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    Hormonal Secretion of Pancreas

    Uploaded by

    Nazia Wasim
    The document discusses the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas. It describes how the pancreas produces hormones like insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels. It also details how insulin works in the body to promote glucose uptake and storage and inhibit gluconeogenesis.

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    © All Rights Reserved

    Hormonal Secretion of Pancreas

    Uploaded by

    Nazia Wasim
    220 views17 pages
    The document discusses the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas. It describes how the pancreas produces hormones like insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels. It also details how insulin works in the body to promote glucose uptake and storage and inhibit gluconeogenesis.

    Original Description:

    Pancreatic secretions .

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    The document discusses the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas. It describes how the pancreas produces hormones like insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels. It also details how insulin works in the body to promote glucose uptake and storage and inhibit gluconeogenesis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    220 views17 pages

    Hormonal Secretion of Pancreas

    Uploaded by

    Nazia Wasim
    The document discusses the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas. It describes how the pancreas produces hormones like insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels. It also details how insulin works in the body to promote glucose uptake and storage and inhibit gluconeogenesis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    You are on page 1of 17

    HORMONAL SECRETION OF PANCREAS

    (PANCREAS 1)
    LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
    At the end of lecture student should be able to know:

    What is pancreas.
    Endocrine and exocrine portion of pancreas,
    Insulin secretion.
    Insulin effects.
    Diabetic mellitus

    PANCREAS
    A triangular gland, A ions which
    has both exocrine and
    endocrine cells, located behind
    the stomach.
    A dual organ having two
    functions:
    o Exocrine Functions.
    o Endocrine Functions
    o
    EXOCRINE FUNCTIONS:
    o The exocrine function of the pancreas is localized in the
    acinar cells.
    o Acinar cells involves synthesis and secretion of digestive
    juices pancreatic juice.

    o Plays an important role in


    the digestion of proteins
    and lipids.
    o Has mild digestive action
    on carbohydrates.
    ENDOCRINE
    FUNCTIONS:
    o Performed by the islets of
    Langerhans.
    o Involves production of
    hormones.
    o Human pancreas contain 1 2 million islets.

    ISLETS OF LANGERHANS

    ORGAN SYSTEMS PANCREAS


    A triangular gland.
    There are two distinct within the pancreas
    The exocrine portion of the pancreas is made up of acini and
    ductal systems.
    ACINAR CELLS CONTAIN ZYMOGEN

    ORGAN SYSTEMS PANCREAS

    The endocrine portion of the pancreas is served by


    structures called the islet of Langerhans

    o The islet of Langerhans have several


    distinct cell types
    Alpha cells-produce
    glucagon and constitute
    approximate 25% of the
    total islet cell number.
    Beta cells-the insulin
    producing cells (majority of
    the cells)
    Delta cells-produce
    somatostatin
    INSULIN
    Hormone of nutrient abundance
    A protein hormone consisting of two
    amino acid chains linked by disulfide
    bonds
    Synthesized as part of proinsulin (86 AA)
    and then excised by enzymes, releasing functional insulin
    (51 AA) and C peptide (29 AA).
    Insulin is secreted in response to high blood sugar, although
    a low level of insulin is always secreted by the pancreas.
    After a meal, the amount of insulin secreted into the blood
    increases as the blood glucose rises.
    Likewise, as blood glucose falls, insulin secretion by the
    pancreatic islet beta cells decreases.
    In response to insulin, muscle cells,, and fat cells take
    glucose in from the blood, which ultimately lowers the high
    blood glucose levels back to the normal range.
    Insulin Structure
    Large polypeptide 51 AA (MW 6000)
    Tow chains linked by disulfide bonds.
    A chain (21 AA)

    B chain (30 AA)


    3 disulfide bonds.

    NORMAL INSULIN METABOLISM


    Insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 aminoacids
    that is synthesized, packaged and secreted in the pancreatic
    beta cells.
    The major regulator of insulin secretion is glucose which acts
    both directly and by augmenting the action of other insulin
    secretagogues.
    A rise in the blood glucose levels, causes an immediate
    release of insulin, presumably that is stored in the beta-cell
    granules. If the secretory stimulus persists, a delayed
    response follows, which involves active synthesis of insulin
    from the beta-cells.
    Other agents, including intestinal hormones and certain
    aminoacids (leucine and arginine), as well as sulfonylureas,
    stimulate insulin release.

    INSULIN SYNTHESIS
    Insulin gene encodes a large precursor of insulin
    (preproinsulin)
    During translation, the signal peptide is cleaved (proinsulin)
    During packaging in granules by Golgi, proinsulin is cleaved
    into insulin and C peptide
    Protein and Polypeptide Synthesis and Release
    Insulin synthesis is stimulated by glucose or feeding and
    decreased by fasting.
    Threshold of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is 100
    mg/dl.
    Glucose rapidly increase the translation of the insulin mRNA
    and slowly increases transcription of the insulin gene.

    PROTEIN AND POLYPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS AND


    RELEASE

    INSULIN SYNTHESIS

    LEVELS
    Blood glucose is normally maintained between 70 mg/dl and
    110 mg/dl.

    Blood glucose levels below 70mg/dl, denote the situation of


    "hypoglycemia".
    Although blood glucose levels of 110mg/dl can be normal,
    this is only the case if a meal has been taken within 2 to 3
    hours.
    A blood glucose level of 180mg/dl or more, is termed
    "hyperglycemia.
    Diagnosis is made if blood glucose levels are above
    200mg/dl after drinking a sugar-water drink (glucose
    tolerance test).
    Insulin excess causes hypoglycemia, which leads to
    convulsions and coma.
    Insulin deficiency, either absolute or relative, causes
    diabetes mellitus (chronic elevated blood glucose), a
    complex and debilitating disease that if untreated is
    eventually fatal

    ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
    Islets of Langerhans consists of four types of cells :
    o
    o
    o
    o

    A cells or cells
    B cells or cells
    D cells or cells.
    F cells or PP cells.

    o Alpha cells - release the


    hormone glucagon, which

    o triggers the release of glycogen form liver stores and


    o helps to raise the level of glucose (sugar) in the
    o bloodstream.
    o Beta cells - release the hormone insulin, which help regulate
    carbohydrate metabolism into the bloodstream.

    o
    o
    o
    o
    o

    FUNCTIONS OF INSULIN
    Insulin is a major anabolic hormone. It is necessary for:
    Transmembrane transport of glucose and aminoacids
    Glycogen formation in the liver and skeletal muscles
    Glucose conversion to triglycerides
    Nucleic acid synthesis
    Protein synthesis
    Its principal metabolic function is to increase the rate of
    glucose transport into certain cells in the body. These are
    the striated muscle cells, including myocardial cells,

    fibroblasts, and fat cells, representing collectively about 2/3


    of the entire bodyweight.
    GLUCOSE IS THE PRIMARY STIMULATOR OF INSULIN
    SECRETION

    o
    o

    REGULATION OF INSULIN SECRETION


    No insulin is produced when plasma glucose below 50 mg/dl
    Half-maximal insulin response occurs at 150 mg/dl
    A maximum insulin response occurs at 300 mg/dl
    Insulin secretion is biphasic:
    Upon glucose stimulation an initial burst of secretion (5-15
    min.)
    Then a second phase of gradual increment that lasts as long
    as blood glucose is high
    INSULIN SECRETION IS BIPHASIC

    INSULIN SIGNALING

    INSULIN ACTION ON CELLS:

    INSULIN ACTION ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM:


    Liver:
    Stimulates glucose oxidation
    Promotes glucose storage as glycogen
    Inhibits glycogenolysis
    Inhibits gluconeogenesis

    Muscle:
    Stimulates glucose uptake (GLUT4)
    Promotes glucose storage as glycogen

    Insulin Action on Carbohydrate Metabolism


    Adipose Tissue:
    Stimulates glucose transport into adipocytes
    Promotes the conversion of glucose into triglycerides and
    fatty acids

    GLUCOSE TRANSPORT
    GLUT2 (liver, pancreas)
    GLUT4, insulin sensitive transporter (muscle, adipose tissue)

    GLUT3 (brain)

    o
    o
    o
    o

    GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS
    Short term storage of glucose
    Activates glycogen synthase
    Inhibit glycogen phosphorylase
    Glycolysis is also stimulated by insulin
    Lipogenic and antilipolytic
    Insulin promotes lipogenesis and inhibits lipolysis
    Promotes formation of -glycerol phosphate and fatty acid
    synthesis
    Stimulates fatty acid synthase (FAS)
    Inhibits hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)
    Activates lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
    Protein Synthesis and Degradation
    Insulin promotes protein accumulation:
    Stimulates amino acid uptake
    Increases the activity of protein synthesis
    Inhibits protein degradation
    ACTION OF INSULIN ON LIVER:

    ACTION OF INSULIN ON FAT

    ACTION OF INSULIN ON MUSCLE

    INSULIN ACTION (SUMMARY):

    Dominates in Fed State Metabolism.


    glucose uptake in most cells
    glucose use & storage
    protein synthesis
    fat synthesis
    DIABETES MELLITUS

    DIABETES MELLITUS is a syndrome of impaired


    carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism caused by either
    lack of insulin secretion or decreased sensitivity of the
    tissues to insulin.
    TWO GENERAL TYPES:
    o Type I diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
    (IDDM):
    Caused by lack of insulin secretion.

    o Type II diabetes, noninsulin-dependent diabetes


    mellitus (NIDDM):
    o Caused by decreased sensitivity of target tissues to the
    metabolic effect of insulin. This reduced sensitivity to insulin
    is often called insulin resistance.
    __________________________________________

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