Rocks and Weathering Notes

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Key Terms/Comments/
Questions
Title:
Lithosphere
_________________________________________- rigid, outermost layer of Earth (crust
and solid mantle)
______________________________:
_____________________________- crystallized magma
_____________________________- cemented sediments in layers
_____________________________- rock is changed without being melted
Rock Types: Igneous rocks
Granite is an igneous rock formed from magma slushy mix of molten rock, gases, and
mineral crystals ___________________________________________________.
Igneous rocks are formed from the _________________________________________.
Remember: Lava is magma that flows ABOVE Earths surface
___________________ of Igneous Rock:
________________________ ________________________ igneous rocks that
cool quickly ON Earths surface
_______________________ ___________________________ igneous rocks
that cool slowly BELOW Earths surface
_______________________________ only under certain conditions the right
combination of _________________________________________________________
must be present.
The minerals rocks contain have ____________________________________
So, not all parts of a rock melt at the same time partial melting
One way different types of igneous rocks form
When magma cools, it crystallizes= igneous rocks
If it ____________________________________________, there is not enough
time for large crystals to form (______________________)
If it ____________________________________________________, there is
sufficient time for large crystals to form (__________________________)
Igneous Rock Uses
___________________________________________ (strong, resistant to
weathering)
Granite most durable igneous rocks
_________________ deposits are found within igneous rocks
Gold, silver, lead, and copper found in igneous veins
_______________________________ found in igneous rocks
Rock Types: Sedimentary Rocks
Much of Earths surface is covered with ______________________________ pieces of
solid material deposited on Earths surface by wind, water, ice, gravity, or chemical
precipitation
Sediments are formed through weathering (breakdown of rocks)
When sediments become _________________________________, they form sedimentary
rocks (form in _____________________)
Erosion and Transport:
After _____________________ have been weathered off, they are __________
to new locations called ________________________.
Four main agents of erosion: wind, moving water, gravity, and glaciers.
Eroded materials are almost always __________________________________
_____________________- more power to ______________________
__________________ than wind
_________________- moves _______________________ particles
easily
___________________- carry _______________________________
__________________________
_________________________- pulls materials __________________

(downhill sides and downstream); landslides, mudflows, avalanches
______________________________:
When _______________________________________ on the ground or sink to
the bottom of bodies of water deposition occurs.
Sediments are deposited ___________________________________.
Sediments form a layered deposit with the _______________________ grains on
the _______________________ and _______________________ at the ___
Deposition and landforms:
Water: water going down steep slopes erodes more because the
_________________________________ the ____________________
_____________________ moves _____________________________
_________________________________ than wind
Creates __________________________- where water and
sediment empty as it works its way toward ocean
Creates _____________________________________- where
sediment is dumped as it flows out of river or sounds into
ocean
Ice: (Glaciers) large-scale and dramatic; ______________________ out
large sections of landscape
___________________________, various shaped sediment
deposits (___________________)
Wind: moves __________________________________________ in
areas where there are _______________________________ to hold soil
in place
Shores: winds can blow fine particles uphill creating ________
___________________
______________________________:
As more and more sediment is deposited, the bottom layers are subjected to
increasing pressure and temperature
Causes lithification the physical and chemical processes that ______________
__________________________________________.
Begins with _______________________ ______________________
_________________________________ force sediment grains together
causing physical changes
Sediments bu________________________ _____________________
_______________________________________ together into solid rock
Features of sedimentary rocks:
Primary feature _________________________ called ___________________
Graded bedding ______________________, heavier particles on
________________________ layer
Cross-bedding inclined layers of sediment move forward across
horizontal surface
_____________________________ best known feature of sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary Rock Uses
_________________________________________ are found in sedimentary
rock
Uranium (nuclear power) is mined from sandstone
Limestone used to make ______________________; used for building
Phosphate (fertilizer) and iron (_________________) found in sedimentary rock
Rock Types: Metamorphic Rocks
When _________________________________________________ combine to ________
the texture, mineralogy, or chemical composition of a ____________________________,
a metamorphic rock forms.
During metamorphism, a ___________________________________________________.

Temperature comes from Earths internal heat
Pressure comes from either overlying rock or compressive forces during mountain
building
_____________________________:
__________________________ _____________________ and bands of
minerals
___________________________ lack mineral grains with long axes in one
direction
Weathering
_______________________________ set of physical and chemical processes that
______________________________ into smaller pieces.
____________________________________ minerals in a rock are dissolved
or chemically changed
____________________________________ minerals are not chemically
changed, rock fragments simply break off the solid rock
Causes ____________________________
Fine grain soil
Medium grain soil
Coarse grain soil
Chemical Weathering
Things that affect chemical weathering:
_________________: dissolves minerals
_________________: oxygen reacts with substances (oxidation)
____________________________________: released by living
organisms forming carbonic acid that dissolves minerals
_________________________________________: change pH of water
___________________________: influences rate of chemical reactions
Physical Weathering
Things that affect physical weathering:
____________________________: water expands as it _____________
so it will ______________________________________
Ex. Formation of pot holes in roads
__________________________: removing rocks above decreases
pressure and allows __________________________________________
Ex. Removing rock from a mine can decrease pressure and
cause large pieces of rock to explode off walls of mine tunnels
burying workers
Climate affects on weathering
Precipitation, temperature, and evaporation
_____________________________________________________ on weathering
________________________ weathering occurs more in areas with _________
________________________________________________________________
___________________________________ occurs more in _________________,
especially where repeated freezing/thawing occur
Little/no chemical weathering occurs in areas that are frigid all year round
Rock type and surface area
Weathering depends on how hard or resistant rock is
___________________________________________________
Mechanical weathering breaks rocks up into smaller pieces which increases
surface area
_____________________________________________
Topography and other variables
_______________________________________ are more likely to move
This exposes underlying rocks to more weathering

________________________________ and plant roots release carbon dioxide
Which combines with water to produce carbonic acid which increases
weathering
The Three Rock Types Re-Cap
The three types of rocks igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic are grouped
according to how they form:
Igneous rocks crystallize from magma
Sedimentary rocks form from cemented sediments
Metamorphic rocks form by changes in temperature and pressure.
The Rock Cycle
________________________________________________________________________
Ex. Heat and pressure may change an igneous rock into a metamorphic.
Ex. A metamorphic may be melted into an igneous rock
Ex. A metamorphic rock can be weathered and eroded into sediments, then into a
sedimentary rock
The continuous changing and remaking of rocks is called the ______________________.
The rocks of Earths crust are constantly being recycled from one type to another.
At any given time, magma is crystallizing, sediments are being cemented, and
deeply buried rocks are metamorphosing.
Energy driving the cycle:
Temperature (_________________ from earths interior causing melting and
cooling)
Mechanical (______________________________________________)
Gravitational potential energy (_______________________ from layers of rock
above)
Summary:
EEn.2.1.1 Explain how the rock cycle impacts the lithosphere.

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_______- pulls materials

During metamorphism, a ___________________________________________________.

This exposes underlying rocks to more weathering

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