Applied Mechanics Lab MEC 424

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
___________________________________________________________________________
Program
:
Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220/EM221)
Course
:
Applied Mechanics Lab
Code
:
MEC 424
Lecturer
:
Ms. Farhanah Bt. Idris
Group
:
EMD4M5A
___________________________________________________________________________

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE

TENSILE TEST

No
NAME
1. MUHAMMAD SHAMEERUL AFIF BIN ABD
HALIM
2. MUHAMMAD SHAMEERUL AKIF BIN ABD
HALIM
3. MUHAMMAD AMIRUL ASYRAF BIN
YAACOB
LABORATORY SESSION

STUDENT ID
2015834428

SIGNATURE

2015828896
2015835092

:
(DATE)

REPORT SUBMISSION

:
(DATE)

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Applied Mechanics Lab MEC 424

1.0 ABSTRACT
Elastics Modulus is defined as the change in stress when applied the
strain. The experiment was done to elastic modulus (E) of beam specimen
by using the deflection method. The purpose of this tensile test was to
determine the tensile properties of a mild steel specimen when it
undergoes tensile loading. Apart from that types of fracture surface were
identified after specimen was subjected to tensile loading. Data between
experimental

and

theoretical

was

validating.

The

experiment

was

conducted by subjecting the specimen to tensile loading until fracture

occurs. The values for stress and strain were obtained and graph was
plotted. It can be concluded that the specimen exhibited elastic properties
up to the load where necking occurs. After this point the stress increased
until the specimen fractured. From the results obtained, it is indicated that
mild steel has relatively high tensile strength and ductility.

Applied Mechanics Lab MEC 424

2.0 INTRODUCTION
Uniaxial tensile test is known as a basic and universal engineering
test to achieve material parameters. These important parameters obtained
from the standard tensile testing are useful for the selection of engineering
materials for any applications required. This experiment primarily used to
determine the relationship between the average normal stress and average
normal strain in the engineering material used in this experiment which is
Aluminium. The test specimen that is being use have a standard shape
and size. It also has a constant circular cross section with enlarged to
prevent the failure occur at the grips. The measurement that is needed to
be considered is the gauge-length distance and initial cross-sectional area.
Another precaution step that will being use is to place both end of the
specimen in a socket joints to ensure there is no bending occur while
conducting the experiment. The specimen must being stretch at a very
slow, constant rate until it fails. Take the elongation reading, = L-L 0 and
this value will comes out at the screen of the experiment machine.
Manufacturers of metals, including producers of raw material or
finished metal products, need to pass compliance standards before
shipping their product. Tensile testing is imperative for ensuring a safe, high
quality material and avoiding the major liabilities associated with providing
non-compliant products. These actions will keep the end consumer satisfied
and dramatically reduce the chance of failure in the field. Tensile testing
provides data on the integrity and safety of materials, components and
products, helping manufacturers ensure that their finished products are fitfor-purpose and manufactured to the highest quality.
Thus, this specimen which is made out of Aluminium, will undergo
tensile test until failure occurs. From this, tensile properties of the specimen
will be obtained. The types of fracture surface when under tensile loading

Applied Mechanics Lab MEC 424

will also can be figured out. Lastly, the experimental and theoretical data
will be validating by means of comparison.

Applied Mechanics Lab MEC 424

3.0 THEORY
The characteristics of the conventional stress-strain curve can be seen at
the graph stress against strain for aluminium. From the curve, we can
identify four different ways in which the material behaves, depending on the
amount of strain induced in the material.

Figure 2.0 True Stress-Strain diagrams for Aluminium

Point A to y
It is Define as Elastic Region or Elastic Behaviour. It is occurs when the
strains in the specimen are within these two point. Here the curve is
actually a straight line throughout most of this region is said to be linear
plastic. The upper stress limit to this linear relationship is called proportional
limit, pl . If the stress slightly exceeds the proportional limit, the curve tends
to bend and flatten out as shown. This continues until the stress reaches the
elastic limit. Upon reaching this point, if the load is removed the specimen
will still return back to its original shape. Point A in this region is called
proportional limit. Point B is the elastic limit and point y is called yield
stress. This point y is where the elastic modulus, E is being calculated due
to its behaviour as the last point in elastic phase.

Applied Mechanics Lab MEC 424

Point y to u
This is where the Strain Hardening occur. When yielding has ended, an
increase in load can be supported by the specimen, resulting in a curve that
rises continuously but becomes flatter until it reaches a maximum stress
referred to as the, u. The rise in the curve in this manner is called strain
hardening. This point u is called ultimate stress.
Point u to f
This is the region where the Necking occur. Up to the ultimate stress, as the
specimen elongates, its cross-sectional area will decrease. This decrease is
fairly uniform over the specimens entire gauge length; however, just after,
at the ultimate stress, the cross-sectional area will begin to decrease in a
localized region of the specimen. As a result, a constriction or neck tends
to form in this region as the specimen elongates further. Point f is called
fracture stress.
Stress, F/A

Strain, LL
Elastic Modulus, E = Stress, / Strain,
Table 2.0 List of Formulae

Applied Mechanics Lab MEC 424

4.0 APPARATUS
Vernier calliper, tensile test machine, rectangular mild steel specimen,
extension gauge, load gauge, universal magnet holder.
Extension gauge

Universal magnet holder

Load gauge
Aluminium

:
Figure 5.0 Tensile Testing Equipment

Vernier Calliper

Applied Mechanics Lab MEC 424

5.0

PROCEDURES

1. Length of specimen is measured using Vernier calliper

2. The thickness and width of specimen is measured
3. The specimen is mounted to the jaw grip of tensile test machine
4. The extensometer is placed on the vertical flat of inner jaw
5. The load anchor is turned in clockwise direction
6. The extension and load gauges both were reset to 0
7. Then, the extensometer was increased by every 20 until the
specimen broke

and the

load gauge was recorded for every

increment of extension
8. Graph of stress against strain is plotted

6.0 RESULTS

Applied Mechanics Lab MEC 424

Initial length, L0 = 35.42 mm

mm

Width = 3.24mm

LOAD (kN)
X 50N

EXSTENSION
(mm)

STRESS (Pa)
Force
=
Area

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
640

0
10.0
15.5
17.0
16.2
17.9
18.1
18.2
18.4
18.8
18.8
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.5
19.6
19.6
19.3
19.8
19.8
19.8
19.8
18.8
19.4
19.7
19.4
18.8
17.0
14.9
10.2
5.1

0
308641975.3
617283950.6
925925925.9
1234567901.0
1543209877.0
1851851852.0
2160493827.0
2469135820.0
2777777778.0
3086419753.0
3395061728.0
3703073004.0
4012345679.0
4320987654.0
4629629630.0
4938271605.0
5246913580.0
5555555556.0
5864197531.0
6172839506.0
6481481481.0
6790123457.0
7098765432.0
7407407407.0
7716049383.0
8024691358.0
8333333333.0
8641975309.0
8950617284.0
9259259259.0
9567901235.0
9876543210.0

Table 7.0 Experimental Data

Thickness = 1.0
STRAIN
=
( lo +extension )lo
lo
0
0.2823
0.4376
0.4884
0.4574
0.5054
0.5110
0.5138
0.5195
0.5308
0.5308
0.5392
0.5421
0.5449
0.5477
0.5055
0.5055
0.5334
0.5334
0.5449
0.5590
0.5590
0.5990
0.5990
0.5308
0.5477
0.5562
0.5477
0.5308
0.4884
0.4207
0.2879
0.1439

Applied Mechanics Lab MEC 424

strain vs stress graph

0.8
0.6
Strain

0.4
0.2
0
0

5000000000

10000000000

15000000000

Stress

Graph 1 : strain vs stress graph

Extension vs Load
25
20
15
extension

10
5.1

5
0
0

100

200

300

400

500

load

Graph 2 : extension vs load graph

Sample Calculations

600

700

Applied Mechanics Lab MEC 424

Area, A

= Width x Thickness
= (3.24x10-3) (1.0x10-3)
= 3.24x10-6 m2

Stress,

Force
Area

10
3.24(6)
20 X 50

= 30.864 MPa
Strain,

=
=

( lo +extension )lo
lo
( 0.03542+ 0.01 )0.03542
0.03542

= 0.2823
Elastic Modulus, E =

308641975.3
0.2823

= 109.3304 MPa
Percentage Error =

E T h eoreticalE Experimental
x 100
ET h eoretical

210109.3304
210

x 100 = 47.938%

Applied Mechanics Lab MEC 424

9.0

REFERENCES

1. Elastic Modulus of Aluminum. Retrieved June 15, 2016 from:

http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/teach_res/db/d0004c.htm
2.

Stress-Strain behavior of Aluminum. Retrieved June 14, 2016 from:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020768309002716

3. R. C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, The Stress Strain Diagram, 9th ed,

Pearson,

Singapore, 2014, pp. 85-90