr2O72 6 Fe3+ + 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
22
BMC 2015
6.2
Reduction of nitrate(NO3) or nitrite(NO2 ) by aluminium/zinc/Devardas alloy to

ammonia
When a nitrate or a nitrite is heated with any of the above reagents in the presence of aqueous
sodium hydroxide, ammonia gas is liberated.
8 Al + 5 OH- + 18 H2O + 3 NO3 8 Al(OH)4- + 3 NH3
2 Al + OH + 5 H2O + NO2 2 Al(OH)4 + NH3
The ammonia produced turns moist red litmus blue and gives dense white fumes with HCl.
6.3
Oxidation of aqueous iodide to iodine

Colourless solutions of potassium iodide are easily oxidized to brown iodine solutions by
a variety of oxidizing agents
6 I + Cr2O72 + 14 H+ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O + 3 I2
2 Fe3+ + 2 I 2 Fe2+ + I2
2 I
+ H2O2 + 2 H+
2 H2O +
I2
23
BMC 2015
2 Cu2+ + 4 I CuI(s) + I2(aq)

I2 (aq) + 2 S2O32 (aq) 2 I (aq) + S4O62 (aq)
6.4
A white ppt of copper(I) iodide is observed

together with the brown iodine solution
When thiosulfate is added, the brown solution of I2
is decolourised, leaving behind the white ppt of
CuI.
Chromate(VI) Dichromate(VI) Equilibrium
No longer used in practical examination from Nov 2011
6.5
Reaction of copper(II) with conc HCl

Copper(II) compounds like CuO, dissolves in concentrated HCl to give a yellow solution.
CuO + 4 HCl CuCl42 + H2O + 2 H+
Yellow
When this solution is diluted gradually, the colour changes to green and upon further dilution a
blue solution will be obtained.
Cu(H2O)62+ + 4 Cl
CuCl42 + 6 H2O
yellow
blue
24
6.6
BMC 2015
Halides with conc sulfuric acid

(i)
With solid chloride, hydrogen chloride gas is evolved on slight warming.

Cl + H2SO4 HSO4 + HCl
(ii)
With solid bromide, a reddish-brown solution is formed which on warming gives

reddish brown vapours of bromine gas together with hydrogen bromide gas. The
hydrogen bromide gas initially formed is oxidised to bromine by the conc. acid.
Br + H2SO4 HSO4 + HBr
2 HBr + H2SO4 Br2 + SO2 + 2 H2O
(iii)
With solid iodide, brown iodine which on warming gives violet vapours, together with
hydrogen iodide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and sulfur are produced.
I + H2SO4 HSO4 + HI
2 HI + H2SO4 I2 + SO2 + 2 H2O
6 HI + H2SO4 3 I2 + S + 4 H2O
8 HI + H2SO4 4 I2 + H2S + 4 H2O
25
BMC 2015
6.7
Oxidation of bromide and iodide by chlorine water (obtained by acidifying NaOCl),

followed by the addition of an organic solvent
Br and I ions are oxidised by Cl2 water (acidified NaClO) to their respective halogens in
aqueous solution.
OCl + 2 X + 2 H+ X2 + Cl + H2O
(X=Br, I)
When an organic solvent ( eg. CH2Cl2, CHCl3) is added to the reaction mixture and shaken, the
organic layer becomes coloured due to the halogen dissolved in it.
Colour of aqueous layer
Pale green
yellow orange
brown
Cl
Colour of organic layer

colourless
reddish-brown
purplish/violet
Br
Anion
Cl
Br
I
Solubilities of Common Ionic Compounds in Water

The knowledge of the solubilities of common ionic compounds in water is extremely useful in
qualitative analysis as cations and anions are identified by precipitates formed with common
laboratory reagents.
Type of Salt
+
1. Na , K , NH4
2. NO3
All Na , K and NH4 salts are soluble.

All nitrates are soluble.
3. NO2
Solubility in Water
+
All nitrites are soluble except AgNO2.
4. Cl , Br , I
All halides are soluble except those of Ag+ and Pb2+.

PbCl2, PbBr2 and PbI2 are soluble in hot water.
5. SO42
All sulfates are soluble except those of Ba2+, Ca2+, Pb2+.
6. SO32
Only sulfites of Na+, K+, NH4+ are soluble.
7. CO32
Only carbonates of Na+, K+, NH4+ are soluble.
8. OH
Only hydroxides of Na+, K+, Ba2+ are soluble.

Ca(OH)2 is sparingly soluble.
9. CrO42
No longer used in practical examination from Nov 2011
26

QA 2015 Part 4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

QA 2015 Part 4

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

QA 2015 Part 4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BMC INTERNATIONAL

Qualitative Analysis Notes

Acidified potassium manganate(VII)/

The acidified purple manganate(VII) solution is reduced to almost colourless

2 Fe2+ + 2 H+ + H2O2 2 Fe3+ + 2 H2O

+ 8 H+ + MnO4 5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O

6 Fe2+ + 14 H+ + Cr2O72 6 Fe3+ + 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O

Qualitative Analysis Notes

Reduction of nitrate(NO3) or nitrite(NO2 ) by aluminium/zinc/Devardas alloy to

Oxidation of aqueous iodide to iodine

Qualitative Analysis Notes

2 Cu2+ + 4 I CuI(s) + I2(aq)

A white ppt of copper(I) iodide is observed

Chromate(VI) Dichromate(VI) Equilibrium

No longer used in practical examination from Nov 2011

Reaction of copper(II) with conc HCl

Qualitative Analysis Notes

Halides with conc sulfuric acid

With solid chloride, hydrogen chloride gas is evolved on slight warming.

With solid bromide, a reddish-brown solution is formed which on warming gives

Qualitative Analysis Notes

Oxidation of bromide and iodide by chlorine water (obtained by acidifying NaOCl),

Colour of organic layer

Solubilities of Common Ionic Compounds in Water

All Na , K and NH4 salts are soluble.

All nitrites are soluble except AgNO2.

All halides are soluble except those of Ag+ and Pb2+.

All sulfates are soluble except those of Ba2+, Ca2+, Pb2+.

Only sulfites of Na+, K+, NH4+ are soluble.

Only carbonates of Na+, K+, NH4+ are soluble.

Only hydroxides of Na+, K+, Ba2+ are soluble.

No longer used in practical examination from Nov 2011

You might also like