Experiment Observation

Preliminary Tests Colourless

Blue, bluish green or green
Colour and appearance Pale green
Pink
Brown or yellow

Water soluble and no precipitate

with Na2CO3 solution
Solubility in water
Water soluble and precipitate with
Na2CO3 solution
Solubility in/action of dil.
Soluble
HCl

Insoluble

Brisk effervescence

If insoluble in water the salt Colourless gas with the smell of

is treated with dil. HCl rotten eggs is evolvedwhich turned
lead acetate paper black
Colourless, suffocating smelling
gas which turned acidified
potassium dichromate paper green
is evolved
Brown fumes evolved

Action of heat
Colourless, odourless gas turning
lime water milky
Brown fumes with irritating smell
Residue yellow when hot and
white when cold
Pleasant smell of inflammable
Heat strongly a little of the vapours are evolved
salt in a dry test tube
A colourless gas with smell of
burnt sulphur evolved which turned
acidified potassium dichromate
paper green
Smell of burnt sulphur and yellow
sublimate

Flame test Blue or bluish green colour

Brick red colour

Paste of salt and conc. HCl
is introduced into Bunsen
flame Crimson
 Paste of salt and conc. HCl
is introduced into Bunsen
flame
Light green colour
Liliac (violet)

Analysis of Acid Radicals

Action of dil. HCl (about
Identification Tests Refer to row no. 10
1mL)
Action of dil. Sulphuric
Vinegar smell is obtained
acid (watch glass)
No characteristic reaction

A colourless fuming gas is evolved

Action of conc. Sulphuric
which gave white dense fumes
acid (heating in a dry test
when a glass rod dipped in
tube)
ammonium hydroxide is shown

Action with conc.

Plenty of reddish brown gas is
Sulphuric acid and paper
evolved
ball
Action with barium
A white ppt insoluble in HCl acid is
chloride solution (salt
obtained
solution)
action with ammonium
molybdate solution
A deep yellow colour or precipitate
(nitric acid + excess of
is formed
ammonium molybdate +
soln)

A white precipitate is obtained

Carbonate: Soln +
Confirmatory Tests which dissolved in dil. HCl with
Barium chloride soln
brisk effervescence
Acetate: soln + neutral
A deep red colouration is obtained
ferric chloride soln
Chloride:

A white curdy precipitate is formed

Soln + dil. Nitric acid +
which dissolved in excess of
silver nitrate soln
ammonium hydroxide soln

salt + conc. Sulphuric A greenish yellow gas with

acid + manganese irritating smell is evolved which
dioxide + heat turned starch paper blue
Nitrate: soln + freshly
prepared ferrous
sulphate soln + conc. A brown ring is formed at the
Sulphuric acid along the junction
sides of the test tube
without shaking
Sulphate:
A thick white precipitate is formed
Soln + lead acetate soln which dissolved in ammonium
acetate soln
 A white precipitate insoluble in hot
Soln + lead nitrate soln water and soluble in ammonium
acetate
Phosphate: magnesia White crystalline ppt

Analysis of Basic Radicals (Group Analysis)

Soluble in water and and no
Identification Tests precipitate is formed on adding
Action with sodium sodium carbonate solution
carbonate soln Soluble in water and a precipitate
Confirmatory Tests is formed on adding sodium
carbonate soln
A colourless, punjent smelling gas
Soln + sodium hydroxide giving dense white fumes when a
+ heat glass rod dipped in conc. HCl is
shown
Nessler's reagent (about
A brown ppt
2mL)
Preparation of solution for the analysis of basic radical - stock soln
White precipitate that dissolved on
Dil. HCl + dil. Nitric acid
boiling and reappeared on cooling
Grpup 1 A golden yellow precipitate that
dissolved on boiling with water and
Potassium iodide soln
reappered in golden spangles on
cooling

Dil. HCl + hydrogen Black ppt

sulphide
Yellow ppt
Colour of soln Blue
Group 2 A greenish blue precipitate is
Ammonium hydroxide
formed which dissolved in excess
soln
of ammonium hydroxide

Acetic acid + potassium

Brown colour or ppt
ferrocyanide

Ammonium chloride + Reddish brown ppt

ammonium hydroxide
(drops - excess)
White gelatinus ppt
Sodium hydroxide (drops A white gelatinus ppt soluble in
- excess) excess of NaOH
Group 3 Note: If a white ppt is obtained in group 3, the test may be repeated using a dil. Soln of the salt sin
there is a chance of zinc getting pptd as zinc hydroxide on the addition of ammonium hydroxide,
the soln is too concentrated.
Ash test: Conc nitric acid
+ cobalt nitrate + heat
Blue tinted ash
>>> Dip filter paper and
burn
 Hydrogen sulphide + A white or greenish white ppt
ammonium chloride +
excess ammonium
hydroxide A flesh coloured ppt

White ppt dissolves in excess of

NaOH
NaOH
White ppt turns brown on keeping
Group 4
Ash test: Conc nitric acid
+ cobalt nitrate + heat
Green tinted ash
>>> Dip filter paper and
burn

Conc. Nitric acid + lead

The supernatent liquid got purple
dioxide + heat. The soln
colour
is cooled

Ammonium chloride +
ammonium hydroxide +
White ppt
ammonium carbonate
(excess)

Above ppt + acetic acid +

Yellow ppt (BaCrO4)
potassium chromate
Pale green colouration
Group 5 Flame test Crimson
Brick red
Ammonium chloride +
White crystalline ppt insoluble in
ammonium hydroxide +
acetic acid
ammonium oxalate

Acetic acid + calcium

Scanty white ppt (slowly)
sulphate + heat

Ammonium chloride +
ammonium hydroxide +
A white crystalline ppt
disodium hydrogen
phosphate
Ash test: Conc nitric acid
+ cobalt nitrate + heat
Group 6 Pink ash
>>> Dip filter paper and
burn
Ammonium hydroxide A white ppt dissolves in excess
soln ammonium OH
Magneson reagent +
Blue ppt
excess NaOH
 Inference Experiment
Fe, Mn, Cu, Co and Ni salts are absent Flame test
May be Cu, Ni or Cr salt
May be ferrous salt
May be Mn salt Confirmatory Anions
May be ferric salt

NH4, K or Na present

NH4, K or Na absent

Absence of Pb

Presence of Pb

Group analysis
Presence of carbonate

Presence of sulphide

Presence of sulphite

Presence of nitrite

Presence of carbonate
Presence of nitrates of heavy metals
Presence of zinc salts
Confirmatory Cations
Presence of acetate

Presence of sulphide or sulphite

Presence of thiosulphates

Copper Quantitative An

Calcium Acid

Strontium Strong
 Barium Strong
Potassium Weak
Weak
dicals

DRY TESTS Double Titrat

Presence of acetate is identified Standardisation

Absence of acetate

Estimation
Presence of chloride is identified

Presence of nitrate Single Titrati

Presence of sulphate Titration table

Presence of phosphate

Procedure - 2 marks

Presence of carbonate is confirmed Pipette

Presence of acetate is confirmed Burette

Indicator

End point
Presence of chloride is confirmed
Substance whose
normality has to be
found out

Presence of nitrate is confirmed

Presence of sulphate
 Presence of sulphate

Presence of phosphate is confirmed

Group Analysis)
Presence of zeroth group - ammonium -
alkali group metal

Absence of ammonium. Presence of non-

alkali group metal

Presence of ammonium confirmed

analysis of basic radical - stock soln

Presence of lead

Presence of copper or mercury identified

Presence of cadmium or arsenic

Presence of copper

Ferric ion

Presence of aluminium ion

est may be repeated using a dil. Soln of the salt since

droxide on the addition of ammonium hydroxide, if

Presence of aluminium is confirmed

 Presence of zinc

Presence of Mn ion

Presence of zinc

Presence of Mn ion

Presence of Zinc

Presence of Mn ion

Group 5

Presence of Ba

Presence of Sr

Presence of Ca

Presence of Sr

Presence of Mg

Presence of Mg is confirmed
 Reagent Ion
Conc. HCl
Barium chloride soln + dil. HCl Carbonate
Neutral ferric chloride soln Acetate
Dil. nitric acid + silver nitrate soln Chloride
Freshly prepared ferrous sulphate soln + conc. Sulphuric acid Nitrate
Lead acetate soln / lead nitrate soln + ammonium acetate Sulphate

Sodium carbonate 0 - ammonium

Dil. HCl 1 - lead

Through above soln pass hydrogen sulphide 2 - copper

Ammonium chloride + excess ammonium hydroxide 3 - aluminium

Through the above solution pass hydrogen sulphide 4 - zinc/manganese

Through the col 11 solution pass ammonium carbonate soln 5 - barium/calcium

Through the col 11 solution pass disodium hydrogen phosphate soln 6 - magnesium

Nessler's reagent Ammonium

Acetic acid + potassium chromate OR KI Lead
Acetic acid + potassium ferrocyanide soln Copper
Ash test: cobalt nitrate + conc. Nitric acid Aluminium
do Zinc
Sodium hydroxide Manganese

Barium

Acetic acid + potassium chromate

Calcium

Magneson reagent Magnesium

Quantitative Analysis

Base Indicator

Strong HPh
Weak MeOH
Strong HPh
Weak HPh / MeOH

Double Titration

Supplied soln v/s link soln Normality of link soln

Normality of estimation soln

Supplied soln v/s estimation soln Mass of est. soln = Neq; Mass in
the whole of the given soln =
mass/10

Single Titration

Normality of est. soln; Strength of

Supplied soln v/s est. soln
est. soln = Neq
 Ash Test

Aluminium Blue tinted ash

Zinc Green
Magnesium Pink

Eqiuvalent Mass Molecular Mass

NaOH 40.0 40.0

KOH 56.0 56.0

Na2CO3 53.0 106.0

H2C2O4.2H2O 63.0 126.0

HNO3 63.0 63.0

H2SO4 49.0 98.0

K2CO3 69.1 138.2

HCl 36.5 36.5

K2Cr2O7 49.0 294.0