Revit Architecture 2009

User's Guide

240A1-050000-PM02A April 2008

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Contents

Chapter 1 Welcome to Revit Architecture 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Network Deployment Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Standalone Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Network License Server Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Install the Network License Manager Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Obtain Host Name ID Using LMTools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Obtain a Network License File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Set Up the Network License File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Configure the Network License Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Combining Network License Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Distributed License Server Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Redundant License Server Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Network License Client Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Licensing from Previous Versions of Revit Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Network License Cascading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
License Server Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Licensing Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
License Transferring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
License Borrowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Subscription Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Using Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Autodesk Training Programs and Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Memory Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3 GB Feature Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Enabling the 3 GB Feature on 32-Bit Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Verifying Virtual Memory Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Chapter 2 What's New in This Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Rendering Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Rendering Workflow Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Render Appearance Enhancements for Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

v
 Lighting Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Plant and Entourage Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Decal Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Enhancements for Export to 3ds Max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Migrating to Revit Architecture 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Migrating Render Appearances for Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Migrating Lighting Fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Migrating RPC Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Migrating Decals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Migrating Rendered Images in a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
What's Changed for Rendering? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Navigating 2D and 3D Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Dynamic View Tools in ViewCube and SteeringWheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Project Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Conceptual Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Project Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Project Phasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Visibility and Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Rooms and Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Rooms in Section Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Room Volume Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Building Pads Are Room-Bounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Room Boundaries in Linked Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Tag Enhancements for Rooms and Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Unplace and Place Rooms and Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Color Fill in Section View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Modelling Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Preventing a Join on a Mid-End Wall Face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Slope a Building Pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Beam Cutback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Slab Shape Edit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Sketching and Snapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Details and Annotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Text Note Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Editing Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Revisions and Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Linked Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Worksharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Chapter 3 Revit Essentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Using the Revit Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Starting Revit Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Parts of the Revit Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Menu Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Toolbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Design Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Project Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Drawing Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Status Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Options Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Type Selector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
View Control Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Communication Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

vi | Contents
 Content Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Interface Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Navigating the Drawing Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Basics for Selecting Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Basics for Changing Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Getting Hints About What to Do Next . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Entering Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Starting a New Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Starting a New Project Using Default Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Starting a New Project Using a Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Opening Revit Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Opening a Revit Project File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Opening Family Libraries and Training Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Opening Files from the Web Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Opening Revit Files from Windows Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Saving Revit Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Saving a File with a Different Name or Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Save Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Setting Save Reminders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Backup and Journal Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Closing Revit Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Refreshing the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
What Is a Project? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Before You Begin a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Building with Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Categories, Families, and Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Element Properties Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Chapter 4 Project Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Plan Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Creating a Plan View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Creating a Reflected Ceiling Plan View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Cutting a Plan View by the Back Clip Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Plan View Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Displaying a Plan View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Plan Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Creating a Plan Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Controlling Visibility of Plan Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Elevation Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Creating an Elevation View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Displaying an Elevation View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Changing the Elevation Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Changing the Clip Plane in an Elevation View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Cutting an Elevation, Section, or Callout View by the Far Clip Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Reference Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Placing a Reference Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Framing Elevation Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Creating a Framing Elevation View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Elevation View Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Modifying Elevation Symbol Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Section Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Creating a Section View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Section Tag Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Breaking Section Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Controlling the Line Style of Broken Section Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Controlling Section View Width and Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Segmented Section View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Segmenting a Section View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Merging Segmented Section Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Contents | vii
 Reference Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Hiding the Section Annotation Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Displaying a Section View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Changing the Section Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Section View Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Modifying Section View Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Callout Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Callouts Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Callout Tag Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Callout Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Callouts and Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Creating a Callout View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Opening a Callout View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Modifying a Callout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Changing the Callout Tag Family for a Callout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Changing the Boundaries of a Callout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Adjusting the Callout Leader Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Callout Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Creating a Callout Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Creating a Callout Tag Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Changing Display Properties for Callout Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Visibility of Callouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Reference Callouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Reference Callouts Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Creating a Reference Callout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Changing the Reference Label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Modifying Callout Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3D Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Creating a Perspective 3D View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Creating an Orthographic 3D View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Using a Section Box in a 3D View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Rotating a 3D View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Displaying a 3D View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Specifying Camera Location in a 3D View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Modifying the Camera Position in a Perspective 3D View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Turning Off the Camera in a 3D View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3D View Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Walkthrough Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Creating a Walkthrough Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Editing a Walkthrough Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Editing Walkthrough Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Controlling Walkthrough Playback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Exporting a Walkthrough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Legend Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Creating a Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Dimensioning Legend Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Placing Components from a Legend into a Project View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Modifying Legend Component Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Schedule Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Creating a Schedule or Quantity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Key Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Creating a Key Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Applying a Key to an Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Applying the Key to a Component Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Material Takeoff Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Creating a Material Takeoff Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Annotation Schedules (Note Blocks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Creating an Annotation Schedule (Note Block) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Specifying Schedule Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Selecting Fields for a Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

viii | Contents
 Limiting Data Presented in a Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Sorting Fields in a Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Adding Grand Totals to a Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Adding Column Totals to a Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Formatting a Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Applying a Phase to a Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Modifying Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Editing Cells in a Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Grouping Column Headings in a Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Hiding Schedule Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Deleting Schedule Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Reusing Schedule Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Saving Schedule Views to an External Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Inserting Schedule Views from Another Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Foundation Footings Schedule Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Exporting a Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Duplicate Dependent Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Creating Dependent Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Adding Matchlines for Dependent Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Adding a Matchline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Modifying a Matchline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Matchline Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Navigating Primary and Dependent Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Propagating Dependent View Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Making a Dependent View Independent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Deleting Dependent Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Visibility and Graphic Display in Project Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Overriding Visibility and Graphic Display of Individual Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Overriding Graphic Display of Element Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Removing Graphic Display Overrides for Element Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Specifying Element Category Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Applying Transparency to Faces of Model Element Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Controlling Visibility and Graphic Display of Elements Using Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Creating a Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Applying a Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Modifying Filter Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Modifying Filter Visibility and Graphics Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Hiding Elements in a View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Hiding Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Revealing and Unhiding Hidden Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Temporarily Hiding or Isolating Elements or Element Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Overriding Individual Lines in an Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Overriding Host Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Override Cut Line Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Crop Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Cropping a View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Showing or Hiding Crop Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Resizing Crop Regions Graphically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Resizing Crop Regions Explicitly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Rotating Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Rotating a Section View or Scope Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Rotating a Viewport on a Sheet View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Rotating a View by the Crop Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Navigating Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
ViewCube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Overview of the ViewCube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
ViewCube Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Show or Hide the ViewCube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Reorient the View of a Model with the ViewCube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
SteeringWheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Contents | ix
 Overview of SteeringWheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Wheel Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Navigation Wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Navigation Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Saving a 3D View Orientation as a Project View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
View Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Zooming Project Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Maintaining Line Thickness when Zooming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
View Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Detail Levels and Display of Structural Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Display of Hidden Lines of Structural Concrete Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Showing Hidden Element Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Section, Elevation, and Callout View Tag Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Editing Type Properties for View Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Selecting View Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Hiding Elevation Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Callout Tag Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Elevation Tag Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Section Tag Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
View Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Additional View Range Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Modifying the View Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
View Range Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Model Graphic Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Specifying Model Graphic Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Setting up Shadow Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Applying or Removing a Line Style for a Silhouette Edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Finding Referring Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Finding a View Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Managing Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Customizing Project View Organization in the Project Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Sorting Views or Sheets in the Project Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Creating a Project Browser Sort Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Editing a Project Browser Sort Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Adding a Filter to a Project Browser Sort Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Editing a Project Browser Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Using View Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Creating a View List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Adding a View List to a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Renaming Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
View Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Chapter 5 Using Dimensions and Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Temporary Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Showing Temporary Dimensions When Multiple Elements are Selected . . . . . . . . . . 214
Changing Temporary Dimensions to Permanent Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Permanent Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Placing Permanent Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Locking Permanent Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Overriding Dimension Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Replacing Permanent Dimension Values with Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Creating Custom Dimension Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Dimensioning to Core in Compound Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Spot Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Spot Elevations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Reporting North, South, East, and West Spot Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Listening Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Dimension Witness Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

x | Contents
 Moving the Witness Line for Temporary Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Moving the Witness Line for Permanent Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Controlling Witness Line Gaps for Permanent Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Adding Witness Lines to a Permanent Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Deleting Witness Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Modifying Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Changing a Dimension Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Moving Dimension Line Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Changing the Dimension Line Tick Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Controlling the Display Behavior of Dimension Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Dimension Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Modifying Permanent or Spot Dimension Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Permanent Dimension Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Permanent Dimension Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Spot Elevation Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Spot Elevation Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Spot Coordinate Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Spot Coordinate Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Applying Constraints with Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Equality Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Applying an Equality Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Changing the EQ Label to the Dimension Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Controlling Visibility of Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Removing Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Constraints and Worksets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Chapter 6 Sketching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Sketching Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Sketching Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Sketching a Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Sketching a Rectangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Sketching a Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Sketching a Polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Sketching Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Sketching an Arc Passing through Three Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Sketching an Arc from the Center and End Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Sketching a Tangent Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Sketching a Fillet Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Sketching Ellipses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Sketching a Full Ellipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Sketching a Partial Ellipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Resizing an Ellipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Rotating an Ellipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Sketching a Spline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Best Practices for Sketching a Spline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Closing an Open Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Modifying Sketched Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Sketching and Work Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Setting the Work Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Making the Work Plane Visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Selecting the Work Plane Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Modifying Work Plane Grid Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Rotating a Work Plane Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Elements Associated with Work Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Changing the Work Plane of an Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Disassociating an Element from a Work Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Contents | xi
Chapter 7 Editing Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Selecting Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Selecting Multiple Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
How Many Elements Are Selected? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Selecting Elements Using a Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Selecting Chains of Walls and Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Selecting Part of a Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Modifying a Selected Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Selecting Walls or Lines Joined at a Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Selecting Multiple Curtain Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Restoring a Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Removing Elements from a Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Controls and Shape Handles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Drag Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Flip Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Pushpin Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Rotate Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Dimension Text Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
View Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Spacebar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Shape Handles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Undoing, Redoing, or Canceling an Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Undoing an Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Redoing an Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Canceling an Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Editing Elements in Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Creating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Creating a Group by Selecting Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Creating a Group Using the Group Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Creating an Attached Detail Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Duplicating Group Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Loading Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Placing Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Specifying the Position of a Group by its Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Modifying Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Adding or Removing Elements in a Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Excluding Elements from a Group Instance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Editing a Group Externally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Renaming a Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Detaching an Attached Detail Group from a Model Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Swapping Out Group Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Specifying Height for Model Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Draw Order for Elements in Detail Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Converting Groups and Linked Revit Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Converting Groups to Linked Revit Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Converting Linked Revit Models to Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Saving Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Deleting Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Using Arrays of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Creating an Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Creating a Linear Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Creating a Radial Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Copying an Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Deleting Members from an Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Changing an Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Moving Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Moving Elements by Dragging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Moving Elements with Arrow Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Moving Elements with the Move Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

xii | Contents
 Moving Elements with the Offset Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Moving Elements with Cut-and-Paste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Moving End-joined Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Moving Lines and Components with Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Aligning Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Rotating Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Flipping Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Mirroring Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Preventing Elements from Moving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Using Pins to Lock Elements in Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Unpinning Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Resizing Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Resizing Elements with Shape Handles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Resizing Graphically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Resizing Numerically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Resizing Elements with Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Trimming and Extending Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Copying Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Copying Elements with the Copy Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Copying Elements to the Clipboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Pasting Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Pasting Elements from the Clipboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Editing Pasted Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Pasting Aligned Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Copying Elements with the Create Similar Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Modifying Elements with Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Changing Component Types Using the Match Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Changing the Line Style of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Linework Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Using the Linework Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Changing Line Styles in a Linked Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Changing the Line Style of a Projection Edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Changing Line Styles for a View Underlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Using Hidden Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Using Linework for Coincident Edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Changing the Cut Profile of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Measuring Elements with the Tape Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Joining Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Unjoining Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Splitting Walls and Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Splitting Walls Horizontally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Splitting Faces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Applying a Material to an Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Deleting Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

Chapter 8 Creating Your Own Components (Families) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

Family Editor Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Family Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Basic Family Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Design Environment for Creating Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
General Rules for Geometry Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Defining a Family Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Is Reference Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Reference Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Creating Family Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Creating Family Types in a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Creating a New Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Setting Subcategories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Contents | xiii
 Families Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Families Included In The Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Modern Medium Family Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Accessing the Modern Medium Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Applying Materials to Modern Medium Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Loading Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Reloading Families into a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Saving Loaded Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Editing Loaded Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Editing a Family Within a Project or Nested Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Reloading Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Copying Family Types Between Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Strong and Weak References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Setting Strong and Weak References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Dimensions with Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Automatic Sketch Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Visibility of Automatic Sketch Dimensions in the Family Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Dimensioning with Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Labeling Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Dimensioning with Families Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Visibility and Detail Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Setting Family Geometry Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Cuttable and Non-Cuttable Family Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Cuttable Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Non-Cuttable Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Visibility of Imported Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Visibility During Sketching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Setting Detail Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Instance Parameters and Shape Handles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Creating Instance Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Adding Shape Handles to a Component Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Family Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Creating Family Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Using Formulas for Numerical Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Adding a Formula to a Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Valid Formula Syntax and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Conditional Statements in Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Adding a Website Link to Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Creating New Family Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Creating New Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Modifying Family Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Profile Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Creating a Profile Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Loading a Profile Family into a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Using the Profile Family with a Building Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Host Sweep Profiles with Nested Detail Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Creating Type Catalogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Creating a Type Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Using Type Catalogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Loading a Family with a Type Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Family Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Family Editor Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Duplicating Parameterized Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Solid Geometry Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Creating Solid Revolves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Creating Solid Sweeps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Creating Solid Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Creating Solid Extrusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Creating a Swept Blend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Void Geometry Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

xiv | Contents
 Void Extrusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Void Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Void Revolves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Void Sweeps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Cut Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Creating a Subcategory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Creating Subcategories for the Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Assigning the Subcategory to the Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Family Geometry Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Extrusion Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Revolved Geometry Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Sweep Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Swept Blend Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Line Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Family Category and Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Assigning Family Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Specifying the Always Vertical Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Using the Shared Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Specifying the Work Plane-Based Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Family Category Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Loading a Family into Projects or Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Load into Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Creating a Door Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Starting a Door Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Wall Inserts and Closure Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Creating a Window Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Starting a Window Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Creating Vertical Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Setting the Always Vertical Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Creating Work Plane-based and Face-based Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Creating a Work Plane-based Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Nested Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Family Loading Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Creating a Nested Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Visibility of Nested Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Creating a Nested Family with Interchangeable Subcomponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Creating and Applying a Family Type Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Shared Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Creating Shared Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Creating a Nested Family of Shared Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Loading Shared Families into a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Working with Shared Families in a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Scheduling Shared Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Creating a Curtain Wall Panel Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Starting a Curtain Wall Panel Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Automatic Sizing of Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Curtain Wall Doors and Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Creating Roof Inserts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Placing a Roof Insert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
In-Place Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Creating an In-Place Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Changing the Appearance of the Detail Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Linking Family Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Creating Family Parameter Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Creating Parameter Links for Model Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Loading Generic Annotations into Model Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Adding a Generic Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Creating Furniture Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Starting a Furniture Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Creating a Furniture Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

Contents | xv
 Creating a Column Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Starting a Column Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Specifying How a Column Displays in Plan View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Creating a Label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Editing Multi-parameter Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Building a Label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Shared Label Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Label Parameter Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Edit Label Unit Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Label Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Label Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Applying the Label to a Tag in a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Applying the Label to a Titleblock in a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Creating a Section Head Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Starting a Section Head Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Setting Parameters for the Section Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Tip for Creating a Section Head Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Creating Additional Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Creating a Structural, Plumbing, Electrical, or Mechanical Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Automatic Cutouts in Floors and Ceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Purging Unused Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

Chapter 9 Customizing Project Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

Creating a Custom Project Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Creating a Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Project Template Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Transferring Project Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Specifying Project Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Specifying Energy Analysis (gbXML) Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Custom Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Shared Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Categories Allowing Shared Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Setting up Shared Parameter Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Adding Shared Parameters to Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Shared and Family Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Exporting Shared Parameters to a Shared Parameter File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Tagging with Shared Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Schedules with Shared Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Project Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Creating Project Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Creating Shared Project Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Fill Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Creating a Simple Fill Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Fill Pattern Host Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Creating a Custom Fill Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Applying a Fill Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Deleting a Fill Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Editing a Fill Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Working with Model Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Moving Model Pattern Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Creating Dimensions to Model Pattern Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Rotating a Model Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Aligning Model Pattern Lines to Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Custom Pattern Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Pattern File Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Creating a Custom Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Materials Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
How Materials Are Stored . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460

xvi | Contents
 Searching for a Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Applying Materials to Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Applying a Material by Category or Subcategory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Applying a Material by Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Applying a Material by Element Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Changing the Display Properties of a Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Aligning the Surface Pattern on a Model Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Changing the Render Appearance of a Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Texture Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Render Appearance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Specifying a Render Appearance Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Specifying an Image File for a Render Appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Best Practices for Render Appearances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Changing Material Identity Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Adding a Material Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Material Identity Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Changing Material Physical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Creating a Material Physical Parameter Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Editing a Material Physical Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Material Physical Type Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Creating a Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Renaming a Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Deleting a Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Render Appearance Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
Searching for a Render Appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
Entering Search Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Object Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Creating Object Style Subcategories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Modifying Object Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Deleting an Object Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Renaming an Object Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Line Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Creating a Line Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Deleting a Line Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Modifying Line Styles in the Family Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Line Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Specifying Line Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Adding Scales to Model Line Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Deleting Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Line Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Creating a Line Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Editing a Line Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Deleting a Line Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Structural Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Structural Settings Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Symbolic Representation Settings Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Annotation Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Specifying Arrowhead Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Specifying Text Note Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Specifying Dimension Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Loading Tag Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Specifying the Default Tag for an Element Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Project Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Setting Project Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Changing Decimal Display and Digit Grouping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Snaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Setting Snap Increments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Enabling and Disabling Snaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Temporarily Overriding Snap Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Snap Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

Contents | xvii
 Object Snaps and Snap Shortcut Key Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Specifying Temporary Dimension Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
View Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Creating a View Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Specifying and Applying a Default View Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Applying a View Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Applying a View Template to All Views on a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Deleting a View Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
View Template Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Detail Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Setting Detail Level Scale Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Specifying the Detail Level for a View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Setting Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
General Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Graphics Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
File Location Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Rendering Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Spelling Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
SteeringWheels Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
ViewCube Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Keyboard Shortcuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Customizing Keyboard Shortcuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Keyboard Accelerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Using the Windows Color Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Using the PANTONE Color Picker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Chapter 10 Conceptual Design with Massing Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

Massing Studies Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Massing Studies and Building Maker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Creating a Mass Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Creating an In-Place Mass Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Creating a Mass Family Outside of a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Mass Instance Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Placing a Mass Instance from a Mass Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Using Multiple Mass Instances in a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Joining Mass Instances in a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Overlapping Mass Faces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Mass Instances in Design Options, Phases, and Worksets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Analyzing a Conceptual Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Mass Floors Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Mass Floors at the Top of a Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Mass Floors at the Bottom of a Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Creating Mass Floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Selecting Mass Floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Creating a Mass Floor Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Tagging Mass Floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
Assigning a Usage to a Mass Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Examples of Conceptual Design Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Area Analysis Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Analysis Example for Exterior Surface Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Perimeter Analysis Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Volume Analysis Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Mass Floor Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Modifying Mass Floor Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Mass Floor Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Troubleshooting Mass Floors and Conceptual Design Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
Cannot See the Mass in a View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542

xviii | Contents
 Cannot See Mass Floors in a View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
Cannot Select or Tag a Mass Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
Exterior Surface Area Is Too Large . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Exterior Surface Area Is Too Small . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Gross Floor Area Is Not Available for a Mass Floor Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Mass Gross Surface Area Is Too Small . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Creating Building Elements from Mass Instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Creating Walls from Mass Instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Creating Floors from Mass Instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Creating Floors Using the Floor by Face Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Creating Curtain Systems from Mass Instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Creating Curtain Systems Using the Curtain System by Face Command . . . . . . . . . . 548
Curtain Systems on NURB Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
Creating Roofs from Mass Instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Creating Roofs Using the Roof by Face Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Extending the Roof Face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Roofs on NURB Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Updating Face Selections for Roofs and Curtain Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Remaking Face-Based Host Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Selecting Face-Based Hosts from a Mass Instance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Controlling Visibility of Mass Instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Importing Massing Studies from Other Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Considerations for Imported Geometry in Mass or Generic Model Families . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Best Practices When Importing Masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
Importing a Design to a Mass Family Outside a Revit Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
Importing a Design as an In-Place Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Example of Importing a Massing Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Printing Mass Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560

Chapter 11 Working with Architectural Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561

Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Adding Interior and Exterior Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
Exterior/Interior Wall Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Adding Retaining Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
Arc Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
Adding Arc Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Resizing Arc Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Cutting Openings in Arc Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Embedded Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
Embedding a Wall into Another Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
Separating Embedded Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Vertically Compound Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Accessing Vertically Compound Wall Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Sample Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Modify Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Split Region Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
Merge Region Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Assign Layers Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Layer Assignment Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Sweeps and Reveals Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Vertically Stacked Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Defining the Stacked Wall Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Breaking Up a Vertically Stacked Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Vertically Stacked Wall Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Attaching Walls to Other Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Attaching a Floor to a Wall's Structural Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Detaching Walls from Other Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Detaching Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Wall Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580

Contents | xix
 Editing Wall Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Editing Complex Wall Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Changing the Order of a Wall Join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Cleaning Wall Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Joining Parallel Walls that Contain Inserts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Creating Walls with Mid-End Faces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
Joining Walls to Mid-End Faces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
Preventing Wall Ends from Joining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Preventing a Join on a Mid-End Wall Face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Aligning Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Splitting Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Sketching Wall Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Defining Wall Shapes or Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Wall Sweeps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Adding Wall Sweeps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Changing the Wall Sweep Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
Returning Wall Sweeps Back to the Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
Changing the Wall Sweep Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Adding or Removing Segments from a Wall Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Resizing Unconnected Wall Sweeps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Dimensioning to a Wall Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
Changing a Wall Sweep’s Horizontal or Vertical Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
Wall Sweep Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Wall Reveals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Adding a Wall Reveal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Changing the Wall Reveal Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
Moving Wall Reveals Away from or Towards the Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
Changing Wall Reveal Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
Wall Reveal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
Modifying Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Changing Wall Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Resizing Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Wall Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Wall Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Wall Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
Adding a Roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
Adding a Roof by Footprint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Adding a Roof by Extrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Adding Sloped Glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Joining and Unjoining Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Joining Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
Unjoining Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
Tips for Joining Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
Modifying a Roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Changing the Roof Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Editing a Roof Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Resizing a Roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Aligning Roof Ridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Roof Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Roof Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Roof Slope Arrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Eaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Creating a Plumb Cut, Two-Cut Plumb, or Two-Cut Square Eave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
Aligning Eaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Dormers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Creating a Dormer Using Slope Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Creating a Dormer Opening in a Roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Fascia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
Adding Roof Fascia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

xx | Contents
 Resizing or Flipping Roof Fascias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Adding or Removing Segments of the Fascia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Changing Mitering Options for Roof Fascia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Changing Horizontal and Vertical Offset of Roof Fascia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
Roof Soffits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
Adding Roof Soffits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
Roof Soffit Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Roof Gutters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Adding Roof Gutters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
Resizing or Flipping Roof Gutters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Adding or Removing Segments of the Gutter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Changing Horizontal and Vertical Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Roof Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Roof with Intersecting Slope Lines at Different Heights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Four-Sided Gable Roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Roof Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Modifying Roof Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Roof Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
Roof Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
Roof Boundary Line Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
Roof Fascia and Gutter Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Roof Fascia and Gutter Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Roof Slope Arrow Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Adding Floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
Changing the Floor Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
Editing a Floor Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Sloped Floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Creating a Sloped Floor by Sketching a Slope Arrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Creating a Sloped Floor by Setting Parallel Sketch Line Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
Creating a Sloped Floor by Setting Single Sketch Line Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
Floor Slab Edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
Resizing or Flipping Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Adding or Removing Segments of the Slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Changing Horizontal and Vertical Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Floor Slab Edge Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
Floor Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
Modifying Floor Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Modifying Floor Sketch Line or Slope Arrow Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Floor Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Floor Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
Floor Sketch Line Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Floor Slope Arrow Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
Ceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
Creating Automatic Ceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
Sketching a Ceiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
Sloped Ceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Modifying Ceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
Changing Ceiling Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
Creating a New Ceiling Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
Applying a Surface Pattern to a Ceiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
Editing a Ceiling Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Ceiling Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Modifying Ceiling Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Ceiling Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Ceiling Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656
Ceiling Sketch Line Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Ceiling Slope Arrow Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
Cutting Rectangular Openings in Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659

Contents | xxi
 Cutting Openings in Floors, Roofs, and Ceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
Cutting Shaft Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Stairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
Creating Stairs by Sketching Runs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
Creating Stairs by Sketching Boundary and Riser Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Creating a Run of Stairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
Creating Spiral Staircases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
Creating Arced Landings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
Specifying the Railing Type for New Stairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
Stair Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
Using the Stair Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Rule-of-Thumb Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Modifying Stairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Boundaries and Riser and Run Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Modifying Stair Railings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Moving Stair Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Changing the Stair Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Zero Tread Thickness for Monolithic Stairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Stair Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Modifying Stair Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Stair Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Stair Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
Adding a Ramp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
Specifying the Railing Type for New Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Changing the Ramp Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Editing a Ramp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Ramp Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Modifying Ramp Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
Ramp Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
Ramp Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Railings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
Adding a Railing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
Changing the Railing Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
Modifying Railing Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
Modifying Railing Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
Modifying Railing Height and Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
Controlling Placement of Balusters and Posts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Creating a Custom Baluster Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Overriding the Main Baluster Pattern for Stairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
Baluster Pattern Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
Specifying Start, Corner, and End Posts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
Post Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Deleting Balusters and Posts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Railing Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Modifying Railing Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Railing Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
Railing Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690
Architectural Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Adding a Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Attaching Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
Cut Column Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
Cut Target Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
Coarse-Scale Cut Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Modifying Architectural Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Changing Column Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Moving a Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Architectural Column Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
Modifying Architectural Column Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
Architectural Column Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698

xxii | Contents
 Architectural Column Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
Curtain Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
Curtain Walls, Curtain Grids, and Mullions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
Creating Rectangular Curtain Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
Non-Rectangular Curtain Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Curtain Grid Snapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704
Selectively Placing Curtain Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704
Type-Driven Curtain Element Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
Mullions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
Changing the Orientation of Curtain Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
Wall Panels in Curtain Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
Modifying Curtain Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
Curtain Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
Creating a Curtain System by Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Curtain Systems by Face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Adding Curtain Grids to a Curtain System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
Adding Mullions to a Curtain System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
Corner Mullions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
Corner Mullion Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Curtain Element Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Curtain Wall Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Common Mullion Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
Circular Mullion Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
Rectangular Mullion Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725
Corner Mullion Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726
Mullion Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Model Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Adding Model Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
Editing Model Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
Moving Model Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
Model Text Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
Modifying Model Text Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
Model Text Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
Model Text Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
Hosted Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732
Adding Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
Door Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
Changing the Door Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
Modifying the Door Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
Door Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Adding Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738
Window Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738
Changing the Window Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738
Modifying the Window Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
Window Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
Model Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
Adding Model Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742
Modifying Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
Model Line Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744
Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746
Work Plane-based and Face-based Component Placement Options . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Rehosting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Rehosting Doors and Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Rehosting Work Plane-based and Face-based Elements and Components . . . . . . . . . 747
Rehosting Level-based Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
Compound Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
Materials in Compound Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749
Layer Join Cleanup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749

Contents | xxiii
 Applying a Function to a Layer of a Compound Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749
Inserting Layers into a Compound Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Layer Wrapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Setting Layer Wrapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
Previewing the Compound Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
Layers as References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
Compound Walls Joined to Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
Editing Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
Flipping Orientation of Compound Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
Uniformat Assembly Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754

Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755

Structural Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Creating Structural Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
Placing a Structural Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
Placing Multiple Columns by Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
Adding Structural Columns inside Architectural Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760
Modifying Structural Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Locking Columns to a Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Adding a Splice Symbol or Plate Symbol to a Steel Structural Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Structural Column Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Structural Column Type Properties - Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
Structural Column Type Properties - Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
Structural Column Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764
Openings in a Structural Beam, Brace, or Structural Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766
Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
Structural Usage of Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770
Beam Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
Creating Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772
Sketching Individual Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772
Using the Grid Tool to Place Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773
Sketching Beams with the Chain Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775
Sloped Beam Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776
3D Snapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776
Editing Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
Beam Graphical Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
Beam Cutback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782
Cutback Default Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782
End Join Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784
Cutback Instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787
The Beam Join Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790
Beam Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793
Structural Framing Tag Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793
Beam Annotations Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
Beam Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802
Modifying Beam Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802
Beam Type Properties - Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802
Beam Type Properties - Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803
Beam Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804
Beam Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
Creating a One-Click Beam System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808
Creating a Structural Beam System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809
Defining the Boundary of a Structural Beam System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810
Specifying Beam Direction in a Beam System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816
Beam System Layout Rules and Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
Creating a Cantilevered Beam System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818
Creating a 3D Beam System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
Adding a 3D Beam System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820
Tagging Beam Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821

xxiv | Contents
 Tagging Beam Systems on Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
Resetting Structural Beam Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
Modifying a Beam System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825
Modifying Beam System Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825
Beam System Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825
Beam System Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826
Braces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
Loading Structural Braces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828
Adding Structural Braces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
Modifying Braces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Controlling Brace Attachments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Brace Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832
Steel Brace Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832
Steel Brace Instance Properties (When Attached to a Beam) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834
Brace Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836
Structural Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
Creating a Structural Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840
Modifying Structural Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841
Modifying Structural Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841
Defining Structural Wall Shapes or Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842
Arc Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844
Structural Wall Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
Structural Wall Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846
Structural Wall Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847
Wall Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849
Creating a Wall Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849
Modifying Wall Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852
Default End Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854
Doors and Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854
Wall Foundation Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Modifying Wall Foundation Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Wall Foundation Type Properties - Retaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Wall Foundation Type Properties - Bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856
Wall Foundation Instance Properties - Retaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857
Wall Foundation Instance Properties - Bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858
Isolated Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
Adding Isolated Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861
Isolated Foundation Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862
Modifying Isolated Foundation Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862
Isolated Foundation Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862
Isolated Foundation Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863
Structural Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864
Adding a Slab or Deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
Cantilevers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
Applying Cantilevers when Creating a Slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
Applying Cantilevers to an Existing Slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868
Span Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869
Sloped Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870
Cutting Openings in Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
Drop Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872
Modifying Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874
Slab Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875
Foundation Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878
Adding Foundation Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878
Foundation Slab Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
Shape Editing for Slabs, Roofs and Floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881
Using the Modify Sub-Elements Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883
Using the Draw Points Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884
Using the Draw Split Lines Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884
Using the Pick Supports Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886

Contents | xxv
 Using the Curved Edge Condition Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886
Using the Reset Shape Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Deleting Shape Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Variable Layer Thickness for Roofs and Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888
Structural Component Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889
Structural Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889
Starting a Project with the Structural Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889
Loading Structural Component Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889
Loading Structural Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890
Loading in the Element Properties Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890
Dragging from Windows Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890

Chapter 13 Working with Site Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891

Site Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
Defining Site Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
Site Settings Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892
Toposurfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893
Creating a Toposurface by Picking Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894
Creating a Toposurface from Imported 3D Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894
Creating a Toposurface from a Points File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895
Simplifying a Toposurface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895
Toposurface Subregions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896
Splitting a Toposurface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896
Merging Toposurfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
Graded Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898
Toposurface Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899
Property Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899
Sketching Property Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900
Converting Sketched Property Lines to Table-Based Property Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900
Creating Property Lines with Survey Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900
Reporting Cut and Fill Volumes on a Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901
Viewing the Cut/Fill Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901
Cut and Fill in a Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902
Cut and Fill Reporting with Building Pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902
Building Pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902
Adding a Building Pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903
Modifying Building Pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904
Modifying the Structure of a Building Pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904
Sloping a Building Pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904
Building Pad Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905
Modifying Building Pad Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905
Building Pad Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905
Building Pad Slope Arrow Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906
Building Pad Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906
Parking Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
Site Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908
Contour Line Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908
Labelling Contour Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908
Modifying the Label Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909
Changing the Appearance of Contour Line Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909
Contour Label Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910

Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911

Rooms and Areas Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911
Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
Creating a Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
Selecting a Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914
Controlling the Visibility of Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915

xxvi | Contents
 Room Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915
Rooms in Plan Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915
Rooms in Section Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916
Room-Bounding Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917
Making an Element Room Bounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918
Room Separation Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918
Room Boundaries in Linked Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920
Rooms Spanning Floors or Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
Upgrading Rooms from Earlier Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
Room Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922
Tagging a Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922
Tag Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 922
Tagging Rooms on Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
Moving a Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
Rotating a Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
Room and Room Tag Relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924
Room Schedules and Room Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924
Room Tag Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925
Room Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926
Computation Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926
Changing the Room Area Boundary Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928
Room Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928
How Room Volume is Computed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928
Enabling Volume Computations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929
Defining Room Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930
Sharing Room/Space Information Between Revit Architecture and Revit MEP . . . . . . . . . . 933
Workflow: Linking an MEP Model to an Architectural Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933
How Revit Architecture and Revit MEP Share Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934
Phase-Specific Rooms and Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934
Scheduling Phase-Specific Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935
Copying Rooms Between Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936
Phase-Specific Rooms and Linked Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936
Removing Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936
Unplacing or Moving Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937
Placing an Unplaced Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938
Viewing a List of Unplaced Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938
Hiding Unplaced Rooms in a Room Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938
Deleting Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938
Rooms and Areas as Polylines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939
Exporting Rooms and Areas as Polylines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939
Room Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939
Modifying Room Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940
Room Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940
Troubleshooting Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941
Can't Create Any Energy Analysis Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942
Energy Analysis Model Does Not Contain Any Roof Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942
Highlighted Room Separation Lines Overlap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942
Multiple Rooms Are in the Same Enclosed Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942
Not Computed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943
Not Enclosed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943
Redundant Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943
Room Is Very Short . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943
Room Tag Is Outside of Its Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944
Room Tag Was Deleted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944
Room Volumes Overlap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944
Room's Lower Offset Is Above the Computation Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944
Setting for Areas and Volumes Is Not Checked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945
Area Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945
Area Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945
Area Schemes and Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945

Contents | xxvii
 Creating an Area Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946
Deleting an Area Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946
Area Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946
Creating an Area Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946
Area Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947
Creating Area Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947
Areas and Area Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948
Creating an Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948
Adding an Area Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949
Deleting Areas and Area Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949
Area Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949
Area Tag Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950
Removing Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951
Unplacing or Moving Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951
Placing an Unplaced Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952
Viewing a List of Unplaced Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952
Hiding Unplaced Areas in an Area Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952
Deleting Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952
Showing Areas and Area Boundaries in Linked Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953
Area Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953
Area Type Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954
Color Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956
Opening the Edit Color Scheme Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958
Creating a Color Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958
Adding Values to a Color Scheme Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
Applying a Color Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960
Using a Color Scheme in a Section View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960
Modifying a Color Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961
Applying the Host Model Color Scheme to Rooms and Areas in Linked Models . . . . . . . . . 961
Applying the Linked Model Color Scheme to Rooms and Areas in Linked Models . . . . . . . . 961
Removing the Color Scheme Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962
Color Scheme Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962
Adding a Color Scheme Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963
Modifying a Color Scheme Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963
Color Scheme Legend Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964

Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967

Construction Documents Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967
Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968
Sheets Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968
Digital Cartoon Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969
Sheets in Project Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970
Adding a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970
Adding Views to a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971
Hiding Parts of a View on a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972
Applying Standard Settings to a View on a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973
Aligning Views on a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973
Locking the Position of a View on a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974
Renaming a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975
Specifying Title Block Information for Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975
Entering Project-Specific Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975
Entering Sheet-Specific Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976
Modifying a View on a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976
Dividing a View Across Multiple Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977
Rotating a View on a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978
Creating a Title Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978
Adding a Legend to a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 980
Adding a Note Block to a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 980
Using External Information on a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981

xxviii | Contents
 Adding Text from a File to a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982
Adding a Spreadsheet to a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982
Adding an Image to a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983
Sheet Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983
Modifying Sheet Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983
Sheet Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983
Title Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 984
Title Blocks Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 984
Creating a Title Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
Modifying a Title Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
Logos and Images in a Title Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986
Loading a Title Block into a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987
Changing the Title Block Used on a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987
Revision Schedules on Title Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988
Adding a Revision Schedule to a Custom Title Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988
Rotating a Revision Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990
Defining the Height of the Revision Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990
Building a Revision Schedule from the Top Down or Bottom Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991
Adding Custom Fields to a Title Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992
Importing a Title Block from Another CAD Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994
Viewports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995
Viewport Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995
Creating a Viewport Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996
Applying a Viewport Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996
Modifying Viewport Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997
Viewport Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997
View Titles on Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997
Modifying a View Title on a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998
Removing a View Title from a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999
View Title Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999
Modifying a View Title Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000
Loading a View Title Type into a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000
Applying a View Title Type to a Viewport Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001
Schedules on Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001
Adding a Schedule to a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1002
Formatting a Schedule on a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1002
Splitting a Schedule on a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003
Moving Schedule Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004
Joining Split Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004
Adjusting Schedule Columns on a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004
Displaying Vertical Headings in a Schedule on a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
Drawing Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
Creating a Drawing List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1006
Omitting Sheets from a Drawing List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1006
Adding a Drawing List to a Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1006
Including External Sheets in a Drawing List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007
Organizing a Drawing List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007
Revisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008
Revision Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009
Entering Revision Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009
Merging Revisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010
Changing the Order of Revisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011
Revision Cloud Numbering by Project or by Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011
Specifying Revision Cloud Numbering by Project or by Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012
Numbering for Revisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013
Assigning a Numbering Scheme to a Revision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013
Defining an Alphabetic Sequence for Revisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014
Revisions with No Numbering Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014
Revision Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014
Adding a Revision Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015

Contents | xxix
 Assigning a Revision to a Revision Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015
Modifying a Revision Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015
Tagging a Revision Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016
Hiding a Revision Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017
Revision Cloud Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017
Revision Schedules on Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1018
Specifying the Revisions to Include in a Revision Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1018
Issuing a Revision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019
Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020
Printing Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020
Print Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020
Saving Print Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021
Print Preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
Printing Views and Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022
Selecting Views to Print, Publish, or Export . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023
Printing to PDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024
Changing Your System’s PDF Print Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
Batch Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025

Chapter 16 Annotating and Detailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027

Text Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
Adding Text Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028
Modifying Text Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028
Changing the Text Note Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
Editing the Text Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
Checking Text Note Spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
Adding a Special Character from the Windows® Character Map® . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
Adding or Removing Leader Lines from a Text Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1030
Text Note Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031
Modifying Text Note Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031
Text Note Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031
Text Note Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1032
Leader Arrowhead Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1032
Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033
Adding Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033
Modifying Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1034
Changing the Grid Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1034
Changing Grid Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1034
Offsetting a Grid Line from Its Bubble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1034
Showing and Hiding Grid Bubbles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035
Adjusting the Center Segment of a Grid Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036
Customizing Grid Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037
Grid Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039
Modifying Grid Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039
Grid Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040
Grid Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041
Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041
Adding Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042
Modifying Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042
Changing the Level Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042
Editing Level Lines in an Elevation View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043
Moving Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043
Offsetting a Level Line from Its Bubble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043
Level Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1044
Modifying Level Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1044
Level Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045
Level Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045
Reference Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1046
Adding Reference Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1046

xxx | Contents
 Naming Reference Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1047
Hiding the Annotation in the View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1047
Reference Plane Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1047
Reference Plane Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1047
Datum Extents and Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048
Example of Datum Visibility in Project Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048
Visibility of Non-Perpendicular Datums in Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049
Visibility of Arc Grids in Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1050
Resizing Datum Extent Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051
Maximizing 3D Model Extents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1052
Propagating 2D Datum Extents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053
Controlling Visibility of Datums Using Scope Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053
Creating a Scope Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1054
Applying a Scope Box to Datums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055
Controlling Visibility of Scope Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057
Keynotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1058
Differences Between Keynoting and Tagging a Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1058
Keynoting Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059
Keynote Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059
Placing a Keynote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1060
Keynote Placement Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1060
Expected Keynote Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1060
Types of Keynotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061
Assigning Keynote Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061
Assigning Keynote Values to Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061
Assigning Keynote Values to Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061
Assigning Keynote Values Using Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061
Keynote Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061
Filtering Keynotes by Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1062
Filtering Keynotes by CSI Heading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1062
Adding Additional Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063
Keynote File Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063
Keynote File Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Resolving Keynote File Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Keynote Tag Ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064
Tag Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065
Multiple Tags for Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1066
Applying a Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1066
Changing a Tag Instance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1066
Aligning Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1066
Tag Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067
Tag Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067
Tag All Not Tagged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067
Material Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069
Modifying Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069
Changing the Tag Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070
Sequential Tag Numbering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070
Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071
Placing Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072
Modifying Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072
Annotation Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072
Creating an Annotation Symbol Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1072
Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073
Adding Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
Increasing the Insulation Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
Resizing the Insulation Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
Resizing the Bulge Between Insulation Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
Detailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
Types of Views for Detailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074

Contents | xxxi
 Detail Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075
Drafting Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079
Creating Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083
Detailing Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083
Inserting a Detail Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083
Repeating Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1085
Detailing Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1086
Detail Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095
Sorting the Draw Order of Detail Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1096
Saving Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1096

Chapter 17 Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1099

Rendering Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1099
Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1100
Lights Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1100
Lighting Fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1101
Light Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1102
Photometrics and IES Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1102
Lighting Best Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103
Use IES Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103
Leave Connectors in Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103
Adjust Light Sources Before Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1104
Creating and Modifying Lighting Fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1105
Creating a Lighting Fixture with One Light Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1105
Creating Lighting Fixtures with Multiple Light Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1106
Specifying an IES File for a Light Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1114
Modifying a Lighting Fixture Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115
Defining a Light Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1116
Parameters for Lighting Fixtures and Light Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119
Using Lighting Fixtures in a Building Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1126
Adding a Lighting Fixture to a Building Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127
Displaying a Wall-Based Lighting Fixture in a Floor Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1128
Changing a Lighting Fixture in a Building Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129
Displaying Light Sources in a View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129
Aiming a Spotlight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1130
Controlling the Brightness of a Light Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1133
Light Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1134
Opening the Artificial Lights Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1136
Creating a Light Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1136
Adding and Removing Lights in a Light Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1136
Turning Lights On and Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1139
Renaming a Light Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1139
Deleting a Light Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1139
Plants and Entourage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1139
Plants and Entourage Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1140
People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1141
Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1142
Cars and Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1142
Office Clutter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1143
Creating an RPC Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1143
Specifying a Render Appearance for an RPC Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1144
Render Appearance Properties for RPC Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145
Creating an Entourage Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1148
Using the ArchVision Content Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149
Configuring Revit Architecture for Local RPC Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1150
Configuring Revit Architecture for Networked RPC Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1150
Using Additional RPC Content from ArchVision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1150
Placing Plants and Entourage in a Project View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151
Changing the Size of Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151

xxxii | Contents
Decals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1152
Creating a Decal Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153
Placing a Decal in a View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153
Modifying a Placed Decal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1154
Renaming a Decal Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155
Duplicating a Decal Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155
Deleting a Decal Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155
Sharing Decals Between Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155
Decal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1156
Modifying Decal Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1156
Decal Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1156
Decal Type Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1157
Decal Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1157
Rendering an Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1158
Defining Render Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1159
Opening the Rendering Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1160
Defining the View Area to Render . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1161
Specifying the Render Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1162
Controlling the Size of the Rendered Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1166
Controlling Lighting in a Rendered Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1166
Specifying the Background for a Rendered Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1167
Creating the Rendered Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1168
Adjusting the Exposure of a Rendered Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1168
Adjust Exposure Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169
Saving the Rendered Image as a Project View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1170
Exporting the Rendered Image to a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1170
Changing Render Settings for a View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1170
View Templates for Render Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171
Creating a View Template for Render Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171
View Properties for Renderings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172
Rendering Best Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172
The Rendering Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172
Render Performance and the Building Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173
Render Performance and Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173
Render Performance and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174
How Colors and Patterns Affect Render Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174
How Reflection Types Affect Render Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175
How Refractions and Reflections Affect Render Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175
Render Performance and Image Size/Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175
Troubleshooting Issues with Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1176
Press Render to Update the Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1176
Missing Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1176
Not Enough Memory to Create the Rendered Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1176
Not Enough Memory to Save to Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1177
Rendering Process Is Taking Too Long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1177
Rendered Image Is Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1177
Rendered Image Is Washed Out or Faded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1177
Elements Are Gray in Rendered Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1178
Entourage Did Not Render Correctly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1178
Plants and Trees Are Missing from Rendered Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1178
Rendered Image Is Poor Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1179
Rendered Image is Wrong Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1179
Light Source Shapes Do Not Display in Rendered Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1179
Solar Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1179
Creating Views for Solar Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1179
Orienting Views to True North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1180
Creating a Solar Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1180
Specifying Settings for a Still Solar Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1181
Still Solar Studies Based on Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1182
Still Solar Studies Based on Azimuth and Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1182

Contents | xxxiii
 Specifying Settings for a Single-Day Solar Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183
Specifying Settings for a Multi-Day Solar Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1184
Previewing a Solar Study Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1185
Exporting a Solar Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1185

Chapter 18 Working in a Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1189

Worksharing Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1189
Enabling Worksharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1190
Setting Up Worksets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1191
Default Worksets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1193
Considerations for Worksets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1194
Creating Worksets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1194
Adding Elements to a Workset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195
Reassigning an Element to a Different Workset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195
Changing the Editable Status of a Workset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1196
Renaming Worksets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1196
Deleting Worksets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1196
Using Workshared Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1196
Creating a Local Copy of the Central File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1197
Editing Workshared Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1197
Borrowing Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1198
Using Worksets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1200
Saving Workshared Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1204
Saving to Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1204
Closing a Workshared File Without Saving to Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205
Opening Workshared Files Independent of the Central File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1206
Relinquishing Ownership Without Saving to Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1206
Loading Updates from the Central File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1206
Working Offsite and Offline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1207
Upgrading Workshared Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1207
Workshared Project Rollback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1208
Rolling Back Workshared Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1208
Saving a Specific Backup Version as a New File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1209
Viewing Workshared File History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1209
Creating a Central File from an Existing Workshared File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1209
Moving the Central File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1210
Worksharing Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211

Chapter 19 Working with Linked Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213

Linking Revit Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213
Linking Revit Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1215
Showing or Hiding Nested Linked Revit Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1215
Phase Mapping Linked Revit Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1216
Dimensions and Constraints in Linked Revit Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1217
Displaying Linked Revit Model Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1217
Copying Linked Revit Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1217
Copying Elements from a Linked Revit Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1218
Visibility for Linked Revit Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1218
Controlling Visibility and Graphic Override Settings for Linked Revit Models . . . . . . 1219
Controlling Visibility and Graphic Override Settings for Nested Linked Revit Models . . 1220
Controlling Visibility of Linked Models in Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1221
Linked Model Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1222
Managing Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1222
Linking and Worksharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1224
Multi-Discipline Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1224
Coordination Review on Element Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1227
Interference Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1228
Shared Positioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1230

xxxiv | Contents
 Defining Named Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1230
Seeing and Creating Named Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1231
Repositioning Named Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1231
Modifying Linked Model Location Through Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1232
Acquiring and Publishing Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1232
Acquire Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1233
Publish Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1233
Acquiring or Publishing Through Linked Instance Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1233
Relocating and Rotating a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1234
Relocating a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1234
Rotating a Project to True North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1234
Rotating Project North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1235
Relocating a Project by Entering Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1235
Mirroring a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1236
Reporting Shared Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1236

Chapter 20 Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1237

Process Overview: Using Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1239
Design Options Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1240
Design Options Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1240
Best Practices for Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1241
Creating Design Option Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1242
Adding Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1243
Working with Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1244
Editing a Design Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1244
Determining the Active Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1245
Promoting a Secondary Option to the Primary Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1245
Moving Elements from the Main Model to a Design Option Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1246
Moving Elements from One Design Option to Another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1247
Selecting Elements in Design Options and the Main Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1247
Duplicating a Design Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1248
Annotating and Detailing Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1249
Deleting Design Options and Option Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1249
Deleting Views Associated with Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1251
Incorporating a Design Option into the Main Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1251
Viewing Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1252
Dedicating Views to Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1252
Viewing the Main Model Without Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1253
Viewing Multiple Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1253
Checking the Design Option Settings for a View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1253
View Tags in Dedicated Views for Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1254
Changing the Visibility of a View Tag for Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1254
Considerations When Using Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255
Unsupported Elements for Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255
Referencing Elements in Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255
Interdependent Elements in Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1256
Design Options and Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1256
Room Areas and Perimeters for Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1256
Room Schedules for Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1257
Room Tags for Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1258
Room Volumes for Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1258
Design Options and Worksets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1258
Design Options and Area Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1258
Design Options and Wall Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1258
Troubleshooting Issues with Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1260
Elements in Main Model Will Be Deleted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1260
Highlighted Elements Overlap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1260
Incorrect Wall Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1260
Inserts in Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1260

Contents | xxxv
 None of the Created Elements Are Visible in This View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1261
None of the Selected Elements Can Be Added to This Option Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1261
Option Conflict Between Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1261
Room Option Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1262

Chapter 21 Project Phasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1263

Project Phases Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1263
Creating Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1264
Combining Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1265
Phase Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1265
Creating Phase Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1266
Applying Phase Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1266
Defining the Graphic Display for Phase Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1266
Defining the Graphic Display for Phase Statuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1267
Infill Elements for Phasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1267
Viewing Infill Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1268
Changing the Structure of Infill Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1269
Demolishing Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1270
Using the Demolish Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1271

Chapter 22 Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1273

Export . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1273
Exporting to CAD Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1273
Limiting Model Geometry Before Exporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1274
Exporting to DWG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275
Exporting to DXF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1276
Exporting to DGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277
Exporting to SAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277
File Names for Exported Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1278
Export Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1278
Exporting Part of a 2D View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1283
Exporting Part of a 3D View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1284
Exporting Intersecting Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1285
Exporting Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1285
Creating or Modifying a Layer Mapping File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1286
Custom Layer Mapping Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1286
Exporting to ODBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1287
Supported ODBC Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1287
Exporting to an ODBC Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1288
Exporting Multiple Times to the Same ODBC Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1288
Editing the Database After Export . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1288
Table Relationships Within the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1289
Exporting a View to an Image File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1289
Exporting Project Views to HTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1290
Creating Room/Area Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1290
Exporting a View as a Room/Area Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1291
Exporting to Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1292
Supported IFC Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1293
Loading and Modifying an IFC Mapping File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1293
Exporting a Project to IFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1294
Specifying IFC Entities for Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1294
IFC-Specific Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1296
Exporting to gbXML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1296
Specifying the Building Type and Postal Code for a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297
Exporting to 3ds Max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297
Before Exporting a 3D View to 3ds Max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297
Exporting to FBX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1298
Troubleshooting Exports to 3ds Max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1299

xxxvi | Contents
 Publish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1299
Publishing 2D or 3D DWF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1300
Object Data and Published 2D or 3D DWF Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1300
Viewing Object Data in a DWF file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1301
Publishing 2D DWF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1301
Publishing 3D DWF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1302
Linking DWF Markups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1303
Publishing to Buzzsaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1304
Publish DWG to Buzzsaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1305
Publish DWF to Buzzsaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1305
Adding a New Buzzsaw Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1305
Import/Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1306
Suitability of Imported Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1306
Importing or Linking CAD Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1307
Implications of Importing vs. Linking for Xrefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1307
Importing or Linking CAD Files Using the Import/Link Command . . . . . . . . . . . . 1308
Importing CAD Files Using i-drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1308
Importing Files from SketchUp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1309
Importing ACIS Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1311
Import Options for CAD Formats and Revit Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1312
Setting Scaling for Imported DWG or DXF Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1314
Setting Line Weights for Imported DWG or DXF Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1314
Mapping AutoCAD 2009 SHX Fonts to TrueType Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315
Setting Constraint Parameters for Imported Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315
Moving a View-Specific Import to the Foreground or Background . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315
Importing Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316
Modifying Imported Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316
Deleting Raster Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1317
Importing Industry Foundation Class (IFC) Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1317
Selecting a Template for Imported IFC Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1317
Loading an IFC Class Mapping File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1317
Overriding Categories and Subcategories for Imported IFC Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . 1318
Linking AutoCAD Files to a Revit Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1318
How Linking to AutoCAD Files Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1319
Linking to an AutoCAD File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1319
Location of the Linked File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1320
Troubleshooting Problems with Linked Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1320
Linking DWF Markup Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1321
Modifying DWF Markups Created in Design Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1322
Exploding Imported Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1322
Managing Layers in Linked and Imported Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1323
Querying Objects in Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1323
Hiding and Deleting Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1324
Changing the Graphic Display of Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1325

Chapter 23 Print Troubleshooting, Diagnostic Tools, and Error Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1329

Print Troubleshooting Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1329
General Printing Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1329
Graphics Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1330
Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1330
Plotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1330
System Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1331
Diagnostic Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332
Selecting Elements by ID Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332
Finding an Element’s ID Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332
Error Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332
Getting More Information on Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332
Viewing Elements Involved in Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1333
Viewing all Errors and Warnings Associated with an Error Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1333

Contents | xxxvii
 Messages and Warnings You Can Ignore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1334
Reviewing Warning Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1334
Warnings for Selected Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1334
Exporting Warnings to a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335
More Information on Errors and Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335

Chapter 24 Creating Macros with Revit VSTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1339

Getting Started with Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1339
Installing Revit VSTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1342
Using Macro Manager and the Revit VSTA IDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1344
Creating Your First Set of Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1346
Using the StepInto Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1352
Revit SDK, API Reference Documentation, VSTA Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1353
Using the Revit VSTA Samples from SDK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1354
Integrating Macros into Revit VSTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1355
Revit API Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1361
Migrating SDK Samples to Revit VSTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1362
Revit Macros FAQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1364
Related Information about Revit Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1367

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1369
Glossary Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1369

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1473
Glossary Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1473

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1577

xxxviii | Contents
Welcome to Revit
Architecture 2009 1
This section includes licensing information and other information pertinent to this release of Revit®Architecture.

Network Deployment Installation

This procedure describes how to set up a Revit Architecture installation for deployment from a network
location. Revit users can then access the network location to run the Revit Architecture installation program
and install the software on their client systems or workstations.

NOTE Creating a network deployment will not install Revit Architecture locally. If you want to install Revit
Architecture on the computer used to create the network deployment, run the resulting client install using the
shortcut.

Before starting this procedure, see Licensing on page 4 for information about software licensing and
instructions on how to set up one or more network license servers, if you plan to use them.

To set up network deployment

1 Start the Revit Architecture installation program.
If you are installing from a Revit Architecture CD, the installation program starts automatically
when you insert the CD. (If you need to start it manually, navigate to the root directory of the
CD, and double-click Setup.exe.) If you have downloaded the installation program from the
Internet, double-click the file to start it.

2 In the Installation Wizard, click Create Deployments.

3 In the Welcome dialog, click Next.
4 In the Begin Deployment dialog, do the following:

NOTE Updates is not yet supported, so it is greyed out.

a For Specify the Administrative Image location, indicate where the administrative image for
the deployment will reside. Click Browse to navigate to the desired network location.

b For Specify the new deployment name, enter a name for the shortcut to the client installation
program.

1
 c Ensure that the correct (32-bit or 64-bit) radio button is selected.

NOTE You must set the radio button for the type of system (32-bit or 64-bit) on which you
intend to deploy the client.

d Click Next.

5 In the Select the Products to Install dialog, select Revit Architecture 2009 and click Next.
6 In the Accept the License Agreement dialog, do the following:
a For Country or Region, select the appropriate value from the list.

b Read the agreement. Click Print to print a copy, if desired.

c Select I Accept, and click Next.

7 In the General Deployment Settings dialog, do the following:

■ If you want to create log files for the deployment creation, select Create Network Log, and
specify the directory where the log should be created.

■ If you want to create log files for client installations, select Create Client Log.

■ If you want client installations to run in silent mode, select Silent mode.

■ If you want to allow users to participate in the Customer Involvement Program, select
Customer Involvement.

8 Click Next.
9 In the Review–Configure–Create Deployments dialog, review the settings in the Current Settings
list. If desired, click Print to print a copy of the deployment settings.
Change settings for the deployment

If you want to change settings for the network deployment, perform the following steps. If the deployment
settings are correct, skip to the steps for Create the Network Deployment.
10 Click Configure.
11 In the Application Preferences dialog, do the following:
a Select appropriate values for Language, Default Units, and Default Usage.

b If you do not want the installation to create a desktop shortcut for Revit Architecture, clear
Create desktop shortcut.

c For Set the installation folder, specify the location where Revit Architecture is to be installed
on client systems. You can click Browse to navigate to the target folder.

d Click Next.

12 In the Content Selection dialog, do the following:

a Expand the content areas in the list, and select items to install, or clear items that should
not be installed. (For most installations, accept the default settings.)

b If you do not want Revit content to be installed on client systems, select Skip content
installation.

c For Set the Content Folder, specify the location where Revit Architecture content is to be
installed on client systems. You can click Browse to navigate to the target folder.

d Click Next.

2 | Chapter 1 Welcome to Revit Architecture 2009

 13 In the Select the License Type dialog, do one of the following:
■ To use stand-alone licenses on client systems, click Stand-alone License, and click Next. (For
more information, see Standalone Licensing on page 4.)

■ To use a network license, do the following:

a Click Network License.

b Specify the type of network license to use (Single License Server, Distributed License
Server, or Redundant License Server), and provide the server information requested.
For more information, see Distributed License Server Model on page 10 and Redundant
License Server Model on page 11.

c Click Next.

d In the Serial Number dialog, enter the Revit Architecture network license serial number,
and click Next.

14 In the Define File Locations dialog, specify the search paths, file names, and locations for project
templates, user files, family templates, and libraries.
This dialog resembles the File Locations tab of the Options command. For more information,
see File Location Options on page 506.
In the Include Service Packs dialog do the following:
■ Under Service packs included in this deployment, click Browse to add multiple service packs.

■ Under Service pack options, select one of the following options:

■ Append the service packs onto the deployment
This option is used for most deployments. It applies the current deployment only. Multiple
service packs may be appended to a deployment. The service pack file is included in the
deployment and the service pack is applied after the product is deployed.

■ Merge the service packs into the administrative image MSI file
This option is for general deployment only. Once merged, a service pack may not be
removed from the administrative image. Multiple service packs may be included in a
single administrative image.

15 In the Configure Access to Online Resources dialog, select the desired options, and click Next.
16 In the Configuration Complete dialog, click Configuration Complete.
The Review–Configure–Create Deployments dialog displays again. Review the settings again to
make sure they are correct.

Create the network deployment

17 In the Review–Configure–Create Deployments dialog, click Create Deployment.

The installation program creates the network deployment, as specified. This may take several
minutes.

18 Click Finish.
To install Revit Architecture on a client system, double-click the shortcut in the network location. This is
the shortcut name and location you specified on the Begin Deployment dialog.
If you need to modify the deployment settings, double-click the Tools folder (located in the directory you
specified for the deployment creation) to open the Welcome dialog. Click Next and modify your settings
on the Begin Deployment dialog.

Network Deployment Installation | 3

Licensing
There are 3 options for licensing with Revit Architecture:

■ Standalone: A standalone license is associated with one computer. In addition, you can transfer a license
from one machine to another with a standalone license. For more information, see License Transferring
on page 13.

■ Network: A network license is not associated with one computer. It can be installed on a network server,
and then multiple computers on that network can use that license to run Revit Architecture. In addition,
you can borrow a license from the license server and use it outside the network environment for a specified
time. For more information, see License Borrowing on page 13.

■ Demo: A demo license allows you to use Revit Architecture as a viewer. You can open projects, export
them, and print them. However, if you make changes to the project, you cannot export or print it.

Standalone Licensing
Follow this procedure to obtain a standalone license for Revit Architecture. If you have not already run Revit
Architecture in trial mode, the Product and License Information dialog displays when you first start Revit
Architecture. If you have already run Revit Architecture in trial mode, click Help menu ➤ Product and License
Information.

To enter a standalone license

1 In the Product and License Information dialog, select Standalone-Locked.
2 Click Register.
3 In the Product Activation dialog, select Activate the product, and click Next.
4 In the Register Today dialog, enter your serial number.
5 Select Get an activation code or Enter an activation code. If you select Enter an activation code,
select Paste the activation code or Type the activation code and enter the code using the selected
method.
6 Click Next.
7 Indicate whether Revit Architecture is registered to a company or an individual.
8 Select your country.
9 Specify whether the product is an upgrade, and click Next.
10 Enter your information, answer the questions, and click Next.
11 Verify your information, and click Next.
12 When finished, click Finish.

Network License Server Setup

If you already have an Autodesk License server set up, skip to Obtain a Network License File on page 6.

IMPORTANT Revit Architecture supports redundant or distributed server configurations.

4 | Chapter 1 Welcome to Revit Architecture 2009

Install the Network License Manager Tools
If an existing version of the license manager is already installed on this computer, you must use Add/Remove
Programs on the Control Panel to remove it before reinstalling. Revit Architecture requires Network License
Manager based on FLEXlm version 10.8. It is not compatible with previous versions of the Network License
Manager. If you have a version of FLEXlm other than 10.8, you will have to reinstall it after completing this
procedure.

IMPORTANT If you are running the network license manager on Windows XP and have upgraded to Service Pack
2, a new software firewall is enabled. When using its default settings, this firewall disables the Autodesk License
Server installed on the same machine. For more information on this, contact Revit Architecture Client Support.

To install the Network License Manager tools

1 On the Revit Architecture CD, locate and start the Network License Manager setup file.
2 In the Autodesk Network License Manager Setup dialog, click Next.
3 In the License Agreement dialog, read the license agreement, click I Accept the License Agreement,
and click Next.

NOTE If you do not agree to the terms of the license, click Cancel to cancel the installation.

4 In the Destination Folder dialog, accept the default folder or click Browse to specify a different
location. Click Next.
If you enter a path that does not exist, a new folder is created using the specified name and
location.

WARNING Do not install the Network License Manager on a remote drive. When you install the
Network License Manager files, you must provide a path to a local drive. Specify the drive letter. The
Universal Naming Convention (UNC) is not supported.

5 On the Ready to Install the Application dialog, click Next.

6 Click Finish.
For more information about the Network License Manager, see the associated documentation in the Docs
folder of the Network License Manager installation directory.

TIP Revit Architecture recommends that you create a folder under the Network License Manager directory called
Logs. In that folder, you can place any log files that are generated from license server reporting.

Obtain Host Name ID Using LMTools

1 In Windows, click Start menu ➤ Programs ➤ Autodesk ➤ Autodesk Network License Manager
➤ LMTOOLS.
The LMTools utility opens.

2 Click the System Settings tab.

3 Click Save HOSTID Info to a File.
4 Save the file. You provide this file to Autodesk to obtain a license file.

RELATED If you do not have LMTools installed on your machine, obtain the host name by opening a Command
Prompt window and entering ipconfig/all. This provides both host name and host ID information for your machine.

Network License Server Setup | 5

 Obtain a Network License File
A license file identifies important license information, including license type and behavior, and the number
of seats available for use. You must obtain a license file from Autodesk for each license server.
With the Network License Activation utility, you can obtain licenses over the Internet. In addition, this
utility registers your product, provides automated support via e-mail if you cannot obtain a license over the
Internet, and saves and migrates license files.

To use the Network License Activation utility

1 Have the following information available:
■ License server information, including host names and host IDs

■ Serial number of previous product (for upgrades only)

■ Access to a location where license files can be saved

2 Insert the Revit Architecture 2009 installation disk into the computer.
3 When the setup screen displays, click Install Products.
4 On the next page, click the Utilities link.
5 Click the Network Authorization Wizard link. A folder will open.
6 Copy the contents to the computer’s hard drive.
7 Open the NLA folder on the computer, and double-click Revit Architecture 2009 NLA.exe or
Revit Architecture Suite 2008 NLA.exe, depending on which Revit product you wish to license.
8 On the Obtain a Network License dialog, review how this utility works and the requirements
for using it. Click Next.
9 On the Server Information dialog, enter the product serial number.
If you are modifying an existing license file or obtaining a new license for an existing product,
your previously entered information might be displayed. Make sure that the serial number that
is displayed is the one you want to license. If it is not, enter the correct product serial number.

10 In the License Server Model section, click a license server model.

For more information about each license server model, click the? button.

11 For Server Host Name, enter a server host name, or click the [...] button to locate the name of
each server that you plan to use.
12 For Host ID, for each server host name you entered in the previous step, enter the host ID
manually, or click Lookup to have the utility locate the host ID for the server.
If your server has more than one network adapter, select the one that corresponds to a physical
network adapter. To determine which adapters are physical, enter ipconfig /all at a Windows
command prompt and view the Description field above each physical address. If there is more
than one physical network adapter, you can use any one of them, as long as it was listed when
you ran ipconfig /all. Logical devices such as VPN adapters, PPP adapters, and modems may be
listed but are not usable for licensing.

13 If you selected Distributed Server as the license server model, the Seats box is displayed. In the
Seats box, enter the number of seats for each license server, and click Next.
14 On the Confirm Server Information dialog, review the server information that you entered, and
click Next.
15 If the Register and License Your Autodesk Product dialog is displayed, do all of the following,
and then click Next:
■ For This Product Is To Be Registered To, select Company or Individual.

■ For Select Country or Region, select your country or region of residence.

6 | Chapter 1 Welcome to Revit Architecture 2009

 ■ For Is This an Upgrade, select Yes or No.

16 If the Registration Information dialog is displayed, enter your registration information, and click
Next.
17 If the Confirm Information dialog is displayed, review your registration information, and click
Next.
18 If the Connecting dialog is displayed, click Next to connect to the Internet to obtain your
network license.
19 On the Licenses Received dialog, in the Save License File for [computer name] dialog, enter the
location where you want to save your license file, or click Browse to navigate to the location.

NOTE Save your license file to the location where you installed the Network License Manager.

20 If you have an existing license file from another Autodesk product, select one of the following
options:
■ Insert the New License Information Into It. Adds the new license information into the existing
license file.

■ Overwrite the Existing License File. Replaces the entire contents of the existing license file
with the new license information. Select this option only if you no longer require any part
of the existing license file contents.

21 Click Next.
22 On the License Activation Successful dialog, click Print to save a printed copy of the license
information.
23 Click Done to complete the transaction and exit the Network License Activation utility.
If you cannot register the product using the Network License Activation Utility, you may use one of the
following options:

■ If you have Internet access, visit the Autodesk Registration website at http://www.autodesk.com/register.

■ You can also reach the Registration and Authorization office as follows for your region:

Country Contact Information

United States 800-551-1490 (phone) 800-225-6490 (fax) authcodes@autodesk.com

Canada and Latin America 415-507-4690 (phone) 415-507-4937 (fax)

Asia Pacific 65-6735-4857 (fax) ap.register@autodesk.com

Japan 03-6221-1791 (fax) japan.register@autodesk.com

EMEA 41-32-723-9169 (fax) authcodes.neu@autodesk.com

Set Up the Network License File

After you receive a license file from Autodesk, you set up the file to configure the license server.

Network License Server Setup | 7

 NOTE If you already have a license server running for another Autodesk product, such as AutoCAD 2009 or
AutoCAD Architecture, you need to combine your Revit Architecture license file with the existing license file. Skip
this procedure and the procedure on Configuring the License Server, and go to Combining Network License Files
on page 9.

To set up the network license file

1 Copy the contents of the license file (supplied by Autodesk in an e-mail) to an ASCII text editor,
such as Notepad.

WARNING Do not copy the contents into a word processor. A word processor can add hidden
formatting that a text editor cannot read.

2 Save the file to the \Program Files\Autodesk Network License Manager\License folder.
You can name the license file in any way, but you must save the file with an LIC extension.

NOTE If you use Notepad as your text editor, for Save As Type, select All Files so that a txt extension
is not added automatically.

Configure the Network License Server

Using the LMTOOLS utility, configure the license server so that you can manage the Revit Architecture
product license.

1 In Windows, click Start menu ➤ Programs ➤ Autodesk ➤ Autodesk Network License Manager
➤ LMTOOLS.
2 Click the Service/License File tab.
3 Select Configuration using Services.
4 Click the Config Services tab.
5 For Service Name, do one of the following:
■ If a service name is selected, verify that it is the one you want to use to manage licenses.

■ If no service name exists, enter the service name to use to manage licenses. Revit Architecture
suggests that you enter Autodesk_nlm for the service name.

NOTE If you have more than one software vendor using FLEXlm for license management, the Service
Name list contains more than one option.

6 Enter the path to the Network License Manager daemon (lmgrd.exe), or click Browse to locate
the file.
By default, this daemon is installed in the \Program Files\Autodesk Network License Manager folder.

7 Enter the path to the license file, or click Browse to locate the file.
For more information, see Set Up the Network License File on page 7.

8 Enter a path to the debug log, or click Browse to locate the file.
9 Select Use Services.
10 To automatically start lmgrd.exe when the system starts, select Start Server at Power Up.
11 To run lmgrd.exe as a Windows 2000 or Windows NT service, select Use Services.
12 Click Save Service to save the new configuration under the service name that you selected in
Step 5.

8 | Chapter 1 Welcome to Revit Architecture 2009

Start the license server

13 Click the Start/Stop/Reread tab.

14 Click Start Server to start the license server.

IMPORTANT If you need to stop a server, it is not recommended to click Stop Server on this tab.
Other processes may be running on this server. Revit Architecture recommends that you schedule a
reboot instead.

15 To ensure that the license manager has started correctly, wait 30 seconds after starting the license
service. Then, on the Server Status tab of LMTOOLS, select Display Everything, and click Perform
Status Enquiry.
16 Scroll to the bottom of the results and look for a line similar to the following that displays the
feature code and number of licenses:
Users of 48400REVITS_2_OF: (Total of 10 licenses issued; Total of 0 licenses in use)

If you do not see a similar line displayed in this part of the dialog, review the installation steps.

17 Exit LMtools.

Combining Network License Files

If you already have a license server running for another Autodesk product (such as AutoCAD 2009 or AutoCAD
Architecture), you need to combine your Revit Architecture license file with your existing license file.
Before attempting this procedure, see Obtain a Network License File on page 6.
To add licenses to the license server, you can either combine the license files into one file, or put all of the
license files into one folder and then point the license server to that folder, not to a specific file.
To combine license files for Autodesk products into one license file, edit the existing license file and add
lines from the new license file to the existing license file. To edit the existing license file, copy all of the
lines from the Revit Architecture license file, starting at the line beginning with "INCREMENT", into the
existing license file.
When adding licenses of the same Autodesk product to your license file, you must obtain a new license file
for the total number of licenses for that feature code, not just the new ones. For example, do not combine
two different Revit Architecture license files into one file. Obtain one new license file that contains the
required total number of Revit Architecture seats.
If the server computer has more than one network adapter installed, all Autodesk products should be bound
to the same adapter.

Example

Existing License File

SERVER PCS770 0012340f10c2
USE_SERVER
VENDOR adskflex port=2080
INCREMENT 41100ACD_2002_0F adskflex 1.000 permanent 5 \
VENDOR_STRING=commercial:permanent SUPERSEDE DUP_GROUP=H \
ISSUED=27-mar-2001 ck=213 SN=3XX-XXXXXXXX
SIGN=123456ABCDEF

New License File

Network License Server Setup | 9

 SERVER PCS770 a1b2c3d4e5f6
USE_SERVER
VENDOR adskflex port=2080
INCREMENT 48400REVITS_2_0F adskflex 1.000 permanent 10\
VENDOR_STRING=commercial:permanent BORROW=720 SUPERSEDE \
DUP_GROUP=UH ISSUED=10-Mar-2004 SN=339-12345678
SIGN="1037 \
7E66 6695 2D57 47D9 C59D FAAB DC45 CC51 1414 A8AB 29F4
2773 \
CE33 59EC 0397 B326 29FE 16EC 5C95 8213 BE5C A88F 25F5 3FC1 \
8CB4 C0CD 65D4 C7E5 40BB" SIGN2="1261 B3BF 7D54 0CF4 C84D
9EFD \
B041 D91A A56D 015B 9A30 20B7 BF73 0766 3674 019F 5D8B 36EE \
5B75 86B2 D219 6C86 9900 B297 DD3C C34B 5303 DB46 2533 2222

Combined License File

SERVER PCS770 a1b2c3d4e5f6
USE_SERVER
VENDOR adskflex port=2080
INCREMENT 41100ACD_2002_0F adskflex 1.000 permanent 5 \
VENDOR_STRING=nfr:permanent SUPERSEDE DUP_GROUP=H \
ISSUED=27-mar-2001 ck=213 SN=3XX-XXXXXXXX SIGN=123456ABCDEF
INCREMENT 48400REVITS_2_0F adskflex 1.000 permanent 10\
VENDOR_STRING=commercial:permanent BORROW=720 SUPERSEDE \
DUP_GROUP=UH ISSUED=10-Mar-2004 SN=339-12345678
SIGN="1037 \
7E66 6695 2D57 47D9 C59D FAAB DC45 CC51 1414 A8AB 29F4
2773 \
CE33 59EC 0397 B326 29FE 16EC 5C95 8213 BE5C A88F 25F5 3FC1 \
8CB4 C0CD 65D4 C7E5 40BB" SIGN2="1261 B3BF 7D54 0CF4 C84D
9EFD \
B041 D91A A56D 015B 9A30 20B7 BF73 0766 3674 019F 5D8B 36EE \
5B75 86B2 D219 6C86 9900 B297 DD3C C34B 5303 DB46 2533 2222

Rereading the Network License File

To initiate the license server, open LMTOOLS, and click the Start/Stop/Reread tab. Click ReRead License File.

Distributed License Server Model

In the distributed license server model, licenses are distributed across more than one server. A unique license
file is required for each server. To create a distributed license server, you must run the Network License
Manager on each server that is part of the distributed server pool.

Advantages

■ Servers can be distributed across a wide area network (WAN). They do not need to exist on the same
subnet.

■ If one server in the distributed server pool fails, the licenses on the remaining servers are still available.

■ The distributed license server model is supported on Windows XP® Professional, and on the workstation
and server editions of Windows® 2000 and Windows® 2003.

10 | Chapter 1 Welcome to Revit Architecture 2009

■ If you need to replace a server in the distributed server pool, you do not need to rebuild the entire pool.

■ Server replacement is easier than in a redundant server pool, where you must reactivate the entire pool.

Disadvantage

■ If a server in the distributed server pool fails, the licenses on that server are unavailable.

Sample Distributed License File

The following is sample code from a distributed license file.

SERVER Server2 2a34567f90d3
USE_SERVER
VENDOR adskflex port=2080
INCREMENT 46300ACD_2005_0F adskflex 1.000 permanent 3 \
VENDOR_STRING=commercial:permanent BORROW=720 SUPERSEDE \
DUP_GROUP=UH ISSUED=22-mar-2004 SN=339-12345678 SIGN="1707 \
9EAC CBCB 2405 692E 4A89 FC45 C009 E360 944A 14BA E99C 9B24 \
5A1B 4A44 083A BE5F 3827 AA26 30CC 2AC2 D6B3 A61B AB5E 492E \
3EBD 0B48 4E75 193A DA82" SIGN2="004A FC90 AB47 3F6B 59BC 0E6D \
6681 6971 A76A BA52 98E2 5671 26B3 0E78 791B 109F 0591 7DC3 \
F09F 4D8D 4FB7 E341 4A03 CD68 1D77 27F8 8555 9CF7 DEDD 9380"

Redundant License Server Model

In the redundant license server model, you use 3 servers to authenticate a single license file. One server acts
as the master, while the other 2 servers provide backup if the master server fails. With this configuration,
licenses continue to be monitored and issued as long as at least 2 servers are functional. The license file on
all 3 servers is the same. You must install the Network License Manager on each server.
In the redundant license server model, all servers must reside on the same subnet and have consistent
network communications. (Slow, erratic, or dial-up connections are not supported.)

Advantage

■ If one of the 3 servers fails, all licenses that are managed in the server pool are still available.

Disadvantages

■ The redundant license server model is supported only on Windows 2000 Server Edition.

■ If more than one server fails, no licenses are available.

■ All 3 servers must reside on the same subnet and have reliable network communications. The redundant
server pool does not provide network fault tolerance.

■ If one of the 3 servers is replaced, you need to obtain a new license file from Autodesk. Also, on the client
machines, the Licpath.lic file should be modified to include the new server name.

■ If your Autodesk product supports license borrowing and licenses are borrowed from a redundant license
server pool, you must restart the license server after you stop the Network License Manager.

Network License Server Setup | 11

 Sample Redundant License File

The following is sample code from a redundant license file.

SERVER Server1 1a34567c90d2 27005
SERVER Server2 2a34567f90d3 27005
SERVER Server3 3a34567b90d4 27005
USE_SERVER
VENDOR adskflex port=2080
INCREMENT 46300ACD_2005_0F adskflex 1.000 permanent 3 \
VENDOR_STRING=commercial:permanent BORROW=720 SUPERSEDE \
DUP_GROUP=UH ISSUED=22-mar-2004 SN=339-12345678 SIGN="1707 \
9EAC CBCB 2405 692E 4A89 FC45 C009 E360 944A 14BA E99C 9B24 \
5A1B 4A44 083A BE5F 3827 AA26 30CC 2AC2 D6B3 A61B AB5E 492E \
3EBD 0B48 4E75 193A DA82" SIGN2="004A FC90 AB47 3F6B 59BC 0E6D \
6681 6971 A76A BA52 98E2 5671 26B3 0E78 791B 109F 0591 7DC3 \
F09F 4D8D 4FB7 E341 4A03 CD68 1D77 27F8 8555 9CF7 DEDD 9380"

Network License Client Setup

After you have set up a license server, follow this procedure in Revit Architecture to license a client machine.

NOTE Client Setup is usually completed during product installation or network deployment.

To license a client machine

1 Click Help menu ➤ Product and License Information.

2 Select Network.
3 Enter the network server name.
4 Click Apply.
5 Click Close.

Licensing from Previous Versions of Revit Architecture

Each new release of Revit Architecture requires the current version of the standalone or network license.
Standalone or network licenses from previous versions do not work with the latest release of Revit Architecture.
If you do not have a current license, Revit Architecture runs in Demo Mode. See Licensing on page 4.

Network License Cascading

For products purchased separately and as part of a Revit Architecture Series package, a network license server
can be set up with combinations of license seat counts.The mechanism employed by Autodesk cascading
will first use the single product license ("non Series"), and then cascade as needed to the Series licenses.

License Server Reporting

For more information about license server reporting and license server configuration, see the associated
documentation on the SAMreport-Lite utility that you can install with Revit Architecture.

12 | Chapter 1 Welcome to Revit Architecture 2009

Licensing Extension
If you have network licensing and a license outage occurs, you can extend your licensing long enough to
save your work.

Outage Examples

■ You were using Revit Architecture, left your computer for over 2 hours but forgot to save, and all the
floating licenses, including yours, are now assigned to other users.

■ The machine that hosts the license server went down.

Saving Your Work in an Outage

If an outage occurs, you can save your work by using the Use Extension feature. You use an extension each
time you issue a command. For example, you click a command on the Design Bar, the dialog box is displayed,
and you click Use Extension. This cycle repeats up to 10 times.
When you connect to the license server at the beginning of a Revit Architecture session, you get a set of 10
extensions.
If you use up all 10 extensions before saving, you must enter demo mode, but you cannot save your work
in demo mode.

License Transferring
If you are running Revit Architecture with a standalone license, you can transfer that license using the
Portable License Utility. This transfers a product license from one computer to another and ensures that the
product works only on the computer that has the license. Access the Portable License Utility by clicking
Start menu ➤ Programs ➤ Autodesk ➤ Revit Architecture 2009 ➤ Portable License Utility. For more
information on the Portable License Utility, see its online help.

License Borrowing
If you are running a network-licensed version of Revit Architecture, you can borrow a license from a license
server so that you can use the software for a specified time when your computer is not connected to the
network. The license is returned to the license server automatically at the end of the day on the return date
that you specified when you borrowed the license. You can also return a license early.

NOTE If you have a standalone version of the software, you cannot borrow a license. To view your product license
type, click Help menu ➤ Product and License Information.

To borrow a license

1 Click Help menu ➤ Product and License Information.

2 Click Borrow next to the Network license option.

3 Click a return date on the calendar in the dialog.

Be sure the date is within the valid range as shown in the dialog.

4 Click Borrow License.

Licensing Extension | 13
 NOTE There is a limit to the number of licenses available for borrowing. If you try to borrow a license and
are notified that no licenses are available, all network licenses may already be borrowed by other users. If you
are unable to borrow a license, contact your network administrator.

License Returning

When the license-borrowing period expires, the borrowed license is returned to the license server
automatically. When you reconnect your computer to the network, you may start Revit Architecture normally.
Successful startup of the software indicates that you have acquired the usual (online) network license. At
that point, you may borrow a license again.

NOTE To view the expiration date for the borrowed license, click Help menu ➤ Product and License Information.
The expiration date is displayed in Current Status.

To return a license early

1 Click Help menu ➤ Product and License Information.

2 Click Return next to the Network license option.

Subscription Center
The Autodesk Subscription Center is available from the Revit Architecture interface. It includes several
commands that offer web-based resources to subscription customers: Subscription e-Learning Catalog, Create
Support Request, View Support Requests, and Edit Subscription Center Profile. If you installed Revit
Architecture with a network license, the install requires that you enter the network license serial number to
enable your subscription access.

Using Help
This section provides information on navigation of the online help.

Help Viewer Tabs

■ Contents.The Contents tab resembles a Table of Contents in a printed book. Instead of chapter and page
numbers, there are books and pages with headings. Click a closed book, and it opens to display sub-books
or topic pages. When you click an open book, it closes. When you click pages, you select topics to view
in the right-hand pane of the HTML Help viewer. Note: Opening a book or page requires only a single
click.

■ Index. The Index tab displays keywords for quick information searches on Revit Architecture. To open
the topic associated with a keyword, double-click the keyword, or select it and click Display. If the keyword
is used with more than one topic, a Topics Found dialog box is displayed so you can select a specific
topic to view.

■ Search. Use the Search tab to search for words in the Help system and locate associated topics. After
typing the words you want to find, click List Topics.
The Search tab also includes advanced search capability. You can search for topics using wildcard (*,?)
and boolean characters (AND, OR, NEAR, NOT). To use Boolean searches, click the right arrow button
next to the search-string field.

■ Favorites. Use the Favorites tab to bookmark topics that you visit frequently.

14 | Chapter 1 Welcome to Revit Architecture 2009

 New Information Markers

On the Contents tab, red markers identify new chapters and topics .

Autodesk Training Programs and Products

Training programs and products from Autodesk® help you learn the key technical features of your Autodesk
software and improve productivity. For the latest information about Autodesk training, visit
http://www.autodesk.com/training or contact your local Autodesk office.

Autodesk Authorized Training Centers

Be more productive with Autodesk software. Get trained at an Autodesk Authorized Training Center (ATC®)
with hands-on, instructor-led classes to help you get the most from your Autodesk products. Enhance
productivity with proven training from over 1,400 ATC sites in more than 75 countries. For more information
about Autodesk Authorized Training Centers, contact atc.program@autodesk.com or visit the online ATC
locator at http://www.autodesk.com/atc.

Autodesk Official Training Courseware

Autodesk publishes many courseware titles each year for users at all levels to improve their productivity with
Autodesk software. The preferred training materials of Autodesk partners, these books are also well-suited
for self-paced, standalone learning. All courseware simulates real-world projects with hands-on, job-related
exercises. Autodesk Official Training Courseware (AOTC) is developed by Autodesk. Autodesk Authorized
Training Courseware (AATC) is developed by Autodesk partners, including titles in a growing number of
languages. Autodesk Official Certification Courseware (AOCC) teaches the knowledge and skills assessed on
the Certification examinations. Visit http://www.autodesk.com/aotc to browse the Autodesk Courseware catalog.

Autodesk Certification

Gain a competitive edge with your career by obtaining Autodesk Certification, validating your knowledge
and skills on Autodesk products. Autodesk provides an end-to-end solution for assessing your readiness for
certification, preparing for certification, and obtaining certification. For more information on Autodesk
Certification, visit http://www.autodesk.com/certification.

e-Learning

Autodesk e-Learning for Autodesk Subscription customers features interactive lessons organized into product
catalogs. Each lesson is 20–40 minutes in length and features hands-on exercises, with an option to use a
simulation or the software application. You can also use an online evaluation tool that identifies gaps in
skills, determines which lessons will be most helpful, and gauges learning progress.
If you are a member of Autodesk Subscription, you can access e-Learning and other subscription services
from your Autodesk product. For more information about Autodesk subscription resources, visit
http://www.autodesk.com/subscription.

Memory Usage
To minimize possible instability in Revit Architecture when its uses operating system memory, you can:

■ Restart Revit Architecture regularly.

Autodesk Training Programs and Products | 15

 If you receive a message that the current session's memory usage is approaching the operating system
limit, save your work as soon as possible and restart Revit Architecture. If you are using a workshared
environment, save your local file, restart Revit Architecture, and then save to central.

■ Enable the 3 GB feature on your Windows® operating system to improve performance on 32-bit machines.
See Enabling the 3 GB Feature on 32-Bit Machines on page 16.

■ Run Revit Architecture on a Windows 64-bit operating system.

■ Reduce the number of loaded DWG and RVT links. See Managing Links on page 1222.

■ Reduce the number of loaded RVT and RFA files. See Purging Unused Families on page 436.

■ Limit the number of views open. If you have multiple views open, you can quickly close all hidden views
by clicking Window menu ➤ Close Hidden Windows.

3 GB Feature Considerations
Before deciding to use the 3 GB feature, review the following considerations:

■ This feature is supported only on Windows XP SP2 and Windows Vista running on 32-bit machines.

■ When the 3 GB feature is enabled, your operating system has less memory space. It is not completely
clear what implications this may have on Windows, so be cautious with regard to the total application
load placed on Windows while running in this mode. If you do not require the larger address space, it
is recommended that you do not enable this option.

■ At least one graphics card driver version is known not to work with 3 GB. This is ATI Fire GL 8800, driver
version 6.12.10.3035. If you experience a crash, restart your computer without the /3GB option and
check whether upgrading to the latest graphics card driver resolves the issue.

Enabling the 3 GB Feature on 32-Bit Machines

Revit Architecture is a 32-bit application, which is limited to 4 GB of virtual address space. Typically, on a
32-bit machine, Microsoft® Windows® reserves 2 GB of the 4 GB virtual address space of any process for the
operating system and leaves the remaining 2 GB for the application process (including the space for the
code pages, the stack, and all dynamically allocated memory). The 3 GB feature divides the virtual address
space differently on 32-bit machines, providing 3 GB for the application and 1 GB for the operating system.
On 64-bit machines, the 3 GB switch does not apply because Windows does not reserve virtual address space
for the operating system, allowing Revit Architecture to use up to the available 4 GB.
Before enabling the 3 GB feature, see 3 GB Feature Considerations on page 16.

To enable the 3 GB feature on Windows XP

1 Open the boot.ini file.
This file is typically located in C:\boot.ini.

2 In the "operating systems" section, copy the original line containing the boot path, then modify
the copied line to add the option (/3GB) and the display string that identifies the boot option.
An example of the line to copy and the modified version of the line are shown below. The
modified portions of the copied line are in bold.
■ multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(2)\WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows XP Professional"
/fastdetect

16 | Chapter 1 Welcome to Revit Architecture 2009

 ■ multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(2)\WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows XP Professional 3GB"
/3GB /fastdetect

When you start your computer with the modified boot.ini file, you see the following options
to select from:
■ Microsoft Windows XP Professional

■ Microsoft Windows XP Professional 3GB

To enable the 3 GB feature on Windows Vista

1 Click Start menu ➤ All Programs ➤ Accessories, and run the command prompt.
2 Enter BCDEDIT /SetIncreaseUserVa 3072, and exit the command prompt.

NOTE If you are not able to set this value, when you run the command prompt, right-click and select
Run as Administrator.

3 Reboot the computer.

The switch is now set. It is not necessary to make a selection when you reboot the computer, it
is automatically enabled.

After you enable the 3 GB feature, you should verify that you have sufficient virtual memory allocated for
your purposes. See Verifying Virtual Memory Allocation on page 17.

Verifying Virtual Memory Allocation

To verify virtual memory allocation on Windows XP

1 Click Start menu ➤ Settings ➤ Control Panel.

2 In the Control Panel, double-click System.
3 In the System Properties dialog, click the Advanced tab.
4 In the Performance field, click Settings.
5 In the Performance Options dialog, click the Advanced tab.
6 In the Virtual Memory field, click Change.

To verify virtual memory allocation on Windows Vista

1 Click Start menu ➤ All Programs ➤ Accessories, and run the command prompt.
2 To change the virtual memory allocation back to 2 GB, enter:
BCDEDIT /SetIncreaseUserVa 2048

NOTE If you are not able to set this value, when you run the command prompt, right-click and select
Run as Administrator.

To verify the virtual memory allocation, enter BCDEDIT.

In the boot entry option list, the value displays with the IncreaseUserVa option.

Your system should have at least 3 GB set aside for the paging file size to fully utilize the available address
space. Every concurrently running application is sharing the available paging file size, so setting it to
something more than 3 GB (such as 4 GB) is recommended.

Verifying Virtual Memory Allocation | 17

18
What's New in This
Release 2
This topic describes the new and enhanced features for Revit Architecture 2009.

Rendering Enhancements
In Revit Architecture 2009, the AccuRender® rendering engine has been replaced with the mental ray®
rendering engine. With this change, Revit Architecture 2009 provides an overall higher quality of rendering.
Improved lighting effects and more accurate render appearances for materials result in more photorealistic
rendered images.
For details on specific improvements related to rendering enhancements in Revit Architecture 2009, see the
following topics.
Image generated using the AccuRender rendering engine

19
 Image generated using the mental ray® rendering engine

Rendering Workflow Enhancements

The user interface for rendering images has been completely redesigned. Fewer dialogs, a simplified workflow,
improved defaults, and clear terminology make it easier for users to generate realistic images with a minimum
of effort, even if they have limited rendering experience.
Improved user interface for rendering

For more experienced users, Revit Architecture 2009 offers control over advanced settings to refine a rendered
image and achieve the desired result.

20 | Chapter 2 What's New in This Release

 Related topics

■ Rendering Workflow on page 1099

■ Rendering an Image on page 1158

■ Render Quality Settings on page 1163

■ Rendering Best Practices on page 1172

Render Appearance Enhancements for Materials

In Revit 2008 and previous releases, the software provided default materials, many of which used AccuRender
definitions for render appearances. When you rendered a 3D view of a building model, these AccuRender
definitions were used to provide a realistic representation of the model elements.
In Revit Architecture 2009, new render appearances provide more accurate results in rendered images. A
dynamic user interface presents different properties for each type of render appearance, allowing more
control over textures and visual effects. When working with materials, you can enter search text to locate
the desired material or render appearance quickly, based on its name, description, keywords, or other
information.
Material definitions are stored as part of the project file. Render appearances are stored in a local, read-only
library. If you change settings for render appearances, many changes are stored as part of the project. If you
specify image files for render appearances (for example, for custom colors or textures), you can store the
image files in a directory, and point Revit Architecture to that directory. (See Additional Render Appearance
Paths on page 507.) To share custom render appearances with team members, you use File menu ➤ Transfer
Project Standards. Also send the directory containing the image files.
See Materials on page 459, Render Appearance Library on page 482, and Transferring Project Standards on
page 438.

Render Appearance Enhancements for Materials | 21

Lighting Enhancements
Lighting fixtures are now photometric and can be described by IES files. (Many manufacturers provide IES
files for their lighting fixtures, which you can download from their Web sites.) When you render an image,
Revit Architecture uses information in the IES file to determine the intensity of light at various points in
space. If you do not use an IES file to describe the light source, you can specify real-world lighting variables
based on manufacturer information. These improvements provide more accurate, realistic lighting in the
rendered image. See Lights on page 1100.
During the rendering process, daylighting is performed automatically. For advanced lighting quality in
interior views, you can enable daylight portals, if needed. See Daylight Portals on page 1165.

Plant and Entourage Enhancements

Revit Architecture 2009 provides an improved library of RPC (Rich Photorealistic Content) files from
ArchVision®.

22 | Chapter 2 What's New in This Release

 The library has been expanded to include the following:

■ Over 100 trees and plants

■ More ArchVision realpeople™, as well as updates to realpeople that were shipped with previous releases

■ Additional office furnishings and fixtures

The new RPC content offers more photorealistic render appearances. It is stored in a local, read-only library.
If your organization has purchased additional RPC content, you can use it in building models to enhance
rendered images.
The user interface for RPC content is simplified to improve the workflow. See Plants and Entourage on page
1139.

Decal Enhancements
Revit Architecture 2009 provides a more accurate rendering of decals. The user interface has been enhanced
to provide more control over the appearance of decals in rendered images.
See Decals on page 1152.

Enhancements for Export to 3ds Max

When you export a 3D view to Autodesk® 3ds Max® to use its higher-level rendering capabilities, Revit
Architecture 2009 passes rendering settings to 3ds Max. The information includes render appearances
(material assignments), lights, and related settings defined in the project. By preserving this information
during the export process, Revit Architecture 2009 maintains a high degree of fidelity and reduces the amount
of work you must perform in 3ds Max.
See Exporting to 3ds Max on page 1297.

Decal Enhancements | 23
Migrating to Revit Architecture 2009
After you upgrade from a previous release to Revit Architecture 2009, Revit families and projects may need
to be migrated to make them compatible with the new rendering functionality.
Some migrations are performed automatically when you upgrade the Revit software. Other migrations are
performed automatically when you open a Revit family or project. Some migrations must be performed
manually.

To migrate... Do this... For more information, see...

Render appearances for materials

default render appearances Open the project in Revit Architecture 2009, and save Migrating Render Appearances for
for materials it. Materials on page 25, Changing
the Render Appearance of a Mater-
ial on page 465

modified render appearances Open the project in Revit Architecture 2009. Click Set- Migrating Render Appearances for
for materials tings menu ➤ Materials. For each material that used a Materials on page 25, Changing
custom AccuRender definition, assign a new render the Render Appearance of a Mater-
appearance. Save changes to the project. ial on page 465

Lighting

a lighting fixture family Open the family in Revit Architecture 2009, and save Migrating Lighting Fixtures on
it. page 26, Lights on page 1100

lighting fixture families in a Open each lighting fixture family in Revit Architecture Migrating Lighting Fixtures on
project 2009, and save it. Then reload each family into the page 26, Lights on page 1100
project, overwriting the existing family. Save changes
to the project.

daylighting No action required. The mental ray rendering engine Daylight Portals on page 1165
performs daylighting automatically. For advanced
lighting quality in interior views, you can enable day-
light portals, if needed.

To migrate... Do this... For more information, see...

Entourage

default RPC content provided No action required. When you render an image in the Migrating Entourage on page 27,
with Revit 2008 project, Revit 2009 updates its render appearance Plants and Entourage on page 1139
automatically.

additional RPC content that Configure the ArchVision Content Manager (ACM) to Migrating Entourage on page 27,
you licensed or downloaded work with Revit Architecture. Using the ArchVision Content
Manager on page 1149

24 | Chapter 2 What's New in This Release

To migrate... Do this... For more information, see...

AccuRender procedural plants Do either of the following: Migrating Plants on page 27,
■ Open the project, and manually replace each 2008 Plants and Entourage on page 1139
plant family with a 2009 plant family.
■ Open the 2008 plant family in the Family Editor.
Select Settings menu ➤ Family Category and
Parameters. For Rendering Appearance Source, se-
lect Third Party, and click OK. In the Family Type,
for Render Appearance, specify an RPC file for the
plant. Save the plant family.

decals No action required. Decals are automatically upgraded Migrating Decals on page 27,
to work with Revit Architecture 2009. Decals on page 1152

Migrating Render Appearances for Materials

In Revit Architecture 2009, some materials migrate automatically to use the new render appearances. For
other materials, new render appearances will need to be assigned manually.

NOTE Glow, smoothness, and shininess are no longer supported for Revit materials. However, render appearances
for materials may have similar properties. When you upgrade a project to Revit Architecture 2009, all materials
from earlier Revit releases are converted to have no glow, no smoothness, and no shininess.

For more information, see Materials on page 459.

Render Appearances that Migrate Automatically

In Revit Architecture 2009, new render appearances have been assigned to all materials that are used in Revit
families or templates and that previously used AccuRender definitions. When you upgrade a project that
uses these materials, the materials are updated to use the new render appearances.
For these materials, each 2008 render appearance is mapped to a new 2009 render appearance, based on a
match of the AccuRender definition name. If you modified an AccuRender definition without changing its
name, the modified AccuRender appearance is updated to use the 2009 render appearance.

NOTE Revit Architecture 2009 does not change the names of any existing materials in a project.

Render Appearances that Require Manual Updates

Revit Architecture 2009 assigns a default render appearance to the following:

■ Materials that are not used in Revit families or templates

■ Materials that use custom AccuRender definitions in Revit 2008 or prior releases

In rendered images, this default render appearance displays as gray, and the material’s Comments field
displays the following text:
Rendering appearance not upgraded

Migrating to Revit Architecture 2009 | 25

 You must update these materials to assign new render appearances to them. See Updating a 2008 Render
Appearance on page 26.
If a Revit 2008 project makes extensive use of AccuRender definitions, you can edit a text file to map the
AccuRender definitions to new render appearances. For instructions, go to the Autodesk Support Knowledge
Base and search for the technical solution TS1081106.

Updating a 2008 Render Appearance

Use the following procedure to assign a new render appearance to a 2008 material whose render appearance
was not upgraded automatically.

To update a render appearance for a material

1 In Revit Architecture 2009, open a project.
2 Click Settings menu ➤ Materials.
3 In the left pane of the Materials dialog, under Materials, enter not upgraded in the search field.
The materials list displays the names of all materials whose Comments field contains the specified
text.

4 Select a material from the list.

5 On the Render Appearance tab, click Replace.
6 In the Render Appearance Library, select the desired render appearance for the material, and
click OK.
See Searching for a Render Appearance on page 482.

7 If desired, modify properties for the render appearance.

See Render Appearance Properties on page 468.

8 Click Apply.
9 Repeat Steps 4 through 8 for other materials whose render appearances were not upgraded.
10 In the Materials dialog, click OK.
11 Save changes to the project.

Migrating Lighting Fixtures

In Revit Architecture 2009, all 2008 lighting fixture families (including spot lights and linear lights) display
and render as spherical light sources with intensity control.
To migrate a lighting fixture family, open the lighting fixture family in the Family Editor. Revit Architecture
adds a new light source definition to the family, using default settings. Make desired changes to the light
source definition and its parameters. (See Defining the Geometry of a Light Source on page 1117 and Defining
Parameters for Lighting Fixtures and Light Sources on page 1118.) Save changes to the family.
To migrate a lighting fixture family in a project, first migrate the lighting fixture family as described above.
Then save the family and reload it into the project, overwriting the existing family. (Override parameters
in the project if desired.) Save changes to the project.
After migration, the light sources for the lighting fixtures render photometrically, and they have more
photometric properties. For more information, see Lights on page 1100.

26 | Chapter 2 What's New in This Release

Migrating Light Groups

In a Revit 2008 project, you may have created light groups to control light settings (on/off or dimming) in
rendered images.
When you migrate a Revit 2008 project to Revit Architecture 2009, the light groups are maintained. However
their settings (on/off or dimming) are not preserved. As a result, you must redefine the settings for each 3D
view that uses a light group. See Light Groups on page 1134.

Migrating RPC Content

Revit 2008 provided several RPC files from ArchVision® as entourage (such as plants, cars, and people) for
rendered images. Revit Architecture 2009 provides updated files for the same RPC content, as well as additional
RPC files for new entourage.
For more information, see Plants and Entourage on page 1139.

Migrating Entourage
When you render an image in a migrated project, Revit Architecture 2009 uses new render appearances for
existing RPC content (provided with Revit 2008) automatically. You do not need to perform any manual
steps to migrate the default Revit 2008 RPC content.
If a Revit 2008 project contains RPC content that you licensed or downloaded (not provided with Revit
2008), configure Revit Architecture 2009 to use the ArchVision Content Manager. See Using the ArchVision
Content Manager on page 1149.

Migrating Plants
Many Revit 2008 plant families were defined using AccuRender procedures. In Revit Architecture 2009,
render appearances for plant families are defined using RPC files. There is no one-to-one strategy for mapping
Revit 2008 plants to Revit 2009 plants.
When you open a Revit 2008 project in Revit Architecture 2009, existing AccuRender plant families will
have their Rendering Appearance Source parameter set to Family Geometry. When you render an image,
the plants do not display.
If you plan to render images containing plants, you must do either of the following:

■ Manually replace each 2008 AccuRender plant family with a 2009 RPC plant family. See Placing Plants
and Entourage in a Project View on page 1151.

■ Open the 2008 plant family in the Family Editor. Select Settings menu ➤ Family Category and Parameters.
For Rendering Appearance Source, select Third Party, and click OK. In the Family Type, for Render
Appearance, specify an RPC file for the plant. Save the plant family. See Specifying a Render Appearance
for an RPC Family on page 1144.

Migrating Decals
When you open a Revit 2008 project using Revit Architecture 2009, any decals in the project are automatically
upgraded for Revit Architecture 2009. If you specified any special attributes for the decal using Revit 2008,

Migrating to Revit Architecture 2009 | 27

 those attributes are not retained. Instead, Revit Architecture 2009 provides a more accurate rendering of
decals.
For more information, see Decals on page 1152.

Migrating Rendered Images in a Project

Revit Architecture 2009 does not automatically re-render images in a migrated project. To update a rendered
image using the new rendering functionality, you must re-render the image.
Before rendering an image, verify that the following conditions are met:

■ Materials use the desired render appearances. See Migrating Render Appearances for Materials on page
25.

■ Existing lighting fixture families have been migrated. Migrating Lighting Fixtures on page 26

■ Existing light groups have the desired settings (on/off or dimming) in the view. See Migrating Light
Groups on page 27.

■ Any exterior lighting scheme uses the desired sun position. See Controlling Lighting in a Rendered Image
on page 1166.

■ Plants are updated to use new RPC render appearances. See Migrating Plants on page 27.

For instructions about rendering an image, see Rendering an Image on page 1158 and Rendering Best Practices
on page 1172.

Performance of the Rendering Engine

In Revit Architecture 2009, the mental ray rendering engine is designed to produce more photorealistic
rendered images than in Revit 2008. It provides renderings of comparable quality to AccuRender in a similar
amount of time.
However, in Revit Architecture 2009, you have more control over the quality settings for rendered images.
For example, you can generate a quick draft quality image to check material settings, or use a higher quality
setting to generate a presentation-quality image. Higher quality rendered images require more time to
generate than lower quality images. Other characteristics of the building model can also increase rendering
time. Regardless of the quality setting you choose, however, the resulting rendering will be more accurate
and more detailed than the corresponding AccuRender image.
See Specifying the Render Quality on page 1162 and Rendering Best Practices on page 1172.

What's Changed for Rendering?

The following table lists rendering features and functions in Revit 2008, and describes how these have
changed in Revit Architecture 2009.

Revit 2008 Feature In Revit 2009... For more information

AccuRender radiosity and Revit Architecture 2009 now performs similar Rendering an Image on page 1158
raytracing functions automatically when it renders an image.
You no longer need to perform these functions
as separate steps.

28 | Chapter 2 What's New in This Release

 Revit 2008 Feature In Revit 2009... For more information

AccuRender environment set- When you define render settings, you specify Controlling Lighting in a Rendered Im-
tings, sun and sky settings whether the sky is cloudy or hazy (or both), or a age on page 1166, Specifying the Back-
solid color. For the sun position, you can select ground for a Rendered Image on page
from predefined settings, or define a sun position 1167
based on date/time/location or azimuth/altitude.

Daylighting For rendered images, daylighting is performed Daylight Portals on page 1165
automatically. For advanced lighting quality in
interior views, you can enable daylight portals, if
needed.

Render scenes You define render settings for each 3D view. To Defining Render Settings on page 1159,
apply defined render settings to other views, View Templates for Render Settings on
create a view template. Then apply it to the de- page 1171
sired views.

AccuRender backface culling, Revit Architecture 2009 now performs these

view culling functions automatically when it renders an image.
You no longer need to specify these settings.

External material libraries Material definitions are stored as part of the pro- Materials on page 459, Render Appear-
ject file. Render appearances are stored in a local, ance Library on page 482, Transferring
read-only library. If you change attributes for Project Standards on page 438, Render-
render appearances, many changes are stored as ing Options on page 506
part of the project. If you specify image files for
render appearances, store the image files in a
directory, and point Revit Architecture to that
directory. To share custom render appearances
with team members, use File menu ➤ Transfer
Project Standards, and send them the directory
containing the image files.

Revit 2008 Feature In Revit 2009... For more information

AccuRender procedural trees ArchVision RPC trees Plants and Entourage on page 1139

Seasonal settings For many plants, you can now select a render Specifying a Render Appearance for an
appearance that shows a standard version of the RPC Family on page 1144
plant or a fall version of the plant. You specify
this in the plant family. The plant season is no
longer a render setting.

Navigating 2D and 3D Views

ViewCube and SteeringWheels are navigation tools that allow you to navigate 2D and 3D views in Revit
Architecture. These tools replace the Dynamic View commands that were available in 2D and 3D views in
previous releases of Revit Architecture.

Navigating 2D and 3D Views | 29

 ViewCube

The ViewCube is a 3D navigation tool that indicates the current orientation of a model and lets you adjust
the viewpoint.

The ViewCube displays by default when you open a 3D view. You can show or hide the ViewCube using
Window menu ➤ ViewCube.

SteeringWheels

SteeringWheels are tracking menus that allow you to access different 2D and 3D navigation tools from a
single point. SteeringWheels are divided into different sections known as wedges. Each wedge on a wheel
represents a single navigation tool. You can pan, zoom, or manipulate the current view of a model in different
ways.
There are several SteeringWheels; wheels are specific to the context that a model is being viewed in.
Full Navigation Wheel

SteeringWheels can be accessed from the toolbar. Click (in 2D views) or (in 3D views) to access
the SteeringWheels.
For more information on ViewCube and SteeringWheels, see Navigating Views on page 169.

Dynamic View Tools in ViewCube and SteeringWheels

The following tables indicate where Dynamic View tools can be found in the ViewCube and SteeringWheels.
For some tools, behavior has changed and is noted.

General Navigation Options

In Dynamic View In ViewCube/SteeringWheels

30 | Chapter 2 What's New in This Release

In Dynamic View In ViewCube/SteeringWheels

Scroll Pan
In a 2D context, pan scrolls the view. If you are using pan
with an active view on a sheet, pan scrolls the sheet view,
not the active view on the sheet.

NOTE In a 3D context, primarily when you are using 3D

SteeringWheels, pan dollies the camera left and right.

Zoom Full Navigation Wheel: Zoom

Tour Building Wheel: Forward

3D View Navigation Options

In Dynamic View In ViewCube/SteeringWheels

Spin SteeringWheels: Orbit

ViewCube: Click and drag the ViewCube

SteeringWheels: Rewind
Undo view orientation changes ( ) Rewind offers enhanced undo options for view orientation
changes. See Rewind Tool on page 188.

Right-click SteeringWheels or ViewCube, and click Save View.

Save View ( )

Orient to a Direction Click faces, edges, or corners on the ViewCube, or right-click

the ViewCube, and click Orient to a Direction.

Orient to a View Right-click SteeringWheels or ViewCube, and click Orient to

View.

Dynamic View Tools in ViewCube and SteeringWheels | 31

 In Dynamic View In ViewCube/SteeringWheels

Orient to a Plane Right-click SteeringWheels, and click Orient to a Plane.

Perspective View Navigation Options

In Dynamic View In SteeringWheels

Walkthrough Tab Options

Dolly Pan

Forward/Back Full Navigation Wheel: Walk

Tour Building Wheel: Forward

Turn Look

Field of View Tab Options

32 | Chapter 2 What's New in This Release

 In Dynamic View In SteeringWheels

In/Out Right-click SteeringWheels, and click Increase/Decrease Focal

Length.

Slide Right-click SteeringWheels, and click Move Crop Boundary.

Recenter Right-click SteeringWheels, and click Re-center Crop Bound-

ary.

User Interface
This topic describes the new and enhanced features for the user interface in Revit Architecture 2009.

Recent Files

When you start Revit Architecture, it displays the new Recent Files window in the drawing area instead of
opening a default template. This window shows the projects and families that you worked on recently in
descending chronological order. To open one of these, click it. If you hold the cursor over the image, a
tooltip displays the path, size, and date the project or family was modified. To open a file that is not listed

in the Recent Files window, click (Browse for additional project files) or, click (Create new project).
The Recent Files window provides fast access to your recent projects and families. After you have worked in
a Revit file, you can return to the Recent Files window by clicking Window menu ➤ Recent Files, or press
CTRL + TAB if the window is still open. See Opening Revit Files on page 68.

Selection Count

When you select multiple elements, it can be difficult to determine whether you have selected the intended

elements. The right side of the status bar now includes a selection count to indicate how many items
are currently selected.

User Interface | 33
 If you click the selection count icon, the Filter dialog displays, indicating how many elements are selected
in each category. In the Filter dialog, you can select and clear categories to select or deselect those elements.
See How Many Elements Are Selected? on page 270 and Selecting Elements Using a Filter on page 271.

Warnings for Selected Elements

To review warnings related to elements you have selected in the drawing area, click on the Options
Bar. See Warnings for Selected Elements on page 1334.

Export Warnings to a File

Warnings that relate to elements selected in the drawing area can be exported to an HTML file by clicking

on the Revit Architecture 2009 dialog. See Exporting Warnings to a File on page 1335.

Ground Plane at Level Field

Ground Plane at Level, located in the Sun and Shadow Settings dialog, is used to cast shadows in shaded
views when you are creating a solar study. This option no longer affects rendered images. See Solar Studies
on page 1179

Project Settings
This topic describes the new and enhanced features for project settings in Revit Architecture 2009.

Suppressing Trailing Zeros and Spaces

You can format project units to suppress trailing zeros (for example, 123.400 displays as 123.4) and suppress
spaces (for example, 1’ - 2” displays as 1’-2”). See Setting Project Units on page 492.

Decimal Display and Digit Grouping

The decimal display option for project units has changed. When you select the decimal display type, you
can also select how to group the digits in the unit value. See Changing Decimal Display and Digit Grouping
on page 493.

Conceptual Design
This topic describes the new and enhanced features for conceptual design and massing studies in Revit
Architecture 2009.

Analyzing Conceptual Designs

The ability to create mass floors from masses has been enhanced to enable analysis of conceptual designs.
(In Revit 2008, mass floors were called floor area faces.) The software now calculates the area, exterior surface
area, volume, and perimeter of each mass floor you create. This information is stored in the instance properties
for mass floors. You can include these values in schedules and tags.

34 | Chapter 2 What's New in This Release

 You can then use this information to determine the following:
■ The best mix of uses (such as retail, residential, and office space) for the building

■ Rough cost estimates for the exterior of the building, based on linear dimensions or surface area

■ HVAC (heating/ventilation/air conditioning) requirements for different levels of the building

See Analyzing a Conceptual Design on page 522.

Related topics

■ Swept Blend

Project Views
This topic describes the new and enhanced features for project views in Revit Architecture 2009.

Project Views | 35
 Formatting Currency in a Schedule View

You can format currency fields with the appropriate currency symbol in a schedule. See Formatting Currency
Fields in a Schedule on page 138.

Cutting a Plan View by the Back Clip Plane

You can cut a plan view at the back clip plane. You activate this feature using the Depth Clipping parameter
for the plan view. The back clip plane is defined by the View Depth parameter, which is part of the view’s
View Range properties.

NOTE Plan views include floor plan views, reflected ceiling plan views, detail plan views, and callout plan views.

See Cutting a Plan View by the Back Clip Plane on page 81.

Cutting an Elevation, Section, or Callout View by the Far Clip Plane

You can cut an elevation, section, or callout view at the far clip plane. See Cutting an Elevation, Section, or
Callout View by the Far Clip Plane on page 87.

Custom View Scale

The view scale is the proportional system used to represent objects in a drawing. You can assign a different
scale to each view in a project. In Revit Architecture 2009, you can now create custom view scales. See View
Scale on page 194.

View Template Enhancement

Using the new Include option in the View Templates dialog, you can specify which view properties you
want to be included in a view template.

Properties that you exclude from a template do not require a value and are not overridden when you apply
a view template. See View Templates on page 498.

36 | Chapter 2 What's New in This Release

 Applying a Color Scheme to a View

In plan views and section views, you can specify whether the color scheme displays in the background or
the foreground of the view. This option is a property of the view. (See Applying a Color Scheme on page
960.)

Mirroring a Project

Mirroring a project allows you to mirror (reflect the position and shape of) all elements in a project around
an axis you select (North - South, East - West, Northeast - Southwest, or Northwest - Southeast). When you
mirror a project, all model elements, views, and annotations are mirrored. Orientation of annotations is
preserved when necessary; for example text does not mirror to retain readability. See Mirroring a Project on
page 1236.

Rotate Project North

You can rotate project north for the entire project. See Rotating Project North on page 1235.

Families
Swept Blend

Modeling complex geometry can be achieved using the Swept Blend tool. The tool allows massing or family
geometry to be defined by 2 different profiles placed along a 2D path containing an arc or a spline.

See Creating a Swept Blend on page 387.

Families Guide

Documentation for family creation has been restructured, revised, and enhanced with more detailed
conceptual information and tutorials.
Download the Families Guide here: http://www.autodesk.com/revitarchitecture-documentation

Families | 37
Project Phasing
This topic describes the new and enhanced features for project phasing in Revit Architecture 2009.

Graphic Overrides for Phase Statuses

For each phase status, you can now specify new graphic overrides from the Graphic Overrides tab of the
Phasing dialog.

■ Cut lines and projection lines:

You can specify a separate value, or no override, for line patterns, line weights, or line colors.

■ Cut and surface patterns:

You can specify a separate value, or no override, for fill patterns or colors, and specify whether a pattern
is visible.

■ Halftone:
You can specify a halftone for any phase status.

See Defining the Graphic Display for Phase Statuses on page 1267.

Visibility and Graphics

This topic describes the new and enhanced features for visibility and graphics in Revit Architecture 2009.

Hiding an Element in a Join

In Revit Architecture 2008, when you hid an element that was joined to another element in a view, the
joined-to element that remained visible might look incomplete. For example, when you hid a wall that was
joined to another wall in a view, the other wall displayed an edge with some gaps in geometry. In Revit
Architecture 2009, such a wall displays an edge with clean geometry.

Rooms and Areas

This topic describes new and enhanced features for rooms and areas in Revit Architecture 2009.

Rooms in Section Views

In Revit Architecture 2009, you can select rooms in section view. You can also use grips to adjust the upper
and lower boundaries of rooms.

38 | Chapter 2 What's New in This Release

 When volume computation is turned on, Revit Architecture shows the actual boundaries used to compute
the volume of the room. These boundaries can include sloping elements, such as the walls, ceiling, and roof.

Related topics

■ Rooms in Section Views on page 916

■ Changing the Room Height Graphically on page 931

Room Volume Enhancements

When an existing project is opened in Revit Architecture 2009, it may show different numbers for room
volumes. These differences are due to enhancements that provide more accurate room volume calculations.
The software is now more flexible in the shapes of rooms for which it can compute volumes, and room
volumes are now computed to the wall face.
See Room Volume on page 928.

Changes to Room Computation Height

The computation height is a defined height above the base level of a room. Revit Architecture measures the
perimeter of the room at this height, and uses this information when computing the room area and volume.
In previous releases, the room computation height was a project-wide setting. In Revit Architecture 2009,
the computation height is now a parameter of a level family. If needed, you can change this parameter. You
can also create multiple level families that use different computation heights. For example, you may want
to define one level family for stories and another level family for plenums. See Computation Height on page
926.

NOTE Changing the computation height can affect the performance of Revit Architecture.

Room Volume Enhancements | 39

Building Pads Are Room-Bounding
When calculating the area or volume of a room, Revit Architecture now considers a building pad to be a
room-bounding element. If desired, you can turn off this element parameter. See Room-Bounding Elements
on page 917.

Room Boundaries in Linked Models

In previous releases, when you linked Revit models together, Revit Architecture did not recognized
room-bounding elements in the linked model. As a result, you were not able to place a room between walls
(or other elements) in the host project and walls in the linked model.
In Revit Architecture 2009, you can now make the software recognize the room-bounding elements of a
linked model. See Room Boundaries in Linked Models on page 920.
Placing rooms in a host project (building exterior) using walls in a linked model
(building interior)

Tag Enhancements for Rooms and Areas

In Revit Architecture 2009, you can do the following:

■ Use the Tag All Not Tagged tool to simultaneously tag all rooms or areas that have not yet been tagged.

■ Change the orientation of a tag to be horizontal, vertical, or aligned with walls or boundary lines in the
building model.

■ Rotate the tag using the Rotate tool.

See Room Tags on page 922 and Areas and Area Tags on page 948.

40 | Chapter 2 What's New in This Release

Unplace and Place Rooms and Areas
You can remove (unplace) a room or area from its current location in a building model. The Revit project
retains information about the room or area. The room or area information still appears in schedules. You
can then place the room or area in another location in the building. You delete a room or area by deleting
its row from a schedule.

Related topics

■ Removing Rooms on page 936

■ Removing Areas on page 951

Color Fill in Section View

You can now apply color schemes to section views (in addition to plan views). In Revit Architecture, this
feature applies to rooms and areas. In Revit MEP, this feature applies to rooms, areas, spaces, and zones. See
Color Schemes on page 956.

In plan views and section views, you can specify whether the color scheme displays in the background or
the foreground of the view. This option is a property of the view. (See Applying a Color Scheme on page
960.)

Modelling Enhancements
This topic describes the new and enhanced modelling features for architectural and structural components
in Revit Architecture 2009.

Preventing a Join on a Mid-End Wall Face

Now, you can explicitly disallow a join to a mid-end wall using the join icons that appear above the end of
the wall.

To explicitly disallow or allow a join on a mid-end wall

1 Select the wall.

2 Click (Disallow Join) or (Allow Join) above the mid-end wall face.

Unplace and Place Rooms and Areas | 41

Slope a Building Pad
You can slope building pads using the Slope Arrow command on the Design Bar, if, for example, you want
to add drainage for your building. See Sloping a Building Pad on page 904.

Beam Cutback
The new beam cutback tools apply beam join types and priority. You can use these tools to adjust visible
cutback to beams in an end-join relationship.
You can create miter joins for elements of the same type. Using the miter lock tool allows you to keep a
physical representation of the miter join in the Medium/Fine levels of detail while changing the symbolic
cutback representation in Coarse detail.
See Beam Cutback on page 782.

Slab Shape Edit

You can modify the split lines that Revit Architecture creates in the slab when it is warped. See Shape Editing
for Slabs, Roofs and Floors on page 881.
Slabs containing arc segments can be modified with the slab shape editing tools. The curved edge slabs can
be set to have either concave or flat surfaces. See Using the Curved Edge Condition Tool on page 886.

Sketching and Snapping

This topic describes the new and enhanced features for sketching and snapping in Revit Architecture 2009.

Access to Temporary Snap Overrides

You can access temporary snap overrides from the right-click context menu when you place an element or
component in the drawing area, or while moving, copying, rotating, or arraying existing elements.

See Temporarily Overriding Snap Settings on page 494.

42 | Chapter 2 What's New in This Release

 Closing an Open Loop

You can use the Close snap to close valid open loops when sketching. If there is more than one option to
close the loop, you can move the cursor or press Tab to see other snap options. See Closing an Open Loop
on page 264.

Details and Annotations

This topic describes the new and enhanced features for details and annotations in Revit Architecture 2009.

Baseline and Ordinate Dimensions

You can create and place baseline and ordinate linear dimensions in your project. Baseline dimensions are
multiple dimensions measured from the same baseline. Ordinate dimensions measure the perpendicular
distance from an origin point (called the datum) to an element.
Baseline and ordinate dimensions are exported to CAD formats.
For more information, see Baseline and Ordinate Dimensions on page 219.

Formatting Permanent and Spot Dimensions

You can add bold, italic, underline, and width formatting to permanent and spot dimensions. Access these
formats in the Type Properties dialog for the dimension.

Permanent Dimension Placement Enhancements

You can dimension to the following:

■ Intersection points of lines, grids, reference planes, and location lines (for walls).

■ The center of arcs, when placing a linear dimension. The center mark of the arc does not need to be
visible to dimension to it.

Adding Text to Dimension Values

You can add supplemental text above, below, or to the left or right of a permanent dimension value. You
can also replace permanent dimension values with text. See Overriding Dimension Text on page 224 and
Replacing Permanent Dimension Values with Text on page 224.

Spot Elevation Enhancements

■ You can display the top and bottom elevation of elements with a definite thickness. Top and bottom
elevations are available for elements in plan views. See Spot Elevations on page 227.

■ You can place spot elevations with a leader, a leader and a shoulder, or without a leader. See Placing a
Spot Elevation Dimension on page 228.

■ You can add supplementary text to spot elevations. See Adding Supplementary Text to Spot Elevation
Dimensions on page 229.

■ The Rotate with Component type property is now available for spot elevations. This allows spot elevations
to maintain their location relative to the referenced element when the element is rotated. You can specify
this type property in the Element Properties dialog for the spot elevation.

Details and Annotations | 43

 Spot Coordinate Enhancements

■ You can display the elevation of the selected point with spot coordinates. See Reporting North, South,
East, and West Spot Coordinates on page 230.

■ You can add supplementary text to spot coordinates. See Adding Supplementary Text to Spot Coordinate
Dimensions on page 232.

■ The Rotate with Component type property is now available for spot coordinates. This allows spot
coordinates to maintain their location relative to the referenced element when the element is rotated.
You can specify this type property in the Element Properties dialog for the spot coordinate.

Grid Bubble Enhancements

■ You can control whether grid bubbles display at either end of a grid line. You can do this graphically for
individual grid lines in a view, or for all grid lines of a particular type by changing type properties.

■ In the grid type properties, you can specify default locations of grid bubbles for horizontal grid lines in
plan views and vertical grid lines in elevation views.

See Showing and Hiding Grid Bubbles on page 1035.

Creating Grid Gaps and Grid Segments

■ When defining a grid type, you can specify that grid lines display a center segment or a gap. You can
specify the default length of end segments. For a center segment, you can specify a different line color,
weight, and style. See Customizing Grid Lines on page 1037.

■ You can adjust the length of the gap or center segment in an individual grid line. For example, you may
want to adjust the gap so the grid line does not display through the middle of a model element. See
Adjusting the Center Segment of a Grid Line on page 1036.

Tag Label Enhancements

A new Create Label dialog replaces the Select Parameter dialog in the Annotation Family Editor. You use
this new dialog to create multi-parameter concatenated labels.

Beam Tags and Spot Elevations

You can place structural framing tags and spot elevations anywhere above or below a beam using new tools
that specify the location and offsets of the label. You can place tags individually or on all beams currently
in view. See Beam Annotations Tool on page 795.
You can set tags and spot elevations to rotate in reference to a beam's location and rotation. This allows the
placement of a tag that moves and repositions with the beam. See Structural Framing Tag Families on page
793.

44 | Chapter 2 What's New in This Release

Text Note Styles
You can now create or modify text note styles using Settings ➤ Annotations ➤ Text. See Specifying Text
Note Styles on page 491.

Editing Elements
This topic describes the new and enhanced features for editing elements in Revit Architecture 2009.

Linework Enhancements

You can use the Linework tool to change the line style for selected edges of model elements in a view,
including the following:

■ Projection edges of model elements

■ Cut edges of model elements

■ Edges in imported CAD files

■ Edges in linked Revit models

See Changing the Line Style of Elements on page 326.

Revisions and Sheets

This topic describes the new and enhanced features for revisions in Revit Architecture 2009.

Rotating a View on a Sheet

After placing a view (a drawing or a schedule) on a sheet, you can rotate it 90 degrees in either direction.
See Rotating a View on a Sheet on page 978.

Rotating a Revision Schedule

You can rotate a revision schedule 90 degrees clockwise or counterclockwise on a titleblock. See Rotating a
Revision Schedule on page 990.

Text Note Styles | 45

 Defining the Height of a Revision Schedule

You can limit the size of a revision schedule on a title block. See Defining the Height of the Revision Schedule
on page 990.

Building Revision Schedules from the Top Down or Bottom Up

Revision schedules can display information in various ways. Some design firms use a top-down approach,
with column headings and revision rows starting at the top of the schedule. Other design firms use a
bottom-up approach, with column headings and revision rows starting at the bottom of the schedule. A
new feature allows you to specify how Revit Architecture builds revision schedules. See Building a Revision
Schedule from the Top Down or Bottom Up on page 991.

Numbering for Revisions

Previous versions of Revit Architecture used numeric numbering for revisions. In Revit Architecture 2009,
you can specify numeric numbering, alphabetic numbering, or no numbering for each revision. For alphabetic
numbering, you can specify the characters to use in the sequence.

Related topics

■ Numbering for Revisions on page 1013

■ Assigning a Numbering Scheme to a Revision on page 1013

46 | Chapter 2 What's New in This Release

 ■ Defining an Alphabetic Sequence for Revisions on page 1014

Revisions Listed in the Revision Schedule

On sheets, the revision schedule includes information about revisions that are identified by revision clouds
and tags. In this release, you can specify that the revision schedule is to include revision information that
is not represented by revision clouds and tags in the sheet’s views. See Specifying the Revisions to Include
in a Revision Schedule on page 1018.

Printing
This topic describes the new and enhanced features for printing in Revit Architecture 2009.

Batch Printing

You can use Batch Print for Revit 2009 to print many drawings at one time unattended. See Batch Printing
on page 1025.

Linked Models
This topic describes the new and enhanced features for linked models in Revit Architecture 2009.

Phase Mapping

You can set up a correspondence between phases in the host Revit model and phases in the linked Revit
model. To do this you set up the phase map in the properties of the linked file, and then apply the phase
map in the host model. See Phase Mapping Linked Revit Models on page 1216.

Visibility and Graphic View Settings

You can control visibility and graphic view settings (such as filters, workset visibility, and display of
annotations) for section, elevation, and 3D views in linked models.

Printing | 47
 When you select By Linked View or Custom on the RVT Link Display Settings tab of the Visibility/Graphics
dialog, you can select any elevation, section, or 3D views that are available in the linked model.

See Visibility for Linked Revit Models on page 1218.

Related topic:
Editing Elements on page 45

Interoperability
This topic describes the new and enhanced features for interoperability in Revit Architecture 2009.

IFC Export Options

The default file format for IFC export is now IFC 2x3 (previously it was IFC 2x2).
You also have the following export options for all IFC file formats:

■ Current view only: This option allows you to export elements that are visible in the current view. Visible
elements include those that are hidden by hidden line or shaded mode, any underlays in the view, and
elements that are cropped from view by the crop region. Elements temporarily hidden using temporary
hide/isolate will not be exported. Categories marked as Not Exported in the IFC Export Classes dialog
will not be exported.

■ Split wall and columns by level: This option allows you to divide multi-level walls and columns by level.

See Exporting a Project to IFC on page 1294.

48 | Chapter 2 What's New in This Release

 DWFx

The meaning of the term DWF has expanded to include DWFx. DWFx is based on the XML Paper Specification
(XPS) from Microsoft, making it easier to share design data with reviewers who do not have Design Review
installed. DWF and DWFx files contain the same data (2D and 3D); the only difference is the file format.
DWFx files can be opened and printed using the free Microsoft XPS Viewer, which comes pre-installed on
computers using the Microsoft Windows Vista™ operating system. (For the Windows XP operating system,
the Microsoft XPS Viewer can be downloaded directly from Microsoft.) Unlike DWF files, DWFx files include
additional information to display design data in the Microsoft XPS Viewer. As such, DWFx files are larger
than corresponding DWF files.
See Publishing 2D or 3D DWF on page 1300.

Related topics

■ Enhancements for Export to 3ds Max on page 23

Worksharing
This topic describes the new and enhanced features for worksharing in Revit Architecture 2009.

Worksharing Monitor

The Worksharing Monitor is a utility that allows you to find out information about a workshared project:

■ Who is currently working on this project?

■ Is my local copy of the project up to date?

■ When will my Save to Central operation finish?

■ Has my request to borrow elements been granted?

■ Are any issues interfering with my work on a Revit Architecture project?

The Worksharing Monitor is available to Revit Architecture subscription customers. See Worksharing Monitor
on page 1211.

API
Revit Architecture provides an Application Programming Interface (API) that allows you to extend the
functionality of the product. Starting with Revit Architecture 2009, you can use the API to define macros
that can be saved with the application or project. For example, you might define a macro to add a grid to
your project, to rotate a selected object, or to collect information about the square footage of all the rooms
in your structure. Other general examples include:

■ Locating and extracting Revit content to external files

■ Changing geometry or parameters

■ Creating elements

■ Importing/exporting external file formats

Worksharing | 49
 Macro support is provided by the Revit VSTA plug-in, which you can install in conjunction with your existing
Revit installation. For details and example code, see Creating Macros with Revit VSTA on page 1339.

Documentation
The documentation for Revit Architecture 2009 has been restructured and revised to improve usability. In
addition, images have been added to illustrate and clarify important concepts. Look for further improvements
to the documentation in future releases.

Families Guide

Documentation for family creation has been restructured, revised, and enhanced with more detailed
conceptual information and tutorials.
Download the Families Guide here: http://www.autodesk.com/revitarchitecture-documentation

50 | Chapter 2 What's New in This Release

Revit Essentials
3
The following topics provide information on what you need to start a project in Revit Architecture.

Using the Revit Interface

Revit Architecture is a powerful CAD product for the Microsoft® Windows operating system. Its interface
resembles those of other products for Windows: it features menus with commands, toolbars with buttons,
dialogs, and windows in which you complete tasks.
In the Revit Architecture interface, many of the components (such as walls, windows, and doors) are available
at the click of a button. You can drop these components into the drawing and immediately determine
whether they meet your design requirements.

51
Starting Revit Architecture
To start Revit Architecture, do one of the following from the Windows desktop:

■ Double-click the Revit icon.

■ Click Start ➤ Programs ➤ Autodesk ➤ Revit Architecture 2009 ➤ Revit Architecture 2009.

Revit Architecture opens and displays a list of recent files. See Starting a New Project on page 67 or Opening
Revit Files on page 68.

Parts of the Revit Interface

The Revit Architecture interface is designed to simplify your workflow. With a few clicks, you can change
the interface to better support the way that you work. For example, you can hide toolbars that you rarely
use, so they do not clutter the interface. You can also display several project views at one time, or layer the
views to see only the one on top.
Read the following topics to familiarize yourself with the basic parts of the Revit interface. Then experiment
with them, hiding, showing, and rearranging interface components to support the way that you work.

Menu Bar
The menu bar provides access to all functions of Revit Architecture. The functions that are available from
the toolbars, the Design Bar, and many shortcut menus are also available from the menu bar.
In many cases, you can right-click an element in a drawing area to access a shortcut menu. The shortcut
menu provides quick access to commands that are appropriate for the selected element.

52 | Chapter 3 Revit Essentials

Toolbars
Revit Architecture offers several toolbars, which provide quick access to frequently used functions.

Toolbar Includes Tools for...

Standard Managing files and editing, such as New, Open, Save, Cut, Copy, Paste, Undo, and Redo.

View Changing the project view, such as Zoom In, Thin Lines, and Show Mass.

Edit Manipulating elements, such as Move, Rotate, Resize, and Group.

Tools Creating and changing the design, such as Tape Measure, Show Hidden Lines, and Join Geometry.

Worksets Defining and managing worksets when sharing a project, such as setting the Active Workset and
handling Editing Requests.

Design Options Defining and managing different options for a design, such as setting the active option, and adding
and removing options.

To modify toolbars to suit your needs

■ To hide a toolbar, click Window menu ➤ Toolbar, and clear the check mark for the toolbar to hide.

■ To show a hidden toolbar, click Window menu ➤ Toolbar, and select the toolbar to display.

■ To hide or display text labels on toolbar buttons, click Window menu ➤ Toolbar ➤ Text Labels.

NOTE You can also right-click anywhere on a toolbar to access a shortcut menu of toolbar commands.

■ To move or resize a toolbar, drag the toolbar handle. You can shrink or expand the toolbar, or move it
to the left, right, above, or below another toolbar.

When you exit Revit Architecture, the toolbar settings are preserved.

Parts of the Revit Interface | 53

 Design Bar
The Design Bar contains tabs that allow you to quickly access Revit Architecture commands. Click a tab in
the Design Bar to expand the tab and show its commands.
All commands available on the Design Bar are also available from the menus. Not all tabs display by default.
You can show or hide tabs as needed.

Design Bar Tab Includes Commands for...

Basics Building design, such as walls, windows, and doors.

View Creating views in Revit Architecture.

Modelling The same building components as the Basic tab, plus others that help you to develop a more
complex project.

Drafting Annotation symbols (such as tags and dimensions), and creating detail views.

Rendering Rendering 3D views.

Site Site design, such as toposurface, graded region, and property lines.

Massing Creating masses for conceptual design.

Room and Area Creating rooms and areas.

54 | Chapter 3 Revit Essentials

Design Bar Tab Includes Commands for...

Structural Structural design, such as structural walls columns, beams, and slabs.

Construction Adding site components, creating construction phases, and adding schedules.

To change the Design Bar to suit your needs

■ To hide a Design Bar tab, click Window menu ➤ Design Bars. In the Show Design Bars dialog, clear the
check mark for the tab to hide, and click OK.

■ To show a hidden tab, click Window menu ➤ Design Bars. In the Show Design Bars dialog, select the
tab to display, and click OK.

NOTE You can also right-click anywhere on the Design Bar and, from the shortcut menu, select a tab to show
or hide.

■ To change the width of the Design Bar, click and drag its right border. For example, you may want to
expand its width to see more text, or reduce its width to increase the size of the drawing area.

When you exit Revit Architecture, the Design Bar settings are preserved.

Project Browser
The Project Browser shows a logical hierarchy for all views, schedules, sheets, families, groups, linked Revit
models, and other parts of the current project. As you expand and collapse each branch, lower-level items
display.

Parts of the Revit Interface | 55

 To change the size and location of the Project Browser

■ To show the Project Browser, click Window menu ➤ Project Browser.

■ To hide the Project Browser, click Window menu ➤ Project Browser (to clear its check mark), or click the
Close button (the red X) at the top of the Project Browser.

■ To resize the Project Browser, drag one of its borders.

■ To move the Project Browser, click and drag the Project Browser title bar within the Revit window. As
you move the cursor, an outline indicates where the Project Browser will move to, and what its shape
will be. Release the mouse button to place the Project Browser in the desired location.

■ To float the Project Browser in the drawing area, double-click the Project Browser title bar. You can then
move the Project Browser to the desired location, and drag its borders to resize it.

You can customize the organization of project views in the Project Browser. See Customizing Project View
Organization in the Project Browser on page 206.

Changing Multiple Items in the Project Browser

In the Project Browser, you can apply changes to multiple, selected items in one operation. For example,
you can select multiple views, right-click to access the shortcut menu, and click an option to delete, modify
the properties of, or apply a view template to all selected views simultaneously. This feature simplifies the
process of making changes across a project.

56 | Chapter 3 Revit Essentials

If you select multiple family elements of the same type, you can delete the selected items in one operation.
For example:

■ Within loaded component family types, you can select and delete elements in multiple categories (such
as windows and doors).

■ Within system family types, you can select and delete elements in multiple categories (such as ceilings,
floors, and walls).

Using the Project Browser

The Project Browser is a powerful way to navigate and manage complex projects.

If you want to... then...

Views, Schedules, Sheets

open a view double-click the name of the view, or right-click the name and click Open from
the shortcut menu. The active view name displays in bold.

add a view to a sheet drag the view name onto the sheet name or onto the sheet in the drawing area.
You can also right-click the sheet name, and click Add View on the shortcut
menu. In the Views dialog, select the view to add, and click Add View to Sheet.
After you perform one of these actions, the sheet is active in the drawing area,
and the added view displays as a viewport. As you move the cursor, the viewport
moves with it. When the viewport is in the desired location on the sheet, click
to place it.

remove a view from a sheet under the sheet name, right-click the view name, and click Remove from Sheet.

create a new sheet right-click the Sheets branch, and click New Sheet.

copy a view right-click the view name, and click Duplicate View ➤ Duplicate.

copy a view with view-specific elements right-click the view name, and click Duplicate View ➤ Duplicate with Detailing.
View-specific elements (such as detail components and dimensions) are copied
into the view. This command is available for plan views, callout views, drafting
views, and section views. You cannot copy callouts from plan views.

rename views, schedules right-click the view name, and click Rename. In the Rename View dialog, enter
a new name, and click OK.

rename a sheet right-click the sheet name, and click Rename. In the Sheet Title dialog, enter a
name and number for the sheet, and click OK.

close a view right-click the view name, and click Close.

delete a view right-click the view name and click Delete, or click the view and click Delete on
the toolbar.

Parts of the Revit Interface | 57

 If you want to... then...

change properties
right-click the view name and click Properties, or click the view and click
on the Options Bar.

expand or collapse branches in the Project click + to expand, or click – to collapse. Use the arrow keys to navigate between
Browser branches.

find referring views right-click the view name, and click Find Referring Views. See Finding Referring
Views on page 205.

Families

create a new family type right-click the family name, and click Duplicate.
A new type name displays in the type list. The new type name uses the family
name and is designated by a numeral. As you add more types, Revit Architecture
continues using this naming scheme: for example, right-click a family name
called Desk and click Duplicate; the family name Desk1 displays. If you repeat
the process, the names display as follows: Desk2, Desk3, Desk4, and so on. You
can then double-click a new type and set properties for it in the Type Properties
dialog.

rename a family right-click the family name, and click Rename. Enter a new name. (You cannot
rename a system family.)

create a new family instance in a view right-click the family name, and click Create Instance. This command activates
the appropriate tool and selects the appropriate type to create the selected
family in the drawing area.

reload a family right-click a loaded family, and click Reload. In the Open dialog, navigate to the
family location, select it, and click Open. See Reloading Families on page 354.

edit a family right-click a loaded family, and click Edit. You can edit and reload the family
directly into the project. See Editing Loaded Families on page 353.

delete a family right-click the family name and click Delete, or click the family name and press
DELETE. If your project includes instances of that family, a dialog displays asking
if you want to unload the family and delete all instances of it in your project.
Click Yes to delete the family, or click No to cancel.

NOTE This command is not enabled for wall types.

duplicate/modify family types right-click the family type, and select one of the following commands:
■ Duplicate: Copies the selected family and assigns a numeral to the copy.
■ Delete: Deletes the type (this command is not enabled for wall types).
■ Rename: Renames the type.
■ Select All Instances: Selects all instances of a type or group in the project.
■ Properties: Changes type properties.

58 | Chapter 3 Revit Essentials

If you want to... then...

modify type properties double-click the type name under a family. For example, under the Walls family,
double-click Exterior - Brick on CMU. The Type Properties dialog opens, and you
can edit values.

delete a family type do any one of the following:

■ Select the family type name in the Project Browser, and click (Delete)
on the toolbar.
■ Select the family type name in the Project Browser, and press DELETE.
■ Right-click the family type name, and click Delete.

This function deletes family types that you may have created and families loaded
into the project.

drag and drop family types into a project select the family type, and drag it into the appropriate view. You can drag fam-
ilies created from family files and system families.

Groups

place a group instance in a view under Groups, navigate to the desired group, then click and drag the group into
the drawing area. See Placing Groups on page 288.

modify group types right-click the group type, and select one of the following commands:
■ Delete: Deletes the group type.
■ Rename: Renames the group type.
■ Select All Instances: Selects all instances of a group type in the project.
■ Properties: Changes type properties.

duplicate a group type under Groups, navigate to the desired group, right-click the group name, and
click Duplicate. The new group type displays in the Project Browser. See Duplic-
ating Group Types on page 287.

reload a group under Groups, navigate to the desired group, right-click the group name, and
click Reload. See Loading Groups on page 287.

Revit Links

create a new link to a Revit model right-click the Revit Links branch, and click New Link. See Linking Revit Models
on page 1213.

manage links to Revit models right-click the Revit Links branch, click Manage Links, and click the Revit tab.
See Managing Links on page 1222.

copy a linked Revit model to another under Revit Links, navigate to the linked model to copy, right-click the link name,
project file and click Create Instance. Click in the drawing area to place the new instance
of the linked model. See Copying Linked Revit Models on page 1217.

Parts of the Revit Interface | 59

 If you want to... then...

unload or reload a linked Revit model under Revit Links, navigate to the linked model, right-click the link name, and
click the desired command to unload or reload the model. See Managing Links
on page 1222.

Renderings

view rendered images under Views ➤ Renderings, double-click the image to view.

place rendered images onto sheets drag the rendered image name (under Views ➤ Renderings) onto the sheet in
the drawing area.

Drawing Area
The drawing area of the Revit window displays views (and sheets and schedules) of the current project. Each
time you open a view in a project, by default the view displays in the drawing area on top of other open
views. The other views are still open, but they are underneath the current view. Use commands of the
Window menu to arrange project views to suit your work style.
The default color of the drawing area background is white; you can invert the color to black.

To manage views in the drawing area

■ To display a project view that has not yet been opened, navigate to the view in the Project Browser, and
double-click the view name.

■ To see a list of open views, click the Window menu. The bottom of the menu lists the open views. A
check mark indicates the view that currently has focus in the drawing area.

■ To display another open (but hidden) view in the drawing area, click the Window menu and click the
view to display, or double-click the view name in the Project Browser.

60 | Chapter 3 Revit Essentials

■ To open a second window for the current view, click Window menu ➤ New Window. This command is
useful if you want to pan and zoom on certain areas of the design, while also viewing the entire design
in another window. (Use the Tile command to see both views at the same time.) Any changes that you
make to the project in the new window also appear in other windows of the project.

■ To arrange all open windows in a series in the drawing area, click Window menu ➤ Cascade.

■ To see all open views at the same time, click Window menu ➤ Tile.

■ To move the icons of all minimized project views to the bottom of the drawing area, click Window
menu ➤ Arrange Icons.

■ To close all hidden views, click Window menu ➤ Close Hidden Windows. If more than one project is
open, one window per project remains open.

For more information, see Navigating the Drawing Area on page 64.

To invert the background color of the drawing area:

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Options.

2 In the Options dialog, click the Graphics tab.
3 Select or clear the Invert background color option.
4 Click OK.

Status Bar
The status bar is in the lower-left corner of the Revit Architecture window. When you are using a command,
the status bar provides tips or hints on what to do. When you are highlighting an element or component,
the status bar displays the name of the family and type.

To hide the status bar, click Window menu ➤ Status Bar. To show the status bar again, repeat the command.

Options Bar
The Options Bar is located below the menu bar and toolbars, and to the right of the Type Selector. Its contents
change depending on the current command or selected element.

Type Selector
The Type Selector is located below the toolbars and above the Design Bar. Its contents change depending
on the current function or selected component. When you place a component in a drawing, use the Type
Selector to specify the type of component to add. When you have selected an existing component, use the
Type Selector to change its type.

Parts of the Revit Interface | 61

 View Control Bar
The View Control Bar is located at the bottom of the Revit window above the status bar. It provides quick
access to functions that affect the drawing area, including the following:

■ Scale (See View Scale on page 194.)

■ Detail Level (See Detail Level on page 503.)

■ Model Graphics Style (See Model Graphic Styles on page 201.)

■ Shadows On/Off (See Creating a Solar Study on page 1180.)

■ Show/Hide Rendering Dialog (Available only when the drawing area displays a 3D view. See Defining
Render Settings on page 1159.)

■ Crop Region On/Off (See Crop Regions on page 163.)

■ Show/Hide Crop Region (See Showing or Hiding Crop Regions on page 165.)

■ Temporary Hide/Isolate (See Temporarily Hiding or Isolating Elements or Element Categories on page
161.)

■ Reveal Hidden Elements (See Revealing and Unhiding Hidden Elements on page 160.)

Communication Center
Communication Center provides quick access to resources at Autodesk, including the following:

■ Live Update Maintenance Patches. Receive automatic notifications whenever new maintenance patches
are released from Autodesk.

■ Subscription Information and Extension Announcements. Receive announcements and subscription

program news if you are an Autodesk subscription member (available in countries/regions where Autodesk
subscriptions are offered).

■ Articles and Tips. Be notified when new articles and tips are available on Autodesk web sites.

■ Product Support Information. Get breaking news from the Product Support team at Autodesk.

Use the Welcome wizard to set Communication Center for your country/region, and for the frequency you
prefer for updates and the information channels you want displayed.
To start the Welcome wizard or to open Communication Center, click the Communication Center icon (

) in the tray on the right side of the status bar.

62 | Chapter 3 Revit Essentials

 Turning Communication Center On or Off
The Autodesk CAD Manager Control utility turns Communication Center on and off. For example, if you
want to prevent Communication Center from sending information to Autodesk, you can turn it off. For
information about how to use the utility, install it from the product installation DVD. Then run the utility
and click Help in the CAD Manager Control Utility window.

Communication Center Online Privacy

Communication Center is an interactive feature that must be connected to the Internet to deliver content
and information. Each time Communication Center is connected, it sends information to Autodesk so that
the correct information can be returned. All information is sent anonymously to maintain your privacy.
The following information is sent to Autodesk:

■ Product Name. The name of the product in which you are using Communication Center

■ Product Release Number. The version of the product

■ Product Language. The language version of your product

■ Country/Region. The country/region that was specified in the Communication Center settings

■ Your Subscription Contract Number. The information sent to Autodesk if you entered it in the Error
Report dialog

Autodesk compiles statistics using the information sent from Communication Center to monitor how it is
being used and how it can be improved. Autodesk will maintain information provided by or collected from
you in accordance with the company's published privacy policy, which is available at
http://www.autodesk.com/privacy.

Content Search
The Content Search bar allows you to search for design files on the web.

NOTE Content Search is only available in US English.

Interface Basics
This section describes basic techniques and shortcuts that can boost your productivity while using the
software.

Related Topics

■ Parts of the Revit Interface on page 52

■ Keyboard Accelerators on page 512

Interface Basics | 63
 Navigating the Drawing Area
Use the following techniques to navigate the drawing area. Many of these techniques have equivalent
commands on the View menu, the View toolbar, and the shortcut menu for the drawing area. Some techniques
require a Microsoft® IntelliMouse®. For more information, see Zooming Project Views on page 193.

If you want to... Then do this...

zoom in on an area do one of the following:

■ Move the cursor over the area to zoom in on, and roll the IntelliMouse® wheel
forward.
■ Type ZR (for Zoom In Region), and drag a rectangle around the area to zoom
in on.
■ Press F8 and, while pressing CTRL, click and drag the cursor downwards.

zoom out do one of the following:

■ Move the cursor over the area on which to focus, and roll the IntelliMouse®
wheel backward.
■ Type ZO (for Zoom Out).
■ Press F8 and, while pressing CTRL, click and drag the cursor upwards.

zoom out to fit the entire model in the type ZF (for Zoom to Fit), or type ZA (for Zoom All to Fit).
drawing area

scroll (or pan) around the drawing area do one of the following:
■ Press and hold the IntelliMouse® wheel, and drag the mouse in the direction
to scroll or pan.
■ Press F8, then click and drag the mouse button in the direction to scroll or
pan.

rotate or orbit a 3D drawing do one of the following:

■ Press and hold the IntelliMouse® wheel, and, while pressing SHIFT, click and
drag the mouse in the direction to orbit the model.
■ Press F8, and, while pressing SHIFT, click and drag the mouse in the direction
to orbit the model.

see another view or representation of in the Project Browser, click the view name.
the building model See Using the Project Browser on page 57.

64 | Chapter 3 Revit Essentials

Basics for Selecting Elements
Use the following techniques to select elements in the drawing area. For more information, see Selecting
Elements on page 269.

If you want to... Then do this...

locate the desired element to select move the cursor over the element in the drawing area. Revit Architecture highlights
the element and displays information about it in the status bar and in a tooltip.
If several elements are very close to or on top of one another, move the cursor
over that area and press TAB until the status bar describes the desired element.

select an element click the element.

select multiple elements CTRL+click each element.

For more ways to select multiple elements, see Selecting Multiple Elements on
page 270.

determine how many elements are cur-

rently selected check the selection count on the status . See How Many Elements Are
Selected? on page 270.

select all elements of a particular type select one element of the desired type, and type SA (for Select All Instances).

select all elements belonging to several

types draw a pick box around the elements, and click (Filter Selection). Select
the desired types, and click OK.

deselect an element SHIFT+click each element to deselect that element from a group of selected ele-
ments.

re-select the previously selected elements press CTRL+left arrow.

Basics for Changing Elements

Use the following techniques to modify elements in the drawing area. For more information, see Editing
Elements on page 269.

If you want to... Then do this...

see a list of context-sensitive options right-click an element. Revit Architecture displays a shortcut menu of current
options.

change the properties of an element right-click the element, and click Element Properties. Change the desired proper-
ties, and click OK.

move an element select the element, and click a button on the Edit toolbar (such as Move, Rotate,
or Mirror). For some element types, you can click and drag an element to a new
location.
For more information, see Moving Elements on page 300.

Interface Basics | 65
 If you want to... Then do this...

change the shape or size of an element select the element, and use the drag controls (blue dots) and shape handles to
change its shape or size.
For more information, see Resizing Elements on page 312 and Controls and Shape
Handles on page 279.

flip an element
select the element, and press the SPACEBAR or click the flip control (when
available).
For example, you can flip the swing of a door, rotate a desk, or change the orient-
ation of a window or compound wall.

cut, copy, or delete elements select the elements, and use the standard Windows shortcuts: CTRL+X to cut,
CTRL+C to copy, and DEL to delete.

undo the most recent action press CTRL+Z.

exit a command press ESC twice, or on the Design Bar, click Modify.

Getting Hints About What to Do Next

If you start a command (such as Rotate) and are not sure what to do next, check the status bar. It often
displays tips or hints about what to do next for the current command. In addition, a tool tip appears next
to the cursor, displaying the same information.
To cancel or exit the current command, do either of the following:

■ Press ESC twice.

■ On the Design Bar, click Modify.

Entering Dimensions
As you draw a line in the drawing area, you can draw the line until the desired dimension displays, or you
can specify an exact value for its dimension, as follows:

1 Click in the drawing area to indicate the starting point for the line.

2 Start drawing in the desired direction.

3 Type the exact dimension desired.

For example, to indicate 300 mm, type 300. To indicate 8 feet, 6 inches, type 8 6. To indicate 5 inches,
type 0 5 (indicating zero feet, five inches).
When you start typing, Revit Architecture displays a text box, similar to the following:

4 Press ENTER.

66 | Chapter 3 Revit Essentials

 Revit Architecture draws the line to the specified length, using a Revit feature called listening dimensions.
For more information, see Listening Dimensions on page 233.

Starting a New Project

When you start a new project in Revit Architecture, the new project file uses default settings, which are
defined in a project template. Revit Architecture includes a default template called default.rte, which contains
several settings to help you begin the design process immediately. Alternatively, you can start a project using
a custom template. (See Creating a Custom Project Template on page 437.)
For information about changing the default template, see Setting Options on page 504.

Starting a New Project Using Default Settings

1 Start Revit Architecture.
2 Start a new project using one of the following methods:

■ On the Standard toolbar, click (New).

■ Press CTRL+N.

■ Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Project, or in the drawing area, under Projects, click (Create
a new project). In the New Project dialog, for Template, select None. For Create New, click
Project. Click OK. In the Select Initial Units dialog, click Imperial or Metric.

Revit Architecture creates a new project file, using the default settings. The default project name displays in
the title bar of the Revit window. To assign a different file name, use File menu ➤ Save As.

Starting a New Project Using a Template

1 Start Revit Architecture.

2 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Project, or in the drawing area under Projects, click (Create a new
project).
3 In the New Project dialog, for Template, click Browse.
4 Navigate to the location of the desired project template, select the template file (with the file
type RTE), and click Open.
Revit Architecture provides several project templates, which reside in either the Metric Templates
or Imperial Templates file at:
■ Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Autodesk\<product name>\

You can use one of these templates or create your own templates as needed to maintain corporate
standards or to simplify the setup process for different types of projects. See Creating a Custom
Project Template on page 437.

5 For Create New, click Project.

6 Click OK.
Revit Architecture creates a new project file using the settings defined by the specified template. The default
project name appears in the title bar of the Revit window. To assign a different file name, use File menu ➤ Save
As.

Starting a New Project | 67

Opening Revit Files
When you start Revit Architecture, the Recent Files window displays, listing up to 4 projects and 4 families
that you opened most recently. (If you are already working in a Revit session, you can return to the Recent
Files window by clicking Window menu ➤ Recent Files.)
To open a Revit file, use any of the following methods:

■ Click (Open).

■ Press CTRL+O.

■ Click File menu ➤ Open.

■ Under Projects or Families, click the file to open.

■ Under Projects or Families, click (Browse for additional project files).

When you click a file under Projects or Families, Revit Architecture opens the file.
If you use a different method to open a file, you must take additional steps. For further instructions, see the
following topics.

Opening a Revit Project File

1 Click File menu ➤ Open, or click on the toolbar.

2 In the Open dialog, navigate to the folder where the project file resides. If necessary, for Files
of type, select the appropriate file type to see those files in the folder.
3 If desired, select Audit to scan all elements in the project.
The Audit option can detect and fix corrupt elements in the project. However, it can greatly
increase the time required to open files. Use this option only for periodic maintenance of large
workset-enabled files or when you are preparing to upgrade.

4 If you are opening a worksets-enabled local file and want to separate it from the central file,
select Detach from Central. For more information, see Opening Workshared Files Independent
of the Central File on page 1206.
5 Select the project file, and click Open.

Opening Family Libraries and Training Files

1 Click File menu ➤ Open, or click on the toolbar.

2 On the left side of the Open dialog, select a family library or the Training Files folder.
3 Select the file, and click Open.
You can add other directories to choose from in the Open dialog. See Setting Options on page 504.

Opening Files from the Web Library

The web library contains family files and templates that you can download and use in a project.

68 | Chapter 3 Revit Essentials

 To open files from the web library

1 Click Window menu ➤ Recent Files.

NOTE If Recent Files is not available (it has been closed), you can access this page again when you
restart Revit Architecture.

2 On the right side of the window, click Revit Web Content Library.
The web library opens in a browser window.

3 In the browser window, navigate to the desired collection, and click a family or template to
download.
4 In the File Download dialog, click Open to open the item in Revit Architecture, or click Save to
save it in a specified folder.
The loaded family or template is now available to the project. If you saved the file in a folder,
you can load it into a project.

5 If you opened a family, Revit Architecture displays the item in the drawing area. To use it in a
project immediately, do the following:
■ In the Design Bar, click Load into Project.

■ In the Load into Projects dialog, select the open projects to load the family into, and click
OK.

■ Navigate to the Families branch of the Project Browser to see the new family.

Opening Revit Files from Windows Explorer

To open files in Revit Architecture from Windows Explorer, use any of the following methods:

■ In an Explorer window, double-click a project or family file.

■ Drag a project from Windows Explorer into an active session of Revit Architecture.

■ Drag a family file from Windows Explorer into the Project Browser or drawing area of Revit Architecture
to load it into the project.

■ Drag a family file from Windows Explorer into any area other than the Project Browser or drawing area
(that is, the Design Bar, toolbar, or menu bar) to open the family in the Family Editor.

■ Drag multiple files from Windows Explorer into an active session of Revit Architecture. A dialog opens,
asking whether you want to open dropped files in separate windows or load dropped families into the
current project.

Saving Revit Files

The Save command saves the active file to its current name and folder.
To save a file, do any of the following:

■ Click on the toolbar.

■ Press CTRL+S.

■ Click File menu ➤ Save.

Saving Revit Files | 69

 If you want to save the current file to a different file name or location, click File menu ➤ Save As.
If you are working in a project that has worksharing enabled and you want to save your changes to the

central file, click File menu ➤ Save to Central, or click on the Standard toolbar. See Saving to Central
on page 1204.

NOTE The first time that you save across the network in a Revit Architecture session, you may see a dialog that
advises you to install current Microsoft® hotfixes. Installing these hotfixes may prevent future loss of data in your
Revit Architecture project. To obtain the hotfixes, click Help menu ➤ Documents on the Web.

Saving a File with a Different Name or Location

1 Click File menu ➤ Save As.
2 In the Save As dialog, navigate to the desired folder.
3 If desired, change the file name.
4 If necessary, select a file type (rvt for projects, rfa for families, or rte for templates).
5 To specify save options, click Options, set the options as desired, and click OK.
See Save Options on page 70.

6 Click Save.

Save Options
When using File menu ➤ Save As, click Options in the Save As dialog, and specify the following in the File
Save Options dialog:

■ Maximum backups. Specifies the maximum number of backup files. By default, non-workshared projects
have 3 backups, and workshared projects have up to 20 backups. See Backup and Journal Files on page
71.

■ Make this a Central File after save: Sets the current workset-enabled file to be the central file. See Creating
a Central File from an Existing Workshared File on page 1209.

■ Compact File. Reduces file sizes when saving workset-enabled files. During a normal save, Revit Architecture
only writes new and changed elements to the existing files. This can cause files to become large, but it
increases the speed of the save operation. The compacting process rewrites the entire file and removes
obsolete parts to save space. Because it takes more time than a normal save, use the compact option when
the workflow can be interrupted. See Using Workshared Files on page 1196.

■ Preview. Specifies the preview image that displays when you open or save a project. The default value
for this option is Active View/Sheet. Revit Architecture can create a preview image only from open views.
If you select Regenerate if View/Sheet is not up-to-date, Revit Architecture updates the preview image
whenever you open or save the project. This option can consume considerable resources on a complex
model. Use it only if you want the preview image to update frequently.

Setting Save Reminders

You can specify how often Revit Architecture reminds you to save an open project, or you can turn off the
reminder.

70 | Chapter 3 Revit Essentials

To set save reminders

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Options.

2 In the Options dialog, click the General tab.
3 To change how often Revit Architecture reminds you to save an open project, select a time
interval for Save Reminder Interval.
4 To turn off the save reminder, for Save Reminder Interval, select No Reminders.
5 Click OK.

Backup and Journal Files

All backup operations (such as copying, purging, and so on) occur when you save changes to a project. If
necessary, you can use backup files to roll back the latest changes to a project, restoring the project to a
previously saved state.

NOTE This topic describes backup files for non-workshared projects. For information about backup files for
workshared projects, see Workshared Project Rollback on page 1208.

When you save a non-workshared project, Revit Architecture makes a backup copy of the previous version
of the project (that is, the project file before the current save). This backup copy has the name
<project_name>.<nnnn>.rvt, where <nnnn> is a 4-digit number indicating how many times the file has
been saved. The backup file resides in the same folder as the project file.
You can specify the maximum number of backup files that Revit Architecture saves. (See Specifying the
Number of Backup Files on page 71.) If the number of backup files exceeds the maximum, then Revit
Architecture purges the oldest files. For example, if the maximum is 3 backup files, and the project folder
contains 5 backup files, then Revit Architecture deletes the oldest 2 backup files.

Specifying the Number of Backup Files

By default, Revit Architecture saves up to 3 backup files for each project. You can change the number of
backup files that Revit Architecture saves for a project.

To specify the number of backup files

1 Click File menu ➤ Save As.

2 In the Save As dialog, click Options.
3 In the File Save Options dialog, for Maximum backups, specify the number of backup files to
save.
4 Click OK.
5 Click Save.

Backup Files for Network Saves

Suppose you work on a project whose file is stored in a network location, and the project is not workshared.
When you save changes to the project, Revit Architecture does the following:

■ Saves the current changes to the project file in the network location.

■ Makes a backup copy of the saved file, and places it in the Journal folder on the local computer. (See
Journal Files on page 72.)

Saving Revit Files | 71

 The local backup file provides protection in case the network save fails. Revit Architecture saves up to 3 local
backup files. It purges older backup files.
The local backup file uses the same name as the project file, with a GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) date and
time stamp appended to it. For example, when you save project.rvt, Revit Architecture saves a local copy to
the Journal folder, using the file name format project_YYYYMMDD-hhmmss-mmm.rvt.

Journal Files
Journal files capture the actions taken by the software during a session of Revit Architecture, from the time
the software starts to the time it stops. These text files can be used to troubleshoot technical problems with
the software.
Revit Architecture creates a new journal file each time you use the software. The journal file with the highest
number is the most recent file. By default, journal files reside in the following location:
C:\Program Files\<Revit product name and version>\Journals
If you encounter problems during a Revit session, your support provider may ask you to send the journal
file and any backup files to help with the troubleshooting process. If you do not encounter problems during
a Revit session, the journal file is of little use and can be deleted. To automate the deletion of old journal
files, see General Options on page 505.

Closing Revit Files

1 Click File menu ➤ Close.
2 If you have not saved changes, Revit Architecture prompts you to save the changes. Do one of
the following:
■ To save the changes and close the project, click Yes.

■ To close the project without saving the changes, click No.

■ To cancel the Close request, returning to the open project in Revit Architecture, click Cancel.

3 If you are closing a workshared file and you have not saved changes to the central file, the
Suggest Save to Central dialog opens. See Closing a Workshared File Without Saving to Central
on page 1205.

Refreshing the Screen

The Refresh command repaints the screen to remove any extraneous images. You do not normally need to
use this command, but it assures a clean image.

To refresh the screen, do one of the following

■ Press F5.

■ Click View menu ➤ Refresh.

72 | Chapter 3 Revit Essentials

What Is a Project?
In Revit Architecture, the project is the single database of information for your design—the building
information model. The project file contains all information for a building design, from geometry to
construction data. This information includes components used to design the model, views of the project,
and drawings of the design. By using a single project file, Revit Architecture makes it easy to alter the design
and have changes reflected in all associated areas (plan views, elevation views, section views, schedules, and
so on). Having only one file to track also makes it easier to manage the project.
As you design the building, you create different views of the project, such as sections, plans, and elevations.
When you change the building design in one view, Revit Architecture propagates those changes throughout
the project. This means that the 3D model, any views of the model, the drawing, and the schedules are
associative; they all update to reflect the changes.

Before You Begin a Project

Before you create a project in Revit Architecture, consider the following approaches to the design process:

■ Using levels and grids. You can begin the design process by defining levels and grids for the structure.
See Levels on page 1041 and Grids on page 1033.

■ Importing data. If you started the design process using another CAD program (such as AutoCAD), you
can import existing data. Revit Architecture imports various CAD formats, including DWG, DXF, DGN,
and ACIS SAT files, as well as SketchUp (SKP) files and Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). See Import/Link
on page 1306.

■ Massing. You can start a project by designing a conceptual model. After you create basic shapes with the
massing tools, you can convert mass faces to building elements. See Conceptual Design with Massing
Studies on page 517.

Building with Elements

You create buildings by adding elements to a design. In projects, Revit Architecture uses 3 types of elements:

■ Model elements represent the actual 3D geometry of the building. They display in relevant views of the
model. For example, walls, windows, doors, and roofs are model elements.

■ Datum elements help to define project context. For example, grids, levels, and reference planes are datum
elements.

■ View-specific elements display only in the views in which they are placed. They help to describe or
document the model. For example, dimensions, tags, and 2D detail components are view-specific elements.

What Is a Project? | 73
 There are 2 types of model elements:
■ Hosts (or host elements) are generally built in place at the construction site. Walls and roofs are examples
of hosts.

■ Model components are all the other types of elements in the building model. For example, windows,
doors, and cabinets are model components.

There are 2 types of view-specific elements:

■ Annotation elements are 2D components that document the model and maintain scale on paper. For
example, dimensions, tags, and keynotes are annotation elements.

■ Details are 2D items that provide details about the building model in a particular view. Examples include
detail lines, filled regions, and 2D detail components.

Categories, Families, and Types

Revit Architecture classifies elements by categories, families, types, and instances.
Category: A category is a group of elements that you use to model or document a building design. For
example, categories of model elements include walls and beams. Categories of annotation elements include
tags and text notes.
Family: Families are classes of elements in a category. A family groups elements with a common set of
parameters (properties), identical use, and similar graphical representation. Different elements in a family
may have different values for some or all properties, but the set of properties—their names and meaning—is
the same. For example, six-panel colonial doors could be considered one family, although the doors that
compose the family come in different sizes and materials. Structural members (such as w shapes) are another
family.
Type: Each family can have different types. A type can be a specific size of a family, such as a 30” X 42”(A0)
title block or a 32" x 84" (910 x 2110) door. A type can also be a style, such as default aligned or default
angular style for dimensions. A family can have several types. For example, a table may be available in several
sizes. Each size table is a different type within the same family.
Instance: Instances are the actual items (individual elements) that are placed in the project and have specific
locations in the building (model instances) or on a drawing sheet (annotation instances). Each instance
belongs to a family and, within that family, a particular type.

74 | Chapter 3 Revit Essentials

Element Properties Dialog
Use the Element Properties dialog to view and edit properties that affect the appearance and behavior of

elements in a project. To access the dialog, click (Element Properties) on the Options Bar, or right-click
an element and click Element Properties on the shortcut menu.
The content of the Element Properties dialog varies, depending on the type of element. The following image
shows the Element Properties dialog for a wall.

Building with Elements | 75

 Instance Properties and Type Properties
All properties in a family fall into two groups:

■ Type properties are common to many elements in a family. A type property affects all instances (individual
elements) of that family in the project and any future instances that you place in the project.

■ Instance properties tend to vary with the location of an element in a building or project. An instance
property affects only one selected element, or the element that you are about to place. For example,

suppose that you select a beam and click (Element Properties). You change one of the instance
properties and click OK. Only that beam is affected, even if the project contains other instances (individual
beams) of the same type.

For example, the dimensions of a window are type properties, while its elevation from the level is an instance
property. Similarly, cross-sectional dimensions of a beam are type properties, while beam length is an instance
property.

Organization of the Element Properties Dialog

Family

The Family text box lists the families loaded in the project for the selected element. Select a family from the
list.

Type

The Type text box lists the types available for a selected family. Select a type from the list.

Type Parameters

In the Element Properties dialog, under Type Parameters, you can see parameters that apply to all elements
of the same type as the selected instance (element). Use the scroll bar to see more parameters. To change a
type parameter, click Edit/New. When you change a type parameter, it applies to all instances of this type.

Instance Parameters

In the Element Properties dialog, under Instance Parameters, you can see the instance parameters for the
selected instance (element). Use the scroll bar to see more parameters. If you change a parameter here, it
applies only to the selected instance. The change does not affect other instances of the same type.

Parameter Groupings

In the Element Properties dialog, all parameters are grouped under headings. Click a heading to show or
hide the parameters under it. When you add parameters to family types in the Family Editor, you can organize
them under groups. For more information, see Creating New Parameters on page 369.

Creating a New Family Type from the Element Properties Dialog

You can add a new type to the family and change the parameters for that type. This feature allows you to
define an entire family of different-sized components within the project.

NOTE A new family type created in the project exists only in that project.

76 | Chapter 3 Revit Essentials

To create a new family type from the Element Properties dialog

1 In the project, select an element and click (Element Properties).

2 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
3 In the Type Properties dialog, click Duplicate.
4 In the Name dialog, enter a name for the new type and click OK.
5 Set properties for the type, as desired.
6 To preview the new element type, click Preview. See Previewing Family Types in the Element
Properties Dialog on page 77.
7 In the Type Properties dialog, click OK.
In the Element Properties dialog, the new type displays in the Type text box, indicating that
the new type is assigned to the selected element.

8 Click OK.

Previewing Family Types in the Element Properties Dialog

The Type Properties dialog features a preview window that shows an image of the family type. As you set
parameters and change values for the type, the image in the window updates accordingly.

To preview a family type

1 In the project, select an element and click (Element Properties).

2 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
The Type Properties dialog displays.

3 To see (or hide) a preview of the family type, click the Preview button at the bottom of the
dialog.
As you change type parameters, the preview image updates to reflect the changes.

Manipulating the preview image of a family type

4 To control the appearance of the preview image, do any of the following:

■ Click the Zoom commands to zoom the image in or out 2X or to fit it to the size of the
preview window.

■ For View, select a view name to see how this type of element will appear in a different view.

■ Use the scroll bars to move the image up, down, left, or right in the preview window.

■ Click to activate the SteeringWheel navigation tool. If you are previewing a 3D view of
the element, you can also use the ViewCube. See Navigating Views on page 169.

The following is an example of a Type Properties dialog for a wall type, with the Preview pane displayed.

Building with Elements | 77

78 | Chapter 3 Revit Essentials
Project Views
4
This topic covers most project views in Revit Architecture. The following project views are covered in other topics:

■ For information on sheet views, see Preparing Construction Documents on page 967.
■ For information on detail views and drafting views, see Detailing on page 1074.
■ For information on area plans, see Area Analysis on page 945.
■ For information on linked Revit models, see Linking Revit Models on page 1213.

Plan Views
The floor plan view is the default view in a new project. Most projects include at least one floor plan.

Floor plan views are created automatically as you add new levels to your project.

79
 Reflected Ceiling Plan View

Most projects include at least one reflected ceiling plan (RCP) view.

Reflected ceiling plan views are also created automatically as you add new levels to your project.

Creating a Plan View

1 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Floor Plan, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click Floor Plan.
2 From the New Plan dialog, select one or more levels for which you want to create a plan view.
3 If you wish to create a plan view for a level that has an existing plan view, clear Do not duplicate
existing views.
4 For Scale, select an appropriate view scale for the new view.
5 Click OK.

NOTE If you create duplicate plan views, the duplicate view displays in the Project Browser with the
following notation: Level 1(1), where the value in parentheses increases with the number of duplicates.

Creating a Reflected Ceiling Plan View

1 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Ceiling Plan, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click Ceiling
Plan.
2 In the New RCP dialog, select one or more levels for which you want to create a view.

NOTE Hold the CTRL key as you select to choose multiple levels.

3 If you wish to create a plan view for a level that has an existing plan view, clear Do not duplicate
existing views.
4 For Scale, select an appropriate view scale for the new view.

80 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 5 Click OK.

NOTE If you create duplicate plan views, the duplicate view appears in the Project Browser with the
following notation: Level 1(1), where the value in parentheses increases with the number of duplicate
views.

Cutting a Plan View by the Back Clip Plane

You may want to cut a plan view at the back clip plane when you have an element (such as a slanted wall)
that spans multiple levels. If you only want the wall visible in the plan view as it appears in the view range
of level 3, you can clip the wall from view using the Depth Clipping parameter. The following image illustrates
this.

You activate this feature using the Depth Clipping parameter for the plan view. The back clip plane is defined
by the View Depth parameter, which is part of the view’s View Range properties.

NOTE Plan views include floor plan views, reflected ceiling plan views, detail plan views, and callout plan views.

The following image shows the cut plane and view depth for this model and the resulting plan view
representations for the Depth Clipping parameter options (Clip without line, Clip with line and No clip).

Cutting a Plan View by the Back Clip Plane | 81

 Plan regions respect the Depth Clipping parameter setting of their parent view, but follow their own View
Range settings.
Elements that have symbolic representation in certain views (such as structural beams) and non-cuttable
families are not affected when you cut a plan view by the back clip plane. They will display and are not cut.
This property does affect printing.

To cut by the back clip plane:

1 In the Project Browser, right-click the plan view you want to cut by the back clip plane, and
click Properties.
Alternatively, if the view is active in the drawing area, right-click and click View Properties.

2 In the Element Properties dialog, find the Depth Clipping parameter.

The Depth Clipping parameter is available for plan and site views.

3 Click the button in the Value column.

The Depth Clipping dialog displays.

4 In the Depth Clipping dialog, select an option and click OK.

82 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 5 Optionally, click View Range and modify the View Depth setting if necessary. The level you
select for View Depth is where the view will be clipped when the Depth Clipping property is
active.
6 Click OK to exit the Element Properties dialog.

Plan View Properties

Each plan view has type properties for callout tags and reference labels. The reference label parameter sets
the text displayed in a callout tag when a reference callout is made to the plan view. You can define the
look of callout tags using the Settings menu ➤ View Tags command.
See View Properties on page 210.

Displaying a Plan View

■ Double-click its name in the Project Browser.

■ If the view is open but hidden behind another view, click Window menu ➤ <view name>.

Plan Region
The Plan Region command lets you define a region within a plan view that has a different view range from
the overall view. Plan regions are useful for split level plans or for displaying inserts above or below the cut
plane. Plan regions are closed sketches and cannot overlap one another. They can have coincident edges.

Plan regions are view-specific. You can copy and paste them into the same view or different views. When
you copy a plan region into a different view, the view range settings are maintained from the previous view.
Plan regions export and print when they are visible in a view.

Plan View Properties | 83

 Creating a Plan Region
1 Open a plan view.
2 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Plan Region, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click Plan Region.
3 Sketch a closed loop using lines, rectangles, or polygons.
For more information, see Sketching on page 251.

4 On the Design Bar, click Region Properties.

5 In the Element Properties dialog, for View Range, click Edit.
6 In the View Range dialog, specify the primary range and view depth.
If the value for Cut Plane is specified as Parent View’s Level, then the level used to define all the
clip planes (Top, Bottom, Cut, and View Depth) is the same as for the entire plan view.

NOTE Values for offsets need to make sense with respect to one another. For example, the top offset
cannot be lower than the cut plane offset, and the cut plane offset cannot be lower than the bottom
offset.

For more details about view range options, see View Range on page 198.

7 Click Finish Sketch.

You do not have to enter sketch mode to edit the shape of a plan region. Each boundary line of the plan
region is a shape handle, as shown in the following image. Select the shape handle and drag it to modify
the size.

Controlling Visibility of Plan Regions

1 Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics, or type the shortcut key combination VG.
2 In the Visibility/Graphics dialog, click the Annotation Categories tab.
3 Scroll to the Plan Region category.
4 Select or clear the check box to show or hide the plan region.
5 Click in the Project/Surface Lines column, and click Override to make changes to the line weight,
line color, and line pattern of the plan region.
6 Click OK.

84 | Chapter 4 Project Views

Elevation Views
Elevation views are part of the default template in Revit Architecture. When you create a project with the
default template, 4 elevation views are included: north, south, east, and west. It is in elevation views where
you sketch level lines. For each level line that you sketch, a corresponding plan view is created.

You can create additional exterior elevation views, and interior elevation views. Interior elevation views
depict detailed views of interior walls and show how the features of the wall should be built. Examples of
rooms that might be shown in an interior elevation are kitchens and bathrooms.

Elevation Tags

You designate elevations with an elevation tag . The tag snaps to walls as you drag it around with the
cursor. You can set different properties for the tag. See Modifying Elevation Symbol Properties on page 91.
The elevation view arrowhead is visible in a plan view, provided the elevation view’s crop region intersects
the view range of the plan view. If you resize the crop region of the elevation such that it no longer intersects
the view range, the arrowhead does not appear in the plan view.

Creating an Elevation View

1 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Elevation, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click Elevation.
The cursor appears with the elevation symbol.

2 On the Options Bar, select a view scale.

3 Place the cursor near a wall, and click to place the elevation symbol.

Elevation Views | 85
 NOTE As you move the cursor, you can press TAB to change the position of the arrowhead. The
arrowhead snaps to perpendicular walls.

4 To set different interior elevation views, highlight the square shape of the elevation symbol and
click.
The elevation symbol displays with check box options for creating views, as the following image
shows.

TIP The rotation control is useful for aligning to angled elements in plan.

5 Select the check boxes to indicate where you want to create elevation views.
6 Click away from the elevation symbol to hide the check boxes.
7 Highlight an arrowhead on the symbol to select it.
8 Click the arrowhead once to view the clip plane:
Elevation symbol with clip plane

The end points of clip planes snap and join to walls. You can resize the width of the elevation
by dragging the blue controls.

9 In the Project Browser, select the new elevation view.

The elevation view is designated by a letter and number, for example, Elevation: 1 - a.

Displaying an Elevation View

There are several ways to display an elevation view.

■ Select it from the Project Browser.

■ Double-click the arrowhead on the elevation symbol.

■ Select the elevation symbol arrowhead, right-click, and select Go to Elevation View.

Changing the Elevation Symbol

1 Select the elevation tag.

2 Click .
3 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
4 Modify the appropriate property values by clicking in the Value fields.
5 Click OK.

86 | Chapter 4 Project Views

Changing the Clip Plane in an Elevation View
Clip planes define the boundaries for an elevation view. The end points of clip planes snap and join to walls.
You can resize the viewing area of an elevation by resizing the clip planes.
1 In a plan view, select the elevation tag arrowhead.
The clip planes for the elevation display in the drawing area, as shown in the following image.

NOTE If the far clip plane (the dotted green line) is not visible, right-click the elevation arrowhead,
and click Element Properties. Find the Far Clipping parameter, and select an option. For more
information, see Cutting an Elevation, Section, or Callout View by the Far Clip Plane on page 87.

2 Drag the blue dots or the arrows to resize the clip plane.

Cutting an Elevation, Section, or Callout View by the Far Clip Plane

You can cut an elevation, section, or callout view at the far clip plane. You activate this feature using the
Far Clipping parameter for the view. The far clip plane is defined with the Far Clip Offset parameter.
The following image shows the clip plane for the model and the resulting elevation view representations
for the Far Clipping parameter options (Clip without line, Clip with line, and No clip).

Changing the Clip Plane in an Elevation View | 87

 Elements that have symbolic representation in certain views (such as structural beams) and non-cuttable
families are not affected when you cut an elevation, section, or callout view by the far clip plane. They will
display and are not cut.
This property does affect printing.

To cut by the far clip plane:

1 In the Project Browser, right-click the view you want to cut by the far clip plane, and click
Properties.
Alternatively, if the view is active in the drawing area, right-click and click View Properties.

2 In the Element Properties dialog, find the Far Clipping parameter.

The Far Clipping parameter is available for elevation, section, and callout views. To use this
parameter in a callout view, for the Far Clip Settings parameter, specify Independent.

3 Click the button in the Value column.

The Far Clipping dialog displays.

4 In the Far Clipping dialog, select an option and click OK.

5 Enter a value for Far Clip Offset. This is where the view will be clipped when the Clipping
property is active.
6 Click OK to exit the Element Properties dialog.

Reference Elevation
Reference elevations are elevations that reference an existing elevation or drafting view; they do not create
a new view when you add them to your project.

88 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 You can place a reference elevation in a plan or callout view.

Placing a Reference Elevation

1 Open a plan or callout view.
2 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Elevation, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click Elevation.
3 On the Options Bar, select Reference other view.
4 Select a reference view from the adjacent menu. If there are no existing views to reference, you
can select <New Drafting View> from the menu. This creates an empty drafting view that is
added to the Project Browser under Drafting Views. The default name is Elevation of <level
name>. You can edit this view as necessary and rename it.

NOTE If a view from the menu list is on a sheet, the detail number and sheet number display next
to the view. For example, if you choose a drafting view and it is on a sheet, its name displays as
Drafting View: Drafting 1 (1/A101), where the values in the parentheses represent the detail number
and sheet number.

5 Place the cursor in the drawing area and click to place the reference elevation.
The reference elevation appears in the drawing area with the default reference label, as shown
in the following image.

To change the label text, select the reference elevation symbol and click . Edit the
Reference Label type parameter.

6 On the Design Bar, click Modify to exit the Elevation command.

7 Optionally, select the elevation symbol and add check marks where you want to create additional
reference elevations.
When you select a check box, the Select View to Reference dialog opens. Select the view to
reference and click OK.

Framing Elevation Views

Framing elevation views are useful for adding vertical bracing to your model, or for any task that requires
quick work plane alignment to a grid or to a named reference plane. When you add a framed elevation,
Revit Architecture automatically sets the work plane and view range at the selected grid or reference plane.
The crop region is also confined to the region between adjacent grid lines that are perpendicular to the
selected grid line.

Framing Elevation Views | 89

 Creating a Framing Elevation View

NOTE You must have a grid in your view before you can add a framing elevation view. See Grids on page 1033 for
information on drawing a grid.

1 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Framing Elevation.

2 Place the framing elevation symbol perpendicular to the selected grid line and in the direction
of view to display.

3 Press ESC to finish.

4 Double-click the callout head to open the framing elevation.
The view represents a full-height view of the area at the work plane of the grid or of the reference
plane. The view is constrained to the surrounding grids or limits of the reference plane.

90 | Chapter 4 Project Views

Elevation View Properties
Each elevation has type properties for elevation tags, callout tags, and reference labels. You can define the
look of elevation tags and callout tags using the Settings menu ➤ View Tags command. The Reference Label
parameter sets the text displayed next to the elevation tag when the elevation is a reference elevation.

Modifying Elevation Symbol Properties

You can set various parameters to modify the display of the elevation symbols.

1 Click Settings menu ➤ View Tags ➤ Elevation Tags.

2 In the Type Properties dialog, make the necessary changes to the elevation symbol properties.
3 Click OK.

Section Views
Sections views cut through the model. You can draw them in plan, section, elevation, and detail views.
Section views display as section representations in intersecting views.
You can create building, wall, and detail section views. Each type has a unique graphical display, and each
is listed in a different location in the Project Browser. Building and wall section views appear in the Sections
(Building Section) branch and Sections (Wall section) branch of the Project Browser. Detail sections appear
in the Detail Views branch.

You can cut a section view at the far clip plane. For more information, see Cutting an Elevation, Section, or
Callout View by the Far Clip Plane on page 87.

Considerations for Section Views in the Family Editor

■ You can create a section view in the Family Editor. The Section command is on the Family tab of the
Design Bar in the Family Editor.

Elevation View Properties | 91

 ■ Section views are not available for in-place families.

■ If the section symbol appears without a head, you need to load the section head. See Changing the
Section Head on page 97.

Creating a Section View

1 Open a plan, section, elevation, or detail view.
2 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Section, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click Section.
3 In the Type Selector, select Wall Section, Building Section, or Detail.
4 On the Options Bar, select the view scale.
5 Place the cursor at the starting point of the section, and drag through the model or family.

NOTE You can snap a section line parallel or perpendicular to a non-orthogonal datum or wall.
Snapping to a wall is available in plan views.

6 Click when you reach the end point of the section.

The section line and the crop region appear and are selected, as the following image shows.

7 If desired, resize the crop region by dragging the blue controls. The depth of the section view
changes accordingly.
8 Click Modify or press ESC to exit the Section command.
9 To open the section view, double-click the section header, or select the section view from the
Sections leaf of the Project Browser.
The section view changes when the design changes or the section line is moved.

Section Tag Visibility

The section tag is visible in plan, elevation, and other section views, provided its crop region intersects the
view range. For example, if you resize the crop region of the section view so that it no longer intersects the
plan view’s view range, the section symbol does not appear in the plan view.

TIP The section instance parameter Hide at Scales Coarser Than establishes a scale at which sections are either
shown or hidden in other views. For example, a section tag can be hidden at scales coarser than 1/4”=1’0”.

Section symbols can appear in elevation views even if their crop boundary is turned off. The section appears
in elevation if the section line intersects the elevation clip plane. To view and modify the position of the
elevation clip plane, select the arrowhead of an elevation symbol in a plan view, and the clip plane appears
with drag controls on it. If you resize the clip plane such that it no longer intersects the section line, the
section does not appear in the elevation view.

92 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 Related topics

■ View Tags in Dedicated Views for Design Options on page 1254

Breaking Section Lines

Breaking section lines is useful when you want to create a section view, but you don’t want the section line
to appear across the drawing. Breaking a section line has no effect on what appears in the section view.

You can break section lines by clicking the break control ( ) and adjusting the length of the section line
segments. The section break is in the middle of the section line. The following images show the same section,
whole and broken.

To rejoin the section line, click the break control again.

NOTE A break in a section line is view-specific. It affects the display of the section only in the view where the break
was made.

Controlling the Line Style of Broken Section Lines

1 Click Settings menu ➤ View Tags ➤ Section Tags.
2 Change the value of the Broken Section Display Style property to Continuous or Gapped.
Gapped is the default. If you select Continuous, the section line displays according to the Broken
Section Line style defined in the Object Styles dialog. For more information on the Object Styles
dialog, see Object Styles on page 484.

Controlling Section View Width and Depth

When you create a section view, Revit Architecture sets a default view depth and width. By selecting a section
and resizing its crop region, you can more closely control what displays in the section view.
The following image shows a section and its crop region.

Breaking Section Lines | 93

 Drag the controls on the crop region to resize the width and the depth of the section view, as necessary.
The following image shows the same section as above, but with a resized crop region.

Segmented Section View

You can split sections into segments that are orthogonal to the view direction. This allows you to vary a
section view to show disparate parts of the model without having to create a different section.
In the following figure, a typical section is drawn on the model.

The section produces the following view.

Modify the section as shown and the resulting section view changes.

94 | Chapter 4 Project Views

Segmenting a Section View
1 Sketch a section in a view, or select an existing section.
2 On the Options Bar, click Split Segment.
3 Place the cursor on the section line at the point it is to be segmented, and click.

4 Move the cursor to the side of the split to move, and move the cursor in a direction orthogonal
to the view direction.

5 Click to place the section.

Segmented Section View | 95

 The new segmented section has several controls on it. Controls for resizing the crop region display as a
dashed green line. All segments share the same far clip plane.
There are controls for moving the segments of the section line.

There is also a break control that divides the section into smaller segments. The break control displays as a
Z on the section line. Click it to break up the section even further. When you do, the section has more
controls for resizing segments.

Merging Segmented Section Views

To change the segmented line into a continuous line, move segments toward one another so that they form
a continuous line and merge.

Reference Sections
Reference sections are sections that reference an existing view. They do not create a new view when you
add them to your project.

96 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 You can place reference sections in plan, elevation, section, drafting, and callout views. Reference sections
can reference section views, callouts of section views, and drafting views.

To create a reference section:

1 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Section, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click Section.
2 On the Options Bar, select Reference other view, and select a section, callout of a section, or
drafting view name from the drop-down menu next to it. If there are no existing views to
reference, you can select <New Drafting View> to create a new drafting view; the reference
section then references this new drafting view.

NOTE If a view from the menu list is on a sheet, the detail number and sheet number display next
to the view. For example, if you select a drafting view to be referenced and it is on a sheet, its name
displays as Drafting View: Drafting 1 (1/A101), where the values in parentheses represent the detail
number and sheet number.

3 Sketch the section line.

Reference Section Tips

■ There is no parametric relationship between the reference section and the referenced view. Resizing the
clip planes of a reference section has no effect on the crop region of the referenced view.

■ If you double-click the reference section head, the referenced view opens.

■ The reference section head includes a label. To change the label text, edit the Reference Label parameter.
It is a type parameter of the section family.

■ Any sections placed in a drafting view must be reference sections. They do not create a new section view.
The Ref This View option is always selected and cannot be cleared.

Hiding the Section Annotation Symbol

You can hide the annotation line and bubble from the current view by selecting the annotation, right-clicking,
and selecting Hide Annotation in View from the shortcut menu. The annotation is visible when you place
the cursor near it and highlight it. To display the annotation again, highlight it and select it. Right-click
and select Show Annotation in View.

Displaying a Section View

There are several ways to display a section view.

■ Select it from the Project Browser. See Project Browser on page 55.

■ Double-click the section head.

■ Select the section line, right-click on it, and select Go to View from the shortcut menu.

Changing the Section Head

1 Click File menu ➤ Load From Library ➤ Load Family.
2 Double-click the Annotations folder, and select one or more section head families.
3 Click Open to load the families.

Hiding the Section Annotation Symbol | 97

 4 Click Settings menu ➤ View Tags ➤ Section Tags.
5 In the Type Properties dialog, click Duplicate.
6 Enter a name for the new section head, and click OK.
7 Click in the value box for the Section Head parameter and select the section head family you
just loaded.
8 Click OK.
9 On the View tab of the Design Bar, click Section.

10 Click .
11 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
12 Click in the value box for the Section Tag parameter, and select a tag from the list.
13 Click OK twice to save your changes.

Section View Properties

Each section has type properties for section tags, callout tags, and reference labels. You can define the look
of section tags and callout tags using the Settings menu ➤ View Tags command. The Reference Label parameter
sets the text displayed next to the section bubble when the section is a reference section.

Modifying Section View Properties

1 Select the section line.

2 Click .
3 In the Element Properties dialog, edit Type or Instance properties as desired.
4 When finished, click OK.

NOTE You cannot modify the Detail Number and Sheet Number properties for a section. Those
values are automatically filled in when the section view is added to a sheet.

Callout Views
A callout shows part of another view at a larger scale. In a construction document set, use callouts to provide
an orderly progression of labeled views at increasing levels of detail.

Callouts Overview
You can add a callout to a plan, section, detail, or elevation view. In these views, the callout tag is linked to
the callout view. The callout view shows an enlarged version of part of the parent view, and provides more
information or details about that part of the building model.
The view in which a callout is drawn is the parent of the callout view. If the parent view is deleted, the
callout is also deleted.

98 | Chapter 4 Project Views

Callout views accessed from tags in the parent view

Callout Tag Parts

A callout tag is an annotation element that marks the location of a callout in a parent view.

Callouts Overview | 99
 The callout tag consists of the following parts:

■ Callout bubble: The line drawn around part of the parent view to define the callout area.

■ Callout head: A symbol that identifies the callout. When you place the callout on a sheet, the callout
head displays the corresponding detail number and sheet number by default.

■ Leader line: A line that connects the callout head to the callout bubble.

■ Reference label: For reference callouts only. Text displayed in a callout tag to provide information about
the callout.

You can change all parts of the callout tag. See Callout Tags on page 104.

Callout Types
In Revit Architecture, you can create reference callouts, detail callouts, and view callouts.

Reference callouts

Use multiple callout tags in different views to refer to one callout view. See Reference Callouts on page 107.

Detail callouts

Use a detail callout when you want to provide details about part of the building model. The detail callout
provides more granular information than the parent view. You can add details and annotations to the detail
callout. These details do not display in the parent view.
When you add a detail callout to a view, Revit Architecture creates a detail view. (See Detail Views on page
1075.) The detail view displays in the Project Browser under Views (all) ➤ Detail Views.
For a detail callout, you can specify whether its callout tag displays in the parent view only or displays in
the parent view and intersecting views. For intersecting views, you can automatically hide the callout tag if
the scale is coarser than a specified value.
Furthermore, you can specify whether the detail view uses the style and offset that you specify in the detail
view parameters, or the same clipping as the parent view. (Elevation and section views use the Far Clipping
parameter. Plan views use the Depth Clipping parameter.)

Related topics

■ Creating a Callout View on page 101

■ Detailing on page 1074

■ Cutting a Plan View by the Back Clip Plane on page 81

■ Cutting an Elevation, Section, or Callout View by the Far Clip Plane on page 87

View callouts

Use a view callout when you want to provide more or different information about part of the parent view.
For example, you can use a view callout to provide a more detailed layout of fixtures in a bathroom.
When you add a view callout to a view, Revit Architecture creates a view that has the same view type as the
parent view. For example, if you add a callout tag to a floor plan view, the callout view is also a floor plan
view, and displays in the Project Browser under Views (all) ➤ Floor Plans.

100 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 A view callout offers all the same capabilities as its parent view. For example, you can specify another view
to use as an underlay, assign a color scheme, and specify a view range. Use properties of the callout view to
specify these parameters.
See Creating a Callout View on page 101.

Callouts and Sheets

Callouts are tools for making coherent document sets. They are designed to send the user (builder, contractor,
installer) from one view to another. Plan your use of views and callouts to provide a logical sequence that
moves the user from large-scale plans to views with greater levels of detail.
You can place callouts on the same sheet as the parent view, or place details on sheets by category (for
example, roof eave details, or window sill details). You can use standard details in drafting views as references
for multiple callouts that detail the same condition.

Creating a Callout View

You can add a detail callout or a view callout to a plan, section, detail, or elevation view. When you draw
the callout bubble in a view, Revit Architecture creates a callout view. You can then add details to the callout
view to provide more information about that part of the building model.

NOTE To create a reference callout, see Creating a Reference Callout on page 107.

1 In a project, click View menu ➤ New ➤ Callout, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click
Callout.
2 In the Type Selector, select the type of callout to create: a detail callout, or a view callout (a
callout view that has the same view type as the parent view).
See Callout Types on page 100.

3 On the Options Bar, for Scale, select a scale for the callout view.
4 To define the callout area, drag the cursor from the upper-left to the lower-right, creating a
callout bubble as shown by the dashed line enclosing the upper-left corner of the grid.

5 To see the callout view, double-click the callout head .

The callout view displays in the drawing area.

Related topics

■ Creating Details on page 1083

■ Modifying a Callout on page 102

Creating a Callout View | 101

Opening a Callout View
To open a callout view, use any of the following methods:
■ In the Project Browser, double-click the name of the callout view.

■ In the parent view, double-click the callout head.

■ In the parent view, right-click the callout head, and click Go to View.

Modifying a Callout
After creating a callout, you can change it in the following ways.

If you want to... then

change the type of callout tag assigned to a callout see Changing the Callout Tag Family for a Callout on page
102.

enlarge or reduce the area shown in a callout view see Changing the Boundaries of a Callout on page 103.

change the format of the callout head, or the information see Creating a Callout Head on page 104.
that it displays

For a callout bubble:

change the line color, weight, or style see Changing Display Properties for Callout Tags on page
106.

change the radius of the corners see Creating a Callout Tag Family on page 106.

For the leader line:

change the line color, weight, or style see Changing Display Properties for Callout Tags on page
106.

change the location of the leader line see Adjusting the Callout Leader Line on page 103.

Changing the Callout Tag Family for a Callout

The callout tag consists of the callout head, callout bubble, and leader line. (See Callout Tag Parts on page
99.) You define the style of the callout head and the radius of the corners of the callout bubble in a callout
tag family. (See Creating a Callout Tag Family on page 106.) To assign a callout tag family to an existing
callout, use the following procedure.

NOTE Define the line weight, color, and style for the callout bubble and the leader line in the project. See Changing
Display Properties for Callout Tags on page 106.

102 | Chapter 4 Project Views

To change the callout tag
1 In the parent view, select the callout bubble.

2 Click .
3 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
4 In the Type Properties dialog, for Callout Tag, select the callout tag family to use.
If the desired callout tag family is not listed, load it or create it. See Loading Families on page
352 or Creating a Callout Tag Family on page 106.
You can specify the reference label for a reference callout in the Type Properties dialog. (See
Reference Callouts on page 107.) If the callout view is a detail view, you can also specify the
section tag family to use for this callout.

5 Click OK twice to save your changes.

Changing the Boundaries of a Callout

The boundaries of the callout bubble define the part of the building model that displays in the callout view.
To change the callout boundaries, do either of the following:
■ In the callout view, drag the crop region boundaries.

■ In the parent view of the callout, select the callout bubble. Drag a blue dot to change a boundary of the
callout.

If you change a callout boundary in one view, Revit Architecture automatically updates the other view with
the same changes.

NOTE You can change the boundaries of a detail callout or a view callout. Resizing the boundaries of a reference
callout does not affect the crop region of the referenced view.

Adjusting the Callout Leader Line

In the parent view of a callout, you can move the leader line to any point on the callout bubble.

To adjust the callout leader line

1 In the parent view that displays the callout bubble, select the leader line.

Modifying a Callout | 103

 A blue elbow control displays in the middle of the line.

NOTE You may need to zoom in on the callout bubble to see the blue controls. See Navigating the
Drawing Area on page 64.

2 Drag the elbow control to the desired location, or drag the blue control near the callout head.
As you move the control, notice that the leader line attaches to different points on the callout
bubble. The leader line segments snap to vertical and horizontal planes.

Callout Tags
The callout tag consists of the callout head, callout bubble, and leader line. (See Callout Tag Parts on page
99.) Use the Family Editor to create a callout head family to define the shape of the callout head and the
information that it contains. In a project, create a callout tag family to specify the callout head family to
use and the radius of the corners of the callout bubble. To define the line weight, color, and style for the
callout bubble and leader line, use project settings.
Parts of a callout tag

Creating a Callout Head

The callout head is the symbol that displays to identify a callout bubble in a parent view. You can create a
callout head family to specify a desired format or to include specific information.

104 | Chapter 4 Project Views

Callout tags that use different callout heads

To create a callout head family

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Annotation Symbol.

2 In the Open dialog, select Callout Head.rft or M_Callout Head.rft.
3 On the Design Bar, click Lines, and sketch the shape of the callout head.
See Sketching Elements on page 252.

4 If desired, add text to the callout head. (On the Design Bar, click Text.)
This text remains constant for each callout that uses this family.

5 Add labels to the callout head.

A label represents a variable field value that displays in the callout head. For example, the default
callout head includes a detail number and sheet number. When you place the callout view on
a sheet, the callout head in the parent view updates to show the detail number and the sheet
number for the callout.
To add a label to the callout head, do the following:

a In the Family Editor, click Label.

b Move the cursor to the drawing area, and click where you want the information to display
in the callout head.

c On the Edit Label dialog, under Category Parameters, select the field to place in the callout
head.

d Click (Add parameters to label).

e Click OK.

6 If desired, add filled regions, masking regions, or other details to the callout head.
See Family Editor Commands on page 377.

7 Click File menu ➤ Save, and specify a name and location for the new callout head family.
8 To load the callout head family into open projects, click Load into Projects.

Callout Tags | 105

 Creating a Callout Tag Family
When creating a callout tag family, you can specify the following:

■ The type of callout head to use. See Creating a Callout Head on page 104.

■ The radius of the callout bubble.

To specify the line weight, color, and style of the callout bubble or leader line, see Changing Display Properties
for Callout Tags on page 106.

To create a callout tag family

1 In a project, click Settings menu ➤ View Tags ➤ Callout Tags.

2 In the Type Properties dialog, for Callout Head, specify the type of callout head to use.
3 For Corner Radius, specify the radius of the corners for the callout bubble.
If your organization uses round callouts, set the radius to a large value.

4 Click OK.

Changing Display Properties for Callout Tags

You can control the line weight, color, and pattern used for callout bubbles and leader lines. The settings
that you specify here apply to all callouts in the project.

To change the line styles for callout bubbles and leader lines

1 In a project, click Settings menu ➤ Object Styles.

2 Click the Annotation Objects tab.
3 Under Category, expand Callout Boundary.
4 Use the Line Weight, Line Color, and Line Pattern columns to specify the desired settings for
callout boundaries, callout leader lines, and callout heads.
5 Click OK.

Visibility of Callouts
Revit Architecture offers several ways to control the visibility of callout bubbles in a view. If you cannot see
callout tags in a view as expected, check the following:

■ Visibility/Graphics setting: Open the view in which you want to see the callout tag. Click View
menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics. On the Annotation Categories tab, under Visibility, make sure that Callouts
is selected. (To hide all callout tags in the view, clear this option.)

106 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 ■ Crop region: If a callout tag does not display in the parent view, check whether the callout tag is outside

the parent view’s crop region. In the parent view, on the View Control Bar, click (Show Crop Region).
Expand the crop region to the limits of the drawing to find the callout tag. If needed, adjust the crop
region to include the callout tag.

■ Hide at scales coarser than: This view parameter can control whether the tag for a detail callout displays

in other views. In the detail view, click . The Show in parameter controls the Hide at scales coarser
than parameter. When Show in is Parent View Only, Hide at scales coarser than is read-only. When Show
in is Intersecting Views, you can change the value of Hide at scales coarser than. As a result, Revit
Architecture displays the callout tag in any views that intersect the parent view perpendicularly, as long
as the view scale is more detailed than the scale specified by Hide at scales coarser than.

Reference Callouts
A reference callout is a callout that refers to an existing view. When you add a reference callout, Revit
Architecture does not create a view in the project. Instead, it creates a pointer to a specified, existing view.
Multiple reference callouts can point to the same view.

Reference Callouts Overview

You can place reference callouts in plan, elevation, section, callout, and drafting views. Multiple reference
callouts can point to the same view.
When using reference callouts, consider the following:
■ Reference callouts in section, plan, elevation, or callout views can reference cropped views of the same
type as the view in which the reference callout is placed.

■ Reference callouts in drafting views can reference any plan, section, elevation, or callout view if the crop
region displays in these views. Drafting views must use reference callouts; they cannot use detail callouts
or view callouts. (See Callout Types on page 100.)

Check the properties of the referenced view to be sure that the Crop View parameter is turned on. See View
Properties on page 210.
A reference callout does not have a parametric relationship with the referenced view. Therefore, if you change
or resize a reference callout, the changes do not affect the original referenced view. For example, resizing
the boundaries of a reference callout does not affect the crop region of the referenced view.

Creating a Reference Callout

NOTE To create a detail callout or a view callout, see Creating a Callout View on page 101.

1 In a project, click View menu ➤ New ➤ Callout, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click
Callout.
2 On the Options Bar, select Reference other view, and select a reference view name.
If there are no existing views to reference, select <New Drafting View> to create a new drafting
view. The reference callout will then point to this new drafting view.

Reference Callouts | 107

 NOTE If the Reference Other View list includes a view on a sheet, the detail number and sheet number
display next to the view name.

3 To define the callout area, drag the cursor from the upper-left to the lower-right, creating a
callout bubble as shown by the dashed line enclosing the upper-left corner of the grid.

4 To see the callout view, double-click the callout head.

The callout view displays in the drawing area.
If you created a new drafting view for the reference callout, the new view displays in the Project
Browser under Views (all) ➤ Drafting Views. Create the drafting view as desired. For instructions,
see Drafting Views on page 1079.

Changing the Reference Label

By default, the callout head for a reference callout includes a label (such as Sim, an abbreviation of Similar).
You can change this label to meet project needs or corporate standards. For example, you can use Mirror or
Reverse as the reference label.

To change the reference label

1 In the parent view, select the callout bubble.

2 Click .
3 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
4 In the Type Properties dialog, for Reference Label, enter the desired text.
5 Click OK twice to save your changes.

108 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 You can change the way that the reference label displays in the callout tag, or add the referencing detail or
sheet numbers to the callout head. To do so, create a callout head family, and add labels that use these
parameters. See Creating a Callout Head on page 104.

Modifying Callout Properties

1 In the Project Browser, right-click the callout view, and click Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, click in the Value text boxes to see the detail and sheet numbers.
You can also change the view name and scale, and manage crop regions.
3 Click OK.

Related topics

■ Detail View Instance Properties on page 1077

■ View Properties on page 210

3D Views
You can create perspective and orthographic 3D views in Revit Architecture.

Perspective 3D Views

Perspective 3D views show the building model in a 3D view where components that are further away appear
smaller, and components that are closer appear larger.
You can select elements in a perspective view and modify their type and instance properties. When you
create or view a perspective 3D view, the View Control Bar indicates that the view is a perspective view.

Orthographic 3D Views

Orthographic 3D views show the building model in a 3D view where all components are the same size
regardless of the camera’s distance.

Modifying Callout Properties | 109

Creating a Perspective 3D View
You can create a perspective 3D view from a plan, section, or elevation view.
1 Open a plan, section, or elevation view.
2 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Camera, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click Camera.

NOTE If you clear the Perspective option on the Options Bar, the view that is created is an orthographic
3D view and not a perspective view.

3 Click in the drawing area to place the camera.

4 Drag the cursor to the desired target and click.
Revit Architecture creates a perspective 3D view and assigns a name to the view: 3D View1, 3D
View2, and so on. To rename the view, in the Project Browser right-click it and select Rename.

You can use a section box to limit the viewable portion of a 3D view. See Using a Section Box in a 3D View
on page 111.

Creating an Orthographic 3D View

Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Default 3D View, or on the toolbar click .

This places the camera above the southeast corner of the model with the target positioned on the center of
the ground floor. If you want to control camera placement when you create the view, use the following
method:
1 Open a plan, section, or elevation view.
2 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Camera.
3 On the Options Bar, clear the Perspective option.
4 For Scale, select a view scale.

110 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 5 Click once in the drawing area to place the camera and click again to place the target point.
An unnamed 3D view of the current project opens and displays in the Project Browser. If an unnamed view
already exists in the project, the 3D command opens the existing view.
You can rename the default 3D view by right-clicking the view name in the Project Browser, and clicking
Rename. Named 3D views are saved with the project. When you rename the default, unnamed 3D view, the
next time you issue the 3D command, Revit Architecture opens a new unnamed view.
You can use a section box to limit the viewable portion of a 3D view. See Using a Section Box in a 3D View
on page 111.

Using a Section Box in a 3D View

You can use a section box to clip the viewable portion of a 3D view. When you enable a section box in a
3D view, the only change to the view is the addition of the section box. The following image shows a 3D
view with a section box enabled.

After you enable the section box, you can modify its extents using drag controls in the 3D view, or you can
modify extents from other views, for example a plan or elevation view. Section box extents are not cropped
by the view’s crop region.

To enable a section box:

1 Open a 3D view.

2 Click .
3 In the Element Properties dialog, under Extents, select the Section Box option.
4 Click OK.
5 Select the section box and use the drag controls to modify the extents, as necessary.

Using a Section Box in a 3D View | 111

 The following image shows the section box selected with the blue arrow drag controls visible.
The section box extents have been modified to cut into the stair tower.

To modify section box extents outside of the 3D view:

1 Enable the section box in a 3D view.
2 Open an associated view, for example a plan or elevation view.
3 In the Project Browser, right-click the 3D view name and click Show Section Box.
4 Drag the blue arrow controls to resize the section box.

To control visibility of section box extents:

1 Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics.

2 In the Visibility/Graphics dialog, click the Annotation Categories tab.
3 Clear the check box for Section Boxes, and click OK. This hides the section box extents in the
view. Select the check box to show the extents.

Rotating a 3D View
The target point defines the axis of rotation for a 3D view. You can rotate a 3D view about this axis by
modifying the camera level and its focal point. You can tile your project views to see the effects of the
rotation in different views.
1 Open the 3D view and any other views where you want to see the effects of rotation.
2 Click Window menu ➤ Tile.
3 In the Project Browser, right-click the 3D view name and select Show Camera.

112 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 The hollow blue dot is the focal point and the pink dot is the target point.

4 Drag the camera to modify the camera level. Drag the hollow blue dot to modify the focal point
around the axis of rotation (the target point).

Displaying a 3D View
■ Double-click the 3D view name in the Project Browser.

■ If the view is open but hidden behind another view, click Window menu ➤ <view name>.

Specifying Camera Location in a 3D View

The Orient command sets the location of the camera in a 3D view. Changes made to the orientation or
position of the 3D camera are considered temporary until they are saved. For information on saving a 3D
view, see Saving a 3D View Orientation as a Project View on page 193.
1 Open a 3D view.
2 Click View menu ➤ Orient.
3 Select from the following options:
■ Directions: orients the camera north, south, east, west, northeast, northwest, southeast, or
southwest.

■ Top: places the camera at the top of the model.

■ By Plane: opens the Select Orientation Plane dialog where you can select a work plane to
orient the view to. For more information about work plane options, see Sketching and Work
Planes on page 265.

■ To Other View: opens the Orient to Other View dialog where you can select another view.
The camera moves to the same location as in the view you specify, and a section box is placed
around the model that emulates the extents of the selected view.

NOTE To turn off the section box, in the Project Browser right-click the view name and select
Properties. In the Element Properties dialog, clear the Section Box check box.

Modifying the Camera Position in a Perspective 3D View

NOTE Changes made to the orientation or position of the 3D camera are considered temporary until they are
saved. For information on saving a 3D view, see Saving a 3D View Orientation as a Project View on page 193.

Displaying a 3D View | 113

 1 Open the perspective 3D view.
2 In the Project Browser, right-click the perspective 3D view name and select Show Camera.
The camera is selected in all views where the camera is visible, such as plan, elevation, and other
3D views.
Selected camera in plan view

Selected camera in 3D view

Selected camera in elevation view

3 In the Project Browser, double-click the view you want to modify the camera position in (for
example plan or elevation).

114 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 4 Drag the camera to move it. The view updates according to the new camera position.
5 Drag the target to move it. The view updates according to the new target point.
6 Select the perspective view. Drag the handles to vary the field of view (FOV).

Turning Off the Camera in a 3D View

Turning off the camera in a 3D view is the same as showing or hiding the crop region. See Showing or Hiding
Crop Regions on page 165.
To turn off the camera in any other view type, click a blank area in the drawing area.

3D View Properties
Parameter names, values, and descriptions for 3D views.

Name Description

Graphics

View Scale The scale of the 3D view.

Scale Value A ratio derived from the view scale. For example, if your view scale is 1:100, the
scale value is the ratio of 100/1 or 100. If you select a value of Custom for the view
scale, you can enter a ratio in the value field for this property.

Detail level Applies the detail level setting to the view: coarse, medium, or fine.

Visibility/Graphics Overrides Opens the Visibility/Graphics dialog, where you can set visibility options for the
view.

Model Graphics Style Changes the display to Hidden Line, Wireframe, Shading, or Shading with Edges.

Advanced Model Graphics Style Click Edit to access Advanced Model Graphics, which controls shadows and silhouette
lines.

Discipline Select the discipline for the view from the list. Select Structural to hide non-load-
bearing walls from the view.

Identity Data

View Name A name you define for the 3D view.

Title on Sheet The name of the view as it appears on the sheet; it supersedes any value in the View
Name property.

Default View Template Identifies the default view template for the view. See View Templates on page 498.

Extents

Turning Off the Camera in a 3D View | 115

 Name Description

Crop View Applies top, bottom, right, and left clip planes to the model. As you move the clip
plane, part of the model is either hidden or shown.

Crop Region Visible Turns on or off the visibility of the crop region.

Annotation Crop Shows or hides the annotation crop.

Far Clip Active Shows or hides the far clip plane.

Section Box Turns on or off the visibility of the section box around a 3D view. The box is different
from the crop region in that if you rotate the box, the model moves with it. The
viewing area does not change. You can use the section box to clip the viewable
portion of a 3D model; to see the clipping, when the section box is visible, you can
resize it and rotate it with the handles.

Camera

Render Settings Settings used to create a rendered image of the 3D view. See Changing Render
Settings for a View on page 1170.

Perspective Indicates whether the 3D view is Perspective. See Creating a Perspective 3D View
on page 110. This is a read-only value.

Eye Elevation Height of the camera.

Target Elevation Height of the target point.

Phasing

Phase Filter Phase Filter name applied to the view. See Phase Filters on page 1265.

Phase The Phase name applied for the view. See Project Phasing on page 1263.

Type Properties

Coarse poche material Defines the material applied to capped faces in coarse-scale views. In coarse scale
views, the default material is Poche. In medium and fine views, the capped faces of
hosts display the layered structure of the host.

Walkthrough Views
A walkthrough is a camera that follows a path that you define. The path comprises frames and key frames.
A key frame is a modifiable frame where you can change the direction and position of the camera.

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 By default, walkthroughs are created as a series of perspective views, but you can also create them as
orthographic 3D views.

Creating a Walkthrough Path

1 Open a view in which to place the walkthrough path.

NOTE Typically, the view is a plan view, but you can also make a walkthrough in other views, including
3D, elevation, and section views.

2 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Walkthrough, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click
Walkthrough.
3 If desired, on the Options Bar, clear the Perspective option to create a walkthrough as an
orthographic 3D view. Also select a view scale for the 3D view.
4 If you are in a plan view, you can vary the height of the camera by offsetting it from a selected
level. Enter a height in the Offset text box and select a level from the Level menu. This can give
you the effect that the camera is going up a flight of stairs.
5 Place the cursor in a view, and click to place a key frame.
6 Move the cursor in the desired direction to draw the path.
7 Click again to place another key frame. You can place key frames anywhere, but you cannot
change their position during creation of the path. You can edit the key frames after you finish
the path.
8 To finish the walkthrough path, you can do any of the following:
■ On the Options Bar, click Finish.

■ Double-click to end the path.

■ Press ESC.

■ On the Design Bar, click Modify.

Creating a Walkthrough Path | 117

 After you finish placing camera key frames, Revit Architecture creates a walkthrough view under the
Walkthroughs branch of the Project Browser and assigns it the name Walkthrough 1.
A walkthrough path might look something like the following image. The red dots indicate key frames.

Editing a Walkthrough Path

1 In the Project Browser, right-click the walkthrough view name, and select Show Camera.
2 To move the entire walkthrough path, on the Design Bar, click Modify, and drag the path to
the desired location. You can also use the Move command. See Moving Elements with the Move
Tool on page 302.
3 To edit the path, on the Options Bar, click Edit Walkthrough.
You can select which control in the path you want to edit from the drop-down menu. Controls
affect the position and direction of the camera.

Dragging the Camera to a New Frame

1 For Controls, select Active Camera.
2 Drag the camera along the path to the desired frame or key frame. The camera snaps to key
frames.
3 You can also type the frame number in the Frames text box.
4 While the camera is active and located at a key frame, you can drag the target point of the
camera and the far clip plane. If the camera is not at a key frame, you can only change the far
clip plane.

Changing the Walkthrough Path

1 For Controls, select Path.
The key frames become controls along the path.

2 Drag a key frame to the desired location.

Notice that the value in the Frames text box stays constant.

Adding Key Frames

1 For Controls, select Add Key Frame.
2 Place the cursor along the path, and click to add a key frame.

Removing Key Frames

1 For Controls, select Remove Key Frame.
2 Place the cursor on an existing key frame on the path, and click to remove it.

118 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 Displaying the Walkthrough View when Editing
As you edit a walkthrough path, you may want to see the results of your changes on the actual view. To
open the walkthrough view, on the Options Bar, click Open.

Editing Walkthrough Frames

1 On the Options Bar, click the Walkthrough frame edit button .

The Walkthrough Frames dialog has 5 columns that show the frame properties:
■ The Key Frame column displays the total number of key frames in the walkthrough path.
Click a key frame number to display where that key frame appears on the walkthrough path.
A camera icon displays at the selected key frame.

■ The Frame column displays the frame at which the key frame displays.

■ The Accelerator column displays numerical controls for changing the speed of the
walkthrough playback at a specific key frame.

■ The Speed column displays the speed at which the camera travels along the path at each key
frame.

■ Elapsed Time displays the amount of time that has elapsed since the first key frame.

2 By default, there is a uniform speed at which the camera travels along the entire walkthrough
path. You can change the speed by increasing or decreasing the total number of frames or by
increasing or decreasing the number of frames per second. Enter the desired value for either.
3 To change the accelerator value for key frames, clear the Uniform Speed check box, and enter
a value for the desired key frame in the Accelerator column. Valid values for the Accelerator are
between 0.1 and 10.

Cameras Along Path

To help you visualize the distribution of frames along the walkthrough path, select Display intermediate
camera indicators. Enter a value for the increment at which you want to see camera indicators.

Resetting Target Points

You can move the position of the camera's target point at a key frame, for example, to create the effect that
the camera is looking side to side. To reset the target points back to following the path, click Reset Directions,
and click OK.

Controlling Walkthrough Playback

Several commands are available on the Options Bar to control playback of a walkthrough while you are
editing it. See Editing a Walkthrough Path on page 118.

■ Click to move the camera position back one key frame.

■ Click to move the camera position back one frame.

■ Click to move the camera position forward one frame.

Editing Walkthrough Frames | 119

 ■ Click to move the camera position forward one key frame.

■ Click to move the camera from its current frame to the last frame.

■ To stop play back, click Cancel next to the Progress Bar or press ESC. Click Yes at the prompt.

Exporting a Walkthrough
You can export a walkthrough to an AVI or image file. When you export a walkthrough to an image file,
each frame of the walkthrough is saved as an individual file. You can export all frames or a range of frames.

To export a walkthrough:
1 Open the walkthrough view.
2 Click File menu ➤ Export ➤ Walkthrough.
The Length/Format dialog opens.

3 Under Output Length, specify:

■ All frames to include all frames in the output file(s).

■ Frame range to export only a specific range of frames. For this option, enter the frame range
in the entry boxes.

■ Frames/second. As you change the number of frames per second, the total time automatically
updates.

4 Under Format, specify Model Graphics Style, Dimensions, and Zoom to the desired values.
5 Click OK.
6 Accept the default output file name and path, or browse to a new location and enter a new
name.
7 Select the file type, either AVI or an image file (JPEG, TIFF, BMP, GIF, or PNG).
8 Click Save.
9 In the Video Compression dialog, choose a video compressor from the list of compressors you
have installed on your computer.
10 To stop recording the AVI file, click Cancel next to the progress indicator at the bottom of the
screen or press ESC.

Legend Views
Legends provide a way to display a list of the various building components and annotations used in a project.

120 | Chapter 4 Project Views

Some typical legends include

■ Annotation Legend: Displays sheet annotations such as section heads, level markers, spot elevation
marks, elevation symbols, keynote symbol, revision tag, element tags, and other symbols that do not
represent model objects. Each symbol has an associated piece of descriptive text. All symbols are shown
at printed size.

■ Model Symbol Legend: Displays symbolic representations of model objects with some descriptive text.
Typical elements are electrical fixtures, plumbing fixtures, mechanical equipment, and site objects.

■ Line Styles Legend: Displays a line in a selected line style and text identifying what that line style represents
on drawings. Among the uses are fire rating lines, property lines, setback lines, electric wiring, plumbing,
utilities, and center lines.

■ Materials Legend: Displays a sample of a cut or surface pattern and text identifying the material associated
with that pattern.

■ Phasing: Shows a section of wall drawn with a selected graphic override and identifying text.

Legends can be added to multiple sheets. Any elements that can be placed in drafting views, such as detail
lines, text, dimensions, and filled regions, can be placed in a legend.

NOTE A component that is placed in a legend does not count as an additional instance of the component in the
building model, and thus is not added to the number of instances of that component listed on a schedule or note
block.

Visibility of Elements in Legends

You can modify legend views by turning off the visibility of subcategories in the view. For example, you can
place several door legend components and then turn off all the door subcategories (except for Frame/Mullion)
to produce a Door Frame Legend. For more information on category visibility, see Visibility and Graphic
Display in Project Views on page 150.

Legend Views | 121

Creating a Legend
1 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Legend.
2 In the New Legend View dialog, enter a name for the legend view and select the view scale.
3 Click OK.
The legend view opens and is added to the Project Browser list.

4 Add the desired element symbols to the view using any of the following methods:
■ Drag model and annotation family types from the Project Browser into the legend view.
They display as view-specific symbols in the view.

■ Alternate method for adding model family symbols:

a On the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Legend Component.

b On the Options Bar, for Family, select a model family symbol type.

c Specify the view direction for the symbol. Some symbols have more options than others.
For example, wall types can be displayed in floor plan or section representations.
Wall-hosted elements like doors can be represented in plan and front and back elevations.
If you are placing a hosted symbol, such as a door or window, the symbol displays with
the host in floor plan representation. You can specify a value for the Host Length.

d Place the symbol in the view.

■ Alternate method for adding annotation symbols:

a On the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Symbol.

b In the Type Selector, select an annotation type, and place the symbol in the view.

5 On the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Text.

6 In the Type Selector, select the text type.

NOTE If the text size you want to use is not listed, click , and in the Element Properties dialog
click Edit/New. Click Duplicate to create a new text type.

7 Place the necessary text in the legend.

For more information about placing text, see Text Notes on page 1027.

Dimensioning Legend Components

You can add dimensions to individual legend components using the Dimension command. See Dimensions
on page 213 for more information.
You can dimension to most lines within a legend component. However, you cannot dimension to host
components, such as walls, ceilings, and floors. Likewise, you cannot dimension system family components
within a legend.

122 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 Window legend with first window dimensioned

Placing Components from a Legend into a Project View

You can use legend views as graphical palettes. This means that you can select a component in a legend
view and use the Create Similar or Match commands to place the component in another view.
For more information on these tools, see Copying Elements with the Create Similar Tool on page 324 and
Changing Component Types Using the Match Tool on page 325.

Modifying Legend Component Properties

1 Open a legend view.

2 Select a legend component, and click .

3 In the Element Properties dialog, specify the view direction, host length (if applicable), detail
level, and component type.
By default, the legend component acquires its detail level from the project view. If the model
family type was created to show different geometry at varying detail levels, you can change the
look of the model symbol by specifying different detail levels for the view or the symbol itself.

4 Click OK.

Placing Components from a Legend into a Project View | 123

Schedule Views
A schedule is a tabular display of information, extracted from the properties of elements in a project. A
schedule can list every instance of the type of element you are scheduling, or it can collapse multiple instances
onto a single row, based on the schedule's grouping criteria.

You can create a schedule at any point in the design process. As you make changes to the project that affect
the schedule, it automatically updates to reflect those changes. You can add a schedule to a drawing sheet.
See Adding a Schedule to a Sheet on page 1002.
You can export a schedule to another software program, such as a spreadsheet program.

Types of Schedules

You can create several types of schedules:

■ Schedules (or Quantities)

■ Key Schedules

■ Material Takeoffs

■ Annotation Schedules (or Note Blocks)

■ Revision Schedules (see Revision Schedules on Sheets on page 1018)

■ View Lists (see Using View Lists on page 208)

■ Drawing Lists (see Drawing Lists on page 1005)

124 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 Formatting Schedules

You have several choices available for formatting the look of the schedule. You can

■ Specify the order and type of properties to display

■ Create totals

■ Create your own custom properties, which you can then include in the schedule

■ Apply phases to a schedule

Schedule Tips

■ Mouse-wheel scrolling is available in schedule views. Move the mouse wheel to scroll vertically. Hold
SHIFT and move the wheel to scroll horizontally.

■ You can select an element in a non-schedule view by clicking in a cell in a schedule. This works best if
you are tiling windows. To change the non-schedule view to see the element more clearly, in the schedule
view, on the Options Bar, click Show. After you click the Show button, the Show Elements in View dialog
displays. You can continue to click Show in this dialog to open other views that show the element.

Creating a Schedule or Quantity

1 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Schedule/Quantities, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click
Schedule/Quantities.
2 In the New Schedule dialog, select a component from the category list. A default name appears
in the Name text box, which you can change as necessary.
3 Select Schedule building components.

NOTE Do not select Schedule keys. If you want to create a key schedule, see Key Schedules on page
125.

4 Specify the phase.

5 Click OK.
6 In the Schedule Properties dialog, specify the schedule properties. See Specifying Schedule
Properties on page 128.
7 Click OK.

Key Schedules
Schedules, particularly for windows, doors, or rooms, can comprise multiple items that have the same
characteristics. For example, a room schedule might have 100 rooms with the same floor, ceiling, and base
finishes. Rather than enter all this information manually for all 100 rooms in the schedule, you can define
keys that automatically fill in information. If a room has a defined key, then as that room is added to a
schedule, fields in the schedule automatically update, reducing the time required to produce the schedule.
You define keys using key schedules. Key schedules look very similar to component schedules, except you
define them to your specifications. When you create a key, it is listed as an instance property for the element.
When you apply a value for the key, then the key's attributes are applied to the element.

Creating a Schedule or Quantity | 125

 Creating a Key Schedule
1 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Schedule.
2 In the New Schedule dialog, select the schedule key category.
3 Select Schedule keys.
Revit Architecture automatically fills in the Key name. This is the name that appears among the
element's instance properties. If desired, enter a new name.

4 Click OK.
5 In the Schedule Properties dialog, add the predefined fields for the style. For example, add ceiling
finish, floor finish, and wall finish.
6 Click OK.
The key schedule opens.

7 On the Options Bar, click New to add rows to the table. Each row creates a new value for the
key. For example, if you are creating a room key schedule, you can create key values for executive
conference room, small conference room, large conference room, executive office, standard
office, and so on.
8 Fill in the appropriate information for each of the key values.

Applying a Key to an Element

1 Select an element that has a predefined key. For example, you might select a room in a plan
view.

2 Click .
3 In the Element Properties dialog, find the key name (for example, Room Style).
4 Select a value for the property from the list.
When you apply the new style, read-only properties appear in the list of instance parameters.
These are the properties defined in the key schedule.

Applying the Key to a Component Schedule

1 Create a schedule for the appropriate element (such as a room schedule).
2 Include in the scheduled fields the key name you created. For example, if you created a key
name called Room Style, add this key to the schedule.
3 In the schedule, select values for the newly added key. For example, if the key is called Room
Style, you add values for it by selecting them from the menus that appear under the key heading.
Scheduled fields update automatically with the information you define in the key schedule. If
you edit and modify any values in the key schedule, they update automatically in the component
schedule.
When you apply a key value to a schedule row, you cannot modify any fields defined in the
key schedule.

126 | Chapter 4 Project Views

Material Takeoff Schedules
Material takeoff schedules list the sub-components or materials of any Revit Architecture family. Material
takeoff schedules have all the functionality and characteristics of other schedule views, but they allow you
to show more detail about the assembly of a component. Any material that is placed in a component within
Revit Architecture can be scheduled.

NOTE When Revit Architecturecomputes the volume of materials for individual layers within a wall, some
approximations are made to maintain performance. Minor discrepancies might appear between volumes visible
in the model and those shown in the material takeoff schedule. These discrepancies tend to occur when you use
the wall sweep tool to add a sweep or a reveal to a wall or under certain join conditions.

Creating a Material Takeoff Schedule

1 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Material Takeoff.
2 In the Material Takeoff dialog, click a category for the material takeoff schedule, and click OK.
3 In the Material Takeoff Properties dialog, for Available Fields, select the material attributes.
4 Optionally, sort and group, or format the schedule. See Specifying Schedule Properties on page
128.
5 Click OK to create the material takeoff schedule.
The material takeoff schedule displays, and the view is listed in the Project Browser under Schedules/Quantities.

Annotation Schedules (Note Blocks)

Annotation schedules, or note blocks, list all instances of annotations that you can add using the Symbol
command. See Creating an Annotation Symbol Family on page 1072.
Note blocks are useful for listing notes that are applied to elements in your project. For example, you might
want to attach a note to several walls, and that note might have a building description for each of the walls.

Creating an Annotation Schedule (Note Block)

1 Load the generic annotation family or families into your project and place them where desired.
Be sure to enter meaningful information in the parameter values for the annotation. For example,
enter some comments for the Description parameter.

2 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Note Block.

Material Takeoff Schedules | 127

 3 In the New Note Block dialog, for Family, select a generic annotation.
4 For Note Block Name, enter a name for the new note block, if desired.
5 Click OK.
6 In the Note Block Properties dialog, for Available Fields, select the parameters to set, and then
click Add to add them to Scheduled Fields list.
7 Complete any information in the additional Note Block properties tabs. For more information
about the tabs, see Specifying Schedule Properties on page 128.
8 Click OK when finished.

Specifying Schedule Properties

After you have specified the desired type of schedule, you need to specify the information to include on the
schedule and how the information should appear.
You set schedule properties in the Schedule Properties dialog. To access this dialog, right-click the schedule
name in the Project Browser, and select Properties. Click Edit for any of the parameters in the Other category.

Selecting Fields for a Schedule

On the Fields tab of the Schedule Properties dialog, you can select the fields that appear in the schedule.
The following table lists the tasks you can complete from this tab.

If you want to... then...

add a field to the Scheduled Fields list click a field name in the Available Fields box, and click Add.
The order of the fields in the Scheduled Fields box shows the
order in which they appear in the schedule.

remove a name from the Scheduled Fields list select it from the Scheduled Fields list and click Remove.

move a field up or down in the list select the field, and click Move Up or Move Down.

add a custom field click Add Parameter, and select whether to add a project
parameter or shared parameter. For more information, see
Custom Parameters on page 440.

modify a custom field select the field, and click Edit. In the Parameter Properties
dialog, enter a new name for the field. Click Delete to delete
a custom field.

create a field whose value is calculated from a formula click Calculated Value. Enter a name for the field, set its type,
and enter the formula for it using existing fields in the
schedule.
For example, if you want to calculate an occupancy load
based on the area of a room, you could add a custom field
called Occupancy Load that is calculated from the Area field.
Formulas support the same mathematical functions as in the
Family Editor. For more information on creating formulas,
see Using Formulas for Numerical Parameters on page 366.

128 | Chapter 4 Project Views

If you want to... then...

create a field that is a percentage of another field click Calculated Value. Enter a name for the field, set its type
to percentage, and enter the name of the field to take a
percentage of.
By default, percentages are calculated based on the total for
the entire schedule. If you set grouping fields in the Sort-
ing/Grouping tab, you can choose one of those fields here.
For example, if you group a room schedule by level, you can
display what percentage of the total area of the level the
room occupies.

add room parameters to a non-room schedule for Select Available Fields From, click Room. This changes the
list of fields in the Available Fields box to a list of room para-
meters. You can then add those room parameters to the list
of scheduled fields.

include elements from linked models select Include elements in linked files. For more information,
see Including Elements from Linked Models in a Schedule on
page 129.

Including Elements from Linked Models in a Schedule

You can include elements from linked models in schedules of model elements (such as doors, rooms, and
walls) and in drawing lists. They are not supported for note blocks, view lists, or key schedules.
All fields that are available for elements in the host project are available for elements in linked models. The
behavior of some fields changes when you add elements from linked models to a schedule. For example,
the Family, Type, Family and Type, Level, and Material parameters become read-only for elements in both
the host and linked model. You also cannot filter a schedule by the Family, Type, Family and Type, Level,
and Material parameters.
You can include project information (such as the client name or the project address) and information about
the linked Revit model (such as the instance name or the file name) in a schedule. Including information
about the linked Revit model is useful when you have multiple copies of a linked model in your project (for
example, multiple identical buildings on a site or multiple identical floors in a building) and you need to
identify in the schedule which instance of the linked model each element comes from.
For more information, see Specifying Project Information on page 439. To learn how to specify the instance
name for a linked Revit model, see Linked Model Properties on page 1222.

To include elements from linked models in a schedule:

1 In the Project Browser, right-click the schedule name, and select Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, for Fields, click Edit.
3 Select the Include elements in linked files option.
4 To include project information from a linked model, for Select Available Fields From, select
Project Information. Add the desired fields from the Available Fields list to the Scheduled Fields
list.
5 To include the linked model instance name or the file name, select RVT Links in the Select
Available Fields From list. Add the desired fields from the Available Fields list to the Scheduled
Fields list.

Specifying Schedule Properties | 129

 NOTE The file name does not include the file path or the file extension. In addition, if there are visible
nested links in a linked model, the file name that displays for elements in the nested link is the parent
link.

6 Click OK.

Including Project Parameters or Area Schemes from Linked Revit

Models in a Schedule
1 In the linked Revit model project, create a schedule that contains the project parameter or area
schemes.
Be sure that the schedule or area scheme has a unique name (one that is different from any
schedules or area schemes that currently exist in the main model).

2 Add the schedule or area scheme to a sheet.

3 Select the schedule or area scheme on the sheet, and click Edit menu ➤ Copy to Clipboard.
4 Open the main project.
5 If the Revit model (from which you want to include project parameters or area schemes) is
already linked in the main project, unload the linked model.

To unload the linked Revit model:

a Click File menu ➤ Manage Links.

b In the Manage Links dialog, click the Revit tab.

c Select the linked model, and click Unload.

d Click Yes to confirm, and click OK to exit the Manage Links dialog.

6 In the main model, open a sheet view.

7 Click Edit menu ➤ Paste from Clipboard.
8 If you unloaded the linked Revit model, you need to reload it.

To reload the linked Revit model:

a Click File menu ➤ Manage Links.

b In the Manage Links dialog, click the Revit tab.

c Select the linked model, and click Reload.

d Click OK to exit the Manage Links dialog.

The project parameters or area schemes should now be available to schedule.

Including Room Information in a Door Schedule

You can include information in a door schedule about the room a door leads to and the room a door leads
from. Typically, the door swing indicates the room the door is leading to or from. For example, in the
following image door 56 leads from the hall to the bedroom.

130 | Chapter 4 Project Views

If you change the door swing after you place the door, this will not automatically be reflected in the schedule.
The schedule retains the data of the initial door placement. Therefore the particular door opening for door
56, always (by default) leads from the hall to the bedroom regardless of the door swing. If you want door
56 to lead from the bedroom to the hall, you can change the door swing in plan view, and then edit the
appropriate field in the door schedule.

To include room information in a door schedule:

1 If you need to include room information in an existing door schedule, do the following:
a Open the door schedule.

b Right-click in the schedule and click View Properties.

c In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit for the Fields parameter.

If you are creating a new door schedule, do the following:

a Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Schedules/Quantities.

b In the New Schedule dialog, select Doors as the category, and click OK.

2 On the Fields tab, click From Room or To Room from the Select available fields from list.

The Available fields lists updates to show all the available parameters for a room, prefixed by
either To Room or From Room.

3 Select the appropriate fields, and click OK.

Specifying Schedule Properties | 131

 The door schedule opens. Since To Room and From Room fields do not automatically reflect changes you
make to the door swing after you place the door, you can edit these fields by selecting a value from the list.

Limiting Data Presented in a Schedule

On the Filter tab of the Schedule Properties dialog, you can create filters that limit the display of data in a
schedule. You can create up to 4 filters, and all filters must be satisfied for data to display.
Many types of scheduled fields can be used to create filters. Types include text, number, integer, length,
area, volume, yes/no, level, and key schedule parameters.
Filtering is not supported for the following scheduled fields:

■ Family

■ Type

■ Family and Type

■ Area Type (in area schedules)

■ From Room, To Room (in door schedules)

■ Material parameters

You create a filter based on fields in the project. To create a filter based on a field that does not display in
the schedule, you add the field to the Scheduled Fields list, then hide it on the Formatting tab.
An example of how you might use a filter is in a door schedule that you want to filter by level. In the Filter
tab, you can choose Level as your filtering parameter and set its value to Level 3. Only the doors that are on
level 3 display in the schedule.

Sorting Fields in a Schedule

On the Sorting/Grouping tab of the Schedule Properties dialog, you can specify sorting options for rows in
a schedule, and add headers, footers, and blank lines to sorted rows.
You can also choose to show every instance of an element type, or collapse multiple instances onto a single
row.
Also see Sorting and Grouping Schedule Samples on page 133.
You can sort by any field in a schedule, except Count.

If you want to... then select...

specify a sort field a field for Sort By, and select Ascending or Descending. Select
additional sort fields for Then By, if necessary.

add the sorting parameter value as a header for the sort group Header. For example, you have sorted a window schedule
by Family and Type. A header might read M_Fixed: (Family)
0406 X 0610 (Type).

132 | Chapter 4 Project Views

If you want to... then select...

add footer information below the sort group Footer. When you select Footer, you can select the informa-
tion to display.
■ Title, count, and totals: Title shows the header informa-
tion. Count shows the number of elements in the group.
Both title and count appear left-justified below the group.
Total shows the subtotal below a column that can have
a total. Examples of columns having subtotals are Cost
and Count. You can have totals calculated for these
columns on the Formatting tab.
■ Title and totals: Displays title and subtotal information.
■ Count and totals: Displays both count values and sub-
totals.
■ Totals only: Displays subtotals only for columns that can
have them.

insert a blank line between sort groups Blank Line.

itemize every instance of an element in the schedule Itemize every instance. This option displays all instances of
an element in individual rows. If you clear this option, multiple
instances collapse to the same row based on the sorting
parameter. If you do not specify a sorting parameter, all in-
stances collapse to one row.

Sorting and Grouping Schedule Samples

The following images illustrate sorting and grouping examples for schedules, including itemizing instances,
sorting, and totals.

Itemizing Element Type Instances

The following images show the same schedule, the first with the Itemize every instance option selected, and
the second with this option cleared.

Specifying Schedule Properties | 133

134 | Chapter 4 Project Views
Sorted Schedule with Totals

Adding Grand Totals to a Schedule

1 In the Project Browser, right-click the schedule name, and select Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, for Sorting/Grouping, click Edit.
3 On the Sorting/Grouping tab, select Grand Totals to display the sum of the elements from all
the groups.
Grand totals also display the sum of any columns with subtotals.

4 Select a display option from the drop-down menu:

■ Title, count, and totals: Title shows the header information. Count shows the number of
elements in the group. Both title and count appear left-justified below the group. Total shows
the subtotal below a column that can have a total. Examples of columns having subtotals
are Cost and Count. You add these columns using the Formatting tab.

■ Title and totals: Displays title and subtotal information.

■ Count and totals: Displays count values and subtotals.

■ Totals only: Displays subtotals only for those columns that can have them.

5 Click OK.

Adding Column Totals to a Schedule

1 In the Project Browser, right-click the schedule name, and select Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, for Formatting, click Edit.
3 Select the field to add a column total for, and select Calculate Totals.

NOTE Column totals will not appear if the Grand Totals option on the Sorting/Grouping tab is not
selected. For information on grand total display options, see Adding Grand Totals to a Schedule on
page 135.

4 Click OK.

Specifying Schedule Properties | 135

 Formatting a Schedule
On the Formatting and Appearance tabs of the Schedule Properties dialog, you can specify various formatting
options, such as column orientation and alignment, grid lines, borders, and font style. Options you select
on the Appearance tab display when you add a schedule to a sheet view.
Also see Schedule Formatting Samples on page 139.

Formatting Tab Options

If you want to... then...

edit the title that appears above a column in a schedule select a field to display it in the Heading text box. You can
edit each column name.

specify the orientation of a column heading on a sheet only select a field. Then for Heading Orientation, select an orient-
ation option.

align text in the rows under a column heading select a field, then select an alignment option from the
Alignment drop-down menu.

format the appearance of numeric fields see Formatting Units and Number Fields in a Schedule on
page 137.

format the appearance of currency fields see Formatting Currency Fields in a Schedule on page 138.

display subtotals for a numeric column in a group select the field, then select Calculate Totals. This setting is
available only for fields that can be totaled, such as room
area, cost, count, or room perimeter. If you clear the Grand
Totals option on the Sorting/Grouping tab, no totals display.
For more information, see Adding Column Totals to a
Schedule on page 135.

hide a field in a schedule select the field, then select Hidden field. This option is useful
when you want to sort the schedule by a field, but you do
not want that field to display in the schedule.

TIP You can show or hide any columns while in the schedule view. To hide a column, select a cell in the column
and then right-click. From the shortcut menu, select Hide Column(s). To display all hidden columns, right-click
in the schedule view, and select Unhide All Columns.

Appearance Tab Options

If you want to... then select...

display grid lines around schedule rows Grid lines, and then select the grid line style from the list.

extend vertical grid lines into headers, footers, and spaces Grid in headers/footers/spacers.

display a border around the schedule Outline, and then select a line style from the list. The border
displays when you add a schedule to a sheet view. If you clear

136 | Chapter 4 Project Views

If you want to... then select...

this option, but the Grid lines option is still selected, the grid
line style is used as the border style.

specify the font for the heading text a font from the list, enter a font size, and select bold or italic
attributes.

display the title of the schedule Title. To create a different underscore line style, select Under-
line and then select the line style from the list.

display the scheduled fields as column titles Column headers. To create a different underscore line style,
select Underline, and then select the line style from the list.

insert a blank row before the data rows Blank row before data. This option affects both the schedule
segment on the sheet and the schedule view.

specify the font for the body text a font from the list, enter a font size, and select bold or italic
attributes.

Formatting Units and Number Fields in a Schedule

1 In the Project Browser, right-click the schedule name, and select Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, for Formatting, click Edit.
3 Select a length (includes height fields), area, volume, angle, or Number field from the list.

NOTE A Number field is a project parameter or calculated value that was created as a Number type.
When you create a calculated value on the Fields tab of the Schedule Properties dialog, you see the
Calculated Value dialog, where you can select the type. The following image shows this dialog with
the Number type selected.

4 Click Field Format.

The Format dialog appears. The Use project settings option is selected by default. This means
that values display according to the units setting in the project.

5 Clear the Use project settings option.

6 If you selected a length, area, volume, or angle field:
a For Units, select an appropriate unit.

Specifying Schedule Properties | 137

 b For Rounding, select an appropriate value. If you select Custom, enter a value in the
Rounding increment text box.

c If applicable, select a Unit symbol.

7 If you selected a Number field, select one of the following formatting options:
■ General: displays values with up to 6 decimal places, and removes trailing zeros.

■ Fixed: allows you to specify rounding, and preserves trailing zeros.

■ Percentage: multiplies the value by 100, and inserts a percent sign (%) adjacent to the value.

8 Click OK.

Formatting Currency Fields in a Schedule

1 In the Project Browser, right-click the schedule name, and select Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, for Formatting, click Edit.
3 Select the Cost field or a Currency field from the Fields list.

NOTE A Currency field is a parameter or calculated value that was created as a Currency type.

4 Click Field Format.

5 Clear the Use project settings option.
6 For Rounding, select an appropriate value. If you select Custom, enter a value in the Rounding
increment text box.
7 For Unit symbol, select the appropriate currency symbol.
8 Optionally, select suppress trailing 0’s.
When selected, trailing zeros do not display (for example, 123.400 displays as 123.4).

9 Optionally, select Use digit grouping.

When selected, the Decimal symbol/digit grouping option specified in the Project Units dialog
is applied to the unit value.

10 Click OK.

138 | Chapter 4 Project Views

Schedule Formatting Samples
The following images illustrate some examples of how you can format a schedule, including field formatting,
showing or hiding grid lines, calculating totals, outlines, and underlines.

NOTE The grid lines, outlines, and underlines used in these samples are custom line styles. To create your own
line styles, see Creating a Line Style on page 485.

Schedule Field Formatting

Calculating Totals

Specifying Schedule Properties | 139

 Schedule with Grid Lines

Schedule with Grid Lines and an Outline

140 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 Schedule with an Outline and Underlines

Applying a Phase to a Schedule

1 In the Project Browser, right-click the schedule name, and click Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, enter values for the Phase Filter and Phase parameters.
3 Click OK.
For more information on phases, see Project Phasing on page 1263.

Modifying Schedules
There are various ways to modify schedules to improve the readability and to keep them up to date with
changes in your project.

Schedule Updates

All schedules update automatically when you modify the project. For example, if you move a wall, the square
footage updates in a room schedule accordingly.
When you change the properties of building components in the project, the associated schedule updates
automatically. For example, you could select a door in the project and change the manufacturer property
of it. The door schedule would reflect the change to the manufacturer property.

Editing Cells in a Schedule

You can edit the cells in a schedule by clicking in them. You can either select a value from a list (if available)
or enter text. As you add new values, they become available in that field's list.

Applying a Phase to a Schedule | 141

 To enter carriage returns in a text cell, press CTRL+ENTER. Carriage returns display when you place the schedule
on a sheet.
For schedules grouped by type, changes to a type are propagated to all instances of that type within the
project.

Grouping Column Headings in a Schedule

After you create a schedule, you may want to change its organization and structure by grouping columns.
You can create several layers of headings and subheadings to provide more detail in your schedule.
1 Open a schedule view.
2 In the group header rows, click and drag to select the headings to group.
Be sure the cursor appears as an arrowhead as you select the headings, as shown in the following
image.

3 On the Options Bar, click Group, or right-click the selected headings, and click Group Headers.
A new heading row displays above the grouped column headings, as shown in the following
image.

4 Enter text in the new row as necessary.

Text in the new heading row is centered.

To modify the text in a column group heading, click the heading field and edit the text. To delete the column
heading row, select the heading and, on the Options Bar, click Ungroup, or right-click in the heading cell,
and click Ungroup Headers.

Hiding Schedule Columns

1 Open a schedule view.
2 Right-click a column, and click Hide Column.

Deleting Schedule Rows

1 Open a schedule view.
2 Select a row in the schedule.
3 On the Options Bar, click Delete.

Reusing Schedule Views

Schedule formatting can be saved as a view template and applied to or reused in another project. Templates
can be applied to selected schedules or to all schedules on selected sheets. By default, new schedules can be
based on a template through a setting on the Apply View Template dialog.
For more information on view templates, see View Templates on page 498

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 Saving Schedule Views to an External Project
Use the following procedure to save the format of a schedule view to an external Revit Architecture file for
use in another Revit Architecture project.
1 In the Project Browser, right-click the view name, and click Save to New File.
2 In the Save As dialog, enter a name for the file, and click Save.
This procedure saves the formatting of the schedule, but not the actual scheduled components.

Inserting Schedule Views from Another Project

1 Click File menu ➤ Insert From File ➤ Views.
2 Select a Revit Architecture project that contains the views to insert, and click Open.
All the views that are saved with the project display in the Insert Views dialog.

3 Select the views to display from the list.

4 Check the views you would like to insert, and click OK.
A new schedule view is created in the Project Browser with all the saved formatting of the original schedule,
and all the parameter fields that may have been customized for that schedule.

Foundation Footings Schedule Example

In this example, a footing schedule is created. The following illustration is used for the example.
Sample structural foundation plan used for creating schedule

1 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Schedule/Quantities.

2 In the New Schedule dialog, select Structural Foundation for Category.
3 For Name, enter Foundation Schedule.
4 Click OK.

Foundation Footings Schedule Example | 143

 5 In the Schedule Properties dialog, add the following available fields (in this order) to the
Scheduled Fields list: Type, Length, Width, Volume, Count, Comments.
6 Click the Sorting/Grouping tab.
7 Set the first Sort By list to Type.
8 Clear the Itemize every instance option.
9 Click OK.
10 You may add this schedule to a sheet. See Adding a Schedule to a Sheet on page 1002.

Exporting a Schedule
You can export a schedule as a delimited text file, which can be opened in many spreadsheet programs.
If you add a schedule to a sheet, you can export it as a CAD format.

To export a schedule:
1 Open a schedule view.
2 Click File menu ➤ Export ➤ Schedule.
3 In the Export Schedule dialog, specify a name and directory for the schedule, and click Save.
The Export Schedule dialog appears.

4 Under Schedule appearance, select export options:

■ Export column headers: specifies whether Revit Architecture column headers export.
■ One row: only the bottom column header exports.

■ Multiple rows, as formatted: all column headers export, including grouped column header
cells.

■ Export group headers, footers, and blank lines: specifies whether sort group header rows,
footers, and blank lines export.

5 Under Output options, specify how you want to display the data in the output file:
■ Field delimiter: specifies whether fields in the output file are separated by tabs, spaces,
commas, or semi-colons.

■ Text qualifier: specifies whether the text in each field of the output file should be enclosed
by a single or double quote, or no annotation.

6 Click OK.
Revit Architecture saves the file as delimited text, a format that can be opened in spreadsheet programs,
such as Microsoft® Excel or Lotus® 123.

Duplicate Dependent Views

You can create multiple copies of a view that are dependent on the primary view. All copies, known as
dependent views, remain synchronous with the primary view and all other dependent views, so that when
view-specific changes (such as view scale and annotations) are made in one view, they are reflected in all
views.

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Creating dependent views may be useful in the following scenarios:

■ You are working on a large project with an extensive floor plate, and you want to crop the view into
smaller segments so you can place them on sheets. When you make changes to dependent segments of
the view, you can quickly see how they effect the view as a whole by looking at the primary view.

■ You need to place a view on more than one sheet.

Dependent views display in the Project Browser under the primary view. You can insert matchlines to indicate
where the view is split, and view references to link views.
The following image shows a project view, Level 1, that has been split into 2 dependent views, Left and
Right. Level 1 is the primary view and is shown in the drawing area with its crop region and the crop regions
for the dependent views visible, a matchline indicating where the view is split (dashed blue line), and view
references (1/A102 and 1/A101).

NOTE In the following image, the graphic display of the matchline has been overridden. The default graphic
display of a matchline is a dashed black line.

Supported View Types for Dependent Views

You can create dependent views for plan views, elevation views, section views, and callout views. When you
create dependent section, elevation, or callout views, a new section, elevation, or callout symbol is generated
on top of the original symbol. You can move the new symbol independently.

Visibility and Graphic Settings for Dependent Views

When you add view-specific information to a primary view or a dependent view, it is visible in all related
views. You can specify visibility and graphic overrides to individual elements on a per-view basis. This allows
you to clean up areas where there is overlap between related views. For more information, see Hiding Elements
in a View on page 160.

Duplicate Dependent Views | 145

 Dependent Views and View Properties

A dependent view inherits view properties and view-specific elements from the primary view. Synchrony is
kept between the primary view and dependent views for the following view properties:

■ View Scale

■ Display model

■ Detail Level

■ Visibility settings

■ Model Graphics Style

■ Advanced Model Graphics

■ Hide at scales coarser than

■ Underlay

■ Underlay orientation

■ Wall Join Display

■ Discipline

■ Color Scheme Location

■ Color Scheme

■ Phase Filter

■ Phase

■ Associated Level

■ Default View Template

■ View Range

■ Depth Clipping

■ Far Clipping

■ Far Clip Offset

The following properties can vary between the primary view and dependent views:

■ Orientation

■ Identity Data properties (with the exception of the Default View Template property)

■ Extent properties (with the exceptions of View Range and Associated Level)

■ Scope Box

■ Project parameters

■ Shared parameters

Creating Dependent Views

1 In the Project Browser, select the view to create dependents for.

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 NOTE You cannot create a dependent view from another dependent view.

2 Click View menu ➤ Duplicate View ➤ Duplicate as a Dependent, or right-click the view name,
and click Duplicate View ➤ Duplicate as a Dependent.
The dependent view opens. In the default Project Browser organization, the dependent view
displays under the primary view. If you customize the Project Browser display, dependent views
can be grouped and filtered like other view types.

3 Optionally, in the Project Browser, right-click the dependent view name, and click Rename.
Enter a new name for the view, and click OK.
4 Select the crop boundaries and resize as necessary to show only the necessary portion of the
view.

If crop regions are not visible click (Show Crop Region) on the View Control Bar. You can
display model and annotation crop regions. For more information, see Crop Regions on page
163.

Adding Matchlines for Dependent Views

Matchlines are sketch lines that you can add to a view to indicate where a view is split, as shown in the
following image.

You can customize the look of matchlines by editing the line weight, color, and pattern in the Object Styles
dialog. See Object Styles on page 484. You can add view references near a matchline to link views. See
Navigating Primary and Dependent Views on page 148.

Adding a Matchline
1 Open the primary view from which your dependent views were created.

2 If crop regions are not visible, click (Show Crop Region) on the View Control Bar.
The crop region for the primary view and the crop regions for dependent views are visible.

3 Click Drafting menu ➤ Matchline, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Matchline.
4 Sketch the matchline.
5 When finished, click Finish Sketch.

Adding Matchlines for Dependent Views | 147

 Modifying a Matchline
To edit the matchline sketch:
1 Open any view in which the matchline is visible, and select the matchline.
2 On the Options Bar, click Edit.
3 Edit the sketch line as necessary.
4 When finished, click Finish Sketch.

To override matchline graphic format in a view:

1 Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics, or use the keyboard shortcut VG.

2 Click the Annotation Categories tab.
3 Select Matchline from the list.
4 Click Override in the Lines column.
5 In the Line Graphics dialog, select values for Line Weight, Line Color, and Line Pattern, and
click OK.
6 Click Apply to see your changes, and click OK to exit the Visibility/Graphics dialog.

Matchline Properties
The following matchline properties are available for matchlines drawn in plan and callout views.

NOTE Matchline properties are not available in elevation or sections views since specifying top and bottom level
constraints do not apply in these view types.

Name Description

Constraints

Top Constraint Specify the top level on which the matchline is visible.

Top Offset Specify a distance above the top level on which you want the matchline to be visible.

Bottom Constraint Specify the bottom level on which the matchline is visible.

Bottom Offset Specify a distance below the bottom level on which you want the matchline to be visible.

Navigating Primary and Dependent Views

Use any of the following methods to navigate between primary and dependent views.

■ To go to the primary view from a dependent view, right-click a dependent view crop boundary, and click
Go to Primary View.

■ To go to a dependent view from the primary view, right-click the crop boundary of the view you want
to go to, and click Go to View.

■ If there is a view reference, double-click it to open the view that it references. The following image shows
view references (1/A102 and 1/A101) on the matchline.

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 A view reference is a symbol. You can create a view reference family in the Family Editor. View reference
families can contain lines, filled regions, text and labels for the view number and sheet number parameter
values.

To add a view reference:

1 Open the view to which you want to add a reference.

NOTE If the view is on a sheet, right-click the view, and click Activate View.

2 Click Drafting menu ➤ View Reference, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click View
Reference.
3 On the Options Bar, select the target view.
Alternatively, click the crop region of the view you want to reference. If crop regions are not
visible click (Show Crop Region) on the View Control Bar.

4 Click in the drawing area to place the reference.

View references display in the primary view and all related dependent views (except for the view
that it is referencing). For example, if you have a view split into 2 dependent views (left and
right), and you add a view reference to the right view to reference the left, the view reference
appears in the primary view and in the right view, but not in the left view.

To hide view references:

1 Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics, or use the keyboard shortcut VG.

2 Click the Annotation Categories tab.
3 Clear the check box for View Reference.

Propagating Dependent View Configuration

After you have set up dependent view configuration for one view, you can propagate the view and crop
region configuration to parallel views of the same scale. New dependent views display in the Project Browser
under the primary view, but are not placed on sheets.

To propagate dependent view configuration:

1 In the Project Browser, select the primary view to propagate.

Propagating Dependent View Configuration | 149

 2 Click View menu ➤ Apply Dependent Views, or right-click the view name, and click Apply
Dependent Views.
The Select Views dialog opens and displays parallel views of the same scale that do not already
have dependent views.

3 Click to select the appropriate views.

4 Click OK.
The new dependent views display in the Project Browser under their primary view. Right-click the view, and
click Rename to change the name, as necessary. Associativity is not maintained between the original set of
views and the new set of views after the configuration is propagated.

Making a Dependent View Independent

In the Project Browser, right-click a dependent view, and click Convert to independent view.

Deleting Dependent Views

When you delete a view that has dependent views, all dependent views are also deleted. When you delete
a dependent view, the view and all view references for that view are deleted.
1 In the Project Browser, select the view.

2 Right-click, and select Delete, or click on the toolbar.

Visibility and Graphic Display in Project Views

You can override the visibility and graphic display of model elements, annotation elements, imported
elements, linked Revit model elements, and workset elements for each view in a project. The settings that
you are overriding are those specified at the project level. Project level settings are specified in the Object
Styles dialog. See Object Styles on page 484.
You can override the cut, projection, and surface display for model categories and filters. For annotation
categories and imported categories, you can edit the projection and surface display. In addition, for model
categories and filters, you can apply transparency to faces. You can also specify visibility, half-tone display,
and detail level of an element category, filter, or individual element.
Most overrides for visibility and graphic display are made in the Visibility/Graphics dialog. The exception
is for individual element overrides: these are made in the View-Specific Element Graphics dialog. From the
Visibility/Graphics dialog, you can view overrides that have already been applied to a category. If the graphic
display of a category has been overridden, the cell displays a preview of the graphic. If no overrides have
been made to a category, the cell is blank and the element displays as specified in the Object Styles dialog.
In the following image, the doors category has overrides for projection/surface lines and for cut pattern.

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 For information on visibility settings for elements in linked Revit models and elements in worksets, see
Visibility for Linked Revit Models on page 1218 and Controlling Workset Visibility on page 1203.

Creating Views for Specific Purposes

Since you can control element visibility and graphic display by view, you can create views for specific
purposes. Some possibilities include:

■ Furniture Layout—Show furniture half-toned on lighting RCP plan.

■ Sprinkler Layout—Show sprinklers prominently on a half-toned ceiling plan.

■ Furniture Plan—Show furniture and associated symbols, with room names and numbers, on a half-toned
floor plan.

■ Equipment Plan—As in an industrial kitchen layout: floor-mounted equipment shown prominently,

wall-mounted equipment shown with an alternate line weight, and ceiling equipment (hoods) shown
with a third line weight, on a half-toned power plan.

■ Fire-Safety Plan—Show 1-hour, 2-hour, and other fire-rated enclosures on a half-toned floor plan in a
manner so that you can distinguish the ratings. Overhead exit signs and sprinklers can appear in one
color, and wall-mounted alarm devices and fire-extinguishers can appear in another color.

■ Restoration Work—Show periods of existing materials in a building being reviewed for historic alterations.
For example, 17th-century features shown in line weight 1, 18th-century features shown in line weight
2, and proposed alterations shown in line weight 3.

Overriding Visibility and Graphic Display of Individual Elements

NOTE If you need to override visibility and graphic display for element categories, see Overriding Graphic Display
of Element Categories on page 152 and Specifying Element Category Visibility on page 154.

1 Open the view in which you want to override visibility or graphic display of individual elements.
2 In the drawing area, right-click the element you want to override, and click Override Graphics
in View ➤ By Element.

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 The View-Specific Element Graphics dialog opens and displays the current visibility and graphic
display settings for the element. You may need to expand the categories to view setting details.

3 In the View-Specific Element Graphics dialog, make your edits.

NOTE For annotation, import, and detail elements, only relevant override options display.

■ Visibility: show or hide the element in the view.

■ Halftone: blend the line color of an element half-way with the background color of the view.
All line graphics (including fill patterns) and solid fills are drawn half-tone when this option
is selected. Halftone has no effect on material color in shaded views.

■ Transparent: display only lines for the element and not surfaces.
When elements are transparent, only edges and fill patterns (including solid fills) are drawn
on element faces. The faces between pattern lines are not drawn. In Hidden Line view and
Shaded with Edges view, parts of edges are hidden. An edge can be hidden by the face of any
non-transparent element and by a face of its own element (even when it is marked
transparent). Edges are not hidden by other transparent elements.

■ Projection Lines: edit the line weight, color, and pattern.

■ Surface Patterns: edit visibility, color, and pattern.

■ Cut Lines: edit the line weight, color, and pattern.

■ Cut Patterns: edit visibility, color, and pattern.

After you edit any of the above, you can click Apply to keep the View-Specific Element Graphics
dialog open and instantly see how the change affects the model.

4 When finished, click OK.

NOTE Individual element overrides are not stored in view templates.

Overriding Graphic Display of Element Categories

NOTE If you need to override visibility or graphic display for an individual element, see Overriding Visibility and
Graphic Display of Individual Elements on page 151.

1 Open the view in which you want to override graphic display of element categories.

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 2 Right-click an element in the drawing area, and click Override Graphics in View ➤ By Category.
When you use this method, the element’s category is already highlighted when the
Visibility/Graphics dialog opens.
Alternatively, you can click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics, or use the keyboard shortcut VG
or VV.

NOTE If you open the Visibility/Graphics dialog from a drafting view, only those categories that can
appear in a drafting view display.

3 If necessary, click the appropriate tab in the Visibility/Graphics dialog (Model Categories,
Annotation Categories, or Imported Categories).
If you are overriding element categories in a linked Revit model:
a Click the Revit Links tab.

b Click the button in the Display Settings column.

c In the RVT Link Display Settings dialog, click Custom.

d Click the appropriate tab (Model Categories, Annotation Categories, or Imported Categories).

e Select Custom from the drop-down menu.

4 Highlight a category row.

5 Click the Override button for the line or pattern to edit.

NOTE For annotation and imported categories, you can only override projection and surface display.

6 For lines, edit the line weight, line color, and line pattern. For patterns, edit the fill color and
fill pattern.
7 Select the Halftone check box next to a category to blend the line color of an element about 50
percent with the background color of the view. This produces a lighter shade for the line color.
8 For model categories, you can also override the detail level.
For Detail Level, select a detail level at which to display the element category. This overrides
the detail level of the view. For example, you can set a wall to display at medium or fine detail
level to see its structure, even if the view detail level is set to coarse.
You cannot set the detail level for subcategories. They inherit it from their parent category.

9 Click Apply to view your changes, and click OK to exit the Visibility/Graphics dialog.

Removing Graphic Display Overrides for Element Categories

1 Open the view in which you want to remove graphic overrides.
2 Right-click an element in the drawing area, and click Override Graphics in View ➤ By Category.
When you use this method, the element’s category is already highlighted when the
Visibility/Graphics dialog opens.
Alternatively, you can click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics, or use the keyboard shortcut VG
or VV.

NOTE If you open the Visibility/Graphics dialog from a drafting view, only those categories that can
appear in a drafting view display.

Removing Graphic Display Overrides for Element Categories | 153

 3 If necessary, click the appropriate tab in the Visibility/Graphics dialog (Model Categories,
Annotation Categories, or Imported Categories).
If you are editing element categories in a linked Revit model:
a Click the Revit Links tab.

b Click the button in the Display Settings column.

c In the RVT Link Display Settings dialog, click Custom.

d Click the appropriate tab (Model Categories, Annotation Categories, or Imported Categories).

e Select Custom from the drop-down menu.

4 Highlight a category row or rows.

5 Click the Override button for the line or pattern to edit.
6 Click Clear Overrides.
7 Click Apply to view your changes, and click OK to exit the Visibility/Graphics dialog.
When you remove a graphic display override, the element category displays in the view according to the
settings specified in the Object Styles dialog. For more information, see Object Styles on page 484.

Specifying Element Category Visibility

NOTE For information on visibility settings for element categories in linked Revit models and worksets, see Visibility
for Linked Revit Models on page 1218 and Controlling Workset Visibility on page 1203.

1 Right-click an element in the drawing area, and click Override Graphics in View ➤ By Category.
When you use this method, the element’s category is already highlighted when the
Visibility/Graphics dialog opens.
Alternatively, you can click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics, or use the keyboard shortcut VG
or VV.

NOTE If you open the Visibility/Graphics dialog from a drafting view, only those categories that can
appear in a drafting view display.

2 Click the Model Categories, Annotation Categories, or Imported Categories tab.

3 To set category visibility, select or clear the check box next to the category or subcategory. If
you clear the check box for a category, all subcategories for that category will not be visible in
the view.
4 To hide all categories, clear the check box at the top of the tab. For example, to hide all model
categories, clear the Show model categories in this view check box.
By default, the Visibility/Graphics dialog lists only those element categories that are appropriate
to the particular discipline of Revit you are working with (for example, Revit Architecture). To
list categories from all disciplines, select the Show categories from all disciplines check box.

5 Click Apply to view your changes, and click OK to exit the Visibility/Graphics dialog.

Controlling Category Selection

■ Click All to select all rows in the table. If the visibility of all categories is selected, you can clear it for all
categories by clearing one category.

■ Click None to clear the selection of any selected rows.

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 ■ Click Invert to change the selection of rows between ones that are selected and ones that are not. For
example, if 6 rows are selected and you click Invert Selection, those 6 rows are no longer selected and all
others are.

■ Click Expand All to expand the entire category tree and make all subcategories visible. This makes it
easier to select all categories and subcategories, using the All command.

■ Select a cell with a check box and press SPACEBAR to select or clear the check box.

■ Select a category row with focus in the Visibility cell. Press RIGHT ARROW to expand the category tree.
Press LEFT ARROW to collapse the tree.

Applying Transparency to Faces of Model Element Categories

NOTE If you need to apply transparency to an individual model element face, see Overriding Visibility and Graphic
Display of Individual Elements on page 151.

1 Open the view in which you want to apply transparency to model category faces.
2 Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics, or right-click an element in the drawing area, and click
Override Graphics in View ➤ By Category.
3 In the Visibility/Graphics dialog, click the Model Categories tab.
If you are editing model categories for elements in a linked Revit model:
a Click the Revit Links tab.

b Click the button in the Display Settings column.

c In the RVT Link Display Settings dialog, click Custom.

d Click the Model Categories tab.

e Select <Custom> from the drop-down menu.

4 Highlight a category row or rows.

5 In the Transparent column, select the check box.
6 Click Apply to view your changes, and click OK to exit the Visibility/Graphics dialog.
When elements are transparent, only edges and fill patterns (including solid fills) are drawn on element
faces. The faces between pattern lines are not drawn. In Hidden Line view and Shaded with Edges view, parts
of edges are hidden. An edge can be hidden by the face of any non-transparent element and by a face of its
own element (even when it is marked transparent). Edges are not hidden by other transparent elements.
The following images show the same model in 3D view. The second image shows how part of the roof looks
when transparency is applied.

Applying Transparency to Faces of Model Element Categories | 155

Controlling Visibility and Graphic Display of Elements Using Filters
Filters provide a way to override the graphic display and control the visibility of elements that share common
properties in a view. For example, if you need to change the line style and color for 2-hour fire-rated walls,
you can create a filter that selects all walls in the view that have the 2-hour value for the Fire Rating parameter.
You can then select the filter, define the visibility and graphic display settings (such as line style and color),
and apply the filter to the view. When you do this, all walls that meet the criteria defined in the filter update
with the appropriate visibility and graphics settings.

Creating a Filter
1 Click Settings menu ➤ Filters.

2 In the Filters dialog, click (New), or select an existing filter and click (Duplicate).

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 NOTE If you open a Revit project that was created in Revit Structure, you may see in the list of
available filters Selection Filters and Rule-based filters. You can modify and apply rule-based filters in
Revit Architecture. You can also apply selection filters in Revit Architecture, but selection filters can
only be modified in Revit Structure.

3 If you are creating a new filter, in the Filter Name dialog, enter a name for the filter.
If you are duplicating an existing filter, the new filter displays in the Filters list. For example, if
you are duplicating a filter called 2-hour Fire-Rated Doors, the name 2-hour Fire-Rated Doors 1

displays in the Filters list. To rename the filter, click the name and click (or right-click the
name, and click Rename).

4 Click OK.
5 Under Categories, click one or more categories to include in the filter.
The categories that you select determine the parameters that are available in the Filter By lists.
The parameters that display are those that are common to all selected categories.
For example, you can create a filter to show only 2-hour fire-rated doors. In this case, you would
select only the doors category. If you wanted to create a filter to show 2-hour fire-rated doors
and walls, you would select the doors and walls categories.

6 From the Filter By list, select the parameter to filter by (for example, fire rating).
If the parameter you want to filter by is not in the list, click More Parameters to view additional
parameters or to create a custom parameter. To create a custom parameter (for example, NIC
[not in contract]):
a In the Project Parameters dialog, click Add.

b In the Parameter Properties dialog, enter the parameter data. In this example, the parameter
name is NIC, the discipline is Common, the Type of Parameter is Yes/No, the parameter is
grouped in the Element Properties dialog under Other, the parameter is an instance
parameter, and the parameter only applies to elements in the Casework and Furniture
categories.

Controlling Visibility and Graphic Display of Elements Using Filters | 157

 c Click OK.

d If elements are selected in the drawing area, the Parameter Value dialog opens. Specify a
parameter value for the selected elements, and click OK.

e In the Project Parameters dialog, click OK.

f In the Filters dialog, select the parameter from the Filter By list.

For more information on creating custom parameters, see Custom Parameters on page 440.

7 Select the filter operator from the following options:

■ Equals: The characters must match exactly.

■ Does not equal: Excludes everything that does not match the value you enter.

■ Is greater than: Looks for values greater than the value you enter. If you enter 23, values
greater than but not equal to 23 are returned.

■ Is greater than or equal to: Looks for values greater than or equal to the value you enter. If
you enter 23, values of 23 and greater are returned.

■ Is less than: Looks for values less than the value you enter. If you enter 23, values less than
but not equal to 23 are returned.

■ Is less than or equal to: Looks for values less than or equal to the value you enter. If you
enter 23, values of 23 and lower are returned.

■ Contains: Selects a character anywhere in a string. If you enter the character H, all attributes
that contain the character H are returned.

■ Does not contain: Excludes a character anywhere in a string. If you enter the character H,
all attributes that contain the letter H are excluded.

■ Begins with: Selects a character at the beginning of a string. If you enter the character H, all
attributes that begin with H are returned.

■ Does not begin with: Excludes a character at the beginning of a string. If you enter the
character H, all attributes that begin with H are excluded.

■ Ends with: Selects a character at the end of a string. If you enter the character H, all attributes
that end with H are returned.

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 ■ Does not end with: Excludes a character at the end of a string. If you enter the character H,
all attributes that end with H are excluded.

8 Enter a value for the filter, or select a value from the list (available for some parameter types).

NOTE If you select the equals operator, the value that you enter must match the search value. The
search is case-sensitive.

9 Enter additional filter criteria as necessary. You can add up to 3 additional criteria. When you
enter more than one filter criterion, elements must meet all criteria to be selected.
10 Click OK when you are done creating filter criteria.

Applying a Filter
1 Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics, or type VV or VG to open the Visibility/Graphics dialog.
Alternatively, right-click an element in the drawing area, and click Override Graphics in
View ➤ By Filter.

2 Click the Filters tab.

3 Click Add.
The Filters dialog opens, which contains a list of filters created within the project. If no filters
exist in the project, click Edit/New to create a filter.
For details on creating a filter, see Creating a Filter on page 156.

4 Select a filter, and click OK.

5 Select or clear the Visibility check box to turn visibility of the filtered object on or off.
6 Override the projection, surface, and cut line styles and projection patterns as necessary.
7 Check the Halftone option to make filtered objects appear at halftone.
8 Check the Transparent option to make filtered objects transparent.
9 Click OK or Apply to activate the filter for that view.
Filters are view-specific. OK activates the filter and closes the dialog. Apply activates the filter
and keeps the dialog open.

NOTE If multiple selection filters are applied to the same view, the order in which they are listed
denotes priority. The selection filter nearest the top of the list takes precedence.

Modifying Filter Criteria

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Filters.
Alternatively, click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics, click the Filters tab, and then click Edit/New.

2 In the Filters dialog, select the filter you want to modify from the filters list.

NOTE If you open a Revit project that was created in Revit Structure, you may see in the list of
available filters Selection Filters and Rule-based filters. You can modify and apply rule-based filters in
Revit Architecture. You can also apply selection filters in Revit Architecture, but selection filters can
only be modified in Revit Structure.

Controlling Visibility and Graphic Display of Elements Using Filters | 159

 3 To rename the filter, click . Enter a new name for the filter, and click OK.

4 To delete the filter, click . Click Yes to confirm the deletion.

5 Modify the categories and filter rules, as necessary.
6 Click OK.

Modifying Filter Visibility and Graphics Settings

1 Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics, or type VV or VG to open the Visibility/Graphics dialog.
Alternatively, right-click an element in the drawing area, and click Override Graphics in
View ➤ By Filter.

2 For Name, select the filter to modify.

3 Modify visibility, projection, surface, and cut line patterns and styles, halftone, and transparency,
as necessary.
4 Click OK.

Hiding Elements in a View

You can hide individual elements or categories of elements in a view permanently or temporarily. When
you hide an element that is used as a reference for a tag or a dimension, the tag or dimension is also hidden.
Hiding a revision cloud does not affect the revision table.

Hiding Elements
1 In the drawing area, select the element to hide.
2 Click View menu ➤ Hide in View ➤ Elements or Category, or right-click the element, and click
Hide in View ➤ Elements or Category.
If you select Element, the element is hidden in the view. If you select Category, all elements of that category
are hidden in the view.

Revealing and Unhiding Hidden Elements

1 On the View Control Bar, click .

The drawing area and the Reveal Hidden Elements icon display with a magenta border to indicate
you are in Reveal Hidden Element mode. All hidden elements display in magenta, and visible
elements display in half-tone.

160 | Chapter 4 Project Views

To unhide hidden elements:

2 Select the element.

3 Do one of the following:
■ On the Options Bar, click Unhide Element or Unhide Category.

■ Right-click the element, and click Unhide in View ➤ Elements or Category.

■ Click View menu ➤ Unhide in View ➤ Elements or Category.

NOTE The Unhide Element and Unhide Category options become active when you select an element
that was hidden by element or, a category that was hidden by category.

4 On the View Control Bar, click to exit Reveal Hidden Elements mode.

Temporarily Hiding or Isolating Elements or Element Categories

Temporarily hiding or isolating elements or element categories may be useful when you want to see or edit
only a few elements of a certain category in a view. The Hide command hides the selected elements in the
view, and the Isolate command shows the selected elements and hides all other elements in the view. The
command affects only the active view in the drawing area.
Element visibility reverts back to its original state when you close the project, unless you make the changes
permanent. Temporary Hide/Isolate also does not affect printing.

To temporarily hide or isolate elements or element categories:

1 In the drawing area, select one or more elements.

2 On the View Control Bar, click (Temporary Hide/Isolate) and then select one of the following:
■ Isolate Category: in other words, if you select some walls and doors, only walls and doors
will remain visible in the view.

■ Hide Category: hide all selected categories in the view. If you select some walls and doors,
all walls and doors will be hidden in the view.

Hiding Elements in a View | 161

 ■ Isolate Element: isolate only the selected elements.

■ Hide Element: hide only the selected elements.

NOTE You can also access these commands using View menu ➤ Temporary Hide/Isolate, or you can
use the keyboard shortcuts displayed next to the command in the menu.

When you temporarily hide an element or element category, the drawing area displays with a
blue border, as shown in the following image.

To exit temporary hide/isolate mode without saving changes:

3 On the View Control Bar, click and then click Reset Temporary Hide/Isolate.
All temporarily hidden elements are restored to the view.

To exit temporary hide/isolate mode and make changes permanent:

4 On the View Control Bar, click and then click Apply Hide/Isolate to View.
If you make temporarily hidden elements permanent, you can reveal them at a later time and unhide them
if necessary. For information, see Revealing and Unhiding Hidden Elements on page 160.

Overriding Individual Lines in an Element

You can use the Linework tool to override the line style of individual element lines. For more information,
see Changing the Line Style of Elements on page 326.

Overriding Host Layers

Using overrides, you can control the visibility of cut edges in host layers in plan and section views. The hosts
to which you can apply an override are walls, roofs, floors, and ceilings. You can assign line weight, line
color, and line pattern to each of the layer functions: Structure, Substrate, Thermal/Air, Finish 1, and Finish
2. You can also control the line styles for common edges, which occur when a line is common to 2 layers

162 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 of differing functions. If both layers are drawn in line styles with the same pen weight, the properties assigned
to common edges are used.
You can also select from the following core layer clean-up options:

■ Default: This is the current behavior.

■ Use Function: Ignores the material settings (the line is never invisible) and sets the style of the separating
line based on the layers' functional priorities. The style of a separating line is determined by the layer
with the higher functional priority.

■ Use Common Edge Style: Ignores the functional priorities and material settings, and always uses the
common edge style.

■ No Edge: Sets the separating line to invisible whenever the layers have the same fill pattern.

The line styles that you assign to the host structure are view-specific; they are visible only in the view in
which you create them. The overrides are applied to the cut edges of all hosts in the view.

Override Cut Line Styles

Use the override feature to assign different line weights to the cut lines and structural core lines of a wall in
plan view.
1 Open a plan view.
2 Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics.
3 Under Override Host Layers, select Cut Line Styles, and click Edit.
4 In the Host Layer Line Styles dialog, assign line weights, line colors, and line patterns to host
layers, as desired.
5 For Core layer clean-up, select an option. See Overriding Host Layers on page 162.
6 Click OK.
7 In the Visibility/Graphics dialog, click OK.

Crop Regions
The crop region defines the boundaries for a project view. You can display a model crop region and an
annotation crop region in all graphical project views. Perspective 3D views do not support the annotation
crop region.
The following image shows a plan view with the model and annotation crop regions visible. The annotation
crop is the exterior crop region, and the model crop is the interior crop region.

Crop Regions | 163

 You can show or hide model and annotation crop regions. See Showing or Hiding Crop Regions on page
165. You can also resize a crop region by dragging the blue controls or by explicitly setting the size. See
Resizing Crop Regions Graphically on page 165 and Resizing Crop Regions Explicitly on page 166.

Model Crop Region

The model crop region crops model elements, detail elements (such as insulation and detail lines), section
boxes, and scope boxes at the model crop boundary. Visible crop boundaries of other related views are also
cropped at the model crop boundary.

Annotation Crop Region

An annotation crop region fully crops annotation elements when it touches any portion of the annotation
element, so that no partial annotations are drawn. Annotations (such as symbols, tags, keynotes, and
dimensions) that reference hidden or cropped model elements do not appear in the view, even if they are
inside the annotation crop region. For example, if a door has been cropped from the view by the model
crop, the door tag will not be visible even if it is positioned inside the annotation crop.
Datum (grids and levels) that cross the model crop region display their heads and tails so that they are visible
inside the annotation crop boundary. Datum are not resized; when you turn off the crop region, (the Do
Not Crop View option) datum display at the original size they were drawn.
The annotation crop does not display by default when you show crop regions in a primary view. The
annotation crop does display by default when you show crop regions in dependent views. For more
information on primary and dependent views, see Duplicate Dependent Views on page 144.

164 | Chapter 4 Project Views

Cropping a View

1 If the crop region is not visible, click (Show Crop Region) on the View Control Bar.
2 Resize the crop region as necessary by using the drag control or setting the size explicitly.
For more information, see Resizing Crop Regions Graphically on page 165 and Resizing Crop
Regions Explicitly on page 166.

3 On the View Control Bar, click (Crop View).

Showing or Hiding Crop Regions

On the View Control Bar, click (Show Crop Region or Hide Crop Region).

To show or hide the annotation crop:

1 After you show crop regions, if the annotation crop region is hidden, right-click in the drawing
area, and click View Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, select (or clear) the check box for Annotation Crop.
3 Click OK.
In the drawing area, select the crop region, and both annotation and model crops display. The interior crop
is the model crop, and the exterior crop is the annotation crop.

Resizing Crop Regions Graphically

You can use drag controls and break line controls to resize a crop region. Break line controls remove portions
of the view. If you need to show the crop region, see Showing or Hiding Crop Regions on page 165.

To resize a crop region using drag controls:

1 Select the crop region.
2 Drag the blue arrow controls to the desired size.

To resize a crop region using break line controls:

1 Select the crop region.
Selected elevation view crop region with break line controls

Cropping a View | 165

 2 Move the cursor near a break line control ( ).
As you place the cursor near a break line control, the portion of the view that will be removed
is indicated by the X.
Highlighted view portion to be removed

3 Click the control to break the view into separate regions.

Two new crop regions created

You can resize the split crop regions using the drag controls and the break line controls. You can consolidate
the split crop regions by dragging the boundary of one crop region on top of the other. A message indicates
that the regions will be consolidated.

NOTE If you turn off the crop region in the view, all split crop region information is lost. If you later turn the crop
region back on, you need to recreate the split crop regions. Turning off the crop region is not the same as hiding
the crop region. When you turn off the crop region, a message notifies you that split crop region information will
be lost. You can hide a crop region and then show it again, and split crop region information is retained.

Resizing Crop Regions Explicitly

You can explicitly set the height and width of a crop region in paper space. This means the size of the region
in the view is the same size as the region on a sheet. You can also specify the offset of the annotation crop
region from the model crop region.
1 In the drawing area, select the crop region.
The size for the model crop region displays on the Options Bar.

2 On the Options Bar, click the size value.

166 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 The Crop Region Size dialog opens.

3 If you are modifying a crop region in a perspective 3D view, select either Field of view or Scale
(locked proportions). Examples of these modes are provided at the end of this procedure.
4 Modify the values for width and height.

NOTE If you selected Scale for a perspective 3D view, you can only modify either height or width,
because the values are locked.

5 Modify the offset values for the annotation crop.

Annotation crop options are not available for perspective 3D views.

6 Click Apply to make the changes, or click OK to make the changes and close the dialog.
The width and height values for the model crop region appear on the Options Bar.

There are 2 modes for resizing the crop region: Field of View mode and Scale mode.

■ In Field of View mode, you are stretching the crop region to the specified size. For example, if you change
a crop region from 100 mm wide by 75 mm high to 50 mm wide by 25 mm high, the crop region updates
accordingly. Field of View mode is for perspective and non-perspective views.

■ In Scale mode, you change either the height or the width, and Revit Architecture maintains the aspect
ratio. When you change the value, the view scales, but the field of view remains the same. Scale mode
is for perspective views only.
In the following image, the eye elevation is 7500 mm.

Here is the result of modifying the eye elevation height to 22500 mm.

Rotating Views
You can rotate section views, scope boxes, and viewports using the Rotate command. You can also rotate a
crop region, which in effect rotates a view.
For information on rotating a project to True North, see Rotating a Project to True North on page 1234.

Rotating Views | 167

Rotating a Section View or Scope Box
1 Open the project view that contains the section (callout) or scope box to rotate.
2 Select the section (callout) or scope box.

3 On the toolbar, click Rotate ( ).

4 Rotate the view.
For more information about the Rotate command, see Rotating Elements on page 308.

Rotating a Viewport on a Sheet View

1 Open the sheet view that contains the viewport to rotate.
2 Select the viewport.
3 On the Options Bar, select a value for Rotation on Sheet.
The view rotates, and the value is propagated to the viewport’s View Rotation on Sheet instance
parameter.

When you rotate a viewport, the view title also rotates.

Rotating a View by the Crop Region

When you rotate a view by rotating the crop region, the model rotates in the opposite direction of the crop
region.

To rotate a view by its crop region:

1 Open the project view to rotate.

2 On the View Control Bar, click (Show Crop Region).

The crop region displays in the view. You may need to zoom out to see it.

3 Select the crop region.

4 On the toolbar, click (Rotate).

5 Rotate the view.
For more information about the Rotate command, see Rotating Elements on page 308.

168 | Chapter 4 Project Views

Navigating Views
Use the ViewCube to navigate 3D views. Use SteeringWheels to navigate 2D and 3D views.

ViewCube
The ViewCube provides visual feedback of the current orientation of a model. You can use the ViewCube
to adjust the viewpoint of the model.

Overview of the ViewCube

The ViewCube is a 3D navigation tool that appears in all 3D views .
Once the ViewCube is displayed, it appears in the top-right corner of the drawing area over the model in
an inactive state. While the ViewCube is inactive, it displays the current viewpoint of the model based on
the North direction of the model. When you position the cursor over the ViewCube, it becomes active. You
can switch to one of the available preset views, roll the current view, or change to the Home view of the
model.

Control the Appearance of the ViewCube

The ViewCube is displayed in one of two states: inactive and active. When the ViewCube is inactive, it
appears partially transparent over the drawing area by default to not completely obscure the view of the
model. If the ViewCube is active, it appears opaque and obscures the view of the objects in the model.
In addition to controlling the opacity level of the ViewCube when it is inactive, you can also control its size,
on-screen position, and the display of the compass. The settings used to control the appearance of the
ViewCube are located in the ViewCube Options dialog box.

Using the Compass

The compass for the ViewCube indicates which direction North is defined in for the model. North in the
ViewCube compass refers to True North, not Project North. The display of the compass below the ViewCube
is controlled through the ViewCube Options dialog box.

To control the position of the ViewCube

1 Right-click on the ViewCube and click Options.

2 In the ViewCube Options dialog box, under ViewCube Appearance, select one of the available positions
from the On-screen Position drop-down list.

3 Click OK.

To control the size of the ViewCube

1 Right-click on the ViewCube and click Options.

Navigating Views | 169

 2 In the ViewCube Options dialog box, under ViewCube Appearance, select an option from the ViewCube
Size list.

3 Click OK.

To control the inactive opacity of the ViewCube

1 Right-click on the ViewCube and click Options.

2 In the ViewCube Options dialog box, under ViewCube Appearance, select an option from the Inactive
Opacity list.

3 Click OK.

To display the compass for the ViewCube

Right-click the ViewCube and click Show Compass. The compass reflects the current orientation of the view.
For more information, see Relocating and Rotating a Project on page 1234.

ViewCube Menu
The ViewCube menu provides options to define the orientation of the ViewCube, define the Home and
Front views for the model, and control the appearance of the ViewCube.
The following options can be found on the shortcut menu of the ViewCube:

■ Go Home. Restores the Home view saved with the model.

■ Save View. Saves the current view orientation with a unique name.

NOTE Save View only allows you to save a 3D view with a unique name when you are viewing the default 3D
view. If you are viewing a previously saved orthographic 3D view or a perspective (camera) 3D view, the view
is simply saved with the new orientation and you are not prompted to supply a unique name.

■ Lock to Current Selection. Uses the selected objects to define the center of the view when a view orientation
change occurs.

NOTE If you click Home on the ViewCube, the view returns to the Home view even if Lock to Current Selection
is selected.

■ Set Current View as Home. Defines the Home view of the model based on the current view.

■ Set Front to View. Defines the Front view of the model.

■ Reset Front. Resets the Front view of the model to its default orientation.

■ Show Compass. Show or hide the compass.

■ Orient to View. Orients the camera to match the view angle of the selected view (a plan, elevation,
section, or 3D view).

■ Orient to a Direction. Orients the view to a cardinal (N, S, E, W) direction. Produces the same results as
clicking on a face, corner, or compass of the ViewCube.

■ Options. Displays the dialog box where you can adjust the appearance and behavior of the ViewCube.

■ Help. Launches the online Help system and displays the topic on the ViewCube.

170 | Chapter 4 Project Views

To display the ViewCube menu

■ Right-click on the compass, Home icon, or the main area of the ViewCube.

Show or Hide the ViewCube

In a 3D view, click Window menu ➤ ViewCube.

Alternatively, click Settings menu ➤ Options. Click the ViewCube tab, deselect Show the ViewCube, and
click OK.

Reorient the View of a Model with the ViewCube

You can reorient the view of a model by restoring a preset view or drag the ViewCube, roll the current view
90 degrees, switch to an adjacent face view, define and restore the Front view, and define and restore the
Home view.

Reorient the Current View

You can reorient the current view of a model by clicking predefined areas on the ViewCube or dragging the
ViewCube.
The ViewCube provides twenty-six defined areas you can click to change the current view of a model. The
twenty-six defined areas are categorized into three groups: corner, edge, and face. Out of the twenty-six
defined areas, six of the areas represent standard orthogonal views of a model: top, bottom, front, back, left,
and right. Orthogonal views are set by clicking one of the faces on the ViewCube.
You use the other twenty defined areas to access angled views of a model. Clicking one of the corners on
the ViewCube reorients the current view of the model to a three-fourths view, based on a viewpoint defined
by three sides of the model. Clicking one of the edges reorients the view of the model to a three-fourths
view based on two sides of the model.

Clicking over a defined area on the ViewCube is not the only way to reorient the view of a model with the
ViewCube; you can click and drag the ViewCube. By clicking and dragging over the ViewCube you can
reorient the view of a model to a custom viewpoint other than one of the twenty-six predefined viewpoints
that are available.

NOTE When the Far Clipping parameter is active (either set to Clip without Line or Clip with Line), clicking Home,
an edge, face, or corner of the View Cube disables the Far Clipping parameter. You can use the Rewind tool to
return to a view where the Far Clipping parameter was active, or you can enable the property again through the
Element Properties dialog for the view. For more information on the Far Clipping parameter, see Cutting an
Elevation, Section, or Callout View by the Far Clip Plane on page 87.

ViewCube | 171
 Roll a Face View

When you view a model from one of the face views, two additional icons are displayed near the ViewCube.
These are the roll arrows. You use the roll arrows to roll or rotate the current view 90 degrees in the positive
or negative directions around the center of the view.

Switch to an Adjacent Face

While viewing a model from one of the face views, you can use the ViewCube to switch to one of the adjacent
face views without first changing the view of the model, in order to see the adjacent view. When the ViewCube
is active and a face view is current, four triangles are displayed, one on each side of the ViewCube. With the
triangles, you can rotate the current view to display the face view indicated by the triangle.

Front View

You can define the Front view of a model. The Front view is used to define the direction of the face views
on the ViewCube. Along with the Front view, the Up direction of a model is also used to define the direction
of the face views on the ViewCube.

NOTE Front view is a project setting (not a user setting), so Front view will be the same for all users who access
the project.

To reorient the current view to a preset orientation

1 Activate the ViewCube.

2 Click one of the faces, edges or corners on the ViewCube.

To view an adjacent face

1 Activate the ViewCube.

NOTE Make sure a face view is current.

172 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 2 Click one of the triangles displayed near the edges of the ViewCube.

To roll a face view

1 Activate the ViewCube.

NOTE Make sure a face view is current.

2 Click one of the roll arrows displayed above and to the right of the ViewCube.
Click the left roll arrow to rotate the view 90 degrees in a counterclockwise direction or click the right
roll arrow to rotate the view 90 degrees in a clockwise direction.

To interactively reorient the view

■ Click the ViewCube, hold down the button on your pointing device and drag to orbit the model.
Drag in the direction that you want to orbit the model.

To define the Front view

■ Right-click on the ViewCube and click Set Front to View, then select a view.

NOTE The Front view can only be set to an existing elevation view in the project.

To restore the Front view

■ Right-click on the ViewCube and click Reset Front.

Home View
You can define a Home view for a model so you can restore a familiar view when using the navigation tools.
The Home view is a special view of the model. The default Home position is the existing orientation of the
default 3D view (southeast corner of the model). You can also define a view of the model as the Home view
so you can easily return to the familiar view by clicking the Home icon or by clicking Home from on the
shortcut menu.

NOTE Home view is a project setting (not a user setting), so Home view will be the same for all users who access
the project.

To define the Home view

■ Right-click on the ViewCube and click Set Current View as Home.

ViewCube | 173
 To go to the Home view
Use one of the following methods:

■ Click the Home icon ( ) located near the ViewCube.

■ Right-click on the ViewCube and click Go Home.

■ Right-click on the SteeringWheels and click Go Home.

■ Press Home on the keyboard.

Examine Individual Objects with the ViewCube

You can examine individual objects of a model using the ViewCube.
With the ViewCube, you can define the center of a view based on one or more selected objects. After an
object or objects are selected and a view orientation change occurs from the ViewCube, the model is rotated
around the center of the view, which is calculated by the extents of the selected objects.
The Lock to Current Selection option on the ViewCube menu is used to define the center of the view and
the distance from center for the view based on one or more selected objects. When Lock to Current Selection
is enabled, the center and distance from the center of the view will remain constant during view orientation
changes made from the ViewCube until Lock to Current Selection is disabled.
Selecting and deselecting objects after Lock to Current Selection is enabled has no effect on the center or
distance from the center of the view when a view orientation change occurs. Zooming to the extents of a
model will not occur when Lock to Current Selection is enabled, even if the ViewCube is set to zoom to
extents after each view orientation change.

To lock to the current selection

■ Right-click on the ViewCube and click Lock to Current Selection.

If Lock to Current Selection is checked when a view orientation change occurs, the ViewCube uses the
selected objects to calculate the center of the view and zooms to the extents of the selected objects. When
unchecked, the ViewCube uses the selected objects to calculate the center of the view and zooms to the
extents of the model.

To examine an individual object with the ViewCube

1 In the model, select one or more objects to define the center point of the view.

2 Click one of the preset locations on the ViewCube, or click and drag the ViewCube to reorient the view
of the model.
The ViewCube reorients the view of the model based on the center point of the selected objects.

Orienting a 3D View
Using the ViewCube, you can orient a 3D view to any plan, elevation, section or 3D view in the project.
You can also orient the view to a direction that corresponds to the project coordinates. For example, North
corresponds to True North.
If you are using the ViewCube in the Family Editor, or are using it in the Element Properties preview window,
you can orient to a direction. Direction corresponds to the direction of the compass (N, S, E, W).

174 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 To orient a 3D view to another view:
1 In a 3D view, right click the ViewCube.
2 Select Orient to View and then select the view type and name.

To orient a 3D view to a direction:

1 In a 3D view, right click the ViewCube.
2 Select Orient to a Direction and then select a direction.

SteeringWheels
SteeringWheels are tracking menus that allow you to access different 2D and 3D navigation tools from a
single tool.

Overview of SteeringWheels
SteeringWheels are tracking menus that are divided into different sections known as wedges. Each wedge
on a wheel represents a single navigation tool. You can pan, zoom, or manipulate the current view of a
model in different ways.

SteeringWheels | 175
 SteeringWheels, also known as wheels, can save you time by combining many of the common navigation
tools into a single interface. Wheels are specific to the context that a model is being viewed in.

Mini View Object Wheel Mini Tour Building Wheel Mini Full Navigation
Wheel

2D Steering Wheel View Object Wheel (Basic Tour Building Wheel (Ba-
Wheels) sic Wheels)

Full Navigation Wheel

First Contact Balloon

The first time you run Revit Architecture after installation and open a 3D view, the First Contact balloon
for the wheels is displayed. The First Contact balloon serves as an introduction to the purpose of the wheels
and how you can use them.

176 | Chapter 4 Project Views

NOTE You can have this dialog display again by clicking Settings menu ➤ Options. Click the Steering Wheels tab
and select Always Show the Pinned Wheel on Startup.

Display and Use Wheels

After a wheel is displayed, you can activate one of the available navigation tools by either clicking over one
of the wedges on the wheel or clicking and holding down the button on the pointing device. Once the
button is held down, dragging over the drawing area causes the current view to reorient. Releasing the button
returns you to the wheel.

Control the Appearance of Wheels

You can control the appearance of the wheels by changing the current mode, or by adjusting the size and
opacity. Wheels (except the 2D Navigation wheel) are available in two different modes: big and mini. To
change the current mode of a wheel, right-click the wheel and select a different mode.
In addition to changing the current mode, you can adjust the opacity and size for the wheels. The size of a
wheel controls how large or small the wedges and labels appear on the wheel; the opacity level controls the
visibility of the objects in the model behind the wheel. The settings used to control the appearance of the
wheels are in the SteeringWheels Options dialog box.

Control Tooltips for Wheels and Messages for Tools

Tooltips are displayed for each wedge and button on a wheel as the cursor hovers over them. The tooltips
appear below the wheel and identify what action will be performed if the wedge or button is clicked. You
can turn the display of tooltips on or off in the SteeringWheels Options dialog box.
Similar to tooltips, tool messages are displayed when you use one of the navigation tools from a wheel. Tool
messages are displayed over the drawing area and provide instructions for using the active navigation tool.
Like tooltips, you can turn tool messages on or off in the SteeringWheels Options dialog box. Disabling tool
messages only affects the messages that are displayed when using the Full Navigation wheel.

To close a wheel
Use one of the following methods to close a wheel:
■ Press the ESC.

■ Click the small x in the upper right-hand corner of the wheel.

■ Press F8.

NOTE For the following procedures, you can also access the Options dialog through Settings menu ➤ Options.

To change the size of the wheels

1 Display a wheel.

2 Right-click on the wheel and click Options.

3 In the Options dialog box, under Big Steering Wheel Appearance or Mini Wheel Appearance, select an
option for Size.

4 Click OK.

To change the opacity of the wheels

1 Display a wheel.

2 Right-click on the wheel and click Options.

SteeringWheels | 177
 3 In the Options dialog box, under Big Steering Wheel Appearance or Mini Wheel Appearance, select an
option for Opacity.

4 Click OK.

To control the startup placement of the wheels

1 Display a wheel.

2 Right-click on the wheel and click Options.

3 In the SteeringWheels Options dialog box, under Steering Wheel Visibility, click Always Show the
Pinned Wheel on Startup.

4 Click OK.

To enable tooltips for wheels

1 Display a wheel.

2 Right-click on the wheel and click Options.

3 In the SteeringWheels Options dialog box, under Steering Wheel Visibility, click Show Tooltips.
Tooltips are displayed for the wedges and buttons on a wheel when the cursor hovers over the wheel.

4 Click OK.

To enable messages for wheels

1 Display a wheel.

2 Right-click on the wheel and click Options.

3 In the SteeringWheels Options dialog box, under Steering Wheel Visibility, click Show Tool Messages.
Messages are displayed when you use the navigation tools.

4 Click OK.

Wheel Menu
From the Wheel menu, you can switch between different wheels.
Use the Wheel menu to switch between the big and mini wheels that are available, go to the Home view,
change the preferences of the current wheel, and control the behavior of the orbit, look, and walk 3D
navigation tools. The menu items available on the Wheel menu are dependent on the current wheel.
The Wheel menu has the following options:

■ Mini View Object Wheel. Displays the mini version of the View Object wheel.

■ Mini Tour Building Wheel. Displays the mini version of the Tour Building wheel.

■ Mini Full Navigation Wheel. Displays the mini version of the Full Navigation wheel.

■ Full Navigation Wheel. Displays the big version of the Full Navigation wheel.

■ Basic Wheels. Displays either the big version of the View Object or Tour Building wheel.

■ Go Home. Goes to the Home view saved with the model.

■ Fit to Window. Resizes and centers the current view to display all objects.

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 NOTE When you select Fit to Window and the Far Clipping parameter is active (either set to Clip without Line
or Clip with Line), it will be disabled. You can use the Rewind tool to return to a view where the Far Clipping
parameter was active, or you can enable the property again through the Element Properties dialog for the
view. For more information on the Far Clipping parameter, see Cutting an Elevation, Section, or Callout View
by the Far Clip Plane on page 87.

■ Restore Original Center. Restores the center point of the view to the extents of the model.

■ Orient to View. Orients the camera to match the view angle of the selected view (a plan, elevation,
section, or 3D view).

■ Orient to a Plane. Adapts the view according to a specific plane.

■ Save View. Saves the current view orientation with a unique name.

NOTE Save View only allows you to save a 3D view with a unique name when you are viewing the default 3D
view. If you are viewing a previously saved orthographic 3D view or a perspective (camera) 3D view, the view
is simply saved with the new orientation and you are not prompted to supply a unique name.

■ Increase/Decrease Focal Length. Acts as a zoom lens on the model, because it changes the focal length
of the camera in a perspective view.

■ Move Crop Boundary. Moves the position of the crop boundary around in a perspective view.

■ Re-center Crop Boundary. Repositions the crop boundary to the center of the perspective view.

■ Help. Launches the online Help system and displays the topic about the wheels.

■ Options. Displays the dialog box where you can adjust the preferences for the wheels.

To display the wheel menu

■ Click the down arrow in the lower-right corner of the wheel or right-click on the wheel.

Navigation Wheels
You can choose from several different wheels. Each has its own drafting theme. Some wheels are designed
for 2D navigation while other wheels are better suited for 3D navigation.
Wheels are available in two sizes: big and mini. The big wheel is larger than the cursor. A label is on each
wedge in the wheel. The mini wheel is about the same size as the cursor. Labels are not displayed on the
wheel wedges. The 2D Navigation wheel is only available in a big version.
You can choose from the following wheels:

■ 2D Navigation

■ View Object

■ Tour Building

■ Full Navigation

2D Navigation Wheel
The 2D Navigation wheel is for basic navigation of 2D views.

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 The 2D Navigation wheel is divided into the following wedges:

■ Pan on page 187. Repositions the current view by panning.

■ Zoom on page 191. Adjusts the magnification of the current view.

NOTE Pan and Zoom in a 2D steering wheel pan or zoom the page space. In all other wheels, Pan and Zoom
moves the camera.

■ Rewind on page 188. Restores the most recent view orientation. You can move backward or forward
through previous views.

View Object Wheel

The View Object wheel is for 3D navigation; it includes the orbit 3D navigation tool. Use the View Object
wheel to examine 3D objects from the outside.

The big View Object wheel is divided into the following wedges:

■ Center on page 183. Specifies a point on a model to adjust the center of the current view or change the
target point used for some of the navigation tools.

■ Zoom on page 191. Adjusts the magnification of the current view.

■ Rewind on page 188. Restores the most recent view orientation. You can move backward or forward
through previous views.

■ Orbit on page 186. Rotates the current view around a fixed pivot point.

The mini View Object wheel is divided into the following wedges:

■ Zoom (Top wedge) on page 191. Adjusts the magnification of the current view.

■ Rewind (Right wedge) on page 188. Restores the most recent view. You can move backward or forward
through previous views.

■ Pan (Bottom wedge) on page 187. Repositions the current view by panning.

■ Orbit (Left wedge) on page 186. Rotates the current view around a fixed pivot point.

To switch to the big View Objects wheel

■ Right-click on the wheel and click Basic Wheels ➤ View Object Wheel.

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To switch to the mini View Objects wheel

■ Right-click on the wheel and click Mini View Object Wheel.

Tour Building Wheels

The Tour Building wheels are for 3D navigation. Use the Tour Building wheels to navigate within the interior
of a model.

The big Tour Building wheel is divided into the following wedges:

■ Forward on page 184. Adjusts the distance between the current point of view and the defined pivot point
of the model. Clicking once moves forward as far as the object you clicked.

■ Look on page 185. Swivels the current view.

■ Rewind on page 188. Restores the most recent view. You can move backward or forward through previous
views.

■ Up/Down on page 189. Slides the current view of a model along the Y axis of the screen.

The mini Tour Building wheel is divided into the following wedges:

■ Walk (Top wedge) on page 190. Simulates walking through a model.

■ Rewind (Right wedge) on page 188. Restores the most recent view. You can move backward or forward
through previous views.

■ Up/Down (Bottom wedge) on page 189. Slides the current view of a model along the Y axis of the screen.

■ Look (Left wedge) on page 185. Swivels the current view.

To switch to the big Tour Building wheel

■ Right-click on the wheel and click Basic Wheels ➤ Tour Building Wheel.

To switch to the mini Tour Building wheel

■ Right-click on the wheel and click Mini Tour Building Wheel.

Full Navigation Wheel

The Full Navigation wheel combines the 2D and 3D navigation tools found on the View Object and Tour
Building wheels.

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 The big Full Navigation wheel is divided into the following wedges:

■ Zoom on page 191. Adjusts the magnification of the current view.

■ Rewind on page 188. Restores the most recent view. You can move backward or forward through previous
views.

■ Pan on page 187. Repositions the current view by panning.

■ Orbit on page 186. Rotates the current view around a fixed pivot point.

■ Center on page 183. Specifies a point on a model to adjust the center of the current view or change the
target point used for some of the navigation tools.

■ Walk on page 190. Simulates walking through a model.

■ Look on page 185. Swivels the current view.

■ Up/Down on page 189. Slides the current view of a model along the Y axis of the screen.

The mini Full Navigation wheel is divided into the following wedges:

■ Zoom (Top wedge) on page 191. Adjusts the magnification of the current view.

■ Walk (Upper right wedge) on page 190. Simulates walking through a model.

■ Rewind (Right wedge) on page 188. Restores the most recent view. You can move backward or forward
through previous views.

■ Up/Down (Lower right wedge) on page 189. Slides the current view of a model along the Y axis of the
screen.

■ Pan (Bottom wedge) on page 187. Repositions the current view by panning.

■ Look (Lower left wedge) on page 185. Swivels the current view.

■ Orbit (Left wedge) on page 186. Rotates the current view around a fixed pivot point.

■ Center (Upper left wedge) on page 183. Specifies a point on a model to adjust the center of the current
view or change the target point used for some of the navigation tools.

To switch to the big Full Navigation wheel

■ Right-click on the wheel and click Full Navigation Wheel.

To switch to the mini Full Navigation wheel

■ Right-click on the wheel and click Mini Full Navigation Wheel.

Navigation Tools
The navigation tools reorient the current view of a model.

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The availability of a navigation tool is dependent on the current wheel mode. Navigation tools include the
following:

■ Center

■ Forward

■ Look

■ Orbit

■ Pan

■ Rewind

■ Up/Down

■ Walk

■ Zoom

Center Tool
The Center tool specifies a point on a model as the center of the current view. It also changes the target
point used for some of the navigation tools.
When using the Center tool, you adjust the location of the center of the current view by clicking and dragging
the cursor. As you drag the cursor, the cursor changes to a sphere indicating where the new center of the
view will be established when the button on the pointing device is released. Releasing the button on the
pointing device pans the model until the sphere is centered in the view and you are returned to the wheel.

The center point defined by the Center tool is used to constrain the Zoom tool and define the pivot point
for the Orbit tool. The Zoom tool is only constrained to the center point when used from the View Objects
wheel unless the CTRL key is held down when using the Zoom tool on the Full Navigation wheel.

To specify a point on a model as the center of a view

1 Display a wheel that has the Center tool.

2 Click the Center wedge. Hold down the button on your pointing device and drag the cursor over the
surface of the model.

3 When the cursor changes to a sphere, release the button on your pointing device.
The model is panned until the sphere is centered.

4 Click Close to exit the wheel.

To specify the target point for the Zoom and Orbit tools

1 Display a wheel that has the Center tool.

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 2 Click the Center wedge. Hold down the button on your pointing device and drag the cursor over the
surface of the model.

3 When the cursor changes to a sphere, release the button on your pointing device.
The model is panned until the sphere is centered.

4 Use the Zoom or Orbit tool to reorient the view of the model.

5 Click Close to exit the wheel.

Forward Tool
The Forward tool adjusts the distance between the current point of view and the defined pivot point of the
model.
With the Forward tool, you can change the magnification of the model by increasing or decreasing the
distance between the current point of view and the pivot point. The distance that you can move forward
or backward is limited by the position of the pivot point.

NOTE In orthographic views, the Forward tool is limited to the distance between the current position and the
pivot point. In perspective views, it is not limited, so you can move the cursor through the pivot point.

To adjust the distance between the current point of view and the pivot point, you drag the cursor up or
down after the pivot point is defined. As you drag the cursor, the current distance from the pivot point is
displayed on a graphical element called the Drag Distance indicator. The Drag Distance indicator has two
marks on it that show the start and ending distances from the current point of view. While changing the
distance with the Drag Distance indicator, the current distance is shown by the bright orange indicator.

To reorient a view by moving towards or away from the model

1 Display the Tour Building wheel.

2 Click the Forward wedge. Hold down the button on your pointing device.

NOTE If you click the Forward wedge once, the model moves forward 50% of the distance between the
current location and the pivot point.

3 When the Drag Distance indicator is displayed, drag the cursor up or down to change the distance from
which you view the model.

4 Release the button on your pointing device to return to the wheel.

5 Click Close to exit the wheel.

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Look Tool
The Look tool rotates the view horizontally and vertically around a fixed point.
With the Look tool, you can rotate the current view vertically and horizontally. When rotating the view,
the model is rotated around a fixed point defined by the center of the current view. The Look tool can be
compared to you standing in a fixed location, and looking up and down while rotating left to right around
a fixed point.
When using the Look tool, you adjust the view of the model by dragging the cursor. As you drag the cursor,
the cursor icon changes to the Look cursor and the model rotates around the location of the current view.

Walking through a Model

When using the Look tool from the Full Navigation wheel, you can walk through a model by using the
arrow keys on the keyboard. The walk speed is defined using the same settings as the Walk tool on page 190.
To set the walk speed, you use the SteeringWheels Options dialog box.

Invert Vertical Axis

When you drag the cursor upward, the target point of the view raises; dragging the cursor downward lowers
the target point of the view. If you do not like this behavior you can change it so moving the cursor upward
lowers the target point of the view and downward raises the target point of the view. To invert the vertical
axis for the Look tool, you use the SteeringWheels Options dialog box.

To look around the view

1 Display a wheel that has the Look tool.

2 Click the Look wedge. Hold down the button on your pointing device.

3 When the Look cursor is displayed, drag the cursor up, down, left, and right to change the direction in
which you are looking.

4 Release the button on your pointing device to return to the wheel.

5 Click Close to exit the wheel.

To look around the view and walk through the model

1 Display the Full Navigation wheel.

2 Click the Look wedge. Hold down the button on your pointing device.

3 When the Look cursor is displayed, drag the cursor up, down, left, and right to change the direction in
which you are looking.

4 While holding down the button on your pointing device, press the arrow keys to walk in the model.

5 Release the button on your pointing device to return to the wheel.

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 6 Click Close to exit the wheel.

To invert the vertical axis for the Look tool

1 Display a wheel.

2 Right-click on the wheel and click Options.

3 In the SteeringWheels Options dialog box, click Invert Vertical Axis for Look Tool.
Dragging the cursor downward lowers the target point of the view; while dragging the cursor upward
raises the target point of the view.

4 Click OK.

Orbit Tool
The Orbit tool rotates the current view around a model based on a fixed pivot point.
You use the Orbit tool to change the orientation of a model. The cursor changes to the Orbit cursor. As you
drag the cursor, the model rotates around a pivot point while the view remains fixed.

Specify the Pivot Point

The pivot point is the base point used when rotating the model with the Orbit tool. You can specify the
pivot point in the following ways:

■ Default pivot point. When you first open a model, the target point of the current view is used as the
pivot point for orbiting the model.

■ Select objects.You can select objects before the Orbit tool is used to calculate the pivot point. The pivot
point is calculated based on the center of the extents of the selected objects.

■ Center tool. You can specify a point on the model to use as the pivot point for orbiting with the Center
tool on page 183.

■ CTRL+Click and drag. Press and hold CTRL, click the Orbit wedge on the SteeringWheels, and then drag
the cursor to the point on the model you want to be the pivot point.

Maintain Up Direction

You can control how the model orbits around the pivot point by choosing to maintain the Up direction of
the model. When the Up direction is maintained, orbiting is constrained along the XY axis and in the Z
direction. If you drag the cursor horizontally, the camera moves parallel to the XY plane. If you drag the
cursor vertically, the camera moves along the Z axis. To control if the Up direction is maintained for the
Orbit tool, you use the SteeringWheels Settings dialog box

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To orbit around the center of the view

1 Display a wheel that has the Orbit tool.

2 Click the Orbit wedge. Hold down the button on your pointing device.

3 When the cursor changes to the Orbit cursor, drag the cursor to rotate the model.

NOTE Use the Center tool if you need to change the part of the model that is displayed in the center of the
view.

4 Release the button on your pointing device to return to the wheel.

5 Click Close to exit the wheel.

To orbit around an object

1 Press ESC to make sure no commands are active and to clear any previously selected objects.

2 Select the objects in the model that you want to define the pivot point with.

3 Display a wheel that has the Orbit tool.

4 Click the Orbit wedge. Hold down the button on your pointing device.

5 When the cursor changes to the Orbit cursor, drag the cursor to rotate the model.

6 Release the button on your pointing device to return to the wheel.

7 Click Close to exit the wheel.

To turn on selection sensitivity for the Orbit tool

1 Display a wheel that has the Orbit tool.

2 Right-click on the wheel and click Options.

3 In the SteeringWheels Settings dialog box, click Selection Sensitivity for Orbit Tool.
The extents of any objects that are selected before the wheel is displayed are used to define the pivot
point for the Orbit tool. If not objects are selected, the pivot point used by the Orbit is the one defined
by the Center tool.

4 Click OK.

To maintain the up direction for the Orbit tool

1 Display a wheel that has the Orbit tool.

2 Right-click on the wheel and click Options.

3 In the SteeringWheels Options dialog box, click Keep Scene Upright for Orbit Tool.
Orbiting the model is constrained along the XY plane and Z directions.

4 Click OK.

Pan Tool
The Pan tool repositions the current view of the model by panning.

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 When the pan tool is active, the cursor changes to a four-sided arrow. As you drag the cursor, the direction
you drag moves the model in the same direction. For example, dragging upward moves the model up while
dragging the cursor downward moves the model down.
In a 3D context, primarily when using 3D SteeringWheels, pan dollies the camera left and right. In a 2D
context, pan scrolls the view. If you are using pan with an active view on a sheet, pan scrolls the sheet view,
not the active view on the sheet.

TIP If the cursor reaches the edge of the screen, you can continue panning by dragging the cursor further to force
it to wrap around the screen.

To pan the view with the wheel Pan tool

1 Display a wheel that has the Pan tool.

2 Click the Pan wedge. Hold down the button on your pointing device and drag to reposition the model.

3 Release the button on your pointing device to return to the wheel.

4 Click Close to exit the wheel.

Rewind Tool
The Rewind tool restores the most recent view. You can also move backward or forward through previous
views.
As you pan, zoom, orbit, or use one of the other navigation tools to reorient the view of a model, the previous
view is saved to the navigation history. The navigation history holds a representation of the previous views
of the model along with a thumbnail. Rewind navigation history is view-specific. Navigation history is not
saved when you close a Revit project file (RVT).
With the Rewind tool, you can retrieve the navigation history of a specific view. You can restore the previous
view or you can scroll through any of the views saved to the navigation history.
When you hold down the button on the pointing device over the Rewind tool on the wheel, the Rewind
UI is displayed. You can scroll through the navigation history. To restore one of the previous views in the
navigation history, drag the bracket to the left in the Rewind UI.

NOTE Rewind history is not saved between sessions.

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To restore the previous view

1 Display a wheel.

2 Click the Rewind wedge.

3 Click Close to exit the wheel.

To restore a previous view with the Rewind UI

1 Display a wheel.

2 Click on the Rewind wedge. Hold down the button on your pointing device.
The Rewind UI is displayed.

3 While holding down the button on your pointing device, drag to the left or to the right to restore a
previous view.
Dragging to the left restores an older previous view. Dragging to the right restores one of the recent
previous views.The current position in the navigation history is indicated by the orange box that is
dragged along the Rewind UI.

4 Click Close to exit the wheel.

Up/Down Tool
The Up/Down tool slides the current view of a model along the Y axis of the screen.
Unlike the Pan tool, the Up/Down tool does not significantly displace the model being viewed because the
view is sliding along the Y axis of the screen. The view slides up or down. You can think of the Up/Down
tool as similar to looking in a fixed direction while riding in a glass elevator.

To adjust the vertical elevation of the current view, you drag the cursor up or down. As you drag, the current
elevation and the allowed range of motion is displayed on a graphical element called the Vertical Distance
indicator. The Vertical Distance indicator has two marks on it that shows the highest (Top) and lowest
(Bottom) elevation the view can have. While changing the elevation with the Vertical Distance indicator,

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 the current elevation is shown by the bright orange indicator while the previous elevation is shown by the
dim orange indicator.

To change the elevation of a view

1 Display a wheel that has the Up/Down tool.

2 Click the Up/Down wedge. Hold down the button on your pointing device.

3 When the Vertical Distance indicator is displayed, drag the cursor up or down to change the elevation
of the view.

4 Release the button on your pointing device to return to the wheel.

5 Click Close to exit the wheel.

Walk Tool
The Walk tool simulates walking through a model.
With the Walk tool, you can navigate through a model as if you were walking through it. Once you start
the Walk tool, the Center Circle icon is displayed near the center of the view and the cursor changes to
display a series of arrows. To walk through the model, you drag the cursor in the direction that you want
to move in.

Constrain the Walk Angle

When walking through a model, you can constrain the movement angle to the ground plane. If the Constrain
Walk Angle to Ground Plane option is enabled, you can freely look around while the current view moves
parallel to the ground plane; if the walk angle is not constrained, you will “fly” in the direction you are
looking. To constrain the movement angle to the ground plane, you use the SteeringWheels Settings dialog
box.

Movement Speed

As you walk or “fly” through a model, you can control the movement speed. The speed of movement is
controlled by the distance that the cursor is moved from the Center Circle icon. To set the movement speed,
you use the SteeringWheels Options dialog box.
You can also use the period (.) or comma (,) keyboard shortcuts to decrease or increase speed, repsectively.

Change the Elevation of the View

As you use the Walk tool, you can adjust the elevation of the view by holding down the SHIFT key. You
switch temporarily to the Up/Down tool on page 189. To change the current elevation of the view for the
model, you drag up and down.

To use the Walk tool to move through the model

1 Display a wheel that has the Walk tool.

2 Click the Walk wedge. Hold down the button on your pointing device.

3 When the Center Circle icon is displayed, drag the cursor in the direction that you want to walk.

4 Release the button on your pointing device to return to the wheel.

5 Click Close to exit the wheel.

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To change the movement speed for the Walk tool

1 Display a wheel.

2 Right-click on the wheel and click Options.

3 In the SteeringWheels Options dialog box, under Walk Tool, drag the Walk Speed slider to the left to
decrease the walking speed or to the right to increase the walking speed.

4 Click OK.

To constrain the walk angle to the ground plane

1 Display a wheel.

2 Right-click on the wheel and click Options.

3 In the SteeringWheels Options dialog box, under Walk Tool, click Constrain Walk Movement Angle
to Ground Plane.
Movement when walking is done parallel to the ground plane of the model.

4 Click OK.

Zoom Tool
The Zoom tool adjusts the magnification of the current view of a model.
With the Zoom tool, you can change the zoom magnification of a model in the following ways:

■ Click. If you click the Zoom tool on a wheel, the current view is zoomed in by a factor of 25 percent. If
you are using the Full Navigation wheel, Enable Single Click Incremental Zoom must be enabled in the
SteeringWheels Options dialog box.

■ SHIFT + click. If you hold down the SHIFT key before you click the Zoom tool on a wheel, the current
view is zoomed out by a factor of 25 percent.

■ CTRL + click. If you hold down the CTRL key before you click the Zoom tool on a wheel, the current view
is zoomed in by a factor of 25 percent.

■ Click and drag. If you click the Zoom tool and hold down the button on your pointing device, you can
adjust the magnification of the model by dragging up and down.

NOTE When you use the Zoom tool from the Full Navigation Wheel or the View Object Wheel, the point in the
view where you click to zoom becomes the Center point for future Orbit operations until you either use the Zoom
tool again or use the Center tool. If you press CTRL before you click the Zoom wedge, the Center point does not
change.

SteeringWheels | 191
 Zoom Constraints

When changing the magnification of a model with the Zoom tool, you cannot zoom in any further than
the focus point or out past the extents of the model. The direction you can zoom in and out is controlled
by the center point set by the Center tool.

NOTE Unlike the Zoom tool on the View Object wheels, the Zoom tool on the Full Navigation wheels is not
constrained.

To zoom the view with a single click

You must have enable the option Enable Single Click Incremental Zoom when using the Full Navigation
wheel. To access this option, right-click on the SteeringWheels and select Options.

1 Make sure the Enable Incremental Zoom In option is enabled. If it is not do the following:
■ Display the Full Navigation wheel

■ Right-click on the Wheel and click Options.

■ In the SteeringWheels Options dialog box, under Zoom Tool, select Enable Incremental Zoom In.

■ Click OK.

2 Display a wheel that has the Zoom tool.

3 Click the Zoom wedge.

The magnification of the model is increased and you are zoomed in closer to the model. If you hold
down the SHIFT key while clicking the Zoom wedge, the model is zoomed out or you can hold down
the CTRL key to zoom in.

4 Click Close to exit the wheel.

To zoom a view in and out by dragging

1 Display the wheel.

2 Click the Zoom wedge. Hold down the button on your pointing device and drag vertically to zoom in
and out.

3 Release the button on your pointing device to return to the wheel.

4 Click Close to exit the wheel.

To toggle single click zoom for wheels

1 Display a wheel that has the Zoom tool.

2 Right-click on the wheel and click Options.

3 In the SteeringWheels Options dialog box, under Zoom Tool, select Enable Incremental Zoom In.
If Enable Incremental Zoom In is enabled, clicking over the Zoom wedge increases the magnification
of the model.

4 Click OK.

NOTE Turning off single click behavior for the Zoom tool only affects the Full Navigation wheel.

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Saving a 3D View Orientation as a Project View
1 Click View menu ➤ Orient ➤ Save View.
Alternatively:

a On the toolbar, click .

The SteeringWheel displays in the drawing area.

b Right-click the SteeringWheel and click Save View.

2 Enter a name for the new 3D view, and click OK.

NOTE You are only prompted to enter a name for the view if you are saving the default 3D view
(named in the Project Browser {3D}). If you are saving a 3D view other than the default 3D view, the
view is saved using the current name.

The new view appears in the Project Browser under 3D Views.

View Settings

Zooming Project Views

The Zoom command changes the viewable area in the window.
The following Zoom options are available on the View menu:

■ Zoom in Region

■ Zoom Out 2X

■ Zoom to Fit

■ Zoom All to Fit

■ Sheet Size

■ Pan Active View

■ Previous Scroll/Zoom

■ Next Scroll/Zoom

You can also access zoom commands on the toolbar ( ). Some zoom commands are available on the
shortcut menu when you right-click in a view.
You can also zoom project views using the SteeringWheels. See Navigating Views on page 169.

Maintaining Line Thickness when Zooming

The Thin Lines command maintains the true thickness of lines relative to the zoom of the view. Typically,
when you zoom in on a model in a small scale view, element lines appear much thicker than they actually
are.

Saving a 3D View Orientation as a Project View | 193

 When you activate the Thin Lines command, it affects all views but does not affect printing or print preview.

To activate the command, click View menu ➤ Thin Lines, or click on the toolbar.

View Scale
The view scale is the proportional system used to represent objects in a drawing. You can assign a different
scale to each view in a project. You can also create custom view scales.

To assign view scale

1 In the Project Browser, right-click the view and click Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, for View Scale, select a value.
Alternatively, you can select a scale from the View Control Bar.

To create a custom view scale

1 On the View Control Bar, click the view scale, and select Custom.

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 2 In the Custom Scale dialog, enter a value for Ratio.
3 Optionally, select Display Name and enter a custom name for the scale.
4 Click OK.

NOTE Custom view scales cannot be applied to other views in the project.

Detail Levels and Display of Structural Components

The display of structural components differs based on the detail level of the view. For example, structural
framing appears as sticks in coarse detail level, but has much more detail at medium or fine detail level.
Detail Level is a view instance parameter; therefore every view can have a different setting for this parameter.
Detail Level is also view-scale–dependent. For information on setting scales with detail level and the Detail
Level tool, see Detail Level on page 503.

Display of Hidden Lines of Structural Concrete Components

Revit Architecture provides the ability to control the display of structural concrete components that are in
a hidden state in a view. The display of invisible lines of walls, floors, framing, columns, and foundation
elements are controlled by the following view parameters:

■ Discipline
Discipline must be set to Structural for invisible lines to be represented as hidden.

■ Model Graphics Style

By setting Model Graphics to either Hidden or to Shading with Edges, invisible lines are represented as
hidden.

Plan of structural slab and beams framed

into concrete walls

Showing Hidden Element Lines

Model and detail elements that are obscured by other elements can be displayed using the Show Hidden
Lines command. First, select the element that you want the hidden lines to display on. Next, select the
obscured element that has the lines you want to bring through. You can use the Show Hidden Lines tool

Detail Levels and Display of Structural Components | 195

 on all elements that have the Hidden Lines subcategory. The Remove Hidden Lines tool is the inverse of
the Show Hidden Lines tool.

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Show Hidden Lines, or on the Tools toolbar, click .

2 Place the cursor on an element that is hiding another element, and click to select it.
For example, select a filled region that is overlapping a wall.

3 Place the cursor on the element with lines to be shown, and click to select it.
The lines of this element display in a hidden line style through the overlapping element. To change
the hidden line style of the element, use the Object Styles command.

4 To reverse the effects of this command, click Tools menu ➤ Remove Hidden Lines, or on the Tools

toolbar, click .

5 Select the element that will hide the other element.

6 Select the other element to be hidden.

Section, Elevation, and Callout View Tag Setup

You can define the look of view tags used for sections, elevations, and callouts by editing their properties.

Editing Type Properties for View Tags

1 Click Settings menu ➤ View Tags ➤ Callout Tags, Elevation Tags, or Section Tags.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit type properties as necessary.

Selecting View Tags

Each view tag has several components. If you want to modify a view tag’s element properties or make other
changes, you must be sure to select the entire view tag. If you select only a portion of it, you may not be
setting properties for or changing the correct object.

■ To select a section tag, click the section line.

■ To select an elevation tag, click the square part of the tag.

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■ To select a callout tag, click the dotted line (bubble) that defines the callout area.

To see element properties, right-click the selected view tag, and click Element Properties.

Hiding Elevation Tags

You can set the view scale at which elevation tags are hidden in project views. Each elevation tag instance
can have a different view scale at which it is hidden.

To hide elevation tags

1 Select an elevation tag in the drawing area. (See Selecting View Tags on page 196.)

2 On the Options Bar, click .

3 Select a value for the Hide at Scales Coarser Than parameter.
4 Click OK.

Callout Tag Properties

You can set the following parameters for callout tags.

Name Description

Callout Head The head used for the callout.

Corner Radius Sets the angle of the corners of the callout.

Elevation Tag Properties

You can set the following parameters for elevation tags.

Name Description

Shape Specifies the shape of the elevation symbol.

Text Position Specifies the text position for the elevation view.

Arrow Angle Sets the thickness of the arrowhead.

Filled Specifies whether the arrowhead is filled in.

Section, Elevation, and Callout View Tag Setup | 197

 Name Description

Show View Name Shows the elevation name with the arrowhead.

View Name Position Aligns the view name with the elevation view arrowhead.

Reference Label Position Aligns the reference label with the elevation view arrowhead.

Line Weight Sets the line weight of the elevation symbol. You can change the definition of the
line weight value using the Line Weights on page 486 command.

Color Sets the color of the symbol.

Line Pattern Sets a line pattern for the elevation symbol. You can use a preset line pattern or
define your own. See Line Patterns on page 487 for more information.

Text Font Specifies the typeface for the elevation symbol.

Text Size Specifies the size of the text with respect to the scale of the drawing.

Width Specifies the width of the interior elevation symbol.

Section Tag Properties

You can set the following parameters for section tags.

Name Description

Section Head Specifies the shape of the section head.

Section Tail Specifies the shape of the section tail.

Broken Section Display Style Specifies the line pattern of a segmented section. For more information, see Segmen-
ted Section View on page 94.

View Range
Every plan and RCP view has a view property called View Range, also known as a visible range. The view
range is a set of horizontal planes that control object visibility and display in the view. The horizontal planes
are Top Clip Plane, Cut Plane, Bottom Clip Plane, and View Depth.
As their names imply, the top and bottom clip plane represent the topmost and bottommost portion of the
view range. The cut plane is a plane that determines at what height certain elements in the view are shown
cut. These 3 planes define the primary range of the view range.
View Depth is an additional plane outside of the primary range. You can set the level of view depth to show
elements below the Bottom Clip Plane. By default, it is coincident with the Bottom Clip Plane. You can set
it to levels below the Bottom Clip Plane.

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Elements outside the visible range of the view do not display in the view. The exception to this is if you set
the view underlay to a level outside the visible range. For more information on the Underlay view property,
see View Properties on page 210.
The following figure shows the view range from an elevation view standpoint.
Figure 1

In the next figure, elements within the View Depth are drawn in the Beyond line style.
Figure 2: Attic plan view with Cut Plane set according to Figure 1.

Element Line Style

Elements within the boundaries of the primary range that are not cut are drawn in a projection line style.
Elements that are cut are drawn in a cut line style. You can change the display of cut and projection line
styles through the Object Styles command. Some elements can be displayed as cut, and some are never
shown cut. To determine which elements can be shown as cut, see Cuttable and Non-Cuttable Family
Categories on page 361. Elements that are within the view depth are drawn in a different line style in the
view. That line style is called Beyond. You can define its display using the Line Styles command.

Levels Remain Absolute to One Another

In the View Range dialog, levels used to define the visible range are absolute to the current level of the view.
For example, if you are in the Level 2 floor plan of a multi-story building and you select Level 4 as the top
clip, Revit Architecture keeps Level 4 as the top clip plane, even if you add levels between Level 2 and Level
4. If you were to delete Level 4, then the clip plane would revert back to the default level with which the
view is associated. In this example, it would revert to Associated Level (Level 2). Values, such as Level Above
and Level Below, always have a specific level name associated with them. For example, if you are setting the
view range for Level 1, the Level Above value would read Level Above (Level 2).

Additional View Range Rules

■ Model elements located outside the visible range generally are not shown in the view.
The exceptions are floors, stairs and ramps, and components that stay or are mounted on the floor (like
furniture). These are shown even when slightly below the visible range.

■ Elements that are strictly below the cut plane, but are at least partially within the visible range, are shown
as viewed from above. Components are displayed according to Family Element Visibility Settings for
Plan/RCP. See Visibility and Detail Levels on page 360.

View Range | 199

 ■ Walls shorter than 6 feet (approximately 1.83 meters) are not cut, even if they intersect the cut plane.

■ There are a few categories for which an element located above the cut plane but partially below the top
clip is shown in plan. These categories include windows, casework, and generic model. These objects are
shown as viewed from above.

Visibility Rules in RCP View

These are similar to those in plan with the exception that objects are presented as viewed from below and
mirrored.

Modifying the View Range

You can modify the View Range within any plan view.
1 Open a plan view.
2 Click View menu ➤ View Properties.
3 In the Element Properties dialog, locate the View Range parameter, and click Edit.
4 In the View Range dialog, modify view range properties as necessary. See View Range Properties
on page 200.
5 Click Apply to view changes.
6 Click OK.

View Range Properties

Parameter names, values, and descriptions for view ranges. Values are modifiable.

Name Description

Top Sets the upper boundary of the primary range. The upper boundary is defined as a level and an
offset from that level. Elements display as defined by their object styles. Elements above the offset
value do not display.

Cut plane Sets a height at which elements in a plan view are cut, such that building components below
the cut plane display in projection, and others that intersect it display as cut. Building components
that display as cut include walls, roofs, ceilings, floors, and stairs. A cut plane does not cut com-
ponents, such as desks, tables, and beds.

Bottom Sets the level of the Primary Range's lower boundary. If you access View Range while viewing
the lowest level of your project and set this property to level below, you must specify a value for
Offset, and you must set View Depth to a level below it.

View Depth Sets a vertical range for the visibility of elements between specified levels. In a floor plan, it should
be below the cut plane. In a reflected ceiling plan (RCP), it should be above. For example, if you
are designing a multi-story building, you might have a floor plan for the 10th floor that had a
depth to the first level. Specifying view depth lets you display visible objects below the current
level; such objects include stairs, balconies, and objects visible through holes in a floor.

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Model Graphic Styles
You can specify many different graphic styles for a project view. Model graphics styles are grouped into
models graphics and advanced model graphics.
Model graphics options are

■ Wireframe

■ Hidden line

■ Shading

■ Shading with edges

Advanced model graphics options are

■ Shadows

■ Silhouette edges

Specifying Model Graphic Style

Click View menu ➤ Wireframe, Hidden Line, Shading, or Shading with Edges.
Alternatively, on the View Control Bar at the bottom of the drawing area, click the Model Graphics Style
icon and select an option, as shown in the following image.

To save a view with an applied model graphics style:

1 Click View menu ➤ Orient ➤ Save View.

Alternatively:

a On the toolbar, click .

The SteeringWheel displays in the drawing area.

b Right-click the SteeringWheel and click Save View.

2 Enter a name for the new 3D view, and click OK.

The new view appears in the Project Browser under 3D Views.

Wireframe Model Graphics Style

The Wireframe command displays the image of the model with all edges and lines drawn, but with no
surfaces drawn. This command affects the current view only.

Model Graphic Styles | 201

 Hidden Line Model Graphics Style
The Hidden Line command displays the image with all edges and lines drawn except those obstructed by
surfaces. This command affects the current view only.

Displaying Intersecting Geometry with Hidden Lines

If the model includes intersected geometry (for example, an extrusion passing through a wall surface), Revit
Architecture does not create new edges along the lines of the intersection. This may result in incorrect hidden
line removal during export. If you attempt to export a view of the design with hidden lines turned on, you
may see unexpected results when you open the view in another CAD application. See Hidden Line Model
Graphics Style on page 202.
To see all visible lines, Revit Architecture recommends that you first create an opening in one surface before
passing another surface through it. See Defining Wall Shapes or Openings on page 591.
Intersecting geometry in hidden line mode (no edges are created at the intersecting
surfaces)

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Shading Model Graphics Style
The Shading command displays the image with all surfaces shaded according to their material color settings
and project light locations. A default light source provides illumination for the shaded elements. The number
of colors that can appear for shading depend on the number of colors you have configured to display in
Windows. This command affects the current view only.
Hardware graphics on your computer may render different levels of shading. Turn on the hardware graphics
by setting options in the View menu.
Shaded image

Shading with Edges Model Graphics Style

The Shading with Edges command displays the image in shaded mode, but with all non-occluded edges
drawn as well. A default light source provides illumination for the shaded elements. This command affects
the current view only.

Setting up Shadow Studies

You can include shadow studies as part of your presentation views. Shadows are available for 2D and 3D
model views.
To set up shadow studies, you can vary shadow and sun intensity. You can also define settings for sunlight
that produces the shadows.

Casting Shadows
1 Click View menu ➤ Advanced Model Graphics.
Alternatively, you can access advanced model graphics from the View Control Bar in the drawing
area, as shown in the following image.

Model Graphic Styles | 203

 2 In the Advanced Model Graphics dialog, under Style, select a graphics value other than
<Wireframe>.
If you want to control sun intensity, select Shading or Shading with Edges.

3 Under Shadow Properties, select Cast Shadows.

4 If enabled, use the sliders or enter values to vary sun and shadow intensity.
Shadow intensity controls the darkness of the shadows. Sun intensity changes the intensity of
ambient color. Valid values are between 0 and 100.

5 Click OK to apply changes.

For information about sun and shadow settings, see Defining the Sunlight Source for Shadows on page 204.
For information about silhouette edges, see Applying or Removing a Line Style for a Silhouette Edge on
page 205.

Defining the Sunlight Source for Shadows

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Sun and Shadow Settings.

NOTE You can also access the Sun and Shadow Settings dialog from the Advanced Model Graphics
dialog when shadows are enabled.

The Sun and Shadow Settings dialog includes predefined sunlight settings. You can select one
of these or define a new one.

2 To create a new sunlight setting, click Duplicate, and enter a name.

3 To define the sunlight setting based on a specific location:
■ Select By Date, Time, and Place.

■ Click the button next to Place, and select a city on the Place tab of the Manage Place and
Locations dialog.

NOTE You can also access the Manage Place and Locations dialog by clicking Settings menu ➤
Manage Place and Locations.

■ Enter latitude and longitude, and click OK in the Manage Place and Locations dialog.

■ Enter a date and time for the location.

4 To define sunlight by view:

■ Select Directly.

■ To orient the sunlight along a true north-south trajectory, do not select Relative to view.

■ To orient the sunlight along the orientation of the view, select Relative to view.

■ Enter the appropriate azimuth and altitude values.

5 To enable shadows on a ground plane, select Ground Plane at Level and select the level at which
you want the shadows to appear on the ground plane. Revit casts shadows on the specified level

204 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 in 2D and 3D views. When you clear Ground Plane at Level, Revit casts shadows on the
toposurface.

NOTE This option does not affect shadows in rendered images.

6 To test new sun and shadow settings, click Apply.

7 When you are finished with the sun and shadow settings, click OK.

Applying or Removing a Line Style for a Silhouette Edge

Revit Architecture can automatically apply a line style to silhouette edges. Silhouette edges are view-specific.
After you have applied silhouette edges to the model, there may be edges you do not want to display in
silhouette. You can remove these lines as necessary.

To apply a line style to a silhouette edge:

1 Click View menu ➤ Hidden Line, or Shading with Edges.

Silhouette edges are not available for Wireframe or Shading model graphic styles.

2 Click View menu ➤ Advanced Model Graphics.

3 In the Advanced Model Graphics Settings dialog, in the Edges panel, select a Silhouette style
(for example, Wide Lines).
4 Click OK.

To remove a line style from a silhouette edge:

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Linework, or on the Tools toolbar, click .

2 In the Type Selector, select <Not Silhouette>.
3 Select the edges in silhouette, and the silhouette is removed.
For more information about the Linework command, see Changing the Line Style of Elements
on page 326.

Finding Referring Views

The Find Referring Views command locates all views where the view annotation symbol is visible. For
example, if you activate this command for an elevation view, the Go to View dialog opens and lists all views
where the elevation symbol is currently visible.
You can activate this command from the Project Browser or in the drawing area.

Finding a View Symbol

1 In the Project Browser, right-click the view for which you want to locate view annotation symbols.
You can also open the view and right-click in the drawing area.
2 Select Find Referring Views.
3 In the Go To View dialog, select a view.
4 Click Open View.
The view opens with the view symbol selected.

Finding Referring Views | 205

Managing Views
The following topics describe different ways to manage project views to simplify your workflow and help
to manage your building project.

Customizing Project View Organization in the Project Browser

You can sort views and sheets in the Project Browser using any of the property values for the view or sheet.
For example, the following image shows views in the Project Browser organized by discipline, then by phase,
and then by view type. The top level of the Views branch also shows the name of the sort group currently
applied (in this case, Discipline).

In addition to sorting views, you can also limit the views that display in the Project Browser by applying a
filter. This is useful when you have a project with a large number of views or sheets, and you only want to
view a specific set in the Project Browser.
The properties that you can choose from when creating a sort group or applying a filter to the Project Browser
include project parameters and shared parameters. For more information about project and shared parameters,
see Project Parameters on page 447.
By default, the Project Browser displays all views (by view type) and all sheets (by sheet number and sheet
name).

Sorting Views or Sheets in the Project Browser

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Browser Organization.
2 In the Browser Organization dialog, click the Views tab to apply a sort to project views, or click
the Sheets tab to apply a sort to sheets.
3 Select a sort group.
To view the properties of an existing sort group, select it and click Edit.
For information on creating a sort group or editing an existing sort group, see Creating a Project
Browser Sort Group on page 207 and Editing a Project Browser Sort Group on page 207.

4 Click Apply, then click OK.

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Creating a Project Browser Sort Group
1 Click Settings menu ➤ Browser Organization.
2 In the Browser Organization dialog, click the Views tab to create a sort group for project views,
or click the Sheets tab to create a sort group for sheets.
3 Click New.
4 Enter a name for the sort group, and click OK.
5 In the Browser Organization Properties dialog, click the Folders tab.
6 For the first Group By list, select the view or sheet property to group by.

NOTE Values for the selected property must be defined for each view or sheet in order for the sort
to work correctly. To edit view or sheet properties, in the Project Browser, right-click the view or sheet
name, and select Properties.

7 If you only want the first few characters of the property value to be considered, select Leading
characters, and specify a value.
8 Optionally, select 2 additional groupings.
9 In the Sort By list, select the order for views or sheets to display in the lowest level grouping,
and select ascending or descending order.
10 Click OK.

Editing a Project Browser Sort Group

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Browser Organization.
2 In the Browser Organization dialog, click the Views tab to edit a sort group for project views, or
click the Sheets tab to edit a sort group for sheets.
3 Select a sort group.
4 To rename the sort group, click Rename.
5 To edit the sort group properties, click Edit. In the Browser Organization Properties dialog, make
the necessary changes.
6 Click OK.

Adding a Filter to a Project Browser Sort Group

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Browser Organization.
2 In the Browser Organization dialog, click the Views tab to apply a filter to project views, or click
the Sheets tab to apply a filter to sheets.
3 Select a sort group, and click Edit.
4 In the Browser Organization Properties dialog, click the Filters tab.
5 Select the following:
a The view or sheet property as the filter.

b The filter operator.

c The filter operator value.

For example, to show only those project views associated with Level 1, you can create a filter
by Associated Level, Equal to, Level 1.

Customizing Project View Organization in the Project Browser | 207

 6 Optionally, add 2 additional filters.
7 Click OK.

Editing a Project Browser Filter

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Browser Organization.
2 In the Browser Organization dialog, click the Views tab to edit a filter that is in a project views
sort group, or click the Sheets tab to edit a filter that is in a sheets sort group.
3 Select a sort group, and click Edit.
4 In the Browser Organization Properties dialog, click the Filters tab.
5 Make the necessary changes, and click OK.

Using View Lists

A view list is a schedule of the views in a project. In a view list, you can sort and group views by type, level,
sheet, or other parameters. If desired, you can include view lists on sheets. (See Schedules on Sheets on page
1001.)
View lists can help you to do the following:
■ Manage views in a project

■ Track the status of views

■ Ensure that important views display on sheets in the construction document set

■ Ensure that views are using consistent and appropriate settings

You can use a view list to see and modify parameters for multiple views at once. For example, suppose you
include the Detail Level and Scale parameters in a view list. From the view list, you can change the detail
levels of selected views to coarse, medium, or fine, or change view scales to use consistent settings. You can
also change the view name or view title that displays on sheets. By using a view list in this way, you can
identify and correct inconsistent view settings from one location.

Related topic

■ Drawing Lists on page 1005

208 | Chapter 4 Project Views

 Creating a View List
1 In a project, click View menu ➤ New ➤ View List.
2 On the Fields tab of the View List Properties dialog, select the fields to include in the view list.
See Selecting Fields for a Schedule on page 128.

3 (Optional) To create user-defined fields, click Add Parameter.

For further instructions, see Shared Parameters on page 440.

4 Specify the remaining schedule properties using the Filter, Sorting/Grouping, Formatting, and
Appearance tabs. See Specifying Schedule Properties on page 128.
By default, all project views are included in the view list. Use the Filter tab to omit views from
the list based on their properties.

5 Click OK.
The resulting view list displays in the drawing area. In the Project Browser, it displays under
Schedules/Quantities.

Adding a View List to a Sheet

To add a view list to a sheet, use the procedure for adding a schedule to a sheet. See Adding a Schedule to a
Sheet on page 1002.
When you add a view list to a sheet, you can perform the same functions as for schedules on sheets, including
the following:
■ Formatting the view list

■ Splitting the view list

■ Adjusting the width of columns

■ Displaying column headings vertically instead of horizontally

For instructions, see Schedules on Sheets on page 1001.

Renaming Views
Revit Architecture uses default names for project views. You can change view names at any time to better
reflect their content or to simplify project management.

To rename a view from the Project Browser

1 In the Project Browser, right-click the view name, and click Rename.
2 In the Rename View dialog, enter a new name for the view, and click OK.

To rename a view using view properties

1 Access view properties, using either of the following methods:
■ In the Project Browser, right-click the view name, and click Properties.

■ In the drawing area of the view, right-click, and click View Properties.

2 In the Element Properties dialog for the view, under Identity Data, for View Name, enter a new
name for the view.

Renaming Views | 209

 3 Click OK.

View Properties
The following properties are common to most view types.

Name Description

View Scale Changes the scale of the view as it appears on the drawing sheet. Select a scale value
from the list.

Scale Value Defines a custom scale value. This property is enabled when Custom is selected for
View Scale.

Display Model Hides the model in detail view. The Normal setting displays all elements normally. It
is intended for all non-detail views. The Do Not Display setting shows only detail-
view–specific elements. These elements include lines, regions, dimensions, text, and
symbols. Elements in the model do not display. The As Underlay setting displays all
detail-view–specific elements, while model elements appear dimmed. You can use
the underlay model elements as references for tracing lines, dimensioning, and
aligning.

Detail Level Applies a detail level setting to the view scale: coarse, medium, or fine. This setting
overrides the automatic detail level setting for the view. When you apply a detail level
to a view, you enable the visibility of certain types of geometry:
■ The compound structure of walls, floors, and roofs displays at medium and fine
detail levels.
■ Family geometry changes depending on the detail levels.
■ Structural framing changes depending on detail level. At coarse levels, it appears
as lines. At medium and fine levels, it appears with more geometry.

Visibility/Graphics Overrides Click Edit to access the Visibility/Graphics dialog.

Model Graphics Style Changes the display to Hidden Line, Wireframe, Shading, or Shading with Edges. See
Model Graphic Styles on page 201.

Advanced Model Graphics Click Edit to access Advanced Model Graphics, which controls shadows and silhouette
lines. See Model Graphic Styles on page 201.

Underlay Displays another slice of the model under the current plan view. That slice of the
model can be from above or below the current level. The underlay appears dimmed
and is visible even in hidden line. The underlay is useful to understand the relation
of components on different floors. Normally, you would turn off the underlay before
exporting or printing the view. You set an underlay by specifying a level. The slice of
the model between that level and the next level up displays. Three of the underlay
options (Current Level, Level Above, and Level Below) are relative to the current level.
All other choices are absolute.

TIP A level that is actually higher than the current level can be the underlay view.
For example, the basement level could have Level 2 as its underlay.

210 | Chapter 4 Project Views

Name Description

Underlay Orientation Controls the display of the underlay in Hidden Line mode. If the value is specified as
Plan, then the underlay displays as if you are viewing it from above, like a plan view.
If the value is specified as Reflected Ceiling Plan, then the underlay displays as if you
are viewing it from below, like a reflected ceiling plan.

Orientation Switches the orientation of the project in the view between Project North and True
North.

Wall Join Display Sets the default behavior for cleaning wall joins. If you set this property to Clean All
Wall Joins, then Revit Architecture automatically cleans all wall joins. If you set this
property to Clean Same Type Wall Joins, Revit Architecture only cleans wall joins of
the same wall type. If you join different wall types, Revit Architecture does not clean
them. You can override this setting using the Edit Wall Joins command.

Discipline Specify the discipline for the project view. Coordination combines Architectural and
Structural. Select Structural to hide non-load-bearing walls from the view.

Color Scheme Location In a floor plan view or section view, select Background to apply the color scheme to
the background of the view (the floors of a floor plan, or the background walls of a
section). Select Foreground to apply the color scheme to all model elements in the
view. See Applying a Color Scheme on page 960.

Color Scheme In a floor plan view or section view, the color scheme to use for rooms and areas. See
Color Schemes on page 956.

View Name The name of the active view. The view name appears in the Project Browser and in
the title bar of the view. It also appears as the name of the viewport on a sheet, unless
you define a value for the Title on Sheet parameter.

Title on Sheet The name of the view as it appears on the sheet; it supersedes any value in the View
Name property. This parameter is not available for sheet views.

Referencing Sheet See the description for Referencing Detail, which follows. From the example, the
referencing sheet is A101.

Referencing Detail This value comes from the referencing view that is placed on a sheet. For example,
you create a section in a plan view. You place that plan view as the first detail on a
sheet numbered A101. The referencing detail number for the section view is 1.

Default View Template Identifies the default view template for the view. See View Templates on page 498.

Crop View Select the Crop View check box to enable a crop boundary around the model. Select
the boundary and resize it using the drag controls. As you resize the boundary, the
visibility of the model changes. To turn off the boundary and maintain the cropping,
clear the Crop Region Visible check box. See Crop Regions on page 163.

Crop Region Visible Shows or hides the crop region. View cropping is not available in sheet and schedule
views.

View Properties | 211

 Name Description

Annotation Crop Shows or hides the annotation crop when crop regions are visible in the project view.

View Range Within the view properties of any plan view, you can set the View Range. With View
Range, you can control the specific geometric planes that define the boundaries of
each view. These boundaries are set by defining the exact cut plane as well as the
top and bottom clip planes.

Associated Level The level associated with the plan view. This is a read-only property.

Scope Box If you draw a scope box in a view, you can associate the view's crop region with that
scope box, so the crop region is visible and matches the scope box extents. This
property is available for plan, elevation, and section views. When you select a scope
box value for this property, the Crop Region and Crop Region Visible properties be-
come read-only.

Phase Filter The specific phase filter applied to the view.

Phase The specific phase of the view. Along with the Phase Filter, it determines which
model components (phase-wise) are visible in the view and how they appear graph-
ically. When you create new model components in a view, these components assume
the view phase as their creation phase.

212 | Chapter 4 Project Views

Using Dimensions and
Constraints 5
Dimensions are view-specific elements that show sizes and distances in a project. There are 2 types of dimensions: temporary
and permanent.
Constraints are non-view specific elements that can function independently of dimensions. Constraint elements appear
in all views in which their references are visible; dimensions are view specific. You can modify and delete constraints
independently of dimensions or remove them when you delete dimensions.

Dimensions
Dimensions are view-specific elements that show sizes and distances in a project. There are 2 types of
dimensions: temporary and permanent.
Revit Architecture places temporary dimensions as you place components. You create permanent dimensions
to define a particular size or distance. Each dimension type can be modified, and the component that is
dimensioned updates accordingly.
Temporary and permanent dimensions, by default, use the unit settings specified for the project. For
permanent dimensions, you can create custom dimension types that override the default unit settings. See
Creating Custom Dimension Units on page 226.

Temporary Dimensions
As you create or select geometry, Revit Architecture displays temporary dimensions around the component.
This is useful for placing the component in the proper place.
Temporary dimensions are created to the nearest perpendicular component and increment by the set value.
For example, if you set the snap to 6 cm, the dimension increments in values of 6 cm as you move the
component to place it. For information on changing the dimension snap value, see Setting Snap Increments
on page 494.
After you place a component, Revit Architecture displays the temporary dimensions. When you place another
component, the temporary dimensions for the previous component disappear to reduce clutter. To view the
temporary dimensions of a component, click Modify and select the component. Remember, the temporary

213
 dimensions are to the nearest component, so the dimensions you see may be different from the original
temporary dimensions. If there are dimensions you want to appear at all times, create permanent dimensions.
You can modify temporary dimensions to reference the components you want by moving the witness lines.
You can also specify the display and placement of temporary dimensions. See Specifying Temporary Dimension
Settings on page 497.

Showing Temporary Dimensions When Multiple Elements are Selected

When you select multiple elements in Revit Architecture, temporary dimensions and constraints do not
display.
System performance can significantly increase when the temporary dimensions and constraints are not
displayed.

To show temporary dimensions and constraints:

1 Select multiple elements in the drawing area.
2 On the Options Bar, click Activate Dimensions.

NOTE System performance can significantly increase when the temporary dimensions and constraints
are not displayed.

Changing Temporary Dimensions to Permanent Dimensions

1 Select a component in the drawing area.

2 Click the dimension symbol that appears near the temporary dimension. You can then
modify the properties of the new dimension and change its type.

Permanent Dimensions
A permanent dimension is a dimension that you specifically place. Permanent dimensions can appear in 2
different states: modifiable and non-modifiable. You can modify a permanent dimension when the geometry
that it references is selected.
If the geometry that a permanent dimension references is not selected for modification, the dimension
appears at its true size and is not available for modification. This is done to eliminate crowding of dimensions
when they are not needed for modification.
Permanent dimension in a non-modifiable state

When dimensioning components such as doors and windows, you can select either the edge of the opening
to dimension or you can select the center of the component to dimension.

214 | Chapter 5 Using Dimensions and Constraints

NOTE Dimensions are like other annotation elements; they are view-specific. They do not appear in all other views
automatically.

Placing Permanent Dimensions

The Dimension command lets you place permanent dimensions on components in your project or family.
You can choose from aligned, horizontal, vertical, angular, radial, or arc length permanent dimensions.
To view a dimension value after placing it, select one of the components that it references.
Before placing dimensions in Revit Architecture, you may want to edit the properties for dimensions and
predefine aligned, horizontal, vertical, angular, radial, and arc length dimensions. For more information,
see Dimension Properties on page 238.

Aligned Dimensions
You can place aligned dimensions between 2 or more parallel references or 2 or more points, such as wall
ends.

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Dimension, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Dimension.

2 On the Options Bar, click (Create Aligned Dimensions).

3 If you are creating a dimension with walls, select a value for Prefer, which sets a snap point for
the cursor.
Options are Wall centerlines, Wall faces, Center of core, and Faces of core. For example, if you
select Prefer wall centerlines, the cursor first snaps to the centerline of a wall when you place it
over the wall.

4 For Pick, select Individual References.

5 Place the cursor at a reference point on an element, such as a wall.
The reference point highlights if you can place the dimension there.

TIP You can cycle through the different reference points for walls by pressing TAB. Intersections of
internal wall layer boundaries provide references for aligned dimensioning. A gray square reference
displays at any intersection of internal wall layers.

6 Click to specify the reference.

7 Place the cursor on the desired location of the next reference point, and click.
As you move the cursor, a dimension line appears. You can continue to select multiple references,
if desired.

8 When you have reached the last reference point, move the cursor away from the last component
and click.
The permanent aligned dimension appears.

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 Automatic Aligned Dimensions with Walls
With automatic aligned dimensions, you can place a dimension on a wall with one click, eliminating the
need to pick all references. You can dimension an entire wall, a wall with intersecting walls, or a wall with
openings.

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Dimension, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Dimension.
2 On the Options Bar, do the following:

a Click (Create Aligned Dimensions).

b For Pick, select Entire Walls.

c Click Options.

3 In the Auto Dimension Options dialog, select:

■ Openings to dimension a wall and its openings. Select Centers or Widths to set the references
for the openings.
If you select Centers, the dimension string uses the opening’s center as a reference. If you
choose Widths, the dimension string measures the width of the opening.

■ Intersecting Walls to dimension a wall and its intersecting walls. When you select a wall to
place a dimension, a multi-segmented dimension string displays automatically.

■ Intersecting Grids to dimension a wall and its intersecting grids. When you select a wall to
place a dimension, the multi-segmented dimension string displays automatically and
references the perpendicular grids that intersect the wall centerline.

NOTE If a grid line is coincident with another wall reference point (for example, the wall end
point), then a witness line is not created for the grid. This avoids the creation of zero-length
dimension segments.

4 Click OK to close the Auto Dimension Options dialog.

5 Place the cursor on a wall so that the wall highlights, and click. If desired, continue to highlight
other walls to add them to the dimension string.
6 Move the cursor away from the walls so that a dimension line displays.
7 Click to place the dimension.

Aligned Dimensions with Arc Wall Centers

You can place aligned dimensions from the center of arc walls to other walls or lines.

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Dimension, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Dimension.

2 On the Options Bar, click (Create Aligned Dimensions).

3 Move the cursor over the arc wall until the center mark (+ symbol) displays. You may need to
zoom in to see the + symbol.

NOTE By default the arc center mark is invisible. You can dimension to it without displaying it by
moving the cursor over the arc until the center mark highlights. Arc center marks are only visible in
a plan view.

4 Click to start the dimension.

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 5 Place the dimension between the arc wall center and any other component you wish to
dimension.

Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions

Horizontal and vertical dimensions are placed between selected points. The dimensions are aligned to the
horizontal or vertical axis of the view. The selected points are endpoints of elements or the intersection of
references (for example, the join of 2 walls).
You can use arc end points as references when placing horizontal and vertical dimensions.
Horizontal and vertical dimensions are available in the project environment only. You cannot create them
in the Family Editor.
The following illustration shows horizontal and vertical linear dimensions on an irregular-shaped building.

Placing Horizontal or Vertical Dimensions

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Dimension, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Dimension.

2 On the Options Bar, click (Create Horizontal or Vertical Dimensions).

3 Place the cursor at a reference point on an element, such as a wall or a line, or at the intersection
of references, such as a join between 2 walls.
The reference point highlights if you can place the dimension there. You can switch through
the different reference points of intersections by pressing TAB.

4 Click to specify the reference.

5 Place the cursor on the desired location of the next reference point, and click.
As you move the cursor, a dimension line appears. You can continue to select multiple references,
if desired.

6 After selecting a second reference point, press SPACEBAR to align the dimension to the vertical
or horizontal axis.

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 7 When you have reached the last reference point, move the cursor away from the last element,
and click.
The dimension displays.

Angular Dimensions
Angular dimensions can be placed on multiple reference points sharing a common intersection. You cannot
drag the dimension arc to display a full circle.

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Dimension, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Dimension.

2 On the Options Bar, click (Create Angular Dimensions).

3 Place the cursor on a component and click to create a start point for the dimension.

TIP You can switch the reference point for the dimension between a wall face and a wall centerline
by pressing TAB.

4 Place the cursor on a component not parallel to the first and click.

TIP You can select multiple reference points for the dimension. Each element you are dimensioning
must pass through a common point. For example, to create a multiple-reference angular dimension
among 4 walls, each of the 4 walls must pass through a common point.

5 Drag the cursor to size the angular dimension. Choose the sector where you want the dimension
to appear:
Wall join with 4 distinct sectors

6 When sized properly, click to place.

Radial Dimensions
1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Dimension, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Dimension.

2 On the Options Bar, click (Create Radial Dimensions).

3 Place the cursor on the arc and click.
A temporary dimension appears.

TIP You can switch the reference point for the dimension between a wall face and a wall centerline
by pressing TAB.

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 4 Click again to place the permanent dimension.

Changing Radial Dimension References on Arcs

You can change the reference of an existing radial dimension from one arc to another, provided the new
arc is concentric with the original arc.
1 Select a radial dimension.
A blue square drag control appears at the end of the dimension.

2 Drag the control to another arc.

A valid concentric arc highlights when you place the cursor over it.

Arc Length Dimensions

You can dimension arc walls to obtain the overall length of the wall.

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Dimension, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Dimension.

2 On the Options Bar, click (Create Arc Length Dimensions).

3 For Prefer, select a snap option.
For example, choose Prefer wall faces to have the cursor snap to the inside or outside wall face.
This aids in selecting the radial point.

4 Place the cursor on the arc and click to select the radial point.
5 Select the end points of the arc and move the cursor up and away from the arc wall.
6 Click to place the arc length dimension.

Baseline and Ordinate Dimensions

Baseline dimensions are multiple dimensions measured from the same baseline.

Ordinate dimensions measure the perpendicular distance from an origin point called the datum to an
element. These dimensions prevent escalating errors by maintaining accurate offsets of the features from
the datum.

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 You can create baseline and ordinate dimensions for linear dimension styles. Linear dimension styles include
aligned, horizontal, and vertical dimensions. To create a baseline or ordinate dimension for these linear
dimension styles, you need to edit the Dimension String type parameter. Since this is a type parameter, you
may want to create a new baseline or ordinate linear dimension style so that any continuous dimensions
in the project are not affected when you edit the parameter.
Baseline and ordinate dimensions export to CAD formats.

IMPORTANT Arc length dimensions are linear dimensions and have parameters (Dimension String Type and
Ordinate Dimension Settings) for creating baseline and ordinate dimensions, but these parameters have no effect
on arc length dimensions.

Creating a Baseline Linear Dimension Style

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Dimension, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Dimension.

2 On the Options Bar, click (Create Aligned Dimensions) or (Create Horizontal or Vertical
Dimensions).
These are both linear dimension styles.

3 Click (Element Properties).

4 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
5 In the Type Properties dialog, click Duplicate.
6 In the Name dialog, enter a name for the dimension, such as Baseline Linear-3/32” Arial.
7 Click OK.
8 In the Type Properties dialog, for the Dimension String Type parameter, select Baseline.
9 Click OK 2 times.
The new dimension style displays in the Type Selector.

Creating an Ordinate Linear Dimension Style

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Dimension, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Dimension.

2 On the Options Bar, click (Create Aligned Dimensions) or (Create Horizontal or Vertical
Dimensions).
These are both linear dimension styles.

3 Click (Element Properties).

4 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
5 In the Type Properties dialog, click Duplicate.
6 In the Name dialog, enter a name for the dimension, such as Ordinate Linear-3/32” Arial.
7 Click OK.
8 In the Type Properties dialog, for the Dimension String Type parameter, select Ordinate.
9 Click Edit for the Ordinate Dimension Settings parameter.

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 10 In the Ordinate Dimension Settings dialog, specify settings for the ordinate dimension.
Setting Description

Text Orientation Specify where to align the dimension text, with the
witness line or the dimension line. This setting is dis-
abled when the Read Convention parameter is Hori-
zontal.

Text Position Specify the text position, at the end of the witness
line or next to the witness line.

Origin Visibility Specify visibility of the origin witness line for the or-
dinate dimension (this is the first witness line in the
string). Options are:
■ None does not show the origin witness line, tick
mark, or text (0'-0").
■ Witness Line with Text shows the origin witness
line, tick mark and text (0'-0").
■ Witness Line only shows the origin witness line
and tick mark.

Origin Tick Mark Specify the tick mark for the dimension origin. This
setting is disabled when Origin Visibility is set to None.

Dimension Line Style Specify the dimension line style. Options are:
■ Continuous displays the dimension line as continu-
ous.
■ Segmented segments the dimension line. Specify
the length of the segments with the Length of
Segment settings.
■ None shows no dimension line. When you select
the dimension line in the drawing area, a hidden
line displays.

Length of Segments Specify the dimension line segment length. This set-
ting is enabled when Dimension Line Style is Segmen-
ted.

11 Click OK 2 times.
The new dimension style displays in the Type Selector.

Placing Baseline Dimensions

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Dimension, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Dimension.

2 On the Options Bar, click (Create Aligned Dimensions) or (Create Horizontal or Vertical
Dimensions).
3 In the Type Selector, select a baseline dimension style.

Permanent Dimensions | 221

 For more information, see Creating a Baseline Linear Dimension Style on page 220.

4 In the drawing area, select the first point for the dimension. This is the origin.
5 Continue to select the necessary reference points.
6 When you have reached the last reference point, move the cursor away from the last element,
and click.
The baseline dimension displays.

7 To customize display of the baseline dimension:

a In the drawing area, select the dimension.

b Click the flip controls ( ) to flip the dimension direction.

c Press SPACEBAR to change the baseline dimension stacking. You can use the spacebar to
change the baseline dimension stacking before or after placement.

Placing Ordinate Dimensions

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Dimension, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Dimension.

2 On the Options Bar, click (Create Aligned Dimensions) or (Create Horizontal or Vertical
Dimensions).
3 In the Type Selector, select an ordinate dimension style.
For more information, see Creating an Ordinate Linear Dimension Style on page 220.

4 In the drawing area, select the first point for the dimension. This is the origin.
5 Continue to select the necessary reference points.
6 When you have reached the last reference point, move the cursor away from the last element,
and click.
The ordinate dimension displays.

Locking Permanent Dimensions

When you place permanent linear or angular dimensions, a lock control appears with the dimension. Locks
appear when you select

■ A permanent dimension.

■ An element constrained by a dimension. An element is constrained if it is referenced by a locked segment

or is a reference in an equality dimension.

If the lock is unlocked , the dimension value is modifiable and the element that it references is free to
move in any direction. You can click the dimension value and change it.

If the lock is locked , the dimension value is fixed, preventing any change to the distance between its
referenced components. You cannot click the dimension value to change it.

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Selected dimension with locked and unlocked controls

Clicking on the lock switches it between the locked and unlocked state. Once a dimension is locked, you
must unlock it to change its value.

TIP You can also switch the locked and unlocked state of the lock by right-clicking on it and choosing Toggle
from the menu.

Also see Applying Constraints with Dimensions on page 247.

Anchoring Elements Referenced in Multi-Segmented Dimensions

In a multi-segmented, equality constrained dimension, you can use the anchor symbol to designate the
anchored element. The element that is anchored remains stationary while you move other elements in a
dimension.
1 Create a multi-segmented dimension. See Placing Permanent Dimensions on page 215 for
information on creating dimensions.
2 On the Design Bar, click Modify.

3 In the drawing area select the dimension, and click the Dimension Equality symbol ( ) to
make the dimension equally constrained.
4 Select any element the dimension references, except the one you want to anchor.
An anchor symbol appears near the dimension.
Equality dimension with selected element shown in red

5 Click and hold the anchor symbol. A witness line appears for the anchor.
6 Drag the anchor symbol to the element you want to anchor.
7 Move any of the unanchored elements referenced in the dimension.
The element accompanied by the anchor does not move.

NOTE If you select the element the anchor is currently attached to, this also moves the position of the anchor.

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 Distinguishing a Dimension Lock’s Related Element
In large-scale projects with many dimensions and alignments, it can be difficult to distinguish which
dimension locks refer to which elements.

To determine the element that a lock belongs to:

1 In the drawing area, right-click a dimension lock.
2 Select Show Related from the context menu.
The appropriate element highlights and a dialog identifies the element.

3 Click the arrow buttons to switch between the elements constrained by the lock.

Overriding Dimension Text

You can add supplemental text above, below, to the left or right of a permanent dimension value.
Also see Replacing Permanent Dimension Values with Text on page 224.

To add supplemental text to a dimension value:

1 In the drawing area, select the dimension you want to edit.
2 Click the dimension value.
The Dimension Text dialog displays.

3 In the Dimension Value field, select Use Actual Value.

Enter the text you want to display in the Above, Below, Prefix, and/or Suffix text fields.

NOTE You do not need to enter text in all fields, only those you require.

4 Click Apply.
5 Click OK.

Replacing Permanent Dimension Values with Text

You can replace a permanent dimension value with text, as shown in the following image.

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You can also replace a dimension value with variations within a class of element, as shown below.

You cannot replace a permanent dimension value with a numeric value. You will receive a message if you
attempt to do so.

To replace permanent dimension values with text:

1 In the drawing area, select the dimension you want to edit.
2 Click the dimension value.
The Dimension Text dialog displays.

3 In the Dimension Value field, select Replace With Text.

4 In the text box, enter the text you want to display in place of the dimension value.
5 Optionally, enter text in the Above and/or Below text fields.
6 Click Apply.
7 Click OK.

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 Creating Custom Dimension Units
When you create a project, by default Revit Architecture assigns specific units and accuracy to dimension
styles based on the project units settings. See Project Units on page 492.
You can create custom dimension types that override these default settings. For each custom dimension
type you create, you can define the unit and accuracy settings. For example, in a project that uses Imperial
units, you can create a dimension type that displays a metric unit. You can also create dimension types that
have different rounding options so, for example, you can show dimensions that round to 1/8” in a plan
view and 1/32” in a detail view.

To create a custom dimension type:

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Dimension, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, select Dimension.
2 On the Options Bar, click the appropriate dimension command. For example, if you want to
apply custom accuracy to a linear dimension, click the linear dimension command.

3 Click (Element Properties).

4 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
5 Click Duplicate. Enter a name for the new dimension style, and click OK.
6 Find the Units Format parameter and click the button next to it.
7 Clear the Use project settings check box.
8 For Units, select an appropriate unit.
9 For Rounding, select an appropriate value. If you select Custom, enter a value in the Rounding
increment text box.
10 If applicable, select a Unit suffix.
11 Click OK.
12 Click OK twice to exit the dimension properties.

Dimensioning to Core in Compound Structures

When constructing a compound wall with inserts, builders often want to know the dimensions of unfinished
structural openings for the inserts. You can dimension a structural opening by choosing references on the
outer boundary of the core layer in the wall. The structural layer is typically within the core boundary of a
wall.
Inserts can be perpendicular or non-perpendicular to the core boundary.

NOTE If you want to dimension to the structural layer of a wall at an insert, be sure that the cut plane offset of
the view is set at or lower than the cut plane offset of the insert family.

Dimensioning to Core
1 Draw a compound wall and place an insert into the wall.
2 To view the layers of the wall, set the Detail Level of the view to Medium or Fine. To do this,
click (Detail Level) at the bottom of the drawing area.

3 Select the wall and click (Element Properties).

4 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New to access the wall's type properties.

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 5 Set the Wrapping at Inserts property to Both.
6 Click OK twice to exit the Element Properties dialog.
7 On the Design Bar, click Dimension.
8 On the Options Bar, for Prefer, select Faces of Core.
9 Select the outer core boundary as the reference for the dimension.
Dimension references for perpendicular insert

Dimension references for non-perpendicular insert

Spot Dimensions
Spot dimensions can be placed as spot elevations or spot coordinates. Spot elevations can display the elevation
of a selected point or the top and bottom elevation of an element. Spot coordinates display the North/South,
East/West coordinates of a selected point, and can also display the elevation of the selected point.

Spot Elevations
Spot elevations display the actual elevation of a selected point. Spot elevations can also display the top
and/or bottom elevation of elements with a definite thickness. Top and bottom elevations are available for
elements in plan views.

Spot Dimensions | 227

 You can place spot elevations on non-horizontal surfaces and non-planar edges. You can place them in plan,
elevation, and 3D views. Spot elevations are typically used to obtain a point of elevation for ramps, roads,
toposurfaces, and stair landings.

Placing a Spot Elevation Dimension

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Spot Dimension ➤ Spot Elevation, or on the Drafting tab of the Design
Bar, click Spot Dimension ➤ Spot Elevation.
2 In the Type Selector, select the type of spot elevation to place.
3 On the Options Bar:
a Select or clear the Leader option.
The following image shows the same spot elevation without and with a leader.

b If the Leader option is selected, optionally select the Shoulder option. This adds a bend to
the spot elevation leader.
The following image shows a spot elevation with and without a leader shoulder.

c If you are placing a relative spot elevation, select an option for Relative Base.

d Select an option for Display Elevations.

NOTE This option is enabled when you place a spot elevation in a plan view.

■ Actual (Selected) Elevation displays the elevation of the selected point on the element.

■ Top Elevation displays the top elevation of the element.

■ Bottom Elevation displays the bottom elevation of the element.

■ Top & Bottom Elevation displays the top and bottom elevations of the element.

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 4 Select an edge of an element, or select a point on a toposurface.
When you move the cursor over an element on which you can place the spot elevation, the
value of the spot elevation displays in the drawing area.

5 If you are placing a spot elevation:

■ without a leader, click to place it.

■ with a leader, move the cursor away from the element, and click to place the spot elevation.

■ with a leader and a shoulder, move the cursor away from the element. Click once to place
the leader shoulder. Move the cursor again and then click to place the spot elevation.

6 To finish placing spot elevations, on the Design Bar, click Modify.

If you select a spot elevation after placing it, you can move it using the drag controls. If you delete an element
that is referenced or turn off its visibility, the spot elevation is removed.

Adding Supplementary Text to Spot Elevation Dimensions

You can add supplementary text to spot dimensions. By editing the type parameters for the spot elevation,
you can add text for the elevation indicator, top indicator, and bottom indicator. This text can appear as a
suffix or a prefix to the spot elevation value.

In addition, you can edit the instance parameters for a spot elevation to add supplementary prefix and/or
suffix text to the single (or upper) value and the lower value.
The following list shows the order of appearance for text relative to the spot elevation value.

■ Single/Upper Value Prefix or Lower Value Prefix (instance parameters)

■ Top Indicator or Bottom Indicator when set as Prefix (type parameters)

■ Elevation Indicator when set as Prefix (type parameter)

■ Spot elevation value

■ Elevation Indicator when set as Suffix (type parameter)

■ Top Indicator or Bottom Indicator when set as Suffix (type parameters)

■ Single/Upper Value Suffix or Lower Value Suffix (instance parameters)

For more information, see Spot Elevation Type Properties on page 241 and Spot Elevation Instance Properties
on page 243.

Changing Elevation Reporting

A spot elevation can report elevations relative to project origin, shared origin, or a specified level.
1 Place a spot elevation.

Spot Dimensions | 229

 2 Select it and click (Element Properties).
3 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
4 Specify a value for the Elevation Origin parameter. For more information about the values, see
Spot Elevation Type Properties on page 241.
5 If you set the elevation to Relative, click OK, and set the value for the Relative Base instance
parameter.

Changing Spot Elevation Arrowhead Style

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Annotations ➤ Arrowheads.
2 For Type, select Filled Elevation Target.
3 For Arrow Style, select Elevation Target.
4 If desired, select Fill Tick. If you select this option, the arrowhead looks like the filled elevation

symbol: . If you do not select this option, the arrowhead is a crosshairs symbol: .
5 Click OK.
6 Place a spot elevation.

7 Select the spot elevation, click (Element Properties), and click Edit/New.
8 For Type, select Target Leader.
9 For Leader Arrowhead, select Filled Elevation Target.

NOTE The Filled Elevation Target type is available for other annotations, such as text note leaders.

Reporting North, South, East, and West Spot Coordinates

Spot coordinates report the North/South and East/West coordinates of points in a project.

You can also display the elevation of the selected point and indicator text in addition to the coordinates.

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Coordinates are reported with respect to the shared coordinate system. See Shared Positioning on page 1230.
Spot coordinates can be placed on floors, walls, toposurfaces, and boundary lines. You can also place spot
coordinates on non-horizontal surfaces and non-planar edges. When you display the elevation of the selected
point in addition to the spot coordinates, you can place the spot coordinate in the same locations you can
place a spot elevation.

To place spot coordinates:

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Spot Dimension ➤ Spot Coordinate, or on the Drafting tab of the Design
Bar, click Spot Dimension ➤ Spot Coordinate.
2 In the Type Selector, select the type of spot coordinate to place.
3 On the Options Bar, select or clear the Leader option. If the Leader option is selected, optionally
select the Shoulder option. This adds a bend to the spot elevation leader.
4 If you want the elevation to display in addition to the spot coordinates:

a Click (Element Properties).

b In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.

c Under Text, select the Include Elevation option.

5 Select an edge of an element or a point on a toposurface.

When you move the cursor over an element on which you can place the spot coordinate, the
spot coordinate value appears in the drawing area.

6 If you are placing a spot coordinate:

■ without a leader, click to place it.

■ with a leader, move the cursor away from the element, and click to place the spot coordinate.

■ with a leader and a shoulder, move the cursor away from the element. Click once to place
the leader shoulder. Move the cursor again and then click to place the spot coordinate.

7 To finish, on the Design Bar, click Modify.

If you select a spot coordinate after placing it, you can move it using the drag controls. If you delete an
element that is referenced or turn off its visibility, the spot coordinate is removed.

To modify the appearance of the spot elevation, select it and click . For more information, see
Dimension Properties on page 238.

Spot Dimensions | 231

 Adding Supplementary Text to Spot Coordinate Dimensions
You can add supplementary text to spot dimensions. By editing the type parameters for the spot coordinate,
you can add text for the North/South indicator, East/West indicator, and elevation indicator. This text can
appear as a suffix or a prefix to the spot coordinate values.

In addition, you can edit the instance parameters for a spot coordinate to add supplementary prefix and/or
suffix text to the top, bottom, and elevation values.
The following list shows the order of appearance for text relative to the top spot coordinate value.

■ Top Value Prefix (instance parameter)

■ Indicator when set as Prefix (type parameter)

■ Top spot coordinate value

■ Indicator when set as Suffix (type parameter)

■ Top Value Suffix (instance parameter)

The following list shows the order of appearance for text relative to the bottom spot coordinate value.

■ Bottom Value Prefix (instance parameter)

■ Indicator when set as Prefix (type parameter)

■ Bottom spot coordinate value

■ Indicator when set as Suffix (type parameter)

■ Bottom Value Suffix (instance parameter)

The following list shows the order of appearance for text relative to the elevation spot coordinate value.

■ Elevation Value Prefix (instance parameter)

■ Elevation Indicator when set as Prefix (type parameter)

■ Elevation spot coordinate value

■ Elevation Indicator when set as Suffix (type parameter)

■ Elevation Value Suffix (instance parameter)

For more information, see Spot Coordinate Type Properties on page 244 and Spot Coordinate Instance
Properties on page 246.

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Listening Dimensions
When you are sketching, you can explicitly enter a value for the sketch line by typing a number after you
begin the sketch line. This method is known as listening dimensions.
Typically, listening dimensions specify linear dimensions such as length. For example, the length of a line
(when drawing a line), length of a chord (when drawing the second point of a 3-point arc), length of a radius
(when drawing an arc, circle, or polygon). If there is no linear dimension, you can enter an angular dimension,
if applicable.
Listening dimensions are not available for some elements, such as splines or rectangles.
Following is a sample procedure for using listening dimensions to specify the length of a sketch line.
1 Begin sketching a line.

NOTE Listening dimensions initially appear in blue or black bold text.

2 Type the length value. When you type a number a text box appears, as shown below.
For example, if you need a line that is 8 feet 6 inches long, type the value as: 8 6.

3 Press Enter.
The sketch line is drawn the specified length.

Dimension Witness Lines

You can move witness lines to new references for temporary and permanent dimensions. You can also
control the gap between the witness line and the element for permanent dimensions.
Properties for witness lines are included with the type properties for permanent dimensions. See Permanent
Dimension Type Properties on page 238.

Moving the Witness Line for Temporary Dimensions

1 Select a component.
2 Do one of the following:
■ Drag the control (blue square) to a different reference.

■ Right-click the witness line control and select Move Witness Line from the context menu.
You can then move the witness line to a new reference.

Listening Dimensions | 233

 NOTE Modifications to temporary dimension witness lines are not saved.

Moving the Witness Line for Permanent Dimensions

1 Select a permanent dimension.
2 Right-click the blue square control in the middle of the witness line, and select Move Witness
Line from the context menu.

3 Drag the witness line to the element to reference.

Controlling Witness Line Gaps for Permanent Dimensions

By selecting a linear dimension, you can control its distance from the element it is referencing and the
reference point for the dimension.
1 Create a linear dimension between 2 or more elements (for example, between 2 walls). See
Aligned Dimensions on page 215.
2 Select a dimension line.
Blue controls appear on the witness lines.

3 Place the cursor on one of the blue square controls at the end of the witness line and drag to
resize the gap between the witness line and the element. If desired, select other controls to resize
the dimension gap. Parallel dimension lines snap to the same gaps.

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 TIP As you move the element referenced by the dimension line, the distance of the gap remains
constant.

Adding Witness Lines to a Permanent Dimension

1 Select the dimension.
2 On the Options Bar, click Edit Witness Lines.
3 Click the element for which you want to add a new witness line.
4 When you are finished, click Modify.

Deleting Witness Lines

1 Select a permanent dimension.
2 Right-click the blue square control in the middle of the witness line, and select Delete Witness
Line from the context menu.

Modifying Dimensions
Revit Architecture gives you the capability to customize the look of your dimensions.

Changing a Dimension Value

1 Select a component that the dimension references.
2 Click the dimension value.
If the dimension is locked, the lock control appears next to it. Click the lock control to unlock
the dimension so you can change it.

3 In the edit box, type a new value for the dimension and press ENTER.

Moving Dimension Line Text

At times in your design, dimensions may appear very close together, making them difficult to read. You can
drag text away from the dimension line to improve clarity. Dimension text controls are only available for
permanent dimensions.
1 Select a dimension.
The witness lines highlight and square blue controls appear.

Modifying Dimensions | 235

 2 Place the cursor on the blue handle below the dimension text. Drag the handle away from the
dimension.
Revit Architecture moves the text away from the dimension line. If the dimension text crosses
the path of one of the witness lines of the dimension, and it does not cross the center of the
dimension segment it is on, an arc leader line appears. You can turn off the leader by clearing
the Leader option from the Options Bar.

3 To return the dimension text to its original position, drag the handle back toward the dimension
line, and it will snap to its original position.

Changing the Dimension Line Tick Mark

You can change the tick mark that displays at the ends of the dimension line.

1 In the drawing area, select a dimension and click (Element Properties).

2 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
3 Select a value for the Tick Mark parameter.
4 Click OK.
If you select an arrow tick mark, see Controlling the Display Behavior of Dimension Arrows on page 236 for
information on the behavior of arrow type tick marks.

Controlling the Display Behavior of Dimension Arrows

When you select an arrow tick mark for dimension lines, the arrows recognize when a dimension segment
is too small to accommodate the arrows on the interior of the dimension line. When this occurs, dimension
arrows automatically flip to the exterior of the dimension line. This occurs for linear, angular, and radial
dimensions. For radial dimensions, arrows flip when the dimension line (the radius) is shorter than the
length of the arrow.
The following image shows 2 dimensions with arrow tick marks. The larger dimension shows how arrows
display on the interior of the dimension line when the line is large enough to accommodate them. The
smaller dimension shows how dimension arrows flip to the exterior of the dimension line when the line is
too small to accommodate them.

236 | Chapter 5 Using Dimensions and Constraints

In addition, multi-segment dimension lines recognize when adjacent segments are too small for arrows to
fit. When this occurs, the ends of the short-segment string flip, and the inner witness lines display the
interior tick mark type designated in the dimension properties. In the following image, the dimension arrows
flip to the exterior of the dimension line and the witness lines display the designated tick mark (diagonal).

For information on changing the tick mark for a dimension line, see Changing the Dimension Line Tick
Mark on page 236.

To control the display behavior of dimension arrow tick marks:

1 In the drawing area, select a dimension and click (Element Properties).

2 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
3 Edit the following parameters:
■ Flipped Dimension Line Extension: when dimension arrows flip, this controls the length of
the dimension line beyond the flipped arrows. Length is measured from the end of the arrow
head.

■ Interior Tick Mark: designates the tick mark display for inner witness lines when adjacent
segments of a dimension line are too small for arrows to fit. When this occurs, the ends of
the short-segment string flip, and the inner witness lines display the designated interior tick
mark.

Modifying Dimensions | 237

 NOTE These parameters are only enabled when the tick mark type parameter is set to an arrow type.

4 Click OK.

Dimension Properties
You can change many properties of permanent and spot dimensions.

NOTE Permanent dimension type properties include properties for witness lines.

Modifying Permanent or Spot Dimension Properties

1 In a project view, select a permanent or spot dimension and click (Element Properties).
2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit the instance properties.
3 Click Edit/New to edit type properties.

NOTE Changes made to type properties affect all permanent dimensions or spot dimensions of that
type in the project. You can click Duplicate to create a new permanent or spot dimension type.

4 When you are finished, click OK.

Permanent Dimension Type Properties

Name Description

Graphics

Dimension String Type Specify the formatting method for a string of dimensions. This parameter is available
for linear dimension styles.

NOTE Arc length dimensions are linear dimensions and have parameters (Dimension
String Type and Ordinate Dimension Settings) for creating baseline and ordinate
dimensions, but these parameters have no effect on arc length dimensions.

Options include:
■ Continuous places multiple dimensions end to end.
■ Baseline places stacked dimensions measured from the same baseline.
■ Ordinate places a dimension string with values measured from the dimension
origin.

Tick Mark The name of the tick mark style.

Line Weight Sets the line weight number that designates thickness of the dimension line. You
can choose from a list of values defined in Revit Architecture or define your own.
You can change the definition of the line weights using the Line Weights command
in the Settings menu. See Line Weights on page 486.

238 | Chapter 5 Using Dimensions and Constraints

Name Description

Tick Mark Line Weight Sets the line weight that designates thickness of the tick mark. You can choose from
a list of values defined in Revit Architecture or define your own.

Dimension Line Extension Extends the dimension line beyond the intersection of the witness lines to the spe-
cified value. When you set this value, this is the size at which the dimension line
plots, if you are printing at 100 percent.

Flipped Dimension Line Extension Controls the extent of the dimension line beyond the flipped arrow if the arrow flips
on the ends of the dimension string. This parameter is only enabled when the tick
mark type parameter is set to an arrow type. See Changing the Dimension Line Tick
Mark on page 236.

Witness Line Control Switches between the fixed gap functionality and the fixed dimension line function-
ality.

Witness Line Length If Witness Line Control is set to Fixed to Dimension Line, this parameter becomes
available. Specifies the length of all witness lines in the dimensions. When you set
this value, this is the size at which the witness line plots, if you are printing at 100
percent.

Witness Line Gap to Element If Witness Line Control is set to Gap to Element, this parameter sets the distance
between the witness line and element being dimensioned.

Witness Line Extension Sets the extension of a witness line beyond the tick mark. When you set this value,
this is the size at which the witness line plots, if you are printing at 100 percent.

Centerline Symbol You can select any of the annotations symbols loaded in the project. The centerline
symbol appears above the witness lines that reference the centerlines of family in-
stances and walls. If the witness line does not reference a center plane, you cannot
place a centerline symbol above it.

Centerline Pattern Changes the line pattern of the witness lines of the dimension, if the dimension
references are the centerlines of family instances and walls. If the references are not
at the centerline, this parameter does not affect the witness line pattern.

Centerline Tick Mark Changes the tick mark at the ends of the centerline of a dimension.

Interior Tick Mark Designates the tick mark display for inner witness lines when adjacent segments of
a dimension line are too small for arrows to fit. When this occurs, the ends of the
short-segment string flip, and the inner witness lines display the designated interior
tick mark. This parameter is only enabled when the tick mark type parameter is set
to an arrow type. See Changing the Dimension Line Tick Mark on page 236.

Ordinate Dimension Settings Specify settings for ordinate dimensions. This parameter is available when the Di-
mension String Type parameter is set to Ordinate. For more information, see Creating
an Ordinate Linear Dimension Style on page 220.

Color Sets the color of dimension lines. You can choose from a list of colors defined in
Revit Architecture or define your own. The default value is black.

Dimension Properties | 239

 Name Description

Dimension Line Snap Distance To use this parameter, set the Witness Line Control parameter to Fixed to Dimension
Line. With these parameters set, additional snapping is available that aids in stacking
linear dimensions at even intervals. This value should be greater than the distance
between the text and the dimension line, plus the height of the text.

Text

Width Factor Specify a ratio to define the elongation of the text string. A value of 1.0 has no
elongation.

Underline Underlines the permanent dimension value and text.

Italic Applies italic formatting to the permanent dimension value and text.

Bold Applies bold formatting to the permanent dimension value and text.

Text Size Specify the size of the typeface for the dimension.

Text Offset Specify the offset of the text from the dimension line.

Read Convention Specify the read convention for the dimension text.

Text Font Sets the Microsoft® True Type fonts for the dimensions.

Text Background If you set the value to opaque, the dimension text is surrounded by a box that
overlaps any geometry or text behind it in the view. If you set the value to transpar-
ent, the box disappears and everything not overlapped by the dimension text is
visible.

Units Format Click the button to open the Format dialog. You can then set the format of the units
with the dimension. See Setting Project Units on page 492.

Show Opening Height Place a dimension whose witness lines reference the same insert (window, door, or
opening) in a plan view. If you select this parameter, the dimension includes a label
that shows the height of the opening for the instance. The value appears below the
dimension value you initially placed.

Other

Center Marks Shows or hides the radial dimension center mark.

Center Mark Size Sets the size of the radial dimension center mark. This property is enabled when
Center Marks is selected.

Radius Prefix Shows or hides prefix (R) for radial dimensions.

240 | Chapter 5 Using Dimensions and Constraints

Permanent Dimension Instance Properties

Name Description

Baseline Offset Specify an offset value for successive baseline dimensions. This parameter is available
when the Dimension String Type type parameter is set to Baseline.

Equality Display (when a dimension All linear and angular continuous dimensions have an Equality Display property. It
has an equality constraint) or Value is set to = by default if there is an equality constraint and to Value by default other-
wise. For more information about this property see Changing the EQ Label to the
Dimension Value on page 248.

NOTE This property is not available when the Dimension String Type type parameter
is Baseline or Ordinate.

Spot Elevation Type Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Rotate with Component When selected, the spot elevation rotates with the component.

Graphics

Symbol Changes the look of the symbol head with the spot elevation.

Leader Arrowhead Sets the appearance of the leader arrowhead. The value None removes the arrow-
head. See Specifying Arrowhead Styles on page 491.

Leader Line Weight Sets the weight of the leader line. The higher the value, the thicker the line.

Leader Arrowhead Line Weight Sets the arrowhead line weight. The higher the value, the thicker the arrowhead
line.

Color Click the button to open the color picker. Sets the color of the spot elevation.

Text

Width Factor Specify a ratio to define the elongation of the text string. A value of 1.0 has no
elongation.

Underline Underlines the spot elevation value and text.

Italic Applies italic formatting to the spot elevation value and text.

Bold Applies bold formatting to the spot elevation value and text.

Dimension Properties | 241

 Name Description

Text Size Sets the size of the elevation text.

Text Offset from Leader Offsets the text from the leader line.

Text Offset from Symbol Offsets the text from the symbol. You can use positive or negative values to move
the text in the direction you require.

Text Font Sets the font for the elevation text.

Text Background If you set the value to opaque, the dimension text is surrounded by a box that
overlaps any geometry or text behind it in the view. If you set the value to transpar-
ent, the box disappears and everything not overlapped by the dimension text is
visible.

Text Orientation Changes the position of the text. Specify horizontal

or vertical.

When Rotate with Component is enabled, text orientation is relative to the host
element.

Units Format Click the button to open the Format dialog. Clear the Use Project Settings option
and set the appropriate values. See Setting Project Units on page 492.

Text Location Specify the position of the spot elevation with respect to the leader. Options include
Above Leader, Below Leader, or In-line with Leader.
When you specify In-line with Leader, the elevation symbol does not display for the
spot elevation. In addition, the Text Offset from Leader, Text Offset from Symbol,
and Symbol properties are disabled.

Elevation Indicator A text string you enter with the spot elevation. Can be displayed as a prefix or suffix.

242 | Chapter 5 Using Dimensions and Constraints

Name Description

Elevation Origin If the origin value is set to project, then the elevation reported is with respect to the
project origin. If set to shared, then the elevation reported is with respect to the
shared origin. If the base value is set to relative, then the elevation reported is with
respect to the level in the Relative Base instance parameter. You can change the
shared origin by relocating the project. See Relocating and Rotating a Project on
page 1234.

Elevation Indicator as Prefix/Suffix Specify the placement of the elevation indicator as a prefix or a suffix.

Top Indicator When you specify the Display Elevations instance parameter to Top & Bottom Elev-
ations or Top Elevation, you can enter text to indicate that this value represents the
top elevation of the element. This text can be displayed as either a prefix or a suffix
to the elevation value.

Bottom Indicator When you specify the Display Elevations instance parameter to Top & Bottom Elev-
ations or Bottom Elevation, you can enter text to indicate that this value represents
the bottom elevation of the element. This text can be displayed as either a prefix or
a suffix to the elevation value.

Top Indicator as Prefix/Suffix Specify placement of the top indicator as a prefix or a suffix.

Bottom Indicator as Prefix/Suffix Specify placement of the bottom indicator as a prefix or a suffix.

Spot Elevation Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Relative Base The level from which the elevation is reported. This property can be edited for relative
spot elevations, and is a read-only value for project spot elevations.

Graphics

Leader Shoulder When Leader is selected, you can add a shoulder (a bend) to the leader line.

Leader If selected, the spot elevation includes a leader line. When not selected, no leader
line appears.

Text

Display Elevations Specify the elevation you want to display:

■ Actual (Selected) Elevation displays the elevation of the selected point on the
element.
■ Top Elevation displays the top elevation of the element.
■ Bottom Elevation displays the bottom elevation of the element.

Dimension Properties | 243

 Name Description

■ Top & Bottom Elevation displays the top and bottom elevations of the element.

This parameter is enabled when you place a spot elevation in a plan view.

Single/Upper Value The actual elevation of the selected point or the upper elevation value. This is a read-
only value.

Single/Upper Value Prefix Add prefix text to the single or upper dimension value.

Single/Upper Value Suffix Add suffix text to the single or upper dimension value.

Lower Value The actual lower elevation value reported. This is a read-only value.

Lower Value Prefix Add prefix text to the lower dimension value.

Lower Value Suffix Add suffix text to the lower dimension value.

Spot Coordinate Type Properties

You can specify various parameters to change the appearance of the spot coordinate.

Name Description

Constraints

Rotate with Component When selected, the spot coordinate rotates with the component.

Graphics

Symbol Changes the look of the symbol head with the spot coordinate.

Leader Arrowhead Sets the appearance of the leader arrowhead. The value None removes the arrow-
head. To define an arrowhead, see Specifying Arrowhead Styles on page 491.

Leader Line Weight Sets the weight of the leader line. The higher the value, the thicker the line.

Leader Arrowhead Line Weight Sets the arrowhead line weight. The higher the value, the thicker the arrowhead
line.

Color Sets the color of the spot coordinate. Click the button to open the color picker.

Text

Width Factor Specify a ratio to define the elongation of the text string. A value of 1.0 has no
elongation.

244 | Chapter 5 Using Dimensions and Constraints

Name Description

Underline Underlines the spot coordinate value and text.

Italic Applies italic formatting to the spot coordinate value and text.

Bold Applies bold formatting to the spot coordinate value and text.

Text Size Sets the size of the elevation text.

Text Offset from Leader Offsets the text from the leader line.

Text Offset from Symbol Offsets the text away from the symbol.

You can use positive or negative values to move the text in the direction you require.

Text Font Sets the font for the elevation text.

Text Background Sets the background for the text. With opaque, the background of the text itself
covers objects behind it. Transparent allows you to see objects behind the text.

Text Orientation Changes the position of the text to read horizontally

or vertically.

When Rotate with Component is enabled, text orientation is relative to the host
element.

Dimension Properties | 245

 Name Description

Units Format Click the button to open the Format dialog. Clear the Use Project Settings option,
and set the appropriate values. See Setting Project Units on page 492.

Text Location Specify the position of the spot coordinate with respect to the leader. Options include
Above Leader, Below Leader, or In-line with Leader.
When you specify In-line with Leader, the elevation symbol does not display for the
spot coordinate. In addition, the Text Offset from Leader, Text Offset from Symbol,
and Symbol properties are disabled.

Elevation Indicator A text string you enter with the spot elevation. Can be displayed as a prefix or suffix
with the Indicator as Prefix/Suffix parameter.

Coordinate Origin Indicates that the coordinates are shared. This is a read-only value.

Top Value Determines which coordinate value is placed on top.

Bottom Value Determines which coordinate value is placed on the bottom.

North/South Indicator Lets you specify how to label the north/south direction. For instance, you might
enter X.

East/West Indicator Lets you specify how to label the east/west direction. For instance, you might enter
Y.

Include Elevation Displays the spot elevation in addition to the spot coordinates.

Indicator as Prefix / Suffix Specifies placement of the North/South, East/West, and Elevation indicators.

Spot Coordinate Instance Properties

Name Description

Graphics

Leader Shoulder When Leader is selected, you can add a shoulder (a bend) to the leader line.

Leader If selected, the spot coordinate includes a leader line. When not selected, no leader
line appears.

Text

Top Value Prefix Specify prefix text for the top spot coordinate.

Top Value Suffix Specify suffix text for the top spot coordinate.

246 | Chapter 5 Using Dimensions and Constraints

 Name Description

Bottom Value Prefix Specify prefix text for the bottom spot coordinate.

Bottom Value Suffix Specify suffix text for the bottom spot coordinate.

Elevation Value Prefix Specify prefix text for the spot elevation. This parameter is enabled when the Include
Elevation type parameter is selected.

Elevation Value Suffix Specify suffix text for the spot elevation. This parameter is enabled when the Include
Elevation type parameter is selected.

Constraints
Constraints are non–view-specific elements that can function independently of dimensions. Constraint
elements appear in all views in which their references are visible; dimensions are view specific. You can
modify and delete constraints independently of dimensions or remove them when you delete dimensions.
Constraints appear as green dashed lines in project views.
You create constraints by placing dimensions and locking them or by creating equality constraints.

Applying Constraints with Dimensions

When you place permanent dimensions, you can lock those dimensions. When you lock a dimension, you
create a constraint. A constraint (dashed green line) appears when you select its references, as shown in the
following image.
Constraint from locked dimensions

Many dimensions may correspond to the same constraint. For example, if you place a dimension between
2 walls and lock it, you have created a constraint. If you place another dimension between the same 2 walls
and lock it, no additional constraint is created.
Also see Locking Permanent Dimensions on page 222.

Equality Constraints
An equality constraint appears as an EQ symbol near the dimension line when you select a multi-segmented
dimension. If you select one of the references for the dimension line (such as a wall), the EQ symbol appears
with a dashed green line at the middle of the references.

Constraints | 247
 The EQ symbol represents an equality constraint element applied to the references for this dimension. The
references, which are walls in the graphic, remain at equal distances from one another while this constraint
is active. If you select one of the walls and move it, all walls move together at a fixed distance.

Applying an Equality Constraint

1 Select a multi-segmented permanent dimension. If you need to place a dimension, see Permanent
Dimensions on page 214.
2 Click the EQ symbol so that it no longer has a slash through it.

Changing the EQ Label to the Dimension Value

Multi-segmented dimensions have an EQ label that displays directly above each segment of the dimension
line. The label displays when the values for all segments in the dimension are equal, or if the values for the
first and last segments of the dimension are equal. If neither of these conditions is satisfied, then the
dimension segment cannot display the EQ label and instead displays the value.
You can change the display of the label from EQ to the dimension value.

To change the EQ label to the dimension value:

1 Select the dimension and click (Element Properties).

2 In the Element Properties dialog, for Equality Display, select Value.
3 Click OK.

248 | Chapter 5 Using Dimensions and Constraints

Controlling Visibility of Constraints
1 Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics, or use the keyboard shortcut VG.
2 Click the Annotation Categories tab.
3 Find the Constraints category, and deselect the check box to hide constraints in the view.
The following image shows the constraint (the green dashed line) visible.

The following image shows the constraint hidden.

For more information, see Visibility and Graphic Display in Project Views on page 150.

Removing Constraints
1 Select a dimension.
2 Do any of the following:
■ Click a lock to unlock it.

■ Click the EQ symbol to remove an equality constraint. The EQ symbol appears with a slash
through it when the equality constraint is not applied.

■ Delete the dimension that corresponds to the constraint. A warning appears that you are
not deleting the actual constraint. Click Unconstrain in the warning dialog to remove the
constraint.

Controlling Visibility of Constraints | 249

Constraints and Worksets
Constraints belong to the worksets of the elements they constrain. In order to add a constraint, the worksets
of all the elements that can be moved by the constraint must be editable. See Making Worksets Editable on
page 1201.

250 | Chapter 5 Using Dimensions and Constraints

Sketching
6
To create certain elements in Revit Architecture, such as roofs, floors, stairs, and railings, you draw them by sketching.
Sketching is also required to define other types of geometry, such as extrusions, openings, and regions.

Sketching Terminology
There are several terms specific to the sketching process in Revit Architecture:

■ Sketching is a process of drawing elements in Revit Architecture.

■ Sketch-based elements are those elements (for example, floors, ceilings, and extrusions) that are typically
created using sketch mode. There are also elements, such as walls, that are sketched but do not require
the use of sketch mode.

■ Sketch mode is an environment in Revit Architecture that allows you to sketch elements whose size or
shape cannot be determined automatically, for example when you create (or edit a sketch of) a roof or
a floor. When you enter sketch mode, the Design Bar displays only the tools applicable for the type of
sketch you are creating or editing.

■ All the elements that comprise a sketch-based element (such as a roof) are known as the sketch.
For example, a sketch-based roof is selected in the following image.

251
 When you select the roof, an Edit option displays on the Options Bar. Clicking the Edit option opens
the sketch (the pink lines in the following image) in sketch mode. Here you can edit the individual
elements of the sketch using the tools on the Design Bar. The tools that display on the Design Bar in
sketch mode vary depending on the type of element you are editing. The sample below shows the available
options for this roof.

Sketching Elements
You can use either the Draw option or the Pick Lines option when sketching. Draw allows you to create the
element by clicking and moving the cursor; Pick Lines allows you to select existing lines and edges. As you
sketch, you can use listening dimensions. For more information, see Listening Dimensions on page 233.
When you add elements whose size or shape cannot be determined automatically, such as a roof, extrusion,
or opening, you enter sketch mode. In sketch mode, the Design Bar displays only the tools available for that
sketch; the tools vary depending on the type of element you are sketching. There are also elements (such
as walls) that are sketched but do not require the use of sketch mode.
The following tables list the common sketching options, available on the Options Bar, and the Design Bar
tools available in sketch mode.

Common Options for Sketches

Use this option to

draw sketch lines.

Draw

select existing edges of elements or lines. When you use Pick Lines, there is a Lock
Pick Lines option (for some elements) on the Options Bar that locks the picked line to the edge.

TIP You can use Tab to toggle to available chains.

add walls by selecting the face of a mass element or generic component. This option
Pick Faces is only available when you are sketching walls.

252 | Chapter 6 Sketching

Use this option to

Chain connect (chain) line segments when you are sketching so that the last point on the
previous line becomes the first point on the next line.
You cannot chain closed loops (circles, polygons) or fillets.

Offset offset the placement of a sketch line by the value you specify.
When you use offset with the Pick Lines option, the element or sketch line is offset
from a line specific to an element (for example, the location line in a wall). The new
element has the same shape and length as the picked line.
When you use offset with the Draw option, the element or sketch is offset from the
cursor location. You can create an element of any length or shape when you use offset
with the Draw option.
You can also specify the offset location line for walls by selecting an option in the Loc
Line drop-down list.

NOTE If you draw with the chain option turned on, the newly created lines are also
chained. Therefore, you can create a shape similar to an existing shape by tracing it
with an offset.

Radius preset a value for the radius. This option is available for walls or lines when you draw
a rectangle, circle, arc, or polygon.
Use a radius to:
■ specify a fixed radius for a circle, a circle in which a polygon is inscribed (or around
which it is circumscribed), an arc from center and endpoint, or a tangent arc. The
preset radius puts constraints on the element or sketch so that fewer clicks are re-
quired to complete it. With a preset radius, you can create a circle with one click
or a fillet with 2 clicks.
■ specify a rounding of corners (the radius of the fillet) when joining lines (with or
without the chain option), when you draw a rectangle, or when you fillet using
the Fillet arc sketch option.

Design Bar Commands for Sketching

Use this command to

Dimension place dimensions in a sketch.

Lines add sketch lines.

Ref Plane add reference planes to a sketch.

Pick Supports select existing structural walls or beams as the supports for
a beam system.

Pick Walls add sketch lines based on the existing walls. To add lines to
a chain of walls with one click, highlight a wall, press TAB to
highlight the entire chain, and then click.

Slope Arrow add slope arrows to a sketch. This option is available when
you are sketching a footprint roof, floor, or ceiling.

Sketching Elements | 253

 Use this command to

Set Work Plane specify the sketching work plane.

Align Eaves realign the eave heights of different boundary lines of a roof
footprint. This option is available when you are sketching a
footprint roof.

Auto Ceiling place a ceiling above sketched walls. This option is available
when you are sketching a ceiling.

Boundary create the boundary lines for stairs or ramps.

Riser create the risers for stairs or ramps.

Run create a run of stairs or a ramp.

<element type> Properties display and modify properties for the element you are
sketching.

Finish Sketch exit sketch mode and save changes.

Quit Sketch exit sketch mode and discard changes.

Using Constraints When Sketching

You can use constraints while you are sketching by pressing Shift as you draw. Shift constraints works as
follows:

■ Constrains straight lines and radii of polygons to horizontal or vertical lines.

■ Limits the chords of 3-point arcs, the radii of arcs from center and end points, and the axis of ellipses to
multiples of 45 degrees.

■ Limits 2-point and 3-point arcs to 90, 180, or 270 degrees.

Sketching a Line
1 On the Design Bar, select a tool that allows for a line, such as Lines.
2 On the Options Bar:

a Click (Line).

b Optionally, select Offset and specify a value.

c Optionally, select Radius and specify a value.

A radius creates fillets at the specified radius between line segments, allowing you to create
a rounded chain of lines. A line must be joined to the end of another line for a fillet to
display. If a line is connected to more than one line, a fillet cannot be created.
The following image shows line segments sketched without Radius selected and line segments
sketched with Radius selected.

254 | Chapter 6 Sketching

 NOTE If you specify a radius, the Offset option is overridden.

3 Click in the drawing area to specify the start point of the line.
4 Move the cursor and click to specify the end point of the line.

NOTE You can also use listening dimensions to specify the length of the line. See Listening Dimensions
on page 233.

Sketching a Rectangle
1 On the Design Bar, select a tool that allows for a rectangle, such as Lines.
2 On the Options Bar:

a Click (Rectangle).

b Optionally, select Offset and specify a value.

c Optionally, select Radius and specify a value.

Specifying a radius creates fillets at the corners of the rectangle.
The following image shows a rectangle sketched without Radius selected and a rectangle
sketched with Radius selected.

NOTE If you specify a radius, the Offset option is overridden.

3 Click in the drawing area to specify the first corner of the rectangle.
4 Move the cursor and click to specify the diagonal corner of the rectangle.

Sketching a Circle
1 On the Design Bar, select a tool that allows for a circle, such as Lines.
2 On the Options Bar:

a Click (Circle).

b Optionally, select Offset and specify a value.

c Optionally, select Radius and specify a value. If you specify a radius, placing a circle in the
drawing area requires only 1 click.

Sketching a Rectangle | 255

 NOTE If you specify a radius, the Offset option is overridden.

3 Click in the drawing area to place the circle. If you have not already specified a radius, move
the cursor and click to complete the circle.

Sketching a Polygon
1 On the Design Bar, select a tool that allows for a polygon, such as Wall, Lines, or Detail Lines.
2 On the Options Bar:

a Click (Polygon).

b Enter the number of sides for the polygon.

c Click to place an inscribed polygon, or click to place a circumscribed polygon.

With an inscribed polygon, the radius of the circle is measured to a vertex between sides
of the polygon. With a circumscribed polygon, the radius of the circle is measured to a side
of the polygon.

d Optionally, select Offset and specify a value.

e Optionally, select Radius and specify a value.

NOTE If you specify a radius, the Offset option is overridden.

3 Click in the drawing area to specify the start point for the polygon.
4 Move the cursor and click to place the polygon.

Sketching Arcs
There are several options for sketching arcs in Revit Architecture:

■ Arc passing through 3 points

You specify a 3-point arc by drawing the chord that connects the 2 ends of the arc, and then you specify
the angle or radius with the third point.

■ Arc from the center and end points

To create an arc from the center and end points, first specify the radius for the arc, and then specify the
angle. You cannot specify an arc of more than 180 degrees using this method, although you can modify
the arc after you draw it.

256 | Chapter 6 Sketching

■ Tangent arc
You can create tangent arcs from the end points of existing walls or lines.

■ Fillet arc
Use fillet arcs when you need to create rounded corners.

For information on constraining arc sketches, see Using Constraints When Sketching on page 254.

Sketching an Arc Passing through Three Points

1 On the Design Bar, select a tool that allows for an arc, such as Lines.

2 On the Options Bar, click (Arc passing through three points), and place the cursor in the
drawing area.
3 Click in the drawing area to specify the start point for the arc.
4 Move the cursor and click to specify the end point for the arc.

Sketching Arcs | 257

 5 Move the cursor and click to define the arc.

Sketching an Arc from the Center and End Points

Use this sketching option to create an arc up to 180 degrees. If you move the cursor so the arc exceeds 180
degrees, the arc flips to the other side.
1 On the Design Bar, select a tool that allows for an arc, such as Lines.

2 On the Options Bar, click (Arc from center and end points), and place the cursor in the
drawing area.
3 Click in the drawing area to specify the center of the arc.
4 Move the cursor and click to define the arc radius.

5 Move the cursor and click to specify the end point of the arc.

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Sketching a Tangent Arc
1 On the Design Bar, select a tool that allows for an arc, such as Lines.

2 On the Options Bar, click (Tangent arc), and place the cursor in the drawing area.
3 Click the endpoint of an existing wall or line to specify the start point for the tangent arc.
4 Move the cursor and click to specify the end point of the arc.

Sketching a Fillet Arc

NOTE You can only fillet elements that are created with the Line (this includes sides of polygons) or Arc options.

1 On the Design Bar, select a tool that allows for an arc, such as Lines.

2 On the Options Bar, click (Fillet arc), and place the cursor in the drawing area.
3 Select the first element to fillet.

4 Select the second element to fillet.

Sketching Arcs | 259

 5 Move the cursor and click to define the fillet arc.

After you place the fillet, Revit Architecture automatically trims the elements to the fillet.

Sketching Ellipses
Ellipses are available for model lines, detail lines, beams, and sketch-based elements.

Sketching a Full Ellipse

1 On the Design Bar, select a tool that allows for an ellipse, such as Lines.
2 On the Options Bar:

a Click (Ellipse).

b Click (Draw) or (Pick Lines).

NOTE If you select Pick Lines, you can pick the edge or face of another ellipse.

c If you selected Pick Lines, optionally select Offset and specify a value.

260 | Chapter 6 Sketching

 NOTE Offset for an ellipse is only available when you select the Pick Lines option.

When you create a full ellipse with an offset, the result is a spline. For example, if you create
a mass element as a full ellipse with an offset and then attempt to create a wall on the face
of the mass element, the ellipse is not considered contiguous, as shown in the following
image.

3 Click in the drawing area to specify the center of the ellipse.

Snapping is enabled for the ellipse, and a preview ellipse displays.

4 Move the cursor away from the center in any direction.

An editable listening dimension displays the radius of the major axis.

5 Either click when the desired radius value displays, or type a value and press Enter.
6 Again, move the cursor away from the center in any direction.
An editable listening dimension displays the radius of the minor axis.

7 Either click when the desired radius value displays, or type a value and press Enter.

Sketching a Partial Ellipse

1 On the Design Bar, select a tool that allows for an ellipse, such as Lines.
2 On the Options Bar:

a Click (Partial ellipse).

b Click (Draw) or (Pick Lines).

NOTE If you select Pick Lines, you can pick the edge or face of another ellipse.

c If you selected Pick Lines, optionally select Offset and specify a value.

NOTE Offset for an ellipse is only available when you select the Pick Lines option.

Sketching Ellipses | 261

 3 Click in the drawing area.
Snapping is enabled for the partial ellipse, and a preview ellipse displays.

4 Move the cursor away from the first point to define the direction and extent of the major axis.

5 Either click when the desired value displays, or type a value and press Enter.
6 Move the cursor to get the desired partial ellipse shape and either click, or type a value and press
Enter.

Resizing an Ellipse
1 Select the ellipse.
2 If necessary, on the Options Bar, click Edit.
3 Optionally, on the Options Bar, select Modification keeps ratio.
This allows you to change the radii proportionally.

4 Resize the ellipse:

To resize using then

temporary dimensions click the temporary dimension for the axis radius you
want to change, enter a new value in the text box,
and press Enter.

controls drag the controls to resize the major and minor axes.
For a partial ellipse, there are 2 controls at either end
of the ellipse. You can modify the shape of the ellipse
(Drag line end option) or you can resize the axis (Drag
axis end option). Place the cursor over the control
and press Tab until the desired option displays in the
status bar.

5 If necessary, click Finish Sketch.

Rotating an Ellipse
To rotate ellipses, use the Rotate tool on the toolbar. See Rotating Elements on page 308.
If you need to snap the axis end to another element, you can use the drag controls to rotate the ellipse.
Using this method may cause you to inadvertently resize the axis.

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Sketching a Spline
1 On the Design Bar, select a tool that allows for a spline, such as Lines.

2 On the Options Bar, click (Spline), and place the cursor in the drawing area.
3 Click to specify the start point for the spline.
4 Move the cursor and click to specify the next control point on the spline. Repeat as necessary.
5 On the Design Bar, click Modify to complete the spline.
You cannot create a single closed loop with one spline. However, you can close the loop with a second
spline. See Modifying a Spline on page 743.

Best Practices for Sketching a Spline

When sketching a spline, try to use the simplest lines (or combination of lines) to achieve the desired results.
For example, you may need to create a line that looks similar to the following image.

You could create this line using a combination of arcs and lines, or you could use a spline. Lines that are
sketched using splines require more processing time, therefore it is recommended to use arc and line
combinations instead of splines whenever possible.
When it is necessary to create a line using a spline, you should use as few control points as possible to keep
processing time to a minimum. The following image shows a spline that was sketched by choosing many
control points (blue dots).

You can create the same spline using fewer control points, as shown.

Sketching a Spline | 263

Closing an Open Loop
You can use the Close snap to close valid open loops when sketching. If there is more than one option to
close the loop, you can move the cursor or press Tab to see other snap options.

To close an open loop:

1 Begin sketching off of the open loop.

NOTE When sketching, the status bar indicates when there is a valid open loop to close, and lists
the keyboard shortcut (SZ).

2 Use the keyboard shortcut SZ, or right-click, click Snap Overrides ➤ Close. Revit Architecture
snaps to close the loop.

If there is more than one option to close the loop, you can move the cursor or press Tab to see
other close options.

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 3 Click to complete the loop.

Modifying Sketched Elements

1 On the Design Bar, click Modify.
2 Select a sketched element.
3 If the element was created in sketch mode, on the Options Bar, click Edit.
4 Modify the element:
If you want to then

move an entire element select all of its sketch lines, and drag it to the desired
location. If another element is attached, it updates
accordingly.

modify the end of a sketch line select it, and either drag the end control or edit the
dimension. If you are moving the end control of a
straight line segment, you can change the angle of
the line or change the length of the line. If you move
the end control of an arc, you change the number of
degrees for the arc angle; if you drag the middle
control, you change the radius.

5 If you were in sketch mode, when finished, click Finish Sketch.

Sketching and Work Planes

Each view in Revit Architecture is associated with a work plane. In some views (such as plan, 3D, and drafting)
and for views in the Family Editor, the work plane is automatically set. In other views, such as elevation and
section views, you need to set the work plane. The work plane is necessary for sketching operations such as
creating an extruded roof, and for enabling tools in particular views, such as Rotate and Mirror in a 3D view.
When you set a work plane in a view, it is saved with that view. You can change the work plane as necessary.
When sketching, you can snap to the work plane grid, but you cannot align or dimension to it.

Setting the Work Plane

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Work Plane ➤ Set Work Plane, or click on the toolbar.

Modifying Sketched Elements | 265

 2 In the Work Plane dialog, under Specify a new Work Plane, select one of the following options:
■ Name—Choose an available work plane from the list, which contains names of levels, grids,
and named reference planes.

NOTE The list is active even if you have not selected the Name option. If you choose a name
from the list, Revit Architecture automatically selects the Name option.

■ Pick a plane—Revit Architecture creates a plane coincident to the selected plane. You can
select any plane that can be dimensioned, including wall faces, faces in linked Revit models,
extrusion faces, levels, grids, and reference planes.

■ Pick a line and use the work plane it was sketched in—Revit Architecture creates a work
plane that is coplanar with the work plane of the selected line.

If the plane you choose is perpendicular to the current view, the Go to View dialog opens, giving
you options of which view to open based on your selection.
For example, if you select a north-facing wall, the upper pane in the dialog lets you choose a
parallel view (east or west elevation), or in the lower pane you can choose a 3D view, as shown.

3 Select a view, and click Open View.

Making the Work Plane Visible

On the toolbar, click (Work Plane Visibility), or click Tools menu ➤ Work Plane ➤ Work Plane Visibility.
The work plane appears as a grid in the view.

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 Part of a work plane grid

Selecting the Work Plane Grid

This procedure is useful when you are zoomed in on a view and need to select the work plane without
zooming out.

1 If necessary, click (Work Plane Visibility) on the toolbar to make the work plane visible.
2 Click Tools menu ➤ Work Plane ➤ Select Work Plane Grid.

Modifying Work Plane Grid Spacing

1 If necessary, click (Work Plane Visibility) on the toolbar to make the work plane visible.
2 Select the work plane.
3 On the Options Bar, for Spacing, enter a value to specify the desired distance between grid lines.

Rotating a Work Plane Grid

When you rotate a work plane grid, the new orientation affects placement of components and affects the
rectangle draw option for walls and lines. For example, if you rotate the work plane grid and then place a
component, the component is oriented on the same angle as the work plane grid. If you create a chain of
walls with the rectangle option, you can create them in the orientation of the work plane grid only.
To rotate a work plane grid, see Rotating Elements on page 308.

Elements Associated with Work Planes

If you create a family that is work plane-based, or an element that is not level-based (a hosted element), it
is associated with a work plane. Work plane association controls how an element moves when its host moves.
When an element is created, it inherits the work plane of the view; subsequent changes to the view work
plane do not effect the element.
It is important to associate geometry to a work plane in order for geometry to move correctly. For example,
you associate an element to its host via the work plane. When the host moves, the element moves as well.

Selecting the Work Plane Grid | 267

 Most elements have a read-only instance parameter called Work Plane, which identifies the current work
plane of the element. You can view this property in the Element Properties dialog. You can change the work
plane an element is associated with, or you can dissociate an element from a work plane. Some sketch-based
elements, such as stairs, floors, footprint roofs, and ceilings, are sketched on a work plane, but that work
plane must be a level. You cannot dissociate these element types from their work plane.

Changing the Work Plane of an Element

1 Select a work plane-based element in a view.
2 On the Options Bar, click Edit Work Plane.
If the element was created in sketch mode, on the Options Bar, click Edit, then on the Design
Bar, click Set Work Plane.

NOTE When you use the Edit Work Plane option, the new work plane must be parallel to the existing
work plane. If you need to select a work plane that is not parallel to the existing work plane, use the
Rehost option. See Rehosting on page 747.

The Work Plane dialog displays, and the work plane grid for the element displays in the view.

3 If desired, click Show to display other views that can show the work plane for the element.
4 Select another work plane.
See Setting the Work Plane on page 265 for details on work plane options.

Disassociating an Element from a Work Plane

1 Select a work plane-based element in a view.
This type of element includes any solid geometry in the Family Editor or extruded roofs in a
project.

2 On the Options Bar, click Edit Work Plane.

The Work Plane dialog displays, and the work plane grid for the element displays in the view.

3 Click Dissociate.

TIP You can also dissociate an element graphically by clicking (Disassociate Work Plane),
which displays near the element when you select it in the view.

When an element is no longer associated with a work plane, the value of its Work Plane parameter (in the
Element Properties dialog) is <not associated>. The element is free to move irrespective of a work plane.

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Editing Elements
7
This topic describes the tools and techniques that you can use to edit elements in the drawing area.

Selecting Elements
Many of the controls and tools that you use to modify an element in the drawing area are only available
when an element is selected.
To help you identify elements and mark them for selection, Revit Architecture includes an automatic
highlighting feature. When you move the cursor onto or near an element in the drawing area, the outline
of the element is highlighted. (It appears in a heavier line weight.) A description of the element displays on
the status bar at the bottom of the Revit window. After a brief delay, the element description also displays
within a tool tip just below the cursor.
Wall element before and after highlighting

When an element is highlighted, click to select it. When an element is selected in one view, the selection
applies to all other views as well.

TIP If you have difficulty highlighting a particular element because other elements are in close proximity, press
TAB to cycle through the elements until the desired element is highlighted. The status bar identifies the currently
highlighted element.

When you select an element, the following events occur:

■ The element is outlined in the color specified in options. (For information on changing this color, see
Options on page 504.)

■ Any element-specific editing controls and dimensions display on or adjacent to the element. See Controls
and Shape Handles on page 279.

269
 ■ Applicable editing tools are available on the Edit menu. Many of these tools are also available on the
element’s shortcut menu.

■ The selection count on the status bar displays the number of elements selected. (See How Many
Elements Are Selected? on page 270.)

Wall after selection

NOTE You can right-click a highlighted element to select it and display its shortcut menu. The element remains
highlighted until the menu is closed; the color outline is then visible on the selected element.

Related Topics

■ Basics for Selecting Elements on page 65

Selecting Multiple Elements

To select more than one element, use one of the following methods:

■ While pressing CTRL, click each of the elements.

■ Draw a selection box by placing the cursor on one side of the elements to be selected and dragging it
diagonally to form a rectangular boundary.
■ To select only elements that are completely within the boundary of the selection box, drag the cursor
from left to right.

■ To select any elements that are wholly or partially within the boundary of the selection box, drag
the cursor from right to left.

■ Press TAB to highlight connected elements, and then click to select. For more information, see Selecting
Chains of Walls and Lines on page 272.

■ Right-click on a family type name in the Project Browser or a family type in the drawing area, and click
Select All Instances. This tool selects all instances of that family type in your project. For more information,
see Project Browser on page 55.

NOTE If you are editing a design option, the tool name is Select All Instances in Active Option. It selects all
elements of that type in the active option only.

How Many Elements Are Selected?

When you select multiple elements, it can be difficult to determine whether you have selected the intended
elements. To verify this and make any needed adjustments, do the following:

■ Check the selection count on the status bar.

Revit Architecture indicates the total number of selected elements using:

270 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

 ■ Click the selection count to display the Filter dialog.
The Filter dialog lists the categories of the selected elements. It also indicates the number of selected
elements in each category, and the total number of selected elements. You can clear check boxes to
deselect categories of elements. See Selecting Elements Using a Filter on page 271.

Selecting Elements Using a Filter

When a selection includes elements of different categories, you can use a filter to remove unwanted categories
from the selection. For example, if the selection includes walls, doors, windows, and furniture, you can use
a filter to omit the furniture from the selection. As a result, only the walls, doors, and windows remain
selected.

To select elements using a filter

1 Define a selection box around the elements to select: place the cursor on one side of the elements
and drag it diagonally to form a rectangular boundary.

To select only elements that are completely within the boundary of the box, drag the cursor
from left to right. To select any elements that are wholly or partially within the boundary of
the box, drag the cursor from right to left.

2 On the Status Bar, click (Filter Selection).

The Filter dialog lists all categories of elements that are currently selected. The Count column
indicates the number of selected elements in each category. At the bottom of the dialog, Total
Elements displays the total number of elements currently selected.

3 Specify the categories of elements to include in the selection:

■ To exclude all elements in a category, clear its check box.

■ To include all elements in a category, select its check box.

■ To select all categories, click Check All.

■ To clear all categories, click Check None.

When you select or clear the check boxes, Total Elements updates to display the new number
of selected elements. This total also displays in the selection count on the status bar.

4 Click OK.

The selected elements now include only the categories specified in the filter. The selection count on
the Status Bar displays the total number of selected elements.

Selecting Elements Using a Filter | 271

Selecting Chains of Walls and Lines
If multiple elements (such as walls, lines, or both) are joined together in a continuous chain, you can select
the entire chain. The chain can include different types of elements.

To select a chain of walls or lines

1 Highlight any one of the elements in the chain.
2 Press TAB.
Revit Architecture highlights all elements in the chain.

3 Click to select the entire chain.

The following figures show valid chains for selection.
Four walls joined

Four area separation lines joined

Walls and area separation lines joined

If multiple walls are joined at the same point, the chain continues along the wall that makes the smallest
angle with the one currently highlighted. Walls joined at mid-end faces can also be included in a chain
selection. For more information, see Creating Walls with Mid-End Faces on page 586.
As shown in the following illustration of a selected chain of walls, drag controls display at the coincident
endpoints. You can drag these controls to new locations without unjoining the endpoints. For more
information, see Modifying a Selected Chain on page 274.

272 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

A selected chain of walls with drag
controls

Selecting Part of a Chain

If multiple elements (such as walls, lines, or both) are joined together in a continuous chain, you can select
part of the chain.

To select part of a chain

1 Select the first desired element in the chain.
2 Move the cursor to highlight the last desired element in the chain.
3 Press TAB.
Revit Architecture highlights all elements in the partial chain between the first and last elements
that you selected. (Press TAB again to highlight the entire chain. Press it a third time to highlight
only the second element.)

4 Click to select the part of the chain that is highlighted.

If the chain is a closed loop, the elements to be highlighted for partial chain selection are determined by
the cursor position when you highlight the last desired element. As shown in the following wall layout, if
you position the cursor near the left endpoint of the upper-right wall, the partial chain includes the walls
along the top of the layout. If you place the cursor on the right side of that wall, the walls on both sides and
along the bottom are included in the partial chain.

Selecting Chains of Walls and Lines | 273

 Highlighted partial chain with cursor near left endpoint of last wall in
chain

Highlighted partial chain with cursor near right endpoint of last wall in chain

Modifying a Selected Chain

When a chain of walls or lines is selected, you can use the drag controls that display at the coincident
endpoints to perform any of the following edits without unjoining elements in the chain:

■ To change the layout of the chain, drag a control to a new location.

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 Editing a selected chain of walls.

■ To move the entire chain (preserving its layout), while pressing SHIFT, drag one of the controls vertically
or horizontally to a new location.
Dragging a wall chain to a new location

■ To create and place a copy of the chain, while pressing CTRL, drag one of the controls to the desired
location.

Selecting Chains of Walls and Lines | 275

 Copying a wall chain in a 3D view

Selecting Walls or Lines Joined at a Point

When multiple walls or lines are joined at a common point, you can use TAB to select multiple elements, as
follows:

■ Place the cursor on or near one wall or line, and click to select it.

■ Press TAB. Revit Architecture highlights the second wall or line that is closest to the cursor. For example,
in the following example, the cursor is positioned on the right side of the lower wall. If you want to
select these 2 walls or lines, click to select them.

276 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

 ■ Press TAB again to highlight all of the connected walls or lines. Then click to select them.

Selecting Multiple Curtain Elements

You can select multiple curtain elements on large curtain hosts using selection commands on the shortcut
menu. Curtain hosts include curtain walls, sloped glazing, and curtain systems created by face.
When selecting multiple elements in a curtain wall, use the status bar and the Filter dialog to ensure that
you have selected the intended elements. See Selecting Elements Using a Filter on page 271.

Selecting Panels

You can select curtain panels in multiple ways.

To select all panels on a curtain host element, right-click the host element and click Select Panels on Host.
You can then select an individual panel, right-click, and click Select Panels to access the following options
for selecting multiple panels:

■ Select Panels along Vertical Grid (available for curtain walls only)

■ Select Panels along Horizontal Grid (available for curtain walls only)

■ Select Panels along Grid 1

■ Select Panels along Grid 2

Selecting Multiple Curtain Elements | 277

 ■ Select Panels on Face (available for curtain systems created by face only)

■ Select Panels on Host

Selecting Mullions

The shortcut menu options for selecting multiple mullions vary depending on whether you access them
from the curtain host element or a selected mullion.
If you right-click a curtain wall and click Select Mullions, the following options are available:

■ Select Mullions on Vertical Grid. Selects all interior mullions on vertical grids.

■ Select Mullions on Horizontal Grid. Selects all interior mullions on horizontal grids.

■ Select All Mullions. Selects all mullions on the host.

If you right-click a curtain system or sloped glazings and click Select Mullions, the following options are
available:

■ Select Mullions on Grid 1. Selects all interior mullions that lie on the grid 1 layout. For more information
on grid layouts, see Type-Driven Curtain Element Layout on page 705.

■ Select Mullions on Grid 2. Selects all interior mullions that lie on the grid 2 layout.

■ Select All Mullions. Selects all mullions on the host.

If you right-click an individual mullion and click Select Mullions, the following options are available:

■ Select Mullions on Gridline. Selects all mullions that lie on the same gridline as the selected mullion.

■ Select Mullions Across Gridline. Selects all interior mullions that lie on gridlines opposite the gridline
on which the selected mullion lies.

■ Select Mullions on Vertical Grid. Selects all vertical mullions.

■ Select Mullions on Horizontal Grid. Selects all horizontal mullions.

■ Select Inner Mullions. Selects all interior mullions on the same face as the selected mullion.

■ Select Border Mullions. Selects all border mullions on the same face as the selected mullion.

■ Select Mullions on Host. Selects all mullions on the host.

Restoring a Selection
To restore a selection (of one or more elements) that you have cleared, while pressing CTRL, press the LEFT
ARROW on the keyboard. Alternatively, you can right-click anywhere in the drawing area, and click Select
Previous on the shortcut menu.
You can only restore a selection while Modify is active. If you switch to a different command, the selection
is cleared.

Removing Elements from a Selection

To deselect an element, while pressing SHIFT, click the element. Other selected elements remain selected.

278 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

 The selection count on the status bar ( ) updates to display the new number of selected items. (See
How Many Elements Are Selected? on page 270.)

Controls and Shape Handles

When you select an element, various controls and handles appear on or near the element. Use these controls
to move the element or modify its size or shape. The types of controls that are available depend on the type
of element selected and the type of view.
When a control has multiple functions, move the cursor over the control and press TAB to toggle between
the functions. For example, press TAB to display shape handles for most basic wall types when they are
highlighted in elevation or 3D views. In plan views, however, this only works for curtain walls. To display
shape handles for a basic wall in plan view, select the wall first, and then press TAB.

Drag Controls
Drag controls display at the ends of selected lines and walls in plan view. They also display along the ends,
bottoms, and tops of selected walls in elevation and 3D views, where they are labeled as shape handles. Click
and drag these controls to resize an element.
When a chain of walls or lines is selected, drag controls display at the coincident endpoints. Drag the controls
to change the layout of the chain. See Selecting Chains of Walls and Lines on page 272.
Revit Architecture uses the following types of drag controls:

■ Dots ( ) display when movement is constrained to a plane, as with walls and lines in plan
views. Drag a dot control to lengthen, shorten, or change the orientation of the element.
Drag controls (shown in blue) on a wall in plan

■ Single arrows ( ) display as shape handles in elevation and 3D views when movement is constrained
to a line, but the outside direction is unambiguous. For example, a massing shape with no dimension
constraints displays with single arrows. Single arrow controls on a selected wall in 3D views can also be
used to move the wall. Place the cursor over the control and press TAB to change the control from a shape
handle that lengthens or shortens the wall to a drag control that moves the wall without resizing it.
Drag controls on massing form

Controls and Shape Handles | 279

 ■ Double arrows ( ) display when the shape handles are constrained to move along a line. For example,
if you add a labeled dimension to a family and make it an instance parameter, it displays with a double
arrow after you load it into a project and select it.

TIP You can right-click the wall end controls and use a command of the shortcut menu to allow or disallow wall
joins.

Flip Controls
Click a flip control to change the orientation of an element. For example, when you flip a compound wall,
you reverse the order of its component layers. Doors with a swing have 2 flip controls: Flip the Instance
Facing (which controls whether the door swings in or out) and Flip the Instance Hand (which controls
whether the door swings right or left). Flip controls display only when practical.
Flip control for a compound wall

TIP You can also flip a selected element by pressing the SPACEBAR.

Pushpin Controls
A pushpin is a user-placed control that provides a quick way to allow or prevent changes to an element’s
position. After you place a pushpin, you cannot move the element until you unpin it (by clicking the pushpin
control). When the element is unpinned, a red slash displays on the control. After moving the element, you
can click the control again to pin the element to its new position. For information on placing pushpin
controls, see Preventing Elements from Moving on page 311.
Pushpin control on a locked component

280 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

Rotate Controls
Use rotate controls to drag an element or text note to a desired degree of rotation around a central axis.
For more information, see Rotating Elements on page 308.
Rotate control

Dimension Text Controls

Dimension text controls are blue squares that display on selected dimension elements that you have added
to a drawing. Drag a control to move dimension text away from the dimension line.

NOTE You may need to zoom in to see dimension text controls.

For more information, see Dimension Witness Lines on page 233.

Dimension text control shown in blue

View Controls
Double-click a view control to open a new view associated with an element. For example, when you
double-click a view control for level lines, Revit Architecture opens the appropriate floor plan level. When
you double-click a view control with a section level, Revit Architecture opens the appropriate section view.

Spacebar
Use the SPACEBAR to flip a selected element. You can select multiple elements and flip them all at the same
time. Free standing families, such as furniture and columns, rotate 90 degrees each time you press the
SPACEBAR. You cannot flip annotations.

Controls and Shape Handles | 281

 The following general rules apply to using the SPACEBAR to flip multiple elements:

■ When multiple walls are selected, pressing the SPACEBAR flips the orientation of them all.

■ For elements such as doors, which can be flipped in 2 directions relative to their host, press the SPACEBAR
multiple times to cycle through the possible positions.

■ If elements constrained to flip in only one direction (such as windows) are selected with elements that
can flip in multiple directions (such as doors), then all elements flip along the common direction.

Pressing the SPACEBAR does not work in the following cases:

■ The selection contains any element that cannot be flipped.

■ The selection includes elements that do not share a common flip direction.

For example, if you select a door and its host wall, you cannot use the SPACEBAR to flip the selection.

Shape Handles
When a wall is selected in a plan view, place the cursor over an end control (blue dot) and press TAB to
display a shape handle. When a wall is highlighted in an elevation view or a 3D view, press TAB to display
the entire edge (closest to the cursor) as a shape handle that you can drag to resize the wall. The edge
functioning as a shape handle is red (or the defined selection color) when you drag it. The edge remains
selected for further resizing until you press ESC or click elsewhere in the drawing area.

NOTE You can change the selection color from red (the default) to another color using Settings menu ➤ Options.
For more information, see Setting Options on page 504.

Shape handle (shown in red) in plan view

Shape handle (shown in red) in elevation view

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 Shape handle (shown in red) for 3D view

Undoing, Redoing, or Canceling an Action

While working in Revit Architecture, you can undo past actions, redo past actions, or cancel a current action.

Undoing an Action
Use the Undo tool to cancel the most recent action or a series of recent actions.

To undo a single action:

1 Click Edit menu ➤ Undo, or click on the Edit toolbar. (On the Edit menu, Revit Architecture
displays the name of the operation after Undo.)
Revit Architecture cancels the most recent action.

To undo multiple actions:

1 On the Edit toolbar, click the drop-down list adjacent to the Undo tool .
2 Scroll down to find the command to cancel.
3 Select the command.
Revit Architecture cancels all commands up to and including the selected command.

TIP You can also use the keyboard shortcut CTRL+Z to undo actions.

Redoing an Action
The Redo tool reinstates all commands canceled by Undo. After reinstating the actions, the current command
continues.

Undoing, Redoing, or Canceling an Action | 283

 For example, suppose that you place a door and then cancel the placement with Undo. You then choose to
place a window. While the Window command is active, you click Redo. Revit Architecture reinserts the door
and then continues the Window command.
If the Redo tool is active and you execute a command, the Redo information is lost.

NOTE The Redo tool is available only after you use the Undo tool.

To redo a single action

1 Undo a Revit Architecture command.

2 Click Edit menu ➤ Redo, or click on the toolbar. (On the Edit menu, Revit Architecture
displays the name of the operation after Redo.)
Revit Architecture reinstates the action that you had previously canceled with Undo.

To redo multiple actions:

1 Undo multiple Revit Architecture commands.

2 On the Edit toolbar, click the drop-down list adjacent to the Redo tool .
3 Scroll down to find the command to redo.
4 Select the command.
Revit Architecture reinstates all commands up to and including the selected command.

TIP You can also use the keyboard shortcut CTRL+Y to redo actions.

Canceling an Action
To exit a command that you have already started, do either of the following:

■ Press ESC twice to exit the command.

■ Use the Abort command, as follows: Activate a Revit Architecture command, click in the drawing area,
and click Edit menu ➤ Abort.

Editing Elements in Groups

You can group elements in a project or family and then place that group many times in a project or family.
Grouping elements is useful when you need to create entities that represent repeating layouts or are common
to many building projects (for example, hotel rooms, apartments, or repeating floors).
With each instance of a group that you place, there is associativity among them. For example, you create a
group with a bed, walls, and window and then place multiple instances of the group in your project. If you
modify a wall in one group, it changes for all instances of that group. This makes modifying your building
model much easier because you can change several instances of a group in one operation.
You can create the following types of groups:

■ Model groups, which can contain model elements.

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■ Detail groups, which can contain view-specific elements (such as text and filled regions).

■ Attached detail groups, which can contain view-specific elements that are associated with a specific
model group (such as door and window tags).

A group cannot contain both model and view-specific elements. If you select both types of elements and
then try to group them, Revit Architecture creates a model group and places the detail elements into an
attached detail group for that model group. The result is the same if you select both detail elements and a
model group; Revit Architecture creates an attached detail group of the detail elements for that model group.

Editing Elements in Groups | 285

 Restrictions on Grouping

If elements cannot be copied together, they cannot be grouped together. See Copying Elements to the
Clipboard on page 320 for information on copy restrictions.

Creating Groups
You can create a group by selecting elements in a project view, or you can use the group editor. In the group
editor you can add elements from the project view, place additional elements in the view which are then
automatically added to the group, remove elements, create attached detail groups (for model groups), and
view group properties.
You can also create groups from linked Revit models, or you can duplicate and modify an existing group.
For more information, see Converting Groups and Linked Revit Models on page 292 and Duplicating Group
Types on page 287.

NOTE You cannot group dimensions, tags, or keynotes without also grouping the elements that they reference.
You can group them in an attached detail group for the model group they reference.

Creating a Group by Selecting Elements

1 In a project view, select the desired elements or existing groups you want in the group.

2 On the Edit toolbar, click (Group), or click Edit menu ➤ Group ➤ Create Group.
3 In the Create Group dialog, enter a name for the group.
4 If you want to open the group in the group editor, select the Open in Group Editor option.
The group editor allows you to add or remove elements from a group, attach detail groups (for
model groups), and view group properties.

5 Click OK.

Creating a Group Using the Group Editor

1 On the Edit toolbar, click (Group), or click Edit menu ➤ Group ➤ Create Group.
2 In the Create Group dialog, enter a name for the group.
3 Select the type of group to create (model or detail), and click OK.
Revit Architecture enters group edit mode. The background color of the drawing area is pale
yellow when you are in group edit mode. The group editor toolbar initially displays in the upper
left corner.

4 If elements exist in the project view and you want to add them to the group, click (Add
to Group) and select the elements.
5 If you want to add elements to the group that do not already exist in the project view, select an
element creation tool from the Design Bar and place the new element. When you add an element
to a view in group edit mode, it is automatically added to the group.

NOTE If you add a view-specific element to a model group (for example, a window tag), the
view-specific element is placed in the project view and not in the model group.

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 6 When you are finished adding elements to the group, click .

Creating an Attached Detail Group

1 In the drawing area, do one of the following:

■ Select model elements and detail elements, simultaneously. Click (Group) on the Edit
toolbar.

■ Select view-specific elements, tags, or dimensions that are associated with an existing model

group, and click on the Edit toolbar.

■ Select an existing model group, and on the Options Bar, click Edit Group. On the group

editor toolbar, click (Attach Detail).

2 In the Create Model Group and Attached Detail Group dialog, enter a name for the model group
(if necessary), and enter a name for the attached detail group.
3 Click OK.
The attached detail group displays in the Project Browser under the model group that it belongs to.

Duplicating Group Types

You can create a new group type by duplicating an existing group. When you duplicate a group, you can
edit the new group type without affecting the original group or its instances.
Use one of the following methods to duplicate a group type:

■ In the Project Browser, right-click the group name, and click Duplicate. The new group displays in the
Project Browser. For example, if your original group was called Group 1, the new group would be Group
2. You can rename the group as necessary.

■ Select the group in the drawing area, and click . In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
In the Type Properties dialog, click Duplicate. Enter a name for the group, and click OK.

Loading Groups
You can load Revit project files (RVT) into a project as a group, and you can load Revit family files (RFA)
into the Family Editor as a group. If you have existing Revit group files (RVG), you can also load them into
a project or family.

To load a project or family file as a group:

1 Click File menu ➤ Load From Library ➤ Load File as Group.

2 In the Load Files as Group dialog, navigate to the Revit project file (RVT), Revit family file (RFA),
or Revit group (RVG) you want to load.
3 If you are loading an RVT or RVG file, select whether you want to include attached details, levels,
or grids.

Loading Groups | 287

 When you select attached details, detail elements in the file are loaded as attached detail groups.

4 Click Open.
The file is loaded as a group, and the group displays in the Project Browser under the Groups
branch. You can now place the group in the project or family. See Placing Groups on page 288.

To reload a group:
1 In the Project Browser, expand Groups.
2 Right-click the group to reload, and select Reload.
3 In the Load File as Group dialog, navigate to the file.
4 Optionally, select Attached Detail, Levels, or Grids to import those elements.
5 Click Open.
If any family types differ between the file you are loading and the host file, the Duplicate Types
dialog opens to indicate this.

Placing Groups
To place a model group:

1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Model Group, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Model
Group.
2 In the Type Selector, select the model group type to place.
3 Click in the drawing area to place the group.

To place a detail group:

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Detail Group, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Detail
Group.
2 In the Type Selector, select the detail group type to place.
3 Click in the drawing area to place the group.

To place a model or detail group from the Project Browser:

1 In the Project Browser, expand the Groups branch.
2 Expand the Model or Detail group.
3 Drag the model or detail group to place in the drawing area.
Alternatively, right-click a group name in the Project Browser and click Create Instance. Click
in the drawing area to place instances of the group. To exit the command, click Modify on the
Design Bar.

NOTE Attached detail groups cannot be dragged from the Project Browser into the drawing area.

To place an attached detail group:

1 Place an instance of a model group that has a detail group associated with it.

NOTE Attached detail groups can only be placed in the view type in which they were created: plans
or section/elevation views. They cannot be placed in 3D views. The instance parameters for attached
detail groups indicate the types of views they can be placed in and to which model group they are
attached.

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 2 Select the model group or multiple instances of the same model group.
3 On the Options Bar, click Place Detail.
4 In the Attached Detail Group Placement dialog, select the desired attached detail group or groups,
and click OK.

NOTE You do not have to select the detail group that was created when you created the model
group.

Specifying the Position of a Group by its Origin

When you are placing, moving, rotating, or pasting groups, the cursor is at the group origin. You can modify
the position of the group origin. Once established, the origin position is used for each instance of the group
that you place.
1 To display the origin, select the group in plan or 3D view. Three drag controls display.

2 Drag the center control to move the origin.

3 Drag the end controls to rotate the origin about the z axis.
Snap points help you place the origin or rotate the end controls.

The following image shows the same group with its origin moved. The origin snaps to the wall.

Modifying Groups
After you create or load a group, you can modify it. You can modify a group within a project (or family)
using the group editor, or you can edit the group externally.
The group editor allows you to add elements from the project view, place additional elements in the view
which are then automatically added to the group, remove elements, create attached detail groups (for model
groups), and view group properties. When you edit a group using the group editor, the background color of
the drawing area is pale yellow, and the group editor toolbar initially displays in the upper left corner. The
pale yellow background color is ignored when you print from the group editor.

Modifying Groups | 289

 When you edit a group externally, the group opens as a Revit project file (RVT) or a Revit family file (RFA),
depending on the environment from which you open it.

Adding or Removing Elements in a Group

1 In the drawing area, select the group to modify. If the group to modify is nested, press TAB until
the group is highlighted, and click to select it.
2 On the Options Bar, click Edit Group.

3 On the group editor toolbar, click to add elements to the group, or click to remove
elements from the group.
4 Select the elements to add or remove from the group.

NOTE If you add a view-specific element to a model group (for example, a window tag), the
view-specific element is placed in the project view and not in the model group.

5 When you are finished, click .

Excluding Elements from a Group Instance

Excluding elements from a group instance may be useful when, for example, you place a hotel unit group
defined with 4 bounding walls adjacent to a similar unit, and the walls overlap. You can exclude the
overlapping wall from the group instance. If the excluded wall is hosting any elements (for example, a wall
hosted tub or a door), Revit Architecture attempts to rehost those elements on the remaining wall.
You can exclude an element using any of the following methods:

■ Exclude an element from a group instance. The element remains in the group but is not visible in the
project view for that group instance. If the excluded element is hosting any elements, Revit Architecture
attempts to rehost those elements.

■ Move an element from a group instance to the project view. The element is visible in the project view,
and can be edited from the project view. The element is also excluded from the group instance.

When elements are excluded and are not visible in the project view for a group instance, they are not included
in schedules.
Excluded elements can be restored to their group instances.

To exclude an element from a group instance:

1 In the drawing area, place the cursor over the group element to exclude.
2 Press TAB to highlight the element, and then click to select it.

3 Click the icon ( ) to exclude the element, or click Edit menu ➤ Group ➤ Exclude Member.

NOTE You can also use the following keyboard shortcuts: DELETE or CTRL-X.

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 The element is excluded from the group instance, and hosted elements are rehosted as necessary.

To move an element from a group instance to the project view:

1 In the drawing area, place the cursor over the element to move.
2 Press TAB to highlight the element, and then click to select it.
3 Right-click and select Move to Project.

To restore an excluded element to a group:

1 In the drawing area, place the cursor over the excluded group element.
2 Press TAB to highlight the element, and then click to select it.

3 Click the icon ( ) to restore the excluded element, or click Edit menu ➤ Group ➤ Restore
Excluded Member.

To restore all excluded elements in a group:

In the drawing area, right-click the group and click Restore all Excluded.

Editing a Group Externally

1 In the Project Browser, right-click the group name, and click Edit.
2 Click Yes to confirm that you want to edit the group externally.
The group opens as a Revit project file (RVT) if you are in the project environment, or opens as
a Revit family file (RFA) if you are in the Family Editor.

3 Make the necessary changes and save the file.

To load (or reload) the group into a project or family:

4 Click File menu ➤ Load into Projects.

5 In the Load into Projects dialog, select the projects (or families) to load the group into.

NOTE In order for project or family files to appear in this list, they must be open.

6 Select Attached Details to load detail elements as attached detail groups.

7 Select levels to load levels into the group.
8 Select grids to load grids into the group.
9 Click OK.
The group is loaded into the project (or family), and the group file remains open.

Renaming a Group
1 In the Project Browser, right-click the group name and select Rename.
2 Enter a new name for the group, and press ENTER.

Detaching an Attached Detail Group from a Model Group

An attached detail group that does not include dimensions or tags can be detached from a model group.

Modifying Groups | 291

 1 In the drawing area, select an attached detail group.
2 On the Options Bar, click Detach.

Swapping Out Group Types

You can replace one group with another by selecting a group and then choosing a different group name in
the Type Selector. Revit Architecture automatically replaces the group.
When you swap an instance of a group type for an instance of a different group type, Revit Architecture
attempts to replace any attached detail groups from the old group instance with attached detail groups of
the same name from the new group instance. For elements in attached detail groups that were not replaced,
and for all other elements that depend on elements in the swapped group instance, Revit Architecture
attempts to find references within the new group instance. If new references cannot be found for these
dependent elements, Revit Architecture posts a warning to indicate which dependent elements it could not
find references for. In addition, the origin of the new group is placed at the position of the first group. For
more information on group origins, see Specifying the Position of a Group by its Origin on page 289

Specifying Height for Model Groups

1 In the drawing area, select a model group.

2 Click .
3 Modify the instance parameters.
■ The Reference Level parameter sets the level the group is associated with.

■ The Origin Level Offset specifies a height above or below that level.

4 Click OK.

NOTE Some group members may not move as a result of entering an offset value. Some elements, such as
components, remain on the level line if they are not hosted by another object like a floor.

Draw Order for Elements in Detail Groups

Detail elements in a detail group move as a unit with respect to draw order. They move forward or backward
together when the group draw order is changed. If you want to change the draw order of individual members
of the group, you first need to edit the group. After you change the draw order of the members of a detail
group and finish editing the group, all instances of that detail group are updated with the new draw order.
For more information on draw order, see Sorting the Draw Order of Detail Components on page 1096.

Converting Groups and Linked Revit Models

You can convert groups to linked Revit models, and you can convert linked Revit models to groups. It is
recommended that you use groups when there is significant geometrical interactivity in a model (for example,
joins, inserts, or references) and where project standards need to be managed in one location. Sample
scenarios where you would use groups are hotel rooms, apartments, and repeating floors.

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Switching between groups and links may be useful in the following scenarios:

■ Your model contains multiple groups of repeating elements that exist as linked Revit models. As you
work in the main model, you can convert the linked models to groups to make edits. This allows you to
make edits to linked models in context of the main model. When you finish modifying the group, you
can convert it back to a link.

■ You have created a group or linked Revit model, and then decide that you need to change the group to
a linked model, or change the linked model to a group.

When you convert a group to a linked Revit model, any excluded elements are restored in the link. For more
information about excluded elements, see Excluding Elements from a Group Instance on page 290.

Converting Groups to Linked Revit Models

1 In the drawing area, select the group.
2 On the Options Bar, click Link.
3 In the Convert Group to Link dialog, select one of the following:
■ Create New: Creates a new Revit model. When you select Create New, the Save Group dialog
opens. Navigate to the location where you want to save the file. If you want the new link to
have the same name as the group, leave the default name, otherwise enter a name for the
link, and click Save.

■ Use Existing: Replaces the group with an existing Revit model. When you select this option,
the Open dialog opens. Navigate to the location of the Revit file you want to use, and click
Open.

The Revit Links branch in the Project Browser updates with the new linked file name.
If there is a linked Revit model in the project with the same name as the group, a message appears to indicate
this. You can do one of the following:

■ Click Yes to replace the file.

■ Click No to save the file with a new name. The Save Group dialog opens where you can enter a new
name for the linked Revit model.

■ Click Cancel to cancel the conversion.

Converting Linked Revit Models to Groups

1 In the drawing area, select the linked Revit model.
2 On the Options Bar, click Bind.
3 In the Bind Link Options dialog, select the elements and datum to include in the group, and
click OK.
If there is a group in the project with the same name as the linked Revit model, a message appears to indicate
this. You can do one of the following:

■ Click Yes to replace the group.

■ Click No to save the group with a new name. Another message appears indicating that all instances of
the linked model will be deleted from the project, but the linked model file will still be loaded in the
project. You can remove the linked file from the project by clicking Remove Link in the message dialog,
or you can remove it at a later time from the Manage Links dialog. See Managing Links on page 1222.

Converting Groups and Linked Revit Models | 293

 ■ Click Cancel to cancel the conversion.

Saving Groups
You can save a group as a Revit project file (RVT) if you are working in a project, or a Revit family file (RFA)
if you are working in the Family Editor.

1 Click File menu ➤ Save to Library ➤ Save Group.

2 By default, the file name text box displays “Same as group name”. If you accept this name, Revit
Architecture saves the file with the same name as the group. So a group called Group 5 saves as
Group 5.rvt (or Group 5.rfa). If desired, you can change this name.
3 If your project has multiple groups, click the appropriate group from the Group to Save menu.
4 Select or clear the Include attached detail groups as views check box.
5 Click Save.

Deleting Groups
To delete a group, you must first delete all instances of the group in the project.
1 In the Project Browser, right-click the group and click Select All Instances.

2 Click on the toolbar, or press Delete.

All instances of the group are deleted in the project.

3 In the Project Browser, right-click the group, and select Delete.

Using Arrays of Elements

The Array tool creates a linear or radial array of selected elements. For example, you can select a door and
a window residing on a wall and create multiple instances of the door-window configuration.
Use the Array tool to create several instances of one or more elements and manipulate them simultaneously.
Array members can belong to a group; therefore, you can add or remove items from the group. For example,
you can create an array of 7 walls. When you group a desk with one of the walls, all walls in the array get a
desk. (For more information about grouping, see Editing Elements in Groups on page 284.)

NOTE Arrays are not supported for most annotation symbols.

An array of windows and columns

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Creating an Array
The elements of an array can follow a line (a linear array), or they can follow an arc (a radial array). When
creating an array, you specify the distance between elements using either of the following methods:

■ Specify the distance between the first and second elements. (Use the Move To 2nd option.) All subsequent
elements use the same spacing.

■ Specify the distance between the first and last elements. (Use the Move To Last option.) All remaining
elements are evenly spaced between them.

A linear array

A radial array

Creating a Linear Array

1 Select one or more elements to be copied in an array.

2 Click Edit menu ➤ Array, or click on the Edit toolbar.

3 On the Options Bar, click (Linear).

Creating an Array | 295

 4 Select the desired options:
■ Group And Associate: Includes each member of the array in a group. If not selected, Revit
Architecture creates the specified number of copies and does not group them. Once placed,
each copy acts independently of the others.

■ Number: Specifies the total number of copies (of the selected elements) in the array.

■ Move To:
■ 2nd: Specifies the spacing between each member of the array. Additional array members
appear after the second member.

■ Last: Specifies the entire span of the array. Array members are evenly spaced between the
first member and the last member.

■ Constrain: Restricts movement of array members along vectors that run perpendicular or
collinear to the selected elements.

NOTE You cannot group together detail components and model components.

5 If you selected Move To 2nd, place array members as follows:

a Click in the drawing area to indicate a starting point for measuring.

b Move the cursor the desired distance between members. As you move the cursor, a box
appears to indicate the size of the selected elements. The box moves along snap points. A
dimension appears between the first click location and the current cursor position.

c Click again to place the second member, or type a dimension and press ENTER.

6 If you selected Move To Last, place array members as follows:

a Click in the drawing area to indicate a starting point for measuring.

b Move the cursor to the desired location for the last array member. As you move the cursor,
a box appears to indicate the size of the selected elements. The box moves along snap
points. A dimension appears between the first click location and the current cursor position.

c Click again to place the last member, or specify a dimension and press ENTER.

7 If you selected Group and Associate on the Options Bar, a number box appears, indicating the
number of copies to create in the array. If desired, change the number and press ENTER.
Revit Architecture creates the specified number of copies of the selected elements, and places them using
the appropriate spacing.
Placing the first and second items in a linear array

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Specifying the number of elements in the array

The completed linear array

Creating a Radial Array

1 Select one or more elements to be copied in an array.

2 Click Edit menu ➤ Array, or click on the Edit toolbar.

3 On the Options Bar, click (Radial).

4 Select the desired options, as described for creating a linear array.

TIP When you create a radial array, the steps are similar to rotating a component and copying it.
See Rotating Elements on page 308.

5 Drag the center of rotation symbol to the desired location.

The array members will be placed around an arc measured from this point. In most instances,
you want to drag the center of rotation symbol away from the center of the selected elements.
The symbol snaps to points and lines of interest, such as walls and the intersections of walls
and lines. You can also drag it onto open space.

6 Move the cursor to a position where the arc of the radial array will begin. (A line radiates from
the center of rotation symbol to the cursor position.)

NOTE If you want to specify the angle of rotation (instead of drawing it), specify an Angle value on
the Options Bar and press ENTER. Skip the remaining steps.

7 Click to position the first ray of rotation. If the cursor snaps while specifying the first ray, the
snap line rotates along with the preview box and snaps to angles on the screen while placing
the second ray.

Creating an Array | 297

 8 Move the cursor to place the second ray of rotation.
Another line appears to indicate the ray. A temporary angular dimension appears as you rotate,
and a preview image shows the selection rotating.

9 Click to place the second ray and finish the array.

If you selected Move To 2nd on the Options Bar, the second ray of rotation defines the location
of the second member of the array. Additional array members are placed using the same spacing.
If you selected Move To Last, the second ray of rotation defines the location of the last member
of the array. Additional array members are spaced equally between the first and last members.

If you selected Group and Associate on the Options Bar, controls appear on the radial array. Use the 2 end
controls to resize the angle of the arc. Use the middle control to drag the array to a new location. Use the
top control to resize the radius of the array.
Drawing the arc for the radial array

Specifying the number of elements in the array

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 The completed radial array

Copying an Array
1 Select all members of the array.
2 While pressing CTRL, click and drag an array member to a new location.

Deleting Members from an Array

You can delete one or more members of an array. If the array was grouped, deleting a member of the array
effectively ungroups the remaining members. Each member of the array then becomes an individual element.

To delete a member element of an array:

1 Select the element to delete from the array.
2 Use any of the following methods to delete the selected element:
■ Press DEL.

■ Click Edit menu ➤ Delete.

■ Right-click the element, and click Delete.

Copying an Array | 299

Changing an Array
You can modify any dimension associated with array members. If the modified array member is part of a
group, the change affects that element and proportionally affects other members of the group, depending
on the dimension modified. If the modified array member is not part of a group, the change affects the
selected element only. For instructions, see Changing a Dimension Value on page 235.
If array members belong to a group, you can change the number of members in the array. Select the pattern
line and enter a new value in the array instance number box. Controls for array groups are visible in all
views in which the array is visible.
Changing the dimensions of an array

Changing the number of elements in an array

Moving Elements
Revit Architecture offers a variety of menu options, keyboard actions, and on-screen element controls for
moving elements in the drawing area, either independently or in association with other elements.

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 Moving a wall

You can move a hosted component from one host to another. For example, you can move a window from
one wall to another wall. For instructions, see Rehosting on page 747.
You can also move a component that is dimensioned to another element (by distance or angle) by changing
the dimension. For instructions, see Changing a Dimension Value on page 235.

Moving Elements by Dragging

You can click and drag a selected element to a new location in the drawing area. If multiple elements are
selected, they all move when you drag one. The spatial relationships among them are preserved.

TIP When moving elements one at a time, select Press + Drag on the Options Bar to drag an element without
selecting it first. When using this option, the element is selected as you drag it.

Some elements can move only horizontally or vertically by default; Revit Architecture provides visual cues
about the way that a selected element can move. To remove this constraint, press and hold SHIFT while
dragging the element.
Conversely, some elements can move in any direction by default. To constrain their movement, press and
hold SHIFT while dragging the elements. For example, you can move a window freely in an elevation or a
3D view, but pressing SHIFT constrains the movement of the window so that its elevation does not change.
Likewise, you can normally move walls, lines, or gridlines freely in any direction. Pressing SHIFT constrains
their movement to directions perpendicular to the wall or line.
When you select a wall or line that has an end joined to another (unselected) wall or line, movement is
constrained to a direction perpendicular to the selected wall or line to keep the joined end from extending
or shrinking. Press and hold SHIFT to remove this constraint.

Moving Elements with Arrow Keys

Use arrow keys on the keyboard to move selected elements vertically or horizontally. You cannot use the
arrow keys to move a level-based element up or down from the level.

Moving Elements by Dragging | 301

Moving Elements with the Move Tool
The Move tool, available on the Edit menu, works similarly to dragging. However, it offers additional
functionality on the Options Bar and allows more precise placement. You can create multiple copies of an
element when you move it.

To move elements with the Move tool:

1 Select the elements to move.

2 Click Edit menu ➤ Move, or click on the Edit toolbar.

3 On the Options Bar, click the desired options:
■ Constrain: Click Constrain to restrict the movement of the element along vectors that run
perpendicular or collinear to the element.

■ Disjoin: Click Disjoin to break the association between the selection and other elements
before moving. This option is useful, for example, when you want to move a wall that is
joined to another wall. You can also use the Disjoin option to move a hosted element from
its current host to a new host. For example, you can move a window from one wall to another
wall. This feature works best when you clear the Constrain option.

■ Copy: Click Copy to move a copy of the element. The original element remains in place.
When you select the Copy option, the Disjoin option becomes selected; you cannot clear it.

■ Multiple: Click Multiple to create multiple copies of an element every time you click in the
drawing area. The option is available only when the Copy option is selected. See Copying
Elements with the Copy Tool on page 320. (To exit the Multiple Copy function, press ESC.)

4 Click once to enter a start point for moving.

A preview image of the element appears.

5 Move the cursor in the direction that you want the element to move.
The cursor snaps to snap points. Dimensions appear as guides.

6 Click again to complete the move, or, for more precision, type a value for the distance to move
the element and press ENTER.
Moving 2 walls

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Moving Elements with the Offset Tool
Use the Offset tool to copy or move a selected model line, detail line, wall, or beam a specified distance
perpendicular to its length. You can apply the tool to single elements or to chains of elements belonging to
the same family. You can specify the offset distance by dragging the selected elements or by entering a value.
The following restrictions apply to the Offset tool:

■ You can offset lines, beams, or braces in their own work planes only. For example, if you sketch a model
line whose work plane is set to floor plan: level 1, you can offset that line only in the plan view plane.

■ You cannot offset walls created as in-place families.

■ You cannot offset elements in a view perpendicular to their move plane. For example, you cannot offset
a wall in an elevation view.

To offset an element or a copy of an element:

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Offset, or click on the Tools toolbar.

2 On the Options Bar, select how you want to specify the offset distance:
If you want to… Then…

drag the selected element to the desired distance select Graphical.

enter a value for the offset distance select Numerical. Enter a positive number in the Offset
box.

3 If you want to create and offset copies of the selected element, select Copy on the Options Bar.
(If you selected Graphical in the previous step, pressing CTRL as you move the cursor has the
same effect.)
4 Select the element or chain to offset.
If you specified an offset distance using the Numerical option, a preview line displays at that
distance from the highlighted elements on the side where the cursor is positioned, as shown.
Cursor at outside face of the wall

Cursor at inside face of the wall

Moving Elements with the Offset Tool | 303

 5 Move the cursor as necessary to display the preview line at the desired offset position, and then
click to move the element or chain to that position or to place a copy there. Or, if you selected
the Graphical option, click to select the highlighted element, and then drag it to the desired
distance and click again. After you start the drag, a listening dimension displays, and you can
enter a specific offset distance.

Moving Elements with Cut-and-Paste

The Cut tool removes one or more selected elements from the drawing and pastes them to the clipboard.
You can then use the Paste from Clipboard or Paste Aligned tools to paste the elements in the current drawing
or in another project.
The Cut tool has the following restrictions:

■ You cannot cut elements that cannot be deleted, such as the last level in a building model.

■ You cannot cut some combinations of elements. For example, you cannot cut curtain panels and mullions
without cutting the entire curtain system.

■ You cannot cut an interior elevation arrow without cutting its adjoined elevation symbol.

■ You cannot cut some elements in any context. For example, you cannot cut the Ref. Level in the Family
Editor.

To cut and paste elements:

1 Select one or more elements in the drawing area.

2 Click Edit menu ➤ Cut, or click on the Edit toolbar.

NOTE You can also use the keyboard shortcut CTRL+X to cut elements.

3 Paste the elements using either of the following tools of the Edit menu:
■ Paste from Clipboard: To place the elements in another area of the drawing, or in another
project. See Pasting Elements from the Clipboard on page 321.

■ Paste Aligned: To place the elements to another level exactly above or below the original
location of the elements. See Pasting Aligned Elements on page 323.

Moving End-joined Components

You can move components that share a common end join simultaneously without breaking the join. To do
this, use a drag control or select an option on the shortcut menu. This functionality is available for walls,
lines, beams, braces, and line-based families.
The following image shows 3 walls moving together by their common end join.

304 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

 Only selected joined components move. Unselected components that are part of a join detach from the join
when it is moved. The exception to this is braces that are joined to beams. Braces always move with the
beams that they are joined to.

To move end-joined components:

1 Right-click a member of the join, and click Select Joined Elements.
2 In the drawing area, click the drag end control, or right-click and click Drag End.

NOTE The name of the control and the shortcut menu option indicate the type of component that
you are moving (Drag Wall End, Drag Structural Framing Component End, and so on).

3 Drag the join to the desired location.

Moving Lines and Components with Walls

You can specify that lines and components near a wall move a corresponding distance whenever that wall
is moved. To do this, use the Moves with Nearby Elements option.

To move elements with nearby elements:

1 Select one or more elements.
2 On the Options Bar, select Moves With Nearby Elements.
You can also select this option on the Properties dialog for one or more selected elements. (To

display the Properties dialog, click , or right-click the element and click Element Properties.

3 Move the selected elements to the desired position.

Witness lines show dimensions from walls and other points. If desired, you can click a dimension
to change it.

Now when you move the wall that the element is linked to, the element also moves, maintaining its distance
from the wall.
The following restrictions apply to the Move With Nearby Elements option:

■ Only straight lines that are parallel to a wall are affected by this option. It is not available for detail lines,
sketch-based elements, and families.

■ For arc lines, the radius remains at a constant offset from the arc wall, even if the radius of the wall
changes. For example, if you change a wall radius from 40 to 30 meters, a 20-meter arc line radius updates
to 10 meters, maintaining the 20-meter offset.

Moving Lines and Components with Walls | 305

 ■ If you copy a line or component that is set to move with nearby elements, the copy also moves with the
element.

■ If you move the line or component toward another element, it then moves with that new element. For
example, suppose that a straight line moves with a wall. When you move the line closer to another
straight wall with which it is parallel, the line now moves with the new wall. However, if you place a
wall closer to the line or component, it does not move with that new wall. It retains its movement with
the first wall.

Using the Moves with Nearby Elements option

Aligning Elements
Use the Align tool to align one or more elements with a selected element. This tool is generally used to align
walls, beams, and lines, but it can be used with other types of elements as well. The elements to align can
be of the same type, or they can be from different families. You can align elements in a plan view or elevation
view only.
For example, you can use the Align tool to do the following:

■ Align the ends of walls or beams with a selected line, wall, or beam. (This action extends the lengths of
the aligned walls or beams.)

■ Align the centers of walls or beams with a selected line, wall, or beam. (This action moves the aligned
walls or beams.)

■ Join selected endpoints (of walls, for example) with a selected line.

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Grid line with 4 columns

Align columns with grid lines

Selected point to align to an element

Element and point joined

To align elements:

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Align, or click on the Tools toolbar.

Aligning Elements | 307

 The cursor appears with the align symbol .

2 On the Options Bar, select the desired options:

■ Select Multiple Alignment to align multiple elements with a selected element. (As an
alternative, you can press CTRL while selecting multiple elements to align.)

■ When aligning walls, use the Prefer option to indicate how selected walls will be aligned:
using Wall Faces, Wall Centerlines, Faces of Core, or Center of Core. (The core options refer
to walls that have multiple layers.)

3 Select the reference element (the element to align other elements to).
4 Select one or more elements to align with the reference element.

NOTE Before selecting, move the cursor over the element until the part of the element to align with
the reference element is highlighted. Then click it.

5 If you want the selected elements to stay aligned with the reference element (if you later move
it), click the padlock to lock the alignment. If the padlock symbol has disappeared because you
have done something else, click Modify and select the reference element to make the symbol
reappear.
6 To start a new alignment, press ESC once.
7 To exit the Align function, press ESC twice.

Rotating Elements
Use the Rotate tool to rotate elements around an axis. In floor plan, reflected ceiling plan, elevation, and
section views, elements rotate around an axis perpendicular to the view. In 3D views, the axis is perpendicular
to the work plane of the view.

Not all elements can rotate around any axis. For example, walls do not rotate in elevation views. Windows
cannot rotate without their walls.

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 The Rotate tool is available only after the element is selected. After you rotate the element, Revit Architecture
returns to Modify mode.

To rotate elements:
1 Select one or more elements to rotate.

2 Click Edit menu ➤ Rotate, or click on the Edit toolbar.

A center of rotation symbol appears at the center of the selected component.

3 If desired, drag the center of rotation symbol.

The symbol snaps to points and lines of interest, such as walls and the intersections of walls
and lines. You can also drag it onto open space.

4 On the Options Bar, select any of the following options:

■ Disjoin: Select Disjoin to break the connection between the selection and other elements
before rotating. This option is useful, for example, when you want to rotate one wall that is
joined to another wall.

■ Copy: Select Copy to rotate a copy of the selection. The original remains in place.

■ Angle: Specify the angle of rotation and press ENTER. Revit Architecture performs the rotation
at the specified angle. Skip the remaining steps.

5 Click to specify the first ray of rotation.

A line displays to indicate the first ray. If the cursor snaps while specifying the first ray, the snap
line will rotate with the preview box and snap to angles on the screen while placing the second
ray.

6 Move the cursor to place the second ray of rotation.

Another line displays to indicate the ray. A temporary angular dimension displays as you rotate,
and a preview image shows the selection rotating.

TIP You can also rotate an element using listening dimensions. After you click to specify the first ray
of rotation, the angular dimension displays in bold. Enter a value using the keyboard.

7 Click to place the second ray and finish rotating the selection.
The selection rotates between the first and second rays.

Revit Architecture returns to the Modify tool with the rotated element still selected.

Flipping Elements
Revit Architecture provides the following ways to flip an element (change its orientation) in the drawing
area.

■ Press the SPACEBAR to flip one or more selected elements. Free-standing families, such as furniture and
columns, rotate 90 degrees each time you press the SPACEBAR. For more information, see Spacebar on
page 281.

■ Click a flip control to change the orientation of a selected element. For example, click the flip control (

) for a compound wall to reverse the order of its component layers. For more information, see Flip
Controls on page 280.

Flipping Elements | 309

Mirroring Elements
The Mirror tool mirrors (reverses the position of) a selected modelling component, using a line as the mirror
axis. For example, if you mirror a wall across a reference plane, the wall flips opposite the original. You can
pick the mirror axis or draw a temporary axis. Use the Mirror tool to flip a selected element, or to make a
copy of an element and reverse its position in one step.

To mirror an element:
1 Select the element to mirror.

TIP You can select inserts, such as doors and windows, without their hosts.

2 Click Edit menu ➤ Mirror, or click on the toolbar.

The mirror cursor appears: .

3 On the Options Bar, do the following:

■ To move the selected item (rather than making a copy of it), clear Copy.

■ To select the line that represents the mirror axis, select Pick. Or to sketch a temporary mirror
axis line, select Draw.

4 Select or draw the line to use as a mirror axis.

You can pick only a line or a reference plane that the cursor can snap to. You cannot mirror a
component around empty space.

Revit Architecture moves or copies the selected element and reverses its position opposite the selected axis.
Selecting the element to mirror (and copy) and the mirror axis

310 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

 Mirrored (and copied) door

Preventing Elements from Moving

Use the Pin Position tool to lock a modelling component in place. When you pin a modelling component,
it cannot be moved. If you try to delete a pinned component, Revit Architecture warns you that the
component is pinned. A pushpin control appears near the element to indicate that it is locked.
If you pin a component, it can still move if the component is set to move with nearby elements or if the
level where it is placed moves up or down. See Moving Lines and Components with Walls on page 305.

Using Pins to Lock Elements in Place

1 Select one or more components in your project.

2 Click Edit menu ➤ Pin Position, or click on the Edit toolbar.

Revit Architecture displays a pushpin control near the component to indicate that it is pinned in place. To
move or delete the component, you must first unlock it by clicking the pushpin control. Click the pushpin
again to lock the component.

Unpinning Elements
The Unpin Position tool unpins a locked element. You can then move the element or delete it without being
prompted. You can select multiple elements for unpinning. If some of the elements you select are not pinned,
the Unpin Position tool has no effect.

To unpin elements:
1 Select one or more elements to unpin.
2 In the drawing area, click the pushpin control, or click Edit menu ➤ Unpin Position.
When you unpin an element, a red slash appears through the pin control to indicate that it is unlocked.

Preventing Elements from Moving | 311

Resizing Elements
To modify multiple elements simultaneously, use shape handles or the Resize tool. The Resize tool is available
for lines, walls, images, DWG and DXF imports, reference planes, and position of dimensions. You can scale
elements graphically or numerically.
When resizing elements, consider the following:

■ To resize an element, you define an origin, which is a fixed point from which the elements equally resize.

■ All elements must lie in parallel planes. All walls in the selection must have the same base level.

■ When you resize a wall, inserts remain at a fixed distance from the wall’s midpoint.

■ Resizing changes the position of dimensions but not their values. If you resize an element that a dimension
references, the dimension value does change.

■ Import symbols have a read-only instance parameter called Instance Scale. It shows how much the
instance size differs from the base symbol. You can change it by resizing the import symbol.

Resizing Elements with Shape Handles

When you select and drag the handles of multiple elements, Revit Architecture resizes the elements
simultaneously.
Dragging multiple wall handles to resize them simultaneously

To resize elements with shape handles:

1 Move the cursor over the part of the first element to resize and press TAB until the desired handle
is highlighted. Click to select it.
For example, to resize the length of a wall, move the cursor over the end of the wall, press TAB
to highlight that handle, and click to select it.

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 2 Move the cursor over the part of the next element to resize and press TAB until the desired handle
is highlighted. While pressing CTRL, click to select it.
3 Repeat Step 2 for the remaining elements, until handles on all desired elements are selected.
Remember to press CTRL when you click to select another element.

NOTE To deselect a selected element (without deselecting other elements), move the cursor over
the selected element and, while pressing SHIFT, click the element.

4 Click the handle of one of the selected elements, and drag it to resize.
The other selected elements are resized at the same time.

Resizing Graphically
Graphical resizing requires 3 clicks: the first click determines the origin, and the next 2 clicks define the
scale vectors. Revit Architecture calculates a scale factor by determining the ratio of the lengths of the 2
vectors. For example, suppose you sketch a first vector that is 5 feet and a second vector that is 10 feet. This
creates a scale factor of 2. As a result, the elements become twice their original size.

To resize elements graphically:

1 Select elements to resize.
Be sure to select only supported elements, such as walls and lines. The Resize tool is unavailable
if your entire selection contains just one non-supported element.

2 Click Edit menu ➤ Resize, or click on the Edit toolbar.

3 On the Options Bar, select Graphical.
4 In the drawing area, click to set the origin.
The origin is the point from which the size of the element will change. The cursor snaps to
various references. Press TAB to change the snap points.

5 Move the cursor to define the first vector.

6 Click to set that length.
7 Move the cursor again to define the second vector.

TIP You can use listening dimensions to enter values for the lengths of the vectors.

8 Click to set that point.

The selected element resizes so that the ends of vector 1 now coincide with those of vector 2.

Resizing Graphically | 313

 Defining the first scale vector

Defining the second scale vector

314 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

 The resized component

Resizing Numerically
To resize numerically, enter a scale factor and specify the origin of the resize function.

To resize elements numerically:

1 Select the elements to resize.
Be sure to select only supported elements, such as walls and lines. The Resize tool is unavailable
if your entire selection contains just one non-supported element.

2 Click Edit menu ➤ Resize, or click on the Edit toolbar.

3 On the Options Bar, select Numerical.
4 Enter a scale factor.
5 Click in the drawing area to specify the origin.
The element resizes by the defined scale factor.

Resizing Elements with Formulas

You can use formulas to modify the dimensions of specific elements. For example, as you sketch a wall, you
can enter a formula for the temporary dimension of the wall. Begin the formula with an equal sign, and
then use conventional mathematical syntax. For more information, see Valid Formula Syntax and
Abbreviations on page 367.

To modify a dimension for an existing element

1 Select the element.
Revit Architecture displays a temporary dimension. (If the dimension uses the wrong reference
points, drag the blue squares (of the witness lines) to the desired reference points.)

Resizing Numerically | 315

 2 Click the dimension.
You may need to zoom in to see the dimension clearly. Revit Architecture displays its value in
a text box.

3 Edit the value, entering the desired formula.

TIP In formulas, keep units consistent. Do not mix units. You can use constants with no units assigned to them.

Valid formula for setting wall length

Trimming and Extending Elements

Use the Trim/Extend tool to trim or extend one or more elements to a boundary defined by the same element
type. You can also extend non-parallel elements to form a corner, or trim them to form a corner if they
intersect. When you select an element to be trimmed, the cursor position indicates the part of the element
to retain. You can use this tool with walls, lines, beams, or braces.

To trim or extend elements:

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Trim/Extend, or click on the Tools toolbar.

316 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

2 On the Options Bar, select one of the following options:
If you want to… Then…

trim or extend 2 selected elements to a corner

click (Trim/Extend to Corner). Select each of
the elements. When selecting an element that needs
to be trimmed to form the corner, make sure you click
the part of the element to be retained.

trim or extend one element to a boundary defined by

another element click (Trim/Extend Single Element). Select the
reference to use as a boundary. Then select the ele-
ment to trim or extend. If this element crosses the
boundary (or a projection), the part that you click is
retained. The part on the other side of the boundary
is trimmed.

trim or extend multiple elements to a boundary

defined by another element click (Trim/Extend Multiple Elements). Select
the reference to use as a boundary. Then select each
of the elements to trim or extend. For any elements
that cross the boundary, the part that you click is re-
tained. The part on the other side of the boundary is
trimmed.

3 Continue trimming or extending elements with the currently selected option, or select a different
option.

NOTE You can select a different Trim/Extend option at any time while the tool is active. This also
clears any initial selection made with the previous option.

4 To exit the tool, press ESC.

Preview for Trim/Extend to Corner option

Trimming and Extending Elements | 317

 Result of Trim/Extend to Corner operation

Preview of Trim/Extend Single Element option with horizontal wall selected as the
boundary

Result of Trim/Extend Single Element operation

318 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

 Preview of Trim/Extend Multiple Elements option with horizontal wall selected as
boundary

Result of clicking left-most vertical wall above the boundary, clicking next 2 walls below
the boundary, and highlighting the wall on the right

Copying Elements
Revit Architecture provides several methods for copying one or more selected elements.

■ Select an element and, while pressing the CTRL key, drag the element to copy it.

■ Use the Copy tool to copy elements and place them immediately.

■ Use the clipboard to copy-and-paste elements with CTRL+C and CTRL+V.

■ Use the Create Similar tool to add a new instance of a selected element.

■ Make a mirror copy of an element. (Use the Mirror tool with the Copy option. See Mirroring Elements
on page 310.)

■ Copy an array of elements. See Copying an Array on page 299.

Copying Elements | 319

Copying Elements with the Copy Tool
The Copy tool copies one or more selected elements and allows you to place copies in the drawing
immediately. It activates the Move tool with the Copy and Multiple options selected.
The Copy tool is different from the Copy to Clipboard tool. Use the Copy tool when you want to copy a
selected element and place it immediately (for example, in the same view). Use the Copy to Clipboard tool,
for example, when you need to switch views before placing the copies.

To copy elements:
1 Select one or more elements in the drawing area.

2 Click Edit menu ➤ Copy, or click on the Edit toolbar.

3 Click once in the drawing area to begin moving and copying the elements.
4 Move the cursor away from the original elements and toward the area where you want to place
a copy.
5 Click to place the copy or enter a value for the listening dimension.
6 Continue placing more elements, or press ESC to exit the copy function.
Element moved and copied multiple times

Copying Elements to the Clipboard

The Copy to Clipboard tool copies one or more elements to the clipboard. You can then use the Paste from
Clipboard or Paste Aligned tools to paste copies of the elements in the drawing or in another project.
The Copy to Clipboard tool is different from the Copy tool. Use the Copy tool when you want to copy a
selected element and place it immediately (for example, in the same view). Use the Copy to Clipboard tool,
for example, when you need to switch views before placing the copies.

To copy elements to the clipboard:

1 Select one or more elements in the drawing area.

2 Click Edit menu ➤ Copy to Clipboard, or click on the toolbar.

NOTE As an alternative, you can press CTRL+C to copy elements to the clipboard.

3 Paste the elements using either of the following tools:

■ Paste from Clipboard: To copy the elements to another area of the drawing, or to another
project. See Pasting Elements from the Clipboard on page 321.

■ Paste Aligned: To copy the elements to another level exactly above or below the original
location of the elements. See Pasting Aligned Elements on page 323.

The Copy to Clipboard tool has the following restrictions:

■ You cannot copy an interior elevation arrow without copying its adjoined elevation symbol.

320 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

 ■ You cannot copy some combinations of elements. For example, you cannot copy curtain panels and
mullions without copying the entire curtain system.

■ You cannot copy some elements in any context. For example, you cannot copy the Ref. Level in the
Family Editor.

Pasting Elements
The Paste from Clipboard tool inserts elements from the clipboard to the current view or a different view.
This tool is available only after cutting or copying elements. You can only copy (or cut) and paste elements
within the same session of Revit Architecture.
The Paste Aligned tool allows you to copy multiple elements (such as walls, components, and windows) on
one level and paste them to another level exactly above or below the location of the original elements. This
tool is most useful for multi-story buildings, where you can copy and paste aligned elements from one level
to many other levels.

Pasting Elements from the Clipboard

1 Cut or copy elements to the clipboard.
See Moving Elements with Cut-and-Paste on page 304 or Copying Elements to the Clipboard on
page 320.

2 Place the cursor in the view where you want to paste the elements.

3 Click Edit menu ➤ Paste from Clipboard, or click on the Edit toolbar.

NOTE You can also use the keyboard shortcut CTRL+V to paste elements.

In Paste mode, a preview image of the elements appears in the drawing area, similar to the
following. Temporary dimensions and witness lines display to help position the elements.

Pasting Elements | 321

 4 Click to place the preview image in the desired location.
The pasted elements appear in the drawing area. They are selected so that you can adjust them
if needed.

5 Refine placement of the pasted elements, if desired.

While the elements are selected, you can modify them as desired. Depending on the type of
elements being pasted, you may be able to use the Move, Rotate, and Mirror tools.
You can also use functions of the Options Bar. The available options depend on the pasted
elements. For example, for building components, you can use the Rehost or Edit Family options.
For other types of elements, you can use the Activate Dimensions or Edit Pasted Elements options.

6 To finish the paste operation, click in the drawing area away from the pasted elements to deselect
them. (For some types of elements, you can click Finish on the Options Bar.)
If you want to quit Paste mode, discarding the pasted elements, click Quit on the Options Bar,
or press CTRL+Z.

Editing Pasted Elements

During a paste operation, you may need to refine the placement of pasted elements, rehost pasted building
components, or specify new references for pasted elements. The Edit Pasted Elements function allows you
to move or modify elements before the paste operation is finalized.

To edit pasted elements:

1 Paste one or more elements from the clipboard.
See Pasting Elements from the Clipboard on page 321.

2 On the Options Bar, click Edit Pasted Elements.

Revit Architecture enters Edit Pasted mode. The newly pasted elements display in red (or the
defined selection color), indicating that they are selected so you can move them. Other elements

322 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

 in the drawing area display in gray, indicating that you cannot modify them during Edit Pasted
mode.

While in Edit Pasted mode, you can deselect and select specific elements. (Deselected elements
display in black; selected elements display in red [or the defined selection color].) This function
allows you to move a specific element without moving all pasted elements. After moving a
pasted element, you can deselect it, and then select another element to move it to the desired
location.

3 The Edit Pasted tab displays tools in the Design Bar. Use these tools as follows:
■ Modify allows you to move or modify selected elements.

■ Finalize Selected finalizes the placement of the currently selected elements. The elements
display in gray, indicating that you can no longer modify them during Edit Pasted mode.
You can continue to move or modify any pasted elements that display in black.

■ Select All selects all pasted elements, so that you can move or modify them.

4 Use functions of the Options Bar as needed to rehost building components, activate listening
dimensions to refine placement, or perform other functions.
5 To complete the paste process, click Finish Paste on the Edit Paste tab of the Design Bar.
If you want to quit Edit Paste mode, discarding the pasted elements, click Quit Paste on the Edit
Pasted tab.

The pasted elements display in black. In addition, the other elements in the drawing area, which appeared
gray during Edit Paste mode, display in black.

Pasting Aligned Elements

1 Cut or copy elements to the clipboard.
See Moving Elements with Cut-and-Paste on page 304 or Copying Elements to the Clipboard on
page 320.

Pasting Elements | 323

 2 Click Edit menu ➤ Paste Aligned. Then click one of the following options:
■ Current View: Pastes the elements to the current view. For example, you can paste elements
from a plan view to a callout view. The view must be different from the view where the
elements were cut or copied.

■ Same Place: Pastes the elements into the same place from where you cut or copied them.
This is useful for pasting elements between worksets or design options. Also, you can use it
to paste between 2 files that have shared coordinates.

■ Pick Level Graphics: Pastes the elements in an elevation view. You must be in an elevation
view to use this tool, because it requires that you select a level line on which to paste the
elements.

NOTE Do not pick levels using the Project Browser.

■ Select Levels by Name: If you copy all model elements, you can paste them into one or more
levels. In the dialog that displays, choose the levels by name. To select more than one, press
CTRL while selecting the names.

■ Select Views by Name: If you copy view-specific elements (such as dimensions) or model
and view-specific elements, you can paste them into floor plan or reflected ceiling plan views.

Revit Architecture aligns the elements as directed.

Copying Elements with the Create Similar Tool

Use the Create Similar tool to place an element of the same type as the selected element. For example, when
you right-click a door in a view and click Create Similar, the Door tool becomes active with the selected
door type already chosen in the Type Selector. The Create Similar tool is available for most Revit Architecture
elements.
When you use Create Similar, each new element inherits family instance parameters defined in the Family
Editor for the selected element. Elements created with Create Similar do not inherit values of instance
parameters that were not defined in the Family Editor (such as Comments). The instance parameter values
for the selected element apply to all elements created using that command until the type is changed in the
Type Selector.
For example, if the selected element is a wall, then its height properties are specified as the default for new
walls. Walls created on the same level have the same Base Offset, Unconnected Height, Top Extension
Distance, Bottom Extension Distance, Top Constraint, and Top Offset. If the new wall is created on a different
level, the Top Constraint is set to the appropriate level.

To create similar elements:

1 Select an element.

2 Click Edit menu ➤ Create Similar, or click on the Edit toolbar. (You can also right-click an
element in the drawing area and click Create Similar on the shortcut menu.)
3 Click in the drawing area to place the newly created instance in the desired location. Repeat as
many times as needed.
4 To exit the Create Similar tool, press ESC twice.

324 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

Modifying Elements with Tools
The Tools menu provides tools to manipulate, modify, and otherwise manage the display of elements in
the drawing area.

Related topics

■ Basics for Changing Elements on page 65

Changing Component Types Using the Match Tool

Use the Match tool to convert one or more elements of the same category so that they match another selected
type in the same category. For example, you can select a generic 12” wall, and then select other walls of
various types and convert them all to generic 12” walls.
The Match tool copies instance parameters from the source element to target elements. These instance
parameters must be defined in the Family Editor.

To change an element’s type:

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Match, or click on the Tools toolbar.

The cursor changes to an empty eyedropper.

2 Click an element of the type to which you want to convert other elements.
The cursor eyedropper is now full.

3 Click an element of the same category to convert it to the type you selected.
To convert multiple elements, continue clicking them individually, or select Multiple on the
Options Bar, draw a selection box to select the elements, and click Finish on the Options Bar.

4 If you want to select a new type, click an open space in the drawing area (or press ESC once) to
empty the eyedropper cursor and start over.
5 To exit the tool, press ESC twice.
The following restrictions apply to the Match tool:

■ The Match tool only works within one view. You cannot match types between project views.

■ You cannot select multiple element types to change using a selection box. You must change element
types by selecting them with the dropper.

■ To match a family type or a group type from the Project Browser, make your selection in the Project
Browser first. Then start the Match tool, and select the elements to be converted in the drawing area.

Modifying Elements with Tools | 325

 ■ When changing a wall’s type, the Match tool copies Base Offset, Unconnected Height, Top Extension
Distance, and Base Extension Distance from the source wall type to the target wall. If the target wall is
on the same level as the source wall, then the values for Top Constraint and Top Offset are also copied.

Changing the Line Style of Elements

Use the Linework tool to quickly change the line style for selected edges of model elements in a view.

For example, you can use the Linework tool to do any of the following:

■ Differentiate cut edges and projection edges of the model.

■ Hide selected edges (by applying an Invisible line style).

■ Reveal edges of elements that exist in the model, but are hidden in the view.

■ Differentiate the edges of a building in an elevation view.

■ Differentiate edges in an imported CAD file or a linked Revit file.

Linework Overview
The Linework tool does not create new model or detail lines in the view. Instead, it overrides the current
line style of the selected line and applies a different line style. For information about defining and modifying
line styles, see Line Styles on page 485.
You can use the Linework tool to change the line style of the following:
■ Projection edges of model elements, including silhouette edges and projection edges caused by plan
regions
Red linework applied to projection edges of a
roof

■ Cut edges of model elements

326 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

 Blue linework applied to cut
edges of a window

■ Edges in imported CAD files

■ Edges in linked Revit files (See Changing Line Styles in a Linked Model on page 328.)

NOTE You cannot use the Linework tool to modify the line style of a dimension or any other annotation line.

Linework and Cut Edges

In addition to using the Linework tool for projection edges, you can use it to apply other line styles to
different types of cut edges of the same model element. For example, you can apply one line style to the
front cut edge of a face, and another line style to the back cut edge of the same element. (A front cut edge
is an edge of a model element that is generated by a section box or front clip plane. A back cut edge is an
edge of a model element that is generated by the back clip plane.)

When you select an edge for the Linework tool, Revit Architecture applies the same line style to all segments
of that face edge. You cannot apply different line styles to different segments of the same edge. For example,
the upper edge of the following wall is a single face, so the green dashed line style is applied to the entire
edge. You cannot apply different line styles to each part of the face edge.

Linework and Views

You can use the Linework tool in all types of views except drafting views and legends. You can also use the
Linework tool in graphical column schedules.
In perspective 3D views, you cannot specify segments for projection edges, and you cannot change the line
pattern. However, you can use different line colors and weights.
Any changes that you make to model elements using the Linework tool are view-specific. The line style
change does not affect other views.

Changing the Line Style of Elements | 327

 Using the Linework Tool
1 Open the view in which you want to change line styles.

2 (Optional) To turn off Thin Lines, click on the View toolbar.

3 Click Tools menu ➤ Linework, or click on the Tools toolbar.

TIP The keyboard shortcut for the Linework tool is LW.

4 In the Type Selector, select the line style to apply to the edge.
For information about defining and modifying line styles, see Line Styles on page 485.

5 In the drawing area, highlight the edge whose line style you want to change.
For components with multiple edges, press TAB to cycle the highlighting from individual edges
to the whole component. The tooltip and the status bar identify the currently highlighted entity.

6 Click the highlighted edges to apply the selected line style.

If you are changing the line style of a projection edge, see Changing the Line Style of a Projection
Edge on page 329.

NOTE You can restore the original line style to a changed edge. With the Linework tool active, select
By Category in the Type Selector. Then select the edge.

7 Continue applying the selected line style to edges in the view, or select a new style in the Type
Selector.
8 To exit the Linework tool, press ESC.

Changing Line Styles in a Linked Model

You can use the Linework tool to change the line style for edges in a linked Revit model. To do this, you
must set the view’s visibility property for the linked model to By host view, as follows.
1 In the host model, open the view in which you want to change line styles.
2 Type VG, or click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics.
3 In the Visibility/Graphic Overrides dialog, click the Revit Links tab.
4 For the linked model, if the Display Settings value is not By host view, do the following:
a Click in the Display Settings cell.

b In the RVT Link Display Settings dialog, on the Basics tab, select By host view.

c Click OK.

5 Click OK.
Now you can use the Linework tool to change the line style of edges in the linked model. See Using the
Linework Tool on page 328.

328 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

Changing the Line Style of a Projection Edge
You can change the line style of only a part of a projection edge. When you are changing the line style for
a single edge (see Using the Linework Tool on page 328), blue controls display at each end of the edge. You
can drag these controls so that the new style is applied only to a segment of the edge.
For example, the following elevation view shows a hidden line style applied to the top edge of one wall that
stands behind another.

The controls can then be dragged toward each other so that the hidden line style is applied only to the
segment that is obscured by the taller wall in the foreground, as follows.

If you want the entire edge to use the selected line style (instead of a segment of it), SHIFT+click the edge.

Changing Line Styles for a View Underlay

When you use a level as an underlay in the current view and use the Linework tool on the edges of elements
from that level, the elements become part of the current view, and you can modify them. See View Properties
on page 210.
For example, in a Level 1 floor plan view, you can specify Level 2 as an underlay. If Level 2 has a roof, you
can select the roof in the plan view and then modify it. You can even underlay the same level as the view
to select a ceiling or beams or other elements that are not shown in the view. You can use the Overhead
line style for tracing underlays or define your own line style. (See Line Styles on page 485.)

Using Hidden Lines

You can use hidden lines to display elements that are not visible in a view. For example, suppose you have
an entrance on the south elevation, and you want to show an outline of this entrance using hidden lines
on the north elevation.

Changing the Line Style of Elements | 329

 To achieve this effect, open the north elevation view, and click View menu ➤ Wireframe. Then use the
Linework tool to apply the desired line style to the south entrance. (See Using the Linework Tool on page
328.) When you switch the view back to Hidden Line mode (click View menu ➤ Hidden Line), the entrance
is visible on the north elevation.

Using Linework for Coincident Edges

You can use linework to achieve the desired effect when several edges of model components project onto
the same line (for example, a door opening that coincides with some edges of a door frame in an elevation
view). In this case, the Linework tool may not immediately produce the desired results, because each of the
coincident edges is treated as a separate line.
To apply a dashed line style to one of 3 coincident edges, for example, apply the <Invisible lines> style to 2
of the edges. (See Using the Linework Tool on page 328.) Then apply a dashed style (such as <Demolished>)
to the third edge.

Changing the Cut Profile of Elements

Use the Edit Cut Profile tool to change the shape of elements that are cut in a view, such as roofs, floors,
walls, and the layers of compound structures. The tool is available in plan, RCP, and section views. Changes
made to the profile are view-specific; that is, the element's 3D geometry or its appearance in other views
does not change.

330 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

To edit an element’s cut profile:

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Edit Cut Profile, or click on the Tools toolbar.
2 On the Options Bar, for Edit, select Face (to edit the entire boundary around the face) or Boundary
Between Faces (to edit the boundary line between faces).
3 Move the cursor over an element in the view (for example, a compound wall).
Depending on the selected Edit option, a valid cut face or a boundary line is highlighted.

4 Click the highlighted cut face or boundary to select it and enter Sketch mode.
5 Sketch an area to be added to or subtracted from the selection. Use a sequence of lines that starts
and ends at the same boundary line.
You cannot sketch a closed loop or cross the starting boundary line. However, if you are using
the Boundary Between Faces option, you can sketch over other boundaries of the face.
A control arrow displays on the first line that you sketch. It points toward the portion that will
remain after editing. Click the control arrow to change its direction.

NOTE When you are editing a boundary line between faces, you only need to sketch the 2 boundary
lines for the area. A connecting line appears between the 2 lines that you sketch. You do not need
to sketch this line.

6 When finished editing, click Finish Sketch on the Design Bar.

7 To change the graphic display (such as line weight or color) of elements in the view, right-click
the element, and click Override Graphics in View ➤ By Element. See Overriding Visibility and
Graphic Display of Individual Elements on page 151.
Before the Edit Cut Profile tool

Changing the Cut Profile of Elements | 331

 After the Edit Cut Profile tool

When you have 2 adjoining elements and you want to edit the profile as shown below, use the Boundary
Between Faces option to achieve the desired effect.

Measuring Elements with the Tape Measure

The Tape Measure tool provides a quick way to measure and temporarily display the length (and angle from
the horizontal, if applicable) of individual walls or lines that you select in plan views. In elevation views,
you can use this tool to select only the ends of walls running perpendicular to the view direction (to display
the height of the wall). In both plan and elevation views, however, you can draw a temporary line or a chain
of lines connecting points that you specify. In either case, the dimensions generated by the tool remain on
the screen until you start the next measurement or exit the tool. Length dimensions also display in the Total
Length box on the Options Bar.

332 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

To measure elements:

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Tape Measure, or click on the Tools toolbar.

2 On the Options Bar, select a Tape Measure option:
If you want to… Then…

display temporary dimensions for an existing wall or

line click (Pick Lines). Click the wall or line to meas-
ure.

display dimensions for a temporary line that you draw

click (Draw). Click the starting point. Then click
the endpoint.

measure a certain length from a starting point

click . Click the starting point, move the cursor
in the direction that you want the line to extend, and
enter a value for the length of the line.

display dimensions for a chain of temporary lines that

you draw click , select Chain, and do either of the follow-
ing:
■ Specify a series of points.
■ Specify the first point, move the cursor in the
direction that you want the line to extend, and
enter a value for the length of the line, repeating
until all lines in the chain are drawn.
The Total Length box on the Options Bar keeps a
running total for the length of the chain. Double-click
to end the chain.

3 Press ESC once to exit the current measurement.

4 Press ESC twice to exit the Tape Measure tool.
Tape measure line with length and angle measurements

Measuring Elements with the Tape Measure | 333

 Tape measure chain with the total length displaying on the Options Bar

Joining Geometry
Use the Join Geometry tool to create clean joins between 2 or more host elements that share a common
face, such as walls and floors. You can also use the tool to join hosts and in-place families, or hosts and
project families. As shown in the following illustrations, the tool removes the visible edge between the joined
elements. The joined elements then share the same line weight and fill pattern.
Uncleaned join between walls and floor

Cleaned join between walls and floor after Join Geometry tool is used

When you join geometry in the Family Editor, you create a union between different shapes. In a project,
however, one of the joined elements actually cuts the other according to the following scheme:

■ Walls cut columns.

334 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

 ■ Structural elements cut host elements (walls, roofs, ceilings, and floors).

■ Floors, ceilings, and roofs cut walls.

■ Gutters, fascias, and slab edges cut other host elements. Cornices do not cut any elements.

To join geometry:

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Join Geometry, or click on the Tools toolbar.

2 If you want to join the first selected geometry instance to several other instances, select Multiple
Join on the Options Bar. If you do not select this option, you must make a first and second
selection each time.
3 Select the first geometry to join (for example, a wall face).
4 Select the second geometry to join to the first (for example, an edge of a floor).
5 If you selected Multiple Join, continue selecting other geometry to join to the first.
6 To exit the tool, click Modify or press ESC.

NOTE If you join solids in the Family Editor, you can apply a Visibility (on/off) parameter only to the
entire joined geometry, not to the sub-elements that were joined. Use TAB to toggle to the combined
geometry.

Unjoining Geometry
Use the Unjoin Geometry tool to remove a join (between 2 or more elements) that was applied using the
Join Geometry tool. For information on the kinds of elements that can be joined and unjoined with these
tools, see Joining Geometry on page 334.

To unjoin geometry:

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Unjoin Geometry, or click on the Tools toolbar.

2 Select the geometry to unjoin.
3 To exit the tool, click Modify or press ESC.

Splitting Walls and Lines

Use the Split Walls and Lines tool to cut walls or lines at a selected point, or to remove segments between
2 points.

To split walls and lines:

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Split Walls and Lines, or click (Split) on the Tools toolbar.
2 If desired, select Delete Inner Segment on the Options Bar. When you select this option, Revit
Architecture removes the segment of the wall or line between selected points.
3 Click the wall or line at the point you wish to split. If you selected Delete Inner Segment, click
at another point to remove a segment.

Unjoining Geometry | 335

 Splitting wall with Delete Inner Segment option selected

4 With the wall or line split, you can select pieces of it and perform a function on that piece.

Splitting Walls Horizontally

You can split a wall along a horizontal line in an elevation or a 3D view. After you split a wall, Revit
Architecture treats it as 2 separate walls, which means that you can modify one part independently of the
other.
For example, in a 2-level building, suppose you snap the split to Level 2, and the top piece has a base
constraint of Level 1. The lower wall has a height constraint of Level 2. If you split the walls at another point
away from the levels, the lower wall has an explicit height constraint, while the top wall has a value for the
base offset. For more explanation of these properties, see Curtain Wall Properties on page 720.

To split a wall horizontally:

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Split Walls and Lines, or click (Split) on the Tools toolbar.
2 Place the cursor on the wall or line at the point you wish to split.
A temporary horizontal line appears on the wall when you place the cursor near vertical edges.
If desired, you can snap to levels, so you split the wall evenly between levels.
Temporary horizontal line appearing

3 Click to place the split.

A permanent horizontal line appears on the wall indicating the split.
Permanent horizontal split

Splitting Faces
You can use Split Face on any non-family instance. The Split Face tool splits the selected face of the element;
it does not change the structure of the element. After splitting the face, you can use the Paint tool to apply
a different material to this section of face. See Applying a Material to an Element on page 338.

336 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

A wall with a split face (around the window) before painting

A wall with a split face (around the window) after painting

To split a face:

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Split Face, or click on the Tools toolbar.

2 Place the cursor on the element face to highlight it. You may need to press TAB to select the
desired face.
3 Click to select the face.
4 Sketch the face area to split. For more information about the sketching tools, see Sketching on
page 251.

NOTE The sketch must be in a closed loop inside the face or an open loop that ends on the boundary
of the face.

Splitting Faces | 337

 In the following example, the wall around the window is split, so that it can be painted to match
the border around the door.

5 Click Finish Sketch in the Design Bar.

TIP You can split the face of a column. However, if you plan to have multiple instances of the split-face column
in your project, create the column in the Family Editor and apply the split there.

Applying a Material to an Element

The Paint tool applies a material to the selected face of the element or family; it does not change the structure
of the element. (See Materials on page 459.)
Elements that you can paint include walls, roofs, massing, families, and floors. If the element highlights
when you place the cursor near it, you can paint it. The Paint tool is especially useful for applying materials
to split faces. See Splitting Faces on page 336.
If the surface pattern for the material is a model pattern, you can select references in the pattern for
dimensioning or aligning. For more information, see Fill Patterns on page 449 and Working with Model
Patterns on page 453.

To paint a surface:

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Paint, or click on the Tools toolbar.

2 In the Type Selector, select the material to apply.
3 Place the cursor on the element face to highlight it. You may need to press TAB to select the
desired face.
If you highlight a face that has already been painted, the status bar indicates the material that
is applied to it.

4 Click to apply the paint.

338 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

More About Painting Surfaces

■ You cannot apply materials to family instances in a project. You must apply the materials to faces in the
Family Editor.

■ To remove the paint, activate the Paint tool and choose <By Category> from the Type Selector. Click a
face that was painted, and the paint is removed.

■ You can apply paint to the face of a column. However, if you plan to have multiple instances of the
painted column in your project, create the column in the Family Editor and apply the paint there.

■ When you are in the Family Editor, you can create a family parameter of type material. You can then
paint that face of the family with that parameter. For more information on creating a parameter, see
Creating New Family Parameters on page 369.

Before painting (applying material to) stairs

Applying a Material to an Element | 339

 After painting (applying material to) stairs

Deleting Elements
The Delete tool removes selected elements from the drawing. The Delete tool is available only after selecting
elements. It does not paste deleted elements to the clipboard.

To delete elements:
1 Select one or more elements in the drawing area.

2 Click Edit menu ➤ Delete, click on the Edit toolbar, or press DELETE.

340 | Chapter 7 Editing Elements

Creating Your Own
Components (Families) 8
All elements in Revit Architecture are family based. The term, family, describes a concept used throughout Revit Architecture
to help you to manage your data and to make changes easily. Each family element can have multiple types defined within
it, each with a different size, shape, material set, or other parameter variables as designed by the family creator. Changes
to a family type definition propagate through a project and are automatically reflected in every instance of that family
type within the project. This keeps objects coordinated and saves you the time and effort of manually keeping components,
and schedules, up to date.
For additional information on families, and step-by-step tutorials, look for the families topics in the Revit Architecture
tutorials. To access, click Help menu ➤ Tutorials.
You can also access the Revit Architecture Families Guide, which contains restructured, revised, and detailed conceptual
information and tutorials. Download the Revit Architecture Families Guide here:
http://www.autodesk.com/revitarchitecture-documentation.

Family Editor Basics

Family A family is a collection of objects, called types. A family groups elements with a common set of
parameters, identical use, and similar graphical representation. Different types within a family may have
different values of some or all parameters, but the set of parameters - their names and their meaning - are
the same. All elements in Revit Architecture are family-based.

Type A type is a member of a family. Each type has specific parameters that are constant for all instances
of the type that exist in a model; these are Type Parameters. Types also have Instance Parameters, which
may vary for each instance of a type in the model.

Revit Architecture provides a large number of predefined families for use in your project. If you need to
create families for a certain project, Revit Architecture gives you that facility. Creating a new family is easy,
because Revit Architecture provides many templates, including templates for doors, structural members,
windows, furniture, and electrical fixtures; and lets you graphically draw the new family. In addition, you
can create a nested family by loading additional families and inserting instances within the new family. You
do not need to be a programmer to create the families because the templates contain all of the programming,
and all you need to do is fill in the geometry information. See Nested Families on page 407.

341
 There are 2 methods for creating a new family:

■ Creating In-Place Families: This method of family creation is for families that are unique to the current
project. They are useful for custom families, such as a furniture family for a unique reception area desk.
You can design the family in the context of existing geometry of the project. The family updates
automatically if the project changes and those changes affect the family.

■ Standard Component Families: Typically these families are standard sizes and configurations of common
components and symbols used in the building design. You define the geometry and size of the family
by using the standard family template. You can then save the family as a separate Revit family file (RFA)
and load it into any project you want. There are many templates available to use to create different
families.

After you select the template to use, you define the appearance of the family in the various views. The
geometry you put in the family is up to you and your design requirements. In some cases, such as a symbol,
you may wish to see only sketched lines. In other cases, such as furniture, you may want to see the actual
geometry of the component in a 3D view; however, in the plan and elevation views, you may want just a
2D symbolic representation to appear. You decide what geometry to create.
All family templates are stored under the Templates folder, Imperial or Metric. The Templates folder includes
2 subfolders: Annotations, for creating annotation families, and Titleblocks, for creating new titleblocks.
The Library folder contains subfolders to organize different families: either ones you created or predefined
families.

Family Templates
When you create a family, Revit Architecture provides you with a template that serves as a building block
and contains most of the information needed by Revit Architecture to place the family in the project. Among
other elements, the template can include reference planes, dimensions, and pre-defined geometry, such as
window trim.

Basic Family Templates

Following are the basic kinds of family templates:

■ Wall-based

■ Ceiling-based

■ Floor-based

■ Roof-based

■ Standalone

■ Line-based

■ Face-based

Wall-based, ceiling-based, floor-based, and roof-based templates are known as host-based templates. A
host-based family can only be placed in a project if an element of its host type is present.
The wall-based template is for components inserted into walls. Wall components can include openings,
such that when you place the component on a wall, it also cuts an opening in the wall. Some examples of
wall-based components include doors, windows, and lighting fixtures. Each template includes a wall; the
wall is necessary for showing how the component fits in a wall.

342 | Chapter 8 Creating Your Own Components (Families)

 The ceiling-based template is for components inserted into ceilings. Ceiling components can include openings,
so that when you place the component on a ceiling, it also cuts an opening in the ceiling. Examples of
ceiling-based families include sprinklers and recessed lighting fixtures.
The floor-based template is for components inserted into floors. Floor components can include openings,
so that when you place the component on a floor, it also cuts an opening in the floor. An example of a
floor-based family is a heating register.
The roof-based template is for components inserted into roofs. Roof components can include openings, so
that when you place the component on a roof, it also cuts an opening in the roof. Examples of roof-based
families include soffits and fans.
The standalone template is for components that are not host-dependent. A standalone component can
appear anywhere in a model and can be dimensioned to other standalone or host-based components.
Examples of standalone families include columns, furniture, and appliances.
The line-based template is for creating detail and model families that use 2-pick placement similar to structural
beams. For information about detail families with 2-pick placement, see Creating a 2D Line-Based Detail
Component Family on page 1084.
The face-based template is for creating work plane-based families that can modify their hosts. Families created
from the template can make complex cuts in hosts. Instances of these families can be placed on any surface,
regardless of its orientation. See Creating Work Plane-based and Face-based Families on page 406.

Design Environment for Creating Families

After selecting a template, Revit Architecture starts the Family Editor and opens the commonly used views
for that family creation. In some families, Revit Architecture modifies the view names to make it easier to
create the family geometry. For example, for door families, you will see interior and exterior elevation views
instead of north and south elevations. The renamed views allow for easier orientation of the geometry. Also,
the template includes any common references that are needed to create the family. This includes reference
planes to define the origin and sketching references, common dimensions to help you capture design intent,
and any solid geometry needed or commonly used to complete the family.
Revit Architecture offers several different methods of geometry creation to use when defining your families.
You can combine these methods to create your family. The geometry forms available are lines, extrusions,
sweeps, blends, swept blends, revolves, and regions. You can also add text and tags to the families. For a
complete description on each of the geometry creation methods, see Family Editor on page 376.

Design Considerations
Before creating the family, consider the following:

■ What should the family look like in the different views: floor plan, 3D, elevations?
Typically, when defining a family, the geometry of the component changes, depending on the view of
the building. In plan view, you may want to see a 2D representation of the family. In a 3D view or
elevation view, you may want a fully detailed 3D representation of the family. You have the flexibility
to display different geometry. For example, you could create a door frame and use lines to represent it.
Or you could extrude the door frame, so it has a 3D representation. For more information about visibility
of family geometry, see Visibility and Detail Levels on page 360.

■ How detailed should the family model appear?

In some cases, you may not need 3D geometry. You may only need to sketch a 2D shape to represent
your family. Also, you may simplify the 3D geometry of your model to save time in creating the family.
You decide how much detail is enough.

■ Are there going to be additional sizes of the family?

Design Environment for Creating Families | 343

 In the example of a door, there will probably be many different sizes in the family. Plan for this as you
create and dimension the geometry. Add reference planes and dimensions to the family to aid in sketching
the required geometry. You will need to create the dimensions and label them so they can be modified
for the different sizes.

■ When the family is placed in the model, how do you want it to attach to the cursor during placement?
This is important because you will want to create the geometry of the family relative to the origin in the
template. For example, for a table you may want to set a corner as an origin; when you place the table
in the project, you click on the spot where you want the corner. To achieve this, you create the table so
the origin (2 reference planes) intersects the appropriate corner.

■ When the family is placed in the project, what parts of the family would you like to dimension?
You need to know this because you need to create reference planes/lines and set the properties of the
reference planes/lines to enable that location to be dimensioned. So if you want to dimension to the
center or either end of a table family, set up the reference planes/lines appropriately.

If you consider this list of requirements before creating your family, you will have an easier time creating
families. Of course, there are bound to be changes as you create the families. The Family Editor is flexible
enough to allow you to make those changes without having to start over.

General Rules for Geometry Creation

Revit Architecture provides tools to allow you to create 2D and 3D geometry to define your family. These
tools are described in detail in Family Editor Commands on page 377. As you start to create your geometry,
there are a few rules you should remember.
Use reference planes and reference lines when sketching—Reference planes/lines are useful sketching aids
for family creation and are also used to help capture your design intent. When you sketch a line on top of
a reference plane/line, Revit Architecture snaps it to the reference plane/line. If the reference plane/line ever
moves, the sketched line moves with it. Reference lines also have specific start and end points, which allow
you to control angled dimensions and complex geometry.

TIP You should add reference planes before creating any family geometry. You can then reference those reference
planes as you create geometry and snap sketches and geometry to them.

You can set properties for reference planes/lines to capture design intent. For example, you can apply the
property Defines Origin to a reference plane. This origin is the point at which Revit Architecture loads the
family into the project. By default, Revit Architecture uses the center of the space when you create the family.
Some families actually have the reference plane origins already set in the template.

Defining a Family Origin

1 On the Family Editor Design Bar, click Ref Plane.
2 Sketch the reference plane.
3 Click Modify and select the reference plane.

4 Click .
5 In the Element Properties dialog, select the check box for Defines Origin.

344 | Chapter 8 Creating Your Own Components (Families)

Is Reference Values
Reference planes also have a property called Is Reference. By setting this property, you specify that the
reference plane can be dimensioned to when you place a family into a project. Only a reference plane defined
as an origin or as Is Reference can be dimensioned to when the family is placed in a project. For example,
if you create a table family and want to dimension the edges of the table, create the table by creating reference
planes at the table's edges and set the Is Reference property for the reference planes. When you create
dimensions for the table, you can then select either the origin or the table's edges or both. Is Reference also
sets a reference point for dimensions when you use the Align command. Setting Is Reference allows you to
select different lines of aligned components for dimensioning. See Aligning Elements on page 306.
When you set Is Reference for a reference plane, you have several choices for its value. They are

■ Not a reference

■ Strong reference. See Strong and Weak References on page 355.

■ Weak reference. See Strong and Weak References on page 355.

■ Left

■ Center (Left/Right)

■ Right

■ Front

■ Center (Front/Back)

■ Back

■ Bottom

■ Center (Elevation)

■ Top

When you give Is Reference a name from the list, if you ever swap a family member out of a project and
replace it with another family member, any dimensions automatically switch to the new family member, if
you create the same property name in the second family.
For example, you could create 2 families, a table and a chair family, and set the left side reference plane
property value to Left for both of them and then place the table in a building and dimension it from the
wall to the left side of the table. If you decide to replace the table with the chair, the dimension to the left
side would remain to the left side of the chair, because they both had a property value of Left.

■ Dimensions to Control Design Intent: Revit Architecture creates automatic dimensions to help control
your design intent. These automatic dimensions are not displayed by default. To turn them on, check
Automatic Sketch Dimensions in the Visibility dialog. See Visibility and Graphic Display in Project Views
on page 150. You can then modify these dimensions or create your own dimensions using the Dimension
command. You can also lock dimensions to keep a distance constant. This is very useful if you plan to
have several sizes of the family and want to keep certain dimensions constant while the family changes
size.

■ Label Dimensions for Multiple Size Families: If you are going to have families with different size types,
you need to label the dimensions that are going to vary with each new type. This is done using the Edit
Label command. Labels are useful for furniture families, such as tables. You could create labels for length
and width. See Dimensioning with Families.

General Rules for Geometry Creation | 345

 Reference Lines
You can use reference lines to create a parametric family skeleton that elements of the family can attach to.
For example, you would use reference lines to parametrically maintain the angular relationships within a
web, or use it to precisely control the angle of a door swing. Angular parameters applied to a reference line
also control the elements attached to its face.
In both look and behavior, reference lines are very similar to model lines. However, there are significant
differences between model lines and reference lines. For example, reference lines are annotation objects
with their own category. When selected, they display dual faces. When printing, their visibility is affected
by the Hide ref/work planes option.
Straight reference lines provide 2 planes for you to sketch on. One plane is parallel to the work plane of the
line itself; the second plane is perpendicular to that plane. Both planes go through the reference line. The
planes display when the reference line is selected, when the reference line is highlighted, or when using the
Work Plane tool. When selecting a work plane, you can place the cursor over a reference line and use the
Tab key to switch between the 2 faces. The plane in which the line was sketched always displays first. You
can also create arc reference lines, however, they do not define any planes.

Reference Line Behavior in the Project

Once a family is loaded into a project, the behavior of Reference Lines is identical to that of Reference Planes.
Reference Lines have no visibility property, they are generally invisible in a project and do not highlight
when the instance is selected. They will highlight and generate shape handles in the same contexts as
Reference Planes currently do, depending on their Reference property.
Selected reference line in multiple views

Adding a Reference Line

While in the Family Editor, you can add a reference line in any view and use the same drawing tools and
techniques used when adding model lines. When you sketch a reference line, it displays as a single line.
In a view where the model graphics are set to hidden line or wireframe, the sketched line displays as a solid
line and the plane extents display with dashed lines.

To add a reference line:

1 On the Design Bar, click Reference Lines.
2 Using the drawing tools on the Options Bar, sketch the line.
The line displays as a solitary solid line until selected or when highlighted during preselection.

346 | Chapter 8 Creating Your Own Components (Families)

 Example of reference lines
sketched as a polygon

When selected or highlighted during preselection, the associated planes display according to
the active view.
Example of reference line chain highlighted during pre-selection in a
3D view

To use reference lines and linear dimensions to control model geometry:

3 Align the face of a model element to the reference line and lock it.
4 Add a dimension line referring to the reference line and label it as an instance or type parameter.
For more information on dimensions, see Dimensions on page 213.

5 Flex the model by changing and applying a new value within the Family Types dialog.

Controlling Angular Dimensions with Reference Lines

The preferred method to control the angular dimensions of a family is to apply a labelled angular dimension
to a reference line. Unlike reference planes which have infinite extents, a reference line has a specific start
and end point which allows it to control the angular constraints within components such as a web truss or
a door with a instance door swing.

General Rules for Geometry Creation | 347

 Example of project with loaded door family with angular dimensioned reference
line

To add and dimension a reference line:

1 In the drawing area, add a reference line with the point of origin located at the point of expected
rotation.
2 Add an angular dimension referring to the reference line.
3 Label the dimension.
4 On the Design Bar, click Family Types.
5 Change the angular value for the labelled dimension and click Apply.
This is known as flexing the model. It is important to make sure the reference line adjusts as
expected before adding model geometry to it.

To add and align model geometry to a reference line:

6 Set the current work plane to one of the faces of the reference line and add the model geometry
that you intend to have controlled by the angular dimension.
The geometry moves with the reference line as the angle changes.

7 Flex the model to make sure the design works as expected.

Modifying Reference Line Properties

1 In the drawing area, select the reference line.

2 Click .
3 In the Element Properties dialog, specify the following:
■ Work Plane: This is read-only and reports the work plane that the reference line resides on.
To change this, click Edit Work Plane on the Options Bar when the reference line is selected.

■ Visible: Select this setting if you want the reference line to be visible when the family is
loaded into a project.

■ Length: This is read-only and reports the length of the line. To control the line length, drag
the shape handles in the drawing area or add a labelled dimension to the reference line.

■ Reference: Specify Not a reference, Strong Reference, or Weak Reference.

See Strong and Weak References on page 355.

4 Click OK.

Creating Family Types

Generally, there are multiple types of standard families. Revit Architecture allows you to create a single
family and create many types for it. To do this you need to label the dimensions that are going to change.
See Dimensioning with Families on page 359.

348 | Chapter 8 Creating Your Own Components (Families)

 Creating Family Types in the Family Editor

The Family Types command available in the Family Editor sets up new types. Each new type has a set of
properties that include the labeled dimensions and their values. Enter the new values for the labeled
dimensions. You can also add additional values for standard parameters of the family, such as Material,
Model, Manufacturer, Type Mark, and others. For more information about defining family types within the
Family Editor, see Family Types on page 366.
You can also create family types in a project.

Creating Family Types in a Project

After loading a family into a project, you can create different family types from within the project. Save
changes and load the family into a project. For information about loading a family, see Loading Families
on page 352.
1 In the Project Browser, expand Families.
2 Expand the family category, for example, if you created a new door family, expand Doors.
3 Locate the family name and expand it.
4 Right-click on the family type you created and click Properties.
The Type Properties dialog opens. You can define a new type in this dialog.

Creating a New Family

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Family.
The New Family - Select Template File dialog opens to the Templates folder.

2 From the Templates folder, select one of the default family templates (.rft) or navigate to the
folder containing the template to base the family on.
3 Select the family template and click Open.

Setting Subcategories
A subcategory sets the display for the family that you create. Revit Architecture includes several predefined
subcategories for different families, or you can create your own subcategory. See Creating a Subcategory on
page 395.
While you create the geometry for your family, you should assign a subcategory to the geometry. This means
that if your family includes 2D and 3D geometry, you should assign a subcategory to both. By assigning a
subcategory to the geometry, you control the line pattern, line weight, line color, and material used when
the geometry displays in a project. For example, if you create a pane of glass in a door in 2D and 3D, you
might want the glass to display as a blue solid line style in wireframe mode and as transparent blue in shaded
mode. See Wireframe Model Graphics Style on page 201 and Shading Model Graphics Style on page 203.

To set subcategories:
1 Select the geometry you are creating in the Family Editor. If the geometry you want to select
does not highlight, press TAB to switch to the correct selection.

2 Click .

Creating a New Family | 349

 3 In the Value field for the subcategory property, click once in the box to bring up the arrow for
the drop-down menu. Click on the arrow to bring up a listing of the subcategories. Click the
appropriate subcategory.
4 Click OK.
5 In your project, define the display for the family in the Object Styles dialog. See Object Styles
on page 484.

Families Tips
■ When creating the sketched geometry, use the reference planes. You can then modify the dimensions
for the reference planes to modify the sketch. The dimensions of the reference plane become properties
of the family and can be used to create other family types of varying sizes.

■ If there are other dimensions you wish to add to the properties of the family, create a permanent dimension
on the sketch and add a label to the dimension. See Dimensioning with Families on page 359.

Families Included In The Library

Revit Architecture provides many predefined family types within the library folder.
The families included are

■ Annotations

■ Balusters

■ Casework

■ Columns

■ Curtain Wall Panels

■ Detail Components

■ Doors

■ Electrical Fixtures

■ Entourage

■ Furniture

■ Furniture Systems

■ Lighting Fixtures

■ Mass

■ Mechanical Equipment

■ Planting

■ Plumbing Fixtures

■ Profiles

■ Site

■ Specialty Equipment

350 | Chapter 8 Creating Your Own Components (Families)

 ■ Structural

■ Sustainable Design

■ Titleblocks

■ Windows

The family files provided are fully editable and can be loaded into any project.

Modern Medium Family Library

Revit Architecture has converted Ketiv's into Revit Architecture families and made them available over the
Web. Modern Medium families cannot be altered structurally within Revit Architecture. You can, however,
change the appearance of a Modern Medium family type by changing the color and texture of the material
assigned to it.

NOTE A large number of items from the Modern Medium Library can substantially increase a project's file size
and impede system performance.

Accessing the Modern Medium Library

You can view the Modern Medium Library from the Revit Architecture Content Distribution Center:
http://revit.autodesk.com/library/html/index. Click the Modern Medium Library link to navigate to the families.
Click one of the subcategories under the link to view the families graphically. To download a family, click
its preview image.
Save the family to your project folder. You will then need to load it into your project. For more information
about loading families, see Loading Families on page 352.

Applying Materials to Modern Medium Families

You can modify the appearance of a Modern Medium family type by changing the material linked to its
object style.
For instance, you have loaded a Modern Medium piano, and the file appears under Families\Specialty
Equipment in the Project Browser. To change the color to natural wood, you can create a new material called
Piano and select the color and texture desired. The piano's appearance will change after you apply the new
material to the object style of the piano.

To apply a different material to a modern medium family:

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Object Styles.

2 Under the Category heading, find the Modern Medium family type you intend to change.

3 Click in the Material column of the category or subcategory, and click .

4 In the Materials dialog, select a material, and click OK.
See Searching for a Material on page 460.

5 Click Apply.
6 To exit the Object Styles dialog, click OK.

Modern Medium Family Library | 351

Loading Families
The Load from Library, Load Family command loads families into a project. Examples of families that require
loading are doors, windows, annotation symbols, and titleblocks. After loading the family, it is saved with
the project. Use this command to load families you have created or to load predefined families that are not
currently in the project.
You can load families from local or networked libraries, or you can load them from the web library. The web
library contains many additional families as well as the Modern Medium Family Library on page 351. See
Opening Files from the Web Library on page 68. After you download a family from the web library, you can
load it into a project using the instructions that follow.

To load a family into a project:

1 Click File menu ➤ Load From Library ➤ Load Family.

2 Navigate to the directory containing the file you wish to open.
By default, the window shows the .rfa file types.

3 Select the family file or files and click Open.

4 Place the family by:
■ If a model component family, click Component from the Modelling tab of the Design Bar.

■ If a detail component family, click Detail Component from the Drafting tab of the Design
Bar.

■ If an annotation component family, click Tag or Symbol from the Drafting tab of the Design
Bar.

NOTE These commands are not applicable if you are creating an In-Place Family. See In-Place Families
on page 419.

You can also load a family through the Element Properties dialog. After you place a family in the drawing

area, select it and click . In the Element Properties dialog, click Load. Navigate to the family and click
Open. This option is not available for system families.

Reloading Families into a Project

It is often necessary to reload a family into a project. When you reload a family into a project, you are
notified that the family is already loaded in the current project. You are also notified whether or not the
family is being used as part of the building model. You are prompted to either select Yes to overwrite the
existing version of the family or No to end the load process. When reloading a family, you also have the
option to override the parameter values of existing types.

TIP You can reload families from the Project Browser. For more information, see Reloading Families on page 354.

To reload a family in a project:

1 Click File menu ➤ Load From Library ➤ Load Family.

2 Navigate to the directory containing the family file you wish to reload.
3 Select the family file or files and click Open.

352 | Chapter 8 Creating Your Own Components (Families)

 4 The Reload Family dialog displays the following:
If... Then the dialog informs you...

the family already exists within the project and has that the family is already loaded in the project, al-
not been used in the building model though it is not currently in use.

the family already exists within the project and is be- that the family is already in use in the project.
ing used in the building model

You are asked if you want to overwrite the existing version of the family. In addition, you have
the option to override the parameter values of the existing types. If you select the override
option, the parameter values of the existing family are overridden by the parameter values of
the family you are loading.

IMPORTANT If the family is in use within the building model and you override the parameter values
of existing types, the family will update throughout the project with the new values.

■ Click Yes to overwrite the existing version of the family.

■ Click No to end the load process.

TIP When reloading multiple families, you can click Yes to All.

Saving Loaded Families

You can save loaded families in a project as .rfa files. You cannot save in-place families as .rfa files.

1 Click File menu ➤ Save to Library ➤ Save Family, or right-click on a family name in the Project Browser
and click Save.

2 In the Save Family dialog, specify the name and file type for the family.

NOTE If you are saving a family using the Save to Library ➤ Save Family command, you must specify the
type of family you are saving.

Editing Loaded Families

Within a project or family, you can edit a loaded family and reload it into the same project or any other
open projects or families. Before or after reloading the family into the project, you can save the family to a
library with the same or a new name.

Editing a Family Within a Project or Nested Family

1 In the drawing area, select the component family that you want to edit.

NOTE This does not apply to system families such as walls, floors, roofs, or ceilings.

2 On the Options Bar, click Edit Family.

Saving Loaded Families | 353

 TIP You can also right-click the component family within the drawing area or Project Browser and
click Edit.

3 A dialog displays asking if you want to open the family for editing; click Yes.
The selected family opens within a session of the Family Editor. The original project is still open
in the background.

4 Complete the modifications of the family.

5 If you want to save a copy of the modified family, click File menu ➤ Save.
6 On the Design Bar, click Load into Projects.
If only one project or family is open in the background, the family is loaded into it. If multiple
projects or families are open, a dialog displays where you can select the projects or families to
load the modified family into.

7 Select the projects or families you want to load the edited family into, and click OK.
8 If the modified family is used in the project, the Reload Families dialog displays asking if you
want to overwrite the existing version. Click Yes.

NOTE You also have the option to overwrite the existing parameter values. For more information,
see Reloading Families into a Project on page 352.

9 Close the family file.

IMPORTANT If you are working in a project (or are using a template) which contains families that
were created prior to Revit 6.0, these families will not be editable within the project (even if the
project is updated to the most recent version).

Reloading Families
Within the Project Browser of a project or a family, you can right-click a loaded family name and click
Reload. A navigation dialog displays where you can select only one file. A loaded family remembers the full
path from which it was originally loaded. If you select a family with a different name than the one you
selected in the Project Browser, the family within the project is renamed.

NOTE You cannot reload system families.

You can also reload a family from the File menu ➤ Load from Library menu. For more information on
reloading families, see Reloading Families into a Project on page 352.

To reload a family:
1 In the Project Browser of a project or family, right-click a family and select Reload.
2 In the Open dialog, navigate to and select the family you want to reload.
3 Click OK.
4 When prompted, click Yes to overwrite the existing version or No to cancel.
For more information regarding reload options, see Reloading Families into a Project on page
352.

354 | Chapter 8 Creating Your Own Components (Families)

Copying Family Types Between Projects
Revit Architecture lets you copy family types from one project into another. If the family does not already
exist in the target project, Revit Architecture loads it when you paste the type. See Family Types on page 366.
For example, you want to copy a French door from one project into another. The French door type belongs
to the Custom Door family. In the target project, the Custom Doors family is not loaded. Revit Architecture
will load the family along with the specific French door.
The copied family type must have a unique name. If the family type already exists in the target project,
rename the type and then copy and paste it. See Pasting Elements on page 321.
You can copy family types from the Project Browser or from the drawing area. Copying family types from
the drawing area is available in most views, such as floor plan, ceiling plan, and 3D View.

To copy a family type from the Project Browser:

1 Select the family type to be copied.
2 Click Edit menu ➤ Copy to Clipboard, or press CTRL-C.
3 Open the target project.
4 Click Edit menu ➤ Paste from Clipboard, or press CTRL-V.

To copy family types from the drawing area:

1 In the drawing area, select the family type to be copied. To select multiple family types, such
as a specific wall, window and door, press CTRL and select each type.
2 Click Edit menu ➤ Copy to Clipboard, or press CTRL-C.
3 Open the target project.
4 Click in the drawing area.
5 Click Edit menu ➤ Paste from Clipboard, or press CTRL-V.
6 In the drawing area, drag the object to the necessary location.
7 On the Options Bar, click Finish Paste.
The family type appears in the Project Browser under its designated family.

Strong and Weak References

To dimension families placed in a project, you need to define family geometry references in the Family
Editor. You set geometry references as either strong references or weak references.
A strong reference has the highest priority for dimensioning and snapping. For example, you create a window
family and place it into a project. As you are placing the family, temporary dimensions snap to any strong
references in the family. When you select the family in the project, temporary dimensions appear at the
strong references. If you place a permanent dimension, the strong references in the window geometry
highlight first. A strong reference takes precedence over a wall reference point, such as its centerline.
A weak reference has the lowest priority for dimensioning. When you place the family into the project and
dimension to it, you may need to press TAB to select a weak reference, as any strong references highlight
first.

NOTE You may also be able to zoom in on the model to highlight weak references, as elements in the model
appear farther apart as you zoom in.

Copying Family Types Between Projects | 355

Setting Strong and Weak References
This procedure changes references for selected line instances. It does not set reference values for any new
lines.
1 On the Family Editor Design Bar, click Lines or Ref Plane and sketch a line or reference plane.

2 Select the line or reference plane and click .

3 In the Instance box of the Element Properties dialog, set the value of Reference to Strong
Reference. For reference planes, set the value of Is Reference to Strong Reference.

NOTE By default, Revit Architecture sets the reference property for all reference planes and sketched
lines to Weak Reference.

4 Click OK.
You can sketch lines and set them to strong references. To create strong references for solid geometry, such
as extrusions, sketch reference planes and set them to strong references. Then sketch the solid geometry to
the reference planes.

Dimensions with Families

Automatic Sketch Dimensions

Revit Architecture creates automatic sketch dimensions in the Family Editor to define where every sketch
line is, relative to reference planes or other sketch lines. The automatic sketch dimensions implicitly constrain
sketch lines, until you explicitly dimension those sketch lines. As you add dimensions, you are telling Revit
Architecture your design intent.

Effects of Automatic Dimensions on Your Geometry

Until you are aware of automatic sketch dimensions and that they are constraining your geometry to reference
planes, you may see some unexpected behavior. The automatic sketch dimensions are Revit Architecture's
way of solving how to grow or shrink your geometry based on changes in value of a family parameter.
For example, you have added a rectangular window to a fire door that has a labeled dimension for the width,
but you have not dimensioned the window.

356 | Chapter 8 Creating Your Own Components (Families)

You decide to change the width of the door, but you want the window width to stay the same. You expect
its position not to change; however, observe what happens when you increase the width of the door through
the Family Types command. See Family Types on page 366.

In this example, the window is constrained to the centerline of the door and the right side of the door panel.
Both the centerline and the right side of the panel are represented by reference planes. The window's position
remains fixed relative to those reference planes.
To see the automatic sketch dimensions, edit the sketch of the window and turn on the visibility of the
dimensions. See Visibility of Automatic Sketch Dimensions in the Family Editor on page 358. You will see
how the vertical sketch lines of the window are dimensioned to the center and right reference planes.

Automatic Sketch Dimensions | 357

 Image legend:

1 Auto sketch dimension to right reference plane.

2 Auto sketch dimension to center reference plane.

To achieve the desired results with your geometry, add locked dimensions. For example, you could add a
locked dimension to represent the width of the window and a locked dimension from the window to the
right reference plane.

Visibility of Automatic Sketch Dimensions in the Family Editor

Automatic sketch dimensions are turned off by default in a view. They appear if there is at least one labeled
dimension in the family.
Notice in this next image that there is a dimension added to this geometry, but the dimension has no label.

No automatic sketch dimensions are visible.

To turn on visibility of automatic sketch dimensions:

1 While you are in sketch mode, click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics, or press VG on your
keyboard.
2 Click the Annotation Categories tab.
3 Expand the Dimensions category and select Automatic Sketch Dimensions below it.
4 Click OK.
5 Label the dimension.
The automatic sketch dimensions appear.

358 | Chapter 8 Creating Your Own Components (Families)

 Revit Architecture now knows where each line of this geometry exists with respect to reference planes or
other sketch lines.
As you explicitly add locked dimensions, the automatic sketch dimensions go away in favor of the dimensions.
In the next image, explicit dimensions appear with locked padlocks.

Dimensioning with Families

Families in Revit Architecture are not parametric until you explicitly add labeled dimensions to them. By
adding labeled dimensions, you are creating new parameters for the family.

Labeling Dimensions
1 Click Modify and highlight the dimension text.
2 Right-click the dimension, and click Edit Label.
3 Select a name from the drop-down menu or choose <Add parameter...> and create a new
parameter. See Family Types on page 366.

Alternate Procedure for Labeling

1 Click Modify and select the dimension text.
2 On the Options Bar, choose a name from the Label menu, or create a new parameter. See Family
Types on page 366.

Dimensioning with Families | 359

 3 If desired, select Leader to create a leader line for the dimension.

Dimensioning with Families Tips

■ You cannot type text as a label when you select a dimension. You can only select from a list of family
parameters that are of the correct type, or you can create a new parameter.

■ Labeled dimensions become modifiable parameters for families. You can modify their values using the
Family Types command. See Family Types on page 366. When the family is loaded into a project, you can
also modify them through the Element Properties dialog. See Element Properties Dialog on page 75.

■ Values for labeled parameters can be calculated using formulas. You create the formulas in the Family
Types dialog. See Using Formulas for Numerical Parameters on page 366.

■ An array number can be a parameter for a family. After you create the array, select it and then label it.
The array number becomes a parameter for the family. You can then modify the parameter value and
increase or decrease the number of members in the array. See Using Arrays of Elements on page 294.

Visibility and Detail Levels

Visibility determines in which view the family displays and what it looks like in that view. Typically, when
defining a family, the geometry of the component changes, depending on the view of the design. In the
plan view, you may want to see a 2D representation of the family. In a 3D view or elevation view, you may
want a fully detailed 3D representation of the family. You have the flexibility to display different geometry.
For example, you could create a door frame and use lines to represent it. Or you could extrude the door
frame, so it has a 3D representation.
Detail Level determines the visibility of elements at different levels of detail. For example, you might create
a door with certain embellishments. You then may decide that the embellishments should only appear at
a certain detail level.

Setting Family Geometry Visibility

1 On the Family Editor Design Bar, click Modify and select the family geometry.
2 On the Options Bar, click Visibility.
3 Select the views in which you want the geometry to appear:
■ Plan/RCP

■ Front/Back

■ Left/Right

NOTE The geometry automatically appears in 3D views.

4 If desired, select When cut in a Plan/RCP view.

If you select this option, the geometry appears cut if it is intersected by the cut plane of the
view. See View Range on page 198 for information on cut planes. If the element is cut by a section
view, it also shows if you select this option. See Cuttable Families on page 361 to determine if
you can show a family category as cut in plan or RCP views.

5 Select the detail level at which you want the geometry to display in a project: Coarse, Medium,
or Fine.

360 | Chapter 8 Creating Your Own Components (Families)

 Detail levels are dependent upon view scale. See Detail Level on page 503 for more information.

NOTE The Family Element Visibility Settings dialog is different for profile and detail component
families. For these families, you can set only the detail level.

6 Click OK.

TIP You can set family elements to be visible or not visible in the project by associating the Visible parameter of
solid geometry tools with a family parameter for that element. The Visible parameter is available for solid and void
geometry tools (blends, sweeps, swept blends, revolves, and extrusions). This lets you create one family type with
optionally visible geometry on it. For example, you might create a door and have a coat hook or kick plate on
that door be optional. Note that the family geometry still exists in the project, it is just invisible. For example, it
may still be involved when you join geometry in the project.

Cuttable and Non-Cuttable Family Categories

Revit Architecture families are either cuttable or non-cuttable. If a family is cuttable, the family displays as
cut when the cut plane of a plan view intersects that family in all types of views. If the family is non-cuttable,
it displays in projection, regardless of whether it is intersected by the cut plane.

You can determine if a family category is cuttable in the Object Styles dialog (click Settings menu ➤ Object
Styles). If the Line Weight Cut column is disabled, the category is non-cuttable.

Cuttable Families
If a family is cuttable, the family displays as cut when the cut plane of a view intersects that family in all
types of views.
In the Family Element Visibility Settings dialog, there is an option called When cut in Plan/RCP. This option
determines if family geometry is shown when the cut plane intersects that family. For example, in door
families, the geometry for plan swing is set to be shown when the door is cut in plan views and not shown
when the door is not cut.
This option is never made available and is never selected for non-cuttable families. For some cuttable families,
the option is made available, and you can select it. For other cuttable families, the option is never made
available, but it is always selected.
The following table lists cuttable families and whether the option is made available for that family.

NOTE Not Applicable means the category is a system family that cannot be made from a family template.

Family Category Option Made Available

Casework Yes

Ceilings Not Applicable

Columns Yes

Curtain Wall Panels No

Doors Yes

Cuttable and Non-Cuttable Family Categories | 361

 Family Category Option Made Available

Floors Not Applicable

Generic Models No

Roofs Not Applicable

Site Yes

Structural Columns Yes

Structural Foundations Yes

Structural Framing Yes

Topography No

Walls Not Applicable

Windows Yes

Non-Cuttable Families
The following families are not cuttable and are always shown in projection in views:

■ Balusters

■ Detail Items

■ Electrical Equipment

■ Electrical Fixtures

■ Entourage

■ Furniture

■ Furniture Systems

■ Lighting Fixtures

■ Mechanical Equipment

■ Parking

■ Planting

■ Plumbing Fixtures

■ Specialty Equipment

362 | Chapter 8 Creating Your Own Components (Families)

Visibility of Imported Geometry
The Visibility command is also available for imported geometry; it functions very similarly to the line
visibility command. After importing the geometry, select it and click Visibility on the Options Bar. Specify
the views and detail levels in which the imported geometry should appear, for example, plan and 3D views
and coarse and medium detail levels. When you load the family into a project and place an instance of it,
the imported geometry displays based on the settings you specified.

Visibility During Sketching

You can set geometry visibility during sketch mode. Sketch the geometry, select it, and click Visibility from
the sketching toolbar.

Setting Detail Level

1 On the Family Editor Design Bar, click Modify and select the family geometry.
2 On the Options Bar, click Visibility.
3 In the Family Element Visibility Settings dialog, select the detail level at which you want the
geometry to display in a project: Coarse, Medium, or Fine and click OK.

Instance Parameters and Shape Handles

As you create families, you can set labeled dimensions as instance parameters; the parameters are modifiable
when the family instance is placed in the project. Labeled dimensions set as instance parameters can also
have shape handles that appear when the family is loaded into a project.

Creating Instance Parameters

1 Sketch family geometry using Family Editor tools.
2 Create dimensions for the family geometry.
3 Label the dimensions. See Labeling Dimensions on page 359.
4 Select the dimensions and, on the Options Bar, click Instance Parameter.

NOTE If you label dimensions by selecting a label on the Options Bar, you can check the Instance
Parameter option without re-selecting the dimensions.

5 On the Design Bar, click Family Types.

In the Family Types dialog, notice the new instance parameter. The (default) label indicates the
value for the instance parameter when you place the family in the project. For example, if you
create an instance parameter called length with a default value of 3000 mm, the family instance
will have a length of 3000 mm when placed in the project.

6 Save changes and load the family into a project and click . For information about loading
a family, see Loading Families on page 352.
Notice that the labeled dimensions appear as parameters in the Instance pane of the Element
Properties dialog. You can change the values in the dialog. See Element Properties Dialog on
page 75.

Visibility of Imported Geometry | 363

Adding Shape Handles to a Component Family
You can add shape handles to a component family that display when loaded into a project. The shape
handles allow you to resize the component in the project, which means you can make many different sized
instances in the project without the need to create multiple types beforehand in the Family Editor. For more
information about shape handles, see Controls and Shape Handles on page 279.
Example of a generic component in plan and 3D views with shape handles
added

To add shape handles to a component family, you must do the following:

■ Add reference lines or reference planes to the family.

■ Align the reference lines or reference planes to the edge of the component where you want the shape
handle to display.

■ Add a dimension to the reference lines or reference planes.

■ Label the dimension as an instance parameter.

■ Save the family and load it into a project. When you select the component, shape handles display where
the reference lines are aligned and dimensioned.

To add shape handles:

1 Within the Family Editor, add reference planes or reference lines parallel to where you want the
shape handles to display.
In the following image, a generic component with a simple extrusion is shown in plan and 3D
views. Reference lines have been added parallel to the left and right edges.

364 | Chapter 8 Creating Your Own Components (Families)

2 Select each of the reference lines or reference planes, and click . Verify that the Is Reference
parameter is a value other than Not a Reference.
3 Align and lock the reference lines or reference planes to the parallel edges of the component.
When loaded into a project, the shape handles will display at this location.
Generic component family with reference lines aligned and locked
to the extrusion edges

4 Add a dimension between the reference lines or reference planes that you aligned in the previous
step.
5 Select the dimension.
6 On the Options Bar, select a label from the Label list, or click Add Parameter and create a new
parameter for the dimension. For more information, see Creating New Family Parameters on
page 369.

Adding Shape Handles to a Component Family | 365

 7 On the Options Bar, select Instance Parameter.

NOTE When adding a new parameter, you can select Instance for the type in the Parameter Properties
dialog.

8 Save changes and load the family into a project. For information about loading a family, see
Loading Families on page 352.
After the family is loaded into the project, select the component. Shape handles display and allow you to
resize the family without the need for creating new sizes in the Family Editor.

Family Types
The Family Types command applies predefined properties to different types within a family. You use this
command during creation of a user-defined family. The command is useful for labeling several different
sizes of the same component. For example, a double-hung window comes in many different sizes. Using the
Family Types command, you can create a series of different-sized double-hung windows within the same
family.
When you load the family with the different types into a project, you can then place any components of
that family type. For information about loading a family, see Loading Families on page 352.
This command is enabled only while Revit Architecture is in the Family Editor.

Creating Family Types

1 In the Family Editor, create the family component and label the permanent dimensions that
appear. See Family Editor on page 376.
2 Click Settings menu ➤ Family Types, or click Family Types on the Design Bar.
3 In the Family Types dialog, click New and enter a name for the new type.

NOTE You should create a type for each of the sizes of the component.

4 Continue creating types by choosing New and entering different values for the properties as
needed.

Using Formulas for Numerical Parameters

Formulas allow you to create parameters that depend on other parameters for their values. A simple example
would be a width parameter set to equal twice the height of an object. In practice, formulas can be used in
many ways, both simple and sophisticated. Typical uses include embedding design relationships, relating a
number of instances to a variable length, and setting up angular relationships. For example, formulas can
be used to

■ Calculate area or volume of geometry

■ Create a clearance dimension parameter controlled by element size

■ Convert continuously variable values into integer values

■ Add shelves as the height of casework increases

■ Add diagonals in an open web joist as the length increases

366 | Chapter 8 Creating Your Own Components (Families)

Adding a Formula to a Parameter
1 In the Family Editor, lay out reference planes.
2 Add dimensions, as required.
3 Label the dimensions. See Labeling Dimensions on page 359.
4 Add the geometry, and lock the geometry to the reference planes.
5 On the Design Bar, click Family Types.
6 In the Family Types dialog, in the Formula column next to the appropriate parameter, type the
formula for the parameter. For more information about entering formulas, see Valid Formula
Syntax and Abbreviations on page 367.

Valid Formula Syntax and Abbreviations

Formulas support the following arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
exponentiation, logarithms, and square roots. Formulas also support the following trigonometric functions:
sine, cosine, tangent, arcsine, arccosine, and arctangent.
The valid formula abbreviations for arithmetic operations and trigonometric functions are

■ Addition— +

■ Subtraction— -

■ Multiplication—*

■ Division—/

■ Exponentiation—^: x^y, x raised to the power of y

■ Logarithm—log

■ Square root—sqrt: sqrt(16)

■ Sine—sin

■ Cosine—cos

■ Tangent—tan

■ Arcsine—asin

■ Arccosine—acos

■ Arctangent—atan

■ e raised to an x power—exp

■ Absolute Value—abs

You can enter integers, decimals, and fractional values in formulas, using normal mathematical syntax, as
shown in the examples below:

■ Length = Height + Width + sqrt(Height*Width)

■ Length = Wall 1 (11000mm)+ Wall 2 (15000mm)

■ Area = Length (500mm) * Width (300mm)

■ Volume = Length (500mm) * Width (300mm) * Height (800 mm)

Using Formulas for Numerical Parameters | 367

 ■ Width = 100m * cos(angle)

■ x = 2*abs(a) + abs(b/2)

■ ArrayNum = Length/Spacing

Parameter names in formulas are case sensitive. For example, if a parameter name begins with a capital letter,
such as Width, you must enter it in the formula with an initial capital letter. If you enter it in a formula
using lower-case letters instead, for example, width * 2, the software will not recognize the formula.

Conditional Statements in Formulas

You can use conditional statements in formulas to define actions in a family that depend on the state of
other parameters. With conditional statements, the software enters values for a parameter based on whether
a specified condition is satisfied. Conditional statements are useful in certain circumstances; however, they
make families more complex and should be used only when necessary.
For most type parameters, conditional statements are unnecessary because the type parameter itself is like
a conditional statement: If this is the type, then set this parameter to a specified value. Instance parameters
are a more productive place to use conditional statements, particularly when they are used to set a parameter
that does not vary continuously.

Syntax for Conditional Statements

A conditional statement uses this structure: IF (<condition>, <result-if-true>, <result-if-false>)

This means that the values entered for the parameter depend on whether the condition is satisfied (true) or
not satisfied (false). If the condition is true, the software returns the true value. If the condition is false, it
returns the false value.
Conditional statements can contain numeric values, numeric parameter names, and Yes/No parameters.
You can use the following comparisons in a condition: <, >, =. You can also use Boolean operators with a
conditional statement: AND, OR, NOT. Currently, <= and >= are not implemented. To express such a
comparison, you can use a logical NOT. For example, a<=b can be entered as NOT(a>b).
The following are sample formulas that use conditional statements.
Simple IF: =IF (Length < 3000mm, 200mm, 300mm)
IF with a text parameter: =IF (Length > 35', “String1”, “String2”)
IF with logical AND: =IF ( AND (x = 1 , y = 2), 8 , 3 )
IF with logical OR: =IF ( OR ( A = 1 , B = 3 ) , 8 , 3 )
Embedded IF statements: =IF ( Length < 35' , 2' 6" , IF ( Length < 45' , 3' , IF ( Length < 55' , 5' , 8' ) ) )
IF with Yes/No condition: =Length > 40 (Note that both the condition and the results are implied.)

Examples of Conditional Statement Usage

Typical uses for conditional statements in formulas include calculating array values and controlling an
element’s visibility based on a parameter value. For example, you can use conditional statements to

■ Prevent an array parameter from taking a value less than 2.

In Revit Architecture, arrays can only have an integer value of 2 or greater. In some situations, it may be
useful to create a conditional formula that maintains an array parameter of 2 even if the calculated value
is 1 or 0. With such a formula, if the calculated array value is 2 or greater, the formula retains the value.
However, if the calculated value is 1 or 0, the formula changes the value to 2.
Formula: Array number = IF (Arrayparam < 2, 2, Arrayparam)

368 | Chapter 8 Creating Your Own Components (Families)

 ■ Make muntins visible only when the number of window lights is greater than 1.
For example, if you have a Lights parameter that you want to use to control the visibility of muntin
geometry, you can create a Yes/No parameter like MuntinVis, and assign it to the Visible parameter in
the Element Properties dialog of the muntin geometry. Because the MuntinVis parameter is a Yes/No (or
Boolean) operation, both the condition (IF) and the results are implied. In this example, when the
condition is met (true), the MuntinVis parameter value is selected, and the muntin geometry is visible.
Conversely, when the condition is not met (false), the MuntinVis parameter is cleared, and the muntin
geometry is not visible.
Formula: MuntinVis = Lights > 1

Adding a Website Link to Families

You can add a website link to the Type or Instance properties of a family in both the Family Editor and in
the project environment. Selecting the URL opens the default web browser to the selected location. For
example, if you are creating a manufacturer-specific window family, you could add the URL and provide
the user with a direct link to the manufacturer's website.

Creating New Family Parameters

You can create new Instance or Type parameters for any family type. By adding new parameters, you have
more control over the information contained in each family instance or type. You can create dynamic family
types for increased flexibility within the model.
Example 1: A table with different finishes
Create a table family with 2 material parameters called table top finish and table leg finish. Assign a material
to the parameters and load the family into your project. Now you can change materials in the project. Table
tops come in 3 different finishes, Oak, Pine, and Beech. Table legs are painted and offered in Teal, Navy
Blue, and Black. Rather than make 9 different family types, you can make one family type and add an instance
parameter for the tabletop finish and another instance parameter for the table legs finish. This allows you
to alter the appearance for each table instance within your model.
Example 2: Trying different paints on a window
In this model, the customer wants to instantly view different color paints on the installed window frames.
Within the window family, create a new type parameter named Paint, and assign the parameter to the
window frames. Save the family and load it into the project. Create 2 new materials: Window Paint-White
and Window Paint-Brown. You can now apply either the white or brown paint to the Paint type parameter,
and view the changes to the entire model instantly.

Creating New Parameters

NOTE This procedure assumes you are in the Family Editor.

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Family Types, or click Family Types on the Design Bar.
2 In the Family Types dialog, click New and enter a name for the new type.
This creates a new family type that will be available in the Type Selector when you load it into
a project.

3 Under Parameters, click Add.

4 In the Parameter Properties dialog, under Parameter Type, select Family Parameter.
5 Type a name for the parameter.

Adding a Website Link to Families | 369

 6 Select a Discipline: Common or Structural.
7 On the Type of Parameter menu, click the appropriate parameter type.
Choices are:

Name Description

Text Completely customizable. Can be used to collect unique data.

Integer A value that is always expressed as an integer.

Number Used to collect miscellaneous numeric data. Can be defined by a formula. Can also
have real numbers.

Length Can be used to establish the length of an element or sub-component. Can be

defined by a formula.

Area Can be used to establish the area of an element or sub-component. Formulas can
be used in this field.

Volume Can be used to establish the length of an element or sub-component. Formulas

can be used in this field.

Angle Can be used to establish the angle of an element or sub-component. Formulas can
be used in this field.

Slope Can be used to create parameters that define slope.

Currency Can be used to create currency parameters.

URL Provides web link to user defined url.

Material Establishes parameters in which a specific material can be assigned.

Yes/No Used most often for instance properties when the parameter is defined with either
a Yes or No.

Family Type Used with nested components and allows you to swap components after the family
is loaded into a project.

8 For Group parameter under, select a value.

After the family is loaded into a project, this value determines which group header the parameter
displays under in the Element Properties dialog.

9 Select either Instance or Type. This defines whether the parameter is an Instance or Type
parameter.
10 Click OK.

NOTE To assign a material to a family element, save the family and load it into a project. Place the

family in the project and select it. Click and set a value for the material parameter.

370 | Chapter 8 Creating Your Own Components (Families)

 Modifying Family Parameters
Select the desired parameter and click Modify in the Family Types dialog. You can rename the parameter
and change whether it is a type or instance parameter. You can also replace it with a shared parameter. See
Adding Shared Parameters to Families on page 444.

Profile Families
When you create a profile family, you are sketching a 2-dimensional loop shape that you load into your
project and then apply to certain building elements. For example, you can sketch the profile loop for a
railing and then use that shape on a railing in your project.
Elements for which you can define profiles include wall sweeps, reveals, railings, mullions, stair treads, and
sweep profiles. When you define one profile family, you can reuse it multiple times on building elements
in the project. Loaded profiles appear as a leaf under the Families branch in the Project Browser.
You sketch profile families using lines, dimensions, or reference planes. The profile can then be applied to
any type of solid geometry in the project.
You create profile families using templates supplied with Revit Architecture. Those templates are Profile.rft,
Profile-Mullion.rft, Profile-Rail.rft, Profile-Reveal.rft, Profile-Stair Nosing.rft, and Wall Sweep Profile.rft.

Creating a Profile Family

This procedure describes creating a generic profile shape that is available to multiple building elements in
the project. Your specific building and design intentions may differ.

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Family.

2 In the Open dialog, select a profile template, and click Open.
The Family Editor opens a plan view that includes 2 reference planes. There are no other views
available in which to sketch geometry.

3 If necessary, sketch reference planes for constraining the lines in the profile.
4 Click Lines and sketch the profile loop. For more information about the sketching tools, see
Sketching on page 251.
5 Click Detail Component to place a detail component into the profile family.

TIP You can change the sorting order of any detail components in the family by using the detail
component draw order commands. For more information, see Sorting the Draw Order of Detail
Components on page 1096.

6 To set the detail at which the profile family displays in the project, select any of the lines of the
profile sketch and click Visibility on the Options Bar.
7 Select the desired detail levels, Fine, Medium, or Coarse, and click OK.

TIP You can also set the detail level for detail components using the same methods.

8 The profile usage needs to be defined. Click Settings menu ➤ Family Category and Parameters.
9 Click next to Profile Usage and click the profile usage type from the menu. For example, if you
are creating a mullion profile, click Mullion on the menu.

Profile Families | 371

 TIP This setting ensures that only relevant profiles are listed when using profiles within a project. For
example, when selecting a mullion profile, stair nosing profiles do not display.

10 Add any dimensions required.

Sample profile sketch

11 Save the family.

Loading a Profile Family into a Project

1 Click File menu ➤ Load From Library ➤ Load Family.
2 Navigate to the profile family file you created, select it and click Open.
3 In the Project Browser, expand the Families leaf. Expand the Profiles leaf. The family you created
and loaded appears under the Profiles leaf.
You can now apply the profile to building elements in the project.

Using the Profile Family with a Building Element

This procedure provides an example of a way to apply the profile to an element.

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Family, and select the Profile-Rail family template.
2 Create a new profile-rail family by sketching the shape you want for the rail. Make sure that the
sketched shape is a single closed loop of lines.
3 Save the new profile-rail family.
4 Open the project in which you want to use the new profile-rail family.

372 | Chapter 8 Creating Your Own Components (Families)

 5 Click File menu ➤ Load from Library ➤ Load Family, select the profile family that you created,
and click Open.
6 Click Modelling menu ➤ Stairs, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Stairs.
7 Sketch a run of stairs.
8 Open a 3D view, and select the default railing.

9 Click , and then click Edit/New in the Element Properties dialog.

10 Next to the Rail Structure parameter, click Edit.
11 In the Edit Rails dialog, in the Profile column, click the current profile family name.
12 From the drop-down menu, select the profile family name, and click OK.
Revit Architecture applies the new profile shape to the railing.
Stair rails with profile created from procedure above

13 Click OK twice to close the properties.

Host Sweep Profiles with Nested Detail Components

You can nest a detail component within a host sweep profile family and use the visibility controls to specify
when the detail component displays within a project. Examples of host sweeps are wall sweeps, roof fascia,
gutters, and slab edges. When the sweep is cut in the project, the detail component displays depending on
the visibility settings you specified within the host sweep family file. You can also have multiple detail
components display at particular visibility levels for a specific view cut host sweep.

Host Sweep Profiles with Nested Detail Components | 373

 Example of curtain mullion with
nested detail component

TIP You can also import a detail, such as a DWG file, and apply the same visibility controls to it.

See also Nested Families on page 407.

To load a detail component:

1 Open or create a host sweep family.
2 On the Design Bar, click Detail Component.
3 On the Options Bar, click Load.
4 Select a detail component family, and click open.
To add the detail component to the host sweep:

5 Add the detail component to the host sweep family.

6 If necessary, use alignments or dimensions to constrain the location of the detail component.
To specify detail component visibility:

7 Select the nested detail component.

8 On the Options Bar, click Visibility.
9 Specify the detail level when the detail displays, and click OK.
Once loaded in a project, the host sweep detail displays when cut and at the detail level you
specified.

Creating Type Catalogs

Type catalogs assist you with the family selection process. You can sort through the catalog and load only
the specific family type required within your project. This helps decrease project size and minimizes the
length of the Type Selector drop-down list when selecting types.
See Using Type Catalogs on page 376.
Although Revit Architecture includes a type catalog when loading structural families, you can create a catalog
for any existing or user-created family. The type catalog is a comma-delimited TXT file.

374 | Chapter 8 Creating Your Own Components (Families)

Creating a Type Catalog
There are several ways to create a comma-delimited TXT file. You can type it in using a text editor like
Microsoft® Notepad, or you can use database or spreadsheet software to automate the process.
You can export your project to a database using ODBC and download the element type tables in
comma-delimited format. See Exporting to ODBC on page 1287.
As you create the type catalog, follow these rules:

■ Save the type catalog file name with a TXT extension; the file must have the same name and same
directory path as the Revit Architecture family, for example, Doors/door.rfa and Doors/door.txt.

■ The left-most column lists types.

■ The top-most row of the file is for parameter declaration. Format is columnname##type##unit.

■ Use decimals.

■ Parameter names are case sensitive.

■ You can use single or double quotes. If you are using double quotes, you need to enter "" for Revit
Architecture to understand it as double quotes.

■ Valid unit types are length, area, volume, angle, force, and linear force.

■ Valid units and suffixes:

■ For length: inches ("), feet ('), millimeters (mm), centimeters (cm), or meters (m).

■ For area: square_feet (SF), square_inches (in2), square_meters (m2), square_centimeters (cm2),
square_millimeters (mm2), acres, or hectares.

■ For volume: cubic_yards (CY), cubic_feet (CF), cubic_inches (in3), cubic_centimeters (cm3),
cubic_millimeters (mm3), liters (L), gallons (gal).

■ For angle: decimal_degrees (°), minutes ('), seconds (").

■ For force: newtons (N), decanewtons (daN), kilonewtons (kN), meganewtons (MN), kips (kip),
kilograms_force (kgf), tonnes_force (Tf), and pounds (P).

■ For linear force: newtons_per_meter (N/m), decanewtons_per_meter (dan/m), kilonewtons_per_meter

(kN/m), meganewtons_per_meter (MN/m), kips_per_foot (kip/ft), kilograms_force_per_meter (kgf/m),
tonnes_force_per_meter (Tf/m), pounds_per_foot (P/ft).

■ You can enter a value for parameters of type Family Type. To declare the Family Type parameter in the
parameter declaration, you would enter column-name##other##. The column name is the same as the
Family Type parameter name. In the type catalog file, enter values as Family Name : Family Type. Be sure
there are spaces before and after the colon (:). For example, for a family file called Chair-Executive.rfa
with a type called Leather, you would enter Chair-Executive : Leather. If the family file has only one type
that is the same name as the family, you do not need to include the Family Name.

■ Revit Architecture applies project unit settings to type catalogs when loading a family.

Example file:
,Manufacturer##other##,Length##length##centimeters,Width##length##centi
meters,Height##length##centimeters
MA36x30,Revit,36.5,2.75,30
MA40x24,Revit,40.5,3.25,24

Creating a Type Catalog | 375

 The example file above would create the following Type Catalog when loading its family:

Type Manufacturer Length Width Height

MA36x30 Revit 36.5cm 2.75cm 30cm

MA40x24 Revit 40.5cm 3.25cm 24cm

Using Type Catalogs

Type catalogs assist you with the family selection process. You can sort through the catalog and load only
the specific family type required within your project. This helps decrease project size and minimizes the
length of the Type Selector list when selecting types.
Although Revit Architecture includes a type catalog when loading structural families, you can create a catalog
for any existing or user-created family. See Loading Structural Component Families on page 889 and Creating
Type Catalogs on page 374.

Loading a Family with a Type Catalog

1 Click File menu ➤ Load from Library ➤ Load Family.
2 Navigate to the directory containing the file you wish to open.
By default, the window shows the .rfa file types.

3 Select a family file that has a type catalog, and click Open.
The Specify Types dialog displays.

4 In the Specify Types dialog, under Types, select the family type or types to load. You can select
multiple types by pressing CTRL during selection. You can also narrow the search items by
selecting specific parameters from the list at the top of each column.
5 Click OK.

Family Editor
All elements in Revit Architecture are “family based.” The term, family, describes a concept used throughout
Revit Architecture to help you manage your data and make changes easily. Each family element has the
ability to have multiple types defined within it, each with a different size, shape, material set, or other
parameter variables as designed by the family creator. Even though various types within a family can look
completely different, they are still related and come from a single source, thus the term, family. Changes to

376 | Chapter 8 Creating Your Own Components (Families)

 a family type definition ripple through the project and are automatically reflected in every instance of that
family or type within the project. This keeps everything coordinated and saves you the time and effort of
manually keeping components, and schedules, up to date.
The Family Editor is a graphical editing mode in Revit Architecture that allows you to create families to
include in your project. When you start creating a family, you open a template to use in the editor. The
template can include multiple views, such as plan and elevation views. The editor has the same look and
feel as the project environment in Revit Architecture, but features different commands on the Design Bar
and can open multiple views, depending on the template chosen.

Family Editor Commands

Revit Architecture features a Design Bar for creating the actual representation of the family. Availability of
commands depends on the type of family you are creating.

Command Descriptions

■ The Family Types command opens the Family Types dialog. You can create new Family Types or new
Instance and Type parameters. See Family Types on page 366.

■ The Dimension command adds permanent dimensions to the family, in addition to the ones Revit
Architecture automatically creates as you sketch the geometry. This is important if you wish to create
different sizes of the family. See Placing Permanent Dimensions on page 215.

■ The Model Lines command lets you sketch 2-dimensional geometry for when you do not need to show
solid geometry. For example, you could sketch door panels and hardware as 2-dimensional rather than
sketch solid extrusions. Model lines are always visible in 3D views. You can control their visibility in
plan and elevation views by selecting the lines and clicking Visibility from the Options Bar. See Setting
Family Geometry Visibility on page 360.

■ The Symbolic Lines command lets you sketch lines that are meant for symbolic purposes only. For
example, you might sketch symbolic lines in an elevation view to represent a door swing. Symbolic lines
are not part of the actual geometry of the family. Symbolic lines are visible parallel to the view in which
you sketch them.
You can control symbolic line visibility on cut instances. Select the symbolic line and click Visibility
from the Options Bar. Select Show only if instance is cut.
In this dialog, you can also control the visibility of lines based on the detail level of the view. For example,
if you select coarse, that means that when you load the family into a project and place it in a view at the
coarse detail level, the symbolic lines are visible. See Detail Level on page 503.

TIP Use this dialog to control visibility of generic annotations loaded into model families. See Loading Generic
Annotations into Model Families on page 422.

■ The Lines command sketches lines to define the geometry of the family. See Model Lines on page 741.

■ The Opening command is available in host-based family templates only, for example, wall-based or
ceiling-based. You create an opening by sketching its shape to the reference planes and then modifying
its dimensions. After creating an opening, you can select it and set it to appear transparent in 3D and/or
elevation views when loaded into the project. From the Options Bar, select the 3D and/or Elevation check
boxes next to Transparent in.

NOTE The Opening command is also available in the project environment. See Openings on page 658.

■ The Ref Plane command creates a reference plane, which serves as a guide for sketching lines. See Reference
Planes on page 1046.

Family Editor Commands | 377

 ■ The Reference Lines command creates a parametric family skeleton that elements of the family can attach
to. See Reference Lines on page 346.

■ The Control command lets you place arrows to rotate and mirror the geometry of the family, after you
add it to your design. In the Options Bar, choose from a Vertical or Horizontal arrow, or from a
Double-Vertical or Double-Horizontal arrow. You can also select more than one choice.
Revit Architecture rotates or mirrors the geometry about the origin. With 2 opposite-facing arrows, you
can mirror back and forth horizontally or vertically.
You can place the controls anywhere in the view. It is best to place them where it is obvious what they
control.

TIP Controls are useful when creating a door family. The double-horizontal control arrows change which side
the door is hinged. The double-vertical control arrows change the swing of the door from inside-out to
outside-in.

■ The Text command allows you to add text notes to the family. This is typically used in an annotation
family. The text is just simply a text note. For more information about adding text, see Text Notes on
page 1027.

■ The Model Text command can be used to add signage on a building or letters on a wall. See Model Text
on page 727.

■ The Section command allows you to create a section view. See Section Views on page 91.

■ The Components command selects the type of component to be inserted into the Family Editor. After
clicking this command, the Type Selector becomes active and you can select the component.

■ The Symbol command allows you to place 2D annotation drawing symbols. See Symbols on page 1071.

■ The Detail Component command allows you to place a detail component. See Inserting a Detail
Component on page 1083.

■ The Masking Region command allows you to apply a mask to a region of the family. See Masking Regions
on page 1087.

■ The Filled Region command allows you to apply fill to a region of the family. See Filled Region on page
1093.

■ The Solid Form command provides access to tools that let you create solid geometry in the family. See
Solid Geometry Tools on page 380.

■ The Void Form command provides access to tools that let you cut solid geometry in the family. See Void
Geometry Tools on page 390.

■ The Label command allows you to place intelligent text in the family. This text actually represents a
family property. When the property value is specified it will show up in the family.

NOTE This command is available for annotation symbols only.

See Creating a Label on page 428 for more information.

■ The Load into Projects command allows you to load a family directly into any open project or family.

Duplicating Parameterized Elements

When creating a component in the Family Editor, you often need to create identical elements that are
controlled by the same parameters, such as labelled dimensions or visibility parameters. For example, if you
create a window family with muntins controlled by a visibility parameter, you can create the first muntin,

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apply the visibility parameter to it, and then copy, array, or mirror the muntin. The visibility parameter of
the original muntin is applied to the duplicated muntins.
If you copy, array, or group a parameterized element, the parameters that control that element are also
copied.
In the example shown below, a generic family was created with 2 extrusions. The bottom of both extrusions
are aligned to the horizontal reference plane. The height of the large extrusion on the left is controlled by
the labelled dimension, H. The height of the smaller extrusion on the right is controlled by the labelled
dimension, (H/2). In the Family Types dialog, a formula was added to the (H/2) parameter to make it equal
to Height/2. In addition, a visibility parameter was created and applied to the small extrusion. The smaller
extrusion also has a split and painted face.
Elements controlled by parameters (labelled dimensions in this case)

Continuing with the example shown above, to create a series of elements identical to the sub-height element,
you can copy, array, or mirror the element and the associated parameters are copied with it. In the image
below, you can see the smaller element was arrayed and the labelled dimension, painted face, and visibility
parameters are applied to each arrayed element.
Array of parameterized elements

In the Family Types dialog, if the Height value in this example is changed from 6 to 8, notice the arrayed
elements adjust to the new values.

Family Editor Commands | 379

 Arrayed elements adapt to changed parameter values

Solid Geometry Tools

The Family Editor provides tools for creating solid geometry shapes to build your families. Those tools are
solid revolves, solid blends, solid extrusions, solid sweeps, and swept blends.

Creating Solid Revolves

The Solid Revolve command creates solid geometry that revolves around an axis. You might use the revolve
command to create door knobs or other such knobs on furniture, a dome roof, or columns.
The following procedure is a general method for creating revolved geometry. Steps may vary depending on
your design intent. You can also create massing shapes using the Revolve command. Access massing
commands through the Massing tab of the Design Bar. For more information on massing, see Conceptual
Design with Massing Studies on page 517.

1 In the Family Editor, click Solid Form ➤ Solid Revolve on either the Modelling menu or the
Family tab of the Design Bar.
2 If the Select a Work Plane dialog opens, choose a work plane to draw the revolved geometry.
See Sketching and Work Planes on page 265.
3 In sketch mode, click Axis to place a revolving axis.
4 Sketch an axis by clicking a start and an end point at the orientation desired.

TIP If you want the revolve profile shape to abut the rotation axis, first sketch the profile shape and
then sketch the axis on one of the lines of the shape.

5 Click Lines from either the Modelling menu or from the Sketch tab of the Design Bar and sketch
a shape to revolve around the axis. The sketch must be a valid closed sketch: single closed loop
or multiple closed loops that do not intersect.
6 Click Finish Sketch to save changes and exit sketch mode.
7 Click 3D to switch to a 3D view to see the results.

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 8 If necessary, use the ViewCube or SteeringWheels to rotate the component to see it better. See
Content Reference to: ViewCube on page 169 and Content reference to: Steering Wheels on page
175.
9 Select the view visibility of the revolved component. See Setting Family Geometry Visibility on
page 360.

Revolved Geometry Tips

If the axis touches the revolve shape, the result is a solid.

Solid revolved geometry created near axis

If you sketch away from the axis, the resulting geometry has a hole in it.
Revolved geometry created away from axis

You can change the start and end points of the revolved geometry by selecting it, clicking , and setting
the degrees for the start and end angle properties. You can also achieve the same effect by dragging the start
and end faces of the revolved solid.

NOTE You cannot drag the start and end faces of a 360-degree revolution.

Creating Solid Sweeps

A sweep is a tool for creating families that requires you to sketch or apply a profile (shape) and extrude that
profile along a path. You might use a sweep to create moldings, railings, or simple pipes.
The following procedure is a general method for creating a sweep. Steps may vary depending on your design
intent. You can also create massing shapes using the Sweep command. Access massing commands through
the Massing tab of the Design Bar. For more information on massing, see Conceptual Design with Massing
Studies on page 517.

Solid Geometry Tools | 381

 1 In the Family Editor, click Solid Form ➤ Solid Sweep on either the Modelling menu or the
Family tab of the Design Bar.
2 If the Select a Work Plane dialog opens, choose a work plane to draw the sweep. See Sketching
and Work Planes on page 265.
3 To sketch a path, click Sketch 2D Path from the Design Bar. The sketching tools become available.
The path can be either a single-closed or single-open path. You cannot have multiple paths.
The path can be a combination of straight lines and arcs, or it can be a circle. If you choose the
Pick option while sketching the path, the path is confined to one work plane.
4 To pick a path, click Pick Path on the Design Bar. The Pick tool is selected. You can select edges
of other solid geometry, such as extrusions or blends, or you can pick existing sketch lines.
Watch the status bar to know what you are picking. This method of picking automatically locks
the sketch lines to the geometry you are picking. Also, using the Pick Path method allows you
to sketch the path in multiple work planes, hence allowing for a 3D path. If you click existing
sketch lines, you actually delete them.
5 Click Finish Path to complete the path.
6 After creating the path, you can click Sketch Profile to start sketching the profile, or you can
select the profile plane markers on the profile path to specify a profile from the menu on the
Options Bar. If you need additional profiles or have created and saved a different profile, click
Load profiles to load in the additional profile families. See Profile Families on page 371.
7 If you are sketching a profile, choose a view in the Go To View dialog in which to sketch the
profile. For example, if you sketched the path in a plan view, you would choose an elevation
view to sketch the profile. The profile sketch can be a single-closed loop or multiple closed loops
that do not intersect. Sketch the profile near the intersection of the profile plane and the path
(the intersection is indicated in red in the following picture).

8 Click Finish Sweep to complete the sketch of the sweep.

Creating a Segmented Sweep

Segmented sweeps are useful for creating mechanical duct work elbows. You create a segmented sweep by
setting 2 sweep parameters and sketching a path with arcs. The parameters affect only arcs in the path. The
minimum number of segments for a sweep is 2.
1 Follow the steps in Creating Solid Sweeps on page 381 to access the sweep tool.
2 On the Sketch Design Bar, click Sweep Properties.
3 Select the check box for Trajectory Segmentation.
4 Enter a value for Maximum Segment Angle. Valid values are between 0 and 360 degrees.
5 Sketch or pick a path with arcs.
6 Click Finish Path to complete the path.
7 Create a profile or use a pre-loaded profile.
8 Click Finish Sweep to complete the sketch of the sweep.

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 Sample segmented sweep with 30 degree Maximum Segment Angle.

TIP You can change a segmented sweep to a non-segmented sweep by clearing the check box for Trajectory
Segmentation.

Editing the Sweep

You can quickly edit either the path or the profile of the sweep from the Options Bar. Click Modify, select
the sweep geometry, and then click either of the following:

■ Edit Path to edit the path sketch.

■ Edit Profile to edit the profile sketch.

Sweep Tips
When creating a sweep with a tangent arc in the path, be sure the profile is small enough to sweep around
the arc without the resulting geometry intersecting itself. An error occurs if the geometry intersects. For
more information about sweep error messages, see Error Handling on page 1332.
If you create a sweep path by using the Pick Path command, you can drag the end points of the path lines
as you are sketching it.

Creating Solid Blends

The Blend command blends 2 profiles together. For example, if you sketch a large rectangle and a smaller
rectangle on top of it, Revit Architecture blends the 2 shapes together.
The following procedure is a general method for creating a blend. Steps may vary depending on your design
intent. You can also create massing shapes using the Blend command. Access massing commands through
the Massing tab of the Design Bar. For more information on massing, see Conceptual Design with Massing
Studies on page 517.
Be sure to read Blend Tips on page 385 for blends.

Solid Geometry Tools | 383

 1 In the Family Editor, click Solid Form ➤ Solid Blend on either the Modelling menu or the
Family tab of the Design Bar.
2 If the Select a Work Plane dialog opens, choose a work plane to draw the blend. See Sketching
and Work Planes on page 265.
3 Sketch the base shape of the blend, for example sketch a square. For more information about
the sketching tools, see Sketching on page 251.

TIP Prior to sketching the shape, you can specify the depth of the blend by setting values on the
Options Bar for the first and second end points.

4 When finished with the sketch, click the Edit Top command to sketch the top of the blend.
5 Sketch a shape for the top of the blend, for example another square.
Sample base and top profiles for a blend

6 Click Finish Sketch.

Revit Architecture completes the blend. If you did not specify a first and second end point, Revit
Architecture uses the default depth setting.
Finished blend

7 Select the view visibility of the blend. See Setting Family Geometry Visibility on page 360.
8 When you have created the blend you like, save it or click Finish Family if you are creating an
in-place family.

Editing the Blend

1 Select the blend and several options become available.
2 Click Edit Top to directly edit the top of the blend.
3 Click Edit Base to directly edit the base of the blend.
4 Enter a value in the Depth text box to change the blend's depth.

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Editing Vertex Connections
After you complete the top and base sketches, the Vertex connect command becomes enabled on the sketch
Design Bar. By editing vertex connections, you control the amount of twist in the blend. You can edit vertex
connections in plan or 3D views.
1 Click Vertex connect on the Design Bar. Vertex points become available on the blend sketch:

The dotted lines with blue open-dot controls on their ends are suggested connections. The
control is a switch between adding and removing connections.

2 Click the control, and the line becomes a solid connection. A filled blue control appears on the
connection.

3 Click the solid control to remove a connection; the line reverts to a dashed line with an open
dot control.
As you click the controls, some possible edges disappear and other ones appear.

4 When you are satisfied with vertex connections, click Finish Sketch.

Blend Tips

■ You cannot sketch more than 2 closed loops: one for the base and one for the top.

■ You can set the depth of the geometry before sketching it. In sketch mode, enter a value in the Depth
field on the Options Bar. This value changes the end point of the blend. Depths can be negative values.

■ You can dimension from lines at the top of the blend to lines at the base of the blend. You cannot
dimension from lines at the base of the blend to lines at the top of the blend. See Placing Permanent
Dimensions on page 215.

■ You can modify the depth of the blend after creating it, by selecting it and then clicking . Specify
values for the start and end points. You can also resize the blend in a 3D view by selecting it and then
dragging it to resize it.

Solid Geometry Tools | 385

 ■ If specified, Revit Architecture does not retain the end point value during creation of the blend. If you
need to make multiple blends with the same end point, first sketch the blends, then select them, and
then apply the end point.

Creating Solid Extrusions

Revit Architecture uses extrusions to define 3D geometry for families. You create an extrusion by defining
a 2D sketch on a plane; Revit Architecture then extrudes that sketch between a start and an end point.
The following procedure is a general method for creating an extrusion. Steps may vary depending on your
design intent. You can also create massing shapes using the Extrude command. Access massing commands
through the Massing tab of the Design Bar. For more information on massing, see Conceptual Design with
Massing Studies on page 517.

1 In the Family Editor, click Solid Form ➤ Solid Extrusion on either the Modelling menu or the
Family tab of the Design Bar.
2 If the Select a Work Plane dialog opens, choose a work plane to draw the extrusion. See Sketching
and Work Planes on page 265.
3 Sketch a shape. The profile sketch can be a single-closed loop or multiple closed loops that do
not intersect. For more information about the sketching tools, see Sketching on page 251.

TIP By default, Revit Architecture uses a start point of 0. You can change this value and the end point

value prior to sketching the shape. While in sketch mode, click . In the Element Properties
dialog, specify values for the extrusion end and start. See Element Properties Dialog on page 75.

4 After creating a sketch shape, click Finish Sketch.

Revit Architecture completes the extrusion and returns you to the view in which you started
the extrusion. If you did not specify a start and end point, Revit Architecture calculates a depth
for you, based on the size of the shape you sketched.
To see the new extrusion, switch to a 3D view.
Sample polygonal concrete isolated foundation extrusion

5 Select the view visibility of the extrusion. See Setting Family Geometry Visibility on page 360.
6 When you have created the extrusion you like, save it or click Finish Family if you are creating
an in-place family.

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Extrusion Tips

■ The work plane does not have to be either the start or the end of the extrusion depth. It is only used to
sketch on and set the extrusion direction to be perpendicular to the plane.

■ You can set the depth of the geometry before sketching it. In sketch mode, enter a value in the Depth
text box on the Options Bar. This value changes the end point of the extrusion. Depths can be negative
values.

■ You can modify the depth of the extrusion after creating it, by selecting it and then clicking .
Specify values for the start and end points. You can also resize the extrusion in a 3D view by selecting it
and then dragging it to resize it.

■ If specified, Revit Architecture does not retain the end point value during creation of the extrusion. If
you need to make multiple extrusions with the same end point, first sketch the extrusions, then select
them, and then apply the end point.

Creating a Swept Blend

The Swept Blend tool allows you to create a blend that has 2 different profiles and then sweep it along a
path. The shape of a swept blend is determined by the 2D path you either sketch or pick and the 2 profiles
you either sketch or load.

The following procedure is a general method for creating a swept blend. Steps may vary depending on your
design intent. You can also create massing shapes using the Swept Blend tool. Access massing commands
through the Massing tab of the Design Bar. For more information on massing, see Conceptual Design with
Massing Studies on page 517.
Related topic:
Swept Blend Properties on page 397

To create a solid or void swept blend:

1 In the Family Editor, click Solid Form ➤ Solid Swept Blend or Void Form ➤ Void Swept Blend
on either the Modelling menu or the Family tab of the Design Bar.

Solid Geometry Tools | 387

 For information about how to open the Family Editor, see Creating a New Family on page 349.

2 Specify the path for the swept blend. Do one of the following on the Sketch tab of the Design
Bar:
■ Click Sketch 2D Path to sketch a new path for the swept blend.

■ Click Pick Path to pick an existing line for the swept blend.

NOTE If necessary, set the work plane before you sketch or pick the path for the swept blend. Click
Tools menu ➤ Set Work Plane, or on the Design Bar, click Set Work Plane. See Sketching and Work
Planes on page 265.

3 Sketch or pick the path, and then click Finish Path. See Sketching on page 251.

NOTE A swept blend path can only have one segment.

4 Load or sketch Profile 1.

■ To load a profile:
a In the drawing area click the end point for Profile 1 on the swept blend path.

b On the Options Bar, select a profile from the list.

If the profile you need is not already loaded in the project, click Load profiles to load
the profile.

c Zoom in to see the profile.

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 d Use the X, Y, Angle, and Flip options to adjust the position of the profile.
Enter values for X and Y to specify the offset for the profile.
Enter a value for Angle to specify the angle of the profile. The angle rotates the profile
around the profile origin. You can enter negative values to rotate in the opposite
direction.
Click Flip to flip the profile.

e Click Apply.

■ To sketch a profile:
a On the Sketch tab of the Design Bar, click Sketch Profile 1.
Alternatively, in the drawing area click the end point for Profile 1 on the swept blend
path, select <By Sketch> from the list on the Options Bar, and click Edit.

b If the Go To View dialog displays, select the view where you want to sketch the profile,
and click OK.

c Sketch the profile. Profiles must be closed loops.

d Click Finish Profile.

5 Load or sketch Profile 2 using the steps above.

6 Optionally, edit the vertex connections. By editing vertex connections, you control the amount
of twist in the swept blend. You can edit vertex connections in plan or 3D views.
a On the Sketch tab of the Design Bar, click Vertex Connect.

b On the Options Bar, select Controls on Loop 1 or Loop 2.

c In the drawing area, click the blue controls to move the vertex connections.

d On the Options Bar, click the Twist buttons to twist the swept blend.

7 On the Design Bar, click Visibility to specify the view visibility of the swept blend. See Setting
Family Geometry Visibility on page 360.
8 When finished, click Finish Swept Blend.

Editing a Swept Blend

1 In the drawing area, select the swept blend.
2 If you are in the project environment:
a On the Options Bar click Edit Family.

Solid Geometry Tools | 389

 b Click Yes to open the family for editing.

c In the Family Editor, select the swept blend in the drawing area again.

3 On the Options Bar, click Edit Swept Blend.

4 To edit the path:
a In the drawing area, select the path and click Edit on the Options Bar.

b Make the necessary modifications to the path, and click Finish Path.

5 To edit the profiles:

a In the drawing area, select the profile you want to edit.

b On the Options Bar, select a different loaded profile from the drop down list, or select <By
Sketch> from the list to sketch a new profile.

c If you selected <By Sketch>, click Sketch Profile 1 or Sketch Profile 2 on the Design Bar.

d Sketch the path and then click Finish Path.

6 When you are finished editing the swept blend, click Finish Swept Blend on the Design Bar.

Void Geometry Tools

Revit Architecture provides tools in the Family Editor to cut solid geometry. The tools are grouped under
Void Forms.
For information about how to create a void swept blend, see Creating a Swept Blend on page 387.

Void Extrusions
You can create an extrusion cut through any solid geometry.

1 In the Family Editor, click Void Form ➤ Void Extrusion on either the Modelling menu or the
Family tab of the Design Bar.
2 Sketch a shape to cut out of the geometry. For more information about the sketching tools, see
Sketching on page 251.

TIP Prior to sketching the shape, you can specify the depth of the extrusion cut by setting values for

the Extrusion start and Extrusion end points. While in sketch mode, click . In the Element
Properties dialog, specify values for the extrusion end and start. You can also specify a depth by
clicking in the depth field on the Options Bar.

3 After creating a sketch shape, click Finish Sketch.

4 To see the new extrusion cut, open a 3D view.

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 Solid geometry

Solid geometry with extrusion cut

NOTE If you rest the cursor near the cut, you see the extrusion shape highlight.

You can then select the extrusion cut and edit the sketch if necessary.

Void Blends
You can create a blend to cut through any solid geometry.

1 In the Family Editor, click Void Form ➤ Void Blend on either the Modelling menu or the Family
tab of the Design Bar.
2 Sketch a blend to cut into the geometry. See Creating Solid Blends on page 383.

TIP Prior to sketching the shape, you can specify the depth of the blend cut by setting values for the

start and end of the blend. While in sketch mode, click . In the Element Properties dialog,
specify values for the first end and the start end. You can also specify a depth by clicking in the depth
field on the Options Bar.

3 To see the new blend cut, open a 3D view.

Void Geometry Tools | 391

 Solid geometry with blend cut

NOTE If you rest the cursor near the cut, you see the blend shape highlight.

You can then select the blend cut and edit the sketch if necessary.

Void Revolves
You can create a revolved shape to cut solid geometry.

1 In the Family Editor, click Void Form ➤ Void Revolve on either the Modelling menu or the
Family tab of the Design Bar.
2 Sketch a revolve to cut in the geometry. For more information on sketching revolves, see Creating
Solid Revolves on page 380.
3 To see the new revolve cut, open a 3D view.
Solid geometry with revolve cut

TIP If you rest the cursor near the cut, you see the revolve shape highlight.

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 You can then select the revolve cut and edit the sketch if necessary.

Void Sweeps
You can cut a sweep shape through any solid geometry.

1 In the Family Editor, click Void Form ➤ Void Sweep on either the Modelling menu or the
Family tab of the Design Bar.
2 Sketch a sweep to cut the geometry. For more information on sketching sweeps, see Creating
Solid Sweeps on page 381.
3 To see the new sweep cut, open a 3D view.
Solid geometry cut by sweep

TIP To see the void after cutting the geometry, move the cursor around the solid geometry until the
void shape highlights. You can edit the sketch, if necessary.

Cut Geometry
With the Cut Geometry command, you can pick and choose which geometry gets cut and which does not,
regardless of when you created the geometry.

NOTE While this command and the Don’t Cut Geometry command are primarily for families, you can use them
to embed curtain walls. For more information, see Embedded Walls on page 566.

1 Create some solid geometry; it can be a single primitive or some joined primitives. For more
information on creating solid geometry, see Solid Geometry Tools on page 380.

Void Geometry Tools | 393

 2 Create a void through the solid geometry. For more information on creating voids, see Void
Geometry Tools on page 390.

3 Create another solid geometry shape and join it to the existing geometry. For more information
on joining geometry, see Joining Geometry on page 334.

4 Click Tools menu ➤ Cut Geometry and select the void you created. Notice the cursor changes
shape.

5 Select the geometry you created in Step 3.

Revit Architecture cuts the selected geometry.

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 Don't Cut Geometry
1 Click Tools menu ➤ Don't Cut Geometry.
2 Select the void.
3 Select the appropriate solid primitives that you do not want to cut.

NOTE If you select all geometry to not be cut, then the void appears at all times in the view.

Creating a Subcategory
A subcategory is a property of a family that defines its display by setting up the line weight, line color, line
pattern, and material. For example, for a window you can assign a subcategory to the wood trim and a
different subcategory to the glass.
Revit Architecture features some preconcerted subcategories for different categories of families. You can use
these when assigning subcategories. Other families have no subcategories, which means you can define your
own. The Object Styles dialog lists family categories and subcategories. It also shows the line weight, line
color, line pattern, and material assigned to each category and subcategory.

TIP You can apply a drafting pattern to a family. When you create and define a subcategory to apply to the family,
you can set its surface and cut pattern materials to have a drafting pattern. You cannot apply a model pattern to
a family. Only flat or cylindrical surfaces can have drafting patterns. For more information, see Fill Patterns on page
449.

Creating Subcategories for the Family

Revit Architecture selects the appropriate family category based on the family template you chose. If you
wish to change the family category, click Settings menu ➤ Family Category and Parameters, and select the
appropriate category from the dialog.

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Object Styles.

2 Click New.
3 Enter a new name for the subcategory in the New Subcategory dialog. Revit Architecture
automatically selects the appropriate category in the Subcategory of list.
4 Click OK.
5 Click in the Projection and Cut boxes for Line Weight, and select a value from the lists. For
more information on line weights, see Line Weights on page 486.
6 Click the button in the Line Color box and select a color from the Color dialog. If desired, define
a custom color. For more information on creating colors, see Colors on page 514.
7 Click the Line Pattern box and select a line pattern from the list. If desired, define a new line
pattern for the line display. See Line Patterns on page 487.

8 Click in the Material box, click , and select a material. For more information on materials,
see Materials on page 459.

Assigning the Subcategory to the Family

1 On the Design Bar, click Modify.

Creating a Subcategory | 395

 2 In the drawing area, select the geometry on the family.

3 Click .
4 In the Element Properties dialog, click the Subcategory value box and select the subcategory
name you just created.

Family Geometry Properties

Parameter names, values, and descriptions for family geometry: extrusions, lines, sweeps, blends, and revolved
geometry. Many values are modifiable.

Extrusion Properties

Name Description

Extrusion End Sets the end point for the extrusion. A positive value projects the extrusion away from
the work plane. A negative value projects the extrusion toward the work plane.

Extrusion Start Sets the start point of the extrusion. For example, a start point of -2000 mm and an end
point of 3000 mm creates an extrusion with a depth of 5000 mm. A positive value projects
the extrusion away from the sketching plane. A negative value projects the extrusion to-
ward the sketching plane.

Visible Sets whether the extrusion is visible in a project. If the check box is selected, the extrusion
is visible. If the check box is cleared, the extrusion is not visible.

Subcategory Sets the geometry as a subcategory to a family category. See Creating a Subcategory on
page 395. The default is None.

Revolved Geometry Properties

Name Description

End angle Sets the size of the arc for the revolved geometry. The default is 360 degrees.

Start angle Sets the start point of the arc. The default is 0.

Subcategory Sets the geometry as a subcategory to a family category. See Creating a Subcategory on
page 395. The default is None.

Visible Sets whether the revolve is visible in a project. If the check box is selected, the revolve is
visible. If the check box is cleared, the revolve is not visible.

Solid/Void Switches solid geometry from a cut to a solid. This switch is effective if you create a
complex geometry cut and want to copy the shape of that cut and change it to a solid.
For example, if you cut a complex sweep out of an extrusion, you might want to copy
that sweep shape and use it as a solid.

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Sweep Properties

Name Description

Visible Sets whether the sweep is visible in a project. If the check box is selected, the sweep is
visible. If the check box is cleared, the sweep is not visible.

Visibility/Graphics Overrides Overrides the visibility and graphics settings of the sweep family in the project.

Subcategory Sets the geometry as a subcategory to a family category. See Creating a Subcategory on
page 395. The default is None.

Material A material for the surface of the family for rendering purposes.

Solid/Void Switches solid geometry from a cut to a solid. This switch is effective if you create a
complex geometry cut and want to copy the shape of that cut and change it to a solid.
For example, if you cut a complex sweep out of an extrusion, you might want to copy
that sweep shape and use it as a solid.

Profile Sets the profile family for the sweep. Values depend on which profile families are loaded
in the project. See Profile Families on page 371.

Horizontal profile offset Horizontal offset value for profile.

Vertical profile offset Vertical offset value for profile.

Angle Rotation angle for profile, in degrees.

Swept Blend Properties

Name Description

Visible Sets whether the swept blend is visible in a project. If the check box is selected, the swept
blend is visible. If the check box is cleared, the swept blend is not visible.

Visibility/Graphics Overrides Overrides the visibility and graphics settings of the swept blend family in the project.

Subcategory Sets the geometry as a subcategory to a family category. See Creating a Subcategory on
page 395. The default is None.

Material A material for the surface of the family for rendering purposes.

Solid/Void Switches solid geometry from a cut to a solid. This switch is effective if you create a
complex geometry cut and want to copy the shape of that cut and change it to a solid.
For example, if you cut a complex sweep out of an extrusion, you might want to copy
that sweep shape and use it as a solid.

Family Geometry Properties | 397

 Name Description

Profile 1 Sets the first profile family for the swept blend.

Profile 2 Sets the second profile family for the swept blend.

Line Properties

Name Description

Visible Sets whether the model line is visible in a project. If the check box is selected, the model
line is visible. If the check box is cleared, the model line is not visible.

Reference Determines whether the line is a reference and whether the line can be dimensioned
when the family is placed in a project.

Subcategory Sets the geometry as a subcategory to a family category. See Creating a Subcategory on
page 395. The default is None.

Family Category and Parameters

The Family Category and Parameters command assigns the properties of a predefined family category to the
component you are creating. The command is only available within the Family Editor. For example, if you
are creating a lighting component family, you can select the Lighting Fixtures category, and then select or
clear the Always Vertical parameter. If the Always Vertical parameter is selected, this means the family always
appears vertical at 90 degrees, even if it is on a sloping host, such as a floor or ceiling.

RELATED When creating column families, you can specify how the column displays in a project’s plan view. This
parameter option is only available with column families. For more information, see Specifying How a Column
Displays in Plan View on page 427.

Assigning Family Categories

1 While in the Family Editor, click Settings menu ➤ Family Category and Parameters.
2 From the dialog, select a Family Category whose properties you wish to import into the current
family.
3 Specify the Family Parameters.

NOTE Family parameter options vary depending on family category.

4 Click OK.

Specifying the Always Vertical Parameter

You can use the Always vertical family parameter to ensure a component remains vertical at 90 degrees even
when added to a sloped host or plane.

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 1 Open or create a family component.
2 In the Family Editor, click Settings menu ➤ Family Category and Parameters.
3 Under Family Parameters, select Always Vertical.
4 Click OK.

RELATED See Creating Vertical Families on page 405.

Using the Shared Parameter

This parameter is used primarily to control family behavior when nested into another family. When selected,
nested, and loaded into a project, nested sub-components are also loaded into the project and can be selected,
tagged, and scheduled. When a project using shared families is exported to ODBC, the nested sub-components
display in the export tables.
1 Open or create a family component.
2 In the Family Editor, click Settings menu ➤ Family Category and Parameters.
3 Under Family Parameters, select Shared.

NOTE Selecting Shared in a non-hosted family has virtually no impact on its behavior when loaded
into a project.

4 Click OK.

RELATED See Shared Families on page 410.

Specifying the Work Plane-Based Parameter

You can use the Work Plane-Based family parameter to create a family that is hosted by the active work
plane. This can be very useful both in a project environment and within a nested family where you may
need a nested sub-component to reside on a particular plane. You can make any non-hosted family a work
plane-based family. For example, a generic component, a furniture component, and a site component can
all be work plane-based families because they are not required to be hosted by another component. Doors
and windows cannot be work plane-based because they are wall hosted components.
Example of generic component family nesting a work plane-based component. On the
left, the work plane is selected; on the right, the work plane-based component was
added.

Family Category and Parameters | 399

 1 Open or create a non-hosted family component.
2 In the Family Editor, click Settings menu ➤ Family Category and Parameters.
3 Select the check box to enable the Work Plane-Based parameter.
4 Click OK.

RELATED See Creating Work Plane-based and Face-based Families on page 406.

Flip Control for Work Plane-based Families

After you save and load a work plane-based family into the project, you can flip it about its work plane in
a view.

Select the family instance in the project, and a Flip Work Plane control displays . Click the Flip Work
Plane control to rotate the family instance 180 degrees about the x-axis of the work plane. You can also
right-click the instance, and click Flip Work Plane.

Family Category Tips

■ Entourage and plant families have a parameter called Rendering Appearance Source in the Family Category
and Parameters dialog. The parameter value determines how the family renders in a project view.

■ If the Rendering Appearance Source is Third Party, when you render the family in a project, Revit
Architecture uses that content and ignores the family geometry.

■ If the Rendering Appearance Source is Family Geometry, Revit Architecture renders the actual family
geometry.

Loading a Family into Projects or Families

After you have completed the creation or modification of a family, you can save the family to a library or
load it directly into any open project or family (this would create a nested family). When you select Load
into Projects on the Design Bar, if only one other project or family is open in the background, the family is
automatically loaded into it. If multiple projects or families are open, a dialog displays allowing you to select
which projects or families you want to load the family into.

Load into Projects

1 After you modify or create a new family, on the Design Bar, click Load into Projects, or click
File menu ➤ Load into Projects.
If there is only one other open project or family, the family is loaded directly into it.

2 If there is more than one open project or family, the Load into Projects dialog displays. Select
which projects and families you want to load the family into, and click OK.
3 If the family is being used within the project you are loading it into, a dialog displays asking if
you want to overwrite the existing family. Click Yes to overwrite or No to cancel.

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Creating a Door Family
You create door families by defining what the door looks like in plan view, elevation view, and 3D view.
Before reading this topic, you should already have read Family Editor Basics on page 341.
The following graphics depict the system standard door in the different views.
Plan view of door

Elevation view of door

3D view of door

Starting a Door Family

When you first start the door family creation, you can open a number of views, including: an interior
elevation view of a wall with a set of reference planes and a dimension, a plan view of the wall with reference
planes and dimensions, and a 3D view. It does not matter in which view you start.
You need to define geometry so that you see what you would like in the various views. Notice that Revit
Architecture has already provided an opening for the door in a wall. It also has created and dimensioned
several sets of reference planes. Revit Architecture has even labeled the height and width dimensions. Use
the reference planes to create your sketches for your door geometry. If necessary, modify the dimensions to
the sizes you want to create for your first door. Notice on the width dimension there is an equality dimension.
The equality dimension maintains the center origin reference plane in the middle if you modify the width.

Creating a Door Family | 401

 Mirroring Controls

Also, in the plan view you notice there are mirroring controls. They allow you to mirror the 2D and 3D
geometry about the origin. Mirroring controls are useful for moving the door from a right-hand to a left-hand
door, and for changing the door swing from an inside-out to outside-in.
Plan View

Exterior Elevation View

3D view

The following procedure is a general procedure for creating a door family. Your steps may differ based on
design intent.

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Family.

2 In the Open dialog select Door.rft from the Templates folder, and click Open.
3 In the floor plan view, use the tools on the Design Bar to create the geometry for the door.
Generally, a door in plan view is displayed in a symbolic form. Use the Lines command to sketch
the symbol.
4 Change to the interior elevation and create the geometry that you want to see in that view. This
would typically be any solid geometry for the door, moldings, and glass (Extrusions).
5 If desired, modify any of the permanent dimensions.
To do this place the cursor over the dimension text to highlight it, and right-click. Click Edit
Label and enter a name for the dimension. This name appears in the properties of the family.
You can modify the name to change all occurrences of that family type in the project, or you
can use it to create other family types with varying sizes.

6 Select the solid geometry and click .

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 In the Element Properties dialog, select a value for the Subcategory parameter.

7 Set the reference planes and sketch lines properties for Defines Origin and Is Reference properties.
8 Add any additional family types by using the Family Type command on the Settings menu.
9 Click File menu ➤ Save to save the family. Revit Architecture saves the file with an RFA extension.

Wall Inserts and Closure Planes

In wall-hosted families, you can add reference planes to define the location of the wall closure. This point
controls the wall wrapping depending on the wall layer parameters. You can have up to 2 closure planes for
each insert.

To specify wall closure location:

1 In a wall-hosted family, select the reference plane located at the desired closure point.

TIP Use dimension tools to control this location.

2 On the Options Bar, click .

3 In the Element Properties dialog, select Wall Closure, and click OK.
4 For components with dual closure planes, you can add a second reference plane to control the
additional closure plane.

Creating a Window Family

You create window families by defining what the window looks like in plan view, elevation view, and 3D
view.
Before reading this topic, you should already have read Family Editor Basics on page 341.
The following graphics depict the Revit Architecture standard window in the different views.
Plan view of window

Elevation view of window

Wall Inserts and Closure Planes | 403

 3D view of window

Starting a Window Family

When you first start creating the window family, you can open a number of different views, including: a
floor plan, 3D, interior elevation, and exterior elevation. The elevation views of a window family display
reference planes and a dimension for the sill height and window height. A plan view of the window displays
reference planes, a width dimension for the width of the window, and 2 equality dimensions to keep the
window opening centered about the origin (Section Plane). Notice that Revit Architecture has already created
an opening in the wall, and that it is created by sketching to the reference planes. If you need to adjust the
opening size and location, modify the appropriate dimension. You will also notice that there is a set of
mirror control arrows, so you can mirror the window geometry about the Interior/Exterior Elevation plane.

RELATED You can also use reference planes to specify up to 2 wall closure planes. For more information, see Wall
Inserts and Closure Planes on page 403.

Plan view

Exterior elevation view

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 3D view

The following procedure is a general procedure for creating a window family. Your steps may differ based
on design intent.

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Family.

2 In the Open dialog, select window.rft from the Templates folder and click Open.
3 In the Floor Plan view, click the tools on the Design Bar to create the geometry for the window.
Generally, a window in plan view displays in a symbolic form. Use the Lines command to sketch
the symbol. Add dimensions as needed.
4 Change to the Exterior Elevation, and create the geometry you see in that view, such as any
solid geometry for the window, moldings, and glass (Extrusions).

5 Select the solid geometry and click . Click the Value drop-down menu next to Subcategory.
Select one of the values.
6 If desired, modify any of the permanent dimensions.
To do this place the cursor over the dimension text to highlight it, and right-click. Click Edit
Label and enter a name for the dimension. This name appears in the properties of the family.
You can modify the name to change all occurrences of that family type in the project, or you
can use it to create other family types with varying sizes.

7 Set the reference planes and sketch lines properties for Defines Origin and Is Reference properties.
8 Add any additional family types by using the Family Type command on the Settings menu.
9 Click File menu ➤ Save to save the family. Revit Architecture saves the file with an RFA extension.

Creating Vertical Families

You can create vertical or non-vertical families. This option pertains only to families hosted by walls, floors,
ceilings, roofs, and site surfaces. You can set a family component, such as a tree or a chandelier, to Always
Vertical; once loaded into a project, the component remains vertical regardless of the slope of the host. In
the case of a car or a park bench, you can set the Always Vertical option to No; this allows the car and the
park bench to adapt to the slope of the host.

NOTE The Always Vertical parameter does not apply to families created in non host-based templates.

Creating Vertical Families | 405

 Example of Vertical and Non-Vertical Families; 3 trees are set to Always Vertical, 2 trees
are not.

Setting the Always Vertical Parameter

1 In the Family Editor, click Settings menu ➤ Family Category and Parameters.
2 Select the check box to enable the Always Vertical parameter.
3 Click OK.

Creating Work Plane-based and Face-based Families

You can create a family that is hosted by the active work plane. This can be very useful both in a project
environment and within a nested family where you may need a nested sub-component to reside on a
particular plane. You can make any non-hosted family a work plane-based family. For example, a generic
component, a furniture component, and a site component can all be work plane-based families because they
are not required to be hosted by another component. Doors and windows cannot be work plane-based
because they are wall-hosted components.
Example of generic component family nesting a work plane-based component. On the
left, the work plane is selected; on the right, the work plane-based component was
added.

Another way to create components that can be placed with any orientation is to use face-based families. A
face-based family must be created from the Generic Model face based.rft template. A face-based component
can be placed on any surface, including walls, floors, roofs, stairs, reference planes, and other components.
If the family contains a void cutting the host, the component will cut its host, but only if the host is a wall,
floor, roof, or ceiling. When a component with a void is placed on any other host, it will not cut.
For information on placing work plane-based and face-based components, see Work Plane-based and
Face-based Component Placement Options on page 747.

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Creating a Work Plane-based Family
1 Open or create a non-hosted family.

IMPORTANT Only non-hosted components can become work plane-based families. Doors and
windows, for instance, are hosted by walls and cannot become work plane-based components.

2 In the Family Editor, click Settings menu ➤ Family Category and Parameters.
3 In the Family Category and Parameters dialog, under Family Parameters, select Work Plane-Based.
4 Click OK.

NOTE You can make a family both work plane-based and always vertical. Examples of both are shown
below.

In the nested family below, the rectangular extrusion is a work plane-based component.
On the left, the extrusion is work plane-based but not always vertical. On the right,
the same extrusion was reloaded into the family after designating it work plane-based
and always vertical.

Nested Families
Families can consist of other families. You can load families and insert instances of them into your new
family. This allows you to build upon previous work while creating families suited to your needs.
For example, rather than design a combination window from scratch, you can insert window components
and create the same window in a fraction of the time. You can create the combination-window family below
by loading the Double Hung and Instance - Fixed families into a new window family. Place the fixed window
instance in the center with a double hung window on each side.

When creating a nested family, subcomponents can be shared or not shared. If you choose to nest unshared
subcomponents, the nested family will act as a single family within a project; it will also schedule as a single
family. In the sample window family shown above, the unshared version would have only one window tag
and would schedule only as a single unit. In contrast, if you create a nested family of shared sub-components,

Creating a Work Plane-based Family | 407

 each sub-component can be tagged and scheduled separately within a project. In the window example shown
above, if you nested shared sub-components, the 3 windows would tag and schedule separately even though
the nested family would behave has a single component within the building model.

RELATED For more information, see Shared Families on page 410.

You can also add Family Type parameters to create interchangeable subcomponents that can be swapped
after they are loaded into a project.
After you load the window family shown above into a project, each window instance appears as one window
rather than 3.
When creating a nested family, you can set the parameters of individual instances only within the Family
Editor. After you load the family into a project, each instance acts as a unit. For example, if you loaded the
above window example into a project, the Instance and Type parameters would be for the entire window
unit. Parameters would not be separately available for the Fixed and Double Hung windows. The same is
true regarding selection. You can select the instance as a whole but you cannot select only the nested instance.

Family Loading Restrictions

There are certain restrictions regarding the type of families that can be loaded into other families.

■ Only annotation families can be loaded into other annotations.

■ Only detail families and generic annotations can be loaded into details.

■ Model families, details, generic annotations, section heads, level heads, and grid heads can be loaded
into model families.

Creating a Nested Family

1 In the Family Editor, click File menu ➤ Load from Library ➤ Load Family.
2 Select families, and click Open.
3 On the Design Bar, click Component.
4 In the Type Selector, choose the component type and click in the drawing area to place it.
5 After inserting a family instance within the Family Editor, you can set its properties by selecting

it and clicking .

NOTE Within a project, nested families composed of unshared families do not automatically provide
access to the parameters of their nested sub-instances. To create unique family type parameters, see
Creating New Family Parameters on page 369.

For more information regarding family creation, see Family Editor Basics on page 341.

Visibility of Nested Families

You can control the visibility of nested family instances in the host family. Select the nested family and on
the Options Bar, click Visibility. For more information about family geometry visibility, see Visibility and
Detail Levels on page 360.

NOTE You cannot set the option When cut in Plan/RCP for nested families.

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Creating a Nested Family with Interchangeable Subcomponents
You can create families with interchangeable subcomponents. For example, you can create a window family
and nest multiple shutter types within it. By creating and applying the family type parameter to the shutters,
you can load the family into a project and select the shutter type as an instance or type parameter depending
on the setting you specified within the nested family.
If you need the subcomponents of the nested family to tag and schedule individually, make sure each family
that you load into the host family is shared. See Shared Families on page 410 for more information.
Example of door family with multiple nested transoms assigned to
a family type parameter

Creating and Applying a Family Type Parameter

You can create a family type parameter to control the type of family within a nested family. The family type
parameter can be an instance or type parameter. Once you label a nested component as a family type
parameter, subsequently loaded families of the same type automatically become interchangeable without
any further work. For example, if you add 2 transoms to a door family, you only have to position one of the
transoms, label it as a family type parameter, and the other transom becomes part of the list of available
transoms. If you load 5 more transom types, they are all available for selection.

To nest components in family:

1 Open or start a new family.
2 Load the components that you want to nest within the family. For example, if you are in a door
family, load several transom types.
To position nested components:

3 On the Design Bar, click Component and place the first component at its desired location.

NOTE In this case, you would also want to tie the width of the transoms to the width of the door.
Depending on your specific circumstances, you may want to consider a similar action. This ensures
that as components swap, they remain in the same position and the same size.

4 Select the nested component.

5 On the Options Bar, in the Label drop-down list, select Add Parameter.

Creating a Nested Family with Interchangeable Subcomponents | 409

 NOTE When adding a parameter in the Family Types dialog, click Add Parameter, select Family Type
as the Category, and select the category from the Select Category dialog. When you add the parameter
using the Options Bar, the parameter is automatically assigned to Family Type and the respective
family category is assigned.

6 Select Family Parameter.

7 Enter a name for the Parameter, and select either Instance or Type parameter.
8 Select a value for Group Parameter under.
This designates under which group the parameter displays in the Element Properties dialog.

9 Click OK.
10 Save the file and load it into a project.

11 Add the component to the building model, select it, and click .
12 Locate the family type parameter and select a different component from the list.

Shared Families
When creating nested families, you have the option to make the sub-components shared. Within a project
environment, a nested family comprised of shared sub-components allows you to do the following:

■ Select each sub-component separately.

■ Tag and renumber each sub-component separately.

■ Schedule sub-components separately.

In the example shown below, a nested ganged window with 3 separate sub-windows schedules all 3
windows rather than just the single nested instance. In addition, notice in the plan view representation,
the window has only one flip arrow and all 3 windows are tagged.
Nested family of shared window components

■ When exporting the project to ODBC, the nested family subcomponents display in relative export tables.

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 One of the important features of a shared family is the ability to select a sub-instance once the nested family
is loaded into a project. In the example shown below, you can see the nested family (left) pre-selected in a
3D view. In the image next to it, see the sub-instance is pre-selected. You can use the TAB key to toggle to a
sub-instance of any nested family of shared subcomponents.
Selecting sub-instances of a shared family

Once a sub-instance is selected, you can modify its element properties by clicking to open the Element
Properties dialog.

NOTE You can edit nested families within a host family. For more information, see Editing Loaded Families on
page 353.

Creating Shared Families

In the Family Editor, you create a shared family by selecting Shared in the Family Categories and Parameters
dialog of the family to be shared. Although you can make most families a shared family, it only becomes
relevant when the family is nested into another family and then loaded into a project. The information
from the nested family (sub-instance) is accessible to schedules after the nested family is loaded into a project.
Shared families do not have to be in the same category.

NOTE Annotation, profile, and in-place families cannot be shared families.

Creating a Nested Family of Shared Components

You can make most family components a shared family by selecting the option in the Family Categories
and Parameters dialog. Until you load the shared family into another family to create a nested family, it has
no real context. Therefore, when you decide to create a nested family of shared sub-components, the first
decision you need to make is what category the host family will be.

NOTE The host family does not have to be shared.

Creating Shared Families | 411

 In the example below, a ganged window unit is created as a nested, shared family. In this case, the large
center window was opened as the host family and the 2 side windows were nested in as shared families.
This window is intended to be built on-site using the subcomponents that are purchased as separate units
by the builder. The family was saved as Triple_window.rfa.
Nested windows

When the ganged unit shown above is loaded into a project, tagged, and scheduled, the result is as follows:

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Nested, shared families loaded into a project

Notice that each window is tagged and scheduled separately. However, notice the ganged window name,
Triple Window, is listed with the subcomponents. This window also represents the main window of the 3
window set.
In the example shown below, the same triple window family was created, but with a new window family
used as the host family and both the fixed window and the double-hung windows loaded as shared families.
Notice the difference in the tagging and scheduling.
Ganged window family started as a new family

Creating Shared Families | 413

 In the example shown above, notice the host family schedules with each of the 3 subcomponent windows.
If this is not your design intent, you should follow the previous example, where one of the subcomponents
is the host family.
As you can see in the examples shown, the first decision you make when designing a nested family comprised
of shared subcomponents has many downstream implications for tagging, scheduling, and ODBC information.
You should consider these implications before you make the decision to create a new family as the host
family or use one of the subcomponents as the host.

To nest shared families into the host family:

1 Open the host family or start a new family.
2 Open the subcomponent families and, within each one:
a Click Settings menu ➤ Family Categories and Parameters.

b Under Family Parameters, select Shared.

c Click OK.

d On the Design Bar, click Load into Projects.

e In the Load into Projects dialog, select the host family, and click OK.

3 Place the subcomponent within the host family.

4 Repeat this process for each shared subcomponent.
5 Save the family.

Loading Shared Families into a Project

You load a shared family into a project using the same methods as any other family. Within the project,
you can click File menu ➤ Load from Library ➤ Load Family. Within the family, you can select Load into
Projects on the Design Bar.

RELATED See Loading Families on page 352.

When you load a nested family comprised of shared sub-components into a project, the following applies:

■ The host family, along with all shared sub-components, is loaded into the project. Each subcomponent
is available within the Project Browser under its respective family category.

■ A sub-component family can exist within a project and be shared by more than one host family.

■ When loading shared families, if a version of one of the families already exists within the project, you
have the option to use the version from the project or from the family you are loading.

IMPORTANT Once a shared family is loaded into a project, you cannot reload an unshared version of the same
family and overwrite it. You must delete the family and reload it.

Working with Shared Families in a Project

A shared family works as any other family within a project. However, you can use the TAB key to toggle to
the nested, shared sub-components.

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 Selecting sub-instances of a shared family

If you select a sub-instance, you can do the following:

■ Click and in the Element Properties dialog, modify some instance properties, such as Mark and
Comments.

■ Modify type properties. When you do this, all instances of that type also update to reflect the changes.

If you select a sub-instance, you cannot do the following:

■ Select and delete a sub-instance.

■ Mirror, copy, move, or array a sub-instance.

If you do this, the entire host family adapts, not just the sub-instance.

■ Modify the position, the size, or shape of a sub-instance.

The biggest advantage to using shared families is the ability to schedule shared families as individual instances.

Scheduling Shared Families

A nested family comprised of shared family sub-components allows each sub-component to be scheduled
separately. This is in contrast to a simple nested family where none of the nested elements are shared.
Non-shared nested families schedule as one instance; with shared families, each sub-component is scheduled
as an individual instance. Within the schedule, you can renumber each sub-instance.

Scheduling Shared Families | 415

 Nested family comprised of 2 shared window families loaded into a project

If a nested family is comprised of multiple categories, each sub-component will display in its respective
schedule and all components will display on a multi-category schedule.
How a shared family schedules is dependent on how it was designed in the Family Editor. See Creating
Shared Families on page 411 for more information. To create a schedule containing shared families, you use
the same method as any other schedule. See Schedule Views on page 124.

Creating a Curtain Wall Panel Family

The Curtain Wall Panel family allows you to define a panel section that fits in a curtain wall grid. The panel
actually resizes itself to fit in the grid. You define the appearance of the panel in different views: plan,
elevation, 3D, and reflected ceiling plan. Typically, you define a 2D symbol to display in the plan view and
3D geometry to display in the elevation views and the 3D view.
Before reading this topic, you should already have read Family Editor Basics on page 341.

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 3D view

Plan view

Starting a Curtain Wall Panel Family

When you define the Curtain Wall Panel, you can open a number of views, including a plan view and an
interior elevation. In the plan view, Revit Architecture displays vertical reference planes and a horizontal
reference plane. The vertical reference planes are set at an equal distance apart. The interior elevation displays
reference planes representing the top, bottom, and 2 sides of the panel. There is also a vertical reference
plane that represents the center of the panel.
Curtain wall plan view

Automatic Sizing of Panel

When you add a Curtain Wall panel to your model, the panel automatically adjusts its size to fit in the
curtain wall grid. This means you can sketch the panel without concerning yourself with dimensions because
of the automatic fit. If you sketch your panel coincident with the reference planes, Revit Architecture sizes
the panel to the curtain wall grid when you place it in your model.
The following procedure is a general procedure for creating a curtain wall. Your steps may differ based on
design intent.

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Family.

2 From the Open dialog, choose Curtain Wall Panel.rft and click Open.
3 In the floor plan view use the tools on the Design Bar to create the geometry for the curtain
wall panel. Generally, a curtain wall panel in the plan view displays in symbolic form. Click
Lines to sketch the symbol.
4 Change to the interior elevation and create the geometry that you see in that view. You can add
any solid geometry for the moldings and glass.

5 Select the solid geometry and click . Select a value for the Subcategory parameter.

Starting a Curtain Wall Panel Family | 417

 6 If desired, you can label any permanent dimensions that you may have added. See Labeling
Dimensions on page 359.
7 Save the family by clicking File menu ➤ Save. Revit Architecture saves the file with an RFA
extension.

Curtain Wall Doors and Windows

Curtain wall doors and windows are curtain wall panel families you can create to add directly to curtain
walls. When you create the families, you are creating panels that can schedule as doors and windows. The
door or window will resize to the size of the curtain wall panel.
There are predefined curtain wall door and window families: Curtain Wall Sgl Glass.rfa, Curtain Wall Dbl
Glass.rfa, Curtain Wall-Store Front-Dbl.rfa, Curtain Wall Awning.rfa.
The following procedure is a general procedure for creating a curtain wall door or family. Your steps may
differ based on design intent.

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Family.

2 In the Open dialog, choose Door - Curtain Wall.rft for a curtain wall door or Window - Curtain
Wall.rft for a curtain wall window, and click Open.
3 Be sure to sketch lines to the 4 reference planes in the template: top, bottom, left, and right. Do
not dimension to the overall width or height of the door or window.
4 Save the family.
5 In a project view, create a curtain wall with panels. Size the curtain wall grid cells to the size of
the curtain wall door or window you created.
6 Load the curtain wall door or window family.
7 Select a panel in the current wall. From the Type Selector, choose the family type you created
to swap in the family.
8 If desired, create a new door or window schedule to include the curtain wall doors or windows.

Creating Roof Inserts

Roof inserts are families placed in roofs. They follow the slope of the roof. When creating a roof insert, you
should include an opening as part of the family.
The following is a general procedure for creating a roof insert. Steps may vary based on design intent.

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Family.

2 In the dialog, select the Generic Model roof based.rft template and click Open.
3 Open the Front Elevation view.
The view contains roof geometry for adding a new insert.

4 Start by creating an opening. On the Design Bar, click Opening.

5 From the Go To View dialog, choose the view in which to sketch the opening, for example,
Floor Plan: Level 2.
6 Sketch the opening. For more information about sketching, see Sketching on page 251.
7 Click Finish Sketch.
8 Create some solid geometry over the opening, such as an extrusion over the opening. For more
information on creating solid geometry, see Solid Geometry Tools on page 380.
9 Click Finish Sketch.
10 Click File menu ➤ Save, to save the new roof insert family.

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 Rendered roof fan created as insert

Placing a Roof Insert

1 Sketch a roof by footprint or extrusion. For more information, see Roofs on page 606.
2 Load the roof insert you just created. For information about loading the roof insert, see Loading
Families on page 352.
3 Click Component from the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, and choose the name of the insert
from the Type Selector.
4 You can place a roof insert in plan, elevation, or 3D views. To see the look of the insert in your
design, place it in the roof in a 3D view.

NOTE You cannot place a roof insert at the ridge. You must place it on one of the faces.

In-Place Families
An in-place family is a family created within the context of the current project. The family exists only in
the project and cannot be loaded into other projects. By creating in-place families, you create components
unique to a project or components that reference geometry within the project.
For example, if you need to create a reception desk that must fit between several other items in a room, you
could design this as an in-place furniture family. If the original design ever changed, the in-place family
would change accordingly.
Desk created as in-place furniture. Notice it was created parallel to the walls.

Placing a Roof Insert | 419

 In a structural model, you may use the in-place family tool to create a thickened slab, or a wall extrusion
that conforms to a uniquely shaped architectural wall that it supports.
Thickened slab

Creating an In-Place Family

1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Create, or click Create from the Modelling tab of the Design Bar.

NOTE You can also click Create in place on the Options Bar when a specific tool is active, for example,
the Window or Door tool.

The Family Category dialog opens.

NOTE This dialog does not open when you click Create in place on the Options Bar.

2 Select the appropriate family category, and click OK.

3 In the Family Name box, enter a name, and click OK.
4 Use the tools on the Design Bar to add components, massing geometry, and lines.
5 When you finish creating the in-place family, click Finish Family.

NOTE You can click Quit to quit making the family. All changes are lost.

Editing an In-Place Family

After you finish the family, you can edit it by clicking Edit Family on the Options Bar or by right-clicking
on the family name in the Project Browser and clicking Edit.
When you edit an in-place family in a project, you select the entire family first and then click Edit Family.
This brings you into the Family Editor. To then edit individual elements of the in-place family, select that
element, and then click Edit. You are now in sketch mode editing that element.

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Changing the Appearance of the Detail Component
Detail Components are included as a category you can define using the Object Styles command. See Object
Styles on page 484.

Linking Family Parameters

By linking family parameters, you can control the appearance of families nested inside host families from
within a project view. You can control either instance or type parameters.
To link parameters, they have to be the same type. For example, link a text parameter in the host family to
a text parameter in the nested family.
You can link a host-family parameter to more than one nested family parameter of the same type. Also, you
can link this parameter to multiple nested families.

Creating Family Parameter Links

1 Create a family with either instance or type parameters of the available types. See Creating New
Parameters on page 369.
2 Save that family and load it into a host family. For information about loading a family, see
Loading Families on page 352.
3 With the new family open, click Component on the Design Bar and place as many instances of
the loaded family as desired.
4 Click Settings menu ➤ Family Types, or click Family Types on the Design Bar.
5 Under Parameters, click Add.
6 Follow the steps for creating a new parameter of the same type as the parameter you wish to
control in the nested family. See Creating New Parameters on page 369.
7 Click OK to close the Family Types dialog.

8 Select an instance of the loaded family in the host family and click .
There is a column for both instance and type properties that has an equal sign (=) in the column
heading. There are also gray buttons next to certain parameters, indicating that they can be
linked to other parameters.

9 Click the button next to a parameter, either instance or type, that is of the same type as the one
you created in Step 6. For example, if you created a text parameter, you must select a text
parameter here.
10 In the dialog that appears, select the parameter you created in Step 6 to associate it with the
current parameter, and click OK.

NOTE When you associate 2 parameters, an equal sign appears on the button: .

11 Click OK to close either the Type and Element properties dialogs, or both.
12 Continue creating the host family and save it.
13 Load the family into a project and place a few instances of it.

14 Select an instance of the family and click .

15 Locate the type or instance property you created.

Changing the Appearance of the Detail Component | 421

 16 Set it to the desired value and click OK.
The nested family changes according to the value you entered.

Creating Parameter Links for Model Text

If you place model text into a family, it acts like a nested family. You can create parameters in the host
family to control the text and depth of the model text in the project.

To control text:
1 Place some model text in the host family.
2 On the Design Bar, click Family Types and add a family parameter that is of type text. This will
be the parameter that controls the text of the model text in the project.
3 Enter some text in the Value box for the new parameter. For example, if you created a parameter
called Mtext, you might enter "default" in the Value box next to this new parameter. Click OK
to close the Family Types dialog.

NOTE Do not leave the Value box empty. If you do, Revit Architecture issues a warning.

4 Select an instance of model text in the family and click .

5 Click next to the parameter Text.

6 In the dialog that appears, select the parameter you created to link to the model text parameter.
7 Click OK twice.
8 Continue creating the host family and save it.
9 Load that family into a project and place a few instances of it.

10 Select an instance of the family and click .

11 Edit the model text parameter.
The model text updates to the new value. If you created an instance parameter, just the one
instance changes. If you created a type parameter, all current and future instances of the model
text change.

To control depth:

Controlling model text depth is similar to controlling text, only you create a family parameter that is of
type length. Follow the above procedure to link parameters for model text depth.

Loading Generic Annotations into Model Families

You can nest generic annotation families inside host model families, so that the annotations appear in the
project. This is useful if you want to include a label with a model family and display that label in the project.
Generic annotations hosted by model families scale with the view when they are loaded into the project.
When you place these generic annotations on a sheet, they appear at the same size, regardless of view scale.
For example, a 3/32" text label in a model family always prints at that size on a sheet, even if that label
appears on the sheet in a view with a 1/8" = 1'0" scale or a view with a 1/4" = 1'0" scale.
You can also control their visibility in the project separately from the host model family.

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Adding a Generic Annotation
You can create your own generic annotation family or load one from the available annotation families in
the Revit Architecture library. This procedure uses an existing annotation family. See Creating an Annotation
Symbol Family on page 1072.

NOTE Though this procedure uses specific family files, the steps are common to any generic annotation you may
want to add to a model family.

1 Open the microwave.rfa family from the Specialty Equipment\Domestic folder in the Imperial
library. The microwave from the Metric library is in the same folder and is called
M_microwave.rfa.
2 Click File menu ➤ Load From Library ➤ Load Family.
3 Navigate to the Annotations folder and select the Label Annotation 3-32.rfa family. For metric,
choose the M_Label Annotation.rfa family.
4 Open a floor plan view in the microwave.rfa file. You can place a generic annotation in plan
only.
5 Click Symbol on the Design Bar and place an instance of the label at the intersection of the 2
reference planes in the center of the microwave.
Label snapping to intersection of reference planes

Now you need to associate this label with a parameter in the host family.

6 On the Design Bar, click Family Types.

7 In the Family Types dialog, click Add under Parameters.
8 In the Parameter Properties dialog, select Family parameter.
9 Type a name for the parameter. In this case, type Label.
10 From the Type menu, choose Text and click OK. This parameter will be stored by type. For more
information about type and instance properties, see Element Properties Dialog on page 75.
New family parameter appears in Family type dialog

11 Click OK to close the Family Types dialog.

12 Select the label instance you placed on the microwave and click .
13 Click Edit/New and locate the Label parameter.
14 Click the button under the equal sign (=) column next to the Label parameter.

Adding a Generic Annotation | 423

 15 In the Associate Family Parameter dialog, select the parameter Label. This is the parameter you
created in steps 6-10.
16 Click OK to close the dialog.
17 Click OK to close the Type Properties dialog.
18 If desired, you can set at which detail level the label appears in a project. Click the Edit button
next to the Visibility instance parameter. Select coarse, medium, or fine detail levels. If you do
not select a detail level, the label does not show in a project view set at the same detail level.
19 Save the microwave.rfa family and load it into your project. For information about loading a
family, see Loading Families on page 352.
20 Click Component on the Design Bar and place the microwave in a plan view.

21 Click , and in the Element Properties dialog enter MW for the value of the Label parameter.
22 Click OK. You see the microwave now has this label in the view.

23 If desired, change the detail level of the view to change the visibility of the label. See Detail
Level on page 503.

NOTE You can also change the visibility of the label by turning off Generic Annotations in the
Annotation Categories tab of the Visibility/Graphics dialog. See Visibility and Graphic Display in Project
Views on page 150.

Creating Furniture Families

You can create furniture families by defining the look of the furniture in a plan view, elevation view, and
3D view.
Before reading this topic, you should already have read Family Editor Basics on page 341.
3D view of table furniture

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Starting a Furniture Family
When you start creating a furniture family, you can open a number of views, including a front elevation
view with a reference plane (origin) and reference level tag, a plan view with perpendicular reference planes
(origins), a right elevation with a reference plane (origin) and a reference level tag, and a 3D view. The
starting view does not matter. You can define geometry in any of the views. Revit Architecture places the
furniture using the intersection of the 2 reference planes in the plan view. These 2 reference planes define
the origin of the family. Sketch the geometry accordingly.
Elevation view

Plan view

Creating a Furniture Family

The following procedure is a general procedure for creating a furniture family. Your steps may differ based
on design intent.

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Family.

2 In the Open dialog, select Furniture.rft from the Templates folder and click Open.
3 In the floor plan view, use the tools on the Design Bar to create the geometry for the furniture.
Generally, furniture in the plan view is displayed in a symbolic form. Click Lines to sketch the
symbol.
4 Create the solid geometry of the furniture. For more information on creating solid geometry,
see Solid Geometry Tools on page 380.
5 If desired, you can label any permanent dimensions that you may have added. See Labeling
Dimensions on page 359.
6 Add any additional family types using the Family Types command. See Family Types on page
366.
7 Save the family by clicking File menu ➤ Save. Revit Architecture saves the file with an RFA
extension.

Starting a Furniture Family | 425

Creating a Column Family
You create column families by defining what the column looks like in plan view, elevation view, and 3D
view.
Before reading this topic, you should already have read Family Editor Basics on page 341.
The following image shows what a column might look like in a 3D view.
3D view of architectural column

Starting a Column Family

When you start creating a column family, you see one of 3 views: a front elevation view of a lower reference
level tag and an upper reference level tag with reference planes, a plan view with reference planes and 2 sets
of equality dimensions, and a 3D view. The view in which you start creating geometry does not matter. You
can define geometry in any of these views. You may want to add an overall width and depth dimension to
the plan view and label it. This is useful if you are going to have a list of different-size columns.
When you create a column, Revit Architecture automatically adds a rotation control symbol to the lower
left corner of the geometry in the plan view. You notice it when you add the column to a project. You can
rotate the column in the plan view by clicking Modify, selecting the column geometry, and then dragging
the rotation control arrow.
The following procedure is a general procedure for creating a column family. Your steps may differ based
on design intent.

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Family.

2 In the Open dialog, select column.rft from the templates folder, and click Open.
3 In the plan view, use the tools on the Design Bar to create the geometry for the family. For more
information on creating solid geometry, see Solid Geometry Tools on page 380.
4 If desired, label any permanent dimensions that you may have added. Place the cursor over the
dimension text and right-click. Click Edit Label and enter a name for the dimension. This name
appears in the properties of the family. You can modify the name to change all occurrences of
that family type in the project or you can use it to create other family types with varying sizes.
5 Set the reference planes and sketch lines properties for Defines Origin and Is Reference properties.
6 Add any additional family types by using the Family Type command on the Design Bar.

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 7 Save the family by clicking File menu ➤ Save. Revit Architecture saves the file with an RFA
extension.

Specifying How a Column Displays in Plan View

For a column family, you can select the option Show family pre-cut in plan views, in the Family Category
and Parameters dialog. When you select this option and load the family into a project, the column displays
in a plan view using the cut plane specified in the plan view of the family.
1 Open a column family or start a new column family.
2 Click Settings menu ➤ Family Category and Parameters.
3 In the Family Category and Parameters dialog, under Family Parameters, select or clear the
parameter, Show family pre-cut in plan views.
When loaded into a project, if you want the then
column to display in plan view

based on the cut plane of the project’s plan view, clear the parameter, Show family pre-cut in plan views.

consistently, regardless of the cut plane of the select the parameter, Show family pre-cut in plan views.
project’s plan view, The column displays using the cut plane specified within
the Family Editor plan view.

4 Click OK.
5 Save the column family.
After you load the column family into a project, the column displays based on the parameter
settings you specified within the Family Editor.
In the 2 examples shown below, the same column is loaded into a project. A horizontal line has
been added to the elevation representation so you can see the location of the plan view’s cut
plane. In the first image, the parameter, Show family pre-cut in plan views, is not selected; the
column displays in plan using the cut plane of the project’s plan view. In the second image, the
same column family has the parameter, Show family pre-cut in plan views, selected. Notice the
change in the column’s plan view display even though the project’s plan view is using the same
cut plane as the previous image.

Specifying How a Column Displays in Plan View | 427

 Column family loaded in project with “Show family pre-cut in
plan views” not selected. Horizontal line was added to mark the
plan view’s cut plane.

In the image below, the column family was saved with Show
family pre-cut in plan views selected. It was loaded into a project
and a horizontal line was added to mark the plan view’s cut plane
(same as the image above). Notice the cut plane of the project’s
plan view has no affect on the display of the column.

Creating a Label
A label is a text placeholder added to tags or titleblocks. You create a label as part of a tag or titleblock family
while in the Family Editor. When you place the tag or titleblock in the project, you place substitution text
for the label, and the text appears as part of the family.

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Annotation Symbol or Titleblock.

2 In the Open dialog, select the appropriate template for the family you are creating.
3 In the Family Editor, click Label on the Design Bar, or click Drafting menu ➤ Label.
4 In the Type Selector, select the label type.
5 On the Options Bar, select the vertical and horizontal justification.

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 6 In the drawing area, click the position the tag: for example, in a generic model tag template,
place the cursor at the intersection of the two reference planes. The Edit Label dialog opens.
7 Edit the label parameters. See Editing Multi-parameter Labels on page 429.

Editing Multi-parameter Labels

You assign single or multiple parameters to labels with the Edit Label dialog.

The Catalog Parameters window contains the label parameters related to the tag type. The Label Parameters
window contains the Catalog Parameters that display in the label. Typically, this is a single parameter, but
you can detail more complex, concatenated labels.

Building a Label
You add and remove parameters by moving them between the windows:

■ Highlight a parameter in the Catalog Parameter window and click (Add Parameter) to move it into
the Label Parameter window.

■ Highlight a parameter in the Label Parameter window and click (Remove Parameter) to move it
into the Catalog Parameter window.

Labels display their parameters from the first to the last (top to bottom) as listed in the Label Parameter

window. You reorder the label by highlighting a parameter and shift its position using (Move Parameter

Up) and (Move Parameter Down).

Shared Label Parameters

You can configure the label with shared external parameters of other families. You configure shared parameters
before moving them over to the Label Parameters window. The Category Parameters controls aid in this
integration:

Editing Multi-parameter Labels | 429

 Add Shared Parameter: You click this button to enter the Parameter Properties dialog to designate
shared parameters. See Adding Shared Parameters to Families on page 444.

Edit Parameter: You click this button to enter the Parameter Properties dialog to edit a selected shared
parameter. See Viewing, Moving, and Deleting Shared Parameters on page 444.

Delete Parameter: You click this button to delete a selected shared parameter. Labels sharing the
parameter no longer display its information. See Viewing, Moving, and Deleting Shared Parameters on page
444.

NOTE Deleted shared parameters are removed from all sharing labels. See Shared Label Parameters on page 429.

Label Parameter Options

The columns in the Label Parameters window display annotation options for the label. The parameter names
are listed in order in the first column.
Spaces: You increase or decrease the spacing between parameters in the label by entering a representative
number of spaces (zero or greater). This option disables if the Break option is selected.
Prefix: You can add a prefix to the parameter value by adding a text string in this option.
Sample Value: You can change how the place holding text appears in the parameter.
Suffix: You can add a suffix to the parameter value by adding a text string in this column.
Break: You force a line break immediately after the parameter by checking this box. Otherwise, the text
wraps within the label boundary.
Wrap between parameters only: You force text wrapping in the label to break at the end of parameters by
checking this box. If not selected, text wraps at the first word reaching the boundary.

Unadjusted label text Wrapping label text Breaking label text

Edit Label Unit Formats

If you create a label with a length, area, volume, angle, or number parameter, you can format the appearance
of the parameter.
1 In the Edit Label dialog, choose a length or area parameter, such as Room area.

2 Click The Format dialog appears.

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 The Use project settings option is selected by default. This means that the value displays according
to the Units setting in the project. See Project Units on page 492.

3 Clear Use project settings.

4 From the Units menu, select an appropriate unit.
5 From the Rounding menu, select a decimal place value. If you choose Custom from the menu,
enter a value in the Rounding increment text box.
6 If applicable, select a Unit suffix from the menu.
7 Select Suppress 0 feet to hide leading zeros on dimensions, such as 0' 6". This option is available
only for feet and fractional inches.
8 Click OK.

Label Type Properties

You can modify the Type Properties of labels.

Name Description

Graphics

Color Sets the color of the text and the leader line.

Line weight Sets the thickness of the line that surrounds the text when you select the text and the
thickness of the leader line. You can change the definition of the line weight numbers
using the Line Weights command in the Settings menu. See Line Weights.

Background Sets the background for the text note. With Opaque, the background of the note itself
covers material behind it. Transparent allows you to see material behind the note. This
is useful with text notes placed in color-defined rooms.

Text

Text Font Sets the Microsoft® True Type fonts for the text note. The default font is Arial.

Text Size Sets the size of the typeface.

Label Type Properties | 431

 Name Description

Tab Size Sets tab spacing in a text note. When you create a text note, you can press TAB anywhere
in the text note, and a tab appears at the specified size.

Bold Sets the text typeface to bold.

Italic Sets the text typeface to italic.

Underline Underlines the text.

Width Factor 1.0 is the default for regular text width. The font width scales proportionately to the
Width Factor. Height is not affected.

Label Instance Properties

You can modify the Instance Properties of labels.

Name Description

Graphics

Sample Text Read-only field that displays the Sample Value from the Edit Label dialog.

Label Launches the Edit Label dialog.

Wrap between parameters only Forces text wrapping to break at the end of parameters. If not selected, text wraps at the
first word reaching the label boundary.

Vertical Align Orients text at the Top, Middle, or Bottom of the label boundary.

Horizontal Align Justifies text to the Left, Center, or Right of the label boundary.

Keep Readable Text in the label remains readable whenever you rotate it. It never displays upside-down.

Visible Sets whether the label is visible in a project.

Applying the Label to a Tag in a Project

1 In a project, click File menu ➤ Load From Library ➤ Load Family.
2 If prompted to replace a family of the same type, click Yes.
3 If you created a window, door, or room tag, place one of those components to see the new tag
you created.
4 If the element does not already have a tag associated with it, place the element, then click Tag
on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar to place the tag with the element.

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 5 Select the element that you placed, for example, a window and click .
6 Locate the parameter that you chose when creating the label in either the Instance or Type
properties. For example, if you defined the label to include the Manufacturer parameter, click
Edit/New to open the Type properties.
7 Enter a value for the parameter and click OK twice.
The label value appears in the tag.

Applying the Label to a Titleblock in a Project

1 In a project, click File menu ➤ Load From Library ➤ Load Family.
2 Create a sheet using the titleblock. See Sheets on page 968.
The new sheet view opens with the label you created in the titleblock family.

3 Select the label and click .

4 From the Instance properties list, locate the parameter you defined for the family and enter a
value for it.
5 Click OK.

Creating a Section Head Family

The Section Head Family creates the symbol that appears at the end of the section line. Revit Architecture
designates a default symbol, but you may want to use your own symbols to define different sections. By
specifying a family for section heads, your project can include more than one symbol.

Applying the Label to a Titleblock in a Project | 433

 Before reading this topic, you should already have read Family Editor Basics on page 341.

Starting a Section Head Family

When creating a section head family, you define the section head symbol. The section head symbol you
create should indicate the viewing direction. You set a viewing direction by sketching an arrow head. The
symbol should also include a set of double arrow mirror controls to reverse the viewing direction, if necessary.

Setting Parameters for the Section Head

There are 2 parameters you can set for the symbol: the Drawing Number and the Sheet Number. You can
set them by placing Tag Text. The Drawing Number is the number of the view on a sheet. The Sheet Number
is the number of the drawing sheet. If you add these parameters to a symbol, they automatically fill in when
you add the section view to a project.

The following procedure is a general procedure for creating a section head family. Your steps may differ
based on design intent.

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Annotation Symbol.

2 In the Open dialog, select Section Head.rft from the templates folder and click Open.

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 3 The section head template includes a predefined head. You can use this head or click Lines on
the Design Bar to create a different one.
4 If desired, add text to the symbol by clicking Text.
5 If desired, click Label to add text to the symbol for the Detail Number or Sheet Number. To
include the view name with the section head, choose the View Name parameter.
6 Save the family by clicking File menu ➤ Save. Revit Architecture saves the file with an RFA
extension.

Tip for Creating a Section Head Family

The intersection of the 2 perpendicular reference planes represents the origin of the symbol. The origin is
the point at which the symbol attaches to the section line. Sketch the lines accordingly.

Creating Additional Families

You can create other families, such as plumbing, electrical, and mechanical families in a manner similar to
furniture families. See Creating Furniture Families on page 424. Each has its own category. This allows you
to keep the families organized and categorized by category type. When defining the families, you define
how they appear in the project in a plan, elevation, and 3D view. You use the geometry creation tools on
the Design Bar to build the family geometry.
When you add one of the families to a project, Revit Architecture automatically places a rotation control
symbol at the lower left corner of the geometry in the plan view. When you place the family, you can rotate
it in the plan view by clicking Modify, selecting the furniture geometry, and then dragging the rotation
control arrow.

Creating a Structural, Plumbing, Electrical, or Mechanical Family

The following procedure is a general procedure for creating a family. Your steps may differ based on design
intent.

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Family.

2 In the Open dialog, select the appropriate family.

NOTE Revit Architecture opens 4 views in separate windows. If it is not already active, change to the
plan view by clicking on the window.

3 Use the tools on the Design Bar to create the geometry for the family. Generally, the family in
the plan view displays in symbolic form. Click Lines to sketch the symbol.
4 Create the solid geometry of the family.

5 To set the display of the geometry, select the geometry and click . Select a value for the
Subcategory property.
6 If desired, label any permanent dimensions that you may have added. Place the cursor over the
dimension text and right-click. Click Edit Label and enter a name for the dimension. This name
appears in the properties of the family. You can modify the name to change all occurrences of
that family type in the project, or you can use it to create other family types with varying sizes.
7 Set the construction and sketched lines properties for Defines Origin and Is Reference properties.
8 Add any additional family types by using the Family Type command on the Settings menu.

Tip for Creating a Section Head Family | 435

 9 Save the family by clicking File menu ➤ Save. Revit Architecture saves the file with an RFA
extension.

Automatic Cutouts in Floors and Ceilings

You can define your structural, electrical or plumbing families with openings. When you place the families
into a building component in your project, they will automatically create an opening in that component.
For example, you could create a light fixture and define it with an opening. When you place the component,
the opening in the ceiling or floor is created automatically.

Purging Unused Families

The Purge Unused command unloads unused families and family types from a project, reducing the file size
of the project. If the project is workset-enabled, all worksets must be open to use this command.

1 Click File menu ➤ Purge Unused.

The Purge unused dialog opens and lists all the families and family types that you can unload
from the project. The layout is similar to the Project Browser with a tree structure that you can
navigate by clicking the + and - symbols.

2 Select the desired families to unload from the tree structure. To select all families, click Check
All. To clear the selection of all families, click Check None.
3 Click OK to continue the purge, or click Cancel to cancel it.

TIP After you have issued the command, at least one type of each system family remains, even if it is not used.
System families are any families not created from a family template file.

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Customizing Project
Settings 9
Revit Architecture provides many options for project customization, including creating templates, customizing fill patterns
and materials, creating view templates, and much more.

Creating a Custom Project Template

Project templates provide initial conditions for a project. Several templates are provided with Revit
Architecture, or you can create your own. Any new project based on the template inherits all families, settings
(such as units, fill patterns, line styles, line weights, and view scales), and geometry from the template. For
more information on what you can include in a project template, see Project Template Settings on page 438.
There are various methods you can use to create a custom project template:

■ Open an existing template file, modify the settings as necessary, and save it as a new template (RTE) file.

■ Start with a blank project file, define all settings for it, and then save it as a template (RTE) file.

■ Start with a blank project file and specify all names for views, levels, and viewports. You can create a set
of drawings by creating sheets and adding views to the sheets. As you start to draw the geometry in those
views, the views on the sheets update. See Sheets on page 968 and Adding Views to a Sheet on page 971.

■ Start with a project that includes geometry that can be used as a base for new projects. For example, if
you have defined geometry for a college campus and want to include that geometry in multiple new
projects for the college, save the project with the geometry as a template. Each time you open a project
with this template, the geometry is included.

Templates use the file extension RTE.

For information about using a custom template when starting a new project, see Starting a New Project
Using a Template on page 67.

Creating a Template
1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Project.

437
 2 In the New Project dialog, under Template file, select:
■ None to create your template from a blank project file.

■ Browse to base your template on an existing project template. Navigate to the template
location.

3 Under Create new, select Project template.

4 Click OK.

NOTE If you do not base the template on an existing template, the Select Initial Units dialog displays.
Specify either Imperial or metric units.

5 Define settings.
6 Create any geometry that will be used as a base in future projects.
7 When you are finished, click File menu ➤ Save as.
8 Enter a name and select a directory for the template.
9 Click Save.

Project Template Settings

In a Revit Architecture project template, you can predefine the following:

■ Project information. This includes information such as the name of the project, the project number, the
client name, and so on. See Specifying Project Information on page 439.

■ Project settings. For example, you can predefine line styles for components and lines, fill patterns for
materials, project units, snapping increments for model views, and so on. Most project settings are
available from the Settings menu and are described in Customizing Project Settings on page 437.

■ Families. These include system families and loaded families. You can modify or duplicate system families
(for example, walls) as necessary for a project. You can also load families, for example, commonly used
families, custom families, and titleblocks. See Loading Families on page 352 and Title Blocks on page 984.

■ Project views. Predefine plan views, levels, schedules, legends, sheets, and so on. See Project Views on
page 79.

■ Visibility/graphic settings. Visibility and graphic settings are specified for the project in the Object Styles
dialog. See Object Styles on page 484. If necessary, you can override settings on a view-by-view basis. See
Visibility and Graphic Display in Project Views on page 150.

■ Print settings. Predefine printers and print settings. See Print Setup on page 1020.

■ Project and shared parameters. Predefine project parameters and identify a shared parameter file. See
Custom Parameters on page 440.

NOTE You cannot include worksets in project templates.

Transferring Project Standards

You can copy project standards from one project and apply them to another. Project standards include
family types, line weights, materials, view templates, and object styles.

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 You can specify which standards to copy. Any object not explicitly marked for copying yet referenced by a
copied object is copied. For example, if you select a wall type and forget to copy the material, Revit
Architecture copies it.

To transfer project standards:

1 Open both the source and target projects.
2 In the target project, click File menu ➤ Transfer Project Standards.
3 Select the source project for Copy from.
4 In the Select Items to Copy dialog, select the desired project standards. To select all project
standards, click Check All.
5 Click OK.

6 If the Duplicate Types dialog opens, select from the following options:
■ Overwrite: Transfers all new project standards, and overrides duplicate types.

■ New Only: Transfers all new project standards, and ignores duplicate types.

■ Cancel: Cancels the operation.

Specifying Project Information

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Project Information.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, specify the following:
■ Energy Data, see Specifying Energy Analysis (gbXML) Settings on page 439.

■ Project Issue Date.

■ Project Status.

■ Client Name.

■ Project Address: click Edit, enter the address in the text box, and click OK.

■ Project Name.

■ Project Number.

3 Click OK.
Project information can be included in schedules that contain elements from linked models.

Specifying Energy Analysis (gbXML) Settings

You can define the gbXML information that can be used by third-party energy analysis software.
gbXML settings specify the parameter values used by third-party software applications when calculating
energy use. The following parameters must be specified prior to exporting a gbXML file for use with an
energy analysis application:

■ Building Type - specifies the type of building according to the gbXML schema 0.34 (similar to ASHRAE).

■ Postal Code - determinates the location of the building.

■ Ground Plane - specifies the level that serves as the ground level reference for the building. Spaces below
this level are considered to be underground. The default level is zero.

Specifying Project Information | 439

 ■ Shading Surfaces - are surfaces that are not adjacent to any space, and include surfaces that create a solar
obstruction.

■ Project Phase - specifies the stage of construction (Existing, New Construction).

■ Sliver Space Tolerance - specifies the tolerance for areas that will be considered sliver spaces.

To specify gbXML settings:

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Project Information.

2 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit for the Energy Data parameter.
The Type Properties dialog opens.

3 In the Type Properties dialog, do the following:

■ For Building Type, select one of the predefined values.

■ For Postal Code, enter a valid postal code.

■ For Project Phase, select Existing or New Construction.

■ For Sliver Space, specify a tolerance value for sliver spaces. All areas that are within the sliver
space tolerance are considered sliver spaces.

4 Click OK twice.

Custom Parameters
You can create custom parameters for any element or component category in your project. Parameters that
you create appear in the Element Properties dialog under the group you define and with the values you
define.
There are 2 types of custom parameters:

■ Shared parameters
Shared parameters can be shared with other projects or families. Use shared parameters when the same
piece of information must exist in more than one project or family.
For example, if a parameter in a family or a project needs to be tagged, that parameter must exist in the
project (or element family) and the tag family. Therefore, taggable parameters need to be shared parameters.
Shared parameters can also be used when elements of 2 different families are scheduled together. For
example, if you need to create 2 different Isolated Foundation families, and need the Thickness parameter
of both families scheduled in the same column, Thickness needs to be a shared parameter that is loaded
in both Isolated Foundation families.

■ Project parameters
Project parameters are specific to a single project file. Information stored in project parameters cannot
be shared with other projects. A project parameter can be used, for example, to categorize views within
a project.

Shared Parameters
Shared parameters are parameters that you can add to families or projects and then share with other families
and projects. They give you the ability to add specific data that is not already predefined in the family file
or the project template.

440 | Chapter 9 Customizing Project Settings

Shared parameters are particularly useful when you want to create a schedule that displays various family
categories; without a shared parameter, you cannot do this. If you create a shared parameter and add it to
the desired family categories, you can then create a schedule with these categories. This is called creating a
multi-category schedule in Revit Architecture.
Shared parameters are stored in a file independent of any family file or Revit Architecture project; this allows
you to access the file from different families or projects.

Categories Allowing Shared Parameters

Only certain categories within Revit Architecture allow shared parameters. This table lists the categories that
allow them.

Family Categories Allowing Additional Categories

Casework Areas

Ceilings: created as in-place families Drawing Sheets

Columns Structural Beam Systems

Curtain Panels Structural Columns

Curtain Wall Mullions Structural Connections

Doors Structural Foundations

Electrical Equipment Structural Framing

Electrical Fixtures Structural Rebar

Floors: created as in-place families

Furniture

Furniture Systems

Generic Models

Lighting Fixtures

Mechanical Equipment

Parking

Planting

Plumbing Fixtures

Shared Parameters | 441

 Family Categories Allowing Additional Categories

Railings

Ramps

Roofs

Rooms

Site

Specialty Equipment

Stairs

Structural Columns

Structural Foundations

Walls

Windows

Setting up Shared Parameter Files

You can create shared parameters in the project environment or in the Family Editor. Shared parameters are
saved in a text file; you can then place this file in a shared area on your network to allow others to access
it.
Shared parameters are organized in groups that you create to assist with categorization. For example, you
might create a group called electrical for specific electrical parameters or a hardware group for specific
hardware parameters. You can create as many groups and parameters as desired.
Your session of Revit Architecture can reference only one shared parameter file at a time. If there are other
shared parameters in a different file that you want in the active shared parameter file, you need to export
the parameters to the active file.

Creating Shared Parameters Files, Groups, and Parameters

1 Click File menu ➤ Shared Parameters.
The Edit Shared Parameters dialog opens.

2 Click Create.
3 In the Create Shared Parameter File dialog, enter a file name, and navigate to the desired location.
4 Click Save.
To add groups:

5 In the Groups box, click New.

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 6 Enter a name for the parameter group, and click OK.
To add parameters:

7 From the Parameter group drop-down menu, select a group.

8 In the Parameters group box, click New.
9 In the Parameter Properties dialog, enter a name, discipline, and type for the parameter.
Type specifies the format of the information you can enter for the parameter value. You can
select:
■ Text

■ Integer

■ Number

■ Length

■ Area

■ Volume

■ Angle

■ Slope

■ Currency

■ URL

■ Material. Allows you to select a material from the Materials dialog when you edit the parameter
value in the Element Properties dialog.

■ Yes/No. A check box appears for the parameter value in the Element Properties dialog.

■ <Family Type>. If you select this option, the Select Category dialog opens where you can
select the family type.

NOTE You do not specify the parameter to be instance or type. You decide that later when you add
the parameter to a family or a project.

10 When finished creating parameters, click OK.

Renaming Parameter Groups

1 Click File menu ➤ Shared Parameters.
2 In the Edit Shared Parameters dialog, select the group from the Parameter group menu.
3 Click Rename.
4 Enter the new name, and click OK.

Deleting Parameter Groups

1 Click File menu ➤ Shared Parameters.
2 In the Edit Shared Parameters dialog, select the group from the Parameter group menu.
3 Delete or move all parameters from the group.
4 Click Delete from the Groups box.

Shared Parameters | 443

 Viewing, Moving, and Deleting Shared Parameters
After you create shared parameters, you cannot rename them or change their type. You can do the following:

■ View their properties.

To view the properties of a parameter, such as its value type, click File menu ➤ Shared Parameters. In
the Edit Shared Parameters dialog, select the parameter from the Parameters pane and click Properties
from the Parameters group box.

■ Move them to another parameter group.

To move a parameter to another group, click File menu ➤ Shared Parameters. In the Edit Shared Parameters
dialog, select the parameter from the Parameters pane and click Move from the Parameters group box.
Choose another group from the menu and click OK.

■ Delete them.
To delete a parameter, click File menu ➤ Shared Parameters. In the Edit Shared Parameters dialog, select
the parameter from the Parameters pane and click Delete from the Parameters group box.

WARNING Use care when deleting shared parameters since they may be used in other projects. If you delete
a parameter and then create another parameter with the same name, Revit Architecture does not consider it
to be the same parameter.

Adding Shared Parameters to Families

You add shared parameters to families in the Family Editor.
1 Start creating a family or open an existing one.
2 Click Settings menu ➤ Family Types, or click Family Types on the Design Bar.
3 Under the Parameters group box, click Add.
4 In the Parameter Properties dialog, select Shared parameter. If this option is not enabled, check
to be sure you are working with a valid family category. See Categories Allowing Shared Parameters
on page 441.
5 Click Select and choose the appropriate shared parameter from the appropriate parameter group.
6 If desired, click Edit; this returns you to the Edit Shared Parameters dialog, where you can open
a different shared parameter file or add new parameters.
7 Choose whether to store the parameter by instance or type.
For more information on instance and type properties, see Instance Properties and Type Properties
on page 76.

8 Click OK.
The parameter name appears in the Family Types dialog.

9 Enter a value for the shared parameter or create a formula to calculate its value.
10 Click OK when finished entering values.
11 Save the family and load it into a project.

Shared and Family Parameters

If you click the Modify button in the Family Types dialog, the Parameter Properties dialog opens. You can
replace a shared parameter with a family parameter or a family parameter with a shared parameter. Family

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parameters are specific to one family. You can also replace one shared parameter with another. See Family
Types on page 366.

Exporting Shared Parameters to a Shared Parameter File

You can export shared parameters to a new shared parameter file if the old parameter file is deleted, or if
there are shared parameters in a family or a project that are not in the current shared parameter file.
Before you can export them, you must already have added the shared parameters into a Revit Architecture
project file or family file. For more information on adding shared parameters, see Adding Shared Parameters
to Families on page 444 and Project Parameters on page 447.
1 Create or open a shared parameter file.
For more information on creating shared parameter files, see Setting up Shared Parameter Files
on page 442.

2 Select a shared parameter in either a family or a project.

3 Click Modify.
4 In the Parameter Properties dialog, click Export.

NOTE The Export command is never enabled if the selected shared parameter is already in the current
shared parameter file.

An informational message appears informing you that the shared parameter will be exported
to the shared parameter file you set up in Step 1.

5 Click OK to complete the export.

Tagging with Shared Parameters

Shared parameters are available for both single- and multi-category tags. You can apply a multi-category tag
to any kind of component, regardless of its category, by applying a filter parameter to a tag.

Creating a Single-Category Tag

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Annotation Symbol, select a template (such as, Door Tag.rft) and click
Open.
The Family Editor opens.

2 Click Drafting menu ➤ Label, or click Label on the Design Bar.

3 Click in the drawing area. The Edit Label dialog opens.

4 Click (Add Parameter).

5 In the Parameter Properties dialog, click Select and select the shared parameter to add to the
label.
6 Click OK twice.
The selected parameter displays in the Category Parameters list.

7 Select the shared parameter from the Category Parameters list and click (Add parameters
to label).

Shared Parameters | 445

 8 Click OK.
9 Create the tag using the Lines command and save the file.
When you tag instances of the category in the project, the tag label displays a value only if those category
instances have the external parameter. For example, you create a door tag with the shared parameter Door
Trim Finish. You can then tag all doors with that tag, but the tag displays a value for Door Trim Finish only
if the door has that shared parameter, otherwise a “?” appears in the tag.

Creating a Multi-Category Tag

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Annotation Symbol, select the Multi-Category Tag.rft template for
imperial, or M_Multi-Category Tag.rft for metric, and click Open.
The Family Editor opens.

2 Click Drafting menu ➤ Label, or click Label on the Design Bar.

3 Click in the drawing area. The Edit Label dialog opens.

4 Click (Add Parameter).

5 In the Parameter Properties dialog, click Select and select the shared parameter to add to the
label.
6 Click OK twice.
The selected parameter displays in the Category Parameters list.

7 Select the shared parameter from the Category Parameters list and click (Add parameters
to label).
8 Select an option for Filter Parameter at the bottom of the dialog. With this option set, a tag
attaches only to a component with that same filter parameter.

NOTE If you do not specify a filter parameter for the tag, the tag cannot attach to any component.
A multi-category tag must have a label with a shared parameter set as a filter parameter.

9 Click OK.
10 Create the tag using the Lines command and save the file.

TIP If you want to change the filter parameter for the tag, click Settings menu ➤ Family Category
and Parameters. Change the value of Filter Parameter in the dialog.

You can also select the label and click Select Parameter from the Options Bar.

Using the Multi-Category Tag in a Project

You can include shared parameters in tags for system families, such as rooms, walls, and stairs.
1 Load the multi-category tag into a project.
2 Place several components into the project that have the specific shared filter parameter.
3 Click Drafting menu ➤ Tag, or click Tag from the Drafting tab of the Design Bar.
4 In the Type Selector, notice that the default value is <By Category>, which is the value for
single-category tags. Select the multi-category tag you loaded from the Type Selector.
5 As you move the cursor in the drawing area, you can highlight only those components that
have the filter parameter.

446 | Chapter 9 Customizing Project Settings

 6 Click to place the tag.

TIP You can also use the Tag All Not Tagged command to quickly tag components with the filter
parameter. In the Tag All Not Tagged dialog, select the multi-category tag and click OK.

Schedules with Shared Parameters

You can schedule shared parameters in both single- and multi-category schedules.

Creating a Single-Category Schedule

Follow the procedure for creating multi-category schedules. For more information, see Creating a
Multi-Category Schedule on page 447. In place of <Multi-Category>, choose the appropriate category, such
as doors or windows. Also, the Filter tab is not available for a single-category schedule.

Creating a Multi-Category Schedule

1 Place several components into your project that have shared parameters.
2 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Schedule/Quantities.
3 In the New Schedule dialog, select <Multi-Category> from the Category list.
4 In the Fields tab of the Schedule Properties dialog, you notice that shared parameters are available
as schedulable fields. Add the appropriate shared parameter to the scheduled fields list.
5 Click the Filter tab in the Schedule Properties dialog and choose the shared project parameter
you just added. Only components that have this parameter display in the schedule.

NOTE If you do not specify a filter parameter for the schedule, then all family categories in your
project that can have a shared project parameter will appear in the schedule. See Categories Allowing
Shared Parameters on page 441.

6 Format the rest of the schedule as desired. For more information, see Specifying Schedule
Properties on page 128.
7 When finished, click OK.
The schedule lists all components with the shared parameter.

TIP You can modify or add a shared parameter in the Fields tab of the Schedule Properties dialog.
To modify a shared parameter, select it and click Edit under Scheduled fields. To add a new parameter,
click Add Parameter. In both cases, the Parameter Properties dialog opens.

Project Parameters
Project parameters are parameters you define and then add to multiple categories of elements in a project.
They are specific to the project and cannot be shared with other projects. You can then use those project
parameters in multi-category or single-category schedules. See Schedules with Shared Parameters on page
447.

Project Parameters | 447

 Creating Project Parameters
1 Click Settings menu ➤ Project Parameters.
2 In the Project Parameters dialog, click Add.
3 In the Parameter Properties dialog, select Project parameter.
4 Enter a name for the project parameter.
5 Select a discipline.
6 Select the Type of Parameter.
Parameter Type Description

Text A value that is entered as text. This value is completely customizable.

Integer A value that is expressed as an integer.

Number A value that is numeric. Can have real numbers.

Length A value that is the length of an element or sub-component.

Area A value that is the area of an element or sub-component.

Volume A value that is the volume of an element or sub-component.

Angle A value that is the angle of an element or sub-component.

Slope Can be used to create parameters that define slope.

Currency Can be used to create currency parameters in addition to the default Cost parameter.

URL Provides web link to user defined URL.

Material A value that is the material for the element.

Yes/No Used most often for instance properties when the parameter is defined with either
a Yes or No.

7 Under Group parameter under, select the heading under which the parameter should display
in the Element Properties dialog.
8 Choose whether the parameter is stored by instance or type.
For more information on instance and type properties, see Instance Properties and Type Properties
on page 76.

9 Select the element categories to which you want to apply this parameter.
10 Click OK.

Creating Shared Project Parameters

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Project Parameters.

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 2 In the Project Parameters dialog, click Add.
3 In the Parameter Properties dialog, under Parameter Type, select Shared parameter, and click
Select.
4 In the Shared Parameters dialog, select the appropriate parameter from the appropriate parameter
group, and click OK.
If you click Edit, the Edit Shared Parameters dialog displays. From this dialog, you can open a
different shared parameter file or add new parameters. See Creating Shared Parameters Files,
Groups, and Parameters on page 442.

5 In the Parameter Properties dialog, under Categories, select the categories to which you want
to apply this parameter.
If the shared parameter provides project-specific information, select the Project Information
category. You can then click Settings menu ➤ Project Information to see or change the
parameter’s value.
If the shared parameter provides sheet-specific information, select the Drawing Sheet category.
The parameter is then listed in each sheet’s view properties.

TIP If you add a shared parameter to the Drawing Sheets or Project Information category, you can
add the parameter to a titleblock family, so you can have custom parameters on the titleblock. See
Adding Custom Fields to a Title Block on page 992.

6 Under Parameter Data, select Instance or Type to store the parameter by element instance or
family type.
For more information on instance and type properties, see Instance Properties and Type Properties
on page 76.

7 For Group parameter under, select the heading under which the parameter should display in
the Element Properties dialog.
8 Click OK.

Fill Patterns
Fill patterns control the appearance of surfaces that are cut or shown in projection. Use the Fill Patterns
command to create or modify drafting and model patterns.

Model Patterns

Model patterns represent actual element appearance on a building, such as brick coursing or ceramic tile on
a wall, and are fixed with respect to the model. This means they scale with the model, so as the view scale
changes, the pattern scales accordingly.
Lines in model patterns represent actual lines on a building object, such as brick, tile, and parquet lines and
are in measurable units on the model. Like other elements in Revit Architecture, model pattern lines can be
edited. You can:

■ Move pattern lines by dragging or by using the Move command.

■ Create dimensions that reference pattern lines; resize dimensions to move pattern lines.

■ Rotate the pattern.

■ Align pattern lines to other elements, such as reference planes, lines, windows.

You can apply model patterns to families and modify them in the Family Editor only. After you have placed
an instance of the family in a project view, you cannot modify the pattern.

Fill Patterns | 449

 Drafting Patterns

Drafting patterns represent materials in symbolic form; for example, sand is represented by a stipple pattern.
The density of drafting patterns is fixed with respect to the drawing sheet.

Differences Between Model Patterns and Drafting Patterns

The following illustrations show the differences between model and drafting patterns when the view scale
changes. Model patterns remain a fixed size relative to the model, and drafting patterns remain a fixed size
relative to the sheet.

Drafting Pattern Scale = 1:4 Model Pattern Scale = 1:4

Drafting Pattern Scale = 1:2 Model Pattern Scale = 1:2

NOTE If you zoom a view, both drafting and model patterns appear larger or smaller. As you zoom out, the
pattern becomes more dense. At a certain point, the pattern displays as a solid fill. This is known as pattern
overscaling. See Zooming Project Views on page 193.

You can place model and drafting patterns on planar and cylindrical surfaces and on families. You can also
place drafting patterns on cut component surfaces in plan or section views.
Revit Architecture includes several fill patterns and stores them in the default project template file.
Alternatively, you can create your own or edit an existing fill pattern to meet your needs.
A fill pattern is stored in the file in which it was created. To save the pattern to a template file, open the
template file and create the pattern there.
You can transfer fill patterns between projects using the Transfer Project Standards command. See Transferring
Project Standards on page 438.

Creating a Simple Fill Pattern

A simple fill pattern consists of a series of parallel or orthogonal lines; examples include Diagonal Crosshatch
or Vertical Siding.

To create a fill pattern using parallel lines:

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Fill Patterns.

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 2 In the Fill Patterns dialog, under Pattern Type, select Drafting or Model.
3 Click New.
4 If you are creating a drafting fill pattern, select how to orient the fill pattern in the host layers.
See Fill Pattern Host Orientation on page 451 for details.
5 In the New Pattern dialog, select Simple.
6 Enter a name for Name.
7 Select Parallel lines.
8 Enter values for Line angle and Line spacing 1. For a drafting pattern, these values affect spacing
on the sheet; for a model pattern, these values affect spacing on the model.
9 Click OK.

To create a crosshatch fill pattern:

1 Follow steps 1-6 of the previous procedure.
2 Select Crosshatch.
3 Enter values for Line angle, Line spacing 1, and Line spacing 2. For a drafting pattern, these
values affect spacing on the sheet; for a model pattern, these values affect spacing on the model.
4 Click OK.

Fill Pattern Host Orientation

Drafting fill patterns can have different orientations to their host layers. Orientation affects how drafting
patterns appear when used as cut patterns in hosts (walls, floors, roofs, ceilings).
The following examples show the same fill pattern applied with the different orientation options.

■ Orient to View. All patterns share the same orientation and origin with respect to paper, so they perfectly
align at element transitions.

■ Keep Readable. This option mimics the behavior of text. Patterns align with the host; however patterns
flip 90 degrees when the host is slanted 45, 135, 225, and 315 degrees. A right diagonal pattern always
stays more or less right diagonal, and a 90 degree corner has a smooth transition. Patterns share the same
origin with respect to paper.

Fill Pattern Host Orientation | 451

 ■ Align with Element. Patterns align with the host and compute a good origin.

For information on applying these patterns, see Creating a Simple Fill Pattern on page 450 or Creating a
Custom Fill Pattern on page 452.

Creating a Custom Fill Pattern

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Fill Patterns.
2 In the Fill Patterns dialog, under Pattern Type, select Drafting or Model.
3 Click New.
4 If you are creating a drafting fill pattern, select how to orient the fill pattern in the host layers.
See Fill Pattern Host Orientation on page 451 for details.
5 In the New Pattern dialog, select Custom.
6 Click Import.
7 Select the desired pattern file (PAT), and click Open. See Custom Pattern Files on page 456 for
information on creating a custom pattern (PAT) file.

NOTE Default Revit Architecture fill patterns are stored in the revit.pat and revit metric.pat files in the
Revit Architecture program group Data directory. The revit metric.pat file contains various metric
masonry and iso patterns.

8 Click the menu next to Import to view the list of available patterns. Select a pattern from the
list.
9 If desired, enter a new name for Name.
10 If desired, enter a value for Import scale.
11 Click OK twice.

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Applying a Fill Pattern
You can apply fill patterns to the surfaces of components and families using the Materials command or the
Paint command. See Applying Materials to Elements on page 461 and Applying a Material to an Element on
page 338.

Deleting a Fill Pattern

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Fill Patterns.
2 In the Fill Patterns dialog, select the appropriate fill pattern.
3 Click Delete.
4 When prompted to confirm deletion, click Yes.

NOTE You cannot delete the Solid fill drafting pattern.

Editing a Fill Pattern

You can edit simple fill patterns. To edit a custom pattern, you must reload the pattern from the PAT file.

NOTE You cannot edit the Solid fill drafting pattern.

To edit a fill pattern:

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Fill Patterns.

2 In the Fill Patterns dialog, select the pattern to modify, and click Edit.
With a pattern name selected, you can also select Custom and import a new pattern from a PAT
file; the imported custom pattern replaces the existing pattern, using the same name.

3 Follow the steps in Creating a Simple Fill Pattern on page 450.

Working with Model Patterns

Moving Model Pattern Lines

1 In the drawing area, highlight the element that has the model pattern.
2 Press TAB to highlight a pattern line shape handle. See Controls and Shape Handles on page 279.
The status bar indicates if you have highlighted a shape handle.
3 Click to select the shape handle.
Wall in elevation view with model pattern shape handle selected

Applying a Fill Pattern | 453

 4 Drag the shape handle, or use the Move command to move the pattern lines. See Moving
Elements on page 300.
Pattern lines after dragging shape handle. Note the differences in the pattern lines at
the top and bottom of the wall.

Creating Dimensions to Model Pattern Lines

1 On the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Dimension.
2 Place the cursor on the model pattern: the cursor snaps to the pattern line, which is a reference
point. You can move the cursor toward another pattern line and press TAB to select a different
reference point.
3 Place the dimension.
Surface pattern lines used as references for a linear dimension

Rotating a Model Pattern

1 Place the cursor on the model pattern, and press TAB to highlight a shape handle. The Status
Bar indicates if you have selected a shape handle.
2 Click to select the handle.

3 On the Edit toolbar, click .

4 Rotate the pattern. See Rotating Elements on page 308.

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 Floor with model pattern

Rotating pattern

Floor pattern after rotation

Aligning Model Pattern Lines to Elements

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Align.
2 Click the line on the element that you want to align with the model pattern line.
3 Place the cursor on the element that has the model pattern. Check the status bar to confirm
that you have highlighted a shape handle. If the desired pattern line is not highlighted, move
the cursor near the line and press TAB again until it highlights.
4 Click to select the shape handle as the alignment reference.

Working with Model Patterns | 455

 Surface pattern aligning to a window

Completed alignment of window to pattern line

Custom Pattern Files

A pattern file is a text file that contains definitions for model or drafting patterns in a project. The file must
be saved with a PAT extension. For information on using a custom pattern file, follow the procedure in
Creating a Custom Fill Pattern on page 452.

Pattern File Format

Units:
;%UNITS=[value]

Header:
*pattern-name, [optional description]

Type declaration:
;%TYPE=MODEL

Pattern descriptors:
angle, x-origin, y-origin, shift, spacing

Creating a Custom Pattern

This example shows how to create a pattern of octagons and squares in the pattern file. You can use the
description here to create other patterns.
The completed pattern contains octagons that are 8 inches at their widest point; both the octagon and the
square are 3 5/16 inches on a side.

1 Open a text editor, such as Notepad, to begin creating the pattern file.

456 | Chapter 9 Customizing Project Settings

2 On the first line, enter the header in this format: *Concrete Paver.
3 On the next line, enter the type declaration: ;%TYPE=MODEL.
The first value for a pattern descriptor is the angle at which the pen line is drawn. For example,
a 0 angle indicates the line is horizontally straight; 90 angle indicates the line is drawn vertically
straight.

4 Create the first pattern descriptor, using the following values:

■ Angle: 0
This value is the angle at which the pen line is drawn. For example, a 0 angle indicates the
line is horizontally straight; a 90 angle indicates the line is drawn vertically straight.

■ Origin: 0, 0
These values are the x-origin and y-origin, which indicate the start point.

■ Shift: 5.656, 5.656

These values establish the x-shift and y-shift, which is the x and y distance between the start
of any pass and the start of the next pass.

■ Pen down: 3.3125

■ Pen up: -8
Pen down and pen up indicate how long the pen is down and how long the pen is up,
respectively. A negative number indicates the pen is up.

The first pattern descriptor is complete:

0, 0, 0, 5.656, 5.656, 3.3125, -8
The pattern is as shown:

5 Create the second pattern descriptor, using the following values:

■ Angle: 0

■ Origin: 0, 3.3125

■ Shift: 5.656, 5.656

■ Pen down: 3.3125

■ Pen up: -8

The pattern is as shown:

Because you changed the origin, the lines are drawn above the first set.

6 Create the third pattern descriptor, using the following values:

■ Angle: 90

■ Origin: 0, 0

■ Shift: 5.656, 5.656

■ Pen down: 3.3125

■ Pen up: -8

Custom Pattern Files | 457

 The pattern is as shown:

Because of the 90 angle, the lines are drawn vertically, beginning to create a square pattern.

7 Create the fourth pattern descriptor, using the following values:

■ Angle: 90

■ Origin: 3.3125, 0

■ Shift: 5.656, 5.656

■ Pen down: 3.3125

■ Pen up: -8

The pattern is as shown:

8 Create the fifth pattern descriptor, using the following values:

■ Angle: 45

■ Origin: 3.3125, 3.3125

■ Shift: 8, 8

■ Pen down: 3.3125

■ Pen up: -4.6875

The pattern now looks like this:

A 45 angle has a positive slope and results in a slanted line effect.

9 Create the sixth pattern descriptor, using the following values:

■ Angle: -45

■ Origin: 3.3125, 0

■ Shift: 8, 8

■ Pen down: 3.3125

■ Pen up: -4.6875

The completed pattern file is:

*Concrete Paver,
;%TYPE=MODEL
0, 0, 0, 5.656, 5.656, 3.3125, -8
0, 0, 3.3125, 5.656, 5.656, 3.3125, -8
90, 0, 0, 5.656, 5.656, 3.3125, -8
90, 3.3125, 0, 5.656, 5.656, 3.3125, -8
45, 3.3125, 3.3125, 8, 8, 3.3125, -4.6875
-45, 3.3125, 0, 8, 8, 3.3125, -4.6875

458 | Chapter 9 Customizing Project Settings

 The completed pattern.

For information on using a custom pattern file, follow the procedure in Creating a Custom Fill Pattern on
page 452.

Materials
Materials define the appearance of elements in the building model. Revit Architecture provides many materials
that you can use, or you can create your own materials.
To search for materials to apply to model elements, or to change material properties, use the Materials dialog.
You can access the Materials dialog by clicking Settings menu ➤ Materials.
Use the left pane of the Materials dialog to find a material. Use the right pane to change properties of the
selected material. To show or hide the right pane, click Properties at the bottom of the left pane.

Related topic

■ Material Takeoff Schedules on page 127

Materials Overview
Materials specify how model elements should display in views and rendered images. They also provide
descriptive and structural information. In Revit Architecture, you apply materials to elements in a building
model in a project. You can also apply materials to elements when defining their families.
Materials define the following:

■ The color that displays in a shaded project view

Materials | 459
 ■ The color and pattern that display on the surface of an element

■ The color and fill pattern that display when the element is cut

■ The render appearance that displays in a rendered image

■ Information about the material’s description, manufacturer, cost, and keynotes

■ Structural information about the material (for structural analysis)

How Materials Are Stored

Materials are stored as part of a project file. When you create a project, Revit Architecture provides many
default materials to choose from. If necessary, you can create custom materials or change the settings for
existing materials. New and changed materials are also saved as part of a project file.

To share custom materials with team members, click File menu ➤ Transfer Project Standards. (See Transferring
Project Standards on page 438.) Be sure to also make available any custom bitmaps or image files used to
define bump patterns or custom colors used by the render appearance. See Best Practice for Storing Image
Files on page 507.
For information about how render appearances are stored, see Render Appearance Library on page 482.

Searching for a Material

1 Open the Materials dialog.
You can access the Materials dialog by clicking Settings menu ➤ Materials, or from several other
points in the software.

2 (Optional) To specify the type of list to display, at the bottom of the materials list, click Show
list, Show small icons, or Show large icons.

3 (Optional) For Material Class, select the desired class (such as Concrete or Metal).

460 | Chapter 9 Customizing Project Settings

 The Materials dialog displays only materials that belong to the selected class.

4 (Optional) Type text in the search field.

See Entering Search Text on page 484.

Revit Architecture searches each material for the specified text, checking the fields on the Identity
tab of the Materials dialog. (See Material Identity Parameters on page 479.) If you selected a
material class, Revit Architecture searches only materials in that class for the specified text. To
search all materials for the specified text, reset Material Class to All.
The Materials dialog displays matching materials, sorted in order of relevance.

TIP To clear the search field, click the X that displays at the end of the field after you enter text.

5 If necessary, use the scroll bar to locate the desired material in the list.
6 Click the material to select it.
Revit Architecture displays properties of the selected material in the right pane of the Materials dialog.

Applying Materials to Elements

You can apply materials to model elements in any of the following ways:

■ By category or subcategory: In a project, you can apply a material to a model element based on its
category or subcategory. For example, you can specify a material for the door category, and then specify
a different material for a subcategory of the door, such as glass for a door panel.

■ By family: In the Family Editor, when creating or modifying a component, you can use family type
parameters to apply a different material to each piece of geometry in the component.

■ By element parameter: In a project, you can select a model element in a view, and use element properties
to apply a material.

■ By face: In a project, you can use the Paint tool to apply a material to selected faces of model elements.
See Applying a Material to an Element on page 338.

Applying a Material by Category or Subcategory

1 In a project, click Settings menu ➤ Object Styles.
2 On the Model Objects tab or the Import Objects tab, click in the Material column of the category
or subcategory.

3 Click in the Material column.

4 In the Materials dialog, select a material, and click OK.
See Searching for a Material on page 460.

5 Click Apply.
6 To exit the Object Styles dialog, click OK.
In project views, all elements of the selected category or subcategory display the applied material.

Applying Materials to Elements | 461

 Applying a Material by Family
1 In the Family Editor, open the family to modify.
See Family Editor on page 376.

2 Link a family parameter to the object, as follows:

a In the drawing area, select the geometry to which you want to apply a material.
See Selecting Elements on page 269. You can assign a different material to each part of the
component.

b Click .

c In the Element Properties dialog, for Material, click in the Value column, and click .

d In the Associate Family Parameter dialog, select a parameter, or create a new one.
See Creating New Family Parameters on page 369.When creating a parameter, in the Parameter
Properties dialog, do the following:
■ For Group parameter under, select Materials and Finishes.

■ Select Instance or Type depending on whether you want to be able to change the material
for an element using instance parameters or type parameters in a project.

e Click OK twice.

3 Apply a material to the family parameter, as follows:

a On the Design Bar, click Family Types.

b In the Family Types dialog, under Materials and Finishes, locate the parameter for the
object.

c Click in the Value column for the parameter.

d Click .

e In the Materials dialog, select a material, and click OK.

See Searching for a Material on page 460.

f Click OK.

Applying a Material by Element Parameter

1 In a project, open a view that displays the model element to which you want to apply a material.
2 Select the model element.

3 Click .
4 In the Element Properties dialog, locate the material parameter, as follows:
■ If the material is an instance parameter: Under Instance Parameters ➤ Materials and Finishes,
locate the material parameter to change. Click in the Value column for the parameter.

462 | Chapter 9 Customizing Project Settings

 ■ If the material is a type parameter: Click Edit/New. In the Type Properties dialog, under
Materials and Finishes, locate the material parameter to change. Click in the Value column
for the parameter.

■ If the material is a structural parameter: (for example, if the element is wall) Click Edit/New.
In the Type Properties dialog, for Structure, click Edit. In the Edit Assembly dialog, click in
the Material column for the layer whose material you want to change.

5 Click .
6 In the Materials dialog, select a material, and click OK.
See Searching for a Material on page 460.

7 Click OK.

Changing the Display Properties of a Material

To change the display properties of a material in project views, use the Graphics tab of the Materials dialog.
You can change settings that define the way the material displays in shaded views, as well as the way its
outer surfaces and cut surfaces display in other views.

NOTE To change the appearance of a material in rendered images, change its render appearance. See Changing
the Render Appearance of a Material on page 465.

To change the display properties of a material

1 Open the Materials dialog, and select the material to change.
Click Settings ➤ Materials, or open the dialog from another point in the software. See Searching
for a Material on page 460.

2 Click the Graphics tab.

3 To change how the material looks in shaded views (such as 3D views and elevations), under
Shading, do the following:
■ If you want to use the render appearance to represent the material in shaded views, select
Use Render Appearance for Shading. Revit Architecture calculates an average color for the
render appearance and uses it to represent the material in 2D and 3D views whose model
graphics style is Shading or Shading with Edges.

Changing the Display Properties of a Material | 463

 ■ Click the color swatch. In the Color dialog, select a color. (See Colors on page 514.) Click OK.

■ For Transparency, enter a value between 0% (completely opaque) and 100% (completely
transparent), or move the slider to the desired setting.

4 To change how the outer surface of the material displays in views (such as plan views and section
views), under Surface Pattern, do the following:
■ To change the surface pattern, click the arrow, and select a pattern from the list.

■ To change the color that is used to draw the surface pattern, click the color swatch. In the
Color dialog, select a color. Click OK.

NOTE In the project, you can align the surface pattern to a model element. See Aligning the Surface
Pattern on a Model Element on page 464.

5 To change how the cut surface of the material displays in views, under Cut Pattern, do the
following:
■ To change the cut pattern, click the arrow, and select a pattern from the list.

■ To change the color that is used to draw the cut pattern, click the color swatch. In the Color
dialog, select a color. Click OK.

6 Click Apply.
7 To exit the Materials dialog, click OK.

Aligning the Surface Pattern on a Model Element

In a 2D view, you can align a surface pattern on a model element. For example, you can use this technique
to align the following:

■ ceiling tiles with a corner of a room

■ masonry to the edge of an exterior wall

■ wallpaper as desired to an interior wall

■ carpet as desired on a floor

Surface pattern on wall before

alignment

464 | Chapter 9 Customizing Project Settings

 Surface pattern aligned to upper-left
corner of wall

You can align the surface pattern for each surface of a model element (not just for the model element as a
whole). For example, if you are adjusting the surface pattern of a free-standing stone wall, you can align its
surface pattern on each exposed side individually.
Suppose you align the texture of a render appearance to the surface pattern (see Texture Alignment on page
467), and you align the surface pattern with a model element. When you render a 3D view containing the
element, the rendered image reflects the alignment of the surface pattern and the texture.

To align a surface pattern on a model element

1 Open a project view that displays the model element with the surface pattern to align.
To specify a surface pattern for the material of the model element, see Changing the Display
Properties of a Material on page 463. If the surface pattern does not display in the view, you may
need to change the view’s detail level to fine, or zoom in on the model element.

2 Place the cursor over a line of the surface pattern.

3 Press TAB one or more times until the surface pattern line highlights.

4 Click to select the surface pattern line.

5 Move the selected surface pattern line as desired, using one or more of the following techniques:
■ Press the arrow keys to nudge the surface pattern up, down, left, or right, in small increments.

■ Use the Move tool to move it a specified distance. See Moving Elements with the Move Tool
on page 302.

■ Use the Rotate tool to rotate the surface pattern. See Rotating Elements on page 308.

Changing the Render Appearance of a Material

1 Open the Materials dialog, and select the material to change.
Click Settings ➤ Materials, or open the dialog from another point in the software. See Searching
for a Material on page 460.

2 Click the Render Appearance tab.

Changing the Render Appearance of a Material | 465

 3 Do the following:
If you want to... Then...

change the preview of the render For Scene, select the desired scene from the list. Click Update Preview.
appearance The preview is a rendered image of the material. Updating the preview
takes a moment while Revit Architecture renders the preview scene.

select a different render appearance Click Replace. Select a render appearance. (See Searching for a Render
Appearance on page 482.) Click OK.

align the texture of the render ap- Click Texture Alignment. See Texture Alignment on page 467 for further
pearance to the surface pattern of instructions.
the material

change properties of the render In the lower part of the Render Appearance tab, change property values.
appearance The properties vary depending on the type of render appearance. See
Render Appearance Properties on page 468 for further instructions.

NOTE The render appearance can affect the amount of time

required to render an image. See Render Performance and Ma-
terials on page 1174.

update the preview to reflect Click Update Preview.

changes The preview is a rendered image of the material. Updating the preview
takes a moment while Revit Architecture renders the preview scene.

4 Click Apply.
5 To exit the Materials dialog, click OK.

466 | Chapter 9 Customizing Project Settings

Texture Alignment
Use the Texture Alignment tool to align the texture of the render appearance to the surface pattern of the
material (defined on the Graphics tab of the Materials dialog). When you render a 3D view, the rendered
image displays the texture, positioned as specified using the Texture Alignment tool.
You access the Texture Alignment tool on the Render Appearance tab of the Materials dialog.

Aligning the Render Appearance to the Surface Pattern

The following procedure assumes that you have done the following:

■ Specified a surface pattern for the material. See Changing the Display Properties of a Material on page
463.

■ Specified a texture for the render appearance of the material. See Changing the Render Appearance of a
Material on page 465.

To align the render appearance to the surface pattern

1 On the Render Appearance tab of the Materials dialog, click Texture Alignment.

TIP If the Texture Alignment button is not active, click the Graphics tab and specify a surface pattern
for the material.

The Align Render Appearance to Surface Pattern dialog displays. The preview area displays the
texture specified for the render appearance, overlaid with the surface pattern for the material.

NOTE If the render appearance is dark and the surface pattern uses black lines, it may be difficult to
see the surface pattern. Try changing the color of the surface pattern lines to white or another light
color to make them more visible.

2 Use the arrows to position the render appearance relative to the surface pattern as desired.
To rotate the texture or change its sample size, use the render appearance properties where you
specify the image file for the texture. See Specifying an Image File for a Render Appearance on
page 476.

Changing the Render Appearance of a Material | 467

 3 Click OK.
In addition to aligning the rendering texture to the surface pattern, you can also align the surface pattern
to faces of the model element, as desired. See Aligning the Surface Pattern on a Model Element on page 464.

Render Appearance Properties

The properties of render appearances vary depending on the mental ray® shaders used to render them. A
shader is an algorithm that tells the program how to calculate surface rendering. Each shader requires different
information to render the material accurately.
The following topics describe the render appearance properties for each shader.

NOTE The render appearance can affect the amount of time required to render an image. See Render Performance
and Materials on page 1174.

Ceramic Properties
You can define the following properties for ceramic materials on the Render Appearance tab of the Materials
dialog.

Property Description

Type Type of material: Ceramic or Porcelain.

Color Color of the render appearance for the material. See Specifying a Render Appearance
Color on page 476.

TIP To specify a grout color, use an image file that shows both the tile color and the
grout color.

Finish Texture of the finished surface.

Finish Bumps Bump pattern to use on the finished surface (for example, to represent the surface
roughness). To define bumps using an image, select Custom. See Specifying an Image
File for a Render Appearance on page 476.

468 | Chapter 9 Customizing Project Settings

Property Description

Amount Relative height or depth of the bumps only when Finish Bumps is Wavy or Custom.
Enter 0 to make the surface flat. Enter higher decimal values (up to 1.0) to increase
the depth of the surface irregularities.

Bump Pattern An additional bump pattern, superimposed on the Finish Bumps pattern (for example,
to define grout lines). To define bumps using an image, select Custom. See Specifying
an Image File for a Render Appearance on page 476.

Concrete Properties
You can define the following properties for concrete materials on the Render Appearance tab of the Materials
dialog.

Property Description

Color Color of the render appearance for the concrete. See Specifying a Render Appearance
Color on page 476.

Finish Texture of the finished surface. To define the finish using an image, select
Stamped/Custom. See Specifying an Image File for a Render Appearance on page 476.

Sealant Substance used to seal the surface.

Weathering Discoloration due to weather. To define a weathering pattern using an image, select
Custom. See Specifying an Image File for a Render Appearance on page 476.

Generic Material Properties

You can define the following properties for materials on the Render Appearance tab of the Materials dialog.
In general, use a generic material when other types of rendering shaders do not provide the desired properties
or controls.

Property Description

Color Color of the render appearance for the material. This color affects the diffuse reflection
as well as the transmittance of light in the material. See Specifying a Render Appearance
Color on page 476.

Glossiness Measurement of the glossy quality of the surface (or its roughness), which affects both
reflectivity and transparency. Enter a value between 0 (dull) and 1.0 (a perfect mirror).
By changing the glossiness, you can change the size and intensity of highlights. Reduce
glossiness to create matte surfaces or frosted glass.

Reflectivity

Changing the Render Appearance of a Material | 469

 Property Description

When viewed directly Measurement of how much light the material reflects when the surface is directly facing
the camera. Enter a value between 0 (no reflections) and 1 (maximum reflections).

When viewed obliquely Measurement of how much light the material reflects when the surface is at an angle
to the camera. Enter a value between 0 (no reflections) and 1 (maximum reflections).

Transparency

Transparency Measurement of how much light passes through the material. Enter a value between
0 (completely opaque) and 1 (completely transparent). When Transparency is 0,
Translucency and Index of Refraction are not available. See Transparency and Trans-
lucency on page 475.

Translucency Measurement of how much of the Transparency light is scattered by the material, so
that objects behind the material cannot be seen clearly. Enter a value between 0 (not
translucent) and 1 (completely translucent, such as frosted glass). See Transparency
and Translucency on page 475.

Index of Refraction Measurement of how much a ray of light bends when it passes through the material.
Select a predefined index, or select Custom to specify an index number between 0
(no refraction) and 5 (most refraction).

Cut-outs/Perforations

Cut-outs Shapes cut into the surface of the material. Select a shape, or select Custom to define
cut-outs using a black-and-white image, leaving holes where the black areas occur.
See Specifying an Image File for a Render Appearance on page 476.

Self-Illumination

Luminance (cd/m^2) Brightness of the light emitted by the material, measured in candelas per square meter.
Select a predefined value, or select Custom to enter a value.

Color Temperature (Kelvin) Color temperature (warmth or coolness) of the light emitted by the material, described
in terms of degrees Kelvin (K). This is useful for describing color values that are close
to white. Select a predefined value, or select Custom to enter a value.

Filter Color Color transmitted through a transparent or semi-transparent material, such as glass.
See Specifying a Render Appearance Color on page 476.

Bump

Bump Pattern Bump pattern to use on the finished surface. A bump pattern defines raised and
lowered areas based on dark and light areas of an image file. To define a custom
bump pattern, select Custom. See Specifying an Image File for a Render Appearance
on page 476.

470 | Chapter 9 Customizing Project Settings

Property Description

Amount Relative height or depth of the specified bump pattern. Enter 0 to make the surface
flat. Enter higher decimal values (up to 1.0) to increase the depth of the surface irreg-
ularities.

Glass Properties
You can define the following properties for glass materials on the Render Appearance tab of the Materials
dialog. See also Glass, glazing, and mirrors on page 477.

Property Description

Color (Transmittance) Color of the glass. (Transmittance refers to the light that passes through the glass.)
Select a predefined glass color, or select Custom to specify a color. See Specifying a
Render Appearance Color on page 476.

Reflectance Percentage of light striking the glass that bounces off rather than being absorbed or
passing through (transmittance). Enter a value between 0% and 50%.

Index of Refraction Measurement of how much a ray of light bends when entering the glass. Select a
predefined index, or select Custom to specify an index number between 0 (no refrac-
tion) and 5 (most refraction).

Roughness Relative amplitude of bumps in the surface of the glass. Enter 0 to make the surface
flat. Enter higher decimal values (up to 1.0) to increase the depth of the surface irreg-
ularities.

Bump Pattern Bump pattern to use on the finished surface. A bump pattern defines raised and
lowered areas based on dark and light areas of an image file. To define a custom
bump pattern, select Custom. See Specifying an Image File for a Render Appearance
on page 476.

Glazing Properties
You can define the following properties for glazing materials on the Render Appearance tab of the Materials
dialog. See also Glass, glazing, and mirrors on page 477.

Property Description

Color (Transmittance) Color of the glazing. (Transmittance refers to the light that passes through the glazing.)
Select a predefined glazing color, or select Custom to specify a color. See Specifying
a Render Appearance Color on page 476.

Reflectance Percentage of light striking the glass that bounces off again (like a reflection) rather
than being absorbed or passing through (transmittance). Enter a value between 0%
and 50%.

Changing the Render Appearance of a Material | 471

 Property Description

Sheets of glass Number of sheets of glass in the glazing. Enter a number between 1 and 4.

Masonry/CMU Properties
You can define the following properties for masonry or CMU materials on the Render Appearance tab of
the Materials dialog.

Property Description

Type Type of masonry material.

Color Color of the material. See Specifying a Render Appearance Color on page 476.

Finish Texture of the finished surface.

Bump Pattern Bump pattern to use on the finished surface. A bump pattern defines raised and
lowered areas based on dark and light areas of an image file. To define a custom
bump pattern, select Custom. See Specifying an Image File for a Render Appearance
on page 476.

Metal Properties
You can define the following properties for metal materials on the Render Appearance tab of the Materials
dialog.

Property Description

Type Type of metal: aluminum, anodized aluminum, chrome, copper, brass, bronze,
stainless steel, or zinc. Each type of metal displays different properties.

Color Color of the metal when the Type value is Anodized Aluminum. Click the color swatch.
In the Color dialog, select a color. (See Colors on page 514.) Click OK.

Patina For copper or bronze, the degree of discoloration due to oxidation or the application
of a chemical compound. Enter a value between 0 (none) and 1 (full), or use the
slider.

Finish Texture of the finished surface.

Relief Pattern Decorative design pressed onto the surface of the metal. Select a pattern, or select
Custom to define the relief pattern using an image. See Specifying an Image File for
a Render Appearance on page 476.

Relief Pattern Height Relative height of the relief pattern. Enter 0 to make the surface flat. Enter a value up
to 2.0 to increase the depth of the relief pattern.

472 | Chapter 9 Customizing Project Settings

Property Description

Relief Pattern Scale Relative size of the relief pattern. Enter a value between 0 (smaller) and 5 (larger), or
use the slider.

Cut-outs/Perforations Shapes cut into the surface of the metal. Select a shape, or select Custom to define
cut-outs using a black-and-white image, leaving holes where the black areas occur.
See Specifying an Image File for a Render Appearance on page 476.

Metallic Paint Properties

You can define the following properties for metallic paint materials on the Render Appearance tab of the
Materials dialog.

Property Description

Color Color of the metallic paint. Click the color swatch. In the Color dialog, select a color.
(See Colors on page 514.) Click OK.

Finish Texture of the finished surface.

With Flecks Whether the paint contains flecks.

Fleck Color Color of the flecks, when With Flecks is selected. Click the color swatch. In the Color
dialog, select a color. (See Colors on page 514.) Click OK.

Mirror Properties
You can define the following properties for mirror materials on the Render Appearance tab of the Materials
dialog. See also Glass, glazing, and mirrors on page 477.

Property Description

Color Color of the mirror surface. Click the color swatch. In the Color dialog, select a color.
(See Colors on page 514.) Click OK.

Paint Properties
You can define the following properties for paint materials on the Render Appearance tab of the Materials
dialog.

Property Description

Color Color of the paint. Click the color swatch. In the Color dialog, select a color. (See
Colors on page 514.) Click OK.

Finish Amount of glossiness of the paint.

Changing the Render Appearance of a Material | 473

 Property Description

Application The method used to apply the paint to the surface. This value applies a bump map
to the paint to define its texture. It affects the render appearance of the surface only
for close-up views. The default value varies. Select the desired value: Roller, Brush, or
Spray.

Plastic/Vinyl Properties
You can define the following properties for plastic or vinyl materials on the Render Appearance tab of the
Materials dialog.

Property Description

Type Type of material: plastic (solid), plastic (transparent), or vinyl.

Color Color of the material. See Specifying a Render Appearance Color on page 476.

Finish Texture of the finished surface.

Finish Bumps Bump pattern to use on the finished surface. To define bumps using an image, select
Custom. See Specifying an Image File for a Render Appearance on page 476.

Bump Pattern Additional bump pattern, superimposed on the Finish Bumps pattern. To define bumps
using an image, select Custom. See Specifying an Image File for a Render Appearance
on page 476.

Stone Properties
You can define the following properties for stone materials on the Render Appearance tab of the Materials
dialog.

Property Description

Image File Image to use to represent the stone’s surface. See Specifying an Image File for a Render
Appearance on page 476.

Finish Texture of the finished surface.

Finish Bumps Bump pattern to use on the finished surface. To define bumps using an image, select
Custom. See Specifying an Image File for a Render Appearance on page 476.

Bump Pattern Additional bump pattern, superimposed on the Finish Bumps pattern. To define bumps
using an image, select Custom. See Specifying an Image File for a Render Appearance
on page 476.

474 | Chapter 9 Customizing Project Settings

Water Properties
You can define the following properties for water materials on the Render Appearance tab of the Materials
dialog.

Property Description

Type Type of water source.

Color Color of the water (available when Type is not Swimming Pool). Select a predefined
water color, or select Custom to specify a color.

Wave Height Relative height of waves in the water. Enter a value between 0 (no waves) and 5 (big
waves), or use the slider.

Wood Properties
You can define the following properties for wood materials on the Render Appearance tab of the Materials
dialog.

Property Description

Image File The image to use to represent the surface of the wood (the wood grain). See Specifying
an Image File for a Render Appearance on page 476.

Stain Whether the wood is stained.

Stain Color Color of the wood stain (when Stain is Color). Click the color swatch. In the Color
dialog, select a color. (See Colors on page 514.) Click OK.

Finish Texture of the finished surface.

Used For Purpose of the wood: Flooring or Furniture.

Bump Bump pattern to use on the finished surface. To define bumps using an image, select
Custom. See Specifying an Image File for a Render Appearance on page 476.

Amount Relative depth of the wood grain, when Bump is Based on wood grain. Enter 0 for a
flat surface, a positive number (between 0 and 10) to raise the grain, or a negative
number (between 0 and –10) to reverse the grain.

Transparency and Translucency

When defining a render appearance that uses Generic Material Properties, remember that reflections on a
surface are created by light bouncing off it. Of the light that strikes a surface, the Transparency and
Translucency properties specify the amount of light that bounces off the surface rather than passing through
or being absorbed by it.

Changing the Render Appearance of a Material | 475

 Transparency specifies the amount of light that strikes the surface at a 90-degree angle and bounces off.
Translucency specifies the amount of light that strikes the surface at a very shallow angle (close to 0 degrees)
and bounces off.
To determine the amount of light that bounces off the surface at any other angle, Revit Architecture
interpolates between these 2 values. The effects of these values can be altered by the value of the Glossiness
property.

Specifying a Render Appearance Color

To specify a color for a render appearance property, use the Render Appearance tab of the Materials dialog.
(See Changing the Render Appearance of a Material on page 465.) You can specify either a single color or an
image file that defines a custom color, design, or pattern.

■ Single color: For the Color property, select Single Color. Click the color swatch. On the Color dialog,
select the color to use. (See Colors on page 514.) Click OK.

■ Image file: For the Color property, select Image file. Specify the desired image file and its display properties.
See Specifying an Image File for a Render Appearance on page 476.

Specifying an Image File for a Render Appearance

To use a unique color, design, pattern, texture, or bump map for a render appearance, you can specify an
image file. You specify the file and its display properties (such as rotation and sample size) on the Render
Appearance tab of the Materials dialog. (See Changing the Render Appearance of a Material on page 465.)

NOTE A complicated design or texture for a render appearance can increase the amount of time required to
render an image. See Render Performance and Materials on page 1174.

To specify an image file

1 For Image File, click (Browse), navigate to the file, and open it.
Revit Architecture supports image files of the following types: BMP, JPG, JPEG, and PNG. See
Best Practice for Storing Image Files on page 507.

2 For Sample Size, specify the size that the image represents.
For example, if the image represents 100 mm, enter 100.

3 For Rotate, specify degrees of rotation in a clockwise direction.

You can enter a value between 0 and 360, or use the slider.

4 If you are specifying an image file to define a custom color, for Brightness, specify a value.

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 Brightness is a multiplier, so a value of 1.0 makes no change. If you specify 0.5, the brightness
of the image is reduced by half.

5 To reverse the image, click Invert.

For an image that defines a color, Invert reverses the light and dark colors in the image. For an
image that defines a texture, Invert reverses the high and low points of the texture pattern.

6 For texture properties, such as Finish Bumps and Bump Pattern, specify a value for Amount.
This value specifies the amplitude of surface irregularities. Enter 0 to make the surface flat. Enter
higher values to increase the depth of the surface irregularities.

Best Practices for Render Appearances

When modifying or creating render appearances for materials, consider the following strategies:

Start with something similar

To create a render appearance, first find an existing material and render appearance that are as close as
possible to the new material and render appearance. For example, the existing render appearance should
have the same class as the new render appearance. It should also have many properties that are the same as
or similar to the new render appearance. This strategy reduces the amount of work you must perform to
define the new render appearance. It also increases the likelihood that the new render appearance will
perform as expected.

Glass, glazing, and mirrors

Revit Architecture provides the following render appearances for glass-like materials:

■ Glazing: Use a glazing render appearance for windows, curtain walls, and other objects that require flat
sheets of thin glass. These render appearances include the word glazing in their names and keywords.

■ Glass: Use a glass render appearance for objects made of glass, such as vases and pitchers. For a solid glass
block, use the render appearance named Glass Block.

■ Mirrors: Depending on your needs, you can either use a mirror render appearance, or use a glazing or
glass render appearance and specify a high Reflectance value.

To see these render appearances, in the Render Appearance Library, for Class, select Glass.

Textures and bump maps

To specify a texture or bump map for a material, use a photo or a drawing. Revit Architecture uses the image
to define the surface to give it texture. See Specifying an Image File for a Render Appearance on page 476.

Tileable textures

If you want to make your own texture that can be repeated like a tile (a tileable texture), take a high quality
photograph of the material. Use this photograph to make it a tileable texture. (You can do this using a
product like Adobe® Photoshop®, or use an application that is designed specifically for creating tileable
textures.) Then specify this image file for the texture or bump pattern of the material. Specify the sample
size so that it displays in the building model using the correct proportions.

Changing the Render Appearance of a Material | 477

 Light bulbs

If you want the surface of a light bulb to display in a rendered image, create geometry for it in the lighting
fixture family. Then apply a material to it whose render appearance is Glass Light Bulb On. This render
appearance models the surface of a light bulb that is turned on. It is white, shiny, and emits the appropriate
amount of light. See Creating a Lighting Fixture with One Light Source on page 1105.

Sunscreens

To create a material that renders like a semi-transparent fabric or sunscreen, start with the Fabric Mesh render
appearance. Then define the render appearance properties as follows: Glossiness = 1, Transparency = 1,
Translucency = 0, Luminance = No self-illumination.

Changing Material Identity Data

1 Open the Materials dialog, and select the material to change.
Click Settings ➤ Materials. See Searching for a Material on page 460.

2 Click the Identity tab.

3 Edit the parameters as necessary.
See Material Identity Parameters on page 479 and Adding a Material Class on page 478.

4 Click Apply.
5 To exit the Materials dialog, click OK.

Adding a Material Class

You can add a material class when you want to make it easy to find a particular set of materials. For example,
when you create a custom material, you can create a material class for it.

NOTE You cannot delete or change existing material classes. However, you can assign a different material class
to a material.

To add a material class

1 In the Materials dialog, select the material that you want to assign to a new material class.
See Searching for a Material on page 460.

2 Click the Identity tab.

3 For Material Class, enter the new material class name.
4 Click Apply.
5 In the left pane of the Materials dialog, under Materials, click the list arrow for Material Class.
The new material class displays in the list.

You can assign the new material class to more materials, as appropriate. You can also use the new material
class to narrow the scope of a material search.

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 Material Identity Parameters
When you enter search text to find a material, Revit Architecture searches the values of all parameters on
the Identity tab of the Materials dialog. (See Searching for a Material on page 460.) Also, you can include
most of these parameters in a material takeoff. (See Material Takeoff Schedules on page 127.)

Parameter Description

Filter Criteria

Material Class Class assigned to the material. Assign an existing class, or create a new
one. See Adding a Material Class on page 478.

Descriptive Information

Description Description of the material.

Comments User-defined comments or other information about the material. If the

value is Render appearance not upgraded, assign a new render appearance
to the material. See Changing the Render Appearance of a Material on
page 465.

Keywords Words that may be useful when searching for the material, and that are
not used in the material description, comments, or other fields. For ex-
ample, you might include the keywords green and blue to ensure that
turquoise is included in search results for blue paint or green paint.

Product Information

Manufacturer Name of the manufacturer of the material.

Model Model number or code assigned to the material by the manufacturer.

Cost Cost of the material.

URL URL of the Web site for the manufacturer or vendor.

Annotation Information

Keynote Keynote for the material. Enter text or click the button to select a standard
keynote. See Keynotes on page 1058.

Mark User-defined identification number for the material.

Changing Material Physical Data

The Physical tab of the Materials dialog displays structural information about the selected material. This
information is used in the structural analysis of buildings.

Changing Material Physical Data | 479

 Creating a Material Physical Parameter Set
1 In the Materials dialog, select a material.
See Searching for a Material on page 460.

2 Click the Physical tab.

3 Select a Material Type.
Revit Architecture displays an additional category based on the selected material type.

4 Edit parameter values as needed for the new set.

5 Click Save As to save a set by name.
The name of the new set then becomes available in the Concrete Type list box (if you had
selected concrete as the material type) or Wood Type list box (if you had selected wood as the
material type) and so on.

Editing a Material Physical Type

1 In the Materials dialog, select a material.
See Searching for a Material on page 460.

2 Click the Physical tab.

3 Change the settings to the desired values.
Read-only parameters represent the natural material properties. Those that you can change
represent standards of engineering practice.

Material Physical Type Parameters

Material physical type parameters are organized into the following types:

■ Unassigned

■ Generic

■ Concrete

■ Steel

■ Wood

This family parameter controls hidden view display of structural elements. If the Structural Material Type
of an element is set to Concrete or Precast, then it will display as hidden. If it is set to Steel or Wood, it will
be visible when another element is in front of it. If it is set to Unassigned, the element will not appear if
hidden by another element.

Creating a Material
To create a material, first find an existing material that is as close as possible to the new material. For example,
the existing material should have the same material class as the new material. It should also have many
properties that are the same as or similar to the new material. This strategy reduces the amount of work you

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 must perform to define the new material. It also increases the likelihood that the new material will perform
as expected in the building model.

To create a material
1 In the Materials dialog, select an existing material that is similar to the new material.
See Searching for a Material on page 460.

2 At the bottom of the left pane of the Materials dialog, click (Duplicate).
Or you can right-click a material in the list, and click Duplicate.

3 In the Duplicate Revit Material dialog, for Name, enter a name for the new material, and click
OK.
4 On the Graphics tab of the Materials dialog, specify display properties for the new material, and
click Apply.
See Changing the Display Properties of a Material on page 463.

5 On the Render Appearance tab of the Materials dialog, specify a render appearance for the new
material, and click Apply.
See Changing the Render Appearance of a Material on page 465.

6 On the Identity tab of the Materials dialog, enter information about the new material, and click
Apply.
See Changing Material Identity Data on page 478 and Adding a Material Class on page 478.

7 (Optional) On the Physical tab of the Materials dialog, specify physical parameters for the new
material, and click Apply.
See Changing Material Physical Data on page 479.

8 To exit the Materials dialog, click OK.

See Applying Materials to Elements on page 461.

Renaming a Material
1 Click Settings ➤ Materials.
2 In the Materials dialog, select the material to rename.
See Searching for a Material on page 460.

3 At the bottom of the left pane of the Materials dialog, click (Rename).
Or you can right-click a material in the list, and click Rename.

4 In the Rename dialog, enter a new name for the material, and click OK.
5 In the Materials dialog, click Apply.

Deleting a Material
1 Click Settings ➤ Materials.
2 In the Materials dialog, select the material to delete.
See Searching for a Material on page 460.

Renaming a Material | 481

 3 At the bottom of the left pane of the Materials dialog, click (Delete).
Or you can right-click a material in the list, and click Delete.

4 At the confirmation prompt, click Yes.

Revit Architecture deletes the material from the project. If the material was applied to elements in the
building model, Revit Architecture applies a default material to them instead.

Render Appearance Library

The Render Appearance Library is a local, read-only library for render appearances. You assign render
appearances to materials using the Materials dialog.
When you change the properties of a render appearance, the modified render appearance is stored as part
of the project file. It is not stored in the read-only Render Appearance Library.

To share a modified render appearance with team members, click File menu ➤ Transfer Project Standards.
Be sure to also make available any custom bitmaps or image files used to define bump patterns or custom
colors used by the render appearance.

Related topics

■ Changing the Render Appearance of a Material on page 465

■ Transferring Project Standards on page 438

■ Best Practice for Storing Image Files on page 507

■ How Materials Are Stored on page 460

■ Render Appearance Library Location on page 506

Searching for a Render Appearance

You can specify render appearances for materials and entourage. The following procedure assumes that you
have already opened the Render Appearance Library as part of one of the following tasks:

■ Changing the Render Appearance of a Material on page 465

■ Specifying a Render Appearance for an RPC Family on page 1144

You can also open the Render Appearance Library to search for materials by clicking Settings menu ➤ Render
Appearance Library.

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Render Appearance Library for materials

To search for a render appearance

1 (Optional) To specify the type of list to display, at the bottom of the render appearance list,
click Show list, Show small icons, or Show large icons.

2 (Optional) For Class, select the desired class of render appearances.

The Render Appearance Library displays only render appearances that belong to the selected
class.

3 (Optional) Type text in the search field.

See Entering Search Text on page 484. The Render Appearance Library displays matching render
appearances, sorted in order of relevance.

TIP To clear the search field, click the X that displays at the end of the field after you enter text.

4 If necessary, use the scroll bar to locate the desired render appearance in the list.
5 Click the render appearance to select it.
At the bottom of the Render Appearance Library, Revit Architecture displays a description and
keywords for the selected render appearance.

6 Click OK.

Searching for a Render Appearance | 483

Entering Search Text
When searching for materials or render appearances, you can enter search text in the box of the dialog.

The search is not case-sensitive. Use commas, spaces, or semi-colons as delimiters. Revit Architecture
automatically performs an OR search on multiple words.
Revit Architecture searches each item for the specified text, checking its description and keywords. If you
selected a class, Revit Architecture searches only items in that class for the specified text.
The dialog displays matching items, sorted in order of relevance. Items that match all of the search words
display at the top of the list. Items that match fewer search words display near the bottom of the list.

TIP To clear the search field, click the X that displays at the end of the field after you enter text.

Related topics

■ Searching for a Render Appearance on page 482

■ Searching for a Material on page 460

Object Styles
The Object Styles command specifies line weights, line colors, line patterns, and materials for different
categories and subcategories of model objects, annotation objects, and imported objects in a project.
You can override project object styles on a view-by-view basis. For more information, see Visibility and
Graphic Display in Project Views on page 150.

Creating Object Style Subcategories

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Object Styles.
2 Click the Model Objects, Annotation Objects, or Imported Objects tab.
3 In the Object Styles dialog under Modify Subcategories, click New.
4 In the New Subcategory dialog, enter a name.
5 Select the Category for Subcategory of.
6 Click OK.

Modifying Object Styles

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Object Styles.
2 Click the Model Objects, Annotation Objects, or Imported Objects tab.
3 Specify the projection, and, if applicable, cut line weights for the category.
This enables you to control the display of geometry when it is cut and not cut without having
to create separate subcategories. For imported geometry layers, specify the appropriate line
weight.

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 4 Click the color value to set the line color.
5 Select a line pattern.
6 Click the button in the Material field to open the Materials dialog. Select a material for the
family category from the Material column. You can override the material for the family by
changing its material type property. For imported geometry, specify a material for the layer.
This is not available for annotation objects.
7 When you are finished, click OK.

Deleting an Object Style

You can delete any user-created object style.

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Object Styles.

2 Select the category name to delete.
3 Click Delete.
4 When prompted to confirm the deletion, click Yes.

Renaming an Object Style

You can rename any user-created object style.

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Object Styles.

2 Select the category name.
3 Click Rename.
4 In the Rename dialog, enter a new name.
5 Click OK.

Line Styles
Line styles are used to indicate different effects, such as a dashed (------) line for reference planes. When you
install and run Revit Architecture, several line styles are included. Each predefined line style has a name that
describes either the line (for example, Dash dot), or where Revit Architecture uses the line style (for example,
<Sketch> lines). Revit Architecture stores the line styles in the default template.
When you are in the Family Editor, you cannot create new line styles but you can modify line weight, line
color, and line pattern.

Creating a Line Style

NOTE You can only create line styles in the project environment. You can modify line weight, line color, and line
pattern in the Family Editor. See Modifying Line Styles in the Family Editor on page 486.

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Line Styles.

2 In the Line Styles dialog, click New, and enter a new name for the line style.
The name displays under Category in the Line Styles dialog.

3 Click the value for Line Weight to choose a line weight.

4 Click the value for Line Color to choose a line color.

Deleting an Object Style | 485

 5 Click the value for Line Pattern to choose a line pattern.
6 Click OK.
The new line style is stored in the project only.

Deleting a Line Style

You can delete any user-created line styles.

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Line Styles.

2 In the Line Styles dialog, select the line style name.
3 Click Delete.
4 When prompted to confirm the deletion, click Yes.

Modifying Line Styles in the Family Editor

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Object Styles.
2 In the Object Styles dialog, click the Model Objects, Annotation Objects, or Imported objects
tab.
3 Click in the Line Weight, Line Color, or Line Pattern cell for the category you want to modify
and make changes as necessary.
4 When finished, click OK.

Line Weights
You can control line weights for model lines, perspective lines, and annotation lines.
For model lines, you can specify line weight for modeling components, such as doors, windows, and walls,
in orthographic views. Line weight is dependent on the scale of the view.
For perspective lines, you can specify line weights for modeling components in perspective views. You may
want to apply different line styles and line weights using the Linework tool. For more information, see
Changing the Line Style of Elements on page 326.
For annotation lines, you can control the line weight of annotation objects, such as section lines and
dimension lines. The weights of annotation symbols are not dependent on the scale of the design.

Specifying Line Weights

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Line Weights.
2 In the Line Weights dialog, click the Model Line Weights, Perspective Line Weights, or Annotation
Line Weights tab.
3 Click a cell in the table and enter a value.
4 Click OK.

Adding Scales to Model Line Weights

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Line Weights.

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 2 In the Line Weights dialog, click the Model Line Weights tab, and then click Add.
3 In the Add Scale dialog, select a scale value, and click OK.
4 Click OK to close the Line Weights dialog.

Deleting Scales
1 Click Settings menu ➤ Line Weights.
2 In the Line Weights dialog, click the Model Line Weights tab, and then select the View Scale
header.
3 Click Delete.
4 Click OK.

Line Patterns
You can specify the pattern for the line styles used in Revit Architecture. Several predefined line patterns
are provided with Revit Architecture, or you can create your own. Line patterns are a series of dashes or dots
alternating with blank spaces.

Creating a Line Pattern

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Line Patterns.
2 In the Line Patterns dialog, click New.
3 In the Line Pattern Properties dialog, enter a name for the pattern.
4 Click in the value for Type, and select either a dash or a dot.
5 If you selected dash, click under Value, and enter a value. This is the length of the dash. Since
dots are all drawn at 1.5 points, they do not require an associated value.
6 In the next row, select space for Type. Revit Architecture requires that you follow a dash or dot
with a space.
7 Click under Value, and enter a value for the space.
8 Repeat the procedure until the pattern is complete.
9 Click OK.
In the Line Patterns dialog, the new line pattern displays in the list of available patterns.

10 Click OK.
The new line pattern is stored in the project only.

Editing a Line Pattern

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Line Patterns.
2 In the Line Patterns dialog, select the line pattern you wish to modify, and click Edit.
3 Make any necessary changes.
4 Click OK.

Deleting Scales | 487

Deleting a Line Pattern
1 Click Settings menu ➤ Line Patterns.
2 In the Line Patterns dialog, select the line pattern.
3 Click Delete.
4 When prompted to confirm the deletion, click Yes.

Structural Settings
For each project, you can control the symbolic representation of structural framing components. You can
specify the symbolic cutback distance of beams and columns (see Cutback Default Settings on page 782),
brace symbols in plan, moment symbols, and analytical model adjustment. The values you specify are applied
to structural framing components throughout the project. You can also save these settings as part of a
template.

NOTE Most of the settings in the Structural Settings dialog are available if the project was created using the
structural template.

Structural Settings Dialog

The Structural Settings dialog lets you modify settings that are specific to documentation and analysis of
structural models, specifically Symbolic Representation Settings.

Symbolic Representation Settings Tab

The values that are entered on this tab reflect the plotted representation of the drawings. Therefore, the
visible representations that are set with these values will change based on the view scale of the drawing.

Open Structural Settings dialog

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Structural Settings.

Modify symbolic cutback distance

2 On the Symbolic Representation Settings tab, enter a value for the symbolic cutback distance
for brace, and beam/truss.

This setting affects the distance between steel beams and beams/trusses, and between beams
and braces. Members must be joined to see the change in the cutback distance. Changes to this
setting are applied only to the symbolic representation of structural framing components.
Cutback distance at larger setting in coarse mode

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 Cutback distance at smaller setting in coarse mode

3 Enter a value for the symbolic column cutback distance.

This setting affects the gap between symbolic representations of joined columns in an elevation
view. The gap is visible only if the Top Connection Symbol instance property of the bottom
column is set to a value other than None.

Plan representation options:

4 Under Brace Symbols, select a value for Plan representation.

Plan Representation options

■ Parallel Line:
Symbolic representation of braces in a plan view are displayed with a line parallel to and
offset from the brace at the value specified in the Structural Settings dialog. The line displays
below, or to the right to vertical brace centerline if the brace is below the level and above,
or to the left to vertical brace centerline if the brace is above the level.

NOTE The parallel line brace symbol displays in a symbolic plan view only when the structural
usage of the brace is set to Vertical Bracing.

■ Line with Angle:

Symbolic representation of braces in a plan view are displayed with an angled line. Line with
angle originates from the point of intersection of a brace and level if they intersect, and from
the closest point to the level on the brace otherwise. The symbol goes upward (downward)
for the portion of the brace which is above (below) the level.

NOTE The line with angle brace symbol displays in a symbolic plan view only when the structural
usage of the brace is set to Vertical Bracing.

5 Under Brace Symbols, specify Parallel line offset.

This value is available only after selecting Parallel Line for Plan representation. The parallel line
is offset the specified value from the vertical brace centerline.

NOTE You can create new brace representation symbols using the generic annotation template. In
the Family Category and Parameters dialog, set their Family Category to Brace in Plan View Symbols.
Brace in Plan View symbols have a Representation Type parameter that can be either Parallel Line,
Line with Angle, or Kicker Brace.

Structural Settings Dialog | 489

 Show brace above

6 Under Brace Symbols, select Show brace above if you want the brace symbols representing the
braces above the current view to display.
Show brace above

7 For Symbol, select the symbol that represents braces above the current view.

NOTE The brace above symbol changes automatically when you change the plan representation
from parallel line to angle line.

Show brace below

8 Under Brace Symbols, select Show brace below if you want the brace symbols representing the
braces below the current view to display.
Shoe brace below

9 For Symbol, select the symbol that represents braces below the current view.

NOTE The brace below symbol changes automatically when you change the plan representation
from parallel line to angle line.

Kicker brace symbol

10 Under Brace Symbols, select the symbol that represents kicker bracing.

NOTE The kicker brace symbol displays in a symbolic plan view only when the structural usage of
the brace is set to Kicker Bracing.

Specify moment symbols

11 Under Moment Symbols, select a symbol for Frame connection.

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 Specify moment symbols

Connection symbols may appear at either end of the symbol of beams/braces. For each brace
and beam, you can specify the symbol that displays for both the moment connection start and
the moment connection end. The value of moment connection start/end can be moment frame,
cantilever moment, or none.

12 Under Moment Symbols, select a symbol for Cantilever connection.

13 Click OK.

Annotation Styles
You can create or modify leader arrowhead, text note, dimension, and loaded tag styles in a project.

Specifying Arrowhead Styles

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Annotations ➤ Arrowheads.
2 In the Type Properties dialog, select the arrowhead type you want to work with from the Type
list.
3 If desired, click Rename to rename the type, or click Duplicate to create a new arrowhead type.
4 Specify the properties for the display of leader arrowheads. See Leader Arrowhead Properties on
page 1032 for property descriptions.
5 Click OK.

Specifying Text Note Styles

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Annotations ➤ Text.
2 In the Type Properties dialog, select the text properties you want to work with from the Type
list.
3 If desired, click Rename to rename the type, or click Duplicate to create a new text type.
4 Specify the properties for the display of text notes.
5 Click OK.
See Modifying Text Note Properties on page 1031.

Specifying Dimension Styles

You can specify the style of linear, angular, or radial dimensions.

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Annotations ➤ Dimensions, and then a dimension style.

2 In the Type Properties dialog, select the dimension type you want to work with from the Type
list.

Annotation Styles | 491

 3 If desired, click Rename to rename the type, or click Duplicate to create a new dimension type.
4 Specify the dimension display properties. See Dimension Properties on page 238 for property
descriptions.

Loading Tag Styles

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Annotations ➤ Loaded Tags.
The Tags dialog displays, listing the different family categories and any associated tags. Depending
on the project template, some element categories may have default tags loaded.

2 Click Load.
You can load multiple tags for element categories.

3 Navigate to the location of the tag, and open the tag. You can select multiple tag files by holding
either SHIFT or CTRL while selecting. The tag name displays adjacent to the element category.
4 When you are finished loading tags, click OK.
The last loaded tag for an element category becomes the default tag for that element.

Specifying the Default Tag for an Element Category

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Annotations ➤ Loaded Tags.
2 In the Tags dialog, click in the Value column for an element category, and then select a tag
name.

NOTE You can also specify the default tag when you use the Load From Library ➤ Load Family
command to load a tag. This loaded tag becomes the default. See Loading Families on page 352.

Project Units
You can specify the display format of various quantities in a project. What you specify affects the look of
quantities on the screen and in a printout. You can format data for informational or presentation purposes.
Project units are grouped by discipline, such as common, structural, or electrical. When you change the
discipline, different unit types are available. In the Project Units dialog, each unit type has a preview of the
display format. For example, length might have a display format of 1' 5 1/2".

NOTE The actual display of editable values that affect the size of the model may be different. For example, you
might specify the display of dimensions to round to the nearest 1 inch; however, if you edit a dimension value in
the drawing area, it may show a value that has fractional inches.

Setting Project Units

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Project Units, or type the keyboard shortcut UN.
2 In the Project Units dialog, select the discipline.
3 Click the value in the Format column to change the display value for that unit type.
The Format dialog displays.

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 4 Specify Units, if necessary.
5 For Rounding, select an appropriate value. If you select Custom, enter a value in the Rounding
increment text box.
6 For Unit symbol, select an appropriate option from the list.
7 Optionally select:
■ Suppress trailing 0’s
When selected, trailing zeros do not display (for example, 123.400 displays as 123.4).

■ Suppress 0 feet
When selected, does not display the 0 foot value (for example, 0’ - 4” displays as 4”). This
option is available for Length and Slope units.

■ Show + for positive values

■ Use digit grouping

When selected, the Decimal symbol/digit grouping option specified in the Project Units
dialog is applied to the unit value.

■ Suppress spaces
When selected, suppresses spaces around feet and fractional inches (for example, 1’ - 2”
displays as 1’-2”). This option is available for Length and Slope units.

8 Click OK.

Changing Decimal Display and Digit Grouping

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Project Units, or type the keyboard shortcut UN.
2 In the Project Units dialog, select a value from the Decimal symbol/digit grouping list.
3 In the Format column, click the button for the unit you want to use this setting.
4 In the Format dialog, select Use digit grouping.
5 Click OK 2 times.

Snaps
When you place an element or component, or sketch a line (straight, arc, or circle), Revit Architecture
displays snap points and snap lines to assist in lining up elements, components, or lines with existing
geometry. Snap points depend on the type of snap, but are represented in the drawing area as shapes (triangles,
squares, diamonds, and so on). Snap lines are represented as dashed green lines in the drawing area.
The following illustration shows the green dashed snap line and a midpoint snap point (triangle).

Changing Decimal Display and Digit Grouping | 493

 You can enable or disable object snaps, and specify dimension snap increments. You can also override snap
settings using keyboard shortcuts. You set snap settings in the Snaps dialog, and settings are held for the
duration of the Revit Architecture session. Snap settings apply to all files open in the session, but are not
saved with a project.

Jump Snaps

Jump snaps are any snap points that are away from the current position of the cursor. For example, if you
are resting the cursor on the midpoint of a wall, a jump snap might display at the endpoint of the wall.
Jump snaps occur when you clear the check box for the Nearest object snap in the Snaps dialog.

Setting Snap Increments

When you place an element or component in a project view, it snaps to set dimension increments. For
example, when you are sketching a wall and move the cursor from left to right in the drawing area, you see
the dimensions for the wall increase according to the defined length dimension snap increments. Likewise,
when you place an element by an angle, angle snap dimensions increase according to the defined angle
dimension snap increments.
You can define multiple length and angle snap increments since increments change as you change your
zoom level (the closer you zoom in, the smaller the increment; the further you zoom out, the larger the
increment).

To set snap increments:

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Snaps.

2 Select Length dimension snap increments and Angular dimension snap increments to turn on
the snaps.
3 Enter the snapping increment values, separating increments with semicolons. There is no limit
to the number of increments you can specify.
4 Click OK.

Enabling and Disabling Snaps

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Snaps.
2 Do one of the following:
■ Select Snaps Off to disable all snapping in the project.

■ Select or clear the appropriate object snaps. For object snap descriptions, see Object Snaps
and Snap Shortcut Key Combinations on page 496.

3 Click OK.

You can also enable and disable snaps by right-clicking and selecting Snap Overrides ➤ Snaps Off after you
have selected an element or component to place in the drawing area.

Temporarily Overriding Snap Settings

When you are working in a project, you can use shortcut key combinations or the right-click context menu
to temporarily override snap settings. Temporary overrides affect a single pick only.

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 For example, if you need a one-time snap to the center of an arc, you type SC or select Snap
Overrides ➤ Centers from the context menu and only arc centers are recognized as a snap option. After you
make a pick, snapping returns to the settings specified in the Snaps dialog.

To temporarily override snap settings:

1 Choose the component or element you want to place. For components or elements that require
more than one pick (for example, a wall), select the component and make the first pick.
2 Do one of the following:
■ Type the shortcut key combination.

■ Right-click, click Snap Overrides, and select an option.

See Object Snaps and Snap Shortcut Key Combinations on page 496 for object snap descriptions
and snap shortcut key combinations.

3 Place (or finish placing, for components or elements that require more than one pick) the
component or element.

Snap Points
Components snap to reference planes and other components of the same category.
The following is a list of snap conditions for first and second points.
First or Second Point Snapping
Snap Collinear to Existing Line—Snaps a point to be collinear to existing geometry.

Snap to Line—Snaps point to an existing line or geometry. The cursor also snaps to the midpoint of a line.

Snap Tangent to an Arc—Snaps a point tangent to an existing arc end.

Snap to Endpoint or Center Point—Snaps a point to endpoint of straight or arc, or to arc or circle center.

Snap Points | 495

 Second Point or Whole Line Snapping Only

Horizontal or Vertical snap—When sketching a straight line, Revit Architecture snaps the line to be perfectly
horizontal or vertical when the cursor approaches horizontal or vertical.

Horizontal snap

Vertical snap

Snap Parallel to Existing Line—Snaps a line parallel to existing geometry.

Snap Perpendicular to Existing Line—Snaps a line perpendicular to existing geometry.

TIP The status bar indicates the snap points when you move the cursor.

Object Snaps and Snap Shortcut Key Combinations

The following table defines the object snaps listed in the Snaps dialog (Settings menu ➤ Snaps) and the
shortcut key combinations for these objects. Shortcut key combinations override snap settings for one pick.

Object Snap Shortcut Key Description

Endpoints SE Snaps to the endpoint of an element or component.

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 Object Snap Shortcut Key Description

Midpoints SM Snaps to the midpoint of an element or component. When placing a wall insert, such as
a window, door, or opening, you can use the midpoint override, SM, to snap the insert
to the midpoint of the wall segment.

Nearest SN Snaps to the nearest element or component. If you turn off the Nearest object snap by
clearing the check box or using the keyboard override, Revit Architecture allows jump
snaps to endpoints, midpoints, and centers. A jump snap is a snap point that is more
than 2mm away from the cursor on the screen.

Work Plane SW Snaps to a work plane grid.

Grid

Quadrants SQ Snaps to quadrant points. For arcs, jump snaps are enabled.

Intersections SI Snaps to intersections.

Centers SC Snaps to the center of an arc.

Perpendicular SP Snaps to perpendicular elements or components.

Tangents ST Snaps tangent to an arc.

Points SX Snaps to site points when editing points using the Move or Copy tool.

Snap to Re- SR This is similar to jump snaps. When you select this option, snaps look for objects that are
mote Objects not near the element.

Close SZ Snaps to close valid open loops. See Closing an Open Loop on page 264.

Turn Override SS Turns off snap overrides.

Off

Cycle through Tab key Cycles through the available snap options.
snaps

Force Horizont- Shift key Forces horizontal and vertical constraints.

al and Vertical

Snaps Off SO Disables all snap settings.

Specifying Temporary Dimension Settings

You can specify the display and placement of temporary dimensions in the design. You can set temporary
dimensions to:

■ measure from wall centerlines, wall faces, center of core, or core faces

Specifying Temporary Dimension Settings | 497

 ■ measure from door and window centerlines or door and window openings

To specify temporary dimension settings:

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Temporary Dimensions.

2 From the Temporary Dimension Properties dialog, select the appropriate settings.
3 Click OK.

View Templates
A view template is a collection of view properties, such as view scale, discipline, detail level, and visibility
settings, that are common for a view type (such as plan or elevation). You specify the value for each property
in the template. You can exclude properties from a view template. Excluded properties do not require a value
and are not overridden when you apply a view template.
You can use view templates to:

■ Apply a defined set of view properties to a specific view. For example, if you have a plan view that shows
a furniture layout, you can create a view template that has the view properties you require for this type
of plan view. If you create other plan views that require the same properties as the furniture plan, you
can apply the same view template.

■ Standardize the look of your project views before you print or export a view or a project. To do this, you
define a default view template that you can then apply to multiple views simultaneously.

Project views and view templates are not linked. When a template changes, all views created from that
template do not automatically update. You can reapply the modified template, which overrides previous
view property settings.
Several view templates are provided with Revit Architecture, or you can create your own based on these.
View templates can be transferred from one project to another. See Transferring Project Standards on page
438.

Creating a View Template

You can create a view template by duplicating an existing view template and making necessary modifications.
You can also create a view template from a project view.

To create a view template from an existing view template:

1 Click Settings menu ➤ View Templates.

The View Templates dialog displays.

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 2 In the View Templates dialog, select a view template type from the Show type list.
Each view template type contains a different set of view properties. Select a type that contains
the view properties you want for the template you are creating.

3 In the Names list, select a view template.

4 Click (Duplicate).
5 In the New View Template dialog, enter a name for the template, and click OK.
6 Modify view template property values as needed. See View Template Properties on page 501.
The Include option allows you to select the properties that will be included in the view template.
Clear the Include option to remove properties. For properties that you do not include in the
view template, you do not need to specify a value and these view properties will not be overridden
when you apply the view template.

7 Click OK.

To create a view template from a project view:

1 In the Project Browser, select the view from which you want to create the view template.
2 Click View menu ➤ Create View Template From View, or right-click and select Create View
Template From View.
3 In the New View Template dialog, enter a name for the template, and click OK.
The View Templates dialog displays.

4 Modify view template property values as needed. See View Template Properties on page 501.
The Include option allows you to select the properties that will be included in the view template.
Clear the Include option to remove properties. For properties that you do not include in the
view template, you do not need to specify a value and these view properties will not be overridden
when you apply the view template.

5 Click OK.
For information on applying a view template, see Applying a View Template on page 500 and Applying a
View Template to All Views on a Sheet on page 500.

Creating a View Template | 499

Specifying and Applying a Default View Template
Specifying default view templates allows you to apply standardized view properties to multiple views
simultaneously. For example, you can use default view templates to ensure that all views have the desired
view properties before printing or exporting.
When you apply the default view template to multiple views simultaneously, the default template that is
specified in each view’s properties (which can be different for each view) is applied.

To specify a default view template:

1 Select a view in the Project Browser, and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, under Identity Data, select a value for Default View Template.
3 Click OK.

To apply a default view template:

1 In the Project Browser, select the view or views you want to apply the default view template to.

NOTE Use the CTRL key to select multiple views in the Project Browser.

2 Click View menu ➤ Apply Default View Template, or right-click and select Apply Default View
Template.
The default view template that is defined in each view’s properties is applied. For information on applying
the default view template for all views on a sheet, see Applying a View Template to All Views on a Sheet on
page 500.

Applying a View Template

1 In the Project Browser, select the view or views you want to apply a view template to.

NOTE Use the CTRL key to select multiple views in the Project Browser.

2 Click View menu ➤ Apply View Template, or right-click and select Apply View Template.
3 In the Apply View Template dialog, select a type from the Show type list.
4 In the Names list, select the view template you want to apply.
You can use the view properties of another project view as a view template. To do this, select
Show Views and select the view name.

5 Optionally, select Apply automatically to new views of same type to apply this template to all
new views of the same type.
6 Click Apply.
7 Click OK.
The selected view template is applied.

Applying a View Template to All Views on a Sheet

1 In the Project Browser, right-click a sheet view name, and click Apply View Templates to All
Views or Apply Default View Template to All Views.

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 When you select Apply Default View Template to All Views, the default view template that is
defined in each view’s properties is applied and the task is complete. For information on
specifying the default view template for a view, see Specifying and Applying a Default View
Template on page 500.

2 In the Apply View Template dialog, select a type from the Show type list.
3 In the Names list, select the view template you want to apply.
You can use the view properties of another project view as a view template. To do this, select
Show Views and select the view name.

4 Click Apply.
5 Click OK.
The view template is applied to all views on the sheet.

Deleting a View Template

1 Click Settings menu ➤ View Templates.
2 In the View Templates dialog, select a type from the Show type list.
3 In the Names list, select the view template you want to delete.

4 Click (Delete).

NOTE Because templates are not linked to views, deleting a view template has no impact on existing
views.

View Template Properties

You can access view template properties from Settings menu ➤ View Templates. Not all properties are
available for each view template type.

Name Description

View Scale The scale of the view. When you select Custom, you can edit the Scale Value property.

Scale Value 1: A ratio derived from the view scale. For example, if the view scale is 1:100, the scale
value is the ratio of 100/1 or 100. You can edit this value when you select Custom
for the View Scale property.

Display Model Hides the model in detail view. The Normal setting displays all elements normally.
It is intended for all non-detail views. The Do Not Display setting shows only detail-
view–specific elements. These elements include lines, regions, dimensions, text, and
symbols. Elements in the model do not display. The As Underlay setting displays all
detail-view–specific elements, while model elements appear dimmed. You can use
the underlay model elements as references for tracing lines, dimensioning, and
aligning.

Detail Level Applies the detail level setting to the view. See Detail Level on page 503.

Deleting a View Template | 501

 Name Description

V/G Overrides Model Click Edit to view and modify visibility options for model categories. See Visibility
and Graphic Display in Project Views on page 150.

V/G Overrides Annotation Click Edit to view and modify visibility options for annotation categories. See Visibility
and Graphic Display in Project Views on page 150.

V/G Overrides Import Click Edit to view and modify visibility options for imported categories. See Visibility
and Graphic Display in Project Views on page 150.

V/G Overrides Filters Click Edit to view and modify visibility options for filters. See Visibility and Graphic
Display in Project Views on page 150.

Model Graphics Style Indicates the view setting applied to the view.

Advanced Model Graphics Click Edit to access the Advanced Model Graphics dialog. In this dialog, you can
add shadows and silhouette edges. For more information, see Setting up Shadow
Studies on page 203 and Applying or Removing a Line Style for a Silhouette Edge
on page 205.

Far Clipping Specify far clip plane settings. See Cutting an Elevation, Section, or Callout View by
the Far Clip Plane on page 87.

Underlay Displays another slice of the model under the current plan view. That slice of the
model can be from above or below the current level. The underlay appears dimmed
and is visible even in hidden line. The underlay is useful to understand the relation
of components on different floors. Normally, you would turn off the underlay before
exporting or printing the view. You set an underlay by specifying a level. The slice
of the model between that level and the next level up displays. Three of the underlay
options (Current Level, Level Above, and Level Below) are relative to the current
level. All other choices are absolute.

TIP A level that is actually higher than the current level can be the underlay view.
For example, the basement level could have Level 2 as its underlay.

View Range Click Edit to access the View Range dialog. The Primary Range is defined by the Top
and Bottom Clip Planes. Elements within the boundaries of the primary range are
drawn according to their Object Styles. Elements that are not within the primary
range yet fall within the specified view depth are drawn using the Beyond line style.
The level at which the plan is cut is determined by the Cut plane offset from the
current level value. Applicable only to plan and RCP views. For more details, see
View Range Properties on page 200.

Orientation Orients the project to project north or true north. For more information, see Rotating
a Project to True North on page 1234.

Phase Filter Applies the phase properties to the view. See Phase Filters on page 1265.

Discipline Determines the visibility of non-bearing walls and discipline specific annotation
symbols (such as framing elevations).

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 Name Description

Color Scheme Location Specify the display for the color scheme. Foreground colors all elements in the room
or area; Background colors only the floor.

Depth Clipping Specify depth clip plane settings. See Cutting a Plan View by the Back Clip Plane on
page 81.

Detail Level
You can set the detail level for newly created views based on view scale. View scales are organized under the
detail level headings Coarse, Medium, or Fine. When you create a new view in your project and set its view
scale, its detail level is automatically set according to the arrangement in the table.
By predefining detail levels, you can affect the display of the same geometry at different view scales. So, a
custom door created in the Family Editor could appear differently at coarse, medium, and fine detail levels
(as shown in the following image).

You can override the detail level at any time by setting the Detail Level parameter in the View Properties
command. See View Properties on page 210.
For information on detail levels and the display of structural components, see Detail Levels and Display of
Structural Components on page 195.

Detail Level | 503

Setting Detail Level Scale Values
1 Click Settings menu ➤ Detail Level.

2 Click to move scale values to the right or click to move detail levels to the left. You
cannot select scales individually; they move in sequential order only.
3 To return to the original settings, click Default.

Specifying the Detail Level for a View

1 Click View menu ➤ View Properties.
2 Select Coarse, Medium, or Fine for the Detail Level parameter.
Alternatively, on the View Control Bar at the bottom of the drawing area, click the Detail Level icon and
select an option, as shown in the following image.

For more information on detail level, see Detail Level on page 503.

Options
You can configure global settings for your Revit installation. Global settings include

■ General options: Save notifications, user name, and journal file clean-up.

■ Graphics options: Configure your video card for improved display performance, and configure colors
for selection, background, and error messages.

■ File location options: Specify paths for files and directories.

■ Rendering options: Specify paths for files used for render appearances and decals, and specify the location
of the ArchVision Content Manager (ACM), if needed.

■ Spelling options: Specify options for the spell checker.

■ SteeringWheels options: Specify options for the SteeringWheels view navigation tools.

■ ViewCube options: Specify options for the ViewCube navigation tool.

You can specify options at all times, including when the drawing area is blank.

Setting Options
1 Click Settings menu ➤ Options.
2 Specify general, graphics, file location, rendering, spelling, SteeringWheels, and ViewCube
options.
3 Click OK.

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General Options
Click the General tab of the Options dialog to set notifications, user names, and journal file cleanup.

Notifications

■ Specify a time value for the Save Reminder interval.

■ Specify a time value for the Save to Central Reminder interval.

■ Set the ToolTip Assistance to the desired level. The default is normal. This affects how often tooltips
appear in the drawing area.

Username

■ Username is the identifier Revit Architecture associates with a particular session. The first time Revit
Architecture is run on a workstation, it uses the Windows login name as the default Username. You can
change and save the Username. In subsequent sessions on the same workstation, Revit Architecture
defaults to the saved Username, not the Windows login name.
If team members are not consistently working on the same workstations day-to-day, they must be sure
to reset the Username for each session because the default name will be that of the previous user.
In a multi-user (worksharing) Revit Architecture environment, editing permissions are based on the
Username. Two (or more) active local files (or a local file and the central file) should never be edited
under the same Username; doing so could cause the local files to be incompatible with the central file.

Journal File Cleanup

■ Specifies the number of journal files to retain.

Journal files are text documents that record each step during your Revit Architecture sessions. These files
are used primarily in the software support process. Journals can be run in order to detect a problem or
recreate lost steps or files. They are saved at the termination of each Revit Architecture session. See Journal
Files on page 72.

Graphics Options
Click the Graphics tab of the Options dialog to configure your video card for improved display performance.
On this tab you can also configure colors for selection, background, and errors.

Video Card Capabilities

Follow the instructions on the tab for video card settings.

Some of the benefits of using hardware acceleration are:

■ Faster display of large models upon refresh.

■ Switching between windows of views occurs faster with 3D graphics acceleration.

■ Creation and modification of annotations is faster.

Colors

■ Select Invert background color to toggle the display of the background of the view and the elements in
the view. For example, if you are drawing black elements in a white background, select this option and
the background becomes black and the elements appear in white.

Setting Options | 505

 ■ To define a new selection color, click the color button next to Selection Color. This sets the color for
items you select in the drawing area, either by clicking on them or using a pick box.

■ To define a different error color, click the color button next to Alert Color. This sets the color for elements
that are selected when a warning or error occurs.

File Location Options

Click the File Locations tab of the Options dialog to set paths for files and directories.

Files and Directories

■ Specify the path for the default template file. The Revit Architecture installation automatically sets this
path; however, you may want to change it if you need to use either Imperial or Metric units for your
project. There are default templates installed in either Revit Architecture\Imperial Templates\ or Revit
Architecture\Metric Templates. Select whichever one is appropriate. Also, you can change this path to
point to a custom template to use for all your projects.

■ Specify the default project path where Revit Architecture saves the current file. This setting overrides the
default path for saving files. When you specify a folder, Revit Architecture opens that folder by default
when you save or open a file.

■ Specify the path for the templates and libraries. The Revit Architecture installation automatically sets
this path; however, you may want to change it if you need to use either Imperial or Metric families for
your project. There are default templates installed in either Revit Architecture\Imperial Library\ or Revit
Architecture\Metric Library.

■ Add secondary libraries that may be specific to your company. To do this, click Places. In the Places
dialog, enter the library name, click in the field for Library Path, and click the browse button. Navigate
to the appropriate folder, and click OK.

Rendering Options
Click the Rendering tab of the Options dialog to specify paths for files used for render appearances and
decals, and to specify the location of the ArchVision Content Manager (ACM), if needed.

Render Appearance Library Location

If you move the Render Appearance Library from its default location, use the Rendering tab of the Options
dialog to specify its new location.
The Render Appearance Library is a read-only library that stores all render appearances for materials, the
default RPC content provided with the software, and related rendering information.
When you install Revit Architecture, this library resides in the following default location:
C:\Program Files\<product name and version>\Data\Rendering\assetlibrary_base.fbx
If necessary, you can move the Rendering folder and its contents to another location, such as a second local
hard disk or a partition on a local disk. After moving the Rendering folder, update the Render Appearance
Library Location to point to the new location of assetlibrary_base.fbx.

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Additional Render Appearance Paths
On the Rendering tab of the Options dialog, specify the locations of files used for render appearances. For
example, you can specify paths for the following:

■ Image files used to define a custom color, design, texture, or bump map for a render appearance. See
Specifying an Image File for a Render Appearance on page 476.

■ Image files for decals. See Creating a Decal Type on page 1153.

■ Additional RPC content that is stored in a common network location.

NOTE You only need to specify paths for additional RPC content that you license directly from ArchVision.
You do not need to specify paths for the RPC content that Revit Architecture provides.

Suppose you specify image files for render appearances and decals. When Revit Architecture needs to access
the image file, first it looks in the location specified for the file, using the absolute path. If it cannot find
the file in that location, Revit Architecture then searches the paths that you specify in this list, in the order
in which the paths are listed.

If you want to... Then...

add a path
click . Enter a path, or click , navigate to the desired location, and
click Open.

remove a path
select the path in the list, and click .

change the order of the listed paths select a path in the list, and click the arrows until the paths are listed in the desired
order. Revit Architecture searches these paths in the order listed.

Best Practice for Storing Image Files

Store image files related to a project in one location. Specify this location on the Rendering tab of the Options
dialog. If you need to send a project file to a team member, you can also send the directory containing its
image files. This strategy ensures that the team member has all files required for the project, and that custom
render appearances and decals display properly in the project.

ArchVision Content Manager Location

If your organization has licensed additional RPC content from ArchVision, specify the location of the
ArchVision® Content Manager (ACM) on the Rendering tab of the Options dialog. (This RPC content is
licensed separately from the RPC content that is provided with Revit Architecture.)
You may also need to download and install the ACM. See Using the ArchVision Content Manager on page
1149.

Setting Options | 507

 Complete the fields as follows. For more information, see Configuring Revit Architecture for Local RPC
Content on page 1150 or Configuring Revit Architecture for Networked RPC Content on page 1150.

Option Description

Network Select this option to indicate that the RPC plug-in should connect to the ACM on
the network. Use this option when your organization stores additional RPC content
in a network location so that multiple users can access it.

Address Specify the network address where the ACM resides. You can enter a machine
name or an IP address.

Port Specify the port used by the ACM. The default is 14931.

Local Select this option to indicate that the RPC plug-in should connect to the ACM on
the local computer. Use this option when you store additional RPC content on the
local computer.

Executable location Specify the location of the local ACM executable file (rcpACMapp.exe). If the ACM
is not running, the RPC plug-in starts it when needed. To navigate to the executable
location, click Browse.

Get More RPC Click to go to the ArchVision web site, where you can purchase additional RPC
content to use in Revit projects.

Spelling Options
Click the Spelling tab of the Options dialog to set options for the spell checker. The tab lets you choose
between the main Revit Architecture dictionary or the Microsoft® Office dictionary. If desired, you can click
Edit to add words to the additional dictionaries.

SteeringWheels Options
On the SteeringWheels tab of the Options dialog, specify options for the SteeringWheels view navigation
tools.

Option Definition

Steering Wheel Visibility

Show Tool Messages Show or hide tool messages.

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Option Definition

Tool messages always display for Basic Wheels (View Object

Wheel and Tour Building Wheel) regardless of this setting.

Show Tooltips Show or hide tooltips.

Tooltips always display for Basic Wheels (View Object Wheel

and Tour Building Wheel) regardless of this setting.

Always Show the Pinned Wheel on Startup Always show the First Contact Balloon when you start Revit
Architecture and open a 3D view. See Overview of Steering-
Wheels on page 175.

Big Steering Wheel Appearance

Size Specify the size of the big steering wheel.

Opacity Specify the opacity of the big steering wheel.

Mini Wheel Appearance

Size Specify the size of the mini wheel.

Opacity Specify the opacity of the mini wheel.

Look Tool

Invert Vertical Access Inverts the up and down action of the Look tool. See Look
Tool on page 185.

Walk Tool

Constrain Walk Movement Angle to Ground Plane When walking through a model using the Walk tool, you can
constrain the movement angle to the ground plane by select-
ing this option. You can freely look around while the current
view moves parallel to the ground plane.
When this option is deselected, the walk angle is not con-
strained and you will “fly” in the direction you are looking
so that you can move around the model in any direction or
angle.
See Walk Tool on page 190.

Setting Options | 509

 Option Definition

Speed As you use the Walk tool to walk or “fly” through a model,
you can control the movement speed. The speed of move-
ment is controlled by the distance that the cursor is moved
from the Center Circle icon. Set the movement speed here.
See Walk Tool on page 190.

Zoom Tool

Enable Incremental Zoom In Allows you to zoom the view with a single click. See Zoom
Tool on page 191.

Orbit Tool

Keep Scene Upright Keeps the sides of the view perpendicular to the ground
plane.
If you deselect this option, you can orbit the model in full
360 degree motion, which may be useful when you are
editing a family.
See Orbit Tool on page 186.

Selection Sensitivity When this option is selected, and you select an element in
the drawing area, the Orbit tool orbits around the element’s
center.
When it is deselected, the Orbit tool orbits based on the
center of the model, regardless of whether any elements are
selected or not. The center of the model defaults to the center
of the current geometry, but you can modify the center with
the Center tool.
See Orbit Tool on page 186 and Center Tool on page 183.

For more information, see SteeringWheels on page 175.

ViewCube Options
On the ViewCube tab of the Options dialog, specify options for the ViewCube navigation tool.

Option Definition

ViewCube Appearance

Show the ViewCube Show or hide the ViewCube in 3D views.

On-screen Position Specify the position of the ViewCube in the drawing area.

ViewCube Size Specify the size of the ViewCube.

Inactive Opacity Specify the opacity of the ViewCube when not in use. If you
select 0% the ViewCube will not display in the drawing area

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 Option Definition

unless you move the cursor over the ViewCube on-screen

position.

When Dragging the ViewCube

Snap to Closest Orientation When selected, snaps to the closest ViewCube view orienta-
tion. A ViewCube view orientation is one of the 26 view op-
tions (a face, edge, or corner of the ViewCube).

When Clicking on the ViewCube

Fit-to-view on view change If you have an element or component selected in the drawing
area and click on the ViewCube, the view rotates accordingly
and the view zooms to fit the element in the drawing area.

Use animated transition when switching views Shows an animated action when you switch view orientation.

Keep scene upright Keeps the sides of the ViewCube, and the view, perpendicular
to the ground plane.
If you deselect this option, you can orbit the model in full
360 degree motion, which may be useful when you are
editing a family.
See Orbit Tool on page 186.

For more information, see ViewCube on page 169.

Keyboard Shortcuts
There are many predefined keyboard shortcuts for Revit Architecture commands. You can also configure
your own keyboard shortcuts. Shortcut key combinations appear in the Revit Architecture interface next to
their corresponding menu item.
You can create multiple shortcuts for one menu command. In the menu, the shortcut that displays in the
menu is the first shortcut listed in the KeyboardShortcuts.txt file.
For example, you can configure multiple shortcuts for the menu command View, Shading.
"S" menu:"view-shading"
"VS" menu:"view-shading"
Both shortcuts will work but only the first shortcut listed, "S", will appear in the menu. Shortcuts are only
available when their corresponding menu item is available.

Customizing Keyboard Shortcuts

1 Open the KeyboardShortcuts.txt file in a text editor. This file is typically located in the following
directory: C:\Program Files\Revit Architecture 2009\Program\.
The path may vary depending on your operating system or where you installed Revit Architecture.

Keyboard Shortcuts | 511

 At the top of the file you will see several paragraphs with each line preceded by a semi-colon.
A list of commands begins after the text. Command lines are not preceded with semi-colons.
Command syntax is as follows:
"key(s)" menu:"menu-string"
Fkey menu:"menu-string

For example, in the following command line, "M" launches the menu command, Edit ➤ Move.
"M" menu:"edit-move"
Function key (F2-F12) command syntax does not require the shortcut key in quotes. For example,
in the following command line, the shortcut key F5 has no quotes. F5 launches the menu
command, View ➤ Refresh.
F5 menu:"view-refresh"

2 Insert a new line between any 2 existing commands.

3 Type the new command using the examples above, or modify existing lines.
4 Save and close the file.
5 Restart Revit Architecture.
The KeyboardShortcuts.log file (located in the same directory as KeyboardShortcuts.txt) contains
any errors encountered while reading the KeyboardShortcuts.txt file.

Keyboard Accelerators
Revit Architecture features many preset keyboard commands to increase your efficiency. The following tables
lists these commands.

Selecting

Key Action

CTRL Select multiple elements

TAB Cycle through the highlighting of elements to select among ones that are close to one another.

NOTE If you are selecting multiple elements and need to use the Tab key, do not hold the CTRL key
while pressing TAB.

TAB Highlight wall faces or wall centerlines when placing dimensions

TAB Toggle between selecting a curtain wall or a glazed panel in a plan view

SHIFT+TAB Reverse the order in which TAB cycles through the highlighting of elements

CTRL+A Select all rows in the Worksets dialog.

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Snapping

Key Action

TAB Cycle through different snaps while creating walls and lines, placing components, or moving or pasting
elements.

SHIFT+TAB Reverse the order in which TAB cycles through different snaps. Pressing SHIFT+TAB once suppresses all
snap points.

File Management

Key Action

CTRL+O Open a project

CTRL+P Print a page

CTRL+S Save a project

Editing

Key Action

Press and hold Make a copy of the element

down CTRL while
dragging an ele-
ment

CTRL+C Copy a selected element

CTRL+V Paste an element

CTRL+X Cut an element

CTRL+Y Redo a change

CTRL+Z Undo a change

mv Move an element

ro Rotate an element

DEL Delete a selected element

Keyboard Accelerators | 513

 Canceling a Command or Clearing Temporary Dimensions

Key Action

ESC Cancel a command before a first click and return to modify mode

ESC Cancel the first click of a multi-click command, such as walls or lines. Press ESC again to return to
modify mode.

ESC Clear temporary dimensions that appear after a single-click command, such as doors, or after the second
click of a multi-click command, such as walls. Press ESC again to return to modify mode.

Views

Key Action

F8 Activate the SteeringWheel navigation tool.

TAB Create different interior elevation views as you place the Interior Elevation symbol

Controlling Element Placement

Key Action

Press and hold Constrain the elevation of a window in a 3D view.

SHIFT

Press and hold Impose or relax the constraint on the movement of a wall or line.
SHIFT

Screen Refresh

Key Action

F5 Refresh the screen

Colors
You set colors for many elements in Revit Architecture, such as objects, lines, annotation symbols, materials,
rooms, and phasing. When you select colors, the standard Windows color dialog opens. If you click PANTONE
from the Windows color picker, the PANTONE color dialog opens.
You can specify No Color in the Windows Color dialog to not associate a color with a particular item. This
does not mean the item has no color. A component can assume its color from a parent category or use black.
For example, if you specify No Color for Door Panel, but Doors are defined as brown, the Door Panel displays
in brown.

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Using the Windows Color Dialog
1 From the appropriate Revit Architecture dialog, access the Windows Color dialog.
For example, in the Materials dialog, on the Graphics tab or the Render Appearance tab, click
a color swatch. (See Materials on page 459.)

2 In the Color dialog, select a color using one of the following methods:
■ Basic colors: A table of 48 commonly used colors is available. Click one of the boxes containing
the desired color.

■ Hue, Sat, Lum, Red, Green, Blue boxes: Type values in these boxes to define the desired color.

■ Black and white settings box: Move the slider up and down to alter the amount of white or
black in the color. The result displays in the color/solid box.

■ Custom colors: Add up to 16 custom colors. To add a custom color, click one of the 16 color
squares under Custom Colors. Mix the new color by clicking one of the Basic Color squares
or by choosing a PANTONE color. When you have finished mixing the color, click Add
Custom.

3 When you have specified the desired color, click OK.

Using the PANTONE Color Picker

1 From the appropriate Revit Architecture dialog, access the Windows Color dialog.
For example, in the Materials dialog, on the Graphics tab or the Render Appearance tab, click
a color swatch. (See Materials on page 459.)

2 In the Color dialog, click PANTONE.

3 Create a color in the PANTONE Color Picker.
4 Click a color in the pane to select it.
The PANTONE preview window displays the selected color.

5 When you find the desired color, click OK.

6 Click OK to exit the Color dialog.
Revit Architecture assigns the PANTONE color to the dialog. Note that Revit Architecture uses
the PANTONE name.

Using the Windows Color Dialog | 515

516
Conceptual Design with
Massing Studies 10
Massing studies allow you to explore design ideas by using shapes to conceptualize a building model. When your conceptual
design is complete, you can add building elements directly to these shapes.
The following image shows a sample massing study.

Typical Uses of Massing Studies

■ Create in-place or family-based mass instances that are specific to individual options, worksets, and phases.

517
■ Create mass families that represent the forms associated with often-used building volumes.

■ Vary materials, forms, and relations between masses that represent major components of a building or development
using design options.

■ Abstractly represent phases of a project.

■ Study zoning compliance, both visually and numerically, by relating a proposed building mass to the zoning envelope
and floor area ratio.

■ Assemble various complex masses from a library of predefined mass families.

■ Generate floors, roofs, curtain systems, and walls from mass instances with control over element category, type, and
parameter values. Fully control regeneration of these elements when the mass changes.

Massing Studies Terminology

Term Description

Massing The process of visualizing, studying, and resolving building forms using mass instances.

Mass Family A family of shapes, belonging to the mass category. An in-place mass family is saved with
the project; it is not a separate file.

Mass Instance or Mass An instance of a loaded mass family or an in-place mass family.

Mass Editor A version of the Family Editor used for defining mass families or in-place masses.

Mass Form The overall form of each mass family or in-place mass family, as created in the Mass Editor.

Massing Study A study of one or more building forms made from one or more mass instances.

Mass Face A surface on a mass instance that can be used to create a building element, such as a wall
or roof.

Mass Floor A horizontal slice through a mass at a defined level. Mass floors provide geometric information
about the dimensions of the mass above the slice, up to the next slice or the top of the mass.

Building Elements Walls, roofs, floors, and curtain systems that can be created from mass instance faces.

Zoning Envelope A legally defined volume within which a building must be contained. Zoning envelopes can
be modeled as a mass.

Massing Studies and Building Maker

You create massing studies using Building Maker. Building Maker is a set of tools that draws a closer association
between massing studies and building elements. It is a powerful conceptual design and modelling environment
that takes any overall building form described conceptually and maps it to real-world building elements

518 | Chapter 10 Conceptual Design with Massing Studies

 (such as roofs, curtain walls, floors, and walls). Building Maker allows for a cumulative understanding of the
relationship between expressive and built form as the design develops.
Building Maker includes the Mass Editor, which allows you to create mass families. You can use Building
Maker commands to create building elements from these mass families.

Creating a Mass Family

Mass families are created similarly to other Revit Architecture families. You can create mass families within
a project (in-place mass families) or you can create mass families outside of a project (loaded mass families).
In-place mass families are used for mass forms that are unique to a project. Loaded mass families are typically
used when you will be placing multiple instances of the family in a project, or when you will use mass
families in multiple projects.
For both in-place mass families and loaded mass families, a version of the Family Editor called the Mass
Editor is available. You can nest other mass families into the mass family that you are creating. (See Family
Editor on page 376.)
Predefined mass families are available in the Mass folder of the family content library that was installed with
Revit Architecture.
If you are importing geometry into a family, see Considerations for Imported Geometry in Mass or Generic
Model Families on page 555.

Creating an In-Place Mass Family

1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Massing ➤ Create Mass, or on the Massing tab of the Design Bar, click
Create Mass.
(If the Massing tab does not display, right-click the Design Bar and click Massing.)

NOTE In order to create mass, the Show Mass mode must be activated. If Show Mass is not activated
when you click Create Mass, Revit Architecture activates it for you.

2 Enter a name for the in-place mass family, and click OK.
3 Create the desired shapes using the Solid Form and Void Form tools on the Mass tab of the
Design Bar. For more information on these tools, see Solid Geometry Tools on page 380 and Void
Geometry Tools on page 390.
4 When you are finished, on the Design Bar, click Finish Mass.

Creating a Mass Family | 519

 Sample in-place
mass family

Creating a Mass Family Outside of a Project

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Family.
2 In the New dialog, select the Mass.rft template, and click Open.
3 Create the desired shapes using the Solid Form and Void Form tools on the Mass tab of the
Design Bar.
For more information on these tools, see Solid Geometry Tools on page 380 and Void Geometry
Tools on page 390.

Mass Instance Parameters

You can view instance parameters for a selected mass element in the Element Properties dialog. Loaded mass
families and in-place mass families have the following instance parameters in common:

■ Mass Floors. Click Edit to open the Mass Floors dialog. The dialog displays all levels in the project. When
you select levels, Revit Architecture generates a mass floor for each selected level that intersects the mass.
After generating mass floors, the software calculates the mass floor area, perimeter, volume, and exterior
surface area. See Creating Mass Floors on page 525.
When the mass changes its vertical extents, only previously selected levels that currently intersect the
mass produce mass floors. Each previously selected level is retained even if it does not produce a mass
floor until unselected.

■ Gross Volume. This value is read only.

■ Gross Surface Area. This value is read only. The gross surface area includes the sides, top, and bottom of
the mass.

■ Gross Floor Area. This read-only value changes when you add mass floors.

Gross Volume, Gross Surface Area, and Gross Floor Area are all parameters that can be scheduled.

520 | Chapter 10 Conceptual Design with Massing Studies

Placing a Mass Instance from a Mass Family
1 Click File menu ➤ Load from Library ➤ Load Family.
2 Navigate to the family file, and click Open.
3 Click Modelling menu ➤ Massing ➤ Place Mass, or on the Massing tab of the Design Bar, click
Place Mass.
4 In the Type Selector, select the desired mass type.
5 On the Options Bar, click Place on Face or Place on Work Plane.
See Work Plane-based and Face-based Component Placement Options on page 747 for more
information.

6 Click in the drawing area to place the mass instance.

Using Multiple Mass Instances in a Project

You can include multiple mass instances in a project. To eliminate overlap, each mass instance can be joined
to other mass instances. As a result, their gross volume and gross floor area values are adjusted accordingly.
In the project, mass instances can be placed in worksets, included in phases, and added to design options.

Joining Mass Instances in a Project

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Join Geometry, or on the Tools toolbar, click .

2 Select the first mass instance, and then the second.
The overlapping form of the first mass cuts into the second mass. The mass floors of the second
mass are adjusted to report accurately gross floor area in a mass schedule.

If you move the joined mass instances, their properties are updated. If you move the mass instances so that
they no longer intersect, a warning message displays. You can unjoin them using the Unjoin Geometry
command.

Overlapping Mass Faces

In the project environment, any joined and overlapping mass faces split into 2 faces: interior and exterior.
This allows you to create interior or exterior hosts by face.
In the following illustration, 2 masses are joined, and the overlapping faces have 2 different hosts. The
exterior face has a curtain system by face. The interior face has a wall by face with a door.

Placing a Mass Instance from a Mass Family | 521

 When you join masses, the area of the inner wall shared by the masses is deducted from the gross surface
area for each mass. If you create mass floors, this inner wall area is also deducted from the exterior surface
area for each mass floor.
The perimeter of a mass floor, however, includes the entire perimeter, even when it overlaps the perimeter
of a mass floor in an adjacent joined mass.

Mass Instances in Design Options, Phases, and Worksets

You can assign mass instances to any workset, range of phases, and design options. Consider the following
limitations:

■ If you want to join geometry of 2 masses and then vary the relationships in different options, you must
copy both masses into each option.

■ If you want to modify relationships between 2 masses and they are in different worksets, either both
worksets must be editable, or you will need to borrow one or both of the masses from the owners of their
worksets.

■ If the relationships between masses vary from phase to phase, you may need to include each mass in
each phase.

Analyzing a Conceptual Design

During the early planning stages of a building project, you can analyze the conceptual design to determine
the following:

■ The best mix of uses (such as retail, residential, and office space) for the building

■ Rough cost estimates for the exterior of the building, based on linear dimensions or surface area

■ HVAC (heating-ventilation-air conditioning) requirements for different levels of the building

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 To perform these types of analysis, you use mass floors to divide a mass based on defined levels. For each
mass floor, Revit Architecture calculates the floor area, exterior surface area, volume, and perimeter. This
information is stored in the instance properties for mass floors. You can include these values in schedules
and tags.

Mass Floors Overview

In Revit Architecture, you use mass floors to divide a mass. You can create a mass floor at each level defined
in the project. Mass floors display graphically as a slice through the mass at a defined level. They provide
geometric information about the dimensions of the mass above the slice, up to the next slice or the top of
the mass.
For each mass floor, Revit Architecture calculates the following:

■ Area of each mass floor, in square units. Use this information for rough cost estimates or determining
usage ratios for the design.

■ Exterior surface area from the mass floor upward to the next mass floor. Use this information to create
rough cost estimates for the exterior of the building based on square units.

Mass Floors Overview | 523

 ■ Perimeter of each mass floor. Use this information to create rough cost estimates based on linear
dimensions.

■ Volume of each mass floor, in cubic units. Use this information to estimate HVAC loads.

See Examples of Conceptual Design Analysis on page 529.

Mass Floors at the Top of a Mass

When you use mass floors to divide a mass, Revit Architecture creates a visible mass floor at each specified
level that intersects the mass, except for any level that coincides with a top face of the mass.
For example, suppose you create a mass that starts at level 1 and ends at level 4. In the Mass Floors dialog,
you select levels 1, 2, 3, and 4. As a result, Revit Architecture creates mass floors at levels 1, 2, and 3. The
software does not create a mass floor at level 4 because level 4 coincides with the top of the mass. It does
not have exterior surface area (vertical surfaces extending upward from its perimeter) or volume (from level
4 upward). Instead, the exterior surface area for level 3 includes the vertical surfaces (walls) that enclose level
3 and also the top horizontal surface (roof) that occurs at level 4. As a result, the exterior surface area for the
top floor of a mass may be disproportionately larger than lower floors.

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Mass Floors at the Bottom of a Mass
To analyze a portion of a mass that occurs below the lowest mass floor, create a level and mass floor at the
bottom-most boundary of the mass. Otherwise, Revit Architecture does not include that portion in the
surface area or volume calculations for any mass floors. As an alternative, you can examine the Gross Surface
Area and Gross Volume parameters for the mass.

NOTE The Gross Surface Area includes the bottom surface of a mass. However, the combined exterior surface
areas of mass floors include the sides and top of the mass, but not its bottom surface.

Creating Mass Floors

1 If you have not already done so, add levels to the project.
Mass floors are based on levels defined in the project. See Adding Levels on page 1042.

2 Select the mass.

Mass Floors at the Bottom of a Mass | 525

 You can select the mass in any type of project view, including floor plan, RCP, elevation, section,
and 3D views.

3 On the Options Bar, click Mass Floors.

4 In the Mass Floors dialog, select each level that needs a mass floor, and click OK.
Initially, if you select a level that the mass does not intersect, Revit Architecture does not create
a mass floor for that level. However, if you later resize the mass so that it intersects the specified
level, Revit Architecture creates a mass floor on that level.
Mass floors

After creating mass floors, you can do any of the following:

■ Select a mass floor to view its properties (including area, perimeter, exterior surface area, and volume)
and assign a usage. See Selecting Mass Floors on page 526 and Mass Floor Properties on page 540.

■ Tag mass floors. See Tagging Mass Floors on page 528.

■ Create building floors from mass floors. See Creating Floors Using the Floor by Face Command on page
547.

Selecting Mass Floors

After creating mass floors, you can select each mass floor individually. When you move the cursor over a
mass floor, the tooltip and status bar display the following:
Mass Floor : Mass Floor for <mass name> : <level>
If the status bar displays the name of the mass instead of the mass floor, press TAB to highlight the mass
floor.
When the mass floor is highlighted, click to select it.
You cannot change the shape of a mass floor by manipulating it directly. Instead, change the shape of its
mass. Revit Architecture automatically updates all affected mass floors and related information.

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Creating a Mass Floor Schedule
After creating mass floors, you can create a schedule for them. Use a mass floor schedule to assign usages or
to analyze the design. If you change the shape of the mass, the mass floor schedule updates to reflect the
changes.

To create a mass floor schedule

1 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Schedule/Quantities, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click
Schedule/Quantities.
2 In the New Schedule dialog, do the following:
a For Category, click Mass Floor.

b For Name, specify the schedule name.

c Select Schedule building components.

d Click OK.

3 In the Schedule Properties dialog, do the following:

a On the Fields tab, select the desired fields.
See Selecting Fields for a Schedule on page 128.

b Use other tabs to specify filtering, sorting, and formatting of the schedule.
See Specifying Schedule Properties on page 128.

c Click OK.

The schedule displays in the drawing area. If you included the Usage field in the schedule, you can assign
a usage to each mass floor in the schedule.

Related topics

■ Examples of Conceptual Design Analysis on page 529

■ Schedule Views on page 124

Creating a Mass Floor Schedule | 527

Tagging Mass Floors
After creating mass floors, you can tag them in 2D views. The tags can include information about the area,
exterior surface area, perimeter, volume, and usage for each mass floor. If you change the shape of the mass,
the tags update to reflect the changes. (For information about tags, see Tags on page 1064.)
Revit Architecture provides the Mass Floor Tag and M_Mass Floor Tag families. These tags reside in the
Annotations folder of the Revit Architecture library. They provide information about the usage and square
units per mass floor.
To display other parameter values in a mass floor tag, create your own, or use the example provided in the
Training folder: Mass Floor Tag-Complex.rfa or M_Mass Floor Tag-Complex.rfa. If you use the default
installation location for tutorial content, these files reside in the following location:
C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Autodesk\<product name and
version>\Training\<Imperial or Metric>\Families\Annotations
When applying these complex tags to mass floors, you can select a family type to display the desired
information, as shown.
Sample tags for mass floors

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 To tag mass floors
1 Open a view in which you can apply tags.
You can tag elements in 2D views, including plans, sections, and elevations. You cannot tag
elements in 3D views.

2 Apply tags to mass floors.

See Applying a Tag on page 1066 and Tag All Not Tagged on page 1067.

NOTE If you have trouble tagging a mass floor, move the cursor over the floor and press TAB. (Pressing
TAB changes the focus from the mass to the mass floor.) Then click the mass floor to tag it.

3 (Optional) If the tag displays the Usage label, click the Usage text and enter a value.
When you enter usage values in tags, other areas of the project (such as element properties and
mass floor schedules) update with the information.

Assigning a Usage to a Mass Floor

After creating mass floors, you can assign usages to them. Then you can perform various types of analysis
on the design. See Examples of Conceptual Design Analysis on page 529.
Assign a usage to a mass floor using any of the following methods:
■ Schedule: Include the Usage field in a mass floor schedule. Then assign usages within the schedule. Open
the schedule, click the Usage column for a row, and enter text. If you have already entered usage values
for other mass floors, you can click in the field and select a value from a list. See Creating a Mass Floor
Schedule on page 527.

■ Tag: To tag mass floors in a view, use a mass floor tag that displays the usage assigned to each mass floor.
Click the tag to change a usage value. See Tagging Mass Floors on page 528.

■ Properties: Access the Element Properties dialog of a mass floor to assign a value to the Usage parameter,
as follows.

To assign a usage to a mass floor

1 In a view, right-click a mass floor, and click Element Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, for Usage, enter a value.
3 Click OK.

Examples of Conceptual Design Analysis

The following topics provide examples of the different types of analysis that you can perform on conceptual
designs.
The analysis examples use the following massing study.

Assigning a Usage to a Mass Floor | 529

 Sample massing study

Area Analysis Example

In a sample scenario, you have designed masses to explore a conceptual design for a building. (See Examples
of Conceptual Design Analysis on page 529.) You want to analyze the most cost-effective or profitable mix
of uses for each floor of the building.
To perform this analysis, you must do the following:

■ Assign a usage to each mass floor.

■ Calculate the area of each mass floor.

■ Calculate the percentage of floor space devoted to each usage.

■ Use this information to determine the best mix of uses for the design.

530 | Chapter 10 Conceptual Design with Massing Studies

Creating an Area Analysis Schedule
Use the following procedure to create a schedule to perform area analysis of masses in a conceptual design,
based on the scenario described in Area Analysis Example on page 530. Specific steps may vary depending
on the information that you want to show in the schedule.

To create an area analysis schedule

1 Create mass floors.
See Creating Mass Floors on page 525.

2 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Schedule/Quantities, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click
Schedule/Quantities.
3 In the New Schedule dialog, do the following:
a For Category, click Mass Floor.

b For Name, specify the schedule name.

c Select Schedule building components.

d Click OK.

4 On the Fields tab of the Schedule Properties dialog, do the following:

a For Scheduled fields (in order), add the following fields:
■ Usage

■ Level

■ Mass: Type

■ Floor Area

b Click Calculated Value.

c In the Calculated Value dialog, for Name, enter Floor Area %.

d Select Percentage.

e For Of, select Floor Area.

f For By, select Grand total.

g Click OK twice.

5 In the schedule, assign a usage to each mass floor.

Enter text in the Usage column for each level. After entering initial values, for the remaining
rows you can click in the field to select values from a list.

Examples of Conceptual Design Analysis | 531

 Next, sort and subtotal the schedule by usage, as follows.

6 Open the view properties for the schedule. (Right-click in the drawing area for the schedule,
and click View Properties.)
7 For Sorting/Grouping, click Edit.
8 On the Sorting/Grouping tab of the Schedule Properties dialog, do the following:
a For Sort by, select the following:
■ Usage

■ Ascending

■ Footer

■ Title, count, and totals

■ Blank line

b For Then by, select both Level and Ascending.

c At the bottom of the dialog, select the following:

■ Grand totals

■ Title and totals

■ Itemize every instance

9 Click the Formatting tab, and do the following:

a Under Fields, select Floor Area.

b For Alignment, select Right.

c Select Calculate totals.

d Specify formatting for Floor Area %: under Fields, select Floor Area %. For Alignment, select
Right. Select Calculate totals.

e (Optional) Specify formatting for Usage, Level, and Mass: Type: under Fields, select a field
name. Then for Alignment, select Center.

10 Click OK twice.
The schedule updates to sort and subtotal the rows accordingly. It shows the percentage of floor area planned
for each usage, as well as square units.

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Analysis Example for Exterior Surface Area
In a sample scenario, you have designed masses to explore a conceptual design for a building. (See Examples
of Conceptual Design Analysis on page 529.) You want to determine exterior surface areas around the perimeter
of each floor. This information will allow you to estimate costs for the building exterior using various
materials.

Creating a Schedule to Analyze Exterior Surface Area

Use the following procedure to create a schedule for analyzing the exterior surface areas of masses in a
conceptual design, based on the scenario described in Analysis Example for Exterior Surface Area on page
533. Specific steps may vary depending on the information that you want to show in the schedule.

To create a schedule to analyze exterior surface area

1 Create mass floors.
See Creating Mass Floors on page 525.

Examples of Conceptual Design Analysis | 533

 2 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Schedule/Quantities, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click
Schedule/Quantities.
3 In the New Schedule dialog, do the following:
a For Category, click Mass Floor.

b For Name, specify the schedule name.

c Select Schedule building components.

d Click OK.

4 On the Fields tab of the Schedule Properties dialog, do the following:

a For Scheduled fields (in order), add the following fields:
■ Usage

■ Comments

■ Level

■ Mass: Type

■ Exterior Surface Area

b Click Calculated Value.

c In the Calculated Value dialog, for Name, enter Exterior Surface Area %.

d Select Percentage.

e For Of, select Exterior Surface Area.

f For By, select Grand total.

g Click OK twice.

5 In the schedule, assign values to the Usage and Comments columns for each mass floor.
Use Comments to indicate the exterior building material. Use consistent values so that you can
use this field for sorting.

Next, sort and subtotal the schedule by exterior material (using the Comments field), as follows.

6 Open view properties for the schedule. (Right-click in the drawing area for the schedule, and
click View Properties.)
7 For Sorting/Grouping, click Edit.

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 8 On The Sorting/Grouping tab of the Schedule Properties dialog, do the following:
a For Sort by, select the following:
■ Comments

■ Ascending

■ Footer

■ Title, count, and totals

■ Blank line

b For Then by, select both Usage and Ascending.

c At the bottom of the dialog, select the following:

■ Grand totals

■ Title and totals

■ Itemize every instance

9 Click the Formatting tab, and do the following:

a Under Fields, select Exterior Surface Area.

b For Alignment, select Right.

c Select Calculate totals.

d Specify formatting for Exterior Surface Area %: under Fields, select Exterior Surface Area %.
For Alignment, select Right. Select Calculate totals.

e (Optional) Specify formatting for Comments, Usage, Level, and Mass: Type: under Fields,
select a field name. Then for Alignment, select Center.

10 Click OK twice.
The schedule updates to sort and subtotal the rows accordingly. It shows the percentage of surface area for
each exterior material, as well as square units.
In this example, the exterior surface areas for some mass floors (such as Square Level 4 and Wedge Level 6)
are larger than those for other mass floors because they are calculated differently. See Mass Floors at the Top
of a Mass on page 524.
Also, where the masses are joined, the inner surfaces between masses are deducted from the exterior surface
area. See Overlapping Mass Faces on page 521.

Examples of Conceptual Design Analysis | 535

 Perimeter Analysis Example
In a sample scenario, you have designed masses to explore a conceptual design for a building. (See Examples
of Conceptual Design Analysis on page 529.) The design contains many angles, and it may be too expensive
to build. You want to produce rough cost estimates, based on its linear dimensions, to check construction
costs for the project.

Creating a Perimeter Analysis Schedule

Use the following procedure to create a schedule for analyzing the perimeter of masses in a conceptual
design, based on the scenario described in Perimeter Analysis Example on page 536. Specific steps may vary
depending on the information that you want to show in the schedule.

To create a perimeter analysis schedule

1 Create mass floors.
See Creating Mass Floors on page 525.

536 | Chapter 10 Conceptual Design with Massing Studies

 2 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Schedule/Quantities, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click
Schedule/Quantities.
3 In the New Schedule dialog, do the following:
a For Category, click Mass Floor.

b For Name, specify the schedule name.

c Select Schedule building components.

d Click OK.

4 On the Fields tab of the Schedule Properties dialog, for Scheduled fields (in order), add the
following fields:
■ Mass: Type

■ Level

■ Floor Perimeter

5 Click the Sorting/Grouping tab, and do the following:

a For Sort by, select the following:
■ Mass: Type

■ Ascending

■ Footer

■ Title and totals

■ Blank line

b For Then by, select both Level and Ascending.

c At the bottom of the dialog, select the following:

■ Grand totals

■ Title and totals

■ Itemize every instance

6 Click the Formatting tab, and do the following:

a Under Fields, select Floor Perimeter.

b For Alignment, select Right.

c Select Calculate totals.

d (Optional) Specify formatting for Level and Mass: Type: under Fields, select a field name.
Then for Alignment, select Center.

7 Click OK.
The schedule shows total linear dimensions, based on the combined perimeters of the mass floors. Use this
information to estimate building costs for the design.

NOTE Perimeter values include the entire perimeter of each mass floor, even when the mass floors in adjacent,
joined masses overlap. See Overlapping Mass Faces on page 521.

Examples of Conceptual Design Analysis | 537

 Volume Analysis Example
In a sample scenario, you have designed masses to explore a conceptual design for a building. (See Examples
of Conceptual Design Analysis on page 529.) You want to do the following:

■ Determine which floors of the building require air conditioning. (For example, parking levels are not air
conditioned.)

■ Calculate the volume of space to be air conditioned.

■ Determine the resulting HVAC load.

Creating a Volume Analysis Schedule

Use the following procedure to create a schedule for analyzing the volume of masses in a conceptual design,
based on the scenario described in Volume Analysis Example on page 538. Specific steps may vary depending
on the information that you want to show in the schedule.

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To create a volume analysis schedule
1 Create mass floors.
See Creating Mass Floors on page 525.

2 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Schedule/Quantities, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click
Schedule/Quantities.
3 In the New Schedule dialog, do the following:
a For Category, click Mass Floor.

b For Name, specify the schedule name.

c Select Schedule building components.

d Click OK.

4 On the Fields tab of the Schedule Properties dialog, for Scheduled fields (in order), add the
following fields:
■ Usage

■ Level

■ Mass: Type

■ Floor Volume

5 Click OK twice.
6 In the schedule, assign a usage to each mass floor.
Enter text in the Usage column for each level. After entering initial values, for the remaining
rows you can click in the field to select values from a list.
Next, sort and subtotal the schedule by usage, as follows.

7 Open the view properties for the schedule. (Right-click in the drawing area for the schedule,
and click View Properties.)
8 For Sorting/Grouping, click Edit.
9 On the Sorting/Grouping tab of the Schedule Properties dialog, do the following:
a For Sort by, select the following:
■ Usage

■ Ascending

■ Footer

■ Title and totals

■ Blank line

b For Then by, select both Level and Ascending.

c At the bottom of the dialog, select the following:

■ Grand totals

■ Title and totals

■ Itemize every instance

10 Click the Formatting tab, and do the following:

a Under Fields, select Floor Volume.

Examples of Conceptual Design Analysis | 539

 b For Alignment, select Right.

c Select Calculate totals.

d (Optional) Specify formatting for Usage, Level, and Mass: Type: under Fields, select a field
name. Then for Alignment, select Center.

11 Click OK twice.
The schedule shows the volume of each mass floor, volume subtotals by usage, and a grand total for the
combined volumes of the mass floors. Use this information to estimate HVAC loads for the design based on
the planned usage for each mass floor.

Mass Floor Properties

You can modify some mass floor properties. Several values come from the originating mass. You can include
these values in mass floor tags and schedules. Note that the calculated and mass-based values are read only.

Modifying Mass Floor Properties

1 Select a mass floor.
See Selecting Mass Floors on page 526.

2 Click (Element Properties).

3 In the Element Properties dialog, view and edit instance parameters for the mass floor.
See Mass Floor Instance Properties on page 540.

4 Click OK.

Mass Floor Instance Properties

Parameter Description

Dimensions

540 | Chapter 10 Conceptual Design with Massing Studies

Parameter Description

Floor Perimeter The total linear dimension for the outer boundaries of the mass floor. This value
is read only.

Floor Area The surface area for the mass floor, in square units. This value is read only.

Exterior Surface Area The surface area for the exterior vertical surfaces (walls) from the mass floor
perimeter up to the next mass floor, in square units. For the uppermost mass
floor, the Exterior Surface Area includes the area of the horizontal surface (roof)
above it. (See Mass Floors at the Top of a Mass on page 524.) This value is read
only.
The combined exterior surface area of all mass floors in a mass includes the top
and sides of the mass. However, it does not include the bottom of the mass.
When you join masses, the area of the inner wall shared by the masses is deduc-
ted from the exterior surface area for each mass floor. See Overlapping Mass
Faces on page 521.

Floor Volume The amount of physical space between the mass floor and the surface above
it, bounded by exterior vertical surfaces between them. Floor volume is meas-
ured in cubic units. This value is read only.

Level The level (horizontal plane) on which the mass floor is based. This value is read
only.

Identity Data

Usage A description of the intended use for the mass floor. You can enter text, or click
in the field to select an existing value.

Mass: Type The type of mass to which the mass floor belongs. This value is read only.

Mass: Family The family of the mass to which the mass floor belongs. This value is read only.

Mass: Family and Type The family and type of mass to which the mass floor belongs. This value is read
only.

Mass: Type Comments Comments about the type of mass to which the mass floor belongs. This value
is read only.

Mass: Comments Comments about the mass to which the mass floor belongs. This value is read
only.

Mass: Description A description of the mass to which the mass floor belongs. This value is read
only.

Comments Text that describes the mass floor.

Mark A user-specified identifier for the mass floor.

Mass Floor Properties | 541

 Parameter Description

Phasing

Phase Created The phase during which the mass floor is created. See Project Phasing on page
1263.

Phase Demolished The phase during which the mass floor is demolished. See Project Phasing on
page 1263.

Troubleshooting Mass Floors and Conceptual Design Analysis

When using mass floors to analyze a conceptual design, you may encounter the following issues.

Cannot See the Mass in a View

Symptom: You opened a view, but you cannot see the mass.
Issue: The Show Mass tool is not active, or the view is zoomed in too close to the mass.
Solution: Try the following:

■ On the View toolbar, click (Show Mass).

■ Type ZF to Zoom to Fit.

■ Type VG (Visibility/Graphics). On the Model Categories tab of the Visibility/Graphic Overrides dialog,
expand Mass. Make sure that Mass and Mass Floor are selected. Click OK.

Cannot See Mass Floors in a View

Symptom: You opened a view and you can see the mass, but you cannot see mass floors.
Issue: The visibility/graphic setting for mass floors is turned off.
Solution: Do the following:

1 Type VG (Visibility/Graphics).

2 On the Model Categories tab of the Visibility/Graphic Overrides dialog, expand Mass.

3 Select Mass and Mass Floor.

4 Click OK.

Cannot Select or Tag a Mass Floor

Symptom: You cannot select or tag a mass floor.
Issue: In a drawing, the mass is the first selectable element.

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 Solution: With the cursor over the mass floor, press TAB to change the focus from the mass to the mass floor.
(Check the status bar for confirmation.) Then click to select the mass floor or apply the tag to it.

Exterior Surface Area Is Too Large

Symptom: You used mass floors to divide a mass. In a schedule, tag, or element properties, you notice that
the exterior surface area for the uppermost mass floor of the mass is disproportionately larger than for the
other mass floors.
Issue: The exterior surface area calculation for the uppermost mass floor includes the top surface. See Mass
Floors at the Top of a Mass on page 524.
Solution: None required.

Exterior Surface Area Is Too Small

Symptom: You used mass floors to divide a mass. In a schedule, tag, or element properties, you notice that
the exterior surface area for the mass floors is not as large as you expect it to be.
Issue: The mass is joined to another mass. The area of the inner wall shared by the masses is deducted from
the exterior surface area for each mass floor. It is also deducted from the gross surface area for the mass. See
Overlapping Mass Faces on page 521.
Solution: None required.

Gross Floor Area Is Not Available for a Mass Floor Schedule

Symptom: You want to create a mass floor schedule that includes the gross floor area of the mass. However,
the Gross Floor Area field is not listed on the Fields tab of the Schedule Properties dialog.
Issue: Gross Floor Area is a parameter of the mass, not the mass floor.
Solution: Create a mass schedule that shows Gross Floor Area.

Mass Gross Surface Area Is Too Small

Symptom: In a schedule, tag, or element properties, you notice that the gross surface area for a mass is not
as large as you expect it to be.
Issue: The mass is joined to another mass. The area of the inner wall shared by the masses is deducted from
the gross surface area for each mass. If you create mass floors, this inner wall area is also deducted from the
exterior surface area for each mass floor. See Overlapping Mass Faces on page 521.
Solution: None required.

Creating Building Elements from Mass Instances

You can create building elements from the faces of mass instances, and from the faces of generic models.
Use mass instances when you want to model a building abstractly, or if you want to schedule gross volume,
surface, and floor area. Use generic models if you must create a unique, unusual shape but do not need to
model the entire building abstractly.

Creating Building Elements from Mass Instances | 543

 To create building elements from mass instances, use Building Maker commands. Building elements created
with Building Maker commands do not automatically update when the mass face changes. You can remake
the element to adjust to the current size and shape of the mass face. For more information, see Remaking
Face-Based Host Shapes on page 554.

Massing and Imported Geometry

You can create building elements from imported solids and polymeshes.

■ Imported solids: To create elements from faces of imported solids, they must be imported into the Mass
Editor while you are creating a mass family, or into the Family Editor while you are creating a generic
model.

■ Polymeshes: You can import polymesh objects from various file types. Generic model families are
recommended for polymesh geometry, because mass families cannot extract volumetric information
from polymeshes.

For more information about Revit Architecture import capabilities, see Importing Massing Studies from
Other Applications on page 555 and Suitability of Imported Geometry on page 1306.

TIP You can import AutoCAD Architecture mass elements into Revit Architecture after they are exploded in
AutoCAD Architecture. As Revit Architecture import symbols, they are polymesh objects. Optionally, you can
convert mass elements to solid AutoCAD objects before importing into Revit Architecture.

Creating Walls from Mass Instances

You create walls from mass instances by picking lines or faces using the Wall by Face command. This
command places walls on non-horizontal faces of a mass instance or generic model.
If you change the mass face, walls created with the Wall by Face command do not automatically update. To
update the wall, use the Remake command. See Remaking Face-Based Host Shapes on page 554.

To create walls using the Wall by Face command

1 On the Massing tab of the Design Bar, click Wall by Face.
2 In the Type Selector, select a wall type.
3 On the Options Bar, specify the level, height, location line, and any property values for the wall.
For more information on these settings, see Adding Interior and Exterior Walls on page 562.
4 Place the cursor on a non-horizontal face to highlight it.

TIP After you highlight a face, you can press TAB to highlight all faces on the mass. Then with one
click, all walls are placed simultaneously on each highlighted face.

544 | Chapter 10 Conceptual Design with Massing Studies

 Cursor highlighting planar vertical face

Cursor highlighting non-vertical face

5 Click to place the wall.

TIP To create a non-rectangular wall on a vertical cylindrical face, use Openings and in-place cuts to adjust its
profile.

Creating Walls from Mass Instances | 545

 Placed wall on vertical face

Placed wall on non-vertical face

Creating Floors from Mass Instances

To create floors from a mass instance, use the Floor by Face command or the Floor command. To use the
Floor by Face command, you first create mass floors. Mass floors calculate floor areas in a mass instance.
For more information on the Floor command, see Floors on page 641.

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Creating Floors Using the Floor by Face Command
1 Create mass floors for the mass instance. For instructions, see Creating Mass Floors on page 525.
2 On the Massing tab of the Design Bar, click Floor by Face.
3 In the Type Selector, select a floor type.
4 If desired, specify an offset for the floor.
If you enter an offset value, the floor is offset that amount from the edges of the mass floor. A
positive value makes a smaller floor; a negative value makes a larger floor.

5 To select more than one face, select Multiple. Otherwise, clear this option.
6 Place the cursor on a mass floor.
Cursor highlighting mass floor

7 Click to select the mass floor.

If you clear the Multiple option, a floor is placed on the face immediately.

8 If you selected Multiple, do the following:

■ Continue selecting mass floors.
You can add or remove mass floors from the selection by clicking them. The cursor indicates
whether you are adding (+) or removing (–) a face. To clear the selection of all faces and start
selecting again, on the Options Bar, click Clear.

TIP You may want to select mass floors using a selection box, particularly if the mass contains
many mass floors. See Selecting Multiple Elements on page 270.

■ On the Options bar, click Create Floors to create a floor on all selected faces.

Creating Floors from Mass Instances | 547

 Created floors

9 To exit the Floor by Face command, on the Design Bar, click Modify.
Floors created from floor faces do not automatically update if you change the mass face. To update the floor,
use the Remake command. See Remaking Face-Based Host Shapes on page 554.
If you edit the sketch of a floor created from a floor face, and then remake the floor, you lose all edits to the
floor sketch.

Creating Curtain Systems from Mass Instances

You can create curtain systems on any mass faces or generic model faces using the Curtain System by Face
command. Curtain systems do not have editable sketches. Use curtain walls if you require an editable sketch
on a vertical mass face. See Curtain Walls, Curtain Grids, and Mullions on page 700.
You can also use the Curtain System by Lines command. See Creating a Curtain System by Lines on page
717.

Creating Curtain Systems Using the Curtain System by Face

Command

NOTE You cannot edit the profile of a curtain system. If you want to edit the profile, place a curtain wall.

1 On the Massing tab of the Design Bar, click Curtain System by Face.
2 In the Type Selector, select a curtain system type.

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 Use a curtain system type with a curtain grid layout. For more information on specifying a
curtain grid layout by type, see Type-Driven Curtain Element Layout on page 705.

3 To select more than one face, select Multiple. Otherwise, clear this option.
4 Place the cursor on a mass face.
Cursor highlighting mass face

TIP Drag a pick box over the entire shape to make a curtain system on the entire form.

5 Click to select the face.

A curtain system is placed on the face immediately if the Multiple option is cleared.

6 If you selected Multiple, do the following:

■ Continue selecting faces.
You can add or remove faces from the selection by clicking them. The cursor indicates
whether you are adding (+) or removing (–) a face. To clear the selection of all faces and start
selecting again, on the Options Bar, click Clear.

■ When finished selecting faces, on the Options Bar, click Create System.

Revit Architecture creates a curtain system on each of the selected faces.

7 On the Design Bar, click Modify.

Curtain systems created with the Curtain System by Face command do not automatically update if you
change the mass face. To update the curtain system, use the Remake command. See Remaking Face-Based
Host Shapes on page 554.

Creating Curtain Systems from Mass Instances | 549

 Created curtain system

Curtain Systems on NURB Surfaces

You can create curtain systems on NURB (Non-Uniform Rational B-spline) surfaces in generic model families
or mass families. When creating a generic model or mass family, you can import a DWG or SAT file containing
NURB surfaces. (See Importing Massing Studies from Other Applications on page 555.) After saving the family,
use the Curtain System by Face command to place a curtain system on the NURB surfaces. See Creating
Curtain Systems Using the Curtain System by Face Command on page 548.
Curtain system created on NURB surface

NOTE Use open geometry in generic model families rather than mass families. This applies to isolated NURB
surfaces, as shown above, as well as other open geometry. For optimal performance in a mass instance, use only
geometry that can be recognized by Revit Architecture as oriented 3D geometry. Open geometry in a mass instance
can slow processing and generate warnings, but it will provide no additional capabilities beyond those available
in the generic model family.

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Creating Roofs from Mass Instances
Using the Roof by Face command, you can create roofs on any non-vertical faces of a mass. You cannot
select faces from different masses for the same roof.
The Roof by Face command is available on the Massing tab of the Design Bar or from the Roof command
menu on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar.

You can also create roofs or edit the roof sketch using the Roof by Footprint or Roof by Extrusion commands.
For more information about Roof by Footprint and Roof by Extrusion, see Roofs on page 606.

Creating Roofs Using the Roof by Face Command

1 On the Massing tab of the Design Bar, click Roof by Face.
2 In the Type Selector, select a roof type.
3 If desired, on the Options Bar, specify the level of the roof.
For more information on roofs, see Roofs on page 606.

4 To select more than one face, on the Options Bar, select Multiple. Otherwise, clear this option.
5 Move the cursor to highlight a face that you want to turn into a roof.
Cursor highlighting cylindrical face

Creating Roofs from Mass Instances | 551

 6 Click to select the face.
A roof is placed on the face immediately if the Multiple option is cleared.

7 If you selected Multiple, do the following:

■ Continue selecting faces.
You can add or remove faces from the selection by clicking them. The cursor indicates
whether you are adding (+) or removing (–) a face. To clear the selection of all faces and start
selecting again, on the Options Bar, click Clear.

NOTE Do not select upward-pointing and downward-pointing faces for the same roof. If you do,
Revit Architecture warns you that it is placing a roof on the upward pointing faces only. If you
want to make roof panels that cover both upward and downward faces, factor the mass into 2
faces, so that each face is either completely upward or downward. Then create one or more roofs
from the downward faces and one or more from the upward faces.

■ When you are finished selecting faces, on the Options Bar, click Create Roof.

TIP You can change the pick face location of the roof (either top or bottom) by modifying the roof’s
Picked Faces Location property in the Element Properties dialog.

Roofs created using the Roof by Face command do not automatically update if you change the mass face.
To update the roof, use the Remake command. See Remaking Face-Based Host Shapes on page 554.
Placed roof

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Extending the Roof Face
1 On the Design Bar, click Modify, and select the roof.
When you select the roof face, roof shape handles display. Use these handles to drag the side
surfaces. Shape handles are available for all non-horizontal side surfaces. Shape handles are not
available for surfaces created by openings placed in roof faces.

2 Drag the shape handles to extend the roof face.

These extensions remain in effect after a remake.
Extending roof face using shape handles

Roofs on NURB Surfaces

You can create roofs on NURB (Non-Uniform Rational B-spline) surfaces in generic model or mass families.
When you are creating a generic model or mass family, you can import a DWG or SAT file containing NURB
surfaces. (See Importing Massing Studies from Other Applications on page 555.) After saving the family, use
the Roof by Face command to place a roof on the NURB surfaces. See Creating Roofs Using the Roof by Face
Command on page 551.
Roof created on NURB surface

Creating Roofs from Mass Instances | 553

 NOTE Use open geometry in generic model families rather than mass families. This applies to isolated NURB
surfaces, as shown above, as well as other open geometry. For optimal performance in a mass instance, use only
geometry that can be recognized by Revit Architecture as oriented 3D geometry. Open geometry in a mass instance
can slow processing and generate warnings, but it will provide no additional capabilities beyond those available
in the generic model family.

Updating Face Selections for Roofs and Curtain Systems

If you have created a roof or curtain system on a mass or generic model, you can add faces to or subtract
faces from it. Select the element, and, on the Options Bar, click Edit Face Selection. Select the desired faces,
and then initiate the Create Roof or Recreate System command.

Remaking Face-Based Host Shapes

Building elements created by face do not update when you change the mass face. To adjust to the current
size and shape of the mass face, remake the element.

NOTE If the element has explicit constraints on it (for example, walls with a Top Constraint set to Up to Level),
then the Remake command has no effect.

To remake face-based host shapes

1 Select the element.
2 On the Options Bar, click Remake.
Walls and floors lose any sketch edits when you use the Remake command.

Selecting Face-Based Hosts from a Mass Instance

When remaking face-based hosts (such as walls, floors, and roofs), you may find it easier to select the mass
instance or generic model with which the elements are associated first, and then select the face-based hosts.
To do this, select any mass instance or generic model instance that has associated face-based elements. On
the Options Bar, click Related Hosts. The selection changes from the mass instance or generic model instance
to the selection of face-based hosts.

Controlling Visibility of Mass Instances

You can control the visibility of mass instances in the following ways:

■ On the View toolbar, click Show Mass . It controls the visibility of all mass instances in the project.
When you click Show Mass, all mass instances (including a mass and its mass floors) are visible in all
views, even if mass category visibility is turned off in the view.

■ Set view-specific mass category visibility. The view-specific setting determines whether the mass prints,
and whether it is visible when Show Mass is not turned on. To display a mass in a view, click View
menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics. On the Model Categories tab, select the mass category. If Mass is selected,
the subcategories Form and Mass Floor can be controlled independently.

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Importing Massing Studies from Other Applications
You can use 3D design software (such as Autodesk 3ds Max®, Google™ SketchUp®, or Form/Z® by AutoDesSys,
Inc.) to create large-scale massing studies, and then use Revit Architecture to associate host elements (walls,
roofs, and so on) to the mass faces.
In order for Revit Architecture to understand the exported geometry as a mass object, use the design software
to create a design, export the design to a supported file format (such as DWG or SAT), and import the file
into a mass family in Revit Architecture. Revit Architecture then treats the geometry as a mass, allowing the
faces of the mass component to be selected and associated to Revit host elements (such as walls, floors, and
roofs).

NOTE Exported objects are faceted, rather than smooth. When exported, curved elements may be triangulated.

Related topics

■ Importing or Linking CAD Formats on page 1307

■ Importing Files from SketchUp on page 1309

Considerations for Imported Geometry in Mass or Generic Model

Families
You can import geometry from external CAD formats into a mass instance or mass family in the same way
that you import such geometry into other family definitions. However, in some cases, imported geometry
is not well suited to mass instances.
When imported geometry is not well suited to mass instances, it may be possible to use the generic model
category instead. There is overlap between the mass instance and generic model categories. Walls, roofs, and
curtain systems can be made from faces in a generic model family. Floors can be created from sketches that
reference the geometry in a generic model or a mass model. Mass models also support level-based mass
floors, which in turn support one-click parametric floor creation.
When using imported geometry in mass families and generic model families, consider the following:

■ Avoid complex geometry in mass instances. Unlike other family categories, mass instances always maintain
a separate copy of each internal geometry, plus extra geometry to represent the combined volume of the
mass. For complex geometry, the additional data can slow down processing considerably. When a generic
model is joined by the Join Geometry command, the software also creates an extra copy of the geometry,
which can slow performance. For complex geometry in a generic model, you may join the geometry
inside a family definition to avoid extra copies of the geometry.

■ If the imported geometry in a mass instance (or between generic models) is not well suited to join
geometry, then errors, warnings, and unexpected behavior can result. If geometry is combined within a
mass definition, it should be solid geometry with either a strong connection or no connection. Examples
of geometric characteristics that are ill-suited to joining include odd tangencies, edge-only overlaps, open
meshes, and ambiguous connectivity.

■ Some CAD formats do not have geometry in a form that a mass instance can use to compute volumetric
information and mass floors. When such formats are used, errors and warnings result. For more
information about imported CAD formats, see Import/Link on page 1306 and Suitability of Imported
Geometry on page 1306.

■ Host by Face tools (available for roofs, floors, walls, and curtain systems), associate a single host element
with one face or several faces. For example, detailed geometry (that contains cornices, reveals, windows,
casework, tessellated approximations of surfaces, and so on) is likely to have many small faces that will

Importing Massing Studies from Other Applications | 555

 fail to produce meaningful host elements and may produce errors. This is a consideration for both mass
families and generic model families.

Best Practices When Importing Masses

■ Complete the design. Before importing a mass to Revit Architecture, complete as much of the design as
required in the design software. If you make changes to the design after importing it to Revit Architecture,
you cannot update the Revit family or project with the changes.

■ Level of detail. Before importing a mass to Revit Architecture, reduce the amount of detail that it contains.
For example, cornices, roof eaves, window detail, reveals, windows, casework, tessellated approximations
of surfaces, ornaments and articulation on walls, and other such fine work can be imported as separate
families. After importing the simplified mass to Revit Architecture, you can then add these details to the
walls and roofs created from the mass.

■ Mass floors. If a mass family imports only non-volumetric geometry, you cannot create mass floors in
Revit Architecture. However, if an imported mass family contains both volumetric and non-volumetric
geometry, you will be able to create mass floors from the volumetric portions of the geometry. (You will
also receive warnings. You can ignore those.)

Importing a Design to a Mass Family Outside a Revit Project

Import a massing study from design software (such as SketchUp) into an external mass family when you
plan to use it in multiple projects. (This is the recommended workflow.) Import the design into an in-place
mass in a Revit project when you intend to use the design in one project only. (See Importing a Design as
an In-Place Mass on page 557.)

To import a design to a mass family

1 Use the design software to create the massing study.
2 In Revit Architecture, open the Revit project in which you want to use the massing study, and
open a 3D view.
3 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Family.
4 In the New dialog, select Mass.rft, and click Open.
5 Import the file containing the design, as follows:
a Click File menu ➤ Import/Link ➤ CAD Formats.
For more information, see Importing or Linking CAD Files Using the Import/Link Command
on page 1308.

b In the Import/Link dialog, navigate to the folder that contains the file to import.

c For Files of type, select the appropriate file type (such as DWG, SAT, or SKP).

d Select the file to import.

e Specify the desired import settings.

The following settings are recommended:
■ Import Units: Auto-Detect

■ Preserve Colors

■ Positioning: Automatically Place: Origin to Origin

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 ■ Orient to View

■ Place at Level: Level 1 or Ref. Level

See Import Options for CAD Formats and Revit Models on page 1312.

f Click Open.

To see the massing study, you may need to do the following:

■ Switch to a 3D view.

■ Type ZF (Zoom to Fit) to adjust the drawing area to show the entire mass.

■ On the View toolbar, click (Show Mass).

■ To improve visibility, on the View Control Bar, for Model Graphics Style, select Shading
with Edges.

6 Save the mass family.

7 Load the mass family into the Revit project and place the component, as follows:
a On the Design Bar, click Load into Projects.
Revit Architecture loads the mass family into the Revit project that is currently open.

b On the Massing tab of the Design Bar, click Place Mass.

c At the Show Mass Mode message, click OK.

d On the Options Bar, click (Place on Face) or (Place on Work Plane), as appropriate.

e Click in the drawing area to place the mass.

If you cannot see the mass, you may need to do the following:
■ Switch to a 3D view.

■ Type ZF (Zoom to Fit) to adjust the drawing area to show the entire mass.

For more information, see Placing a Mass Instance from a Mass Family on page 521.

8 To convert the faces of the mass component, use the Wall by Face, Floor by Face, Curtain System
by Face, and Roof by Face tools.
For example, to create a wall from a vertical face of the mass, on the Massing tab of the Design
Bar, click Wall by Face. In the drawing area, highlight and select the mass face to convert to a

wall. To see the wall, click (Show Mass).

For more information about these tools, see Creating Building Elements from Mass Instances
on page 543.

Importing a Design as an In-Place Mass

Import a massing study from design software (such as SketchUp) to an in-place mass in a Revit project when
you intend to use the design in one project only. Import the design into an external mass family when you
plan to use it in multiple projects. (See Importing a Design to a Mass Family Outside a Revit Project on page
556.)

Importing a Design as an In-Place Mass | 557

 To import a design to an in-place mass
1 Use the design software to create the massing study.
2 In Revit Architecture, open the Revit project in which you want to use the massing study, and
open a 3D view.
3 On the Massing tab of the Design Bar, click Create Mass.
4 At the Show Mass Mode message, click OK.
5 In the Name dialog, enter a name for the mass, and click OK.
6 Import the file containing the design, as follows:
a Click File menu ➤ Import/Link ➤ CAD Formats.
For more information, see Importing or Linking CAD Files Using the Import/Link Command
on page 1308.

b In the Import/Link dialog, navigate to the folder that contains the file to import.

c For Files of type, select the appropriate file type (such as DWG, SAT, or SKP).

d Select the file to import.

e Specify the desired import settings.

The following settings are recommended:
■ Import Units: Auto-Detect

■ Preserve Colors

■ Positioning: Automatically Place: Origin to Origin

■ Orient to View

■ Place at Level: Level 1 or Ref. Level

See Import Options for CAD Formats and Revit Models on page 1312.

f Click Open.

To see the mass, you may need to type ZF (Zoom to Fit) to adjust the drawing area to show the
entire mass.

7 In the Revit project, on the Design Bar, click Finish Mass.

8 To convert the faces of the mass, use the Wall by Face, Floor by Face, Curtain System by Face,
and Roof by Face tools.
For example, to create a wall from a vertical face of the mass, on the Massing tab of the Design
Bar, click Wall by Face. In the drawing area, highlight and select the mass face to convert to a

wall. To see the wall, click (Show Mass) on the View toolbar.
For more information about these tools, see Creating Building Elements from Mass Instances
on page 543.

Example of Importing a Massing Study

The following images demonstrate the process of importing a massing study created using design software
(SketchUp) into Revit Architecture, and converting mass faces to building elements.

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Building mass created in
SketchUp

SketchUp file imported

into Revit Architecture

Example of Importing a Massing Study | 559

 Walls being associated to
mass faces in Revit project

Printing Mass Elements

To print mass elements, be sure that mass category visibility is turned on. Mass elements will not print or
export if category visibility is turned off, even if Show Mass is turned on. See Controlling Visibility of Mass
Instances on page 554.

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Working with
Architectural
Components
11
Revit Architecture provides various familiar components for building design. No programming language or coding is
required to create these components.

Walls
Walls can function as interior, exterior, foundation, and retaining. All walls have a structure that can be
defined through the type properties of the wall. In addition, various instance and type properties can be
specified to define the appearance of the wall.

561
 You create a wall by sketching the location line of the wall in a plan view or a 3D view. Revit Architecture
applies the thickness, height, and other properties of the wall around the location line of the wall. The
location line is a plane in the wall that does not change, even if the wall type changes. For example, if you
draw a wall and specify its location line as Core Centerline, the location line remains there, even if you
select that wall and change it to another type or change its structure.
3D view of walls

Adding Interior and Exterior Walls

1 In a floor plan view or 3D view, click Modelling menu ➤ Wall, or on the Modelling tab of the
Design Bar, click Wall.
2 In the Type Selector, select a wall.

3 To change the properties of the wall, click (Element Properties), and click Edit/New.
For descriptions of wall properties and their values, see Wall Properties on page 603.

4 On the Options Bar, specify wall design options:

■ Level (3D views only): Choose a level as the base constraint. You can choose a non-story
level. See Levels on page 1041.

■ Height: Set the height of a wall to go up to a level. The default value is Unconnected, which
allows you to specify a value for Height.

NOTE When you sketch a foundation wall type, the option name is displayed as Depth.

■ Location Line: Specify the location line of the wall as Wall Centerline, Core Centerline,
Finish Face: Exterior, Finish Face: Interior, Core Face: Exterior, or Core Face: Interior.

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 The position of the location line can vary, depending on how you sketch the wall. For
example, if you specify the location line as Finish Face: Interior and sketch the wall from
left to right, the location line displays on the exterior side of the wall. If you sketch from
right to left, the location line displays on the interior side of the wall.

5 If you want to flip the orientation of the wall about its location line, press SPACE BAR as you
sketch the wall. This works for all wall drawing tools, such as rectangles, circles, and 3-point
arcs.
6 Decide how to create the wall:

■ Click (Draw) to draw the wall.

■ Click (Pick Lines) to select lines. Lines can be model lines or edges of elements, such as
roofs, curtain panels, and other walls.

■ Click (Pick Faces) to select either a massing face or a generic model face. The generic
model could be created as in-place or family file based. See Creating Walls from Mass Instances
on page 544.

TIP To highlight all vertical faces on the mass or generic model, press TAB. Click to place walls
simultaneously on each highlighted face.

7 Sketch the wall using the selected method.

As you sketch a wall, you can quickly set its length by entering a value on the keyboard, taking
advantage of the listening dimension feature. See Listening Dimensions on page 233.

8 Add dimensions if desired. See Placing Permanent Dimensions on page 215.

Exterior/Interior Wall Tips

■ When creating the exterior walls of a multi-level building to which you want to add windows before
adding the roof, specify Unconnected Height as the height of the wall on the next level. This ensures
that the wall is high enough to add windows and doors.

■ To flip the orientation of the wall between exterior and interior, select the wall and click the blue flip
arrows that are displayed near it. The flip arrows always are displayed on the side that Revit Architecture
interprets as the exterior side.

■ Walls do not automatically attach to other modelling components, such as roofs and ceilings. You must
explicitly attach them using the Attach Walls and Detach Walls commands. See Attaching Walls to Other
Components on page 579 and Detaching Walls from Other Components on page 579.

■ As you sketch a wall, you can offset it from the cursor by specifying a value for Offset on the Options
Bar. You can specify to which location line the offset is measured.

■ You can access wall type properties from the Project Browser. In the Project Browser, expand Families,
expand Walls, expand a wall family, and right-click wall type. Click Properties to access the Type Properties
dialog, where you can modify wall properties.

■ If you rename or create a wall type, indicate the wall function in the name and specify the Wall Function
Type property (interior, exterior, foundation, retaining, soffit) in the Type Properties dialog.

■ The top constraint for interior partition walls is set, by default, to the level above.

■ You can drag inserts, such as windows and doors, between 2 walls.

Exterior/Interior Wall Tips | 563

 Window placed at a join between 2 walls

■ When an insert is placed on hosts between hosts of unequal thickness (as shown above), you can resize
the thickness of the insert relative to its hosts. Select the insert and, on the Options Bar, click Pick Main
Host. Select the host you want the insert to resize to match. The insert resizes to the selected host's
thickness. If you later delete the host, you delete the insert as well.

■ If you select Radius on the Options Bar, and then join the end of a straight wall to the end of another
straight wall, a fillet is created between the walls at the specified radius. Exactly one wall can join to
exactly one other wall; you cannot have multiple joins.

Adding Retaining Walls

1 In a plan view or 3D view, click Modelling menu ➤ Wall, or on the Modelling tab of the Design
Bar, click Wall.
2 From the Type Selector, select a wall type.

3 Click (Element Properties).

4 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
5 In the Type Properties dialog, select Retaining for the Wall Function parameter.
6 Click OK twice.

NOTE A retaining wall is automatically set to be non-room bounding. See Rooms on page 913.

7 Sketch the retaining wall.

For more information about the sketching tools, see Sketching on page 251.

8 Add dimensions if desired.

See Placing Permanent Dimensions on page 215.

Arc Walls
When you sketch arc walls, Revit Architecture displays a temporary angular dimension to help you precisely
place the wall in the project.
Revit Architecture treats a full-circle wall as 2 arcs joined together. You can cut inserts at this join, but you
cannot drag an insert from one part of the wall onto the join.

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You can place sketched asymmetrical openings on arc walls using in-place families.

Adding Arc Walls

1 In a floor plan or 3D view, click Modelling menu ➤ Wall, or on the Modelling tab of the Design
Bar, click Wall.
2 Click one of the arc tools.
3 Sketch the arc wall.
For more information, see Sketching on page 251.

4 If necessary, change the value of the angular dimension to increase or decrease the size of the
arc.
a On the Design Bar, click Modify.

b In the drawing area, select the arc wall.

c Click the angular dimension value, enter a new value, and press Enter.

Resizing Arc Walls

1 Select the arc wall.

2 Drag the end controls to change the arc length.

3 On the Options Bar, select Keep Concentric to change the radius of the arc while keeping the
radius concentric, or clear Keep Concentric to retain existing end conditions such as end point
location or tangency to a straight wall.
4 Drag the middle control.

Cutting Openings in Arc Walls

You can cut square or rectangular openings into arc walls. As you sketch openings in an arc wall, permanent
dimensions appear. If the wall has a top constraint set to a level, dimensions appear from both the top and
base constraints. If the wall has a top constraint that is explicit, dimensions appear from the base constraint
only.

To cut openings in arc walls

1 In a 3D or elevation view, select an arc wall.
2 On the Options Bar, click Opening.

Arc Walls | 565

 3 Sketch square or rectangular openings in the arc wall.
4 When you are finished, on the Design Bar, click Modify.
The following image shows an arc wall with several openings.

RELATED You can also use the Opening tool on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar. See Openings on page 658.

Embedded Walls
Walls can be embedded into a host wall, so that the embedded wall is associated with the host wall. The
behavior of an embedded wall is similar to that of a window; the embedded wall does not resize if you resize
the host wall. If you rotate the host wall, the embedded wall moves with it. To embed walls, you do not
have to edit the profile of the host wall, cut a hole in it, and then insert a wall into that hole; you can use
the Cut Geometry command.
Embedded walls are useful when, for example, you need to create storefronts on the exterior walls of the
building. When embedding walls, consider the following:

■ A curtain wall can be embedded into another wall, provided that it is parallel to the host wall and the
walls are within 6 inches of each other.

■ Walls can be embedded into other walls using the Cut Geometry command. Some curtain wall types
automatically embed into a wall. To determine whether the curtain wall type automatically embeds into
another wall, check the type properties of the wall. Select the Automatically Embed parameter if it is not
already selected.

■ You can embed a wall into a curtain panel and then embed a curtain wall into that embedded wall. You
can repeat this process as many times as desired.

■ If you edit the elevation profile of the embedded wall, the opening in the host wall is adjusted
automatically, and the host wall’s material fills in the adjusted opening. You do not have to edit the
elevation profile of the host wall to follow the opening of the embedded wall.

Embedding a Wall into Another Wall

1 Sketch a host wall of any type in the drawing area. The host wall can be a straight wall or an
arc wall.
2 Sketch a wall that is within the boundary of the host wall or that is parallel to and within 6
inches of it.
Keep in mind the following when you are sketching the wall:
■ If the host wall is an arc wall, the embedded wall must be a concentric arc.

■ Be sure the embedded wall is shorter in length than the host wall.

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 ■ If the embedded wall is within the boundary of the host wall, Revit Architecture issues a
warning and advises you to use the Cut Geometry tool.

3 Click Tools menu ➤ Cut Geometry.

IMPORTANT When using the Cut Geometry command, do not select the shorter wall first and then
the larger host.

4 Select the host wall.

5 Select the wall to embed into the host wall.
The wall is now embedded.

6 If necessary, resize the embedded wall by selecting it and using the drag controls.
Curtain wall embedded in host wall

Separating Embedded Walls

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Don’t Cut Geometry.
2 Highlight the host wall, and click to select it.
3 Highlight the embedded wall, and click to select it.

Vertically Compound Walls

The structure of vertically compound walls is defined using either layers or regions. The following image
shows the Edit Assembly dialog.

NOTE To access the Edit Assembly dialog, select the wall and click . In the Element Properties dialog, click
Edit/New, and then click Edit for the Structure parameter.

Layer rows: correspond to wall layers or regions

A layer is assigned to one row. It has a constant thickness and extends the height of the wall. You can change
its thickness in the row assigned to it.

Vertically Compound Walls | 567

 Wall layer: constant thickness and extends the height of the wall

A region is any shape in the wall that does not meet the criteria of a layer. Regions can have either constant
or variable thickness. In a row assigned to a region, if region has a constant thickness, a numeric value
appears for it. If the region has a variable thickness, the value is variable. You cannot change a region's
thickness in the row that is assigned to it. Note that the thickness value appears shaded, indicating that it
is unavailable for modification. You can only change its thickness and height graphically in the preview
pane.
Regions: neither region extends the full height of the wall

Because core thickness can vary in vertically compound walls, the core centerline and core face location
lines are determined by the core thickness at the bottom of the wall. For example, if the wall core is thicker
at the top than at the bottom, and you specify the location line as Core Centerline, the centerline of the
core is measured between the core boundaries at the bottom.
You can add wall sweeps or reveals to vertically compound walls. See Wall Sweeps on page 593 and Wall
Reveals on page 599.
You can use various commands to modify the structure of vertically compound walls.

Accessing Vertically Compound Wall Commands

1 In the drawing area, select the wall and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
3 In the Type Properties dialog, click Preview to open the preview pane.
All changes you make to the wall occur in the preview pane.

4 Below the preview pane, select Section: Modify type attributes for View.
5 Click Edit for the Structure parameter.

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 Notice the commands that display at the bottom right of the dialog under Modify Vertical
Structure.

NOTE The vertically compound wall commands are available in the section preview only. Use them
to modify the wall type only, not an actual wall instance.

Sample Height
The sample height is the height of the wall in the preview pane only. You can specify any value for the
sample height, but it should be high enough to allow you to create the desired wall structure. The sample
height does not affect the height of any walls of that type in the project.

Modify Command
To change a vertically compound wall, in the Edit Assembly dialog, click Modify. (See Accessing Vertically
Compound Wall Commands on page 568.) Then highlight and select either outer boundaries of the sample
wall or borders between regions in the preview pane. Watch for tool tips and status bar messages that indicate
what you are highlighting.
After you select a boundary, you can change thickness, set layer extension, or constrain a region's distance
from the top or bottom of the wall.

Changing Thickness

If you select an outer vertical boundary of the sample wall, a temporary dimension displays. If you change
the value of the temporary dimension, the thickness of the layer or region immediately adjacent to the
boundary changes.
If you select a vertical border between regions, 2 temporary dimensions appear which control the thickness
of the regions to the left and right of the border.

Allowing Layer Extension

If you select the horizontal outer boundary at the top or bottom of a layer, you can specify whether that
layer can be extended.
Select a horizontal boundary at the top of the wall, and a padlock displays. A locked padlock indicates that
the selected layer cannot be extended. Click the padlock to unlock it, and the layer can be extended.
Unlocked layer indicating extendability

When you unlock layers for extension, 2 instance properties of the wall become enabled: Top Extension
Distance (for layers at the top of the wall) or Base Extension Distance (for layers at the bottom of the wall).
You can enter values for these properties in a selected wall’s Element Properties dialog, or you can drag the
unlocked wall layers in a view.

NOTE Unlocked layers must be adjacent. For example, you cannot have one layer locked and its adjacent layers
unlocked.

Vertically Compound Walls | 569

 To drag wall layers, modify them in section, 3D, and elevation views.

To drag wall layers:

1 Place the cursor at the top or bottom of the wall and press TAB until you highlight the shape
handle for the extendable layers.
Watch the status bar to be sure you are highlighting the shape handle.

2 Click to select the shape handle.

3 Drag the shape handle up or down.
Dragging layers with the shape handle

TIP If you join 2 walls and they both have a vertical extension, the extended portions will be horizontally joined.
The extension joins must be the same, top-to-top or bottom-to-bottom.

Constraining Region Distance

Select a horizontal border between regions. A control arrow displays. Click the control arrow to alternate
the constraint distance from the top or the bottom.

Split Region Command

When editing vertically compound walls, the Split Region command divides a wall layer (or regions)
horizontally or vertically into new regions. When you split a region, the new regions assume the same
material as the original.

■ To split a layer or region horizontally, highlight one of the borders. A preview split line displays when
you highlight a border.
Horizontal split preview

After you split a region or layer horizontally, select the border between the regions. A temporary dimension
displays between the border and the top or bottom of the wall. There is also a blue control arrow; if you
click the arrow, it toggles the reference for the temporary dimension between the top and bottom of the
wall.

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 Blue control arrows when border is selected

■ To split a layer or region vertically, highlight and select a horizontal boundary. That boundary can be
the outside boundary, or an inside boundary created if you previously split horizontally.
Vertical split preview

TIP It is helpful to zoom in on the outer horizontal boundary to split it vertically.

Merge Region Command

When editing vertically compound walls, the Merge Region command merges wall regions together
horizontally or vertically into new regions. Highlight a border between regions and click to merge them.
When you merge regions, the position of the cursor when you highlight a border determines which material
prevails after the merge.
The material from the right region prevails when you merge

The material from the left region prevails when you merge

Assign Layers Command

When editing vertically compound walls, the Assign Layers command assigns a row to a layer or region. (It
assigns the number, material, and function of that row.)
It is more useful to assign layers to regions vertically, rather than horizontally. For example, you might split
finish layer 1 into several regions. Then you could assign another finish row to some of those regions and
create an alternating pattern, such as brick over concrete.

Vertically Compound Walls | 571

 You should familiarize yourself with the layer functions of compound walls. See Applying a Function to a
Layer of a Compound Structure on page 749. Also see Layer Assignment Rules on page 572.

To assign wall layers:

1 Click a row number to select it.
All regions currently assigned to that row appear selected in the preview pane.

NOTE If the row does not have any regions assigned to it, it appears as a line in the preview pane,
and its thickness is 0.

2 Click Assign Layers.

3 Highlight a region boundary.
4 Click the boundary to assign the row to that region.
5 Continue clicking other regions to continue assigning, or click the Assign Layers command to
exit.

Layer Assignment Rules

When assigning layers in walls, consider the following guidelines:

■ Rows of the sample wall in the preview pane must remain in a sequential order from left to right. To test
the sample wall, select row numbers sequentially and observe the selection in the preview pane. If the
layers do not highlight in an order from left to right, Revit Architecture cannot produce this wall.

■ A row cannot be assigned more than one layer.

■ You cannot have the same row assigned to regions on both sides of the core.

■ You cannot apply a thickness to a membrane layer.

■ Non-membrane layers cannot have a thickness smaller than 1/8" or 4 mm.

■ A layer in the core must have a thickness greater than 0. You cannot specify a layer in the core as a
membrane layer.

■ The exterior and interior core boundaries and the membrane layer cannot rise up and down.
Invalid boundary for core boundaries or membrane layers

■ You can add thickness only to a layer that is straight from the top of the wall to the bottom. You cannot
add thickness to a complex layer, such as the one shown in the following image.

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■ You cannot split a wall horizontally and then move the outside boundary of one of the regions
independently of the other. For example, if you select the left outer boundary of the lower region, the
left outer boundary of the upper region is also selected.

■ Layer function priorities cannot ascend from the core boundary to the finish face. For example, you
cannot have a finish layer in the core boundary and then a structure layer at the exterior side.

Sweeps and Reveals Commands

When editing vertically compound walls, the Sweeps command and the Reveals command control placement
and display of sweeps or reveals on the wall.

To add a sweep to the wall structure:

1 In the Edit Assembly dialog, click Sweeps.
2 In the Wall Sweeps dialog, click Add.
3 Select a profile from the list.
For example, select Parapet Cap-Precast.

4 Specify a material for the sweep.

5 For Distance, specify the distance from either the top or base of the wall (select top or base in
the From column).
6 For Side, specify the interior or exterior of the wall.
7 Specify a value, if necessary, for Offset.
A negative value moves the sweep toward the wall core.

8 Select Flip to measure the distance from the top of the sweep profile rather than the bottom.
9 For Setback, specify the sweep setback distance from inserts, such as windows and doors.
10 Select Cuts Wall if you want the sweep to cut geometry out of the host wall.
When a sweep is offset and embedded in the wall, it cuts the geometry from the wall. In complex
models with many sweeps, you can increase performance by clearing this option.

11 Select Cuttable if the sweep should be cut by wall inserts.

In the image below, see how the sweep is cut by the windows.

Vertically Compound Walls | 573

 Wall sweep with Cuttable option selected

12 Click OK.

To add a reveal to the wall structure:

1 In the Edit Assembly dialog, click Reveals.
2 In the Reveals dialog, click Add.
3 Select a profile from the list.

NOTE There is no material choice for reveals. The material for the reveal is the same as the material
it is cutting.

4 For Distance, specify the distance from either the top or base of the wall (select top or base in
the From column).
5 For Side, specify the interior or exterior of the wall.
6 Specify a value, if necessary, for Offset.
A negative value moves the reveal toward the wall core.

7 Select Flip to measure the distance from the top of the reveal profile rather than the bottom.
8 For Setback, specify the reveal setback distance from inserts, such as windows and doors.
9 Click OK.

Vertically Stacked Walls

Revit Architecture features a stacked wall type which is one wall that includes several different subwalls
stacked on top of each other. All subwalls in a stacked wall are attached and have joined geometry to each
other; the subwalls can only be types in the Basic Wall system family. For example, you can have a stacked
wall comprising an Exterior Brick on Metal Stud and an Exterior CMU on Metal Stud that are attached and
joined.
Using stacked wall types, you can define different wall thicknesses at different heights. You define its structure
using Type Properties.

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Specifying Instance Parameters of Subwalls

When you define the structure of the stacked wall type, you indirectly change instance parameters of the
individual subwalls that compose the stacked wall. That is, when you specify the height, offset, top, and
base of the stacked wall, you are also specifying Unconnected Height, Location Line Offset, Top Extension
Distance, and Base Extension Distance, respectively, of the subwalls. The only instance parameters you can
directly specify for subwalls are Room Bounding and Structural Usage; values for the remainder are inherited
from the stacked wall type and are read-only.

Defining the Stacked Wall Structure

You can make various changes to a stacked wall to change its structure:

■ You can add or delete walls.

■ You can move subwalls up or down the height of the stacked wall.

■ You can define a reference line for the entire stacked wall, and then offset each subwall from that reference
line.

IMPORTANT Define the structure of vertically stacked walls before placing any instances in the project. Height
conflicts may occur when previously placed instances are lower than the defined height of the type.

To define the structure of a stacked wall:

1 Access the properties of a vertically stacked wall.
For example, in the Project Browser, under Families ➤ Walls ➤ Stacked Wall, right-click a stacked
wall type, and click Properties. Alternatively, if you have placed a stacked wall in the project,

select it in the drawing area and click .

2 If necessary, click Edit/New to open the Type Properties dialog.

Vertically Stacked Walls | 575

 3 In the Type Properties dialog, click Preview to open the preview pane. All changes you make to
the wall display in the preview pane.
The preview pane displays the wall in section view.

4 Click Edit for the Structure parameter.

A table shows the different wall types that compose the stacked wall. Every stacked wall has at
least one subwall in it.

5 In the Edit Assembly dialog, specify an offset reference.

This establishes an imaginary reference line to align all the subwalls of the stacked wall. For
example, if you select Finish Face Exterior, each subwall piece aligns to its finish face. This value
becomes the Location Line value of each subwall.

6 Enter a value for Sample Height.

This is the height of the wall in the preview pane. This value changes when you insert subwalls
whose unconnected height is greater than the sample height.

7 Under Types, click a row in the Type table to select a subwall, or click Insert to add a new subwall
to the main wall.
8 For Name, select the desired subwall type.
9 For Height, specify an unconnected height for the subwall.

NOTE One subwall is required to have a variable height. Its height changes relative to the heights
of the other subwalls. You cannot edit the Height field when the subwall is variable. To change the
height of the variable subwall, change another subwall to variable by selecting its row and clicking
Variable.

10 For Offset (for the selected subwall), specify the distance to offset the horizontal location line
of the subwall from the reference line (Offset) of the main wall.
A positive value moves the subwall toward the exterior side (left side in the preview pane) of
the main wall. For example, if the reference line of the main wall is set to Wall Centerline, and
you specify 1'' for all subwall offsets, each subwall is aligned 1'' to the left of the centerline of
the main wall.

11 If enabled, enter a value for the Top or Base Extension Distance.

This value raises or lowers a wall layer that is unlocked at the top or bottom. A positive value
moves the layer up; a negative value moves it down. This value corresponds to the value for the
Top or Base Extension Distance instance parameters for the subwalls. For more information on
unlocking layers, see Vertically Compound Walls on page 567.
If you specify an extension distance for a subwall, the subwall below it attaches to it. For example,
suppose you specify a Base Extension Distance of 2 feet for the top subwall. The top of the next
subwall down moves up to attach to the modified wall above it. The value for Top Extension
Distance of the lower subwall is Attach. For example, in the following image, the top wall is
highlighted in red. It has a positive base extension distance. The lower subwall attaches to it.

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 12 To flip the subwall about the reference line (Offset) of the main stacked wall, select Flip.
13 To rearrange rows, select a row and click Up or Down.
14 To delete a subwall type, select its row and click Delete.
If you delete a subwall with an explicit height, the variable subwall extends to the height of the
other subwalls. If you delete a variable subwall, the subwall above it becomes variable. If there
is only one subwall, you cannot delete it.

15 Click OK.

Breaking Up a Vertically Stacked Wall

The subwalls of a stacked wall are closely tied together. However, you may want to control them
independently. Use the Break Up command to accomplish this.
To access the Break Up command, right-click a stacked wall instance, and click Break Up.
Once a stacked wall is broken up, the subwalls become walls on their own. There is no Reassemble command
to restack such a wall. When you break up a stacked wall, the base constraint and base offset of each subwall
is the same as that of the stacked wall. You can then edit instance properties for any of the walls.

Vertically Stacked Wall Notes

When using vertically stacked walls, consider the following guidelines:

■ All subwalls use the same base constraint and base offset as the stacked wall. This means that a subwall
can be on a certain level, but is actually based on the same level as its associated stacked wall. For example,
if a stacked wall is based on Level 1 but one of its subwalls is on Level 7, the Base Level of that subwall
is Level 1.

■ You can edit the Type Properties of a basic wall that is a also a subwall. To access the type properties of
the basic wall, in the Type Selector, select the basic wall type, and click (Element Properties).

■ When you create a wall schedule, the vertically stacked wall does not schedule, but its subwalls do.

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 ■ When you edit the elevation profile of a stacked wall, you edit one main profile. If you break up the
stacked wall, each subwall retains its edited profile.

■ When you highlight a vertically stacked wall in the drawing area, the entire wall highlights first. Press
TAB to highlight the component subwalls. Using a pick box selects only the stacked wall.

■ You can embed a vertically stacked wall.

■ Subwalls can host wall sweeps; stacked walls cannot.

■ Subwalls cannot be in different phases, worksets, or design options from that of the stacked wall.

■ To place inserts in a vertically stacked wall, you may need to use the Pick Main Host command to switch
between the vertically stacked wall and one of the walls that compose it. For example, the door panel in
the following illustration is outside the upper wall because the main host of the door is the bottom
subwall.

To place the door properly, select the door, and, on the Options Bar, click Pick Main Host. Place the
cursor on the wall, and select one of the component walls. You may need to press TAB to select the desired
wall.

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Attaching Walls to Other Components
Walls do not directly attach to roofs, ceilings, and other modelling components through their properties.
Use the Attach option of the Top/Base command to explicitly join walls to other modelling components.
When attaching walls, consider the following guidelines:

■ You can attach wall tops to non-vertical reference planes.

■ You can attach walls to in-place roofs or floors.

■ If a wall's top is currently attached to a reference plane, attaching the top to a second reference plane
detaches it from the first.

■ You can attach walls that are parallel and directly above or below one another.

To attach walls to other components

1 In the drawing area, select the walls to which you want to attach another modelling component.
2 On the Options Bar, for Top/Base, click Attach.
3 Select a roof, floor, or ceiling to attach.
The selected walls attach to the selected modelling component, and Revit Architecture returns to Modify
mode. Repeat this procedure as many times as needed to attach the walls.

Attaching a Floor to a Wall's Structural Layer

When attaching a wall to a floor, you can specify whether to attach the floor to the wall's finish layer or its
structural layer. To do this, change the value for the Floor Attachment parameter in the wall’s instance
properties. (See Wall Instance Properties on page 604.) Be sure that the Detail Level of the view is set to
Medium or Fine.
Floor attached to wall's finish layer

Floor attached to wall's structural layer

Related Topic:
Detaching Walls from Other Components on page 579

Detaching Walls from Other Components

The Detach Top/Base command detaches walls from other modelling components or reference planes. This
command is most effective if you are in a view where you can select walls and the components to which
they are attached.

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 Detaching Walls
1 In the drawing area, select the walls to detach.
2 On the Options Bar, for Top/Base, click Detach.
3 Select the model components to detach from the walls.
4 If you want to detach the selected walls from all components at once, or if you are not sure
which components are attached to the walls, on the Options Bar, click Detach All.
The walls detach from any component to which they were previously attached.

Wall Joins
When you create walls, Revit Architecture automatically joins them at their intersections. You can edit wall
joins when necessary. For best results, edit wall joins in a plan view.
The following are examples of valid wall joins that you can edit:
Walls at acute angles

Several walls joined together

Walls squared off at angle

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Walls squared off at 90 degrees

You cannot square off the join of one wall that is joined with the interior of another wall, because there is
only one configuration for the join. You can change the visibility of the line separating the 2 walls by
cleaning the wall join.
Interior wall join

Related topics

■ Design Options and Wall Joins on page 1258

Editing Wall Joins

NOTE The Edit Wall Join command is not recommended for complex wall joins (for example, a wall join with
more than 4 walls, a wall join on many floors, or a wall join that is in more than one workset). For more information,
see Editing Complex Wall Joins on page 583.

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Edit Wall Joins, or on the Tools toolbar, click .
2 Move the cursor over the wall join and click.
A square encloses the wall join.

3 On the Options Bar, select a join type:

■ Butt: Creates a butt join between the walls. This is the default join type.

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 Butt join

■ Miter: Creates a miter join between the walls. All wall joins less than 20 are mitered.
Miter join

■ Square Off: Squares a wall end to 90. This option is not available for walls already joined at
90.

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 Squared off join

Editing Complex Wall Joins

Revit Architecture does not recommend using the Edit Wall Joins command to edit a complex wall join.
Complex wall joins are those that, for example, have more than 4 walls, are on many floors, or exist in more
than 1 workset. Complex wall joins can produce a large number of configurations, and you may have to
step through hundreds of configurations to find the desired one.

To edit a complex wall join

1 If applicable, set all involved worksets to editable. See Making Worksets Editable on page 1201.
2 Use the drag controls on the wall ends to move the walls out of the join.
3 Drag the wall ends back into the join using the snapping feedback to create the desired
configuration.
4 Prevent walls from joining.
For more information, see Preventing Wall Ends from Joining on page 588.

Changing the Order of a Wall Join

Changing wall order affects the display of a wall join by changing which wall butts up against another.

To change wall join order

1 In a plan view, click Tools menu ➤ Edit Wall Joins, or on the Tools toolbar, click .
2 Move the cursor over the wall join and click.
A square encloses the wall join.

3 On the Options Bar, click Previous or Next to cycle through the wall join order options.
4 When the drawing area displays the desired wall join configuration, in the Design Bar, click
Modify.
The following images show wall joins and the available wall join order options.

Wall Joins | 583

 Current wall join

Display after changing order

Current wall join

Display after changing order (note difference in the imaginary lines depicting the wall)
ends.

Cleaning Wall Joins

Cleaning up wall joins affects display in a plan view only. If multiple plan views of the same join are open,
the command only affects the plan view in which you issued the command.

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To clean wall joins

1 In a plan view, click Tools menu ➤ Edit Wall Joins, or on the Tools toolbar, click .
2 Move the cursor over the wall join and click.
A square encloses the wall join.

3 On the Options Bar, for Display, select one of the following options:
■ Clean Join displays a smooth join. Imaginary solid lines appear to indicate where the walls
actually end. The lines only appear while editing the wall join; they do not print and go
away when you finish cleaning the join.

NOTE The wall join looks significantly different in 3D view if the walls are at a different height.

Clean join

■ Don't Clean Join displays the wall ends butting up against one another.
Don't Clean Join

■ Use View Setting cleans wall joins depending on how the property Wall Join Display is set.
See View Properties on page 210.

4 When you finish making wall join edits, click Modify or press ESC to exit the command.

Joining Parallel Walls that Contain Inserts

If you join 2 parallel walls and one of them has an insert (such as a window), the insert cuts through the
joined wall.
If 2 walls are joined at an obtuse angle, you can place 2 inserts near the join if the join is mitered. If the join
is squared off, Revit Architecture notifies you that it cannot place both inserts.

To join parallel walls with inserts

1 In a plan view, place the walls less than 6 inches apart.

Wall Joins | 585

 2 Click Tools menu ➤ Join Geometry, or on the Tools toolbar, click .
3 Select the walls to join.
The inserts cut openings in the joined walls. Any geometry around the insert, such as a frame,
does not appear on the joined wall.

The following image shows 2 parallel walls in plan view, one with inserts (a door and a window), before the
walls are joined.

The following image shows the walls after they are joined using the Join Geometry tool.

Creating Walls with Mid-End Faces

You can join walls to mid-end faces. To create mid-end faces, you edit the wall’s elevation profile.

To create mid-end faces

1 Sketch a wall with several levels.
2 Select the wall and, on the Options Bar, click Edit Profile.
3 Add vertical lines in between the wall ends.
Sample wall elevation profile

4 Open a 3D view.

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Notice the mid-end face is created at a vertical segment of the elevation profile to allow other walls to form
a corner join.

Joining Walls to Mid-End Faces

You can join a wall to a mid-end face. As you drag one of the attached walls, the sketch updates and maintains
the join.
Adding wall to mid-end face

2 walls join with cleaned join

Drag one of the joined walls and the wall join moves with it.

Wall Joins | 587

 Wall join updates (note the join moves with the preview wall)

NOTE Join a wall to another wall with mid-end faces and start to edit the elevation profile of the wall with mid-end
faces. The vertical line in the wall's sketch is aligned to the center line of the joined wall, not the actual face of the
wall. This is only temporary while you are editing the sketch. When you leave sketch mode, the join cleans up by
going to one of the end faces.

Sample elevation profile of mid-end face (note the sketch line in the middle of the
joined wall, not at the face)

Joins with Non-Editable Walls

Non-editable walls can be joined and unjoined in the following ways:

■ You can join or unjoin an editable wall to the side face of a non-editable wall or to a corner where 2 or
more non-editable walls are already joined.

■ You can delete an editable wall that is joined to a non-editable wall, except as noted below.

■ You cannot join or unjoin an editable wall to a non-editable wall if that would change the shape of the
non-editable wall.

■ You cannot join an editable wall to the end of a non-editable wall. Revit Architecture keeps the walls
close together but does not join them and issues a warning. At a later time, you can join the walls if they
are both editable.

■ A wall can resize, even if it is not editable. This happens if you move the wall to which it is joined.

For more information on editability status and worksharing, see Working in a Team on page 1189.

Preventing Wall Ends from Joining

In construction, you might have small expansion spaces that you want to keep between walls. In these cases,
you need to prevent wall ends from joining. You can do this by disallowing wall joins.

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2 horizontal walls with 3/8-inch expansion space between them

Disallowing joins is also useful for resolving complex joins. For example, if you add a wall to a complex join
and it produces undesired results, you can disallow joins on the added wall and then use Join Geometry to
clean the join between this wall and other walls.
Selected wall with disallowed join

Wall cleaned up after Join Geometry used

To Prevent a Join on a Wall End

1 Select the wall.
2 Right-click the wall end control where you want to disallow the join.
3 Click Disallow Join from the shortcut menu.
The end of the wall cannot join to the end of another wall. If you want to allow the join, you can select the
wall, right-click the wall end control, and click Allow Join from the shortcut menu, or right-click (Allow
Join) above the end of the wall.

Preventing a Join on a Mid-End Wall Face

You can prevent mid-end wall faces from joining to another wall. See Creating Walls with Mid-End Faces
on page 586.

Wall Joins | 589

 Profile of a Mid-End Wall

To Disallow a Join on a Mid-End Wall Face

1 Select the wall.

2 Click (Disallow Join) above the mid-end wall face, or right click and click Disallow Join
from the shortcut menu. Notice changes to .
The mid-end wall cannot join to the end of another wall.
Selected mid-end wall with join disallowed

If you want to allow the join, click above the mid-end wall face or right-click and click Allow Join from
the shortcut menu.
Selected mid-end wall with join allowed

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 You can switch between the allow join or disallow join states by clicking the join icons.

Aligning Walls
When you sketch 2 collinear walls of different widths, Revit Architecture aligns their centerlines. If you wish
to align the side faces of the walls, use the Align command. See Aligning Elements on page 306.

Splitting Walls
You can split walls using the Split Walls and Lines command. See Splitting Walls and Lines on page 335.

Sketching Wall Shapes

In Revit Architecture, you can sketch straight, curved, or circular walls and you can add openings or cuts to
walls. Also, you can specify properties for dimensioning, snapping, aligning, and locking walls. For descriptions
of the different sketch tools, see Sketching on page 251.

Defining Wall Shapes or Openings

When you sketch a wall by picking 2 points, Revit Architecture draws a rectangular wall. Your design,
however, may call for different shapes or even openings in the wall. Revit Architecture allows you to modify
the shape of the wall or add openings to it by selecting the wall and editing its elevation profile. To edit a
wall's elevation profile, the view must be parallel and can be either a section or elevation view.

RELATED See Cutting Rectangular Openings in Walls on page 659.

Modifying Wall Elevations

1 After sketching a wall, click Modify. Then click the wall to select it.
2 On the Options Bar, click Edit Profile to enter sketch mode.
If necessary, select the elevation view in which you want to see the wall. By default, Revit
Architecture allows you to see the center plane in the appropriate elevation. For example, if you
select the north wall, Revit Architecture allows you to switch to either the North or South
elevation view.
Your screen should appear something like this in sketch mode:

The 4 lines that appear represent the wall in an elevation view.

3 Edit the wall as desired.

For example, you can delete the lines and then sketch a completely different shape. You can
split the existing lines and add arcs. Or you can draw openings or holes in the rectangle.

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 TIP As you move and edit the rectangle, datum planes appear to indicate the original shape and size
of the wall when you entered sketch mode. If the sketched lines snap to the datum planes, the
endpoints of the lines automatically align to the planes, unless you explicitly unlock them. If you
unlock the sketched lines, you can modify them independently of the datum planes. If you exit sketch
mode with the sketched lines still aligned, then as you move a datum handle, the sketched lines move
with it.

4 When you are finished, click Finish Sketch.

Revit Architecture returns you to the last active view.

After modifying walls shapes, your design might look something like this:
Design with non-rectangular walls and cut openings

NOTE If you want to revert an edited wall to its original shape, select the wall in a view and click Remove Sketch.

Guidelines for Defining Wall Shapes or Openings

When defining wall shapes and openings, consider the following guidelines:

■ If you are defining a shape on a wall that is not horizontal or vertical in a plan view, you should draw a
section parallel to the wall before going into the elevation sketch mode. When you go into sketch mode,
the Go To View dialog appears. Revit Architecture suggests the section view as the optimal view for
editing the sketch. Click Open View to open that view.

■ You cannot edit the elevation profile of an arc wall.

■ While you edit the elevation profile of a wall attached to another element, the wall temporarily reverts
to its shape and height prior to attaching it. For example, if you edit the profile of a wall attached to a
roof, the wall assumes its unconnected height prior to attaching to the roof. As a result, you may find
the wall is not at the right height to complete the elevation profile edits. To change the height, while in
sketch mode, click the Properties button on the Design Bar. Change the Unconnected Height of the wall.
As you edit the elevation profile, keep in mind that after you finish the sketch, the wall top or bottom
attaches only where horizontal lines are coincident with the reference planes in the sketch.
Sample edited profile in sketch mode (note top sketch lines that are coincident with
reference planes)

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 Finished wall attached to roof (non-coincidental horizontal lines from sketch did not
attach)

Wall Sweeps
A wall sweep is a horizontal or vertical projection from a wall, often decorative in nature. Examples of wall
sweeps include baseboards along the bottom of a wall or crown molding along the top of a wall. You can
add a wall sweep to a wall from a 3D or elevation view.

You can schedule wall sweeps. Integral wall sweeps, which are part of the wall type definition, can not be
scheduled independently. For more information on creating schedules, see Schedule Views on page 124.

NOTE If you create wall sweeps at different heights and then later set them to the same height, the sweeps miter
at the joins.

Adding Wall Sweeps

1 Go to a 3D or elevation view.
2 Click Modelling menu ➤ Host Sweep ➤ Wall Sweep, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar,
click Host Sweep ➤ Wall Sweep.
3 In the Type Selector, select the type of wall sweep.
4 On the Options Bar, select the orientation of the wall sweep: vertical or horizontal.

Wall Sweeps | 593

 5 Place the cursor over the wall to highlight the wall sweep location. Click to place the wall sweep.
6 Add the wall sweep to adjacent walls, if needed.
Revit Architecture preselects the wall sweep location on each adjacent wall.
If you are in a 3D view, you can add a wall sweep to all exterior walls by using the ViewCube
to rotate the view. For more information, see ViewCube on page 169.

7 To start a wall sweep in a different location, on the Options Bar, click Start Next. Move the
cursor to the desired location on the wall, and click to place the wall sweep.
8 To finish placing wall sweeps, click in the view away from the wall.

Changing the Wall Sweep Profile

1 Select a wall sweep in a 3D or elevation view, or activate the Wall Sweep command, and click

(Element Properties).
2 Click Edit/New.
3 For Profile, select the desired profile type.
4 Click OK.

Returning Wall Sweeps Back to the Wall

After placing a wall sweep, you can return its ends back toward the wall.

NOTE This procedure is also available for wall reveals.

1 In a 3D or elevation view, select the wall sweep segment. Be sure it is not already joined to
another segment.
2 On the Options Bar, click Change Sweep Returns.
The Straight Cut and Return options appear on the Options Bar. The Straight Cut is a perfectly
squared off edge. This option is not available if the sweep end is already in this state.

3 Select Return and type an angle value in the text box next to it (for example 45).

NOTE A positive return angle moves the sweep end toward the wall. A negative value moves the
sweep end away from the wall. For reveals, a positive return value moves the reveal end away from
the wall, and a negative value moves the end toward the wall.

4 Highlight the wall sweep end.

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 Highlighted wall sweep end

5 Click to apply the new return value.

Applied return value

In this example, the option Straight Cut becomes available. Select that option, and click the sweep end to
apply a straight cut to the sweep.
After you change the return, you can drag the end of the sweep or reveal to extend the return. Select the
wall sweep, and use the blue dot drag control.
Drag the right blue control

Changing the Wall Sweep Type

1 In the drawing area, select a wall sweep.
2 In the Type Selector, select a wall sweep type.
If the desired wall sweep type is not listed in the Type Selector, you can load additional profile families.
Click File menu ➤ Load From Library ➤ Load Family.

Adding or Removing Segments from a Wall Sweep

You can continue an existing sweep onto new walls, or remove segments from existing wall sweeps.
1 Open a 3D view and select the desired wall sweep.
2 On the Options Bar, click Add or Remove Walls.
3 Select the walls to continue adding to or removing from the wall sweep.

Resizing Unconnected Wall Sweeps

1 In a 3D or elevation view, select the wall sweep.
2 Drag the wall sweep end to resize it.

Wall Sweeps | 595

 Dimensioning to a Wall Sweep
1 Place a dimension between the wall sweep end face reference and another reference.
Dimension references between wall sweep end face and wall

2 To change the dimension value, drag the wall sweep’s shape handle.
The dimension value adjusts accordingly.
Selected shape handle on sweep

Changing a Wall Sweep’s Horizontal or Vertical Offset

To move a single wall sweep segment
1 Select the segment.
2 Move it up or down (horizontal wall sweeps) or side to side (vertical wall sweeps).

To move a multi-segmented wall sweep

1 Place the cursor over the wall sweep and press TAB to select the shape handle of the wall sweep.
Watch the status bar to know when you are highlighting the shape handle.

2 Click to select the shape handle.

3 Move the wall sweep up or down (horizontal wall sweeps) or side to side (vertical wall sweeps).
This affects the offset of all segments of the wall sweep, so the segments are symmetrical.

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Wall Sweep Properties
You can modify several properties for wall sweeps, including profiles and offsets.

Modifying Wall Sweep Properties

1 In a 3D or elevation view, select a wall sweep and click (Element Properties).

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit wall sweep instance parameters.
3 Click Edit/New to edit wall sweep type parameters.
Changes made to type properties affect all wall sweeps of this type in the project. You can click
Duplicate to create a new wall sweep type.

4 When you are finished, click OK.

Wall Sweep Type Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Cuts Wall When selected, the sweep will cut geometry out of the host wall if there is an overlap.
Setting this value to No can increase performance on large building models with
many sweeps.

Cut by Inserts When selected, inserts such as doors and windows cut geometry out of the sweep.
See Sweeps and Reveals Commands on page 573.

Default Setback This value specifies the distance the sweep is set back from each intersecting wall
insert.

Construction

Profile Specifies the profile family used to create the wall sweep.

Materials and Finishes

Material Sets the material of the wall sweep.

Identity Data

Subcategory of Walls By default, wall sweeps are set to the Wall Sweep subcategory of walls. In the Object
Styles dialog, you can create new Wall subcategories and subsequently select one
here. This allows you to modify wall sweep style at a project level using the Object
Styles dialog.

Wall Sweeps | 597

 Name Description

Keynote Add or edit the wall sweep keynote. Click in the value box to open the Keynotes
dialog. See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model The model type of the wall sweep.

Manufacturer The manufacturer for the wall sweep’s materials

Type Comments Specific building or design comments.

URL Link to a web page (such as a manufacturer's web page).

Description Description of the wall sweep.

Assembly Description Description of the assembly based on the assembly code selection.

Assembly Code Uniformat assembly code selected from a hierarchical list.

Type Mark A value to designate the particular wall sweep. This value must be unique for each
wall sweep in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already used
but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using the Review
Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Cost Cost of the materials for constructing the wall sweep. This information can be in-
cluded in a schedule.

Wall Sweep Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Offset From Wall The distance from the wall face.

Level The level of the wall sweep. This property only appears for horizontal wall sweeps.

Offset From Level The wall sweep’s offset from the level. This property only appears for horizontal wall
sweeps.

Dimensions

Length The length of the wall sweep. This is a read-only parameter.

Identity Data

Comments Enter comments for the wall sweep.

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 Name Description

Mark A value to designate the particular wall sweep. This value must be unique for each
wall sweep in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already used
but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using the Review
Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Phasing

Phase Created The phase when the wall sweep was created.

Phase Demolished The phase when the wall sweep was demolished.

Wall Reveals
A wall reveal is a decorative cutout in a wall. You can add a reveal to a wall from a 3D or elevation view.
Reveals can be horizontal or vertical.

Adding a Wall Reveal

1 Go to a 3D or non-parallel elevation view.
2 Click Modelling menu ➤ Host Sweep ➤ Wall Reveal, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar,
click Host Sweep ➤ Reveal.
3 In the Type Selector, select the type of wall reveal.
4 On the Options Bar, select the orientation of the wall reveal: vertical or horizontal.
5 Place the cursor over the wall to highlight the wall reveal location. Click to place the reveal.

Wall Reveals | 599

 6 Add the reveal to adjacent walls if needed.
Revit Architecture preselects the reveal location on each adjacent wall.

7 To finish placing wall reveals, click in the view away from the wall.

Changing the Wall Reveal Profile

1 With the Reveal tool active, click (Element Properties).

2 Click Edit/New.
3 For Profile, select the desired profile type.
4 Click OK twice.

Moving Wall Reveals Away from or Towards the Wall

After placing a wall reveal, you can move its ends away from or toward the wall. The procedure is the same
as moving wall sweeps back to the wall. See Returning Wall Sweeps Back to the Wall on page 594.

Changing Wall Reveal Types

1 In the drawing area, select a wall reveal.
2 In the Type Selector, select a wall reveal type.
If the desired wall reveal type is not listed in the Type Selector, you can load additional profile families. Click
File menu ➤ Load From Library ➤ Load Family.

Wall Reveal Properties

You can modify several properties for wall reveals, including profiles and offsets.

Modifying Wall Reveal Properties

1 In a 3D or elevation view, select a wall reveal and click (Element Properties).

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit wall reveal instance parameters.
3 Click Edit/New to edit wall reveal type parameters.
Changes made to type properties affect all wall reveals of this type in the project. You can click
Duplicate to create a new wall reveal type.

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 4 When you are finished, click OK.

Wall Reveal Type Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Default Setback A length value whose default is 0.0. When set to positive or negative values, the
ends of the wall reveal curve pull back or push forward by the designated amount
when they are interrupted at an insert. This allows you to quickly set wall reveals
properly near window or door trims. This value is overwritten when you pull the
ends manually.

Construction

Profile The profile family used to create the reveal.

Wall Reveal Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Offset from wall The distance from the wall face. This setting changes the depth of the reveal.

Level The reveal's level. This property only appears with horizontal reveals.

Offset from level The reveal's offset from the level. This property only appears with horizontal reveals.

Dimensions

Length The length of the reveal.

Modifying Walls
After creating a wall, you can modify it by changing the wall type or resizing the wall.

Changing Wall Types

When you activate the Wall command to place walls, you can use the Type Selector to select different types
of walls.

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 Resizing Walls
The Resize command moves the position of the wall’s location line. It does not change wall height or
thickness. Note that the origin point can be on a wall’s location line. In this case, the wall’s location line
remains fixed.
Green dashed line indicates the wall’s
location line

In the next picture, the origin is not at the location line of the top wall. Its location line moves. The green
dashed preview line that is below the top wall represents the wall location line.
Location line moves when not the origin point

In the next picture, the origin is at the location line of the top wall. Its location line does not move. The
green dashed preview line in the picture represents the location line.

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 Location line does not move when it is the origin point

Wall Properties
Walls have properties based on whether they are interior or exterior walls. You can modify the properties
of one wall type and set them for all walls of that type. For example, if you set properties for a basic interior
wall type, then all interior walls assume those property values. You can also select an instance of a wall and
change its parameters only.

NOTE Be aware that the type names do not update upon changing parameters. For example, you could set the
width of a 200 mm exterior wall to 250 mm and its name will not change.

Wall Type Properties

Name Description

Construction

Structure Click Edit to create compound walls. See Compound Structure on page 748.

Wrapping at Inserts Sets the layer wrapping of walls at inserts. See Layer Wrapping on page 751.

Wrapping at Ends Sets the layer wrapping of wall end caps. See Setting Layer Wrapping on page 752.

Width Sets the width of the wall.

Wall Function Sets a wall to exterior, interior, retaining, foundation, or soffit. Before creating the

wall, you can click , and you see the default instance values for wall function.
See Adding Interior and Exterior Walls on page 562 and Adding Retaining Walls on
page 564. The value should be set to Soffit when the wall is attached to a ceiling. In
this case, the attachment is made to the surface of the ceiling, regardless of the
shape of the ceiling.

Wall Properties | 603

 Name Description

Graphics

Coarse Scale Fill Pattern Sets a fill pattern for a wall in a coarse-scale view. See View Properties on page 210.

Coarse Scale Fill Color Applies a color to the fill pattern for a wall in a coarse-scale view.

Identity Data

Model Generally, this is not an applicable property for walls.

Manufacturer Generally, this is not an applicable property for walls.

Type Comments A field for placing general comments about the wall type.

URL Link to a web page.

Description Description of the wall.

Assembly Description Description of the assembly based on the assembly code selection.

Assembly Code Uniformat assembly code selected from hierarchical list.

Type Mark A value to designate the particular wall. Generally, this is not an applicable property
for walls. This value must be unique for each wall in a project. Revit Architecture
warns you if the number is already used but allows you to continue using it. You
can see the warning using the Review Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning
Messages on page 1334.

Fire Rating Fire rating of the wall.

Cost Cost of the materials for constructing the wall.

Wall Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Location Line A location line for the wall at the specified plane. The wall location line remains the
same for that wall, even if the type changes.

Location Line Offset (for walls used as Offsets the wall panel the specified distance and in a direction perpendicular to the
panels only) face of the curtain wall.

Base Constraint The base level of the wall. For example, Level 1.

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Name Description

Base Offset The wall's height from its base constraint. This property is available only when the
Base Constraint is set to a level.

Base Is Attached Indicates whether the base of the wall is attached to another model component,
such as a floor. This is a read-only value.

Base Extension Distance The distance you have moved the base of the layers in a wall. See Compound
Structure on page 748. This parameter is enabled when layers of a wall are extendable.

Top Constraint Wall height extends to value specified in Unconnected Height.

Unconnected Height The height of the wall when it is sketched.

Top Offset The offset of the wall from the top level. This parameter is enabled only when the
Top Constraint is set to a level.

Top is Attached Indicates whether the wall top is attached to another model component, such as a
roof or ceiling. This is a read-only value.

Top Extension Distance The distance you have moved the top of the layers in a wall. See Compound Structure
on page 748. This parameter is enabled when layers of a wall are extendable.

Room Bounding If selected, the wall is part of a room boundary. If cleared, the wall is not part of a
room boundary. This property is read-only before creating a wall. After you draw
the wall, you can select it and then modify this property.

Floor Attachment The layer to which the floor is attached.

Related to Mass Indicates that the element was created from a mass element. This is a read-only
value.

Structural

Structural Usage The structural usage of the wall. This property is read-only before creating a wall.
After you draw the wall, you can select it and then modify this property.

Dimensions

Length The length of the wall. This is a read-only value.

Area The area of the wall. This is a read-only value.

Volume The volume of the wall. This is a read-only value.

Identity Data

Comments Specific comments added to describe the wall.

Wall Properties | 605

 Name Description

Mark A label applied to a wall. Usually a numeric value. This value must be unique for
each wall in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already used
but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using the Review
Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Phasing

Phase Created The phase when the wall was created.

Phase Demolished The phase when the wall was demolished.

Other

Schedule as Indicates whether the wall panel should schedule as a curtain panel or a wall.

Roofs
Roofs are components that define different types of roofs for the building design. Various types of roofs can
be made in Revit Architecture.

Adding a Roof
Roofs can be made from the building footprint, as extrusions, or from mass instances. For information on
adding a roof from a mass instance, see Creating Roofs from Mass Instances on page 551. A roof cannot cut
through windows or doors.
With the Roof by Footprint method of creating a roof, you specify the footprint or outline of the roof in a
plan view. You then define the slopes of the roof by identifying lines in the footprint that are edges of
sloping roof planes.

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Roof by footprint

With the Roof by Extrusion method of creating a roof, you sketch the profile of the roof from in an elevation
view and then extrude it. You can specify the depth of the extrusion by setting start and end points, or let
Revit Architecture calculate the depth based on the size and shape of the sketch.
Roof by extrusion

Adding a Roof by Footprint

The roof footprint is a 2D sketch of the perimeter of the roof, which you create by drawing lines or by
selecting walls to define the roof profile. The footprint sketch is created at the level of the plan view where
it is sketched. You can control the height of the start of the sloping roof plane using the Base Height Offset
property for the roof. The sketch must contain a closed loop representing the outside or perimeter of the
roof. The roof sketch may also contain other closed loops, which define openings in the roof.

Sketching a Roof by Footprint

1 Display a floor plan view or a reflected ceiling plan view.
2 Click Modelling menu ➤ Roof ➤ Roof by Footprint, or on the Basics tab of the Design Bar, click
Roof ➤ Roof by Footprint.

Adding a Roof | 607

 NOTE If you try to add a roof on the lowest level, a dialog prompts you to move it to a higher level.
If you choose not to move the roof to a different level, Revit Architecture notifies you later if the roof
is too low.

3 On the Design Bar, click Lines or Pick Walls, and sketch a closed loop for the roof.
To edit roof properties before sketching it, on the Design Bar, click Roof Properties.

TIP When using Pick Walls, you can specify the overhang before you sketch the roof. On the Options
Bar, select Extend to wall if you want the overhang to be measured from the core of the wall, and
then specify a value for Overhang.

4 Set slope defining lines.

To change the slope definition of a line, select the line and, on the Options Bar, click the Defines
Slope check box. For lines that are slope defining, you can change the slope value by clicking
the line and editing the value.

When a roof line is set to slope defining, this symbol appears adjacent to it . In the following
image, the top horizontal line and the bottom horizontal line are slope defining.

5 On the Design Bar, click Finish Roof.

To see the roof, open a 3D view.
Completed gable roof with overhang

Footprint Roof Tips

■ To cut off a roof in order to sketch another roof on top of it, use the Cutoff Level constraint in the Element
Properties dialog, and then specify a height for the Cutoff Offset. This property specifies the distance
above or below the level at which the roof is cut off.

■ If a roof includes a slope-defining arc line, you can specify the number of segments for the line. In the
Element Properties dialog, specify a value for Number of Full Segments. By default, 4 segments are created.
If you specify zero segments, a conical roof is created.

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Adding a Roof by Extrusion
You create extruded roofs in relation to a level in a project. You can use a combination of straight lines and
arcs to create the profile of the roof. The height of the roof depends on the location where you sketch the
profile in the elevation view.
When you sketch a roof by extrusion, if you did not specify start and end points, Revit Architecture calculates
a depth for you based on the size of the shape you sketched. For more information about start and end
points for extrusions, see Start and End Points for Extruded Roofs on page 611.
It is helpful to use reference planes when sketching the profile of an extruded roof. For example, sketch 3
vertical reference planes parallel to one another, and then sketch a horizontal reference plane that intersects
all 3 vertical planes.
The Roof by Extrusion tool lets you create a roof with simple slopes. To create a roof with complex slopes,
you can use massing. See Creating Roofs from Mass Instances on page 551.
After you create a roof by extrusion, you can rehost the roof or edit the work plane of the roof. For more
information, see Rehosting Work Plane-based and Face-based Elements and Components on page 747 and
Changing the Work Plane of an Element on page 268.

Sketching a Roof by Extrusion

1 Display an elevation, 3D, or section view.
2 Click Modelling menu ➤ Roof ➤ Roof by Extrusion, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar,
click Roof ➤ Roof by Extrusion.
3 In the Work Plane dialog, select an option for specifying the work plane. For more information
on work planes, see Sketching and Work Planes on page 265.
4 In the Roof Reference Level and Offset dialog, select the reference level for the roof. The highest
level in the project is selected by default.
5 Specify a value for Offset to raise or lower the roof from the reference level, and click OK.
Revit Architecture enters sketch mode and places a reference plane at the specified offset. Using
the reference plane, you can control the position of the extruded roof in relation to a level.

6 Sketch the profile of the roof. The profile must be an open loop, as shown in the following
image.

7 On the Design Bar, click Finish Sketch.

To see the roof, open a 3D view.

Adding a Roof | 609

 Completed extruded roof

If you need to attach walls to the roof, use the attach tool in the Options Bar. See Attaching Walls to Other
Components on page 579 for more information.
After you create a roof by extrusion, you can rehost the roof or edit the work plane of the roof. For more
information, see Rehosting Work Plane-based and Face-based Elements and Components on page 747 and
Changing the Work Plane of an Element on page 268.

Cutting Openings in an Extruded Roof

1 Select the extruded roof, and click Cut Plan Profile on the Options Bar.
2 If the Go to View dialog is displayed, choose the appropriate plan view in which to edit the
profile.
A plan view representation of the roof is displayed. Reference planes define the boundary of the
roof.

3 Sketch closed-loop openings in the roof using the sketch tools.

Closed-loop sketches in sketch mode

4 Click Finish Sketch.

Closed-loop sketches become vertical cuts
in the roof

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 Start and End Points for Extruded Roofs
The extrusion of a roof can extend in either direction along the plane perpendicular to the face of a solid
component (such as a wall). If the extrusion extends away from the solid, the start and end points are positive
values. If the extrusion extends toward a solid component, the start and end points are negative.

You can edit the start and end points through the roof properties. See Roof Properties on page 635 for more
information.

Adding Sloped Glazing

You can create sloped glazing using the footprint or extrusion method. Sloped glazing has one or more
slope-defining lines and can join to curtain walls and basic wall types.

Sketching Sloped Glazing

1 On the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Roof ➤ Roof by Footprint or Roof by Extrusion.

NOTE If you try to create a roof on the lowest level, a dialog prompts you to move it to a different
level, ensuring that the roof is higher than any walls joining to it. If you choose not to move the roof
to a different level, Revit Architecture notifies you later if the roof is too low.

2 Sketch the roof.

3 If the roof is based on a footprint, specify roof boundary lines as slope-defining, or use the roof
slope arrow to define the slope. See Roof Slope Arrow on page 616.
4 On the Design Bar, click Finish Sketch.
5 Select the roof, and, in the Type Selector, select Sloped Glazing.
You can place curtain grids on the curtain panels of the sloped glazing. Press TAB to switch between horizontal
and vertical grids.
Sloped glazing with mullions and grid lines

Joining and Unjoining Roofs

Use the Join/Unjoin Roof command to join roofs to other roofs or walls, or to unjoin them if they were
previously joined. The command is especially useful if you have already sketched roofs and walls and then
want to change your design by adding smaller roofs to create dormers or awnings.

Joining and Unjoining Roofs | 611

 Joining Roofs

NOTE This is a general procedure for joining roofs. You may have variations based on design intent.

1 Sketch walls and roofs for your design.

See Adding Interior and Exterior Walls on page 562 and Adding a Roof on page 606.

2 Sketch a minor roof near your building design, and then use the Roof command to create the
roof.
Note that you cannot add a minor roof by editing the sketch of the major roof.

3 If desired, set the lines of the minor roof to be slope defining, except the roof line that will be
coincident with the major roof or the wall. See Roof Slope on page 616.

4 If a 3D view of your sketch has not been created already, click on the View toolbar to create
one.
5 Click View menu ➤ Shading.
6 If necessary, spin the design to facilitate selecting the edges of the wall or the major roof and
the minor roof.

7 Click Tools menu ➤ Join/Unjoin Roof, or on the toolbar click (Join/Unjoin Roof).
8 Select one edge on the end of the minor roof that you want to join.
9 Select a face on the wall or major roof to which you want to join the minor roof.
Revit Architecture joins the roof.
Joined roofs

Unjoining Roofs
When applied to joined roofs, the Join/Unjoin Roof command works just like Undo. However, the command
allows you to unjoin the roof, regardless of how many operations you may have performed since using the
command to join the roofs.

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Join/Unjoin Roof or, on the toolbar click (Join/Unjoin Roof).
2 Select an edge of the minor roof that is joined to the wall or major roof.
Revit Architecture unjoins the roof.

Tips for Joining Roofs

■ The Join/Unjoin Roof command does not join or unjoin a wall to a roof. To join a wall to a roof, use the
Attach button for the Top/Base command on the Options Bar. See Attaching Walls to Other Components
on page 579.

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 ■ You cannot join a roof to more than one top face of another roof.

■ You can join a roof to the top face of another roof and the wall below that roof if you select the wall as
the target. The wall must be attached to the target roof and the target roof must be a footprint roof.
Roof joined to other roof and wall

Modifying a Roof
You can modify the appearance of roofs in several ways.
If you edit the roof sketch, you can: change the shape of the sketch, change the slope of the roof, add cutouts
or holes to a roof, or change the height of the roof. You can also make some modifications to roofs from a
project view, such as resizing the roof or aligning roof ridges.
After completing the roof, you can change its position by moving its base level, either graphically or by
editing properties. If you are in sketch mode and click Roof Properties, you can edit the Base Level and Offset
properties to change the position of the reference plane. When you return to a project view, the roof has
moved according to the changes to the reference level.
In a project view, you might be warned that the roof geometry cannot move when you attempt to change
the base level or offset. Edit the roof sketch, and check for constraints on the sketch, such as between a level
line and a sketch line of the roof.

Changing the Roof Type

To change the roof type in sketch mode
1 On the Design Bar, click Roof Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, select a roof type from the Type list.
3 Click OK.

To change the roof type in a project view

1 Select the roof in the project view.
2 In the Type Selector, select a different roof type.

Editing a Roof Sketch

1 Select the roof, and on the Options Bar, click Edit.
2 Make necessary changes.

Modifying a Roof | 613

 3 On the Design Bar, click Finish Roof or Finish Sketch.

Resizing a Roof
You can resize roofs that were created by footprint or by face using shape handles in elevation or 3D views.

To resize a footprint roof using shape handles

1 In an elevation or 3D view, move your cursor over the roof and press TAB to highlight the shape
handle.
Watch the status bar, which will indicate when you have the shape handle highlighted.

2 Click to select the shape handle, then drag it as desired.

Resizing a roof with shape handle

Aligning Roof Ridges

You can align roof ridges in 3D and elevation views. To align roof ridges in an elevation view, use the Align
tool. See Aligning Elements on page 306.
To align in a 3D view, you first must set a work plane in the view that is not perpendicular to the ridges of
the roof.

To align roof ridges in an elevation view

1 In a plan view, sketch a reference plane that is not perpendicular to the roof ridges. See Reference
Planes on page 1046.

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 Reference plane in plan view

2 Select the reference plane, click , and enter a name for the reference plane.
3 Open the 3D view, and click Tools menu ➤ Work Plane ➤ Set Work Plane.
4 In the Work Plane dialog, select the work plane name you just created in Step 2, and click OK.
5 Use the Align tool to align roof ridges. See Aligning Elements on page 306.
Unaligned roof ridges

Result of aligning roof ridges

Roof Slope
You can change the slope of any slope-defining lines in a roof without editing the roof. Select the roof and
access its properties to view the Slope parameter.

Roof Slope | 615

 Roof Slope
You can define different slopes and overhangs for the roof; Revit Architecture warns you if it cannot create
the roof geometry based on the specified values for slope and overhang.
You can specify a selected footprint line to be slope-defining:

■ Click . In the Element Properties dialog, set specify Yes for Defines Roof Slope.

■ On the Options Bar, select Defines Slope.

To specify the slope of a slope-defining line, select the line. A numeric control displays with the line. This
is the slope value. Enter a value for the slope.
You can then change the height and the angle of the roof. If you do not define any of the lines as
slope-defining, the roof is flat. If you define one side of the roof as sloping, the result is a shed roof. If you
define 2 lines on opposite sides, the result is a gable roof. If you define slope lines on 4 sides, the result is a
hip roof.
Lines that are not specified as slope-defining are considered trimming lines. By extruding these lines vertically,
you can trim the surface of the roof.

Roof Slope Arrow

Use the Slope Arrow command to create complex footprint roofs by defining slopes that cannot be created
from setting footprint boundary lines as slope-defining. For example, to create a flat sloping roof when no
footprint boundary lines are specified as slope-defining lines, sketch a slope arrow from the corners of the
roof sketch.
The Slope Arrow command appears on the Sketch tab of the Design Bar when you are sketching a roof.

What is the Slope Arrow?

A slope arrow is an alternative way to define the slope of a roof, floor, or ceiling plane, using a line in the
direction of the slope. You can specify the height at the head of the slope arrow and either the height at the
tail or a slope value (rise over run) using the properties of the slope arrow. The tail of the slope arrow must
be on one of the sketched lines that defines the boundary. The sketched line containing the tail cannot be
slope-defining, unless the slope arrow is at a vertex, because that would specify conflicting slopes for the
same segment.
Use the slope arrow when you know the height at the top and bottom of the roof plane, rather than the
slope. For example, slope arrows can be used to adjust a flat roof to satisfy a particular height at a drainage
point. Another good example is creating a hip on gable roof.

NOTE The slope arrow tail cannot start from a slope-defining boundary line.

Proper sketch for creating hip on gable roof with slope arrow

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 Resulting hip on gable roof created from slope arrows

In this example, Height Offset at Tail is 4 feet, Slope is selected for Specify, and 12 is specified for Slope.

NOTE You could obtain the same result by specifying the bottom sketch line as slope-defining, and specifying an
appropriate value for Offset From Roof Base.

Accessing the Slope Arrow Command

When in sketch mode, click Slope Arrow on the Design Bar to begin creating slope arrows.

Eaves
When you sketch a roof, you create eaves by setting an overhang value. Once you complete the sketch of
the roof, you can align eaves and change the eave cut. For more information on sketching a roof, see Adding
a Roof on page 606.
Eaves can be cut as

■ Plumb cut eave

■ 2-cut plumb eave

Eaves | 617
 ■ 2-cut square eave

Creating a Plumb Cut,Two-Cut Plumb, or Two-Cut Square Eave

1 Select the roof in a project view.

2 Click .
3 In the Element Properties dialog, for Rafter Cut value, select Plumb Cut, Two Cut - Plumb, or
Two Cut - Square.
4 For Two Cut - Plumb and Two Cut Square, specify a value for Fascia Depth between zero and
the thickness of the roof.
5 Click OK.

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 Aligning Eaves
Use the Align Eaves command to realign eave heights of different boundary lines of a roof.
1 If you are not already in sketch mode, select the roof and, on the Options Bar, click Edit.
2 On the Design Bar, click Align Eaves.
3 Click a roof eave to align the others to. Note that dimensions are displayed near the eaves to
indicate their height.
4 On the Options Bar, click Adjust Height or Adjust Overhang, and then click on an eave. As you
select the remaining eaves, you can choose between adjusting the height or the overhang if you
created the lines using Pick Walls. If you used the Lines command, only Adjust Height is available.
These functions allow you to adjust the eave height or eave overhang. The Adjust Height option
changes the Plate height from roof base or Offset from roof base value. The Adjust Overhang
option changes the eave height by adjusting the Overhang value. See Roof Properties on page
635.

5 On the Design Bar, click Finish Roof.

The results of adjusting the overhang are visible after you finish the roof.

Dormers

Creating a Dormer Using Slope Arrows

1 Sketch a roof footprint, including slope-defining lines. See Adding a Roof by Footprint on page
607.
2 While in sketch mode, click Tools menu ➤ Split Walls and Lines, or on the Tools toolbar, click

(Split).
3 Split one of the lines in the footprint at 2 points, creating a middle line segment.
This line segment defines the width at the bottom of the dormer. See Splitting Walls and Lines
on page 335.

4 If a slope symbol displays next to the segment, change its properties so it does not define
slope:
1 While still in sketch mode, on the Design Bar, click Modify.

2 Select the segment.

3 On the Options Bar, clear Defines Slope.

5 On the Design Bar, click Slope Arrow, and sketch a slope arrow that begins from an end point
of the segment.

Dormers | 619
 Correct placement of cursor for slope arrow

Incorrect placement of cursor for slope arrows

6 On the Design Bar, click Slope Arrow again, and sketch a second slope arrow that begins from
the other end point of the segment.
Properly sketched slope arrows

7 Click Finish Sketch, and open a 3D view to see the results.

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 Hip roof with dormer

Creating a Dormer Opening in a Roof

1 Start with a building model in which a dormer has been created.

2 Open a plan view or an elevation view in which you can see the dormer roof and the attached
walls. If the roof is extruded, open an elevation view.

3 Click Modelling menu ➤ Opening ➤ Dormer Opening, or on the Modelling tab of the Design
Bar, click Opening ➤ Dormer Opening.
4 Highlight the main roof on the building model, and click to select it.
Watch the status bar to be sure that you are highlighting the main roof.
The Pick command is active so that you can pick the boundaries that compose the dormer
opening.

5 Place the cursor in the drawing area.

Valid boundaries are highlighted. Valid boundaries are a joined roof or its bottom face, a side
face of a wall, a bottom face of a floor, an edge of the roof to be cut, or a model line on the face
of the roof to be cut.

Dormers | 621
 In this example, side faces of walls and joined faces of the roof were selected. Note that you do
not need to trim the sketch lines to have a valid boundary.

6 On the Design Bar, click Finish Boundary.

7 Create a section view through the dormer to see how it cuts the main roof.

Revit Architecture makes both vertical and horizontal cuts in the roof.
Dormer opening in a 3D view

Fascia
You can add fascia to edges of roofs, soffits, and other fascias. You can also add fascia to model lines.

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You can place fascia in 2D views, such as plan or section views, or 3D views.

Adding Roof Fascia

1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Host Sweep ➤ Roof Fascia, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar,
click Host Sweep ➤ Roof Fascia.
2 Highlight edges of roofs, soffits, other fascia, or model lines, and click to place the fascia.
As you click edges, Revit Architecture treats this as one continuous fascia. If the fascia segments
meet at corners, they miter.

NOTE Watch the status bar. It will indicate valid references or points where you can place fascia. For
example, if you are placing fascia on a roof, a valid reference might be: Roofs : Basic Roof : Reference.
When you place fascia in a section view, place the cursor near the corners of the element to highlight
the reference or press TAB.

3 On the Options Bar, click Start Next to start a different fascia.

4 Move the cursor to a new edge and click to place.
This different fascia does not miter with other existing fascias, even if they meet at the corners.

5 Click onto white space in the view to finish placing roof fascias.
Crown molding fascia

Fascia | 623
 NOTE Fascia profiles miter correctly only around a square cut roof. The roof in this image was created
by running a fascia along the edge of a roof with a Two-Cut Square rafter cut. For information on
setting this property, see Creating a Plumb Cut, Two-Cut Plumb, or Two-Cut Square Eave on page
618.

Resizing or Flipping Roof Fascias

To resize roof fascia
1 In the drawing area, select the fascia.
If there are many elements near the fascia that make selection difficult, you can use the filter
selection tool to select the fascia. Highlight the area where the fascia is using a pick box, and

on the Options Bar, click . Select Roof (Fascias) and click OK.

2 Move the drag controls to the desired location.

For more information on using drag controls, see Controls and Shape Handles on page 279.

To flip roof fascia

1 In the drawing area, select the fascia.
2 If you are in a 3D view, click the flip controls that appear to flip the fascia around the vertical
or horizontal axis.
If you are in a 2D view, right-click the fascia and select Flip About Horizontal Axis or Flip About
Vertical Axis.

Adding or Removing Segments of the Fascia

1 In the drawing area, select the fascia.
If many elements near the fascia make selection difficult, use the filter selection tool to select

the fascia. Highlight the area near the fascia is using a pick box, and click on the Options
Bar. Select Roof (Fascias), and click OK.

2 On the Options Bar, click Add or Remove Segments.

3 Click a reference edge to add a fascia or remove a fascia.

NOTE Watch the status bar. It will indicate valid references, or points where you can add or remove
fascia. For example, if you are adding fascia to a roof, a valid reference might be: Roofs : Basic Roof
: Reference. When you add or remove segments of fascia in a section view, place the cursor near the
corners of the element to highlight the reference or press TAB.

Changing Mitering Options for Roof Fascia

1 In the drawing area, select the fascia.
If many elements near the fascia make selection difficult, use the filter selection tool to select

the fascia. Highlight the area near the fascia is using a pick box, and click on the Options
Bar. Select Roof (Fascias) and click OK.

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 2 On the Options Bar, click Change Miter Options.
3 On the Options Bar, select a mitering option:
■ Vertical

■ Horizontal

■ Perpendicular to Path

4 Click on the end face of the fascia to change the miter option.
Vertical miter

Horizontal miter

Perpendicular to Path miter

Roof fascias can miter between the eave and rake edges of a plumb-cut gable roof.

Fascia | 625
 Changing Horizontal and Vertical Offset of Roof Fascia
You can change the horizontal or vertical offset of a fascia either through its properties or by graphically
moving the fascia. To change the offset through properties, see Roof Properties on page 635.

Changing Horizontal Offset of Roof Fascia

To move a single fascia
1 Select the fascia and drag it horizontally.
Moving fascia on the left also moves fascia on the right

To move multi-segmented fascia

1 Place the cursor over the fascia and press TAB to highlight the shape handle. The status bar
indicates when you are highlighting the shape handle.
2 Click to select the shape handle.
3 Move the cursor left or right to change the horizontal offset.
This affects the horizontal offset of all segments of the fascia, so the segments are symmetrical.

Changing Vertical Offset of Roof Fascia

1 Select the fascia and drag it up or down. If the fascia is multi-segmented, then all segments move
up or down the same distance.
Fascia moving vertically in section

Roof Soffits
Use the Roof Soffit command to create roof soffits.

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Adding Roof Soffits
Design intent for creating roof soffits can vary widely. This procedure creates a soffit from a 2-loop sketch
between a wall and a roof. The soffit is associated with the walls and the roof. To create non-associative
soffits, use the Lines command while in sketch mode.

1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Roof ➤ Roof Soffit, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click
Roof ➤ Roof Soffit.
2 On the Design Bar, click Pick Roofs.
This command creates a locked sketch line.

3 Highlight the roof, and click.

Roof selected with Pick Roofs command

4 Click Pick Walls, highlight the outside faces of the wall beneath the roof, and click to select.

Roof Soffits | 627

 Wall highlighted for soffit line

Sketch lines for soffit after picking walls

5 Use the Trim command to trim the excess sketch lines and close the sketch loop. See Trimming
and Extending Elements on page 316.

6 On the Design Bar, click Finish Sketch.

To see the soffit better, create a section view through the plan view that shows the wall meeting
the roof. See Creating a Section View on page 92.
Roof, soffit, and wall in section view

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 NOTE The Join Geometry tool was used to join the soffit and the roof in the previous illustration. To
complete the image, use the Join Geometry command to join the soffit to the wall, and the wall to
the roof. See Joining Geometry on page 334.

TIP Use the Slope Arrow tool to create a sloping soffit. See Roof Slope Arrow on page 616.

Roof Soffit Examples

Soffit selected in elevation view

Soffits selected on model with gambrel roof

Roof Gutters
You can add gutters to edges of roofs, soffits, and fascia. You can also add gutters to model lines.

Roof Gutters | 629

 You can place gutters in 2D views, such as plan or section views, or 3D views.

Adding Roof Gutters

1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Host Sweep ➤ Roof Gutter, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar,
click Host Sweep ➤ Roof Gutter.
2 Highlight horizontal edges of roofs, soffits, fascias, or model lines, and click to place the gutter.
As you click edges, Revit Architecture treats this as one continuous gutter.

NOTE Watch the status bar. It will indicate valid references, or points where you can place roof
gutters. For example, if you are placing a gutter on a roof, a valid reference might be: Roofs : Basic
Roof : Reference. When you place gutters in a section view, place the cursor near the corners of the
element to highlight the reference or press TAB.

3 On the Options Bar, click Start Next to start a different gutter.

4 Move the cursor to a new edge, and click to place.
5 To finish placing gutters, click on white space in the view.
Gutter in section

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Resizing or Flipping Roof Gutters
To resize roof gutters
1 In the drawing area, select the gutter.
If many elements near the gutter make selection difficult, use the filter selection tool to select

the gutter. Highlight the area near the gutters using a pick box, and click on the Options
Bar. Select Roof (Gutters), and click OK.

2 Move the drag controls to the desired location.

For more information on using drag controls, see Controls and Shape Handles on page 279.

To flip roof gutters

1 In the drawing area, select the gutter.
2 If you are in a 3D view, click the flip controls to flip the gutter around the vertical or horizontal
axis.
If you are in a 2D view, right-click the gutter and select Flip About Horizontal Axis or Flip About
Vertical Axis.

Adding or Removing Segments of the Gutter

1 In the drawing area, select the gutter.
If many elements near the gutter make selection difficult, use the filter selection tool to select

the gutter. Highlight the area near the gutter is using a pick box, and click on the Options
Bar. Select Roof (Gutters), and click OK.

2 On the Options Bar, click Add or Remove Segments.

3 Click a reference edge to add a gutter or remove a gutter.

NOTE Watch the status bar. It will indicate valid references, or points where you can add or remove
gutters. For example, if you are adding gutters to a roof, a valid reference might be: Roofs : Basic
Roof : Reference. When you add or remove segments of a gutter in a section view, place the cursor
near the corners of the element to highlight the reference, or press TAB.

Changing Horizontal and Vertical Offset

You can change the horizontal or vertical offset of a gutter through its properties or by graphically moving
the gutter. See Slab Edge Properties on page 646.

Horizontal Move

To move a single gutter segment, select the gutter and drag it horizontally.
To move a multi-segmented gutter, you need to select the shape handle of the gutter. Place the cursor over
the gutter and press TAB to highlight the shape handle. Watch the status bar to be sure you are highlighting
the shape handle. Click to select the shape handle. Move the cursor left or right to change the horizontal
offset. This affects the horizontal offset of all segments of the gutter, so that the segments are symmetrical.

Roof Gutters | 631

 Moving gutter on the left also moves gutter on the right

Vertical Move

Select the gutter and drag it up or down. Note that if the gutter is multi-segmented, then all segments move
up or down the same distance.
Gutter moving vertically in section

Roof Examples
This topic contains several roof examples.

Roof with Intersecting Slope Lines at Different Heights

The following procedure shows you how to create a roof with slope-defined lines at different elevations by
joining 2 separate roofs.

TIP This procedure works best with a multi-level building.

1 Create a footprint roof sketch, similar to the following:

2 On the Design Bar, click Roof Properties, and specify a cutoff level for the roof. For example, if
you are sketching the roof on level 2, you might specify level 4 as the cutoff level.
3 Finish the roof.
4 Create another footprint roof sketch at a higher level, similar to the following:

5 Finish the roof.

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 6 In a 3D view, select both roofs, and click Tools menu ➤ Join Geometry.

7 View the 2 roofs in a plan view:

You now have a single roof with different eave heights.

Here is the finished house with that roof style.

Four-Sided Gable Roof

A common building scenario is a 4-sided gable roof. The following is a quick procedure to create this look.

Roof Examples | 633

 1 NOTE The results of this procedure will differ from the finished pictures.

Create a square footprint sketch and toggle all sketch lines to be non–slope-defining:

2 On the Design Bar, click Slope Arrow.

3 On the Options Bar, click .

4 For the Specify parameter, select Slope.
5 For the Slope parameter, enter 9", or the metric equivalent.
6 Sketch slope arrows as shown.

7 On the Design Bar, click Finish Sketch.

8 Open the roof in 3D.

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 Following is a completed roof on a model.

Roof Properties
You can modify several properties for roofs, including slope and structure. You can also modify parameters
for roof boundary lines, roof fascia, and roof gutters.

Modifying Roof Properties

1 If you are in sketch mode, on the Design Bar, click Roof Properties. If you are in a plan view,

select the roof and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit roof instance parameters as desired.
See Roof Instance Properties on page 637.

3 To edit roof type parameters, click Edit/New. Change the roof type parameters as desired, and
click OK.
See Roof Type Properties on page 636.

NOTE Changes made to type parameters affect all roofs of this type in the project. You can click
Duplicate to create a new roof type.

4 Click OK to close the Element Properties dialog.

Roof Properties | 635

 Roof Type Properties

Name Description

Construction

Structure Defines the composition of a compound roof. See Compound Structure on page
748.

Default Thickness Indicates the thickness of the roof type, which is determined by the cumulative
thickness of its layers. This is a read-only property.

Graphics

Coarse Scale Fill Pattern The fill pattern for a roof displayed at a coarse detail level.

Coarse Scale Fill Color Applies a color to the fill pattern for a roof in a coarse-scale view.

Identity Data

Keynote Add or edit the roof keynote. Click in the value box to open the Keynotes dialog.
See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model The model type for the roof.

Manufacturer The manufacturer of the roof.

Type Comments Comments about the roof.

URL Link for a manufacturer web page.

Description Description of the roof.

Assembly description Description of the assembly, based on the assembly code selection.

Assembly code Uniformat assembly code selected from hierarchical list.

Type Mark A value to designate the particular roof. This value must be unique for each roof in
a project. Revit Architecture issues a warning if the number is already used but allows
you to continue using it. You can see the warning using the Review Warnings
command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Cost Cost of the roofing material. The cost can be included in a schedule.

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Roof Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Base Level Sets the level for the footprint or extruded roof.

Room Bounding If selected, it means the roof is part of a room boundary. If not selected, it means
the roof is not part of a room boundary. This property is read-only before creating
a roof. After you draw the roof, you can select it and then modify this property.

Related to Mass Indicates the element was created from a mass element. This is a read-only value.

Base Offset From Level Sets the height of the roof above or below the level where it is being sketched. This
property is enabled only when creating a roof by footprint.

Cutoff Level Specifies a level above which all footprint roof geometry will be not shown. Roofs
cut in this manner can be combined with another roof to form Dutch Hip, Mansard,
or other roof styles.

Cutoff Offset Height of the cutoff above or below the level specified in Up to Level.

Extrusion start Sets the start point of the extrusion. For example, if you pick the outer edge of the
wall during creation of the extrusion, the start point starts the extrusion to some
point traveling out from the outer edge of the wall. This parameter is only enabled
for extruded roofs.

Extrusion end Sets the end point of the extrusion. For example, if you pick the outer edge of the
wall during creation of the extrusion, the end point ends the extrusion at some point
out from the outer edge of the wall. This parameter is only enabled for extruded
roofs.

Reference Level The reference level for the roof. The default is the highest level in the project. This
parameter is only enabled for extruded roofs.

Level Offset Raises or lowers the roof from the reference level. This parameter is only enabled
for extruded roofs.

Construction

Fascia Depth The length of the lines defining the fascia.

Rafter Cut Defines the rafter cut on an eave. See Creating a Plumb Cut, Two-Cut Plumb, or
Two-Cut Square Eave on page 618.

Rafter or Truss This property is a switch for the Plate Offset from Base property. If you choose Rafter,
the Plate Offset from Base is measured from the inside of the wall. If you choose
Truss, the Plate Offset from Base is measured from the outside of the wall. To see

Roof Properties | 637

 Name Description

the effects of this property more clearly, set a value for Plate Offset from Base other
than 0. (See Roof Boundary Line Properties on page 638.)
This property only affects roofs created by picking walls.

Maximum ridge height The maximum height of the top of the roof above the base level of the building.
You can set a maximum allowable ridge height using the Max Ridge Height com-
mand. This is a read-only value. This property is enabled only when creating a roof
by footprint.

Dimensions

Slope Changes the value of the slope-defining line to the specified value, without the need
to edit the sketch. The parameter initially displays a value if there is a slope-defining
line. If there is no slope-defining line, the parameter is blank and disabled.

Thickness Indicates the thickness of the roof. This is a read-only value.

Area The area of the roof. This is a read-only value.

Volume The volume of the roof. This is a read-only value.

Identity Data

Comments Comments about a particular roof.

Mark A label applied to a roof. Usually a numeric value. This value must be unique for
each roof in a project. Revit Architecture issues a warning if the number is already
used but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using the Review
Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Phasing

Phase Created The phase when the roof was created.

Phase Demolished The phase when the roof was demolished.

Roof Boundary Line Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Defines roof slope For footprint roofs, sets a roof line to be a slope-defining line.

Overhang Adjusts the horizontal offset of the line from its associated wall. Available only when
picking walls.

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Name Description

Plate Offset From Base The height above the base level at which the wall and the roof meet. This height is
relative to the base level of the roof. The default value is 0. This parameter is enabled
when a roof boundary line is created using the Pick Walls command. If a sloped
footprint roof line has an overhang, the height of the roof at the eave will be different
from the height at the wall. With this property, you can specify the height at the
wall rather than at the eave.

Offset from Roof Base Sets the offset of the slope line from the base of the roof. This parameter is enabled
when a line is set as slope-defining and it is not associated with a wall.

Extend into wall (to core) Determines whether the offset is measured from the wall core.

Dimensions

Slope Sets the pitch of the roof. This property sets the slope angle for slope-defining lines.

Length The actual length of the roof boundary line. This is a read-only value.

Roof Fascia and Gutter Type Properties

Name Description

Construction

Profile The profile shape for the fascia or gutter. Choose from a list of predefined profiles,
or create your own profile using the profile-hosted.rft template. See Profile Families
on page 371.

Materials and Finishes

Material Specifies the look of the fascia or gutter in various views, including a raytraced
model. For more information on setting a material, see Materials on page 459.

Identity Data

Keynote Add or edit the fascia or gutter keynote. Click in the value box to open the Keynotes
dialog. See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model The model type for the fascia or gutter.

Manufacturer The manufacturer of the fascia or gutter material.

Type Comments Comments about the fascia or gutter type.

URL Link for a manufacturer web page.

Roof Properties | 639

 Name Description

Description Description of the fascia or gutter.

Assembly description Description of the assembly, based on the assembly code selection.

Assembly code Uniformat assembly code selected from hierarchical list.

Type Mark A value to designate the particular fascia or gutter. This value must be unique for
each fascia or gutter in a project. Revit Architecture issues a warning if the number
is already used but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using
the Review Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Cost Cost of the fascia or gutter. Can be included in a schedule.

Roof Fascia and Gutter Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Vertical profile offset Moves the fascia or gutter above or below the edge on which you created it. For
example, if you chose a horizontal roof edge, a fascia moves above or below that
edge.

Horizontal profile offset Moves the fascia or gutter forward or backward from the edge on which you created
it.

Angle Rotates the fascia or gutter to the desired angle.

Dimensions

Length The actual length of the fascia or gutter.

Identity Data

Comments Comments about the roof fascia or gutter.

Mark A label applied to roof fascia or gutters. Usually a numeric value. This value must be
unique for each roof fascia or gutter in a project. Revit Architecture issues a warning
if the number is already used but allows you to continue using it. You can see the
warning using the Review Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages
on page 1334.

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 Roof Slope Arrow Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Specify Choose between Slope or Height at Tail. If you select Slope, you can enter a value
for Slope. If you select Height at Tail, Level at Head and Height Offset at Head are
enabled.

Level at Tail Specifies the level for the tail relative to the base level of the roof.

Height Offset at Tail Specifies the start height above the Level at Tail.

Level at Head Specifies the level for the head relative to the base level of the roof. This property is
enabled when Height at Tail is set as the value for Specify.

Height Offset at Head Specifies the end height above the Level at Head. This property is enabled when
Height at Tail is set as the value for Specify.

Dimensions

Slope Sets a slope value.

Length The actual length of the slope arrow. This is a read-only value.

Floors
You create floors by sketching them, either by picking walls or by using the Lines command. Typically, you
sketch a floor in a plan view, although you can use a 3D view if the work plane of the 3D view is set to the
work plane of a plan view. Floors are offset downward from the level on which they are sketched.
In a conceptual design, you can use floor area faces to analyze masses, and create floors from a mass. For
more information, see Analyzing a Conceptual Design on page 522 and Creating Floors from Mass Instances
on page 546.

Floors | 641
Adding Floors
1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Floor, or on the Basics tab of the Design Bar, click Floor.
2 On the Design Bar, click Pick Walls.

TIP Using the Pick Walls command saves time if you want to align the floor to the walls.

To sketch the profile of the floor, click Lines, and then on the Options Bar, click Draw or Pick
Lines. Use the sketching tools to complete the sketch. See Sketching on page 251.
The sketch must be closed. To create an opening in the floor, you can sketch another closed
profile where you want the opening to appear.

3 On the Options Bar, for Offset, specify an offset for the floor edges.

NOTE When you are using Pick Walls, select Extend into wall (to core) to measure the offset from
the wall's core.

4 On the Design Bar, click Finish Sketch.

Changing the Floor Type

To change the floor type in sketch mode:
1 While sketching a floor, on the Design Bar, click Floor Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, for Type, select a floor type.
3 Click OK.

To change the floor type in a project view:

1 Select the floor in the project view.
Watch the tooltip and the status bar to be sure you select the floor, not another element. If
desired, you can use a filter to select the floor. See Selecting Elements Using a Filter on page 271.

2 In the Type Selector, select a different floor type.

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Editing a Floor Sketch
1 In a plan view, select the floor.
Watch the tooltip and the status bar to be sure you select the floor, not another element. If
desired, you can use a filter to select the floor. See Selecting Elements Using a Filter on page 271.

2 On the Options Bar, click Edit.

3 Make any necessary changes.
4 Click Finish Sketch.

Sloped Floors
Revit Architecture provides multiple ways to create a sloped floor. You can do any of the following:

■ Draw a slope arrow while sketching or editing the sketched floor.

■ Specify the offset from base properties of parallel floor sketch lines.

■ Specify the Defines Slope and Slope Angle properties for a single floor sketch line.

Creating a Sloped Floor by Sketching a Slope Arrow

1 If you are not already in sketch mode, select the floor in plan view, and on the Options Bar,
click Edit.
2 On the Design Bar, click Slope Arrow.
3 Sketch the slope arrow on the floor.
Floor sketch with slope arrow

4 Select the slope arrow and click .

5 For Specify, select a value: Height at Tail, or Slope.
6 If you selected Height at Tail, do the following:
a For Level at Tail, specify a level to start the slope arrow at a certain level. For example, the
floor sketch is on Level 1. You could choose to start the slope arrow on Level 2.

b For Height Offset at Tail, specify how high above the level the slope arrow begins.

c For Height Offset at Head, specify how high above the level the slope arrow ends.

d For Level at Head, indicate the level at which to end the slope arrow.
For example, the floor sketch is on Level 1. You could choose to end the slope arrow on
Level 2.

Editing a Floor Sketch | 643

 7 If you selected Slope, do the following:
a For Level at Tail, specify a level to start the slope arrow at a certain level. For example, the
floor sketch is on Level 1. You could choose to start the slope arrow on Level 2.

b For Height Offset at Tail, specify how high above the level the slope arrow begins.

c For Rise, set a slope value.

8 Click OK.

Creating a Sloped Floor by Setting Parallel Sketch Line Properties

1 If you are not already in sketch mode, select the floor in plan view, and on the Options Bar,
click Edit.

2 Select parallel floor sketch lines, and click .

3 In the Element Properties dialog, select Defines Constant Height.
4 Click OK.

5 Select the same sketch lines individually and click .

6 For Offset from Base, specify a value for each line.

Creating a Sloped Floor by Setting Single Sketch Line Properties

1 If you are not already in sketch mode, select the floor in plan view, and on the Options Bar,
click Edit.

2 Select a single sketch line, and click .

3 In the Element Properties dialog, select Defines Constant Height.
4 Select the Defines Slope property, and set a value for the slope angle (rise).
5 Click OK.

Floor Slab Edges

You add slab edges by selecting horizontal edges of floors. You can also select model lines.

1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Host Sweep ➤ Floor Slab Edge, or on the Modelling tab of the Design
Bar, click Host Sweep ➤ Floor Slab Edge.
2 Highlight horizontal edges of floors, and click to place a slab edge.
You can also click model lines. As you click edges, Revit Architecture treats this as one continuous
slab edge. If the slab edge segments meet at corners, they miter.

3 To start a different slab edge, on the Options Bar, click Start Next. Move the cursor to a new
edge and click to place.
This different slab edge does not miter with other existing slab edges, even if they meet at the
corners.

4 To finish placing slab edges, click on white space in the view.

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 Slab added to floor

Tips

■ You can place slab edges in 2D views (such as plan or section views) or in 3D views. Watch the status
bar to look for valid references. For example, if you are placing a slab edge on a floor, the status bar might
display: Floors : Basic Floor : Reference.

■ When placing a slab edge in section, place the cursor near the corners of the floor to highlight the
reference.

After placing slabs, you can modify them in several ways.

Resizing or Flipping Slabs

You can resize slabs. When you select the slab, a drag control appears at either end of it. See Controls and
Shape Handles on page 279.
You can flip slabs by using the Flip controls that appear in 3D, or, if you are in a 2D view (such as section),
you can right-click on the slab and select Flip About Horizontal Axis or Flip About Vertical Axis. See Controls
and Shape Handles on page 279.

Adding or Removing Segments of the Slab

1 Select an existing slab, and on the Options Bar, click Add or Remove Segments.
2 Click a reference edge to add a slab. Click the edge again to remove a slab.

NOTE You may need to press TAB to highlight a reference edge in section.

Changing Horizontal and Vertical Offset

You can change the horizontal or vertical offset of a slab edge either through its properties or by graphically
moving the slab edge. See Slab Edge Properties on page 646.

Horizontal Move

To move a single slab edge segment, select the slab edge, and drag it horizontally.
To move a multi-segmented slab edge, select the shape handle of the slab edge. Place the cursor over the
slab edge, and press TAB to highlight the shape handle. Watch the status bar to be sure you are highlighting
the shape handle. Click to select the shape handle. Move the cursor left or right to change the horizontal
offset. This affects the horizontal offset of all segments of the slab edge, so the segments are symmetrical.
Moving slab edge on left also moves slab edge on the right

Floor Slab Edges | 645

 Vertical Move

Select the slab edge, and drag it up or down. If the slab edge is multi-segmented, all segments move up or
down the same distance.
Slab edge moving vertically in section

Floor Slab Edge Properties

Parameter names, values, and descriptions for floor slab edges. Floor slab edges are classified under host
sweeps. Values are modifiable.

Floor Slab Edge Type Properties

Name Description

Profile The profile shape for the particular host sweep. Select from a list of predefined profiles,
or create your own profile using the profile-hosted.rft template. See Profile Families
on page 371.

Material Specifies the appearance of the host sweep in various views, including a raytraced
model. See Materials on page 459.

Floor Slab Edge Instance Properties

Name Description

Length The actual length of the host sweep.

Volume (floor slab edges only) The actual volume of the floor slab edge.

Vertical profile offset Moves the host sweep above or below the edge on which you created it.

Horizontal profile offset Moves the host sweep forward or backward from the edge on which you created
it.

Angle Rotates the host sweep to the desired angle.

Floor Properties
You can modify several properties for floors, including the slope and the level. You can also modify properties
for an individual floor sketch line and the floor slope arrow.

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Modifying Floor Properties
1 If you are in sketch mode, click Floor Properties on the Design Bar. If you are in a plan view,

select the floor, and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit floor instance parameters.
3 Click Edit/New to edit floor type parameters.

NOTE Changes made to type parameters affect all floors of this type in the project. You can click
Duplicate to create a new floor type.

4 Click OK.

Modifying Floor Sketch Line or Slope Arrow Properties

1 If you are in a plan view, to enter sketch mode, select the floor and, on the Options Bar, click
Edit.

2 In sketch mode, select the floor sketch line or slope arrow, and click .
3 In the Element Properties dialog, edit the sketch line or slope arrow properties.
4 Click OK.

Floor Type Properties

Name Description

Construction

Structure Creates the composition of a compound floor. See Compound Structure on page
748.

Default Thickness Indicates the thickness of the floor type, which is determined by the cumulative
thickness of its layers. This is a read-only property.

Graphics

Coarse Scale Fill Pattern The fill pattern for a floor displayed at a coarse detail level.

Coarse Scale Fill Color Applies a color to the fill pattern for a floor in a coarse-scale view.

Identity Data

Keynote Add or edit the floor keynote. Click in the value box to open the Keynotes dialog.
See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model The model type for the floor.

Floor Properties | 647

 Name Description

Manufacturer The manufacturer of the flooring material.

Type Comments Comments about the floor type.

URL Link for a manufacturer web page.

Description Provides a description of the floor.

Assembly description Description of the assembly based on the assembly code selection.

Assembly code Uniformat assembly code selected from hierarchical list.

Type Mark A value to designate the particular floor. This value must be unique for each floor
in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already used but allows
you to continue using it. (You can see the warning using the Review Warnings
command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.)

Cost Cost of the flooring. This can be included in a schedule.

Design Option If design options have been created, this property indicates the design option in
which the element exists. For more information on design options, see Design Op-
tions on page 1237.

Floor Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Level The level with which the floor is associated.

Height Offset From Level The height at which the floor is offset from the level.

Related to Mass Indicates that the element was created from a mass element. This is a read-only
value.

Structural

Structural Indicates that the element has an analytical model. This is a read-only value.

Dimensions

Slope Changes the value of slope-defining lines to the specified value, without the need
to edit the sketch. The parameter initially displays a value if there is a slope-defining
line. If there is no slope-defining line, the parameter is blank and disabled.

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Name Description

Perimeter The perimeter of the floor. This is a read-only value.

Area The area of the floor. This is a read-only value.

Volume The volume of the floor. This is a read-only value.

Thickness Indicates the thickness of the floor. This is a read-only value.

Identity Data

Comments Specific comments related to the floor that are not already covered in the description
or type comments.

Mark A user-specified label for the floor. This value must be unique for each floor in a
project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already used but allows you
to continue using it. (You can see the warning using the Review Warnings command.
See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.)

Design Option If design options have been created, this property indicates the design option in
which the element exists. For more information on design options, see Design Op-
tions on page 1237.

Phasing

Phase Created The phase when the floor was created.

Phase Demolished The phase when the floor was demolished.

Structural Analysis

Structural Usage Sets the structural usage of the floor. This property is read-only before creating a
floor. After you draw the floor, you can select it and then modify this property.

Analytical Model

Vertical Projection The plane of the floor used for analysis and design.

Floor Sketch Line Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Level The level with which the floor is associated.

Floor Properties | 649

 Name Description

Defines slope Sets a floor line to slope-defining. This parameter is enabled when the Defines Constant Height property
is turned on.

Defines Constant Enables a floor line to have a constant height above the level on which it is sketched. This property is
Height for defining slope. For example, to define slope you can set 2 parallel lines to be at a constant height
and then set an offset for each line, or you can set a single line to be at a constant height, slope defining,
and then set its slope. See Sloped Floors on page 643.

Offset from Base Sets the height of the floor line above the level on which it is sketched. The default value is 0. This
parameter is enabled when the Defines constant height property is set to yes.

Extend into wall Determines whether the offset is measured from the wall core.
(to core)

Graphics

Center Mark Vis- If the floor sketch line is an arc, specifies whether the center mark for the arc appears. You can dimension
ible to the center mark of an arc.

Dimensions

Slope Sets the slope angle for the selected floor line. The default value is 0. This parameter is enabled when
Defines Slope Property is turned on.

Length The actual length of a sketch line for the floor. This is a read-only property.

Identity Data

Design Option If design options have been created, this property indicates the design option in which the element
exists. For more information on design options, see Design Options on page 1237.

Other

Wall Offset Offsets the floor a specified distance from a bounding wall.

Floor Slope Arrow Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Specify Indicates the method for determining slope.

Level at Tail Starts the slope arrow at the designated level.

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 Name Description

Height Offset at Tail Sets the start height of the slope arrow line. The default value is 0.

Level at Head Starts the slope arrow at the designated level.

Height Offset at Head Sets the end height of the slope arrow line. Revit Architecture uses both parameters
to calculate the rise of the slope line.

Dimensions

Slope The slope angle for the selected floor slope arrow.

Length The length of the slope arrow. This is a read-only parameter.

Identity Data

Design Option If design options have been created, this property indicates the design option in
which the element exists. For more information on design options, see Design Op-
tions on page 1237.

Ceilings
You can create ceilings automatically in a project view or by sketching. Ceilings should be created in the
reflected ceiling plan (RCP) view or in sketch mode.

Ceilings are level-based elements, which means that you sketch them at a specified distance above the level
in which they reside. For example, if you sketch a ceiling on Level 1, you might place it 3 meters above Level
1. You can specify this offset in Ceiling Properties. See Ceiling Properties on page 655.
If the ceiling includes a grid, the grid is centered in the room.

Creating Automatic Ceilings

1 Open a Ceiling Plan view.

Ceilings | 651
 2 Click Modelling menu ➤ Ceiling, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Ceiling.
3 In the Type Selector, select a ceiling type.
4 Click inside a room to place the ceiling.
A ceiling appears is displayed; you can modify it at any time. See Modifying Ceilings on page
654.

Sketching a Ceiling
1 Open a Ceiling Plan view.
2 Click Modelling menu ➤ Ceiling, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Ceiling.
3 On the Options Bar, click Sketch.
There are 3 ways to sketch a ceiling:
■ pick walls

■ draw using sketch tools

■ use Auto Ceiling

To sketch a ceiling by picking walls

1 On the Design Bar, click Pick Walls.
2 On the Options Bar, specify an offset, and select Extend into wall (to core) to measure the offset
from the core layer of the wall.
3 Select the faces of the walls that form the boundary of the ceiling.

NOTE To select a chain of walls, highlight a wall, press TAB until chain of walls or lines displays in
the status bar, and click.

4 On the Design Bar, click Ceiling Properties.

5 In the Element Properties dialog, designate the type of ceiling and its properties, and click OK.
6 On the Design Bar, click Finish Sketch.

To sketch a ceiling by drawing

1 On the Design Bar, click Lines, and on the Options Bar, click Draw.
2 Use the sketching tools to complete the ceiling sketch, which must be a closed loop.
To create an opening in the ceiling, sketch another closed loop within the main loop.

NOTE You can also use Pick Lines on the Options Bar to sketch the ceiling. Picking lines is not the
same as picking walls.

3 On the Design Bar, click Ceiling Properties.

4 In the Element Properties dialog, designate the type of ceiling and its properties, and click OK.
5 On the Design Bar, click Finish Sketch.

To sketch a ceiling using Auto Ceilings

1 On the Design Bar, click Auto Ceiling.
2 Place the cursor in a room.
The boundary of the room is highlighted.

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 3 Click to insert the ceiling.
4 On the Design Bar, click Ceiling Properties.
5 In the Element Properties dialog, designate the type of ceiling and its properties.
6 On the Design Bar, click Finish Sketch.

NOTE You cannot use the Automatic Ceiling command if you have already sketched lines for the
ceiling.

Sloped Ceilings
Revit Architecture provides 3 methods for creating a sloped ceiling while in ceiling sketch mode.

Method 1

While in sketch mode, click Slope Arrow to define the slope of the ceiling. The length of the slope arrow
determines the run, and the height of it determines the rise (hence rise/run). Also, the direction of the line
determines the orientation of the ceiling.
Ceiling sketch with slope arrow

Slope by Setting Height at Tail

1 In the Element Properties dialog, for Specify, select Height at Tail.
2 For Height Offset at Tail, specify how high above the level the slope arrow begins.
3 For Level at Tail, specify the level at which to start the slope arrow. For example, the ceiling
sketch is on Level 2. You could choose to start the slope arrow on Level 3.
4 For Height Offset at Head, specify how high above the level the slope arrow ends.
5 For Level at Head, specify the level at which to end the slope arrow. For example, the ceiling
sketch is on Level 2. You could choose to end the slope arrow on Level 3.
6 Click OK.

Slope by Setting Slope Value

1 In the Element Properties dialog, for Specify, select Slope.
2 For Rise/(Run), specify a slope value.
3 For Height Offset at Tail, specify how high above the level the slope arrow begins.
4 For Level at Tail, specify the level at which to start the slope arrow. For example, the ceiling
sketch is on Level 2. You could choose to start the slope arrow on Level 3.
5 Click OK.
For more information on the Slope Arrow, including its properties, see Roof Slope Arrow on
page 616.

Sloped Ceilings | 653

 Method 2

1 Select 2 parallel sketch lines, and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, select Defines Constant Height; this enables Offset from Base.

3 Click OK.

4 Select the lines individually, access their properties, and specify a value for Offset from Base for each
of them.

Method 3

Select a single sketch line, and click . In the Element Properties dialog, select Defines Constant Height,
select Defines Slope, and, under Dimensions, specify a value for the slope angle (rise).
For a complete list of parameters available for specifying slopes, see Ceiling Properties on page 655.

Modifying Ceilings

Changing Ceiling Types

When you activate the Ceiling command to place a ceiling, you can select different types of ceilings in the
Type Selector.

Creating a New Ceiling Type

1 In the Type Selector, select a ceiling from the list.

2 Click .
3 Click Edit/New.
4 In the Type Properties dialog, click New, and type the ceiling name.
5 Click OK.
6 Modify the ceiling properties. See Ceiling Properties on page 655.

Applying a Surface Pattern to a Ceiling

You can apply a surface pattern to a ceiling by setting the ceiling's material type.
1 Select the ceiling

2 Click .
3 Click Edit/New.
4 Set the Material parameter.
If you are editing a compound ceiling, click Edit for the Structure parameter. In the Edit Assembly
dialog, click in the Materials column to open the Materials dialog.

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 TIP If the desired ceiling material is not available from the list, you can create a new ceiling material.
See Materials on page 459.

Editing a Ceiling Sketch

You can modify ceilings by modifying the sketch. You can move the lines by dragging them or by modifying
dimensions. You can also change the ceiling properties to change the height of the ceiling above the level.
For a complete description of the ceiling properties and their values, see Ceiling Properties on page 655.

Ceiling Properties
You can modify several properties for ceilings, ceiling sketch lines, and ceiling slope arrows.

Modifying Ceiling Properties

1 If you are in sketch mode, on the Design Bar, click Ceiling Properties. If you are in a plan view,

select the ceiling, and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit ceiling instance parameters.
3 Click Edit/New to edit ceiling type parameters.

NOTE Changes made to type parameters affect all ceilings of this type in the project. You can click
Duplicate to create a new ceiling type.

4 Click OK.

Ceiling Type Properties

Name Description

Construction

Structure Creates the composition of a compound ceiling. See Compound Structure on page
748.

Thickness The total thickness of the ceiling.

Graphics

Coarse Scale Fill Pattern The fill pattern for a ceiling displayed at a coarse detail level.

Coarse Scale Fill Color Applies a color to the fill pattern for a ceiling in a coarse-scale view.

Identity Data

Ceiling Properties | 655

 Name Description

Keynote Add or edit the ceiling keynote. Click in the value box to open the Keynotes dialog.
See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model Specify the model for the materials comprising the ceiling.

Manufacturer The manufacturer for the ceiling materials.

Type Comments General comments about the ceiling type. This information can be included in a
schedule.

URL Sets a link to a web page.

Description Provides a description of the ceiling.

Assembly description Description of the assembly based on the assembly code selection.

Assembly code Uniformat assembly code selected from hierarchical list.

Type Mark A value to designate the particular ceiling, such as 1A, 2B, and so on. This value
must be unique for each ceiling in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the
number is already used but allows you to continue using it. (You can see the warning
using the Review Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page
1334.)

Cost Cost of the materials for constructing the wall.

Material Specifies the appearance of the ceiling in various views, including a raytraced model.
For more information on setting a material, see Materials on page 459.

Ceiling Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Level The level at which the ceiling resides.

Height Offset From Level Sets an offset for the ceiling relative to the specified level.

Dimensions

Slope Changes the value of the slope-defining line to the specified value, without the need
to edit the sketch. The parameter initially displays a value if there is a slope-defining
line. If there is no slope-defining line, the parameter is blank and disabled.

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Name Description

Perimeter The ceiling’s perimeter. This is a read-only parameter.

Area The ceiling’s area. This is a read-only parameter.

Volume The ceiling’s volume. This is a read-only parameter.

Identity Data

Comments Specific comments on the ceiling.

Mark A user-defined label for the ceiling. This value must be unique for each ceiling in a
project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already used but allows you
to continue using it. (You can see the warning using the Review Warnings command.
See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.)

Phasing

Phase Created The phase when the ceiling was created.

Phase Demolished The phase when the ceiling was demolished.

Ceiling Sketch Line Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Level The level at which the ceiling resides.

Defines Slope Sets a ceiling line to slope-defining. This property is enabled when Defines Constant
Height is turned on.

Defines Constant Height Enables a ceiling line to have a constant height above the level on which it is
sketched. This property is for defining slope. For example, to define slope you can
set 2 parallel lines to be at a constant height and then set an offset for each line, or
you can set a single line to be at a constant height, slope-defining, and then set its
slope. See Sloped Ceilings on page 653.

Offset from Base Sets the height of the ceiling line above the level on which it is sketched. This
property is enabled when Defines Constant Height is turned on.

Dimensions

Slope Sets the slope angle for the selected ceiling line. This property is enabled when
Defines Slope is turned on.

Ceiling Properties | 657

 Name Description

Length The length of the sketch-line. This is a read-only parameter.

Ceiling Slope Arrow Properties

Name Description

Specify Indicates the method for determining slope.

Level at Tail Starts the slope arrow at the designated level.

Height Offset at Tail Sets the start height of the slope arrow line. The default value is 0.

Level at Head Starts the slope arrow at the designated level.

Height Offset at Head Sets the end height of the slope arrow line. Revit Architecture uses both parameters
to calculate the rise of the slope line.

Slope Sets the slope angle for the selected ceiling line. The default value is 0. This parameter
is enabled when Defines Slope Property is turned on.

Length The actual length of a sketch line for the ceiling. This is a read-only property.

Openings
Use the Opening tool to cut openings in walls, floors, ceilings, roofs, structural beams, braces, and structural
columns.

■ When you cut a floor, ceiling, or roof, you can choose to cut vertically or perpendicular to the surface.
You can also sketch complex shapes using the drawing tools on the Options Bar.

■ When cutting an opening in a wall, you can sketch a rectangular opening in a straight or arc wall. (For
walls, you can create rectangular openings only. You cannot create round or polygon shapes.)

For information on cutting openings in structural beams, braces, and structural columns, see Openings in
a Structural Beam, Brace, or Structural Column on page 766.
You can also cut openings in slabs and decks. For more information, see Cutting Openings in Slabs on page
871.

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 Examples of a roof opening, a dormer cut, and a stairway
opening through the floor and ceiling

Cutting Rectangular Openings in Walls

Use the Opening tool to cut rectangular openings in a straight or curved wall. (For walls, you can create
rectangular openings only. You cannot create round or polygon shapes.) Before cutting an opening, open
a view of the prospective host wall where you can sketch the opening, such as an elevation or section view.
View of an opening in an arc wall

To cut a rectangular opening in a wall

1 Open an elevation or section view where you can access the wall that will host the opening.
2 On the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Opening ➤ Wall Opening.
3 Select the wall that will host the opening.
4 Sketch a rectangular opening.

Cutting Rectangular Openings in Walls | 659

 Wall elevation view with opening being sketched

After you specify the final point of the opening, the opening displays.

5 To modify an opening, click Modify, and select the opening.

Modifying a selected opening

You can use the drag controls to modify the size and location of the opening. You can also drag
it to a new location on the same wall, and add dimension constraints to the opening.

Cutting Openings in Floors, Roofs, and Ceilings

You can cut openings on faces of roofs, floors, or ceilings using the Opening tool in a project view. This tool
is useful for creating an opening in a roof to place a chimney.
You can either cut an opening in the faces of these elements, or you can select the entire element to make
a vertical cut.

1 On the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Opening ➤ Opening by Face or Opening ➤ Vertical
Opening.
2 If you chose Opening by Face, select a face in the floor, ceiling, or roof. If you chose Vertical
Opening, select the entire element.

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 Selected face for opening by face

Selected element for vertical cut

Revit Architecture enters sketch mode, where you can create an opening of any shape. For more
information about sketching, see Sketching on page 251.

3 Click Finish Sketch.

Cutting Shaft Openings

You can cut openings up the entire height of a building using the Shaft option of the Opening tool. Using
this option, you can cut faces of roofs, floors, or ceilings simultaneously. If you move the shaft opening on
one level, it moves on all levels.

1 On the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Opening ➤ Shaft Opening.
2 Sketch a shaft opening by drawing lines or by picking walls.

TIP Typically you will want to sketch the shaft on a host element, such as a floor, in a plan view.

3 If desired, add symbolic lines to the opening.

4 When you are done sketching the shaft, click Finish Sketch.
Shaft opening with symbolic lines

5 To adjust the levels that the opening cuts, select it, and click .
6 For Base Constraint, specify a level for the start point of the shaft.
7 For Top Constraint, specify a level for the end point of the shaft.
The shaft cuts through and is visible on all intermediate levels.

Cutting Shaft Openings | 661

 8 Click OK to close the Element Properties dialog.
If you move the shaft on any level, it moves on all levels. The symbolic lines are visible on all
levels too.

Stairs
You create stairs in a plan view by defining the run of the stairs or by sketching riser lines and boundary
lines. You can define straight runs, L-shaped runs with a platform, U-shaped stairs, and spiral stairs. You
can also modify the outside boundary of the stairs by modifying the sketch. The risers and runs update
accordingly. Revit Architecture also generates railings automatically for the stairs. In multi-story buildings,
you can design one set of stairs and extend identical sets up to the highest level you define in the stair
properties.

The number of treads for a stair run is based on the distance between floors and the maximum riser height
defined in the stair properties. A rectangle is displayed in the drawing area, representing the footprint of the
run of the stairs.
When creating new stairs, you can also specify the railing type to be used. See Specifying the Railing Type
for New Stairs on page 667.
You can schedule stairs with parameters that include Actual Rise (riser), Actual Number of Risers, Run, and
Width. See Creating a Schedule or Quantity on page 125. You can also tag stairs with the stair tag family. The
stair tag is available from the Annotations folder of the Revit Architecture family library. For more information,
see Tags on page 1064.

Creating Stairs by Sketching Runs

Click start point on left side

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 Click endpoint on right end

To create stairs with landings, click inside the rectangle to create a short run; the number of risers created
is displayed. You can then click another start point and end point for the remaining stairs.
First run of stairs- 9 risers created with 9 remaining

Additional run of stairs perpendicular to the original

Completed sketch with landing created automatically

You can modify the sketch of the footprint for the stairs. In the next figure the landing of the sketch has
been modified.
Run of stairs after modification

Creating Stairs by Sketching Boundary and Riser Lines

You can define your stairs by sketching boundaries and risers.

Creating Stairs by Sketching Boundary and Riser Lines | 663

 While in stair sketch mode, you can sketch stair boundaries and risers in stead of having Revit Architecture
calculate the stair run automatically. On the Design Bar, click Boundary, then click Riser, and connect riser
lines between the boundary lines.
Stairs sketched using Boundary and Riser commands

3D view of stairs

Stairs with Landings

When a landing is included in stairs you create by sketching boundary and riser lines, split the boundary
lines where they meet the landing in order to achieve the desired results.
1 After you have sketched the stairs and are still in sketch mode, on the toolbar, click Split.
2 Split the boundary lines where they meet the landing.

Tips

■ Do not connect left and right boundary lines to each other. You can sketch them as single lines or
multi-segmented lines (for example, straight lines and arcs connected).

■ Connect riser lines between the left and right boundaries.

■ See the online tutorials for practical exercises on creating stairs.

■ The top riser line on a run of stairs represents the actual riser without a tread.

Creating a Run of Stairs

1 Open a plan or 3D view.

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 2 Click Modelling menu ➤ Stairs, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Stairs.
3 Click Set Work Plane on the Design Bar to select a different work plane. See Sketching and Work
Planes on page 265.
4 On the Design Bar, click Run, and then click in the drawing area where you want to start the
stairs.
5 Move the cursor to set the angle for the stair footprint.
6 To create a straight run of stairs, click outside the rectangle on the end away from the start point.
7 To create a jogged set of stairs, click for the end of the first run, move the cursor, and click the
start and end points for the second run.
Continue this process if there is more than one jog.

8 Edit the footprint, if desired.

9 To change the properties of the stairs, click , and click Edit/New.

For a description of stair properties and their values, see Stair Properties on page 671.

10 On the Design Bar, click Finish Sketch.

Revit Architecture generates a staircase with automatic railings.
Completed stairs in 3D with default railings and balusters

Creating Spiral Staircases

1 Open a plan or 3D view.
2 Click Modelling menu ➤ Stairs, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Stairs.
3 Click Set Work Plane on the Design Bar to select a different work plane. See Sketching and Work
Planes on page 265.

4 On the Options bar, click .

5 In the drawing area, click to select a center point for the spiral.
6 Click a start point.
7 Click an end point to complete the spiral.

Creating Spiral Staircases | 665

 Completed spiral staircase

The spiral is limited to fewer than 360 degrees. If you overlap spiral runs, a warning is displayed;
stringers and railings are not placed accurately.

TIP To create a spiral staircase to multiple levels, create one helix for the stairs and then copy that helix to the
appropriate levels.

Creating Arced Landings

You can create arced landings if you sketch arced runs that share a center and a radius value.
Spiral arcs with same radius and center

666 | Chapter 11 Working with Architectural Components

 Finished arc landing

Specifying the Railing Type for New Stairs

While sketching new stairs, you can specify the railing type to use. On the Design Bar, select Railings Type.
This tool is only available while sketching new stairs. When you select Railings Type, you are prompted to
select the railing type from a list of existing types in the project. You also have the option to select None or
Default.

To specify the railing type

1 On the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Stairs to begin new stairs.
2 On the Design Bar, click Railings Type.
3 In the Railings Type dialog, select a rail type.
If the desired type does not appear in the list, you can quit the Stairs tool, create the railing type,
and then restart the Stairs tool. You can also create the stairs with any railing type, and change
the type after you have created the desired railings. For more information, see Railings on page
680.

4 Click OK.

NOTE The default railing type when creating stairs is the railing type specified when you are in Railing
sketch mode and click Railing Properties. You can change the default railing by selecting a new railing
type in the Element Properties dialog. For more information, see Railings on page 680.

Stair Calculator
Use the stair calculator to calculate the tread depth of stairs. The calculator applies a common, rule-of-thumb
formula, for example, a formula specified in the Architectural Graphic Standards. Before using the stair
calculator, specify values for the minimum tread depth and maximum riser height. See Stair Properties on
page 671.

Specifying the Railing Type for New Stairs | 667

 Using the Stair Calculator

1 In drawing area, select the stairs, and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
3 In the Type Properties dialog, under Contruction, click Edit for Calculation Rules.
4 In the Stair Calculator dialog, select Use Stair Calculator for slope calculation.
5 Under Calculation Rule for target slope, enter a value to multiply by Rise.
6 Enter a value to multiply by tread Depth.
7 Enter a Maximum Result and a Minimum Result for the stair calculator.

NOTE The stair calculator uses the tread depth you specified in the instance properties of the stairs.
If the value you specified causes the calculator to produce values that are outside the range of the
acceptable results, a warning is displayed.

8 Click OK.
The stair calculator computes the tread depth for new stairs only; existing stairs are not affected.

Rule-of-Thumb Formulas
The following is a rule-of-thumb formula for interior stairs, as specified in the Architectural Graphic Standards.

■ Riser + Tread = 17.5 inches: 7.5 inches for the riser height; 10 inches for the tread depth.

■ Riser * Tread = 75 inches.

■ 2(Riser) + Tread is greater than or equal to 24 inches (minimum threshold) or less than or equal to 25
inches (maximum threshold).

Modifying Stairs

Boundaries and Riser and Run Lines

Stair boundaries, as well as riser and run lines, can be modified to shape the stairs in the desired manner.
For example, you can select the run line and drag it to add or remove risers. See the Revit Architecture
tutorials for more information.

Modifying Stair Railings

When you add stairs, stair railings are added automatically. You can modify stair railings at any time after
their creation.
1 Select a railing.
If you are working in a plan view, it may be helpful to use the TAB key to select the railing.

TIP Modifying railings in a 3D view allows for easier selection and better view of your changes.

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 2 To modify the properties of the railing, select the railing, and click .
3 To modify the sketch line of the railing, on the Options Bar, click Edit.
The railing line is selected, as follows.

4 Edit the selected line as desired.

You are in sketch mode, so you can modify the shape of the line to suit your design. The railing
line can consist of connected straight and arced segments, but it cannot form a closed loop. You
can resize it by dragging the blue controls. See Controls and Shape Handles on page 279 and
Splitting Walls and Lines on page 335. You can move the railing line to a new location, such as
the center of the staircase. You cannot draw multiple railings in the same session.
Modified stairs with center railing

Extending Stair Railings

If you extend stair railings (for example, to extend onto a floor), you need to split the railing line so that
the railing changes its slope and meets the floor properly. See Splitting Walls and Lines on page 335.

Modifying Stairs | 669

 Split the rail line as shown in the picture.

Finished result of extending railing

Moving Stair Labels

You can drag the Up or Down label that appears in plan views with a run of stairs.

To move the stair label

1 Place the cursor over the stair text label.
A black square drag control appears next to the label.

2 Drag the control to move the label.

OR

1 Select the run of stairs.

A blue drag control appears.

2 Drag the control to move the label.

OR

1 Highlight the entire run of stairs, and press TAB to select the shape handle.
Watch the status bar as you press TAB until it indicates that the shape handle is highlighted.

2 Drag the label to a new position.

Changing the Stair Direction

You can change the direction of stairs after you have completed the stair sketch.
1 Select the stairs in a project view.

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 2 Click the blue flip control arrows.

Zero Tread Thickness for Monolithic Stairs

You can set the tread thickness of monolithic stairs to 0.

1 In the Type Properties dialog of the stairs, under Construction, select Monolithic Stairs.

2 Under Risers, clear the End with Riser parameter.

3 For Riser Thickness, enter 0.

4 For Tread Thickness, enter 0.

Stair Properties
You can modify several properties for stairs, including the top and base levels, calculation rules, and stair
labels.

NOTE If you are upgrading stairs from a previous release of Revit Architecture, and you do not see all of the
parameters listed here, duplicate your stair type from the Element Properties dialog, and then you should see all
of the parameters.

Modifying Stair Properties

1 If you are in sketch mode, on the Design Bar, click Stairs Properties. If you are in a plan view,

select the stairs, and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit stair instance parameters.
See Stair Instance Properties on page 674.

3 Click Edit/New to edit stair type parameters.

See Stair Type Properties on page 671.

NOTE Changes made to type parameters affect all stairs of this type in the project. You can click
Duplicate to create a new stair type.

4 Click OK.

Stair Type Properties

Name Description

Construction

Calculation Rules Click Edit to set the stair calculation rules. See Stair Calculator on page 667.

Stair Properties | 671

 Name Description

Extend Below Base Extends stringers below the base level of the stair. This is useful for cases where the
stringer attaches to the face of a floor opening rather than resting on the surface of
a floor. To extend the stringer below the floor, enter a negative number.

Monolithic Stairs Specifies that the stairs are to be made of one material.

Landing Overlap Enabled when stairs are set to monolithic. When a monolithic stair has a winder,
the bottom of the stair can be a smooth shape or stepped. If it is stepped, this
parameter controls the distance between the riser face and the vertical face of the
corresponding step on the underside.

Underside of Winder Enabled when stairs are set to monolithic. If a monolithic stair has a winder, the
bottom of the stair can be a smooth shape or stepped.

Graphics

Break Symbol in Plan Specifies whether the cutline of the stairs in plan view has a break line.

Text Size Changes the size of the UP-DN symbol in a plan view.

Text Font Sets the font of the UP-DN symbol.

Materials and Finishes

Tread Material Click the button to open the Materials dialog. See Materials on page 459 for more
information on creating a material.

Riser Material See Tread Material description.

Stringer Material See Tread Material description.

Monolithic Material See Tread Material description.

Treads

Minimum Tread Depth Sets the initial value for the Actual Tread Depth instance parameter. If Actual Tread
Depth value exceeds this value, Revit Architecture issues a warning.

Tread Thickness Sets the thickness of the tread.

Nosing Length Specifies the amount of the tread depth that overhangs the next tread.

Nosing Profile The profile for a sweep added to the front of the tread. See Profile Families on page
371. Also see Creating Solid Sweeps on page 381. Revit Architecture has predefined
profiles to use for the sweep.

Apply Nosing Profile Specifies 1-sided, 2-sided, or 3-sided tread nosing.

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Name Description

Risers

Maximum Riser Height Sets the maximum height of each riser on the staircase.

Begin with Riser If selected, Revit Architecture adds a riser to the beginning of the stairs. If you clear
the check box, Revit Architecture removes the beginning riser. Note that you may
receive a warning about actual number of risers exceeding the desired number of
risers if you clear this check box. To resolve this, either select End with Riser, or
change the desired number of risers.

End with Riser If selected, Revit Architecture adds a riser to the end of the stairs. If you clear the
check box, Revit Architecture removes the end riser.

Riser Type Creates straight or slanted risers, or no riser.

Riser Thickness Sets the thickness of the riser.

Riser to Tread Connection Switches the connection of the riser and tread in relation to each other. The riser
can extend behind the tread, or the tread can extend under the riser.

Stringers

Trim Stringers at Top Trim Stringer at Top affects the top end of stringers on a stair run. If you select Do
Not Trim, the stringer is cut with a single vertical cut resulting in a point at the top.
If you select Match Level, the stringer is curt horizontally, making the top of the
stringer flush with the top level. If you select Match Landing Stringer, a horizontal
cut is made at the same height as the stringer top on landings. To see the effects of
this parameter clearly, you may want to clear the check box for End with Riser.

Right Stringer Sets the type of stringer for the right side of the stairs. None means there is no
stringer. A closed stringer encases the treads and risers. An open stringer exposes
the treads and risers.

Left Stringer See description for Right Stringer.

Middle Stringers Sets the number of stringers that appear underneath the stairs between the left and
right of the stairs.

Stringer Thickness Sets the thickness of the stringers.

Stringer Height Sets the height of the stringers.

Open Stringer Offset Enabled when the stairs have an open stringer. Moves an open stringer from side
to side. For example, if you offset an open right stringer, it moves toward the left
stringer.

Stringer Carriage Height Allows you to control the relationship between side stringers and treads. If you in-
crease the number, the stringer moves down from the treads. Treads do not move.

Stair Properties | 673

 Name Description

Railings do not change height relative to treads, but balusters extend down to meet
the stringer top. This height is measured from the tread end (lower corner) to the
bottom side of the stringer, perpendicular to the stringer.

Landing Carriage Height Allows stringers to have a different height relationship to landings than they do to
sloped runs. For example, it lowers a horizontal stringer toward a landing on u-
shaped stairs.

Identity Data

Type Mark A value to designate the particular stairs. Useful if you need to identify more than
one set of staircases. This value must be unique for each stairway in a project. Revit
Architecture warns you if the number is already used but allows you to continue
using it. (You can see the warning using the Review Warnings command. See Re-
viewing Warning Messages on page 1334.)

Keynote Add or edit the stairs keynote. Click in the value box to open the Keynotes dialog.
See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model The model type for the stairs. May not be applicable.

Manufacturer Manufacturer for the stair materials. May not be applicable.

Type Comments Specific comments on the stair type.

URL A link to a web page for the manufacturer or other appropriate link.

Description A description for the stairs, such as circular.

Assembly Description Description of the assembly based on the assembly code selection.

Assembly Code Uniformat assembly code selected from hierarchical list.

Cost Material cost.

Stair Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Base Level Sets the base of the stairs.

Base Offset Sets the stairs's height from its base level.

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Name Description

Top Level Sets the top of the stairs.

Top Offset Sets the stairs's offset from the top level.

Multistory Top Level Sets the top of the stairs in a multi-story building. The advantage to using this
parameter (as opposed to sketching individual runs) is that if you change the railing
on one run, that railing is changed on all the runs. Also, if you use this parameter,
the Revit Architecture project file size does not change as significantly as it would if
you sketched individual runs.

NOTE The levels in the multi-story building should be a uniform distance apart. For
example, each level should be 4 meters apart.

Graphics

Up Text Sets the text for the Up symbol in plan. The default value is UP.

Down Text Sets the text for the Down symbol in plan. The default value is DN.

Up Label Displays or hides the Up label in plan.

Up Arrow Displays or hides the Up arrow in plan.

Down Label Displays or hides the Down label in plan.

Down Arrow Displays or hides the Down arrow in plan.

Show Up arrow in all views Displays the Up arrow in all project views.

Dimensions

Width Width of the stairs.

Desired Number of Risers The number of risers is calculated based on the height between levels.

Actual Number of Risers Normally, the same as Desired Number of Risers. However, it may be different if
you do not complete adding the correct number of risers for the given run of the
stairs. This is a read-only value.

Actual Riser Height Displays the actual riser height. The value is equal to or less than the value specified
in Maximum Riser Height. This is a read-only value.

Actual Tread Depth You can set this value to change the tread depth without having to create a new
stair type. Also, the Stair Calculator can change this value to satisfy the stair equation.

Identity Data

Stair Properties | 675

 Name Description

Comments Specific comments on the staircase.

Mark A label created for the stairs. This value must be unique for each stairway in a project.
Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already used but allows you to continue
using it. (You can see the warning using the Review Warnings command. See Re-
viewing Warning Messages on page 1334.)

Phasing

Phase Created The phase when the stairs were created.

Phase Demolished The phase when the stairs were demolished.

Ramps
You construct ramps in a manner similar to stairs. For more information on creating shapes and landings,
see Stairs on page 662.
You can create ramps in plan or 3D views.
Finished ramp

Adding a Ramp
1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Ramp, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Ramp.
Revit Architecture enters sketch mode, and the Run command is active.

2 On the Sketch toolbar, click Set Work Plane to select a different work plane. See Sketching and
Work Planes on page 265.
3 On the Options Bar, click the straight lines tool or the arc tool (to create a curved ramp).
4 Place the cursor in the drawing area, and drag to sketch the ramp run.
5 Click Finish Sketch.

TIP The default settings for the Top Level and Top Offset properties may make the ramp too long.
Try setting the Top Level to the current level, and the Top Offset to a lower value.

676 | Chapter 11 Working with Architectural Components

Specifying the Railing Type for New Ramps
While sketching new ramps, you can specify the railing type to use by selecting Railings Type on the Design
Bar. Railings Type is available only while sketching new ramps. When you click Railings Type, a dialog
displays listing different railing types.

To specify the railing type

1 To begin a new ramp, click Modelling menu ➤ Ramp, or on the Modelling tab of the Design
Bar, click Ramp.
2 On the Design Bar, select Railings Type.
3 In the Railings Type dialog, select one of the existing railing types in the project, or select Default
to add the default railing type, or select None to specify that no railing will be added.
If you select Default, Revit Architecture uses the railing type that displays when you click the
Railing tool on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar and then select Railing Properties. You can
change the default railing by selecting a new type in the Element Properties dialog. For more
information, see Railings on page 680.

NOTE If the desired railing type is not listed in the Railings Type dialog, you can quit the Ramp tool,
create the railing type, and then restart the ramp creation process. You can also create the ramp with
any railing type, and then change the railings later, after you have created the desired railings. For
more information, see Railings on page 680 and Using the Profile Family with a Building Element on
page 372.

4 Click OK twice.

Changing the Ramp Type

To change the ramp type in sketch mode
1 On the Design Bar, click Ramp Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, select a type from the Type menu.

To change the ramp type from a project view

1 Select the ramp in a plan or 3D view.
2 In the Type Selector, select a different ramp type.

Editing a Ramp
1 Select the ramp in a plan or 3D view.
2 On the Options Bar, click Edit.

Ramp Properties
You can modify several properties for ramps, including thickness, slope, and base level.

Specifying the Railing Type for New Ramps | 677

 Modifying Ramp Properties
1 If you are in sketch mode, on the Design Bar, click Ramp Properties. If you are in a plan view,

select the ramp, and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit ramp instance parameters.
See Ramp Instance Properties on page 679.

3 Click Edit/New to edit ramp type parameters.

See Ramp Type Properties on page 678.

NOTE Changes made to type properties affect all ramps of this type in the project. You can click
Duplicate to create a new ramp type.

4 Click OK.

Ramp Type Properties

Name Description

Construction

Thickness Sets the thickness of the ramp. This property is enabled only when the Shape
property is set to thick.

Graphics

Text Size The size of the font for the ramp’s up text and down text.

Text Font The font for the ramp’s up text and down text.

Materials and Finishes

Ramp Material Material applied to the surface of the ramp for rendering.

Dimensions

Maximum Incline Length Specifies the maximum amount of consecutive rise in a ramp before a landing is
required.

Identity Data

Keynote Add or edit the ramp keynote. Click in the value box to open the Keynotes dialog.
See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model Defines the ramp model.

Manufacturer Defines the ramp manufacturer.

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Name Description

Type Comments Ramp comments.

URL Sets applicable URL.

Description Ramp description.

Assembly description Description of the assembly based on the assembly code selection.

Assembly code Uniformat assembly code selected from hierarchical list.

Type Mark Sets the ramp type mark.

Cost Ramp cost.

Other

Ramp Max Slope (1/x) Sets the maximum slope for the ramp.

Shape Applies a shape to the ramp for display purposes.

Ramp Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Base Level Sets the base of the ramp.

Base Offset Sets the ramp's height from its base level.

Top Level Sets the top of the ramp.

Top Offset Sets the ramp's offset from the top level.

Multistory Top Level Sets the top of the ramp in a multi-story building.

Graphics

Up text Specifies the up text.

Down text Specifies the down text.

Up label Indicates whether the up text appears.

Ramp Properties | 679

 Name Description

Down label Indicates whether the down text appears.

Show Up arrow in all views Indicates whether the up arrow appears in all views.

Dimensions

Width Width of the ramp.

Identity Data

Comments Specific comments about the ramp.

Mark A unique identifier for the ramp.

Phasing

Phase Created The phase when the ramp was created. See Creating Phases on page 1264.

Phase Demolished The phase when the ramp was demolished. See Demolishing Elements on page 1270.

Railings
You can add railings as free-standing components to levels, or attach them to hosts (such as floors, ramps,
or stairs).

When you sketch a railing, rails and balusters are automatically placed on the railing at evenly spaced
intervals. For information on editing baluster and post placement, see Controlling Placement of Balusters
and Posts on page 683.
The shape of rails and balusters are determined by profile families loaded in the project. See Railing Properties
on page 688.

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Adding a Railing
1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Railing.
2 If you are not in a view where you can sketch a railing, you are prompted to pick a view. Select
a view from the list, and click Open View.
3 To set the host for the railing, click Set Host, and place the cursor near the host (for example, a
floor or staircase).
As you move the cursor, the appropriate hosts highlight.

NOTE To select a level, just click in the drawing area to start drawing the railing.

4 Click on the host to select it.

5 Sketch the railing.
For more information on sketching, see Sketching on page 251.

6 On the Design Bar, click Railing Properties to set the railing properties.
For more information, see Railing Properties on page 688.

7 Click Finish Sketch.

8 Change to a 3D view to see the railing.

Changing the Railing Type

To change the railing type in sketch mode
1 On the Design Bar, click Railing Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, select a type from the Type menu.

To change the railing type from a project view

1 Select the railing in the project view.
2 In the Type Selector, select a different railing type.

Modifying Railing Structure

You can change the height, offset, profile, material, and number of rails within a railing type.

1 Select the railing, and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.

NOTE Changes made to type properties affect all railings of this type in the project. You can click
Duplicate to create a new railing type.

3 In the Rail Structure value, click Edit.

4 In the Edit Rails dialog, for each rail, specify the following:
■ The height and offset.

■ A rail profile. To create your own rail profile, see Profile Families on page 371.

■ A material. To create your own rail material, see Materials on page 459.

Adding a Railing | 681

 5 To create an additional rail, click Insert. Enter a name for the rail, and the height, offset, profile,
and material properties.
6 Click Up or Down to adjust the railing position.
7 When you are finished, click OK.

Modifying Railing Joins

You can override joins for a railing on a join-by-join basis.

To modify rail joins

1 Open the plan view where the railing is located.
2 Select the railing, and on the Options Bar, click Edit.
3 On the Sketch tab of the Design Bar, click Edit Joins.
4 Place the cursor over a railing join, and click.

NOTE A box appears around the join when you move your cursor over it. When the join is selected,
an X appears on the join.

5 On the Options Bar, for Rail Join, select a join method.

Join methods are set by the Angled Joins and Tangent Joins parameters for the railing type. For more
information on these parameters and join methods, see Railing Type Properties on page 689.

Modifying Railing Height and Slope

You can control the height and slope of individual rail sketch lines. For example, on a set of U-shaped stairs,
you may want to set the inner railing to a different height than the outer railing. With slope adjustment,
you can control how the railing segment follows the slope of the stairs. You may want the segment to be
flat at some points or sloped at other points.

To modify railing height and slope

1 Open the plan view where the railing is located.
2 Select the railing, and on the Options Bar, click Edit.
3 Select a railing sketch line.
Note that Height Correction is set to By Type. This indicates that height adjustment is controlled
by the railing type.

4 For Height Correction, select Custom.

The text box adjacent to Height Correction is enabled.

5 Enter a value in the text box.

6 For Slope, select one of the following values:
■ By Host means that the railing segment follows the slope of its host (for example, stairs or
ramps).

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 ■ Flat means that the railing segment is horizontal, even if the host is sloped. For railings
similar to those in the following illustration, you may need to use height correction or edit
the railing join to join the railing where the stairs turn.

■ Sloped means that the railing segment is sloped, such that it makes a non-interrupted
connection with adjacent segments.

Controlling Placement of Balusters and Posts

You can control how balusters and posts are arranged along a railing. A simple baluster pattern is provided
with the default project template. You can use this pattern, modify it, or create a more complex pattern.

NOTE If you start a new project using a template, when you sketch a railing, balusters and posts are added by
default. If you start a project without a template, balusters and posts are not placed by default when you sketch
a railing.

Creating a Custom Baluster Pattern

1 In a plan view, select a railing, and on the Options Bar, click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.

NOTE Changes made to type properties affect all railings of this type in the project. You can click
Duplicate to create a new railing type.

Controlling Placement of Balusters and Posts | 683

 3 For Baluster Placement, click Edit.
4 Enter a name for the first part of the baluster pattern.
5 For Baluster Family, do the following:
If you want to… Then…

show rails and posts, but no select None.

balusters

use a baluster family that exists select one of the balusters from the list.
in your drawing

use a baluster family that is not load additional baluster families before making any selection. For more in-
in your drawing formation on loading families, see Loading Families on page 352.

6 For Base, do the following:

If you want to specify the Then…
base as…

the floor edge, stair tread, select Host.

level, or ramp

one of the existing rail struc- select the named rail from the list.
tures in the drawing

a rail structure that is not select Cancel, and click Edit for Rail Structure in the Type Properties dialog.
defined in your drawing

7 For Base Offset, enter a value.

8 Select the Top. Refer to the previous table.
9 Enter a value for Top offset.
10 Enter a value for Dist. from previous.
11 Enter a value for Offset.
12 For Break Pattern, do the following:
If you want the baluster Then…
pattern…

spread along the length of select Each Segment End.

each railing segment

to break and place a post at select Angles Greater Than, and enter a value for Angle. If the railing turns
the turn angle of the railing at an angle that is equal to or greater than this value, the pattern breaks and
a post is added. Typically, this value remains at 0. Turn angles are measured
in the plan view. Segment breaks in the railing that do not occur at a turn
are ignored.

to remain unbroken regardless select Never. The balusters are located along the entire length of the railing.
of any separations or turns in
the railing

684 | Chapter 11 Working with Architectural Components

 13 Specify justification.
Refer to the description of Justify in Baluster Pattern Properties on page 685.

14 Select Excess Length Fill if you selected Beginning, End, or Center for Justify.
Refer to the description of Excess Length Fill in Baluster Pattern Properties on page 685.

15 Click OK.

Overriding the Main Baluster Pattern for Stairs

You can override the main baluster pattern and set a specific pattern for stairs.

1 In a plan view, select a railing, and on the Options Bar, click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
3 For Baluster Placement, click Edit.
4 In the Edit Baluster Placement dialog, select Use Baluster Per Tread on Stairs.
5 Specify the number of balusters on each tread.
6 Specify the baluster family for the stairs.
7 Click OK.

Baluster Pattern Properties

Following are the Main Pattern display properties for balusters.

Property Description

Name The name of a specific baluster within the pattern.

Baluster Family The style of the baluster or post family. If you select None, no balusters or posts display in
that portion of the pattern.

Base Specifies where the bottom of the baluster is placed: at the top of the rail, bottom of the
rail, or top of the host. A host can be a level, floor, stair, or ramp.

Base offset The negative or positive vertical distance between the bottom of the baluster and the base.

Top Specifies where the top of the baluster is placed (usually a rail). Values are the same as
Base.

Top offset The negative or positive vertical distance between the top of the baluster and the Top.

Dist. from previous The distance between the start of the pattern and the first baluster, or for subsequent
balusters, the distance between the previous baluster in the pattern.

Offset The distance to the inside or the outside of the railing path.

Break Pattern at The point along a railing segment at which the baluster pattern stops.

Controlling Placement of Balusters and Posts | 685

 Property Description

Angle A value specifying the angle at which a pattern breaks. This property is available when
Angles Greater Than is selected for Break Pattern At.

Pattern Length The sum of all values listed in the Dist. From Previous column.

Justify Balusters in a pattern are justified along the length of a railing segment.
■ Beginning starts the pattern at the beginning of the railing segment. If the pattern
length is not an exact multiple of the railing length, then there is excess space between
the last pattern instance and the end of the railing segment.
■ End starts the pattern from the end of the railing segment. If the pattern length is not
an exact multiple of the railing length, then there is excess space between the last
pattern instance and the beginning of the railing segment.
■ Center places the first baluster pattern at the center of the railing segment and any
excess space appears evenly at the beginning and end of the railing segment.
■ Spread Pattern to Fit spreads the pattern evenly along the length of the railing segment.
No excess space occurs, and the actual placement value of the pattern differs from
the value indicated in Pattern Length.

How Revit Architecture determines the beginning and end depends on which way you
drew the railing, right to left, or left to right.

Excess Length Fill If there is extra space along the railing segment, but it cannot be filled with a pattern, you
can specify how to fill that space. You can specify that a specific baluster family fill the
excess space and set a spacing increment for it. You can specify that the baluster pattern
be truncated to fill the excess length, or you can specify none so that the excess space
remains open. This property is available if Justify is set to Beginning, End, or Center.

Spacing The distance between balusters that fill any excess length along the railing segment. This
property is available if a baluster or post family is selected for the Excess Length Fill property.

Specifying Start, Corner, and End Posts

1 In a plan view, select a railing, and on the Options Bar, click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
3 For Baluster Placement, click Edit.
4 Specify a family for the start, corner, and end posts. Select None if you do not want a post to
appear at the start, corner, or end of the railing.
Baluster families are trimmed by default so they do not intersect a rail. The following figure
illustrates this: This may not be your intent for posts. To set posts to intersect rails, right-click
the family type in the Project Browser, and click Properties. Select the Post property.

686 | Chapter 11 Working with Architectural Components

 5 Specify a base for each post.
6 Optionally, enter a value for Base offset for each.
7 Specify a top for each.
8 Optionally, enter a value for Top offset.
9 Optionally, enter a value for Space.
10 Optionally, enter a value for Offset.
11 Select the location of corner posts, as follows:
If you… Then…

want to place a corner post at select Each Segment End.

the end of each segment of the
railing

want to place a corner post select Angles Greater Than, and enter a value for Angle. If the railing turns
when a railing segment makes at an angle that is greater than this value, a post is placed at the turn. Typic-
a turn greater than a given ally, this value remains at 0. Turn angles are measured in the plan view.
value Segment breaks in the railing that do not occur at a turn are ignored.

do not want to place a post select Never.

regardless of any separations
or turns in the railing

12 Click OK.

Post Properties
Following are the display properties for posts.

Property Description

Baluster Family The post family. Alternately, you can select None or Default.

Base Specifies where the bottom of the post is placed: at the top of the rail, bottom of the rail, or top
of the host. A host can be a level, floor, stair, or ramp.

Base offset The negative or positive vertical distance between the bottom of the post and the base.

Top Specifies where the top of the post is placed (usually a rail). Values are the same as Base.

Controlling Placement of Balusters and Posts | 687

 Property Description

Top offset The negative or positive vertical distance between the top of the post and the top.

Space The amount of space you need to move the post left or right from a given position. For example,
for a beginning post, you may need to move the post 4 inches to the left to make it flush with the
railing. In this case, you would set space to –4 inches.

Offset The distance to the inside or the outside of the railing path.

Corner Posts At Specifies where corner posts are located along the railing segment.

Angle A value specifying the angle at which a post is added. This is used when Angles Greater Than is
selected for Corner Posts At.

Deleting Balusters and Posts

1 In a plan view, select a railing, and on the Options Bar, click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.

NOTE Changes made to type properties affect all railings of this type in the project. You can click
Duplicate to create a new railing type.

3 For Baluster Placement, click Edit.

4 In the Edit Baluster Placement dialog, select the baluster or post to remove in Main Pattern.
5 To delete the baluster or post from the pattern, click Delete.
To leave a space in the pattern where a baluster or post currently exists, for Baluster Family,
change the value to None.

6 Click OK.

Railing Properties
You can modify several properties for railings, including railing height, railing structure, and baluster
placement.

NOTE If you are upgrading railing types from a previous release of Revit Architecture and you do not see all of
the properties listed, you can duplicate the railing type, and then all properties should be available.

Modifying Railing Properties

1 If you are in sketch mode, click Railing Properties on the Design Bar. If you are in a plan view,

select the railing, and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit railing instance parameters.
3 Click Edit/New to edit railing type parameters.

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 NOTE Changes made to type properties affect all railings of this type in the project. You can click
Duplicate to create a new railing type.

4 Click OK.

Railing Type Properties

Name Description

Construction

Railing Height The height of the top-most rail in the railing structure.

Rail Structure Opens a separate dialog where you set the number of rails, height, offset, material,
and profile family (shape) for each rail. See Modifying Railing Structure on page 681.

Baluster Placement Opens a separate dialog where you define baluster patterns. See Controlling Place-
ment of Balusters and Posts on page 683.

Baluster Offset Offsets the balusters from the rail sketch line. By setting a value for this property
and rail offsets, you can create different combinations of rails and balusters.

Use Landing Height Adjustment This parameter controls the height of railings at landings. If set to No, railings at
landings use the same height as they do over stair runs. If set to Yes, the railing
height is adjusted up or down by the amount set for Landing Height Adjustment.
To get smooth railing connections, set the Tangent Joins parameter to Extend Rails
to Meet.

Landing Height Adjustment Raises or lowers the height of the railing from the value indicated in the Railing
Height parameter at intermediate or top landings.

Angled Joins If 2 railing segments meet at an angle in plan but do not connect vertically, Revit
Architecture can add vertical or horizontal segments to create a join or add no
connector, leaving a gap. This can be used to create a continuous railing where the
start of a stair run leading up from a landing cannot be displaced by one tread width.
Join methods can be overridden on an connection-by-connection basis. See Modi-
fying Railing Joins on page 682.

Tangent Joins If 2 tangent railing segments are collinear or tangent in plan but do not connect
vertically, Revit Architecture can add vertical or horizontal segments to create a join,
extend segments to meet, or add no connector leaving a gap. This can be used to
create a smooth junction when the railing height is modified at a landing or the
railing turns out at the bottom of a stair. Join methods can be overridden on a
connection-by-connection basis. See Modifying Railing Joins on page 682.

Rail Connections When connections are made between railing segments, Revit Architecture tries to
create mitered joins. If it cannot make a mitered join, then segments can be trimmed,
which means they are cut with a vertical plane, or they can be welded, which means
they are joined in a manner as close to a miter as possible. Welded connections work
best for circular rail profiles.

Railing Properties | 689

 Name Description

Identity Data

Keynote Add or edit the railing keynote. Click in the value box to open the Keynotes dialog.
See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model Defines the railing model.

Manufacturer Defines the railing manufacturer.

Type Comments Railing comments.

URL Sets applicable URL.

Description Railing description.

Assembly Description Description of the assembly based on the assembly code selection.

Assembly Code Uniformat assembly code selected from hierarchical list.

Type Mark Sets the railing type mark.

Cost Railing cost.

Railing Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Base Level Sets the base level for the railing. You can change this value to any level in the project.

Base Offset Offsets the railing to a specified distance above or below the base level.

Dimensions

Length The actual length of the railing.

Identity Data

Comments Comments on the railing.

Mark A mark applied to a railing. This can be a label that appears in a multi-category tag
with the railing. For complete information about multi-category tagging and setting
up shared parameters, see Shared Parameters on page 440.

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 Name Description

Phasing

Phase Created The phase when the railing was created. See Creating Phases on page 1264.

Phase Demolished The phase when the railing was demolished. See Demolishing Elements on page
1270.

Architectural Columns
This topic describes how to add architectural columns to a project. You can use architectural columns to
model column box-outs around structural columns and for decorative applications.

Architectural columns inherit the material of other elements to which they are joined. Compound layers
in walls wrap at architectural columns. This does not apply to structural columns.

Adding a Column
You can add columns in plan view. The height of the column is defined in the properties of the component.
Using the properties, you can define the Base Level and the Top Level, as well as offsets.

1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Column, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Column.
2 On the Options Bar, select Room Bounding to designate the column as room-bounding before
you place it.

Architectural Columns | 691

 NOTE You can also change the room-bounding property of a column after placement. See
Architectural Column Properties on page 698.

3 Click in the drawing area to place the column.

TIP Typically, you align columns when placing them by selecting a grid line or wall. If you randomly placed them
and you want to align them, click Edit menu ➤ Align, and select the columns to align. In the middle of the columns
are 2 perpendicular reference planes that you can select for alignment.

Attaching Columns
Columns do not automatically attach to roofs, floors, and ceilings. When you select a column (or multiple
columns) you can attach it to roofs, floors, ceilings, reference planes, structural framing members, and other
reference levels using the Attach and Detach buttons on the Options Bar. When you select one or more
columns, the Attach and Detach buttons appear on the Options Bar. From the Options Bar you can attach
the Top or Base of a column (or columns) and set the Attachment Style (Cut Column, Cut Target, Do Not
Cut), Attachment Justification (Minimum Intersection, Intersect Column Midline, and Maximum Intersection),
and Offset from Attachment. Offset from Attachment sets a value to be offset from the target.
The target (roofs, floors, ceilings) can be cut by the column, the column can be cut by the target, or neither
can be cut. After a column is attached to a target, you can edit its properties and reset the values for the
Instance Parameters Attachment Justification at Top and Offset from Attachment at Top.

NOTE If the column and target are both structural concrete, they will be cleaned instead of cut. If the column is
structural and the target is non-structural, a warning message appears.

Cut Column Examples

Following are examples of the cut column attachment style with different attachment justifications and
offsets from attachment.

■ Attachment Style: Cut Column

Attachment Justification: Minimum Intersection

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■ Attachment Style: Cut Column
Attachment Justification: Maximum Intersection

■ Attachment Style: Cut Column

Attachment Justification: Minimum Intersection
Offset from Attachment: On

Attaching Columns | 693

 ■ Attachment Style: Cut Column
Attachment Justification: Intersect Column Midline

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Cut Target Examples
Following are examples of the cut target attachment style with different attachment justifications and offsets
from attachment.

■ Attachment Style: Cut Target

Attachment Justification: Minimum Intersection

■ Attachment Style: Cut Target

Attachment Justification: Maximum Intersection

Attaching Columns | 695

 ■ Attachment Style: Cut Target
Attachment Justification: Minimum Intersection
Offset from Attachment: On

■ Attachment Style: Cut Target

Attachment Justification: Intersect Column Midline

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Coarse-Scale Cut Patterns
If you join a wall and a column, and the wall has a coarse-scale fill pattern defined, the joined column
assumes that pattern. See Curtain Wall Properties on page 720. This behavior is evident in coarse-scale plan
and section views. The section view plane must cut through the joined face of the 2 elements.
Wall and column joined (column assumes the fill pattern of the wall)

NOTE Structural columns do not assume the walls fill pattern, even when joined.

Modifying Architectural Columns

Changing Column Types

When you activate the Column command to place columns, you can select different types of columns in
the Type Selector.

Moving a Column
You can move the column by selecting the column and dragging it to the new location.

Coarse-Scale Cut Patterns | 697

Architectural Column Properties
You can modify several properties for architectural columns, including width, depth, base and top level.

Modifying Architectural Column Properties

1 From a plan view, select the architectural column, and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit architectural column instance parameters.
See Architectural Column Instance Properties on page 699.

3 Click Edit/New to edit architectural column type parameters.

See Architectural Column Type Properties on page 698.

NOTE Changes made to type parameters affect all architectural columns of this type in the project.
You can click Duplicate to create a new architectural column type.

4 Click OK.

Architectural Column Type Properties

Name Description

Graphics

Coarse Scale Fill Color Specifies the color of the Coarse Scale Fill Pattern in any coarse plan view.

Coarse Scale Fill Pattern Specifies the cut pattern that displays within the column in any coarse plan view.

Materials and Finishes

Material The material of the column.

Dimensions

Depth Sets the depth of columns when placed.

Offset Base Sets the offset of the column base.

Offset Top Sets the offset of the column top.

Width Sets the width of columns when placed.

Identity Data

Assembly Code Uniformat assembly code selected from a hierarchical list.

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Name Description

Keynote Add or edit the column keynote. Click in the value box to open the Keynotes dialog.
See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model The model type of the column.

Manufacturer The manufacturer for the column materials

Type comments Specific building or design comments about the column.

URL Sets a link to a web page. For example, a manufacturer's web page.

Description Provides a description of the column.

Assembly description Description of the assembly based on the assembly code selection.

Assembly code Uniformat assembly code selected from hierarchical list.

Type Mark A value to designate the particular column. This value must be unique for each
column in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already used but
allows you to continue using it. (You can see the warning using the Review Warnings
command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.)

Cost Cost of the materials for constructing the column. This information can be included
in a schedule.

Architectural Column Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Base Level Specifies the level on which the base of the column rests. The default is Level 1.

Base Offset Specifies distance from the base level. The default is 0.

Top Level Specifies the level that the top of the column reaches. The default is 1.

Top Offset Specifies distance from the top level. The default is 0.

Moves with Grids Columns move when grid lines are moved.

Room-bounding Determines whether the column is room-bounding.

Identity Data

Architectural Column Properties | 699

 Name Description

Comments Specific comments for the column instance.

Mark Applies a tag to any column for reference purposes. This value must be unique for
each column in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already used
but allows you to continue using it. (You can see the warning using the Review
Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.)

Phasing

Phase Created The phase when the column was created

Phase Demolished The phase when the column was demolished.

Attachment Justification at Top Resets the top justification for the condition. Choices are: Minimum Intersection,
Intersect Column Midline, Maximum Intersection.

Offset From Attachment at Top Specifies an offset value for cut target/column conditions.

Curtain Elements
This section provides information about curtain elements.

Curtain Walls, Curtain Grids, and Mullions

A curtain wall is any exterior wall that is attached to the building structure and which does not carry the
floor or roof loads of the building. In common usage, curtain walls are often defined as thin, usually
aluminum-framed walls containing in-fills of glass, metal panels, or thin stone. When you draw the curtain
wall, a single panel is extended the length of the wall. If you create a curtain wall that has automatic curtain
grids, the wall is subdivided into several panels.

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Curtain wall

Curtain Grid

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 Curtain Mullions

Creating Rectangular Curtain Walls

1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Wall, or on the Basics tab of the Design Bar, click Wall.
2 In the Type Selector, select a curtain wall type.
3 To create a wall with automatic horizontal and vertical curtain grids, specify the Vertical and
Horizontal Layout properties for the wall type.
For more information, see Type-Driven Curtain Element Layout on page 705.

IMPORTANT You cannot move automatic curtain grids after drawing a wall, unless you make them

independent. To do this, select a curtain grid and click . In the Element Properties dialog,
under Other, select Independent for Type Association. Alternatively, you can select the grid, and click
the pin that is displayed. When an automatic grid is independent, its position remains fixed if you
resize the wall or change the grid layout using the type properties of the curtain wall. This parameter
allows you to adjust the position of certain grids after creating even-grid spacing. If you had placed
the grid on the curtain wall, it would not be part of the grid layout calculation.

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 4 Select a method to create the wall:

■ To draw the wall, click .

■ To pick lines, click . Lines can be model lines or edges of elements, such as roofs, curtain
panels, and other walls.

■ To select a massing face or a generic model face, click . A generic model can be created
either as in-place or as family-file-based. See Creating Walls from Mass Instances on page
544.

TIP Press TAB to highlight all vertical faces on the mass or generic model, click to place walls
simultaneously on each highlighted face.

5 To change a panel type, click Modify and select the panel. In the Type Selector, select the
appropriate panel type.
6 If you sketched a curtain wall without automatic grids (Type-Driven Curtain Element Layout
on page 705), you can add grids manually, as follows:
a Click Modelling menu ➤ Curtain Grid, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click
Curtain Grid.

b Open a 3D or elevation view.

c Place the cursor along wall edges; a temporary grid line is displayed.

d Click to place the grid lines.

Each section of the grid (design unit) is filled with a separate curtain wall panel of the type
selected earlier.

7 If needed for the design, add mullions to the grids, as follows:

a Click Modelling menu ➤ Mullion, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Mullion.

b Highlight the grid line to add mullions.

Mullion resize to the grid line, and automatically splits at an intersection with another mullion.
You can change the properties of mullions. For a complete list of mullion properties and their
values, see Common Mullion Type Properties on page 724.
Completed curtain wall

Non-Rectangular Curtain Walls

To create non-rectangular curtain walls, sketch a straight curtain wall and then edit its elevation profile, or
join a straight curtain wall to any roof. See Defining Wall Shapes or Openings on page 591.

1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Wall, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Wall.
2 In the Type Selector, select Curtain Wall: Curtain Wall 1.

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 3 Select a method for creating the wall:

■ To draw the wall, click .

■ To pick lines, click . Lines can be model lines or edges of elements, such as roofs, curtain
panels, and other walls.

■ To select a massing face or a generic model face, click . A generic model can be created
either as in-place or as family-file-based. See Creating Walls from Mass Instances on page
544.

TIP Press TAB to highlight all vertical faces on the mass or generic model; click to place walls
simultaneously on each highlighted face.

4 Select the wall, and edit its elevation profile or join it to a roof.
5 Add curtain grids and mullions, as desired.

Curtain Grid Snapping

When you place curtain grids, they snap to evenly spaced intervals on the curtain wall. For example, as you
drag the cursor over a panel, it snaps to the midpoint or to the 1/3 mark of the panel.
When you place curtain grids on walls, sloped glazings, and curtain systems, the curtain grids snap to visible
levels, grids, and reference planes. In addition, curtain grids snap to other curtain grids when you select a
common corner edge. For example, if you place the cursor on a joined edge between 2 curtain walls, the
new curtain grid snaps to an existing curtain grid.

Selectively Placing Curtain Grids

As you place curtain grids on curtain panels, a preview image of the grid is displayed on the panels. You can
control the location of the preview and thus the location of the curtain grid using one of the options for
the grid segments:

■ All Segments: places grid segments on all panels where the preview appears.

■ One Segment: places one grid segment on one panel where the preview appears.

■ All Except Picked: places a grid segment on all panels except those you select to exclude.

Excluding Grids from Panels

1 On the Modelling tab, click Curtain Grid.
2 On the Options Bar, click All Except Picked.
3 Place the cursor on a curtain wall, so that a preview of the curtain appears.
4 Click to place the curtain grid.

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 The curtain grid line is displayed in red.

5 Click segments of the curtain grid to exclude them from panels.

When you click the segments, they are displayed as dashed lines.

6 When you finish excluding segments, on the Options Bar, click Start Next to place a new curtain
grid.

Type-Driven Curtain Element Layout

You can specify a curtain element layout for walls, sloped glazings, and curtain systems. By specifying the
layout by type, you can place many instances that already have panels, grids, and mullions on them.
You create a curtain grid layout by specifying a combination of type and instance parameters that affect the
faces of the curtain element, as follows:

Type Properties

Name Description

Construction

Automatically Embed (curtain walls only) Determines whether the curtain wall embeds into other walls.

Curtain Panel Specifies the curtain panel family type for the curtain element.

Join Condition Controls which mullions break at intersections on a curtain element type.
For example, use this parameter to make all horizontal or vertical mullions
on a curtain wall continuous, or to make mullions on grid 1 or grid 2
continuous on a curtain system or sloped glazing.

Vertical Grid Pattern (for curtain walls) or Grid 1 Pattern (for curtain systems and sloped glazings)

NOTE These descriptions apply to the Horizontal Grid Pattern or Grid 2 Pattern.

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 Layout Specifies an automatic layout for curtain grid lines along the length of a
face on a curtain element. When you specify a value other than None,
Revit Architecture automatically adds grid lines to the faces of a curtain
element. Fixed Distance indicates that the curtain grids are placed at the
exact value specified for the Spacing parameter. If the spacing is not an
even factor of the length, a space is inserted at one or both ends of the
face, depending on the justification parameter. Fixed Number indicates
that you can specify different numbers of curtain grids for different curtain
instances. See the Number instance property description under Vertical
Pattern for more information. Maximum Spacing indicates that the curtain
grids are placed at even intervals along the length of the face. The distance
can be up to the value specified for Spacing, but is not necessarily at a
specified fixed distance.

Spacing Enabled when Layout is set to Fixed Distance or Maximum Spacing. When
the layout is set to a fixed distance, Revit Architecture uses the exact value
specified for Spacing. When the layout is at a maximum spacing, Revit
Architecture uses up to the specified value to lay out the grids.

Adjust for Mullion Size Adjusts the position of type-driven gridlines to ensure that curtain panels
are of equal size, whenever possible. Sometimes when mullions are placed
(particularly on borders of curtain hosts), it can result in panels of unequal
size, even if the Layout is set to Fixed Distance.

Vertical Mullions (for curtain walls) or Grid 1 Mullions (for curtain systems and sloped glazings)

Interior Type Specifies the mullion family for interior vertical mullions.

Border 1 Type Specifies the mullion family for vertical mullions on the left border.

Border 2 Type Specifies the mullion family for vertical mullions on the right border.

Horizontal Mullions (for curtain walls) or Grid 2 Mullions (for curtain systems and sloped glazings)

Interior Type Specifies the mullion family for interior horizontal mullions.

Border 1 Type Specifies the mullion family for horizontal mullions on the left border.

Border 2 Type Specifies the mullion family for horizontal mullions on the right border.

Instance Properties

Name Description

Vertical Grid Pattern

NOTE These parameter descriptions apply to the Horizontal Grid Pattern instance parameters also.

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Number If Layout (under Vertical Grid Pattern) is set to Fixed Number, enter the
number of curtain grids for the curtain instance. The maximum value is
200.

Justification Determines the spacing of grids along the curtain element face, when
grid spacing does not divide evenly into the face length value. Justification
also determines which grid lines are first removed or added when the
number of grid lines changes because of parameter changes or changes
to the size of the face. Beginning adds space to the end of the face before
placing the first grid. Center adds an even amount of space at both the
beginning and end of the face. End adds space from the beginning of
the face before placing the first grid.

Angle Rotates the curtain grids to the specified angle. If you specify this value
for individual faces, no value is displayed in this field. Valid values are
between 89 and –89.

Offset Starts grid placement at the specified distance from the justification point
of the grids. For example, if Justification is specified as Beginning and you
enter 5’ for offset, the first grid is placed 5‘ from the beginning of the
face. If you specify offset for a face, no value is displayed in this field.

Measurement Line (curtain system only) An imaginary line that defines the point from which to measure grid spa-
cing on faces where grid spacing may not be the same across the length
of grid lines. Where grids intersect this line, the distance between the grids
is equal to the grid spacing value (for Fixed Distance layouts) or up to the
grid spacing value (for Maximum Spacing layouts). Where the grids do
not intersect this line, the grids can be placed at values either higher or
lower than the value for Spacing.

Grid Layout by Face

You can create various grid layouts on the faces of curtain elements. For example, if a sloped glazing with
4 faces requires 4 different grid layouts, you can specify grid layout by face, which is similar to changing an
element instance.

To change curtain grid layouts on a face, select the curtain grid element and then click , which displays
on each face of the curtain element. You can change the layout either by accessing the Element Properties
dialog or by graphically modifying the curtain grid layout interface.
The following are instance properties that you can set by face for a curtain element:

■ Number

■ Justification

■ Offset

■ Measurement Line

For a description of these properties, see Type-Driven Curtain Element Layout on page 705.

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 Locking the Position of Mullions and Curtain Grids
Mullions and curtain grids can be pinned (locked) on a curtain element only if that element has a type-driven
curtain grid layout. If the mullion or curtain grid is locked on a curtain element, the type properties of the
curtain element define the mullion or curtain grid type.

Graphically Modifying Face Layout

When you select a curtain grid element face, you click the control that is displayed; a curtain grid
layout interface is opened over the curtain grid face. The interface lets you graphically change the instance
parameter values of the face.

Layout interface controls:

Control Description

The justification origin. Click the arrows to change the justi-

fication scheme of the grids. The horizontal arrow changes
Justification (Vertical Grid); the vertical arrow changes Justific-
ation (Horizontal Grid).

Origin and angle (Vertical Curtain Grid). Click the controls

to change their values.

Origin and angle (Horizontal Curtain Grid). Click the controls

to change their values.

Measurement Line (Horizontal Grid). Drag the control left or

right to adjust the measuring line for horizontal grids.

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Control Description

Measurement Line (Vertical Grid). Drag the control up or

down to adjust the measuring line for vertical grids.

Mullions
When you can add mullions to a grid, the mullions resize to fit the grid. If you add a mullion to an inside
grid, the mullion is centered on the grid. If you add a mullion to a perimeter grid, the mullion aligns so its
border is flush with the outside of the wall.
Curtain wall with curtain grids and mullions

Profiles for Mullions

You can vary the shape of mullions by loading new mullion profiles into a project. Also, you can create a
custom profile.
Revit Architecture provides some templates for mullion profile families. By default, these templates reside
in the following location:
C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Autodesk\<product and release>\<Metric or
Imperial> Library\Profiles\Curtain Wall
For more information, see Profile Families on page 371 and Host Sweep Profiles with Nested Detail Components
on page 373.

Applying the Mullion Profile

1 In the drawing area, select a mullion on the model, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click
Mullion.

2 Click .

3 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.

4 In the Type Properties dialog, under Construction, select a profile, and click OK.

Creating a Custom Profile

You can create a custom profile for a mullion. For more information about creating a profile, see Profile
Families on page 371.
Mullion profile families can include detail components that are displayed when the mullion intersects the
cut plane of the view. You can specify the visibility of the detail components to display at various detail
levels.

Curtain Walls, Curtain Grids, and Mullions | 709

 For example, you might specify the detail component to display at fine and medium detail levels. When
you load the mullion into the project and place it in a plan view with a coarse detail level, the plan view
might show only the profile sketch. You could then create a section detail of the mullion and specify its
detail level as fine. The detail components would be displayed in this view, offering greater detail of the
construction of the mullion. For more information, see Visibility and Detail Levels on page 360.
Detail Components are shown only when the mullion is cut by the viewplane in floor/ceiling plan views
and section/elevation views.

TIP When you use a profile in a project, the curtain panels are trimmed to where the profile sketch intersects the
center (front/back) reference plane in the profile family. To change where the curtain panels stop, you can move
this plane to cut the profile at the desired width, and reload the family.

Angle and Position of a Mullion

Mullions can be perpendicular to the face of the curtain panel or parallel to the ground plane. The latter
choice is more appropriate for sloping curtain panels. After changing the position of the mullion, you can
change the angle of the mullion; acceptable values are between –90 and 90 degrees.
The angle and position are type properties of the mullion. For more information, see Common Mullion
Type Properties on page 724.

Controlling Mullion Joins

You can control mullion joins after you place mullions on a curtain grid.

1 On the Design Bar, click Modify, and select a mullion.

2 On the Options Bar, click Make Continuous or Break at Join.

■ Use Make Continuous to extend the ends of mullions at a join, so that they display as one continuous
mullion.

■ Use Break at Join to trim the ends of mullions at a join, so that they display as separate mullions.

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Changing the Orientation of Curtain Walls

As you place a curtain wall or select one in a plan view, control arrows are displayed: . Click the arrows
to flip the interior and exterior surfaces of the wall.
Curtain wall before flipping

Curtain wall after flipping (the black surface line is now on top)

Wall Panels in Curtain Walls

You can change a curtain wall panel to any type of wall. Select a panel, and then select a wall type in the
Type Selector. You cannot explicitly control the size of a panel with drag controls, or by its properties; the
panel is resized when the curtain wall is changed.
Curtain wall with masonry wall panel type

Schedule as Panels or Walls

To control whether the wall schedules as a curtain panel or as a wall by specifying the Schedule By Instance
property of the wall panel. Changing the location line of the wall panel changes how it is placed in the
curtain wall. See Creating a Curtain Wall Panel Family on page 416.

Add Inserts to Wall Panels

You can add inserts, such as windows, into wall panels; the position of inserts is relative to the entire curtain
wall. If you resize a wall panel by moving curtain grids, the insert does not move with the panel. Its position
remains fixed with respect to the curtain wall.

Curtain Walls, Curtain Grids, and Mullions | 711

 Inserts in masonry wall panels

Split Wall Panels with Curtain Grids

You can split wall panels by adding curtain grids to the curtain wall. You can also add mullions to the curtain
grids on the panel.
Split curtain wall panels

Curtain Wall as Wall Panel

A curtain wall type can be applied to a wall panel, which has the effect of nesting a curtain wall within a
curtain wall.
Curtain wall with curtain wall panel

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Modifying Curtain Walls
You can modify the appearance of curtain walls through their properties. Curtain wall properties are modifiable
before or after you sketch the walls.
In order to specify curtain wall properties, access the Element Properties dialog in one of several ways:

■ Click Modify, select the wall, and click .

■ Click Wall, select a curtain wall type, and click .

See Element Properties Dialog on page 75.

Changing Curtain Wall Panel Type

You can change the panel type applied to a curtain wall by selecting an individual panel and then selecting
a different type from the Type Selector. If there are not enough wall types loaded, load more families using
the Load Family command. For more information, see Loading Families on page 352.

Changing Mullion Material

1 In the drawing area, select a mullion.

2 In the Type Selector, select the mullion type, and click .

3 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
4 Select a mullion material.
You can create a new mullion material if one does not exist. See Materials on page 459.

5 Click OK twice.

NOTE Changing the material for a mullion family type changes the material for all mullions of that
type. If the material changes affect the mullions on only one curtain wall, create and apply a new
mullion family type.

Shortcut Menu
You can modify a curtain wall by selecting the wall and right-clicking to access a shortcut menu. On the
shortcut menu are several choices for manipulating the curtain wall, such as selecting panels, mullions, and
grids.

Cleaning Curtain Wall Joins

By default, curtain walls attach to the face of adjoining walls. Use the shape handle to separate a curtain
wall join from other curtain walls or exterior and interior walls. This allows more control over curtain wall
joins and mullion placement to ensure proper design intent.

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 Default curtain wall installation to face of joined wall

To separate the join, select the curtain wall join shape handle; press TAB and watch the status bar to be sure
you have selected the handle. Drag the handle to separate the curtain wall from the adjoining wall. This
does not break the join between the 2 walls.
Curtain wall shape handle selected for dragging

TIP You can achieve the same effect by using the Align command and aligning the edge of the curtain wall with
the center or edge of the joined wall. See Aligning Elements on page 306.

Controlling Mullion Joins

You can switch mullion joins between cleaned and uncleaned by selecting a mullion and clicking the toggle
control that is displayed. Mullions clean up at the join only if there 4 or fewer mullions meeting at the join,
all of them are straight, and all are parallel to the grid lines.
Vertical butt join

Click on the control. The join changes to a horizontal butt join.

Horizontal butt join

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Reshaping Curtain Wall Panels
A curtain wall panel may need an opening in it, such as a vent. You can create an opening by editing the
panel as an in-place family.
1 Select a curtain wall panel and, on the Options Bar, click Edit.
The In-Place Family Editor opens in Revit Architecture. The selected panel is the only geometry
available for editing.

2 Select the panel.

3 To edit the shape of the panel, on the Options Bar, click Edit.
4 In sketch mode, reshape the panel as desired.
For example, you could add a door-like opening to the panel.

5 On the Design Bar, click Finish Sketch, and then click Finish Family.

Mitered Mullions on Curtain Walls

If you join 2 curtain walls with horizontal mullions, the mullions miter at the join.
Mitered mullions on arc curtain wall

Mitered mullions between 2 joined curtain walls

NOTE Mullions also miter on sloped glazings.

Merging Curtain Wall Panels

Curtain walls frequently contain non-continuous grid lines and mullions. Your design may require that grid
lines be staggered, rather than continuous. You can merge curtain wall panels to accommodate these design
requirements. Also, merging panels allows you to include a door or other large insert in a curtain wall.

Joining Curtain Wall Panels

1 Create the curtain wall panels.
See Curtain Walls, Curtain Grids, and Mullions on page 700.

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 2 Add curtain grids.
See Creating Rectangular Curtain Walls on page 702.

3 Select a curtain grid.

4 On the Options Bar, click Add or Remove Segments.
5 Click on a curtain grid segment to remove it.
As you remove segments, adjacent panels join.

6 On the Design Bar, click Modify.

Curtain wall with merged panels

Unjoining Panels
To separate panels, you add curtain grid segments back.
1 Select a curtain grid.
2 On the Options Bar, click Add or Remove Segments.
3 Click the dashed segment to restore the curtain grid segment.
The dashed lines indicate a segment that was removed previously. The joined panels revert back
to their unjoined state.

4 On the Design Bar, click Modify.

Merging Tips

■ You can make non-rectangular curtain wall panels with the system panel type only.

■ If you join panels of different types, the resulting panel is of the type you first selected.

■ Use hidden line view to clearly see which panels are joined. See Hidden Line Model Graphics Style on
page 202.

Curtain Systems
A curtain system is a component that comprises panels, curtain grids, and mullions. It usually does not have
a rectangular shape. You can create a curtain system by selecting lines, or by selecting element faces. After
you create a curtain system, you can add curtain grids and mullions using the same technique as curtain
walls.

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You cannot create a wall or a roof as a curtain system.

Creating a Curtain System by Lines

When you create a curtain system by lines, you can select the edges of building components (such as 2
floors), or you can draw model lines and select them.
1 On the Basics tab of the Design Bar, click Lines, and sketch 2 lines near one another.
The 2 lines do not have to be parallel to one another.

2 Click Modelling menu ➤ Curtain System ➤ Curtain System by Lines, or on the Modelling tab
of the Design Bar, click Curtain System ➤ Curtain System by Lines.
3 Select 2 component edges or drawn lines.

A ruled surface is created between the 2 picks.

NOTE The curtain system is displayed as flat after initial placement. The curtain system conforms to the ruled
surface after you apply a curtain grid.

Curtain Systems by Face

To create a curtain system by face, you select the faces of massing elements or a generic model family. For
more information, see Creating Curtain Systems Using the Curtain System by Face Command on page 548.

Curtain Systems | 717

 Adding Curtain Grids to a Curtain System

NOTE This procedure assumes that you have created a curtain system without automatic grid creation. To use
automatic grid creation, see Type-Driven Curtain Element Layout on page 705.

1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Curtain Grid, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Curtain
Grid.
2 Open a 3D view.
3 As you place the cursor along system edges, a temporary grid line is displayed; click to place the
grid lines.

TIP When you place curtain grid lines on a curtain system, the cursor snaps to the intersection of the
boundary lines and any other line or reference plane.

Revit Architecture automatically fills in each section of the grid (design unit) with a separate
curtain wall panel.

Adding Mullions to a Curtain System

Add mullions to a grid if needed for the design.

1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Mullion, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Mullion.
2 Highlight the grid line to which to add the mullions, and click to select it.

TIP Hold SHIFT to place a mullion only on the selected segment. Or hold CTRL to place mullions on
all open grid segments.

The mullion is sized to the grid line, and is split at intersections with mullions.
You can change the properties of mullions. For a complete list of mullion properties and their
values, see Common Mullion Type Properties on page 724.

Corner Mullions
Corner mullions are single mullions that you can place between the end points of 2 curtain walls, between
the ridges of sloped glazings, or on any internal mullion on a curved curtain element, such as an arc curtain
wall.
Arc curtain wall with internal mullions

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Corner Mullion Types
Revit Architecture includes 4 types of corner mullions:

■ L Corner Mullion: Panels of curtain walls or sloped glazing meet the ends of the mullion legs. You can
specify the length and thickness of the mullion legs in the type properties of the mullion. See Corner
Mullion Type Properties on page 726.
L corner mullion between 2 curtain walls

■ V Corner Mullion: Panels of curtain walls or sloped glazing meet the sides of the mullion legs. You can
specify the length and thickness of the mullion legs in the type properties of the mullion.
V corner mullion between 2 curtain walls

■ Trapezoid Corner Mullion: Panels of curtain walls or sloped glazing meet at the sides of the mullion. You
can specify the center width and length along the sides that meet the panels in the type properties of
the mullion.
Trapezoid mullion between 2 curtain walls

■ Quad Corner Mullion: Panels of curtain walls or sloped glazing meet at the sides of the mullion legs. You
can specify the depth of the mullion in 2 segments.
If the 2 mullion segments are equal and the join is not 90 degrees, the mullion has a kite shape:

If the join angle is 90 degrees and the segments are unequal, the mullion is a rectangle:

Corner Mullions | 719

 If the 2 segments are equal and the join angle is 90 degrees, the mullion is a square:

NOTE The quad corner mullion differs from a rectangular non-corner mullion because the curtain panels join at
adjacent sides of the quad corner mullion.

TIP The offset for corner mullions is relative to the panels.

Curtain Element Properties

Curtain Wall Properties

Parameter names, values, and descriptions for curtain walls. Values are modifiable.

Curtain Wall Type Properties

Name Description

Construction

Wall Function Indicates the wall function.

Automatically Embed Indicates whether the curtain wall automatically embeds into the wall.

Curtain Panel Sets the curtain panel family type for the curtain element.

Join Condition Controls which mullions break at intersections on a curtain element type. For
example, this parameter makes all horizontal or vertical mullions on a curtain

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Name Description

wall continuous, or it can make mullions on Grid 1 or Grid 2 continuous on a

curtain system or sloped glazing.

Vertical/Horizontal Grid Pattern

Layout Sets an automatic vertical/horizontal layout for curtain grid lines along the
length of a curtain wall. When set to a value other than None, Revit Architecture
automatically adds vertical/horizontal grid lines to a curtain wall. Fixed Distance
indicates that the curtain grids are placed at the exact value specified for Ver-
tical/Horizontal Spacing. If the spacing is not an even factor of the wall's length,
Revit Architecture inserts space at one or both ends of the wall, depending on
the justification parameter. For example, if the wall is 46 feet and the vertical
spacing is 5 feet and the justification is set to beginning, Revit Architecture
adds 1 foot from the beginning of the wall before placing the first grid. See
the Vertical/Horizontal Justification instance property description for more in-
formation on justification. Fixed Number indicates that you can set different
numbers of curtain grids for different curtain wall instances. See the Vertical/Ho-
rizontal Number instance property description for more information. Maximum
Spacing indicates that the curtain grids are placed at even intervals along the
length of the curtain wall at a distance up to the value specified for Vertical/Ho-
rizontal Spacing.

Spacing Enabled when Layout is set to Fixed Distance or Maximum Spacing. When the
layout is set to a fixed distance, Revit Architecture uses the exact value for
Spacing. When the layout is at a maximum spacing, Revit Architecture uses up
to the specified value to lay out the grids.

Adjust for Mullion Size Adjusts the position of type-driven gridlines to ensure that curtain panels are
of equal size, whenever possible. Sometimes when mullions are placed, partic-
ularly on borders of curtain hosts, it can result in panels of unequal size, even
if the Layout is set to Fixed Distance.

Vertical Mullions

Interior Type Specifies the mullion family for interior vertical mullions.

Border 1 Type Specifies the mullion family for vertical mullions on the left border.

Border 2 Type Specifies the mullion family for vertical mullions on the right border.

Horizontal Mullions

Interior Type Specifies the mullion family for interior horizontal mullions.

Border 1 Type Specifies the mullion family for horizontal mullions on the left border.

Border 2 Type Specifies the mullion family for horizontal mullions on the right border.

Identity Data

Curtain Element Properties | 721

 Name Description

Keynote Add or edit the curtain wall keynote. Click in the value box to open the Keynotes
dialog. See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model The model type for the curtain wall. May not be applicable.

Manufacturer Manufacturer for the stair materials. May not be applicable.

Type Comments Specific comments on the curtain wall type.

URL A link to a web page for the manufacturer or other appropriate link.

Description A description for the curtain wall.

Assembly Description Description of the assembly based on the assembly code selection.

Assembly Code Uniformat assembly code selected from hierarchical list.

Type Mark A value to designate the particular curtain wall. Useful if you need to identify
more than one curtain wall. This value must be unique for each curtain wall in
a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already used but allows
you to continue using it. (You can see the warning using the Review Warnings
command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.)

Fire Rating The fire rating of the curtain wall.

Cost Material cost.

Curtain Wall Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Base Constraint The base level of the curtain wall. For example, Level 1.

Base Offset Sets the curtain wall's height from its base constraint. This property is available
only when the Base Constraint is set to a level.

Base is Attached Indicates whether the base of the curtain wall is attached to another model
component, such as a floor. This is a read-only value.

Top Constraint Curtain wall height extends to the value specified in Unconnected Height.

Unconnected Height The height of the curtain wall when it is sketched.

Top Offset Sets the curtain wall's offset from the top level.

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Name Description

Top is Attached Indicates whether the curtain wall top is attached to another model component,
such as a roof or ceiling. This is a read-only value.

Room Bounding If selected, the curtain wall is part of a room boundary. If not selected, the
curtain wall is not part of a room boundary. This property is read-only before
creating a curtain wall. After you draw the wall, you can select it and then
modify this property.

Related to Mass Indicates that the element was created from a mass element. This is a read-only
value.

Vertical/Horizontal Grid Pattern

Number If Layout (under Vertical/Horizontal Grid Pattern) is set to Fixed Number, enter
a value here for the number of curtain grids on the curtain instance. The max-
imum value is 200.

Justification Determines how Revit Architecture adjusts the spacing of grids along the curtain
element face, when the grid spacing does not divide evenly into the length of
the face. Justification also determines which gridlines are first removed or added
when gridlines are added or removed because of parameter changes or changes
to the size of the face. Beginning adds space to the end of the face before
placing the first grid. Center adds an even amount of space at both the begin-
ning and end of the face. End adds space from the beginning of the face before
placing the first grid.

Angle Rotates the curtain grids to the specified angle. You can also specify this value
for individual faces. If you specify this parameter for a face, then no value dis-
plays in this field. Valid values are between 89 and –89.

Offset Starts grid placement at the specified distance from the justification point of
the grids. For example, if Justification is specified as beginning and you enter
a value of 5 feet here, Revit Architecture places the first grid 5 feet from the
beginning of the face. Note that you can also set this value for individual faces.
If you specify this parameter for a face, then no value displays in this field.

Structural

Structural Usage Sets the structural usage of the curtain wall. This property is read-only before
creating a curtain wall. After you draw the curtain wall, you can select it and
then modify this property.

Dimensions

Length The length of the curtain wall. This is a read-only value.

Area The area of the curtain wall. This is a read-only value.

Identity Data

Curtain Element Properties | 723

 Name Description

Comments Specific comments about the curtain wall.

Mark Sets a label for the curtain wall. This value must be unique for each curtain wall
in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already used but al-
lows you to continue using it. (You can see the warning using the Review
Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.)

Phasing

Phase Created The phase when the curtain wall was created.

Phase Demolished The phase when the curtain wall was demolished.

Common Mullion Type Properties

Name Description

Material Sets the mullion material type.

Constraints

Angle (not available for corner mul- Rotates the mullion profile. Works as an adjustment to the Position parameter. Note
lions) that this parameter is not enabled for circular mullions.

Offset Sets the offset from the panels in the curtain element.

Construction

Profile (not available for corner mul- Sets a profile for the mullion. You can create a custom profile family. See Profile
lions) Families on page 371.

Position (not available for corner mul- Rotates the mullion profile. Normal to Face is the usual condition. Parallel to Ground
lions) is appropriate for sloped curtain panels, such as in a sloped glazing or a sloped
curtain system.

Circular Mullion Type Properties

Name Description

Offset Sets the offset from the panels in the curtain element.

Radius Sets the radius for the circular mullions.

724 | Chapter 11 Working with Architectural Components

Rectangular Mullion Type Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Angle Rotates the mullion profile. Works as an adjustment to the Position parameter.

Offset Sets the offset from the panels.

Construction

Profile Sets a profile for the mullion. You can create a custom profile family. See Profile
Families on page 371.

Position Rotates the mullion profile. Normal to Face is the usual condition. Parallel to Ground
is appropriate for sloped curtain panels, such as in a sloped glazing or a sloped
curtain system.

Corner Mullion Indicates whether the mullion is a corner mullion. See Corner Mullions on page 718.

Thickness Sets the thickness. If you have a loaded a custom profile, this value is calculated from
the mullion profile.

Materials and Finishes

Material The material for the mullion.

Dimensions

Width on side 2 Sets the width of side 2. If you have a loaded a custom profile, this value is calculated
from the mullion profile.

Width on side 1 Sets the width of side 1. If you have a loaded a custom profile, this value is calculated
from the mullion profile.

Identity Data

Keynote Add or edit the mullion keynote. Click in the value box to open the Keynotes dialog.
See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model Definition of the mullion.

Manufacturer Definition of the mullion manufacturer.

Type Comments Mullion comments.

URL Sets applicable URL.

Curtain Element Properties | 725

 Name Description

Description Mullion description.

Assembly Description Description of the assembly based on the assembly code selection.

Assembly Code Uniformat assembly code selected from a hierarchical list.

Type Mark Sets the mullion type mark.

Cost The mullion cost.

Corner Mullion Type Properties

This topic contains information on the properties for L and V corner, trapezoid corner, and quad corner
mullions.

L and V Corner Mullions

Name Description

Corner Mullion Sets the mullion to corner mullion. This is a read-only value.

Leg 2 Length of second leg of mullion.

Leg 1 Length of first leg of mullion.

Offset Sets the offset from the panels.

Thickness Sets the thickness.

Trapezoid Corner Mullions

Name Description

Corner Mullion Sets the mullion to corner mullion. This is a read-only value.

Center Width Width of mullion at the center.

Depth Length of the sides of the mullion that meet the panels.

Offset Sets the offset from the panels.

Thickness Sets the thickness.

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 Quad Corner Mullions

Name Description

Corner Mullion Sets the mullion to corner mullion. This is a read-only value.

Depth 2 Length of second leg of mullion.

Depth 1 Length of first leg of mullion.

Offset Sets the offset from the panels.

Thickness Sets the thickness.

Mullion Instance Properties

Name Description

Comments Specific comments about the mullions.

Length Maximum length of the mullion. For example, on a mitered mullion, the value is
the pre-cut length. This is a read-only value.

Mark Sets a label for the mullions. This value must be unique for each mullion in a project.
Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already used but allows you to continue
using it. (You can see the warning using the Review Warnings command. See Re-
viewing Warning Messages on page 1334.)

Model Text
You can use model text for many things, including signage on a building or letters on a wall.

Model Text | 727

 You can add model text in a project view and in the Family Editor for families that can be represented in
3D, such as walls, doors, windows, and furniture. Model text is not available for families that can only be
represented as 2D, such as annotations, detail components, and profiles.
You can specify many properties for model text, including font, size, and material.

Model Text Shown Cut

Model text in a project view is shown cut in a plan view if it intersects the cut plane of the view. See View
Range Properties on page 200.
Model text saved with a family is cut in plan or RCP views if the family is shown cut. It is not shown cut if
the family is not cuttable. For more information on which families can be shown cut, see Cuttable and
Non-Cuttable Family Categories on page 361.

Adding Model Text

1 Set the work plane where you want the text to appear.
See Sketching and Work Planes on page 265.

2 Click Modelling menu ➤ Model Text.

3 In the Edit Text dialog, enter the text, and click OK.
4 Place the cursor in the drawing area.
A preview image of the model text appears as you move the cursor.

5 Move the cursor to the desired location, and click to place the model text.

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Editing Model Text
NOTE Model text saved with a family and then loaded into a project is not editable in the project view.

1 In the drawing area, select the model text.

2 On the Options Bar, click Edit Text.
3 In the Edit Text dialog, make your changes.
4 Click OK.

Moving Model Text

1 In the drawing area, select the model text.
Move model text to a new location in the same work plane

2 Drag the model text to a new location.

Change the work plane

3 On the Options Bar, click Edit Work Plane. See Sketching and Work Planes on page 265.
Rehost model text

4 On the Options Bar, click Rehost.

For more information on rehosting, see Rehosting on page 747.

Model Text Properties

You can modify several properties for model text, including font, size, alignment, and material.

Modifying Model Text Properties

1 In the drawing area, select the model text.

2 On the Options Bar, click .

3 In the Element Properties dialog, edit instance properties.
See Model Text Instance Properties on page 730.

4 Click Edit/New to edit type properties.

See Model Text Type Properties on page 730.

NOTE Changes made to type properties affect all model text of this type in the project. You can click
Duplicate to create a new model text type.

5 Click OK.

Editing Model Text | 729

 Model Text Type Properties

Name Description

Text

Text Font Sets the model text font.

Text Size Sets the text size.

Bold Sets the typeface to bold.

Italic Sets the typeface to italic.

Identity Data

Keynote Add or edit the model text keynote. Click in the value box to open the Keynotes
dialog. See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model Definition of the model text model.

Manufacturer Definition of the model text manufacturer.

Type Comments Model text comments.

URL Sets applicable URL.

Description Model text description.

Assembly Description Description of the assembly based on the assembly code selection.

Assembly Code Uniformat assembly code selected from a hierarchical list.

Type Mark Sets the model text type mark.

Cost The model text cost.

Model Text Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Work Plane The text work plane.

Graphics

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 Name Description

Text Click Edit to modify the text.

Horizontal Align Sets the justification of the text when there are multiple lines. Lines justify to each
other.

Materials and Finishes

Material Sets the text material.

Dimensions

Depth Sets the depth of the typeface.

Identity Data

Comments Specific comments about the model text.

Mark Sets a label for the model text. This value must be unique for each type of model
text in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already used but allows
you to continue using it. (You can see the warning using the Review Warnings
command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.)

Subcategory If you have defined subcategories for Generic Models (using Settings menu ➤ Object
Styles), specify a subcategory for the model text. (When defining object styles for
the subcategory, you can define its color, line weight, and other properties.) You
can then control the display of the model text by turning visibility of the subcategory
on or off (using View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics). See Object Styles on page 484
and Visibility and Graphic Display in Project Views on page 150.

Phasing

Phase Created The phase when the model text was created. See Creating Phases on page 1264.

Phase Demolished The phase when the model text was demolished. See Demolishing Elements on
page 1270.

Hosted Components
A hosted component is a component that requires a host. For example, a window is hosted by a wall. A desk
is hosted by a floor or level. Doors, windows, model lines, and components (for example, furniture) are all
hosted components.
After you place a hosted component onto a host, you can rehost it (change its host).

Hosted Components | 731

Doors
You add doors to walls in a plan, elevation, or 3D view. You can place a door on any type of wall, including
arc walls, in-place walls, and face-based walls (for example, a sloped wall). Revit Architecture automatically
cuts the opening and places the door in the wall.
To add a door to a curtain wall, select a panel of the curtain wall and use the Type Selector to change it to
a wall. Then insert the door in the wall. (See Wall Panels in Curtain Walls on page 711 and Curtain Wall
Doors and Windows on page 418.)

After placement, you can move doors from their current host to another host. For more information, see
Rehosting on page 747.

732 | Chapter 11 Working with Architectural Components

Door layout in plan

Adding Doors
1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Door, or on the Basics tab of the Design Bar, click Door.
2 In the Type Selector, select the door type.

NOTE At this point you can load additional door types, if necessary. On the Options Bar, click Load,
and navigate to the family file.

3 On the Options Bar, select Tag on Placement to tag the door automatically. To include a tag
leader, select Leader and specify the length.
To load additional tags, click Tags. For more information, see Loading Tag Styles on page 492.

4 Move your cursor over a wall.

When placing the door in plan view, press the space bar to flip the door swing.

5 Click to place the door in the desired spot in the wall.

Finished door in
elevation

Doors | 733
 Door Tags
Door tags are displayed only if the entire door is visible. If the door is partially obscured, the door tag is not
visible.
As you place doors of the same type, the door number in the tag increases. This also applies if you copy and
paste doors; the tag number increases to show how many doors you have placed.

Changing the Door Type

1 Select the door in the project view.
2 In the Type Selector, select a different door type.
If the desired door type does not appear in the list, you can load additional door types. On the
Options Bar, click Load, and navigate to the family file that contains the desired door type.

Modifying the Door Position

1 In a plan view, select the door.
2 Right-click to open the shortcut menu.
3 Choose from the following commands:
■ Flip Hand: flips the door horizontally. This option is available only if the particular door
family was created with horizontal controls.

■ Flip Facing: flips the door vertically. This option is available only if the particular door family
was created with vertical controls.

Also see Rehosting on page 747 for information about moving a door from one host to another.

Door Properties
You can modify several properties for doors, including the sill height, frame material, and thickness.

NOTE This topic contains information on common door properties. However, properties can vary among the
different door types (families).

Modifying Door Properties

1 From a plan view, select the door, and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit door instance parameters.
See Door Instance Properties on page 736.

3 Click Edit/New to edit door type parameters.

See Door Type Properties on page 735.

NOTE Changes made to type parameters affect all doors of this type in the project. You can click
Duplicate to create a new door type.

734 | Chapter 11 Working with Architectural Components

 4 Click OK.

Door Type Properties

Name Description

Construction

Wall Closure The layer wrapping around the door. It overrides any settings in the host.

Construction Type The type of construction for the door.

Materials and Finishes

Door Material The material for the door (for example, metal or wood)

Frame Material The material for the door frame.

Dimensions

Thickness The thickness of the door.

Height The height of the door.

Trim Projection Ext The exterior trim projection.

Trim Projection Int The interior trim projection.

Trim Width The width of the door trim.

Width The width of the door.

Rough Width Can be scheduled or exported.

Rough Height Can be scheduled or exported.

Identity Data

Keynote Add or edit the door keynote. Click in the value box to open the Keynotes dialog.
See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model The name of the model type of the door.

Manufacturer The name of the door manufacturer.

Type Comments Comments about the door type. Information can appear in a schedule.

Doors | 735
 Name Description

URL Sets a link to a manufacturer web page.

Description Provides a description for the door.

Assembly Description Description of the assembly based on the assembly code selection.

Assembly Code Uniformat assembly code selected from hierarchical list.

Type Mark A value to designate the particular door. This value must be unique for each door
in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already used but allows
you to continue using it. (You can see the warning using the Review Warnings
command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.) Marks are assigned se-
quentially. See Creating Sequential Door or Window Tags on page 1070.

Fire Rating The fire rating of the door.

Cost The cost of the door.

IFC Parameters

Operation The operation of the door, as defined by the current IFC description (for example,
single_swing_left or double_door_double_swing). These values are case-insensitive,
and underscores are optional. (SINGLE_SWING_LEFT and SingleSwingLeft are the
same.)

Door Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Level The level on which the door is placed.

Sill Height The height of the door sill. This does not change the door size.

Construction

Frame Type The type of frame around the door.

Materials and Finishes

Frame Material The material used for the frame.

Finish The finish applied to the frame and door.

736 | Chapter 11 Working with Architectural Components

 Name Description

Identity Data

Comments Specific comments related to the door that are not already covered in the description
or type comments.

Mark Applies a door number to any door for reference purposes. This value must be unique
for each door in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already
used but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using the Review
Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334. The default is
1.

Phasing

Phase Created The phase when the door was created.

Phase Demolished The phase when the door was demolished.

Other

Head Height The height of the top of the door. Note that this does not change the door size.

Windows
You add windows to a wall in a plan, elevation, or 3D view. You can place a window on any type of wall,
including arc walls, in-place walls (and in-place roofs in the case of a skylight), and face-based walls (for
example, a sloped wall). Revit Architecture automatically cuts the opening and places the window in the
wall.
To insert a window in a curtain wall, select a panel of the curtain wall and use the Type Selector to change
it to a wall. Then insert the window in the wall. (See Wall Panels in Curtain Walls on page 711 and Curtain
Wall Doors and Windows on page 418.)

Windows | 737
 After placement, you can move windows from their current host to another host. For more information,
see Rehosting on page 747.

Adding Windows
1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Window, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Window.
2 In the Type Selector, select the window type.

NOTE At this point you can load additional window types, if necessary. On the Options Bar, click
Load, and navigate to the family file.

3 On the Options Bar, select Tag on Placement to tag the window automatically. To include a tag
leader, select Leader and specify the length.
To load additional tags, click Tags. For more information, see Loading Tag Styles on page 492.

4 Move the cursor over a wall, and click to place the window.

Window Tags
Window tags are displayed only if the entire window is visible. If the window is partially obscured, the
window tag is not visible.
As you place windows of the same type, the type number in the tag does not change. This is also true if you
copy and paste windows; the tag number remains the same.

Changing the Window Type

1 Select the window in the project view.
2 In the Type Selector, select a different window type.

738 | Chapter 11 Working with Architectural Components

 If the desired window type does not appear in the list, you can load additional window types.
On the Options Bar, click Load, and navigate to the family file that contains the desired window
type.

Modifying the Window Position

1 In a plan view, select the window.
2 Right-click to open the shortcut menu.
3 Choose from the following commands:
■ Flip Hand: flips the window horizontally. This option is available only if the particular
window family was created with horizontal controls.

■ Flip Facing: flips the window vertically. This option is available only if the particular window
family was created with vertical controls.

Also see Rehosting on page 747 for information about moving a window from one host to another.

Window Properties
Parameter names, values, and descriptions for windows. Values are modifiable.

NOTE This topic contains information on the common window properties. However, properties can vary among
the different window types (families).

Modifying Window Properties

1 From a plan view, select the window and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit window instance parameters.
See Window Instance Properties on page 741.

3 Click Edit/New to edit window type parameters.

See Window Type Properties on page 739.

NOTE Changes made to type parameters affect all windows of this type in the project. You can click
Duplicate to create a new window type.

4 Click OK.

Window Type Properties

Name Description

Construction

Wall Closure This parameter sets the layer wrapping around the window. It overrides any settings
in the host.

Windows | 739
 Name Description

Construction Type

Materials and Finishes

Glass Pane Material The material for the glass panes in the window.

Sash Material The material for the window sash.

Dimensions

Height The height of the opening of the window.

Default Sill Height The height of the bottom of the window above the level.

Width The width of the window.

Window Inset

Rough Height The height of the rough opening for the window. Can be scheduled or exported.

Rough Width The width of the rough opening for the window. Can be scheduled or exported.

Identity Data

Assembly code Uniformat assembly code selected from hierarchical list.

Keynote Add or edit the window keynote. Click in the value box to open the Keynotes dialog.
See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model The model number of the window.

Manufacturer The manufacturer of the window.

Type Comments Specific comments about the window type.

URL A link to a manufacturer's web page.

Description A specific description of the window type.

Assembly Description Description of the assembly based on the assembly code selection.

Type Mark A specific value to designate the particular window. This value must be unique for
each window in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already used
but allows you to continue using it. (You can see the warning using the Review
Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.) Values are as-
signed sequentially. See Creating Sequential Door or Window Tags on page 1070.

740 | Chapter 11 Working with Architectural Components

 Name Description

Cost Cost of the window.

IFC Parameters

Operation The operation of the window, as defined by the current IFC description (for example,
single_panel or triple_panel_horizontal). These values are case-insensitive, and un-
derscores are optional. (SINGLE_PANEL and SinglePanel are the same.)

Window Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Level The level on which the window is placed.

Sill Height The height above the level for the window sill. This does not change the window
size.

Identity Data

Comments Specific comments about the window type.

Mark A label applied to the window; usually a numeric value. This value must be unique
for each window in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already
used, but allows you to continue using it. (You can see the warning using the Review
Warnings command.)

Phasing

Phase Created The phase when the window was created.

Phase Demolished The phase when the window was demolished.

Other

Head Height The height above the level for the top of the window. This does not change the
window size.

Model Lines
The Lines command creates model lines in the project. Model lines exist in 3D space and are visible in all
views.

Model Lines | 741

 You can sketch straight, curved, arc, circular, fillet, and tangent lines. For descriptions of the sketch tools,
see Sketching on page 251.

NOTE If you want to draw lines that exist only in the view that they are drawn, see Detail Lines on page 1094.

Like components, model lines can move with nearby elements, provided they are sketched parallel to that
element. For example, if you sketch a wall and then sketch a line parallel to that wall, the line can move
with the wall if you select the Moves With Nearby Elements option on the Options Bar, or choose it from
the properties of the line. An arc line can move with an arc wall if the 2 are concentric. See Moving Lines
and Components with Walls on page 305.

Adding Model Lines

1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Lines, or on the Basics tab of the Design Bar, click Lines.
2 On the Options Bar, select the appropriate work plane in which to draw the model lines.
If the desired work plane is not listed, you can set it using the Work Plane command. See
Sketching and Work Planes on page 265.

3 On the Options Bar, select Draw to draw the lines, or Pick to create lines by selecting lines or
walls within the model.
4 In the Type Selector, select the type of line to create.
Choices include thin, wide, medium, and invisible lines. If desired, you can create additional
line types using the Line Styles command. Line Styles are not available for model lines created
in sketch mode. For more information, see Line Styles on page 485.

5 To draw a line, on the Options Bar, select a line tool. Select Chain to chain lines together as you
draw.
6 To offset the line, set an Offset value on the Options Bar.
For example, if you set an offset of 2 meters and then draw the line, the line appears 2 meters
from the cursor. If you use the Pick option, the line is offset from the picked edge by the specified
amount.

7 Draw or pick the lines.

TIP As you create a model line, you can quickly set its length by typing a value on the keyboard. This
changes the length of the temporary dimension that appears with the line.

742 | Chapter 11 Working with Architectural Components

Modifying Lines
Revit Architecture allows you to change the look and appearance of lines before or after you sketch them.
You set line properties in the Element Properties dialog. See Model Line Properties on page 744.
To set properties before creating a line, on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Lines, and then click

To set properties after creating a line, on the Design Bar click Modify, select the line, and click .
For more information about sketching lines, see Model Lines on page 741 or Sketching on page 251.

Line Subcategories
You can create multiple, custom line styles to depict different conceptual ideas in a design, and then apply
the line styles to sketched lines in any view. For example, you might want to use one line style for grids and
one line style for reference planes.

1 After sketching lines, select them and click .

The Element Properties dialog appears.

2 In the Instance box, for Subcategory, select the desired line subcategory.
3 Click OK to exit the Element Properties dialog.

NOTE You can change the look of the line choices by editing their styles in the Object Styles dialog.
Or you can create new line categories. See Object Styles on page 484.

Resizing Arc Lines

You can resize arc lines using middle and end controls.
1 Select the arc.

2 Drag the end controls to change the arc length.

3 To change the radius of the arc while keeping the radius concentric, on the Options Bar, select
Changing radius keeps concentric.
Clear that option to retain an existing end condition, such as an end point location or tangency
to a straight wall.

4 Drag the middle control.

Modifying a Spline
1 Select the spline.

Model Lines | 743

 2 On the Options Bar, click:
■ Add Control to add a control point to the spline. Place the cursor over a spline chord and
watch the status bar. When it says Reference, click to place a control.
A control point is added to the center of the chord.

■ Delete Control to delete a spline control point. Select a control point for deletion.
The spline adjusts after control point deletion.

3 To move a control point, drag it to a new location.

4 To move spline end points, select the spline.
■ To move the entire spline, drag the end controls, which display as blue dots.

■ To modify the spline curve between the end point and the next control point, select the end
control, press TAB, then drag the end control point.

Model Line Properties

You can modify properties for straight lines, arc lines, circles, tangent lines, and fillet lines.

Modifying Line Properties

1 From a plan view, select the line and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit line instance parameters.
3 When you are finished, click OK.

Straight Line Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Work Plane The work plane to which the line is related.

Moves With Nearby Elements Determines whether the line moves with nearby elements.

Graphics

Line Style Sets the line style type as defined in the Object Styles dialog. See Object Styles on
page 484.

Detail Line

Dimensions

Length The actual length of the line.

744 | Chapter 11 Working with Architectural Components

Name Description

Identity Data

Design Option If design options have been created, this property indicates the design option the
element exists in. For more information on design options, see Design Options on
page 1237.

Phasing

Phase Created The phase when the line was created.

Phase Demolished The phase when the line was demolished.

Arc, Circle,Tangent, and Fillet Line Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Work Plane The work plane to which the line is related.

Moves With Nearby Elements Determines whether the line moves with nearby elements.

Graphics

Line Style Sets the line style for the shape.

Center mark visible Switches whether the center mark for the arc appears. You can dimension to the
center mark of an arc.

Detail Line

Dimensions

Length The actual length of the line.

Identity Data

Design Option If design options have been created, this property indicates the design option the
element exists in. For more information on design options, see Design Options on
page 1237.

Phasing

Phase Created The phase when the line was created.

Model Lines | 745

 Name Description

Phase Demolished The phase when the line was demolished.

Components
Use the Component command to insert free-standing components, such as furniture, site components, and
plumbing supplies, into a project.

Several components are already defined. To create more, define them in the Family Editor. See Family Editor
Basics on page 341.
For information about moving a component from one host to another, see Rehosting on page 747.

To place a component
1 If necessary, load the component family.
For information about loading a family, see Loading Families on page 352.

2 Click Modelling menu ➤ Component, or on the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click
Component.
3 In the Type Selector, select a component.
4 Place the cursor in the drawing area where you want the component to appear.
5 If you are placing a work plane-based or face-based component, on the Options Bar, select the
Place on Face, Place on Work Plane, or Place on Vertical option.
See Work Plane-based and Face-based Component Placement Options on page 747 for descriptions
of these options.

6 Press SPACEBAR to rotate the component through its different snap points to other elements.
7 Click to place the component.

746 | Chapter 11 Working with Architectural Components

 NOTE When you select the Moves With Nearby Elements option, the component moves with the
element. For example, if you place a bed next to a wall and then move the wall, the bed moves with
the wall. Revit Architecture determines which element the component is locked to; you do not have
explicit control. You can move the component independently of the element. See Moving Lines and
Components with Walls on page 305.

Work Plane-based and Face-based Component Placement Options

Following are the options for placing work plane-based and face-based components:

■ Place on Face – .
Move the cursor to the desired location on a face, and click to place the component. You can only place
components on faces with this option.

■ Place on Work Plane – .

To use this option, an active work plane must be defined in the view. You can place the component
anywhere on the work plane.

■ Place on Vertical Face (only available for some components) – .

In a plan view, move your cursor to the desired location on a vertical face, and click to place the
component. You can only place components on vertical faces with this option.

For more information, see Creating Work Plane-based and Face-based Families on page 406.

Rehosting
You can move a hosted component or element from the current host to another host using the Rehost or
Pick Host commands, depending on the context.

Rehosting Doors and Windows

1 Select a door or window.
2 On the Options Bar, click Rehost.
3 Move the door or window to an appropriate host, and click to place it.

Rehosting Work Plane-based and Face-based Elements and

Components
When you rehost work plane-based or face-based elements and components, you can place them on any
host. For these elements, you have the placement options Place on Face, Place on Work Plane, and Place on
Vertical. Work plane-based elements include lines, beams, and family geometry. You can also rehost work
plane-based components (for example, masses).
Use the following procedure.

Rehosting | 747
 To rehost work plane-based and face-based elements and components
1 Select a work plane-based or face-based element or component.
2 On the Options bar, click Rehost.
Alternatively, on the Options Bar, click Edit Work Plane. On the Work Plane dialog, click Pick
a New Host. See Sketching and Work Planes on page 265 for information about other Work Plane
dialog options.

3 On the Options bar, select a placement option: Place on Face, Place on Work Plane, or Place on
Vertical Face.
See Work Plane-based and Face-based Component Placement Options on page 747 for descriptions
of these options.

4 Move the cursor to an appropriate host, and click to place the element or component.

Rehosting Level-based Components

Level-based components include furniture, site components, plumbing supplies, and so on. When you place
a level-based component on a host, it remains on the host's infinite plane. For example, when you place a
desk on a floor, and then drag the desk beyond the confines of the floor, the desk remains on the same plane
as the floor.
If the floor has 2 levels, such as a sunken floor, use this method to move the component from one part of
the floor to another.
Selected component residing on floor host

Component dragged away from floor remains on same plane

NOTE When rehosting level-based components, you may find it useful to work in hidden line mode in an elevation
view.

To rehost level-based components

1 Select a level-based component.
2 On the Options Bar, click Pick Host.
3 Click a floor, surface, or level.
For example, if you want to move a component from a floor on Level 2 to a floor on Level 5,
select the floor on Level 5. You could also select a level with no floor.
The component is moved to the selected level or floor.

Compound Structure
Walls, floors, ceilings, and roofs can comprise parallel layers. The layers can consist of a single continuous
plane of material (such as plywood) or multiple materials (such as gypsum board, studs, insulation, air spaces,
bricks, and sheathing). In addition, each layer within the component serves a particular purpose. For example,
some layers provide structural support, while others act as thermal barriers. Revit Architecture considers the
function of each layer and matches the layers appropriately.

748 | Chapter 11 Working with Architectural Components

 You can represent each layer by setting the layer's material, thickness, and function. You typically see
compound geometry in floor plans, reflected ceiling plans, and sections. They display in hidden line and
wireframe views. See Hidden Line Model Graphics Style on page 202 and Wireframe Model Graphics Style
on page 201.
7-layer wall shown in plan view

Materials in Compound Geometry

Each layer in a compound structure is typically displayed with some type of material. For example, one layer
might be the air infiltration barrier, another is plywood, followed by a layer of wood. Revit Architecture has
several predefined materials, or you can create your own using the Materials command. See Materials on
page 459.

Layer Pattern Display

The material on layers displays with fill patterns. To see the fill pattern in a coarse-scale view, set the Coarse
Scale Fill Pattern and Coarse Scale Fill Color properties of the compound structure. To see the fill pattern in
a medium or fine detail level, change the Detail Level parameter of the View Properties to medium or fine.
See View Properties on page 210.

Layer Join Cleanup

Compound layer joins clean up only if the layers share the same material. For example, a compound floor
layer can join to a compound wall layer if both layers are drywall. If the layers do not clean up, then a solid
line appears between them in the join. See Materials on page 459.

Applying a Function to a Layer of a Compound Structure

You assign each layer a specific function so the layer can join to its corresponding functional layer. Layer
functions have an order of precedence.

Rules for Layer Joins

■ The structure layer has the highest priority, Priority 1.

■ Finish 2 has the lowest priority, Priority 5.

■ Revit Architecture connects high priority layers before connecting layers with the lowest priority.
For example, suppose that you join 2 compound walls. A layer in the first wall with Priority 1 joins to a
layer with Priority 1 in the second wall. That Priority 1 layer can pass through lower priority layers before
joining to the other Priority 1 layer. A layer with a lower priority cannot pass through a layer of equal
or higher priority.
The following illustration shows higher priority layers joining before lower priority layers. The Priority
1 CMU layer of the horizontal wall passes through all layers, until it reaches the Priority 1 stud layer of

Materials in Compound Geometry | 749

 the vertical wall. Note that the insulation in the horizontal wall does not pass through the air space in
the vertical wall, because they are both Priority 3 and are outside the core layer.

■ When layers join, the join cleans up if the 2 layers have the same material. If the 2 layers have different
materials, a line appears at the join.

■ Each layer must have a function assigned to it for Revit Architecture to match layers accurately.

■ Layers inside the core of one wall pass through layers of higher priority that are outside the core of the
joined wall. The layers in the core extend to the core of a joined wall, even if the core layers are set to
Priority 5.
The following illustration shows how a layer of lower priority inside the core passes through layers of
higher priority outside the core. The insulation layer of the horizontal wall has moved inside the core.
The insulation layer can now pass through any layer outside the core, regardless of its priority.

750 | Chapter 11 Working with Architectural Components

 Layer Functions

Layers can be assigned the following functions:

■ Structure [1]: Layer that supports the remainder of the wall, floor, or roof.

■ Substrate [2]: Material, such as plywood or gypsum board, which acts as a foundation for another material.

■ Thermal/Air Layer [3]: Provides insulation and prevents air penetration.

■ Membrane Layer: A membrane that commonly prevents water vapor penetration. The membrane layer
should have zero thickness.

■ Finish 1 [4]: Finish 1 is typically the exterior layer.

■ Finish 2 [5]: Finish 2 is typically for the interior layer.

Inserting Layers into a Compound Structure

1 Access the type properties of the compound element.
2 For Structure, click Edit.
The Edit Assembly dialog appears, allowing you to specify the material for layers and the thickness
of those layers.

TIP If desired, create a new type in the Type Properties dialog by clicking New and entering a name
for the type.

3 Click Insert to insert layers.

4 For Function, select a function for a layer.
5 For Material, select a material for a layer.

NOTE If you wish to create a new material for the list, see the Materials command. Among other
settings, the Materials command includes commands for specifying cut patterns. For more information
about materials, see Materials on page 459. For more information about creating and setting cut
patterns, see Fill Patterns on page 449. You cannot choose material or thickness for core boundary
layers.

6 For Thickness, specify a thickness for a layer.

7 If you want to move the position of the layer, select the layer, and click Up or Down.
8 Set the detail level of the view: Click View menu ➤ View Properties. Set the Detail level property
value to medium or fine.

Layer Wrapping
Compound wall layers can wrap at inserts, such as doors and windows, and at the end caps of the wall.
Wrapping is visible in plan view only.
Compound wall with no end-cap wrapping

Inserting Layers into a Compound Structure | 751

 Exterior wrapping at a wall's end caps

Interior wrapping at the end caps

Wrapping Around Complex Inserts

Layers can wrap around complex inserts, such as windows with non-rectangular shapes.
Interior wrapping at window insert

Setting Layer Wrapping

You can set layer wrapping using the type properties of the wall or by editing its structure.

To set layer wrapping using type properties

1 Select a compound wall, and click .

2 Click Edit/New.
3 If you want wrapping at inserts, for Wrapping at Inserts, select Exterior, Interior, or Both.
4 If you want end cap layer wrapping, for Wrapping at Ends, select Exterior or Interior.
5 To set individual layers to wrap, select the Wraps check box at the end of each layer.

NOTE Windows and doors have a type property called Wall Closure. This property overrides the
wrapping settings in the Edit Assembly dialog.

To set layer wrapping by editing the structure

1 For Structure, click Edit.
2 If you want wrapping at inserts, for Wrapping at Inserts, select Exterior, Interior, or Both.
3 If you want end cap layer wrapping, for Wrapping at Ends, select Exterior or Interior.
4 Click OK.

Previewing the Compound Geometry

To preview the appearance of the wall as you add layers, in the Type Properties dialog, click Preview. The
preview image updates as you edit the layers of the wall.

752 | Chapter 11 Working with Architectural Components

Layers as References
You can select a layer to be a reference point for dimensioning or alignment. Place the cursor on the layer
line to use as a reference. Press TAB to select the layer.
By default, each compound component type has 2 layers called Core Boundary. These layers are not
modifiable, and they have no thickness. They are references for dimensions.
Preview of compound geometry with Core Boundaries indicated in red

Compound Walls Joined to Columns

The compound structure of a wall extends to columns when you join the wall to the column.
Compound wall joining to column

Resulting join of column to wall

Editing Layers
In the Type Properties dialog, you can click Edit for the Structure property. The Edit Structure dialog opens
inside the Type Properties dialog. You can also preview the effects of edits to the layers by clicking Preview.

Flipping Orientation of Compound Walls

As you are placing a compound wall in a plan view, you can press SPACEBAR to flip its orientation. You can

also select an existing wall in a plan view, and control arrows appear: . If you click on the arrows, the
first and last layers of the wall change position.

NOTE Any cutouts in the wall, such as windows and doors, do not flip their orientation.

Compound wall as seen in plan view before flipping

Layers as References | 753

 Compound wall after flipping (the first and last layers have changed position) position.

Uniformat Assembly Codes

You can assign a Uniformat assembly code and description in the Type properties of all model elements.
When you click the Assembly code value, a button appears. Click it, and a dialog appears containing a
hierarchical list of Uniformat codes assigned by R.S. Means. The list is filtered automatically by category.
For example, if you are looking at the type properties of a wall and click the button to view the Uniformat
codes, you see only the Uniformat codes related to walls. You have the option to choose a different category
or all categories to see a different set of Uniformat codes.
When you select a code and click OK, the code appears in the Assembly code property, and the corresponding
description appears in the Assembly description property.
Assembly Code and Assembly Description are schedulable fields. As a result, you can create a schedule that
groups components by Uniformat code, for example.

To add a Uniformat assembly code to a type property

1 Select the model element, and click .

2 Click Edit/New.

3 Click in the Assembly code value box. Click .

4 Navigate the Uniformat assembly code hierarchy, and select a code. To see codes for other
categories, select a value for the Show Classifications For list.
5 Click OK.
The Assembly Description field updates after you click off the Assembly code field.

754 | Chapter 11 Working with Architectural Components

Working with Structural
Components 12
This section contains information about the various structural tools and elements within Revit Architecture.

Structural Columns
Structural columns are used to model vertical load bearing elements in a building. Although structural
columns share many of the same properties as architectural columns, structural columns have additional
properties defined by their configuration and industry standards.
Structural columns differ from architectural columns in behavior as well.
Different types of columns

755
 Structural elements such as beams, braces, and isolated foundations join to structural columns; they do not
join to architectural columns.

Creating Structural Columns

Typically, drawings or models received from an architect may contain a grid and architectural columns. You
create structural columns by manually placing each column or by using the By Grid tool to add a column
to selected grid intersections.
Structural columns can be created in plan or 3D views.
Adding columns in 3D View

It is helpful to set up a grid before adding structural columns, as they snap to grid lines (see Adding Grids
on page 1033).

756 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

Sample grid for placing structural elements

The grid lines also provide vertical planes for braces. Add a grid by clicking Grid on the Structural tab of the
Design Bar.
You can place structural columns that attach to other structural elements. For more information, see Attaching
Columns on page 692.

Placing a Structural Column

1 On the Modelling menu, click Structural ➤ Structural Column or click Structural Column on
the Basic tab of the Design Bar.
2 If a structural column family has not been previously loaded, Revit Architecture prompts you
to load one. Load a structural column family or create one in place by selecting Create in Place
on the Options Bar. For more information, see Creating an In-Place Family on page 420.
3 In the Type Selector, select a column type. If you intend to rotate the column after placement,
select Rotate after placement on the Options Bar.

4 Optionally, click to edit the properties of the column before adding the column to your
model.

RELATED You can create your own column family by defining specific properties based on structural
requirements. For more information, see Creating a Column Family on page 426. You can control how
a column family displays within a project plan view. In the Family Editor, select Show family pre-cut
in plan views if you want the column display to remain consistent despite the cut plan for that project
plan view. For more information, see Specifying How a Column Displays in Plan View on page 427.

5 The Height/Depth area of the Options Bar is shown in the following illustration,

You may pre-select the Height (top) or Depth (base) of a structural column on the Options Bar.

6 On the Options Bar, select either Height or Depth from the list.

Creating Structural Columns | 757

 7 In the Constraint list to the right of the Height/Depth selection, specify the constraint of the
top or base of the column by Level or select Unconnected.

If you select Unconnected, enter the Height or Depth measurement in the text box to the right
of the Constraint list. This measurement of Unconnected Height/Depth is relative to the current
Level.

8 Click to place the column.

Placing a column

Columns snap to existing geometry in Revit. When you place columns at grid intersections,
both grids are highlighted.
Highlighted grids

To rotate the column during placement

While placing columns, use the SPACEBAR to change the column rotation before the column is placed. Each
time you press the SPACEBAR, the column rotates to align with the intersecting grids at the selected location.
In the absence of any grids, press the SPACEBAR to rotate the column 90 degrees.

758 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

Rotating a column

Placing Multiple Columns by Grid

1 Click (Grid Intersection) on the Options Bar.

2 Select multiple grid intersections. For more information, see Selecting Elements on page 269.
Placing columns by grid

NOTE A column will be placed at every intersection of selected grid lines, according to the properties
set on the Options Bar. No columns are actually created until you press the Finish button.

3 Press the SPACEBAR to rotate all of the columns that you are creating.
4 Continue pressing SPACEBAR until the columns are in the desired orientation.
5 To add other columns to grid intersections, hold CTRL and drag other pick boxes.
6 Click Finish on the Options Bar to create the columns.

Creating Structural Columns | 759

 Adding Structural Columns inside Architectural Columns
To add structural columns inside architectural columns

1 Make sure the Structural Column command is still active. Click (Architecural Column) on
the Options Bar.
2 Either select individual architectural columns or drag a pick box over architectural columns in
the view to select multiple columns.
Selecting a single architectural column

Selecting multiple architectural

columns

The structural columns snap to the centers of the architectural columns. For more information
about creating a pick box, see Selecting Elements on page 269.

RELATED You can control how a column family displays within a project plan view. In the Family
Editor, select “Show family pre-cut in plan views” if you want the column display to remain consistent
despite the cut plan for that project plan view. For more information, see Specifying How a Column
Displays in Plan View on page 427.

760 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

Modifying Structural Columns
You can align, move, and copy structural columns using common Revit Architecture tools.

Related topics

■ Moving Elements on page 300

■ Copying Elements on page 319

■ Modifying Elements with Tools on page 325

■ Locking Columns to a Grid on page 761

Locking Columns to a Grid

You can constrain the current position of the column to a grid. This state allows you to move the grid and
keep columns in their respective orientation to their grid placement.
Valid columns must be within a grid and have a valid column location mark .
To enable this state:

1 Select the columns to lock to the grid.

2 Click to open the Element Properties Dialog.

3 Under the Constraints section, select Moves with Grids.

4 Click OK.

The modified columns may still be moved and modified but they will proportionately move with the grid
if it is repositioned.

Adding a Splice Symbol or Plate Symbol to a Steel Structural Column

1 Right-click a structural column and click Element Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, under Graphics, select Top Connection Symbol (for top splice),
or Base Plate Symbol (for bottom plate), as needed.
3 Click OK.

Structural Column Properties

There are several properties for structural columns, including base level, base offset, and materials.

Modifying Structural Column Properties

1 Select the structural column and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit structural column instance parameters as required.
3 Click Edit/New to edit structural column type parameters.

Modifying Structural Columns | 761

 NOTE Changes made to type parameters affect all structural columns of this type in the project. Click
Duplicate to create a new structural column type.

4 When you are finished, click OK.

Structural Column Type Properties - Steel

Properties will vary depending on the column families that are specified during the installation process. The
following type properties apply to the steel column families that load during a typical installation:

Name Description

Structural (Family parameters)

A Section area.

W Nominal weight.

Dimensions (Family parameters)

bf Flange width.

d Actual depth of section.

k k distance.

kr kr distance, read only.

tf Flange thickness.

tw Web thickness.

Identity Data

Assembly Code Uniformat assembly code selected from hierarchical list.

Keynote Add or edit the column keynote. Click the value box to open the Keynote dialog.
For more information see Keynotes on page 1058.

Model Manufacturer internal number.

Manufacturer The shape manufacturer.

Type Comments A field for entering general comments about the shape type. This information can
be included in a schedule.

URL Specifies a link to a web page that may contain type-specific information.

762 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

Name Description

Description User can enter a description of the column here.

Assembly Description Description of the assembly based on the assembly code selection, a read-only
parameter.

Type Mark A value that designates the particular beam; possibly the shop mark. This value must
be unique for each element in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number
is already used but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using
the Review Warnings command. For more information, see Reviewing Warning
Messages on page 1334.

Cost The pricing of the column.

Structural Column Type Properties - Concrete

Properties will vary depending on the column families that are specified during the installation process. The
following type properties apply to the concrete column families that load during a typical installation:

Name Description

Dimensions (Family parameters)

b Column width

h Column depth

Identity Data

Assembly Code Uniformat assembly code selected from hierarchical list.

Keynote Add or edit the column keynote. Click the value box to open the Keynote dialog.
For more information, see Keynotes on page 1058.

Model Manufacturer internal number.

Manufacturer The shape manufacturer.

Type Comments A field for entering general comments about the shape type. This information can
be included in a schedule.

URL Specifies a link to a web page that may contain type-specific information.

Description User can enter a description of the column here.

Assembly Description Description of the assembly based on the assembly code selection, a read-only
parameter.

Structural Column Properties | 763

 Name Description

Type Mark A value that designates the particular beam; possibly the shop mark. This value must
be unique for each element in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number
is already used but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using
the Review Warnings command. For more information, see Reviewing Warning
Messages on page 1334.

Cost The pricing of the column.

Structural Column Instance Properties

The following instance properties apply to column families that load during a typical installation. The
properties will vary depending on the column families that are specified during the installation process.

Name Description

Constraints

Base Level Constraining level of the column base.

Base Offset Offset of base from base level.

Top Level Constraining level of the column top.

Top Offset Offset of top from top level.

Moves With Grids Toggles column constraint to grid. See Locking Columns to a Grid on page 761.

Room Bounding Toggles column constraint to room bounding conditions.

Graphics

Top Connection Symbol Applies to steel columns only. Turns on the visibility of a moment or shear connec-
tion symbol. The symbols are visible only in elevations and cuts parallel to the main
axis of the column in coarse view.

Base Plate Symbol Applies to steel columns only. Turns on the visibility of the base plate symbol. The
symbols are visible only in elevations and cuts parallel to the main axis of the column
in coarse view.

Materials and Finishes

Column Material Structural material. For more information, see Material Physical Type Parameters
on page 480.

Structural

764 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

Name Description

Rebar Cover - Top Face Applies to concrete columns only. Sets the rebar cover distance from the column
top face.

Rebar Cover - Bottom Face Applies to concrete columns only. Sets the rebar cover distance from the column
bottom face.

Rebar Cover - Other faces. Applies to concrete columns only. Sets the rebar cover distance from the column
to other element faces.

Estimated Reinforcement Volume Specifies the estimated reinforcement volume of the selected element. This is a
read-only parameter that only displays when rebar has been placed.

Dimensions

Volume Volume of the selected column, is a read-only value.

Identity Data

Comments User comments.

Mark A label created for the column. Possible use: shop mark. This value must be unique
for each element in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already
used but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using the Review
Warnings command. For more information, see Reviewing Warning Messages on
page 1334.

Phasing

Phase Created Indicates in which phase the column component was created. For more information,
see Project Phasing on page 1263.

Phase Demolished Indicates in which phase the column component was demolished. For more inform-
ation, see Project Phasing on page 1263.

Structural Analysis

Top Release Either fixed, Pinned, Bending Moment or User-Defined. User-Defined allows you
to enable/disable each of the top release conditions.

Top Fx Translational release at the top end of the column along the x-axis.

Top Fy Translational release at the top end of the column along the y-axis.

Top Fz Translational release at the top end of the column along the z-axis.

Top Mx Rotational release at the top end of the column along the x-axis.

Structural Column Properties | 765

 Name Description

Top My Rotational release at the top end of the column along the y-axis.

Top Mz Rotational release at the top end of the column along the z-axis.

Bottom Release Either fixed, Pinned, Bending Moment or User-Defined. User-Defined allows you
to enable/disable each of the bottom release conditions.

Bottom Fx Translational release at the bottom end of the column along the x-axis.

Bottom Fy Translational release at the bottom end of the column along the y-axis.

Bottom Fz Translational release at the bottom end of the column along the z-axis.

Bottom Mx Rotational release at the bottom end of the column along the x-axis.

Bottom My Rotational release at the bottom end of the column along the y-axis.

Bottom Mz Rotational release at the bottom end of the column along the z-axis.

Analyze As Either Hanger, Gravity, Lateral, or Not for analysis. Used by external analysis applic-
ations to determine whether the column contributes to lateral analysis.

Analytical Model

Rigid Links Infinitely rigid frame element with no weight. When Rigid Links is enabled, an ad-
ditional analytical segment is engaged in the model between the end of the ana-
lytical model of a beam and the analytical model of a column.

Auto-detect Horizontal Projection Toggles the auto-detect parameter to display the horizontal projection of the
column.

Top Vertical Projection The plane of the column used for analysis and design. For more information, see
.

Bottom Vertical Projection The plane of the column used for analysis and design. .

Openings in a Structural Beam, Brace, or Structural Column

You can cut openings through different structural elements such as beams, braces, or structural columns,
using the Opening by Face tool. For more information, see Openings on page 658. The following behavior
applies to all structural elements:

■ A beam opening is applied to a face that is vertical or horizontal through the major or minor axis (typically
vertical or horizontal) of the beam.

■ A beam opening cuts through the entire element (for example, it cannot cut only one flange of a
wide-flange beam).

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■ Two perpendicular planes for openings are provided by each beam, brace, or column. These planes align
with the major and minor axis of the member.

NOTE Curved beams are not valid hosts for beam openings.

To cut an opening in a structural beam, brace, or structural column

1 On the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Opening ➤ Opening by Face.
2 Select the desired plane of the member to which you want to add an opening.
Selecting the plane
of the column

3 Sketch the opening on the beam, brace, or column.

Sketching the
opening

Openings in a Structural Beam, Brace, or Structural Column | 767

 When you sketch an opening for a structural beam, brace, or structural column using the
rectangle option, you can specify a radius, which allows you to sketch rectangles with fillets.
This helps to avoid sharp corners on the opening that can concentrate stresses.
Beam opening with radius

For more information, see Sketching on page 251.

4 Click Finish Sketch.

Finished sketch

Beams
Beams are structural elements used for load bearing applications. Elements of each beam are defined through
the type properties of the specific beam family. In addition, various instance properties can be modified to
define the functionality of the beam.

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Sample beams

You can attach beams to any structural element, including structural walls, in your project. The beams join
to structural bearing walls when the Structural Usage property of the wall is set either to Bearing or to
Structural Combined.
Beams attached to structural walls

To draw beams between two points

1 Click to specify the start point.
2 Use the mouse to sketch the beam, moving the cursor to the end point.
3 Click to specify the endpoint.
You can use the grid tool to add multiple beams to selected grids when columns are also present at the
working level.

Beams | 769
 Beam between points

To draw a beam to a specified length

1 Click to specify the start point.
2 Use the mouse to sketch the beam, moving the cursor toward the end point.
3 Type a length. A text box will appear to show your entry.
4 Click to specify the endpoint.
Use the grid tool to add multiple beams to selected grids when columns are also present at the working level.
Enter beam length

You should add beams after creating a grid since beams snap to grids. Add a grid by clicking Grid on the
Structural tab of the Design Bar. However, structural beams can be added without an existing grid.
You can add beams using one of the following methods:

■ Sketch individual beams.

■ Select grid lines that lie between structural elements.

■ Create a chain of beams.

Structural Usage of Beams

Revit Architecture determines the Structural Usage Property of a beam automatically, based on the structural
elements that support the beam. The structural usage parameter value determines the line style of the beam
in a coarse-scale view.

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 Structural usage can be changed before or after the beam is placed. Use the Object Styles dialog to change
the structural usage. For more information, see Object Styles on page 484. THe structural usage parameter
can be included in a structural framing schedule, allowing quantity calculation of girders, joists, purlins,
and horizontal bracing. For more information, see Specifying Schedule Properties on page 128.
Structural usage values for beams

Beams can be attached to any other structural element, including structural walls. For more information,
see Structural Walls on page 839.
The default Structural Usage setting can be changed using the element properties dialog. The following table
lists the default automatic Structural Usage setting for beams, based on which elements are being connected:

- C B HB G J P O

Wall G O HB G J P O

Column G O HB G J P O

Brace O O O O O O

Horizontal HB HB HB HB O
Brace

Girder J J P O

Joist P P O

Purlin P O

Other O

For the properties of Beams, see Beam Properties on page 802.

Beam Tips
■ If a beam end resides on a structural wall, the Beam End Pocket Seat parameter is displayed in the Element
Properties dialog. Select this check box when the beam is bearing supported by the wall. Then the beam
graphics extend to the centerline of the bearing wall.

■ When you place a beam, a beam name tag appears by default with the beam. Also, you can load another
tag that displays beam name, camber, and number of studs. You must specify the values for Beam Camber
and Number of Studs parameters that display in a tagged beam. For information about loading a family,
see Loading Families on page 352.

Beam Tips | 771

Creating Beams
You should add grids and columns before creating beams.
When adding a beam to a plan view, you must set the bottom clip plane below the current level; otherwise,
the beam is not visible in the view.
Add beams using one of the following methods:

■ Sketch individual beams.

■ Create a chain of beams.

■ Select grid lines that lie between structural elements.

■ Create a beam system. For more information, see Beam Systems on page 807.

Sketching Individual Beams

The Beam tool is the primary means with which you sketch individual instances of beams.

To sketch individual beams

1 On the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click Beam.
2 Load a structural beam family, if one has not been previously loaded.
3 In the Type Selector, select a beam type.
4 On the Options Bar,

■ click to set beam parameters.

■ click a value on the Usage menu to set the structural usage of the beam or leave it set to
Automatic

5 Sketch the beam by clicking the start and end point.

The cursor snaps to other structural elements, such as the centroid of a column or the centerline
of a wall, when you sketch a beam. The status bar displays where the cursor is snapping.
Beam start point - snap to column

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Using the Grid Tool to Place Beams
You can use the Grid option to select grid lines to place beams automatically between other structural
elements (columns, structural walls, and other beams). For example, you might have two structural columns
located on a grid line. Beams are also added between columns and structural walls.

To place beams using the grid tool

1 On the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click Beam.

2 On the Options Bar, click .

3 Select the grid to place beams.
Selecting the grid

The beams are placed between columns as shown.

Placing beams between columns

The grids in a project are a valuable tool in setting up beams, as well as columns. A selected span of grid
lines can automatically place beams.

Sketching beams automatically with grid option

1 On the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click Beam.
2 On the Options Bar, select the beam type and specify options.

Creating Beams | 773

 3 On the Options Bar, click .
In the image below, you can see assorted columns, a beam, and structural walls in a plan and
3D view. In this case, you can use the Grid tool to add the majority of the beams automatically.

4 Select a grid line along which you want to place a beam.

Press and hold CTRL to select multiple grids.
In the image shown below, grids have been selected and beams have been added automatically
between all columns, walls, and beams.

5 On the Options Bar, click Finish to place beams along the gridline.

TIP You can also draw a pick box to select multiple grid lines.

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 In the image below, notice how the beams were added between all columns, walls, and other
supporting beams. The pre-existing beam was not cut by the beam perpendicular to it.

When Revit Architecture places beams along a grid line, it uses the following conditions:

■ All the possible supports that intersect the grid line, such as columns, walls, or beams, are scanned.

■ If a wall is on the grid line, a beam is not placed in the wall. The ends of the wall are used as support.

■ If a beam intersects and crosses the grid line, that beam is considered to be an intermediate support,
because this beam supports new beams created on the grid line.

■ If a beam intersects but does not cross the grid line, this beam is supported by a new beam created on
the grid line.

For more information about beam structural usage, based on which elements are being created, see Structural
Usage of Beams on page 770.

Sketching Beams with the Chain Option

When the chain option is selected, Revit Architecture supplies the endpoint of the last beam as the start
point of the next beam.

To sketch beams using the chain option

1 On the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click Beam.
2 On the Options Bar, check Chain.
3 Place the first beam in the chain, see Sketching Individual Beams on page 772.
4 Place each additional beam(s) by clicking the end point(s) of the beam.

Creating Beams | 775

 Sketching beams using the chain option

Sloped Beam Modeling

If your project contains complex sloped members for which you need to add beams, you can match beams
to uneven columns, roofs, slabs, or walls using the following procedure.

To adjust sloped beams

1 Select a beam that is connected to 2 structural members or warped model objects at different
heights.

2 On the Options Bar, click .

3 In the Element Properties dialog, enter a value for the Start Level Offset instance parameter of
the beam.
4 Enter a value for the End Level Offset instance parameter of the beam, and click OK.
5 Verify that you have entered the correct offset values.
Example of sloped beam modelling.

NOTE A beam that has adjusted offset values will become disassociated or free from the current work
plane. Similarly, any structural element attached to a sloped beam will also become free. You attach
free elements to another work plane using the existing Edit Work Plane or Rehost buttons on the
Options Bar.

3D Snapping
You can use the 3D Snapping option to create a new beam by snapping to other structural elements in any
view. This means that you can sketch beams and braces outside of the current work plane. for example,
when 3D snapping is enabled, roof beams will snap to the tops of columns, regardless of elevation.
3D snapping is also useful when creating sloped beam systems. See

To use 3D snapping
1 On the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click Beam.
2 On the Options bar, select 3D.

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 3 Click any structural element to specify the start point for the beam.

NOTE With 3D Snapping enabled, you can choose the exact end point of any structural element
regardless of the plane of the end point.

4 Click another structural element to specify the end point for the beam.

Editing Beams
You can edit any beam after it is placed within a project. The beam can be moved or rotated from the location
where it was originally placed, or the beam can be extended or reshaped using graphical controls. For more
information, see Editing Elements on page 269.

To move a beam
1 In a project view, select the beam.
2 Drag the beam to a new location in the drawing area, or use the arrow keys on your keyboard.
For more information, see Moving Elements on page 300.

To rotate a beam
1 Select the beam in a plan view.
2 Click Rotate on the toolbar.
3 Click the end point for the rotation. For more information, see Rotating Elements on page 308.

Beam Graphical Controls

When you sketch beams, you can use available graphical controls to modify the attachment points between
each beam and the structural element (column, structural wall).
You can either set the location of the controls when creating the beam or select and manually adjust it after
the beam is created.

Beam Handles
The beam handles of a beam are the attachment points of the beam. Beam handles display as small filled
circles that indicate where the end of the selected beam is attached to a column or wall.

Editing Beams | 777

 NOTE Moving beam handles changes cope length.

Beam and column in plan with a beam handle at the column center

Columns have an invisible bounding box that controls the beam handle location. The following illustration
shows an example of a beam that is not centered on a column. The beam handle of the beam in the illustration
remains within a virtual bounding box.
Beam and column in a plan with a beam handle not at the column
center but within the virtual column bounding box

If the column is moved slightly, but not completely out of its existing bounding box, the beam handle
remains in position, unaffected by column movement.

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However, if the column is moved out of its bounding box, the beam handles are centered on the column
center.

The following illustration presents a section view of a beam that is attached to a wall. The beam handle is
visible at the top center of the wall.

Editing Beams | 779

 The beam is constrained by level. As a result, beam attachment can be changed in a horizontal direction
only.

Changing Beam Geometry Using Shape Handles

The shape handle of a beam is used to change beam geometry. Shape handles display as small, filled
back-to-back triangles at each beam end when the beam is selected in the drawing area.

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Beam and column in a plan with the shape handles displayed

You can adjust the endpoint location of a beam using shape handles. This lengthens or shortens the beam.
The other end of the beam remains fixed.

Shape handles change geometry along the axis of the component. To move a beam out of its original axis,
click and drag the beam into a new position.

Shape Handle Properties

Each beam shape handle provides properties that can be changed, based on the element type preferences.
To access the shape handle properties, right-click the back-to-back triangles, and select View Properties. For
more information, see View Properties on page 210.

Editing Beams | 781

 Moment Symbols
The moment parameters of a beam (Connection Start or Connection End) enable the display of moment
frame or cantilever connection symbols. These parameters refer to the applicable beam endpoint. The
available options for these parameters are: None, Moment Frame, or Cantilever Moment.

To display a moment symbol

1 Right-click on a beam, and select Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, under Structural, select a value for Moment Connection Start
or Moment Connection End, and click OK.
Moment frame symbol displayed by using a moment
connection parameter

Cantilever connection symbol displayed by using a

moment connection parameter parameter

Beam Cutback
Beam cutback is the visible representative gap in beam geometry at the connection point in join relationships.
Fabricated materials require spatial and placement considerations for which they will be cut to fit. This gap
is evident when comparing the conceptual coarse (symbolic) view to the medium/fine view of non-concrete
beams.

Cutback Default Settings

Revit Architecture adjusts the setback and cutback for non-concrete beams based on default cutback settings.
Concrete beams take precedence in mixed material joins, forcing non-concrete beams to setback and cutback.

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The shortest beam in a join extends to the furthest boundary of all joined beams. All other beams cutback.
See Beam to Beam on page 787.

Coarse level of detail (symbolic) Medium/Fine level of detail (physical geometry)

KEY

A. Beam into which others are framed E. Cutback

B. Cutback beam F. Beam end if cutback

C. Common endpoint in join G. Setback

D. Cutback

Symbolic (Coarse Level of Detail) Cutback

Change structural cutback defaults for beams, columns, and braces with the Structural Settings dialog.

1 Select Settings ➤ Structural Settings.

2 Select the Symbolic Representation Settings tab.

3 In the Symbolic Cutback Distance fields, adjust for braces, beams/trusses, and columns as needed.

Beam Cutback | 783

 These global parameters adjust the structural symbolic lines used in coarse level of detail views. Changes
apply to all beams, trusses, braces, and columns.

Instance (Medium/Fine Level of Detail) Cutback

Set default cutback settings for beam instances with the Element Properties dialog.

1 On the Design Bar, click Modify.

2 Select the beam instance (or instances).

3 Click on the Options Bar.

4 Under the Construction heading, locate the Start Extension and End Extension parameters. Adjust as
needed.

These parameters adjust the cutback of beam instances used in medium/fine level of detail views. Positive
dimensions entered here extend the beam, effectively reducing the cutback. Negative values increase the
cutback. Adjustments do not affect symbolic representation.

End Join Types

There are two types of beam end joins: square-off and miter. The Beam Join Editor adjusts both.

784 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

Square-off Joins
In square-off joins, the ends of beams and braces maintain a plane perpendicular to the centerline of the
element. The beam into which others frame does not cutback while its connecting beams cutback as warranted.
This beam will cutback from a neighboring beam. When cutback, a beam will adjust in a way that prevents
it from being closer to any other beam participating in the join by a distance equalling the cutback.
The following examples detail both coarse and medium/fine levels of detail in a project.

Coarse level of detail (symbolic) Medium/Fine level of detail (physical geometry)

Miter Joins
Unlike square-off joins, miter joins do not cutback, allowing geometry to create a flush connection between
two beams.

Coarse level of detail (symbolic) Medium/Fine level of detail (physical geometry)

Beam Cutback | 785

 Coarse level of detail (symbolic) Medium/Fine level of detail (physical geometry)

The two beams must be co-planar to create a miter join. They must also be of the same family type. Any
other beams that share the join will cutback accordingly.
Beams in a co-planar join share the same plane and have unadjusted cross-sectional rotation parameters.

Beams that share the same vertical plane must have the same cross-sectional rotation to have a miter join.
The vertical plane is a plane perpendicular to the work plane. A miter join will be created by default for
beams that are created within the same vertical plane. This is the case for trusses.

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Cutback Instances
When working with cutbacks in Revit Architecture, there are several instances that have specific requirements
and properties.

Beam to Beam
Setback and cutback apply when connecting beams. Beams connect at their endpoints and multiple beams
can connect to one endpoint.
An end join connection is achieved when two or more endpoints snap together or when the endpoint of
beam is an origin point when you draw another beam. Structural beams drawn with the chain tool also
connect by their endpoints. See Sketching Beams with the Chain Option on page 775.

When two beams are end joined at an angle, the shortest beam will not cutback, forcing the longer beams
to cutback. The setback of the shortest beam also adjusts to meet the perceived endpoint of the longer beam.
If further beams connect to the join they will cutback from the shortest beam. If the new beam is shorter,
the join reconfigures so that the longer beams frame into the shortest beam. You can edit this visual
representation of cutback with the Beam Join Editor.

Beam Cutback | 787

 Beam to Column
Setback and cutback apply when connecting beams to structural columns. The beams are independent of
one another, are only associated with the common column, and will cutback from the column accordingly.
The column, including its bounding box, must have overlapping geometry with the beams of the join for
the beams to cutback.
Beams joined to columns always adjust for setback and cutback, however they cannot manually be adjusted
with the Beam Join Editor.

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Beam to Wall
Setback and cutback apply when connecting beams to structural walls. The beams are independent of one
another, are only associated with the common wall, and will cutback from the wall accordingly. Recessing
the beam into a beam pocket is possible by removing the cutback with the beam join editor.

Cutback Beam to Wall Join Non-cutback Beam to Wall Join

Joining a beam to a wall is achieved by drawing a beam and attaching one of its endpoints to the center of
the total wall thickness.

Braces and Trusses

Braces adjust for default setback and cutback through either Element Properties or Structural Settings. Trusses
only adjust with Structural Settings. The Beam Join Editor can be used on truss chords. Truss webs and braces
cannot be modified by the editor.

Beam Cutback | 789

 The Beam Join Editor
With the Beam Join Editor you remove or apply the visible cutback as it displays in your project.

Accessing the Beam Join Editor

NOTE The longer beam is cutback from the shorter beam by default.

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Launch the beam join editor by

■ clicking on the Tools toolbar (for editing all joins), or

■ selecting Tools ➤ Edit Beam Joins (for editing all joins) from the menu, or

■ right clicking an endpoint and selecting Edit Beam Join (for editing the individual join).

The editing mode activates showing cutback arrow controls at the end join of beams.

In this mode, beams without common end joins gray out and only shared end joins display arrow controls.
If a perceived end join grays out, exit the Beam Join Editor and correct the endpoints. One way to verify if
beams are end joined is to select each beam with the Modify tool. If their common endpoint appears, they
are end joined.

Beam Join Editor Option Bar

When the editor opens, its option bar enables. This series of checkboxes allows you to filter the join controls
based on material. Material is based on the Structural Material Type Parameter set in the beam family. Join
controls will only show for the checked materials.
See Beam Properties on page 802.

Editing Cutback
The beam join editor displays arrow controls used to edit beam cutback. The arrows display as follows.

■ If a beam is cutback, the arrow points toward the join.

■ If a beam is not cutback, the arrow points away from the join.

Clicking the arrows toggle the cutback in the direction the arrow is pointing. For example, a beam that has
cutback has it removed when clicking an arrow that points toward the joint.

NOTE Adjusting cutback with the Beam Join Editor will not reset or change default extension settings in Element
Properties, Symbolic Cutback Distance settings, or shape handle beam geometry adjustments.

Beam Cutback | 791

 Creating a Miter Join
Miter joins are created by removing the cutback from two end joined beams. To create the miter join, click
the appropriate arrow controls to remove the cutback from both beams.

NOTE Remember, that a miter join is only available to co-planar beams of the same family and type without
cross-sectional rotation. See Miter Joins on page 785.

The green line marks the plane of the miter join. Any other beams cutback to adjust from the miter join.
The Miter Lock locks the geometry in Medium/Fine levels of detail, so you can adjust the symbolic
representation. When locked, the Beam Join Editor arrows do not display in Medium/Fine views but do
display in Coarse view.
Click the Miter Lock again to unlock.

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 Unlocked miter joins Locked miter joins

Beam Tags
Beam tagging is an integral part of a structural framing plan. Designing a structure requires labeling from
the simple to the complex. Revit Architecture Beam tags provide for this informational labeling.

Structural Framing Tag Families

The structural framing tag family annotates beams. You can adjust the default positions of these tags in the
Family Categories and Parameters dialog (see Family Category and Parameters on page 398).
The Structural Framing Tag category contains two parameters.

Beam Tags | 793

 Rotate with component: When checked, the tag rotates with its beam. When unchecked, the tag orients
itself with respect to the view frame.
Attachment Point: Defines the initial location of the tag along a beam (start, middle, or end) and is the point
the tag tracks as the beam is lengthened and shortened.

When enabled, a tag leader extends from this point.

<None>: Locates the tag in the middle of the beam by default.

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Beam Annotations Tool
The Beam Annotations tool allows you to place multiple beam tags, annotations, and spot elevations on
selected beams or all beams in the current view. It is only available when working in a structural plan or
ceiling plan view. Structural Framing Tags that are set to Rotate with Component must be loaded for the
dialog to launch.

To access the Beams Annotations tool, selecting Drafting ➤ Beam Annotations, or click on
the Drafting tab of the Design Bar.

Placement

The placement section of the tool allows you to specify which beams you intend to annotate (either all in
view or just the beams selected). As noted on the Beam Annotations tool, Revit Architecture does not overwrite
existing tags.
To place new annotations in place of others, select the Remove existing beam tags and spot elevations option
box. All tags and spot elevations will be removed from beams and replaced by those currently set in the
beam annotations tool. When deselected, no annotations will be placed on the beams

Placement Settings: The button opens the Placement Settings dialog which adjusts the offset of
tags and spot elevations from beams.

Beam Tags | 795

 The Horizontal End Offset and Vertical Offset adjust the distance of tags and spot elevations from their
attachment points (see Structural Framing Tag Families on page 793) by the entered measurement. This
measurement is representative of the drawing scale and its default is 0" horizontally and 3/8” vertically.

Annotation Location and Type

The lower section of the Beam Annotations tool defines the annotation types and locations specific to level
and sloped beams.
Level/Sloped Beams Tabs: Both level beams and sloped beams use the same tagging options. The tabs allow
you to make different annotations to either type of beam instance.
To make specific tags to level beams, make adjustments on the Level beams in plan tab.

To make specific tags to sloped beams, make adjustments on the Sloped beams in plan tab.

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Annotation Location: At the center of the tabbed page is an image of a beam surrounded by six text fields.
The fields represent the locations of the tags as they appear around the beam. The buttons open the
Select Annotation Type dialog which defines and edits the tag.

None: Tags do not track any particular point on the beam. Changes to the length of the beam do not cause
the tag to move.
Structural Framing Tag: See Structural Framing Tags on page 798.
Spot Elevation: See Spot Elevations on page 800.

Beam Tags | 797

 Structural Framing Tags
Structural Framing Tags

This selection enables a pull down menu of available structural family tags specific to the selected location
along the beam. Specific family parameters determine which tags display. Qualifying framing tags must have
the following parameters (see Structural Framing Tag Families on page 793) to be a viable annotations type:

■ Rotate with component is enabled.

■ The attachment point parameter is set to <None> or match the position of the desired tag location in
the Beam Annotations tool.

For example, structural framing tags which have defined attachment point parameters of End are only
available to the beam location settings marked <End> in this tool.

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Structural framing tags with attachment points of <None> are available to only the Middle location settings
provided they rotate with component.
These specifications also apply to the <Load Structural Framing Tag> option which opens the Load Family
dialog (see Loading Families on page 352).
To appear in the Structural Framing Tag list, loaded families must follow these guidelines.

Beam Tags | 799

 Spot Elevations

This tool allows the placement of Spot Elevations when the type parameter Rotate with Component is
selected. This is similar to tags in that they are filtered by this parameter.
Beam Elevation (Project) calculates elevation from the lowest level of the project.
Create/modify types gives you the option of creating a custom spot elevation. When selected, the Family
Type Properties dialog opens to edit the spot elevation tag (see Creating Family Types in a Project on page
349).
Beam Elevation (Relative), enables the Relative Base pull down menu. This menu allows selection of the
base relative level for elevation calculation.

NOTE Only one spot elevation type can be placed at a time. If you change the spot elevation type in any of the
12 locations (6 for the level and 6 for sloped), it will change all 12 spot elevation type settings in the beam
annotations tool.

The Display Elevation pull down menu selects the location of elevation measurement on the beam.

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Actual (Selected) Elevation

NOTE Actual (Selected) Elevation tags the elevation of the location line, not the beam geometry.

Bottom Elevation

Top & Bottom Elevations

Top Elevation

The final option available in the Select Annotation Type dialog for spot elevations is a filter for defined
elevations.

Beam Tags | 801

 Checking the box enables a filter which prevents spot elevations from being created if it equals the entered
value. The default setting is 0 units as defined by the project.

Beam Properties
Several properties for beams, including work plane, materials, and angle, are accessible in the Element
Properties dialog.

Modifying Beam Properties

To modify beam properties

1 Select the beam, and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit beam instance parameters (see Beam Instance Properties
on page 804).
3 Click Edit/New to edit beam type parameters (see Beam Type Properties - Steel on page 802 or
Beam Type Properties - Concrete on page 803).

NOTE Changes made to type parameters affect all beams of this type in the project. Click Duplicate
to create a beam type.

4 When you finish, click OK.

Beam Type Properties - Steel

Properties vary depending on the specified beam families during the installation process. The following type
properties apply to the steel beam families that load during a typical installation:

Name Description

Structural

A Section area.

W Nominal weight.

Dimensions

bf Flange width.

d Actual depth of section.

k k distance.

k2 k2 distance. This is a read-only value.

tf Flange thickness.

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Name Description

tw Web thickness.

Identity Data

Assembly Code Uniformat assembly code selected from hierarchical list.

Keynote The beam keynote. Add or edit the value. Click in the value box to open the Keynotes
dialog. See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model The manufacturer internal number.

Manufacturer The shape manufacturer.

Type Comments A field for entering general comments about the shape type. This information can
be included in a schedule.

URL A link to a web page that may contain type-specific information.

Description Description of the beam. Enter a description.

Assembly description Description of the assembly based on the assembly code selection. This is a read-
only value.

Type Mark A value that designates the particular beam; possibly the shop mark. This value must
be unique for each element in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number
is already used but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using
the Review Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Cost The pricing of the beam.

Beam Type Properties - Concrete

Properties will vary depending on the beam families that are specified during the installation process. The
following type properties apply to the concrete beam families that load during a typical installation:

Name Description

Structural

b Beam width.

h Beam depth.

Identity Data

Assembly Code Uniformat assembly code selected from hierarchical list.

Beam Properties | 803

 Name Description

Keynote The beam keynote. Add or edit the value. Click in the value box to open the Keynotes
dialog. See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model The manufacturer internal number.

Manufacturer The shape manufacturer.

Type Comments A field for entering general comments about the shape type. This information can
be included in a schedule.

URL A link to a web page that may contain type-specific information.

Description Description of the beam. Enter a description.

Assembly description Description of the assembly based on the assembly code selection. This is a read-
only value.

Type Mark A value that designates the particular beam; possibly the shop mark. This value must
be unique for each element in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number
is already used but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using
the Review Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Cost The pricing of the beam.

Beam Instance Properties

Properties will vary depending on the beam families that are specified during the installation process. The
following instance properties apply to beam families that load during a typical installation:

Name Description

Constraints

Reference Level The constraining level. This is a read-only value that is dependent on the work
plane on which the beam was placed.

Work Plane The current plane on which elements are placed. This is a read-only value.

Start Level Offset The distance of the beam start point from the reference level. Values entered
here are reset when the member is pinned. Read-only when pinned.

End Level Offset The distance of the beam end point from the reference level. Values entered
here are reset when the member is pinned. Read-only when pinned

z-Direction Justification Either center, top, bottom, or other. Selecting the option other enables an
additional parameter, z-Direction offset value.

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Name Description

z-Direction Offset Value The numeric value that offsets the geometry.

Lateral Justification The location of the physical geometry (in plan) with respect to the location
line. Either Side 1, Side 2 and Center. Read-only when pinned.

Orientation The beam orientation to the current plane on which elements are placed.
This is a read-only value.

Cross-Section Rotation Parameter that controls rotating beams and braces. The angle of rotation is
measured from the beam’s work plane and the direction of the center reference
plane.

Construction

Start Extension Applies to steel beams only. The dimension between the edge of the start
end of the beam and the element to which it is connected.

End Extension Applies to steel beams only. The dimension between the edge of the finish
end of the beam and the element to which it is connected.

Materials and Finishes

Beam Material The structural material. See Material Physical Type Parameters on page 480.

Structural

Stick Symbol Location Applies to steel beams only.

Moment Connection Start Applies to steel beams only. A moment frame, or cantilever symbol at the
start end of a beam.

Moment Connection End Applies to steel beams only. A moment frame, or cantilever symbol at the
finish end of a beam.

Cut Length The physical length of the beam. This is a read-only value.

Structural Usage Specifies the usage. Either Girder, Horizontal bracing, Joist, Other, or Purlin.

Rebar Cover - Top Face Applies to concrete beams only. The rebar cover distance from the beam top
face.

Rebar Cover - Bottom Face Applies to concrete beams only. The rebar cover distance from the beam
bottom face.

Rebar Cover - Other faces. Applies to concrete beams only. The rebar cover distance from the beam to
an adjacent element faces.

Beam Properties | 805

 Name Description

Estimated Reinforcement Volume Specifies the estimated reinforcement volume of the selected element. This
is a read-only parameter that only displays when rebar has been placed.

Camber Size Applies to steel beams only. The beam camber.

Number of Studs Applies to steel beams only. The number of studs per beam.

Dimensions

Length The length between beam handles. See Beam Handles on page 777. This is
the analytical length of the beam. This is a read-only value.

Volume The volume of the selected beam. This is a read-only value.

Identity Data

Comments User comments.

Mark A label created for the beam. Possible use: shop mark. This value must be
unique for each element in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the
number is already used but allows you to continue using it. You can see the
warning using the Review Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning
Messages on page 1334.

Phasing

Phase Created Indicates in which phase the beam component was created. See Project
Phasing on page 1263.

Phase Demolished Indicates in which phase the beam component was demolished. See Project
Phasing on page 1263.

Structural Analysis

Start Release Start release conditions. Either Fixed, Pinned, Bending Moment, or User
Defined. User Defined allows you to enable/disable each of the start release
conditions.

Start Fx Translational release at the start end of the beam along the x-axis.

Start Fy Translational release at the start end of the beam along the y-axis.

Start Fz Translational release at the start end of the beam along the z-axis.

Start Mx Rotational release at the start end of the beam along the x-axis.

Start My Rotational release at the start end of the beam along the y-axis.

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 Name Description

Start Mz Rotational release at the start end of the beam along the z-axis.

End Release End release conditions. Either Fixed, Pinned, Bending Moment, or User
Defined. User Defined allows you to enable/disable each of the end release
conditions.

End Fx Translational release at the end of the beam along the x-axis.

End Fy Translational release at the end of the beam along the y-axis.

End Fz Translational release at the end of the beam along the y-axis.

End Mx Rotational release at the end of the beam along the x-axis.

End My Rotational release at the end of the beam along the y-axis.

End Mz Rotational release at the end of the beam along the z-axis.

Analyze as Used by external analysis applications to determine whether beam conditions

contribute to lateral analysis. See .

Analytical Model

Vertical Projection Extends the beam analytical model to the level specified, in the Z direction.

Auto-detect Horizontal Projection Specifies the placement of the analytical model in the center of the beam.

Other

Start Extension Calculation Applies to steel beams only. Specifies family parameters; defines maximum
distance of start extension parameter. This is a read-only value.

End Extension Calculation Applies to steel beams only. Specifies family parameters; defines maximum
distance of end extension parameter. This is a read-only value.

Beam Systems
Structural beam systems create a single structural framing element that contains a series of individual beams
placed in parallel. The beam system provides a quick method for framing an area of a structure that requires
additional support. There are 2 ways to create a beam system, using either the one-click method or sketch
mode:

■ The one-click beam system method is active by default. For more information, see Creating a One-Click
Beam System on page 808.

■ Select sketch mode by clicking Sketch on the Options Bar. For more information, see Creating a Structural
Beam System on page 809.

Beam Systems | 807

 The Option Bar provides the beam system parameters for both creation methods, such as beam type,
justification, and layout requirements. For more information, see Beam System Layout Rules and Patterns
on page 817.
Beam system parameters adapt to changes in the design. If a column is relocated, the beam system parameters
adapt to the changes automatically.
Example of a structural beam system and parametric adaptation
after column is relocated

Creating a One-Click Beam System

You can create beam systems quickly, with one mouse click, as long as the following conditions are me:

■ The one-click beam system can only be added in plan or ceiling view with a horizontal sketch plane. If
the view or the default sketch plane is not a level and you click Beam System, you are redirected to the
Sketch mode.

■ There must be a closed loop of supporting elements (walls or beams) already drawn, or the program will
automatically redirect you to sketch mode. For more information, see Beam System Layout Rules and
Patterns on page 817.

WARNING Curved walls and beams can be used to create a loop, but cannot be the direction defining members
in the Beam System.

To create a beam system, using one click

1 On the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click Beam System.

2 On the Options Bar, select a beam type.

NOTE If you would like to sketch the beam system by hand, click the Sketch button located on the Options
Bar to enter Sketch mode.

3 On the Options Bar, define the beam system spacing requirements with the Layout menu.

4 If the beam system will be sloped or uneven in relation to the level, select the 3D option. However, if
you want the walls of the structure in your project to define the slope of the 3D beam system, select
Walls Define Slope.

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 5 Move your cursor to the structural members where you would like to add the beam system and click
to add it.
One-click beam system creation

NOTE The beam system will align its direction based up the structural member you click nearest.

In the example shown above, you should not

■ Add a beam system that spans multiple quadrants. The intersecting beams would not cut the beam
system, therefore, any intersections between girders and joists in such a beam system would not display.

■ Copy and paste the beam system from quadrant to quadrant if their area, shape, and number of supports
differ significantly.

For information about Beam System Properties, see Beam System Type Properties on page 825.

Creating a Structural Beam System

You can create a structural beam system either by picking the structural supporting elements, such as beams
and structural walls, or by sketching the border, using the drawing tools available on the Options Bar. After
specifying the beam system boundaries, you can specify the beam direction and beam system properties,
such as spacing, justification, and beam type. For more information, see Beam System Layout Rules and
Patterns on page 817.

To create a structural beam system

1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Structural ➤ Beam System, or on the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click
Beam System.

2 On the Options Bar, click Sketch.

3 Define the beam system boundary. For more information, see Defining the Boundary of a Structural
Beam System on page 810.

4 Specify beam direction. For more information, see Specifying Beam Direction in a Beam System on page
816.

5 Specify beam system properties. For more information, see Modifying Beam System Properties on page
825.

6 Click Finish Sketch.

Creating a Structural Beam System | 809

 Defining the Boundary of a Structural Beam System
To define the boundary of a structural beam system, you can pick the structural supporting elements that
exist on the edge of the proposed beam system, or you can use the drawing tools to sketch the lines. Of the
two methods, you should try to use the Pick Supports tool whenever possible. When you pick the supports,
the beam system is automatically locked to those elements. Any changes to the location of the supporting
elements is automatically applied to the beam system.
Creating a beam system by picking supports

Creating a beam system by sketching lines

You can define the beam system boundary in either a plan or 3D view. If you work in a 3D view, you should
specify the work plane before picking the supports. For more information, see Setting the Work Plane on
page 265.

TIP Although you can sketch a beam system in a 3D view, it is recommended that you create the beam system
in a plan view to achieve greater accuracy and to ensure that the lines are on a parallel plane.

After the beam system boundary is defined, the beams are placed inside the specified area according to the
pattern specified in the beam system properties. For more information, see Modifying Beam System Properties
on page 825.

Picking Supports as the Beam System Boundary

In either a plan or 3D view, you can pick structural beams and walls to define the boundary of the structural
beam system.

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1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Structural ➤ Beam System, or on the Structural tab of the Design Bar,
click Beam System.
2 On the Options Bar, click Sketch.
3 On the Design Bar, click Pick Supports.

TIP When picking supports, the first support you pick specifies the beam direction. The beams within
the beam system will be parallel to this beam. You can modify this at any time. See Modifying the
Beam System.

4 Pick the first support member.

A sketch line with two drag handles displays over the picked support. For more information,
see Drag Handles. Two shorter parallel lines display on each side of the line, indicating the beam
system direction.
Beam system with first support member
picked

5 Pick the remaining lines that define the beam system boundary.

NOTE The lines must result in a closed loop. Use the editing tools (Trim, Extend, etc.) on the Options
bar as necessary to create a closed loop of sketch lines. For more information, see Options bar editing
tools.

Beam system with entire boundary selected

Creating a Structural Beam System | 811

 After specifying the beam system boundary, you can
■ Modify the Beam direction if necessary. For more information, see Specifying Beam Direction
in a Beam System on page 816.

■ Modify beam system properties if necessary. See Modifying Beam System Properties on page
825.

■ Use either the Pick Support or Lines tool to sketch an opening in the beam system. For more
information, see Cutting an Opening in a Beam System on page 814.

6 On the Design Bar, click Finish Sketch to complete the beam system.
Floor plan and 3D view of completed structural beam system.

Sketching a Beam System Boundary

You can use the sketching tools to define the perimeter of a beam system. You can also use these tools to
modify a beam system boundary, created using the Pick Supports method.

1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Structural ➤ Beam System, or on the Structural tab of the Design Bar,
click Beam System.
2 On the Options Bar, click Sketch.
3 On the Design Bar, click Lines.

TIP When using the Lines tool to sketch the boundary, you should constrain the beam system
boundary. For more information, see Constraining Sketch Lines.

4 Using the sketching tools available on the Options Bar, draw or pick the lines that define the
beam system boundary.

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 Sketched beam system boundary with lines locked to
supports

RELATED For more information, see Sketching on page 251.

After specifying the beam system boundary, you can

■ Modify the Beam direction if necessary. For more information, see Specifying Beam Direction
in a Beam System on page 816.

■ Modify the beam system.

■ Use either the Pick Support or Lines tool to sketch an opening in the beam system. For more
information, see Cutting an Opening in a Beam System on page 814.

5 On the Design Bar, click Finish Sketch to complete the beam system.
Floor plan and 3D view of completed structural beam system

Creating a Structural Beam System | 813

 Creating Beam Systems for Non-Identical Boundaries
When creating a beam system, if both areas are not identical in shape and supports, then the pasted beam
system area may not attach to supports as expected. In such a case, you may need to modify the beam
system.
In the plan view illustrated below, notice that there are four distinct quadrants. Quadrants 1 and 2 are
identical in area and support structure. Quadrants 3 and 4 are more complex
Structural design with four quadrants

In the example shown above, you could

■ Add a separate beam system to each quadrant. This is the best action to take because you can ensure that
the beam system boundaries are locked to the supporting members by using the Pick Supports tool.

■ Add a beam system to Quadrant 1 and copy it to Quadrant 2. You can do this since the area and support
structure is identical. However, make sure the pasted copy attaches to all supports. You may need to
modify the pasted beam system.

■ Add a beam system to Quadrants 1 and 3 and mirror it to Quadrants 2 and 4 by selecting Grid 2 as the
mirror axis. This process has the same limitations as copying and pasting. You may need to modify the
system and re-pick the supports to ensure that the system is locked to a supporting member.

In the example shown above, you should not

■ Add a beam system that spans multiple quadrants. The intersecting beams on Grids 2 and B would not
cut the beam system; therefore, any intersections between girders and joists in such a beam system would
not display.

■ Copy and paste the beam system from Quadrant 1 to Quadrant 3. The area, shape, and number of their
supports differ significantly.

Cutting an Opening in a Beam System

You can cut an opening in a structural beam system by sketching a loop of lines inside the beam system
boundary.

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To cut an opening in a beam system
1 Select the beam system, and on the Options Bar, click Edit.
Sketch mode is active.

2 On the Design Bar, click Lines. Define the boundary of the opening.
3 Using the sketching tools available on the Options Bar, sketch a complete loop within the beam
system boundary.
Beam system boundary with sketched
opening

4 On the Design Bar, click Finish Sketch.

Beam system with opening

Creating a Structural Beam System | 815

 Specifying Beam Direction in a Beam System
When sketching a beam system boundary, you can specify the beam direction within the structural beam
system. All beams within the beam system will be parallel to the boundary line you select.

NOTE Walls and beams curved in plan view cannot be used to define the direction of a beam system.

To specify beam direction:

1 If you are not already in sketch mode for the beam system, select the beam system, and on the
Options Bar, click Edit.
2 On the Design Bar, click Beam Direction.

NOTE You only have access to this tool while either sketching or modifying a beam system boundary.

3 On the Options Bar, click or .

If you select:

■ , sketch a line, or pick a model line, to define beam direction that is independent of the sketched
boundary lines. This line has no other function than to define the direction of the beams in a beam
system and therefore cannot be used to close a loop.

■ , select the sketch line that you want all beams to be parallel to.

The following image shows the selected sketch line and the resulting beam direction.

NOTE Drawing a direction sketch line or using the pick lines tool to pick another sketch line to define direction
deletes any previously existing direction sketch line.

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Beam System Layout Rules and Patterns
You can specify the beam system layout properties: number of beams, justification, beam type, spacing,
layout rule, and slope. You can specify these values either when you create the beam system or modify them
afterwards.

Specify the beam system layout rule

1 On the Options Bar, click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, under Pattern, select a value for Layout Rule:
■ Fixed Distance allows you to specify the distance between centerlines of beams within the
beam system. The number of beams in the beam system is calculated based on your selections.

■ Fixed Number allows you to specify the number of beams within the beam system. The
beams are evenly spaced and centered within the beam system.

■ Maximum Spacing allows you to specify the maximum distance between centerlines of
beams. The quantity of beams required for the beam system is calculated automatically and
centered within the beam system.

■ Clear Spacing is similar to the Fixed Distance value, but measures spacing between the
exteriors of the beams instead of between their centerlines. When you adjust the size of an
individual beam in a beam system with the clear spacing layout rule value, adjacent beams
move to maintain the distance between them.

Specify number of beams

3 Enter a value for the number of beams that you want in the beam system.
This option is active only when you select the Fixed Number layout rule.

Specify spacing

4 Enter a value representing the distance between each beam.

This option is active only when you select the Fixed Distance, Maximum Spacing, or Clear
Spacing layout rule value.

Specify justification

5 Select the Justification Type. This value determines the placement of the first beam in the system.
Each subsequent beam is spaced a fixed distance from that point.
This option is active only when you select either the Fixed Distance or Clear Spacing layout rule
value. In a plan view, select either:
■ Beginning places the first beam at the top or to the left of the beam system.

■ End places the first beam at the bottom or the right of the beam system.

■ Center places the first beam in the center of the beam system and spaces beams at a fixed
distance on each side.

Specify 3D Snapping

6 Select the 3D checkbox if you want the beam system to slope. 3D Snapping enables the beam
system to snap to points that are not within the work plane of the view such as columns in
different elevations. See 3D Snapping on page 776.
Specify beam type

7 Select a value for the type of beam used in the beam system.

Creating a Structural Beam System | 817

 NOTE This is the same list available in the Type Selector. If the beam you require is not listed in the
beam system creation tool, load the beam into the project before specifying the beam type within
the beam system.

Creating a Cantilevered Beam System

You can use the beam system family to create various beam systems for bays of varying geometry, including
arced, polygonal, and cantilevered. The following example provides a method for creating a cantilevered
beam system.
Begin with a bay that is similar to the one shown in the following illustration of a partial plan view:
Partial Plan View

1 On the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click Beam System.

2 On the Options Bar, click Sketch.
3 Click Pick Supports to select the beam system boundary or Lines to sketch the beam system
boundary.
Pick supports

4 When the boundary has been created, click Finish Sketch.

The cantilevered beam system displays.

818 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

 Finished cantilevered beam system

Creating a 3D Beam System

You can create non-planar beam systems in which the elevation of a beam is defined by its sketch lines.
3D beam system

Note that sketched beam lines

■ Can only define slope when they are created using the Pick Supports tool.

■ That have a beam as their support always define slope.

■ That have a wall as their support have a Defines slope property that you can edit. The default value is
true.

Creating a 3D Beam System | 819

 The elevation of the end of a beam in a beam system is determined as follows:

■ If the end of the beam connects to a sketch line that defines slope, the beam is connected to the top of
the associated support.
Define slope

■ If the sketch line does not define slope, then the end of the beam is elevated to a plane defined by the
end points of the two nearest sketch lines that do define slope.
Beam system elevated by nearest sketch lines

■ If there are no lines in the sketch that define slope, the beam system behaves like a 2D beam system.

Adding a 3D Beam System

1 Click Modelling menu ➤ Structural ➤ Beam System, or on the Structural tab of the Design Bar,
click Beam System.
2 On the Sketch tab of the Design Bar, click Structural Beam System Properties.
3 In the Element Properties dialog, select the 3D instance parameter.

820 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

 4 Click OK.

Tagging Beam Systems

You can tag the beam system and place them perpendicular to the beam system.

To tag a beam system

1 Load a beam system tag into the project.
There is a default beam system tag family called Structural Beam System Tag.rfa that installs
with Revit Architecture. The family is located in the following location: Imperial or Metric
Library\Annotations\Structural\Structural Beam System Tag.rfa.

2 On the Drafting menu, click Beam System Tag, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click
Beam System Tag.
3 On the Type Selector, click the desired beam system tag type.
4 To place the tag automatically, select Auto place on the Options Bar.
5 Place the cursor on a beam system in the view to highlight it.
6 After highlighting the beam system, click to place the tag.
If you selected Auto place, the tag is placed at the center of the beam system.
If you did not select Auto place, move the cursor to the desired location on the beam system,
and click to place it.

NOTE The Structural Beam System Tag.rfa family includes a label that changes the beam spacing in
the beam system. Click on the dimension value to change the beam spacing.

To modify the position of the beam system tag, select the tag, and drag it.

Tagging Beam Systems on Placement

When placing beam systems within an existing grid bay, you can concurrently place tags in three ways.

When working in a plan view, the option bar displays new tools when is selected from
the Design Bar.

Tagging Beam Systems | 821

 Select one of the three following options to tag beam systems on placement.
No Tags. Deselect the tag check box to disable tagging on placement.

Framing Tags. Select the Tag checkbox. Select Framing from the tag drop down list to display tags on
individual beams within the beam system.

System Tags. Select the Tag checkbox. Select System from the tag drop down list to display a single tag at
the midpoint of the beam system.

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Resetting Structural Beam Systems
The Reset Structural Beam System tool recreates a beam system using the original beam system parameters.
This tool can be used to undo changes to properties of individual beams in the system. After the beam system
is reset, all beams in the system will have uniform parameters and be in the default locations. Specifically,
the tool has the following reset effects:

■ Beams that have been moved are returned to their original locations.

■ Beams that have been deleted from the system are restored.

■ Parameters that have been changed on individual beams (such as Beam Type, Offset, Angle) are reset.

Note that if the sketch of a beam system is modified, the beams of a system will remain attached to their
original supports until the beam system is reset.
Original beam system

Resetting Structural Beam Systems | 823

 Beam system with changes

Using the Reset Structural Beam System tool

1 In the drawing area, click on the beam system you want to reset.
2 On the Options Bar, click Edit.

3 On the Design Bar, click .

Reset structural beam system

4 Click Finish Sketch.

Beam system reset

824 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

Modifying a Beam System
To edit a beam system
1 Select the beam system.
2 On the Options Bar, click Edit.
3 Make any necessary changes, and click Finish Sketch.

Modifying Beam System Properties

You can modify many of the properties for beam systems.

To modify beam system properties

1 If you are in sketch mode, on the Design Bar, click Structural Beam System Properties. If you are

in a project view, select the beam system, and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit beam system instance parameters.
3 Click Edit/New and edit beam system type parameters.

NOTE Changes made to type parameters affect all beam systems of this type in the project. You can
click Duplicate to create a new beam system type.

4 When you finish, click OK.

Beam System Type Properties

Name Description

Identity Data

Keynote The beam keynote. Add or edit the value. Click in the value
box to open the Keynotes dialog. See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model The manufacturer internal number.

Manufacturer The shape manufacturer.

Type Comments A field for entering general comments about the shape type.
This information can be included in a schedule.

URL A link to a web page that may contain type-specific informa-

tion.

Description Description of the beam. Enter a description.

Assembly description Description of the assembly based on the assembly code se-
lection. This is a read-only value.

Modifying a Beam System | 825

 Name Description

Type Mark A value that designates the particular beam; possibly the shop
mark. This value must be unique for each element in a project.
Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already used
but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning
using the Review Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning
Messages on page 1334.

Cost The pricing of the beam.

Keynote The beam keynote. Add or edit the value. Click in the value
box to open the Keynotes dialog. See Keynotes on page 1058.

Beam System Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

3D Creates a non-planar beam system in which the elevation of a beam is defined by

its sketch lines. See Creating a 3D Beam System on page 819.

Elevation The vertical offset of beam system beams from the beam system work plane.

Work Plane This is a read-only value that is dependent on the work plane where the element
was placed.

Pattern

Layout Rule Rules for beam spacing. See Beam System Layout Rules and Patterns on page 817.

Fixed Spacing The space between beams. This parameter is only accessible for certain values of
the Layout Rule parameter. See Beam System Layout Rules and Patterns on page
817.

Centerline Spacing The distance between beam centerlines. This is a read-only parameter.

Justification Specifies the starting location (beginning, end, or center) of the beam system in
relation to the selected boundary.

Beam Type The structural framing type to be used for creating beams in a beam system.

Identity Data

Tag new members in view Specifies the view in which to display the beam system tag.

826 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

 Name Description

Comments User comments.

Mark A label created for the beam system. This value must be unique for each element
in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already used but allows
you to continue using it. You can see the warning using the Review Warnings
command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Phasing

Phase Created Indicates in which phase the beam system was created. See Project Phasing on
page 1263.

Phase Demolished Indicates in which phase the beam system was demolished. See Project Phasing
on page 1263.

Braces
Braces are diagonal members connected to beams and columns. Like beams, you create braces by snapping
the pointer to another structural element, clicking a start point, snapping to another structural element,
and clicking an end point. For example, braces can appear between a structural column and a structural
beam.
You can add braces in either a plan view or a framing elevation view. Braces attach themselves to beams
and columns and adjust parametrically to changes in the building design. When attached to a beam, you
can specify the type of attachment, distance, or ratio. In addition, you can set which end of the referenced
element you want relative to the distance or ratio value; if the end is attached to a column or wall, you can
set the level and offset for the height of the point.
You can copy, move, mirror, array, and rotate braces out of the vertical plane in which they were created.
You can accomplish this in plan and 3D views.

Braces | 827
 Typical brace

Loading Structural Braces

You can load structural braces in several ways:

To load braces from the File menu:

1 Click File menu ➤ Load from Library ➤ Load Family.

2 In the Open dialog, navigate to either the imperial or metric library, and open the
Structural ➤ Framing folder.
3 Select a brace type folder: either Steel, Light Gauge Steel, Concrete, or Wood, and click Open.

NOTE When you open a framing family, you can select multiple brace sizes. In the Specify Types
dialog that displays after you click Open, press and hold the CTRL key when selecting brace sizes. If
necessary, you can filter the Catalog by clicking the arrow at the column heading.

828 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

 Family dialog box

To load braces from the Options Bar:

1 On the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click Brace.
2 On the Options Bar, click Load.
3 In the Open dialog, navigate to either the imperial or metric library, and open the
Structural ➤ Framing folder.
4 Select a brace type folder: either Steel, Light Gauge Steel, Concrete, or Wood, and click Open.

To load braces from the Element Properties dialog:

1 On the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click Brace.

2 On the Options Bar, click .

TIP You can also select an existing beam or brace in the project. On the Options Bar, click .

3 In the Element Properties dialog, click Load.

4 In the Open dialog, navigate to either the imperial or metric library, and open the
Structural ➤ Framing folder.
5 Select a brace type folder: either Steel, Light Gauge Steel, Concrete, or Wood, and click Open.

Adding Structural Braces

You can add braces in either a plan view or in a framing elevation view.

To add a brace in a framing elevation view:

1 Open a framing elevation view.
2 If necessary, load additional braces from the Structural/Framing folder under the Library folder
of the Revit Architecture program group. For more information, see Loading Structural Braces
on page 828.

Adding Structural Braces | 829

 3 On the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click Brace.

4 From the Type Selector, select the appropriate brace. Click to edit the properties of the
brace before adding the brace to your model.
5 Place the cursor in the drawing area, and highlight the snapping point where you want to begin
the brace, such as on a structural column. Click to place a start point.
Snap to begin brace

6 Move the pointer in a diagonal direction to sketch the brace and place the cursor near another
structural element to snap it. Click to place the end point.
Sample braces in a framing elevation view

To add a brace in a plan view:

1 Open a plan view.
2 On the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click Brace.
3 On the Options Bar, specify both the Start Level and offset distance and the End Level and offset
distance.
4 Click the start point and the end point of the brace in the project.

830 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

Modifying Braces

Controlling Brace Attachments

After adding a brace element, you can modify the brace Properties to control how the brace maintains
position along a beam. Each brace endpoint can be maintained positionally with a beam by either a Distance
or a length Ratio from the beam end points. If you modify the position or length of the attached beam, the
brace adapts to the change, depending on the brace settings you select.

Brace Property Terminology

■ Start Attachment Type

■ Start Attachment Distance or Ratio

■ End of Referenced Element

■ End Attachment Type

■ End Attachment Distance or Ratio

■ End of Reference Element

Brace attachment properties

To modify brace properties

1 Select a brace.
2 On the Options Bar, click the Properties button.
To specify attachment parameters

3 In the Element Properties dialog, under Structural, select one of the following Start Attachment
Type options.
■ Distance: If the brace start point is placed on a beam, this value specifies the distance between
the nearest end of the beam and the brace start point.

Modifying Braces | 831

 ■ Ratio: If the brace start point is placed on a beam, this value specifies the percentage along
the beam where the start point is placed. For example, 0.5 would place the start point half
way between each end of the attached beam.

After selecting either option, enter a value for Start Attachment Ratio Property. Also, if the brace
start point is placed on a column, this option is not available.

To specify the end of referenced element

4 Select a value for End of Referenced Element Property. This specifies at which end of the
Referenced Element (the beam), the Distance or Ratio is measured from.

NOTE If the brace end is attached to a column or a wall, you can set the level and offset to specify
the height of the point.

5 In the Element Properties dialog, under Other, select the End Attachment Type.
■ Distance: If the brace end point is placed on a beam, this value specifies the distance between
the nearest end of the beam and the brace end point.

■ Ratio: If the brace end point is placed on a beam, this value specifies the percentage along
the beam where the end point is placed. For example, 0.5 would place the end point half
way between each end of the attached beam.

After selecting either option, enter a value for Start Attachment Ratio Property. Also, if the brace
start point is placed on a column, this option is not available.

Brace Properties
You can modify many properties for braces, such as structural, dimensional, and identity data. Brace instance
properties depend on whether the brace is attached to a beam or to a column.

To modify brace properties

1 Select the brace and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit brace instance parameters.
3 Click Edit/New to edit brace type parameters.

NOTE Changes made to type parameters affect all braces of this type in the project. You can click
Duplicate to create a new brace type.

4 When you finish, click OK.

Steel Brace Type Properties

The following table lists the beam type properties for a typical steel brace:

Name Description

Structural

A The section area.

832 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

Name Description

Shape Defines the shape of the selected type. Applies to HSS family type only.

W The nominal weight.

Dimensions

Ht The flange height. Applies to HSS family type only.

b The flange width. Applies to HSS family type only.

kr The kr distance. Applies to HSS family type only.

t The flange thickness. Applies to HSS family type only.

bf The flange width.

d The actual depth of section.

k The k distance.

k2 The k2 distance. This is a read-only value.

tf The lange thickness.

tw The web thickness.

Identity Data

Assembly Code The uniformat assembly code selected from hierarchical list.

Keynote The keynote for the brace. See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model The manufacturer internal number.

Manufacturer The brace manufacturer.

Type Comments A field for entering general comments about the brace type. This information can
be included in a schedule.

URL A link to a web page that may contain type-specific information.

Description An optional description of the brace.

Assembly description Description of the assembly based on the assembly code selection. This is a read-
only value.

Brace Properties | 833

 Name Description

Type Mark A value that specifies the particular brace; possibly the shop mark. This value must
be unique for each brace in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number
is already used but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using
the Review Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Cost The pricing of the brace.

Steel Brace Instance Properties (When Attached to a Beam)

The following table lists the brace instance properties for a typical steel brace when attached to a beam:.

Name Description

Constraints

Reference Level The constraining level.

Construction

Start Extension The dimension between the physical edge of the start end of the brace and the
element to which it is connected.

End Extension The dimension between the physical edge of the finish end of the brace and the
element to which it is connected.

Materials and Finishes

Brace Material Specifies the user-defined structural material. See Material Physical Type Parameters
on page 480.

Structural

Angle The rotation about the longitudinal axis of the brace.

Moment Connection Start The moment frame, or cantilever symbol at the start end of brace, if applicable.

Moment Connection End The moment frame, or cantilever symbol at the finish end of brace, if applicable.

Cut Length The physical length (not the analytical length). This is a read-only value.

Structural Usage Specifies Vertical Bracing, Kicker brace, or Other.

Start Attachment Level Reference Distance or Ratio (percentage relative to beam length); type of separation of brace
start end to a designated beam end. Applies to the brace end attached to the beam.

834 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

Name Description

Start Attachment Elevation Distance from, or Ratio (percentage) of separation of brace start end to a designated
beam end. Applies to the brace end attached to the beam.

End Attachment Type Distance of separation of brace finish end to a designated beam end. Applies to the
brace end attached to the beam.

End Attachment Ratio Ratio (percentage) of separation of brace finish end to a designated beam end. Ap-
plies to the brace end attached to the beam.

End of Referenced Element Designated end (start or finish) of Referenced Element (beam) to which start end
of brace is attached. Applies to the brace end attached to the beam.

Dimensions

Length The distance between the component end points that define the elements location.
This is a read-only value.

Volume The volume of the selected brace element. This is a read-only value.

Identity Data

Comments A field for entering comments about the brace.

Mark A label created for the brace. Possible use: shop mark. This value must be unique
for each brace in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already
used but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using the Review
Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Phasing

Phase Created Indicates in which phase the brace component was created. See Project Phasing on
page 1263.

Phase Demolished Indicates in which phase the brace component was demolished. See Project Phasing
on page 1263.

Structural Analysis

Start Release Specifies the start release condition: either Fixed, Pinned, Bending Moment, or User
Defined. User Defined allows you to enable/disable each of the start release condi-
tions.

Start Fx The translational release at the start end of the brace along the local x-axis.

Start Fy The translational release at the start end of the brace along the local y-axis.

Start Fz The translational release at the start end of the brace along the local z-axis.

Brace Properties | 835

 Name Description

Start Mx The rotational release at the start end of the brace along the local x-axis.

Start My The rotational release at the start end of the brace along the local y-axis.

Start Mz The rotational release at the start end of the brace along the local z-axis.

End Release Fixed, Pinned, Bending Moment or User Defined. User Defined allows you to en-
able/disable each of the end release conditions.

End Fx The translational release at the end of the brace along the local x-axis.

End Fy The translational release at the end of the brace along the local y-axis.

End Fz The translational release at the end of the brace along the local z-axis.

End Mx The rotational release at the end of the brace along the local x-axis.

End My The rotational release at the end of the brace along the local y-axis.

End Mz The rotational release at the end of the brace along the local z-axis.

Analyze As Determines whether brace conditions contribute to lateral analysis. Available for use
by external analysis applications. See

Other

Start Extension Calculation Defines the maximum distance of start extension parameter. Set in family parameters.

End Extension Calculation Defines the maximum distance of end extension parameter. Set in family parameters.

Brace Instance Properties

The following table lists the default instance properties for a typical brace when not attached to a beam.

Name Description

Constraints

Reference Level The constraining level.

Construction

Start Extension The dimension between the edge of the start end of the brace and the element
to which it is connected.

836 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

Name Description

End Extension The dimension between the edge of the finish end of the brace and the ele-
ment to which it is connected.

Materials and Finishes

Brace Material The user defined structural material. See Material Physical Type Parameters
on page 480.

Structural

Angle The rotation about the longitudinal axis of the brace.

Moment Connection Start The moment frame or cantilever symbol at the start end of brace, if applicable.

Moment Connection End The moment frame or cantilever symbol at the finish end of brace, if applicable.

Cut Length The physical length. This is a read-only value.

Structural Usage Specifies structural usage: either Vertical Bracing, Kicker brace, or Other.

Start Attachment Level Reference The constraining level of the start end of the brace.

Start Attachment Elevation The elevation of the start end referenced from the start attachment level ref-
erence.

End Attachment Level Reference The constraining level of the finish end of the brace.

End Attachment Elevation The elevation of the finish end referenced from the end attachment level ref-
erence.

Rebar Cover - Top Face Applies to concrete beams only. The rebar cover distance from the column
top face.

Rebar Cover - Bottom Face Applies to concrete beams only. The rebar cover distance from the column
bottom face.

Rebar Cover - Other faces. Applies to concrete beams only. The rebar cover distance from the column
to an adjacent element faces.

Estimated Reinforcement Volume Specifies the estimated reinforcement volume of the selected element. This
is a read-only parameter that only displays when rebar has been placed.

Dimensions

Length The length of the brace location line. This is a read-only value.

Brace Properties | 837

 Name Description

Volume The volume of the selected brace element. This is a read-only value.

Identity Data

Comments User comments.

Mark A label created for the brace. Possible use: shop mark. This value must be
unique for each brace in a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number
is already used but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning
using the Review Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on
page 1334.

Phasing

Phase Created Indicates in which phase the brace component was created. See Project
Phasing on page 1263.

Phase Demolished Indicates in which phase the brace component was demolished. See Project
Phasing on page 1263.

Structural Analysis

Start Release Specifies the start release condition: either Fixed, Pinned, Bending Moment,
or User Defined. User Defined allows you to enable/disable each of the start
release conditions.

Start Fx The translational release at the start end of the brace along the local x-axis.

Start Fy The translational release at the start end of the brace along the local y-axis.

Start Fz The translational release at the start end of the brace along the local z-axis.

Start Mx The rotational release at the start end of the brace along the local x-axis.

Start My The rotational release at the start end of the brace along the local y-axis.

Start Mz The rotational release at the start end of the brace along the local z-axis.

End Release Specifies the end release condition: either Fixed, Pinned, Bending Moment
or User Defined. User Defined allows you to enable/disable each of the end
release conditions.

End Fx The translational release at the end of the brace along the local x-axis.

End Fy The translational release at the end of the brace along the local y-axis.

End Fz The translational release at the end of the brace along the local z-axis.

838 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

 Name Description

End Mx The rotational release at the end of the brace along the local x-axis.

End My The rotational release at the end of the brace along the local y-axis.

End Mz The rotational release at the end of the brace along the local z-axis.

Analyze As Used by external analysis applications to determine whether brace conditions

contribute to lateral analysis. See

Other

Start Extension Calculation Defines maximum distance of start extension parameter. Set in family para-
meters.

End Extension Calculation Defines maximum distance of end extension parameter. Set in family paramet-
ers.

Structural Walls
The Structural Wall family type in Revit Architecture has the following possible structural usage options:
non-bearing, bearing, shear, and structural combined.
Typical structural wall

You create a wall by sketching the centerline of the wall in either a plan view or a 3D view. Revit Architecture
creates thickness, height, and other wall parameters based on the properties that are specified in the Wall
Family Type. When created, the elevation of the top of the wall is the current level, and the elevation of the
bottom of wall derives from the Base Offset value.
A structural wall differs from non-structural walls by its Structural Usage Instance Parameter. When adding
a structural wall, by default Revit Architecture sets the wall instance parameter, Structural Usage, to Bearing.

Structural Walls | 839

 You can change this parameter at any time by modifying the instance parameters of the Wall Family Type.
The Structural Usage options are used for the following:

Shear Used for rigid planar surfaces that inherently resist lateral thrusts of shear

Bearing Walls that support a vertical load in addition to their own weight

Non Bearing Walls that support no vertical load except that of their own weight and used to define
and divide spaces

Structural Combined Walls that serve more than one purpose

Creating a Structural Wall

To create a structural wall
1 On the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click Structural Wall.
2 Select the family type of the wall that you want in the Type Selector on the Options Bar.
Set the following in the Options Bar as needed.

3 Optionally, change the instance properties of the wall to be placed if desired by clicking
. See Instance Properties and Type Properties on page 76.
Modify the Type Parameters of the wall to be placed by clicking the Edit/New button in the
Element Properties dialog. See Structural Wall Properties on page 845.

4 The Height/Depth area of the Options Bar is shown in the following illustration.

You may pre-select the height (top) or depth (base) of a structural wall from the Options Bar.
Select either Height or Depth from the list box, then use the Constraint list to the right of
Height/Depth selection to set the constraint of the top or base of the wall either by Level or as
Unconnected. If you select Unconnected, specify the height or depth by entering the value to
the right of the constraint list. The Unconnected Height/Depth measurement is relative to the
current Level.
5 On the Options Bar, select Chain if you intend to create a series of walls.

840 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

 Creating a structural wall chain

Sketch the wall

6 Sketch the shape of the wall. If the walls do not appear after you draw them, you may need to
lower the view depth or create a foundation level to use as an underlay for the current level. See
View Range on page 198 and View Properties on page 210.
7 Optionally, to edit structural walls. See Modifying Walls on page 601 and Splitting Walls and
Lines on page 335.
8 Optionally, to create arc walls. See Arc Walls on page 564.

Modifying Structural Walls

You can modify the appearance of structural walls through their properties. You can modify the wall properties
either before or after you place the wall.

Modifying Structural Walls

You modify wall properties, in the Element Properties dialog. To open the dialog, do one of the following:

■ Select the wall, and then click .

■ On the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click Structural Wall, and then click .

■ Right-click the wall and click Element Properties. The shortcut menu also contains several options for
manipulating the wall, such as changing the zoom scale.

Changing Structural Wall Types

Select a wall in the drawing area, and then select a family type in the Type Selector on the Options Bar.

Modifying Structural Walls | 841

 Interior and Exterior Structural Wall Properties
The properties of a wall vary, depending on whether it is an interior or an exterior wall. In addition, when
you modify type properties, all walls of that type are modified. When you modify instance properties, the
properties of a single instance of a wall are modified.

NOTE When you modify parameters, the type names do not update. For example, if you change the width of an
exterior wall from 200 mm to 250 mm, its name retains a reference to the original width.

Defining Structural Wall Shapes or Openings

When you sketch a wall by picking two points, Revit Architecture draws a rectangular wall by default. You
can modify the shape of the wall or add openings to it by editing its elevation profile. To edit a wall's elevation
profile, the view must be parallel and can be either a section or elevation view. You cannot edit the elevation
profile of an arc wall. For more information, see General Rules for Geometry Creation on page 344.
Design with non-rectangular walls and cut openings

Modifying Structural Wall Elevation Profiles

1 In the drawing area, select a wall.
2 On the Options Bar, click Edit Profile.
If you select a wall in a plan view, the Go To View dialog displays. Select an elevation view, and
click Open View.
Wall displayed as model lines

3 Edit the wall as desired:

■ Delete the lines and then sketch a completely different shape.

842 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

 ■ Split the existing lines and add arcs.

■ Draw openings or holes.

Wall modified

TIP As you edit the rectangle, datum planes appear to indicate the original shape and size of the
wall. If the lines you sketch snap to the datum planes, the endpoints of the lines automatically align
to the planes, unless you explicitly unlock them. If you unlock the sketched lines, you can modify
them independently of the datum planes. If you exit sketch mode while the sketched lines are still
aligned, then as you move a datum handle, the sketched lines move with it.
Sketch lines unlocked

4 Click Finish Sketch.

Modified wall displayed in 3D

NOTE To revert an edited wall to its original shape, select the wall and click Remove Sketch on the Options Bar.

Modifying Structural Walls | 843

 Tips for Defining Structural Wall Shapes or Openings

■ When you define a wall shape on a wall that is not horizontal or vertical in a plan view, you should draw
a section parallel to the wall before going in the elevation sketch mode. The Go To View dialog displays.
Revit Architecture suggests the section view as the optimal view for editing the sketch.

■ When you edit the elevation profile of a wall attached to another element, the wall temporarily reverts
to its original shape and height. For example, the profile of a wall attached to a roof assumes its
unconnected height prior to being attached to the roof. As a result, you may find the wall is not at the
right height to edit the elevation profile. To change the unconnected height, click Properties on the
Design Bar while in sketch mode.
As you edit the elevation profile, keep in mind that after you finish the sketch, the wall top or bottom
attaches only where horizontal lines are coincident with the reference planes in the sketch.
The sample edited profile in sketch mode. Note the top
sketch lines are coincident with reference planes

The finished wall attached to roof. Non-coincidental

horizontal lines from the sketch did not attach.

Arc Walls

Resizing Arc Walls

You can resize arc walls using middle and end controls.
1 Select an arc wall.

844 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

 2 Drag the end controls to change the arc length.
3 To change the arc radius while keeping it concentric, click Changing radius keeps concentric
on the Options Bar.
Leave this option deselected to retain existing end conditions, such as end point location or
tangency to a straight wall.

4 Drag the middle control.

Cutting Arc Walls

You can cut square or rectangular openings into an arc wall by editing the elevation of the wall. See Defining
Wall Shapes or Openings on page 591.
1 In either a 3D or elevation view, select an arc wall.
2 On the Options Bar, click Opening.
The Rectangles tool becomes active.

3 Sketch rectangular openings in the arc wall.

4 When you finish, click Modify to end the command.

As you sketch the openings, permanent dimensions appear. If the wall has a top constraint set to a level,
dimensions appear from both the top and base constraints. If the wall has a top constraint that is explicit,
dimensions appear from the base constraint only.

Structural Wall Properties

You can modify many properties for structural walls, as shown in the following two sections:

Structural Wall Properties | 845

 Structural Wall Type Properties

Name Description

Construction

Structure Specifies a wall layer. Select the Edit button to add, change, or delete a wall layer.

Wrapping at Inserts Specifies the layer wrapping of walls at inserts. See Layer Wrapping on page 751.

Wrapping at Ends Specifies the layer wrapping of wall end caps. See Setting Layer Wrapping on page
752.

Width Specifies the width of the wall.

Wall Function Specifies the function of the wall which identifies specific properties: either Interior,
Exterior, Foundation, Retaining, Soffit, or Core-shaft.

Additional Top/Exterior Offset Specifies an additional offset from the top/exterior rebar cover. This allows placing
multiple rebar elements together in different area reinforcement layers.

Additional Bottom/Interior Offset Specifies an additional offset from the bottom/interior rebar cover. This allows placing
multiple rebar elements together in different area reinforcement layers.

Additional Offset Specifies an additional offset from the rebar cover. This allows placing multiple rebar
elements together in different path reinforcement layers.

Graphics

Coarse Scale Fill Pattern Specifies a fill pattern for a wall in a coarse-scale view. See View Properties on page
210.

Coarse Scale Fill Color Specifies a color for the fill pattern for a wall in a coarse-scale view.

Identity DataI

Keynote Specifies or modifies the structural wall keynote. Click in the value box to open the
Keynotes dialog. See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model The manufacturer internal number.

Manufacturer The wall manufacturer.

Type Comments A field for entering general comments about the wall type. This information can be
included in a schedule.

URL A link to a web page that may contain type-specific information.

846 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

Name Description

Description A description of the wall.

Assembly Description A description of the assembly based on the assembly code selection. This is a read-
only value.

Assembly Code A uniformat assembly code selected from a hierarchical list.

Type Mark A value that designates the particular wall. This value must be unique for each ele-
ment in a project. Revit Architecture warns you when the number is already used,
but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using the Review
Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Fire Rating The fire rating of the wall.

Cost The pricing of the wall.

Structural Wall Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Location Line Specifies the position of the wall with respect to the line sketched in the project
elevation. For more information, see Adding Interior and Exterior Walls on page
562. The wall location line remains the same for that wall, even if the type changes.

Base Constraint Specifies the level from which the wall base is referenced.

Base Offset Specifies the offset of the base of the wall from its base constraint.

Base is Attached Indicates whether the base of the wall is attached to another component, such
as a slab. This is a read-only value.

Base Extension Distance Indicates the distance you have moved the base of the layers in a wall. See
Compound Structure on page 748. This parameter is enabled when the layers of
a wall are set to extendable.

Top Constraint The name of the level to which the wall top is set.

Unconnected Height If top constraint is unconnected, you may set an unconnected height of the
wall. This value is read-only if there is a top constraint.

Top Offset Specifies the offset of the top of the wall from its top constraint; enabled only
when the top constraint is set to a level.

Structural Wall Properties | 847

 Name Description

Top is Attached Indicates whether the top of the wall is attached to another component, such
as a slab. This is a read-only value.

Top Extension Distance Indicates the distance you have moved the top of the layers in a wall. See
Compound Structure on page 748. This parameter is enabled when the layers of
a wall are set to extendable.

Room Bounding Indicates whether the wall is part of a room boundary. This parameter is enabled
after you place the wall.

Related to Mass This is a read-only value.

Structural

Rebar Cover - Exterior Face Specifies the rebar cover distance from the wall exterior face.

Rebar Cover - Interior Face Specifies the rebar cover distance from the wall interior face.

Rebar Cover - Other Face Specifies the rebar cover distance from the face of adjacent element.

Estimated Reinforcement Volume Specifies the estimated reinforcement volume of the selected element. This is a
read-only parameter that only displays when rebar has been placed.

Structural Usage The structural use of the wall.

Dimensions

Length Indicates the length of the wall. This is a read-only value.

Area Indicates the area of the wall. This is a read-only value.

Volume Indicates the volume of the wall. This is a read-only value.

Identity Data

Comments A field for entering comments about the wall.

Mark A label created for the wall. This value must be unique for each element in a
project. Revit Architecture warns you when the number is already used but allows
you to continue using it. You can see the warning using the Review Warnings
command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Phasing

Phase Created Indicates in which phase the wall component was created. See Project Phasing
on page 1263.

848 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

 Name Description

Phase Demolished Indicates in which phase the wall component was demolished. See Project
Phasing on page 1263.

Analytical Model

Enable Analytical Model Toggles the visibility of the wall analytical model.

Horizontal Projection The horizontal plane of the wall used for analysis and design.

Top Vertical Projection The top vertical plane of the wall used for analysis and design.

Bottom Vertical Projection The bottom vertical plane of the wall used for analysis and design.

Wall Foundations
Wall foundations are members of the structural foundation category. You can place these foundations along
structural walls, in either a plan or 3D view.
Wall foundations are constrained to the wall that they support. They move with the wall when you move
the wall.
You join wall foundations using the Join tool.

Creating a Wall Foundation

Foundations snap to walls. Before placing the foundations, open a view that already contains structural
walls.

1 On the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click Foundation ➤ Wall.

2 Select the desired walls in the view.

Wall Foundations | 849

 Select the wall

3 Optionally, use Join Geometry to join wall foundations with isolated foundations or with other
wall foundations. For more information about the Join Geometry command, see Joining Geometry
on page 334.
4 Optionally, select a foundation, and access its type properties.
You can specify Structural Usage (either Retaining or Bearing). If you select Retaining, you can
specify values for Toe Length, Heel Length, and Foundation Thickness. Toe and heel length
define the width of the foundation. For more information, see Wall Foundation Properties on
page 855.
Structural usage - retaining

If you select Bearing, you can specify values for Width and Foundation Thickness.

850 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

Structural usage - bearing

Wall foundations prior to use of join geometry Wall foundations after use of join geometry

The Bottom Elevation of structural foundations (footings) is reported in a read-only instance

parameter called Elevation at Bottom. You can then display this value in a view by tagging the
foundation with the Structural Foundation Tag with Elevation tag. It is available from the family
library, under Structural/Annotations.

NOTE The wall foundation is created at the bottom of the selected wall. If the created wall foundation
is beyond the view range of the active view, you will be prompted with a warning. To see the
foundation, you have to either extend the view range for the current view, or open a view that shows
the wall foundation.

Elevation view of a wall foundation

Creating a Wall Foundation | 851

Modifying Wall Foundations
You can edit the lengths of wall foundations with end controls. They display as small filled circles that
indicate where the end of the selected wall foundation is attached. End controls will snap to other visible
references.
You can also use the end controls to resize the footing beyond its wall when necessary. Select the wall
foundation to be resized and the end controls will appear.

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Drag either end of the foundation as needed. The wall foundation will not scale in length. Only the end
being dragged will extend.

Extending a footing to accommodate a run of stairs.

Modifying Wall Foundations | 853

 Default End Extensions
You can set the default extension length of wall foundations in your project. This is set in the Wall Foundation
Type Properties. See Wall Foundation Type Properties - Retaining on page 855 and Wall Foundation Type
Properties - Bearing on page 856.
Under the Dimensions section, enter a value in the Default End Extension Length parameter. Any unjoined
wall foundation end will extend this distance beyond its host wall. The value will be set for the entire project.

Doors and Windows

When a doorway or window is created in a wall, the wall foundation remains continuous beneath the
opening.

You can disable this in the Wall Foundation Type Properties. See Wall Foundation Type Properties - Retaining
on page 855 and Wall Foundation Type Properties - Bearing on page 856. Under the Dimensions section,
deselect the Do Not Break at Inserts parameter. The value will be set for the entire project.

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Wall Foundation Properties
There are two types of wall foundations for structural use: bearing and retaining. You can modify the
properties for both types, including heel length, toe length, foundation thickness, and width.

Modifying Wall Foundation Properties

1 Select the wall foundation, and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit wall foundation instance parameters.
3 Click Edit/New to edit wall foundation type parameters.

NOTE Changes made to type parameters affect all wall foundations of this type in the project. You
can click Duplicate to create a new wall foundation type.

4 When you finish, click OK.

Wall Foundation Type Properties - Retaining

Name Description

Materials and Finishes

Material Specifies the concrete to be used.

Structural

Structural Usage Specifies the wall usage type: either Retaining or Bearing. For information about the
Bearing type, see Wall Foundation Type Properties - Bearing on page 856.

Dimensions

Toe Length Specifies the length from the edge of a wall to outside face of foundation.

Heel Length Specifies the length from edge of a wall to inside face of foundation.

Foundation Thickness Specifies the foundation thickness.

Default End Extension Length Specifies the distance the foundation will extend beyond the end of the wall.

Do Not Break At Inserts Selecting this parameter forces the foundation to be continuous.

Identity Data

Model The manufacturer internal number.

Wall Foundation Properties | 855

 Name Description

Manufacturer The foundation manufacturer.

Type Comments A field for placing general comments about the foundation type. This information
can be included in a schedule.

URL A link to a web page that may contain type-specific information.

Description Enter an optional description of the wall foundation.

Assembly description Describes the assembly, based on the assembly code selection. This is a read-only
parameter.

Assembly Code The uniformat assembly code selected from a hierarchical list.

Type Mark A value that designates the particular foundation. This value must be unique for
each element in a project. Revit Architecture warns you when the number value is
already used, but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using
the Review Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Cost The pricing of the foundation.

Wall Foundation Type Properties - Bearing

Name Description

Materials and Finishes

Material Specifies the concrete to be used.

Structural

Structural Usage Specifies the wall usage type: either Retaining or Bearing. For information on Retain-
ing type, see Wall Foundation Type Properties - Retaining on page 855.

Dimensions

Width Specifies the overall width of the bearing wall foundation.

Foundation Thickness Specifies the foundation thickness.

Default End Extension Length Specifies the distance the foundation will extend beyond the end of the wall.

Do Not Break At Inserts Selecting this parameter forces the foundation to be continuous and not break when
openings are applied to its host wall.

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Name Description

Identity Data

Model The manufacturer internal number.

Manufacturer The foundation manufacturer.

Type Comments A field for entering general comments about the foundation type. This information
can be included in a schedule.

URL A link to a web page that may contain type-specific information.

Description Enter an optional description of the wall foundation.

Assembly description Describes the assembly based on the assembly code selection. This is a read-only
parameter.

Assembly Code A uniformat assembly code selected from a hierarchical list.

Type Mark A value to designate the particular foundation. This value must be unique for each
element in a project. Revit Architecture warns you when the number value is already
used but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using the Review
Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Cost The pricing of the foundation.

Wall Foundation Instance Properties - Retaining

Name Description

Structural

Rebar Cover - Top Face Specifies the rebar cover distance from the wall top face.

Rebar Cover - Bottom Face Specifies the rebar cover distance from the wall bottom face.

Rebar Cover - Other faces. Specifies the rebar cover distance from the wall to an adjacent element faces.

Estimated Reinforcement Volume Specifies the estimated reinforcement volume of the selected element. This is a
read-only parameter that only displays when rebar has been placed.

Dimensions

Length Indicates the overall length. This is a read-only parameter.

Width Indicates the overall width. This is a read-only parameter.

Wall Foundation Properties | 857

 Name Description

Volume Indicates the volume of the foundation. This is a read-only parameter.

Elevation at Bottom Elevation at the bottom of the retaining wall. This is a read-only parameter.

Identity Data

Comments A field for placing general comments about the foundation type.

Mark A label created for the foundation. This value must be unique for each element
in a project. Revit Architecture warns you when the number value is already used
but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using the Review
Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Phasing

Phase Created Indicates in which phase the foundation component was created. See Project
Phasing on page 1263.

Phase Demolished Indicates in which phase the foundation component was demolished. See Project
Phasing on page 1263.

Structural Analysis

Analyze As Indicates the property type for structural analysis. Select either Foundation or
Not for Analysis.

Wall Foundation Instance Properties - Bearing

Name Description

Constraints

Eccentricity Specifies the offset from the wall center line to the bearing foundation center
line.

Structural

Rebar Cover - Top Face Specifies the rebar cover distance from the wall foundation top face.

Rebar Cover - Bottom Face Specifies the rebar cover distance from the wall foundation bottom face.

Rebar Cover - Other faces. Specifies the rebar cover distance from the wall foundation to an adjacent ele-
ment faces.

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 Name Description

Estimated Reinforcement Volume Specifies the estimated reinforcement volume of the selected element. This is a
read-only parameter that only displays when rebar has been placed.

Dimensions

Length Indicates the overall length. This is a read-only parameter.

Width Indicates the overall width. This is a read-only parameter.

Volume Indicates the Volume of the foundation. This is a read-only parameter.

Elevation at Bottom Elevation at the bottom of the retaining wall. This is a read-only parameter.

Identity Data

Comments A field for placing general comments about the foundation type.

Mark A label created for the foundation. This value must be unique for each element
in a project. Revit Architecture warns you when the number value is already used
but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using the Review
Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Phasing

Phase Created Indicates in which phase the foundation component was created. See Project
Phasing on page 1263.

Phase Demolished Indicates in which phase the foundation component was demolished. See Project
Phasing on page 1263.

Structural Analysis

Analyze As Indicates the property type for structural analysis. Select either Foundation or
Not for Analysis.

Isolated Foundations
Isolated foundations are standalone families that are part of the structural foundation category. Several types
of isolated foundations can be loaded from the family library, including pile caps with multiple piles,
rectangular piles, and single piles.

Isolated Foundations | 859

 Pile caps with multiple piles

Rectangular and triangular pile caps

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 HP shaped and pipe piles

Adding Isolated Foundations

You can load isolated foundations. Use the Load from Library ➤ Load Family command. Isolated foundations
are in the Structural/Foundations folder of the family library.

1 On the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click Foundation ➤ Isolated

2 Place the isolated foundation in either a plan or 3D view.
Rectangular isolated foundation

The Bottom Elevation of structural foundations (footings) is reported in a read-only instance

parameter called Elevation at Bottom. You can then display this value in a view by tagging the
foundation with the Structural Foundation Tag with Elevation tag. It is available from the family
library, under Structural/Annotations. For more information, see Applying a Tag on page 1066.

Adding Isolated Foundations | 861

Isolated Foundation Properties
You can use several standard types of isolated foundations: either Rectangular Footings, Concrete Pile-Caps,
or Steel Pipe Piles.

Modifying Isolated Foundation Properties

You can edit isolated foundation properties, such as those indicating structure, dimension, and identity.

To edit isolated foundation properties

1 Select the isolated foundation, and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit isolated foundation instance parameters as required.
3 Click Edit/New to edit isolated foundation type parameters.

NOTE Changes made to type parameters affect all isolated foundations of this type in the project.
You can click Duplicate to create a new isolated foundation type.

4 When you are finished, click OK.

Isolated Foundation Type Properties

Name Description

Dimensions

Width Specifies the width of the isolated foundation type. Applies to the Pile Cap Pile
family type.

Length Specifies the length of the isolated foundation type. Applies to the Pile Cap Pile
family type.

Thickness Specifies the foundation thickness. Applies to the Pile Cap Pile family type.

Identity Data

Assembly Code A uniformat assembly code selected from hierarchical list.

Keynote Add or edit the isolated foundation keynote. Click in the value box to open the
Keynotes dialog. See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model The manufacturer internal number.

Manufacturer The foundation manufacturer.

Type Comments A field for placing general comments about the foundation type. This information
can be included in a schedule.

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Name Description

URL A link to a web page that may contain type-specific information.

Description Enter an optional description of the wall foundation.

Assembly Description Describes the assembly based on the assembly code selection. This is a read-only
parameter.

Type Mark A value that designates the specific foundation. This value must be unique for each
element in a project. Revit Architecture warns you when the number value is already
used but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using the Review
Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Cost The pricing of the foundation.

Isolated Foundation Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Level The level to which the slab is constrained to

Host The level to which the host of the isolated slab is constrained to.

Offset Specifies the elevation of the top of the isolated foundation relative to its level.

Moves With Grids Toggles column constraint to grid.

Materials and Finishes

Material Specifies the material of the isolated foundation.

Structural

Rebar Cover - Top Face Specifies the distance of the rebar cover from the element top face.

Rebar Cover - Bottom Face Specifies the distance of the rebar cover from the element bottom face.

Rebar Cover - Other faces. Specifies the distance of the rebar cover from the element to an adjacent element
faces.

Estimated Reinforcement Volume Specifies the estimated reinforcement volume of the selected element. This is a
read-only parameter that only displays when rebar has been placed.

Dimensions

Isolated Foundation Properties | 863

 Name Description

Elevation at Bottom The elevation at the bottom of the element.

Identity Data

Comments A field for entering comments about the wall.

Mark A label created for the element. This value must be unique for each element in
a project. Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already used but allows
you to continue using it. You can see the warning using the Review Warnings
command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Phasing

Phase Created Indicates in which phase the component was created. See Project Phasing on
page 1263.

Phase Demolished Indicates in which phase the component was demolished. See Project Phasing
on page 1263.

Structural Analysis

Analyze As Indicates the property type for structural analysis. Select either Foundation or
Not for Analysis.

Structural Slabs
You can add a structural slab to the building model. Click the Slab tool on the Structural tab of the Design
Bar. Creating a structural slab uses the same interface and functionality as creating floors. This functionality
includes creating and editing slab edges, thickened slabs, drop panels, or ramps, as well as user selection and
user creation of slab types.

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 Typical structural slabs

■ To add a slab, see Floors on page 641.

■ To create or edit ramps, see Sloped Floors on page 643.

■ To create or edit slab edges, thickened slabs, or drop panels, see Slab Edges on page 644 and Ramps on
page 676.

■ To modify slabs, see Modifying Slabs on page 874.

Adding a Slab or Deck

You create slabs and decks by sketching them. You can sketch lines for the slab edges either by picking walls
or by using the Lines command in sketch mode. Typically you will sketch a floor in a plan view, although
you can sketch it in a 3D view, provided the work plane of the 3D view is set to the work plane in which
you want to place the slab. The top of the slab is offset relative to the level at which it is placed. For
information about Height Offset from Level, and other Slab parameters, see Slab Properties on page 875.
For information about slabs and hidden lines, see Display of Hidden Lines of Structural Concrete Components
on page 195.

To add a structural slab

1 On the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click Slab.
2 On the Sketch Design bar, click Floor Properties.
3 In the Element Properties dialog for type, specify the slab type, and click OK.

Adding a Slab or Deck | 865

 4 Click Pick Walls, and select the walls in your model.
5 Click check Extend into wall if you want the offset to be measured from the wall's core.
6 Specify an offset for the slab edges by clicking in the Offset text box.

NOTE Instead of picking walls you can sketch a slab. Click Lines, and use the sketch tools
to form the boundary of the slab. The sketch must form a closed loop or boundary condition. See
Sketching on page 251.

7 On the Sketch tab, click Finish Sketch.

NOTE To add openings to a slab, see Cutting Openings in Slabs on page 871.

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Cantilevers
The Slab Cantilever property allows the sketch of the slab both to be constrained to its supports and its edge
to be extended beyond them. Cantilevers are applied to slabs, either before or after sketching the slab.
Cantilevers are created by adjusting two offset parameters that represent the concrete and steel deck of a
slab.

In composite concrete and metal decks, the steel cantilever parameter will always be the lesser of the two
offsets. In the event that the slab is all concrete or metal, the appropriate offsets should be set.

Applying Cantilevers when Creating a Slab

1 Open a plan view displaying the beams or bay that will support the slab.

2 Select from the Modelling tab of the Design bar to enter sketch mode.

3 Select from the Sketch bar.

4 Click to open the Element Properties dialog.

5 In the Other section, enter offset values for both Concrete Cantilever and Steel Cantilever.

6 Click OK.

7 Select the beams that will support the slab.

8 Click .

NOTE The cantilever offset is applied in relation to the direction that the slab edge was created. This is applicable
to line sketching, Pick Supports, or Pick Walls slab creation. In instances where the cantilever appears to be inside
the slab: enter sketch mode, select the edge, and adjust the cantilever values to negative numbers.

Cantilevers | 867
 Applying Cantilevers to an Existing Slab

1 Select a slab in a plan view.

2 On the Options Bar, click Edit.

3 In sketch mode, select the slab edge that will receive the cantilever.

4 On the Options Bar, enter cantilever offset values for both of the concrete slab and metal deck.

NOTE The cantilever is applied only to the specified selected sketch line, not the entire slab.

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 5 Repeat steps 1 through 4 for any slab edge that requires a cantilever.

6 Click .

NOTE The cantilever offset is applied in relation to the direction that the slab edge was created. This is applicable
to line sketching, Pick Supports, or Pick Walls slab creation. In instances where the cantilever appears to be inside
the slab: enter sketch mode, select the edge, and adjust the cantilever values to negative numbers.

The following section view shows a concrete slab with a metal deck. The cantilevered concrete edge extends
beyond the supporting beam.

Span Direction
When you place a slab, a span direction component is placed in plan view along with the slab. The span
direction component is used to change the orientation of the steel deck in the plan. Deck span direction is
designated by the direction of the filled half-arrows.
Direction of span

1 Select the span direction component.

Span Direction | 869

 2 On the Toolbar, click Rotate.
3 Click a start angle for the rotation of the span direction.
4 Click an end angle to complete the angle of rotation.
The deck is rotated by the angle value that you apply to the span direction component.

NOTE You may also add a span direction component to a slab that does not have one. On the Drafting tab of
the Design Bar, click Span Direction, and select the slab. You can also create new span direction types for deck
and for one-way slabs. For information about creating family types, see Family Types on page 366.

Sloped Slabs
Revit Architecture provides three independent ways to create a sloped slab:

Method 1

While in sketch mode, click Slope Arrow to draw a slope arrow that defines the slope of the slab.
Slab sketch with slope arrow

Select the slope arrow, and click . Do one of the following methods:

To create a slope by setting height at tail

1 Select Specify to Height at Tail.
2 Specify a value for Height Offset at Tail.
This value determines how high above the level the slope arrow begins.

3 Optionally, specify a level for Level at Tail to start the slope arrow at a certain level.
For example, the floor sketch is on level 1. You could start the slope arrow on level 2.

4 Specify a value for Height Offset at Head.

This value determines how high above the level the slope arrow ends.

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 5 Optionally, specify a level for Level at Head to end the slope arrow above a certain level.
For example, the floor sketch is on level 1. You could end the slope arrow on level 2.

6 Click OK.
For more information about the Slope Arrow, including its properties, see Roof Slope Arrow on
page 616.

To create a slope by setting slope value

1 Select Specify to Slope.
2 Set the value of Rise/(Run) to set a slope value.
3 Optionally, specify a value for Height Offset at Tail.
This value determines how high above the level the slope arrow begins.

4 Optionally, specify a level for Level at Tail to start the slope arrow at a certain level.
For example, the floor sketch is on level 1. You could start the slope arrow on level 2.

5 Click OK.

Method 2

Select two parallel floor lines that you sketched and click . For Defines constant height property, select
Yes for both lines. By setting this property to Yes, you enable the Offset from Base property. Then, select the
lines individually and specify a value for the Offset from Base property for each of the lines.

Method 3

Select a single sketch line and click . For Defines constant height property, select Yes. Select the Defines
Slope property, and specify a value for the slope angle (rise).
For a complete listing of parameters available for setting slopes, see Roof Properties on page 635.

Cutting Openings in Slabs

There must be an existing slab in the model.

Cutting Openings in Slabs | 871

 Typical opening in a slab

1 On the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click Opening ➤ Opening By Face.
2 Select a slab.
3 On the Sketch tab of the Design Bar, click Lines.

4 On the Options Bar, click as necessary to place lines or arcs.

5 Sketch the slab opening.
6 On the Design Bar, click Finish Sketch.

Drop Panels
You can add drop panels to reinforce a slab at column locations. This is achieved by sketching a second
smaller slab.
1 Open a plan view with a slab over a column.

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2 On the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click Slab.
3 On the Sketch tab of the Design Bar, click Lines, and use the sketching tools to complete a sketch
of the drop panel (see Sketching on page 251). The sketch must form a closed loop or boundary
condition.

4 Click .
5 View the drop panel in an elevation or cross section view.
6 Select the new drop panel.

7 Click . Adjust the Constraint parameters of the drop panel so that it is at the correct
elevation in your model.

Drop Panels | 873

 8 Click OK.
9 Join the geometry of the elements if necessary. See Joining Geometry on page 334.

Modifying Slabs
You can modify slabs either by editing slab properties or by directly changing slab geometry in the drawing
area. To modify a slab before you add it, you must select the slab type in the type selector. When you activate
the Slab command to place slabs, you can select different types of slabs in the Type Selector

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 You specify slab properties in the Element Properties dialog. You can open this dialog in several ways, such

as to click Modify, select the slab, and click . See Slab Properties on page 875. Slab properties include
the slab thickness and elevation of the slab relative to the associated level.
Other available modifications include:

■ Edit the sketch. See Sketching on page 251.

■ Edit the shape and thickness. See Shape Editing for Slabs, Roofs and Floors on page 881.

■ Apply rebar cover settings. See Rebar Cover.

■ Adjust span direction. See Span Direction on page 869.

■ Add cantilevers. See Cantilevers on page 867.

■ Add slab edges. See Slab Edges on page 644.

■ Apply drop panels. See Drop Panels on page 872.

Slab Properties
The following table shows parameter names, values, and descriptions for slabs. you can modify values. See
Structural Slabs on page 864.

Slab Type Properties

Name Description

Construction

Structure User selects Edit button to add, change, or delete slab layers. See Compound
Structure on page 748.

Default Thickness Indicates the thickness of a slab type, which is determined by the cumulative thickness
of its layers.See Shape Editing for Slabs, Roofs and Floors on page 881.

Additional Top/Exterior Offset Specifies an additional offset from the top/exterior rebar cover. This allows placing
multiple rebar elements together in different area reinforcement layers. .

Additional Bottom/Interior Offset Specifies an additional offset from the bottom/interior rebar cover. This allows placing
multiple rebar elements together in different area reinforcement layers.

Additional Offset Specifies an additional offset from the rebar cover. This allows placing multiple rebar
elements together in different path reinforcement layers. .

Graphics

Coarse Scale Fill Pattern Specifies a fill pattern for a slab in a coarse-scale view. See View Properties on page
210

Coarse Scale Fill Color Applies a color to the fill pattern for a slab in a coarse-scale view.

Slab Properties | 875

 Name Description

Identity Data

Keynote Add or edit the floor keynote. Click in the value box to open the Keynotes dialog.
See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model The manufacturer internal number.

Manufacturer The slab manufacturer.

Type Comments A field for placing general comments about the slab type. This information can be
included in a schedule.

URL A link to a web page that may contain type-specific information.

Description You may provide a description of the slab here.

Assembly description Describes the assembly based on the assembly code selection. This is a read-only
value.

Assembly Code The uniformat assembly code selected from a hierarchical list.

Type Mark A value to designate the specific slab. This value must be unique for each element
in a project. Revit Architecture warns you when the number value is already used
but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using the Review
Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Cost The pricing of the slab.

Slab Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Level The level to which the slab is constrained to.

Height Offset from Level Specifies the elevation of the top of the slab relative to the Level parameter.

Related to Mass This is a read-only value.

Structural

Structural Toggles between the Structural and non-Structural slab.

Rebar Cover - Top Face The rebar cover distance from the slab top face.

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Name Description

Rebar Cover - Bottom Face The rebar cover distance from the slab bottom face.

Rebar Cover - Other faces. The rebar cover distance from the slab to an adjacent element face.

Estimated Reinforcement Volume Specifies the estimated reinforcement volume of the selected element. This is a
read-only parameter that only displays when rebar has been placed.

Slab Shape Edit

Curved Edge Condition Specifies the slab surface to either Conform to curve or Project to side. This
parameter is only available to curved edge slabs.See Using the Curved Edge
Condition Tool on page 886.

Dimensions

Slope Angle Specifies the slope of the slab from the horizontal.

Perimeter Indicates the slab perimeter. This is a read-only value.

Area Indicates the area of the slab. This is a read-only value.

Volume Indicates the volume of the slab. This is a read-only value.

Thickness Specifies the default Slab thickness. This is a read-only value, unless a shape edit
has been applied and its type contains a variable layer. When the value is writable
it can be used to set a uniform thickness of the slab. The entry can be blank if
the thickness varies. See Shape Editing for Slabs, Roofs and Floors on page 881.

Identity Data

Comments A field for placing general comments about the slab.

Mark A label created for the slab. Possible use: shop mark. This value must be unique
for each element in a project. Revit Architecture warns you when the number
value is already used but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning
using the Review Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on
page 1334.

Phasing

Phase Created Indicates in which phase the slab component was created. See Project Phasing
on page 1263.

Phase Demolished Indicates in which phase the slab component was demolished. See Project
Phasing on page 1263.

Structural Analysis

Slab Properties | 877

 Name Description

Structural Usage This is a read-only value.

Analytical Model

Analytical Projection Plane The plane of the slab used for analysis and design.

Foundation Slabs
The Foundation Slab type has three more foundation-specific values than a regular slab has. These additional
values, which are instance parameters displayed in the Element Properties dialog, are: Width, Length, and
Elevation at Bottom. Using these values, an analysis tool can distinguish between a standard slab and a
foundation slab.
Foundation Slabs may be used to model slabs on a grade, which do not require support from other structural
elements. Foundation Slabs may also be used to model complex foundation shapes that cannot be created
using Isolated or Wall Foundation tools.

Adding Foundation Slabs

1 On the Structural tab of the Design Bar, click Slab. You can also click Modelling
menu ➤ Structural ➤ Foundation ➤ Slab.
2 Sketch the foundation slab in the same manner as a regular slab: either by using lines, picking
supports, or picking walls.
3 When you finish sketching, click Finish Sketch. The foundation is placed in the project.
4 Click the foundation, and select the desired Foundation family type on the Family drop-down
list.

NOTE Foundation slabs are added below the level in which they are drawn. Therefore, if you add a
foundation slab in Level 1, it is added below Level 1 and will not be visible in the Level 1 plan view.
To see the foundation slab in a plan view, create a new level below Level 1, for example, Foundation
Level. When you create a new level below Level 1, you will also be able to see the foundation slab as
an underlay (greyed out) in Level 1.

Foundation slab below foundation level

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Foundation Slab Properties
You can specify the Structural Usage parameter of a Foundation slab: either Foundation or Slab on Grade.
If set to Foundation, the slab will provide support for other elements connected to it. If set to Slab on Grade,
the slab will only support itself. The Foundation Slab Type also has an additional, read-only parameter,
Elevation at Bottom. The Elevation at Bottom parameter is used for tagging the Bottom of the Foundation
elevation. You can modify parameter names, values, and descriptions for Foundation Slabs.
See Foundation Slabs on page 878.

Foundation Slab Type Properties

Name Description

Construction

Structure Select the Edit button to add, change, or delete slab layers.

Thickness Slab thickness. This is a read-only parameter.

Graphics

Coarse Scale Fill Pattern Specifies a fill pattern for a slab in coarse-scale view. Click in the value box to
open the Fill Patterns dialog. See View Properties on page 210.

Coarse Scale Fill Color Applies a color to the fill pattern for a slab in a coarse-scale view.

Identity Data

Keynote Add or edit the slab keynote. Click in the value box to open the s dialog. See
Keynotes on page 1058.

Model The manufacturer internal number.

Manufacturer The slab manufacturer.

Type Comments A field for placing general comments about the slab type. This information can
be included in a schedule.

URL A link to a web page that may contain type specific information.

Description Enter or edit the description of the slab.

Assembly Description Describes the assembly based on the assembly code selection. This is a read-only
parameter.

Assembly Code A uniformat assembly code selected from a hierarchical list.

Type Mark A value that designates the specific slab. This value must be unique for each
element in a project. Revit Architecture warns you when the number value is

Foundation Slab Properties | 879

 Name Description

already used but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning using
the Review Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334.

Cost The pricing of the slab.

Foundation Slab Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Level Specifies the level that the slab is constrained to.

Height Offset From Level Specifies the elevation of the top of the slab relative to the constrained level of
the slab.

Related to Mass This is a read-only value.

Structural

Structural If checked, Slab has an Analytical Model and is exported to analysis packages

Rebar Cover - Top Face The rebar cover distance from the foundation slab top face.

Rebar Cover - Bottom Face The rebar cover distance from the foundation slab bottom face.

Rebar Cover - Other faces. The rebar cover distance from the foundation slab to an adjacent element face.

Estimated Reinforcement Volume Specifies the estimated reinforcement volume of the selected element. This is a
read-only parameter that only displays when rebar has been placed.

Dimensions

Slope Specifies the slope of the slab from the horizontal plane

Perimeter Indicates the slab perimeter. This is a read-only parameter.

Area Indicates the area of the slab. This is a read-only parameter.

Volume Indicates the volume of the slab. This is a read-only parameter.

Width Indicates the width of the slab, if rectangular. This is a read-only parameter.

Length Indicates the length of the slab, if rectangular. This is a read-only parameter.

880 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

 Name Description

Elevation at Bottom indicates the elevation used for tagging the Bottom of Foundation. This is a read-
only parameter.

Identity Data

Comments A field for placing general comments about the slab.

Mark A label created for the slab. Possible use: shop mark. This value must be unique
for each element in a project. Revit Architecture warns you when the number
value is already used but allows you to continue using it. You can see the warning
using the Review Warnings command. See Reviewing Warning Messages on
page 1334.

Phasing

Phase Created Indicates in which phase the slab component was created. See Project Phasing
on page 1263.

Phase Demolished Indicates in which phase the slab component was demolished. See Project
Phasing on page 1263.

Structural Analysis

Structural Usage If set to Foundation, the slab will provide support for other elements connected
to it. If set to Slab on Grade, the slab will only support itself.

Analytical Model

Analytical Projection Plane The plane of the slab used for analysis and design.

Shape Editing for Slabs, Roofs and Floors

You can use shape editing tools to manipulate the surface of either an existing horizontal slab, roof, or floor,
by defining high and low points for drainage. By specifying the elevation of these points, you split the
surface into sub regions that can slope independently.

Shape Editing for Slabs, Roofs and Floors | 881

 Shape edit examples

Use shape editing tools to slope a constant thickness slab or the top surface of a slab with a variable thickness
layer, to model the following:

■ A constant thickness slab or roof supported by sloped non-planar framing.

■ A variable thickness material used to slope the surface of a horizontal plane (for example, tapered
insulation).

In order to enable shape editing tools, the following conditions must be met:

■ Slabs must be flat and on a horizontal plane.

■ A roof cannot attach to another roof, and the roof cannot be a curtain roof. If either of these conditions
is not met, you cannot use the slab shape edit buttons.

NOTE If these conditions are violated later, by an edit to the element, the slab shape edit will cause an error
with a callback, allowing the user to reset the slab shape edit.

You can use the following shape edit tools on the Options Bar when you select either a slab, roof, or floor.

■ (Modify Sub-Elements)

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 ■ (Draw Points)

■ (Draw Split Lines)

■ (Pick Supports)

■ (Reset Shape)

NOTE Editing the shape of a slab, roof, or floor with these tools does not affect the shape of its analytical model.
A single analytical model face, based on the original top face, remains unchanged.

Important Considerations

Automatic Split Lines - In order to maintain the accuracy of the slab/roof geometry, split lines are sometimes
created automatically. Automatically created split lines will be deleted when the condition that caused them
to be created is no longer valid. For example, when 4 non-planar vertices become planar, or when you
manually create a split line.
Warped Slab/Roofs - A surface will warp when bounded by 4 non-planar boundary edges or user-created
split lines. To avoid warping, add a split line between opposite vertices.

Using the Modify Sub-Elements Tool

You can use the Modify Sub-Elements tool to manipulate one or more of the points or edges on a selected
slab, roof, or floor.

1 Select the slab, roof, or floor you want to modify.

2 On the Options Bar, click (Modify Sub-Elements tool).

NOTE When you select the Modify Sub-Elements tool, the Options Bar will display an Elevation edit box in
which you can enter a common elevation value for all the selected sub-elements. This value is the vertical
offset between the vertices and the original top face of the slab.

3 Drag a point or edge to modify the location or elevation.

Using the Modify Sub-Elements Tool | 883

 NOTE If you place the cursor over the slab, you can press TAB to pick specific sub-elements. Standard selection
methods also apply. See Selecting Multiple Elements on page 270.

■ Dragging a blue arrow moves the point vertically.

■ Dragging a red square (shape handle) moves the point horizontally.

4 Click the text control to enter a precise height value for the selected point or edge.
The value of the height represents the offset from the original top face of the slab.

NOTE For an edge this means that the center is moved to the specified height, but the relative heights of
the 2 ends are maintained.

Using the Draw Points Tool

You can use the Draw Points tool to add singular points to the element geometry. The points are used by
the shape modification tools to change the element geometry.

1 Select the slab, roof, or floor you want to modify.

2 On the Options Bar, click (Draw Points tool).

NOTE The Elevation edit box displays on the Options Bar with a Relative check box next to it. If you select
Relative, new points will be added at the specified value, relative to the surface on which they are added. So,
with the default value of 0 the points will lie in the surface that they were created on. If you clear the check
box, the value in the edit box represents the project elevation, and points will be added at this elevation.

3 Click on the face or edges of the slab, roof, or floor to add points that define a slope.

Using the Draw Split Lines Tool

You can use the Draw Split Lines tool to add linear edges and to split the existing face of a slab into smaller
sub-regions.

1 Select the slab you want to modify.

884 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

2 On the Options Bar, click (Draw Split Lines tool).

3 Select a vertex, edge, face or point anywhere on the slab to start the split line.

NOTE Startpoints and endpoints can be added anywhere on the face of the slab. If your cursor is over a
vertex or edge, the editor will snap to 3D vertices and edges and present standard snap controls with temporary
dimensions along the edges. If no vertex or edge is snapped to, then on selection, the line end will be
projected to the closest point on the surface. No temporary dimensions will be created on the face.

4 Select another vertex, edge, face or point anywhere on the slab to end the split line.
A new edge will be added to the face of the slab.

Using the Draw Split Lines Tool | 885

Using the Pick Supports Tool
You can use the Pick Supports tool to pick beams to define split lines and create constant bearing lines for
the slab.

1 Select the slab, roof, or floor you want to modify.

2 On the Options Bar, click the (Pick Supports tool).

3 Select an existing beam.

A new split edge is created using the endpoint elevations from the picked reference. The elevations are moved
up from the bottom face to the top face of the slab or roof using the slab or roof thickness.

Using the Curved Edge Condition Tool

Slabs drawn with arc segments can be altered using slab shape editing tools. The Curved Edge Condition
tool is an additional tool specific to curved edges. It sets them to project a flat surface to the edge or a curved
surface that conforms to the arc edge of the slab.

1 Select the curved edge slab you want to modify.

2 On the Options Bar, click .

3 In the Element Properties dialog, click the Curved Edge Condition button located under Slab Shape
Edit. This opens the Curved Edge Condition Dialog.

4 Select either Conform to curve for a scalloped surface, or Project to side for a flat surface.

5 Click OK to apply the condition.

6 Click OK to close the Element Properties dialog.

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Using the Reset Shape Tool
To remove slab shape modifications and reset the element geometry to its original state, click the Reset
Shape tool on the Options bar.

Deleting Shape Modifiers

To delete shape edit elements:

1 Select the modified slab.

2 On the Options Bar, click (Modify Sub-Elements tool).

3 Click on the shape edit element to select it.

4 Either press Delete or right-click the element and select Delete.

The shape edit element is removed and the slab adjusts its geometry accordingly.

Using the Reset Shape Tool | 887

Variable Layer Thickness for Roofs and Slabs
The variable layer thickness parameter of roofs and slabs affects the shape editing tools in the following
ways:

■ When there is no variable thickness layer, the whole roof or slab slopes and maintains constant thickness
between parallel top and bottom faces.

■ When there is a variable thickness layer, the top face of the roof or slab slopes, and the bottom stays in
a horizontal plane, creating a variable thickness slab.

NOTE There is a Thickness property for slabs. If the slab has a slab shape edit, and if the slab type contains a
variable layer, then this parameter can be used to set the slab to a uniform thickness by entering a desired
value.

To modify the variable thickness layer of a slab or roof

1 Select a slab or roof to modify.

2 On the Options Bar, click .

3 In the Element Properties dialog, click the Edit/New button.

4 In the value box of the Structure property, click Edit.

5 In the Edit Assembly dialog, specify the material for layers and the thickness of those layers. The variable
thickness parameter column will contain empty check boxes next to layers where variable thickness
can be enabled. For more information about the Edit Assembly dialog, see Compound Structure on
page 748.

6 Next to the desired layer of the roof or slab in the assembly, select the variable check box

7 Click OK until all of the dialogs are closed.

8 On the Options Bar, click the (Modify Sub-Elements tool) and make the desired changes to your
roof or slab. For more information, see Using the Modify Sub-Elements Tool on page 883.

888 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

Structural Component Tags
Structural components can be annotated with tag components as needed. Some structural component
instances are annotated by default when they are placed. For example, beam size is displayed when you add
a beam to your model.
Structural framing tag families are available in the Annotations folder of the Library folder. You have a choice
of loading a several different tags, depending upon the component. For information about loading a family,
see Loading Families on page 352.
Columns and slabs are not annotated by default in plan view. You can place their tags by using the Tag
button. For example, to tag a column, click Tag on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, select a column in
your plan view. The column size tag will be placed in your view. For more information about Tags, see Tags
on page 1064.

Structural Template
A structural template is provided with the installation of Revit Architecture. In this template, the view
properties and ranges have been modified to specifically work with structural components.
Although you can work with structural components in projects based on non-structural templates, you will
notice that you must modify view ranges in order to display the structural components within the view.
This is because structural components, such as beams and columns, are placed on the level below the view
you are working in. Therefore, they fall below the bottom cut plane of the view range and do not display.
The structural template has been modified specifically to take this into account.

RELATED See View Range on page 198.

Starting a Project with the Structural Template

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Project
2 In the New Project dialog, under Template File, click Browse.
3 In the Choose Template dialog, select the structural template, and click Open.

NOTE The name and location of the structural template will vary depending on your install options
and system settings. To view or modify file locations, click Settings menu ➤ Options, and click the
File Locations tab.

4 In the New Project dialog, click OK.

Loading Structural Component Families

When you load structural families, Revit Architecture provides a type catalog to assist you with the family
selection process. For more information, see Creating Type Catalogs on page 374. You can sort through the
data and load only the specific structural family type required for your project. This helps decrease project
size and minimizes the length of the Type Selector list when selecting structural types. For example, if you
load the entire C-Channel family, you have to scroll through a list of dozens of C-Channel types in order
to make your selection. Simplify the choices by loading a single C-Channel type, such as a C15x40.
After the family is loaded, it is saved with the project.

Structural Component Tags | 889

Loading Structural Families
1 On the File menu, click Load from Library ➤ Load Family.
2 Navigate to the directory containing the file you wish to open or use the web-based library of
Revit Architecture families. See Opening Files from the Web Library on page 68.
By default, the window displays the .rfa file types.

3 Select a structural family file.

In the lower left-corner, the Type Catalog populates with family types.

4 In the Type column of the Type Catalog, select the family type or types to load. Select multiple
types by holding CTRL during selection. You can filter the list of types by selecting specific
parameters from the list at the top of each column.
5 Click Open.
6 In the Type Selector, select the new family you just loaded and place it in the document window.

Loading in the Element Properties Dialog

You can load a family in the Element Properties dialog. See Element Properties Dialog on page 75. After
creating a family type, open the dialog, and click Load.

Dragging from Windows Explorer

1 Select the family or families in Windows Explorer and drag them onto either a project view or
the Project Browser. See Project Browser on page 55.
2 When the Drop Files dialog appears, select the option to Load dropped families into current
project, and click OK.

890 | Chapter 12 Working with Structural Components

Working with Site
Components 13
Revit Architecture features several tools to help you lay out a site plan.

Site Settings
You can modify a project's global site settings at any time. You can define contour line intervals, add
user-defined contour lines, and select the section cut material.

Defining Site Settings

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Site Settings.

891
 2 To display contour lines in a site plan, do the following:
■ Select At Intervals Of and enter a value for contour line intervals. This value determines the
elevation at which contour lines display.

■ For Passing Through Elevation, enter a value to set the starting elevation for contour lines.
By default, Passing Through Elevation is set to zero. If you set the contour interval to 10, for
example, lines display at -20, -10, 0, 10, 20. If you set the Passing Through Elevation value
to 5, lines display at -25, -15, -5, 5, 15, 25.

3 To add custom contour lines to a site plan, click Insert, and specify the following values:
■ Start: Enter the elevation where additional contour lines begin to display.

■ Stop: Enter the elevation at which additional contour lines no longer display. This value is
enabled when you select Multiple Values for Range Type.

■ Increment: Specify the increment for each additional contour line. This value is enabled
when you select Multiple Values for Range Type.

■ Range Type: For one additional contour line, select Single Value. For multiple contour lines,
select Multiple Values.

■ Subcategory: Specify the line style for the contour line. The default styles are Hidden Lines,
Primary Contours, Secondary Contours, and Triangulation Edges. To create a custom line
style, see Object Styles on page 484.

NOTE If you clear the At Intervals Of check box, custom contour lines still display.

4 Under Section Graphics, do the following:

■ For Section Cut Material, select a material to use to display the site in a section view.
Appropriate materials include Site-Earth, Site-Grass, and Site-Sand.

■ For Elevation of Poche Base, enter a value to control the depth of the cross-section of earth
(for example, –30 feet or –25 meters). This value controls the poche depth for all topography
elements in your project.

5 Under Property Data, do the following:

■ Specify an option for Angle Display. If you select Degrees, property lines display in the
Property Lines bearings table using the 360-degree bearing standard. Property line tags display
using the same notation.

■ Specify an option for Units. If you select Decimal degrees, the angles in the Property Lines
bearings table display as decimals rather than as degrees, minutes, and seconds.

6 Click OK.
To see the results of your changes to contour line settings, open a site plan view. To see the results of your
changes to the section cut material, open a section view.

Site Settings Properties

Name Description

Contour Line Display Displays contour lines. If you clear the check box, custom contour lines still display
in the drawing area.

At Intervals Of Sets the interval between contour lines.

892 | Chapter 13 Working with Site Components

 Name Description

Passing Through Elevation Contour intervals are based on this value. For example, if you set the contour interval
at 10, contour lines display at -20, -10, 0, 10, 20. If the Passing Through Elevation
value is set to 5, lines display at -25, -15, -5, 5, 15, 25.

Additional Contours

Start Sets the elevation where additional contour lines begin.

Stop Sets the elevation where additional contour lines no longer display.

Increment Sets the interval for additional contour lines.

Range Type Select Single Value to insert one additional contour line. Select Multiple Values to
insert additional incremental contour lines.

Subcategory Sets the type of contour lines to display. Select a value from the list. You can define
custom contour line types using the Object Styles command, in the Topography
category.

Section Graphics

Section cut material Sets the material that displays in a section view.

Elevation of Poche Base Controls the depth of the cross-section of earth (for example, –30 feet or –25 meters).
This value controls the poche depth for all topography elements in your project.

Property Data

Angle Display Specifies the display of angular values on property line tags. You can load property
line tags from the Civil folder under the Annotations family folder.

Units Specifies the units to use when displaying bearing values in the Property Lines table.

Toposurfaces
The Toposurface command defines a topographical surface (a toposurface) using points. You can create
toposurfaces in 3D views or site plans.
When viewing a toposurface, consider the following:

■ Visibility: You can control the visibility of topographic points. There are 2 topographic point subcategories,
Boundary and Internal. Revit Architecture classifies points automatically.

■ Triangulation edges: Triangulation edges for toposurfaces are turned off by default. You can turn them
on by selecting them from the Annotation Categories/Topography category in the Visibility/Graphics
dialog.

See Visibility and Graphic Display in Project Views on page 150.

Toposurfaces | 893
 Sample topographical surface defined by picking points in a site plan view

Creating a Toposurface by Picking Points

1 Open a 3D or site plan view.
2 Click Site menu ➤ Toposurface, or on the Site tab of the Design Bar, click Toposurface.
Revit Architecture enters Sketch mode. The Design Bar displays the Toposurface tab.

3 On the Toposurface tab of the Design Bar, click Point.

4 On the Options Bar, set a value for Elevation.
This value determines the elevation of the point being placed. (The points and their elevations
are used to create the surface.)

5 Next to the Elevation text box, select one of the following:

■ Absolute Elevation: Points display at the specified elevation. You can place points anywhere
in the active drawing area.

■ Relative to Surface: Allows you to edit an existing toposurface by placing points on it at the
elevation you specify. To use this option effectively, you may want to work in a shaded 3D
view.

6 Click in the drawing area to place points. If needed, change the elevation on the Options Bar
as you place additional points.
7 To complete the surface, click Finish Surface.

Creating a Toposurface from Imported 3D Data

You can automatically generate a toposurface based on 3D contour data imported in DWG, DXF, or DGN
formats. Revit Architecture analyzes the 3D contour data and places a series of elevation points along the
contour lines.
You must import the 3D contour data before creating the surface. See Importing or Linking CAD Formats
on page 1307.

NOTE When you import data with the Current View Only option selected, you cannot use the data to create a
toposurface.

To create a toposurface from imported 3D data:

1 Open a 3D view of the site plan.
2 Click Site menu ➤ Toposurface, or on the Site tab of the Design Bar, click Toposurface.

894 | Chapter 13 Working with Site Components

 3 On the Toposurface tab of the Design Bar, click Use Imported ➤ Import Instance.
4 Select the imported 3D contour data in the drawing area.
The Add Points from Selected Layers dialog displays.

5 Select the layers to apply elevation points to, and click OK.
Revit Architecture analyzes the imported 3D contour data and generates a toposurface based on
the elevation points placed along the contour lines.

6 On the Toposurface tab, click Finish Surface.

Creating a Toposurface from a Points File

You can automatically generate a toposurface based on a points file. A points file is typically generated by
a civil engineering software application. The file provides contour data using a regularized grid of elevation
points.
The points file must contain x, y, and z coordinate numbers as the first numeric values in the file. The file
must also be in a comma-delimited file format (a CSV or TXT file). Additional information in the file (such
as a point name) is ignored. Any additional numeric information for a point must occur after the x, y, and
z coordinate values. If the file contains 2 points with the same x and y coordinates, Revit Architecture uses
the point with the largest z value.

To create a toposurface from a points file:

1 Open a 3D or site plan view.
2 Click Site menu ➤ Toposurface, or on the Site tab of the Design Bar, click Toposurface.
3 On the Toposurface tab of the Design Bar, click Use Imported ➤ Points File.
4 In the Open dialog, do the following:
a Navigate to the location of the points file.

b For Files of type, select the type of points file: CSV or comma-delimited text.

c Select the points file, and click Open.

5 In the Format dialog, specify the units used to measure points in the points file (for example,
decimal feet or meters), and click OK.
Revit Architecture generates points and a toposurface from the coordinate information in the
file.

6 On the Design Bar, click Finish Surface.

Now you can edit points in the toposurface, add graded regions and building pads, and make other changes
to the toposurface.

Simplifying a Toposurface
Simplifying a surface can improve system performance, particularly on surfaces with a large number of
points.
1 Open the site plan view and select the toposurface.
2 On the Options Bar, click Edit.
3 On the Toposurface tab of the Design Bar, click Simplify Surface.
4 Enter a value for surface accuracy, and click OK.

Creating a Toposurface from a Points File | 895

 5 On the Design Bar, click Finish Surface.

Toposurface Subregions
Toposurface subregions are areas that you sketch inside existing toposurfaces. For example, you can use
subregions to draw parking lots on a graded surface, roads, or islands. Creating a subregion does not result
in separate surfaces. It merely defines an area of the surface where you can apply a different set of properties,
such as material.

To add a toposurface subregion:

1 Click Site menu ➤ Subregion, or click Subregion on the Site tab of the Design Bar.
Revit Architecture enters Sketch mode.

2 On the Design Bar, click Lines, and use the sketch tools to create a region on the toposurface.
3 When you finish a subregion, click Finish Sketch.

After finishing the subregion, you can select it and click (Element Properties) to change its material.
The following image shows a toposurface that has a toposurface subregion, shown in gray.

Splitting a Toposurface
You can split a toposurface into 2 distinct surfaces and then edit those surfaces independently. After splitting
a surface, you can assign different materials to these surfaces to depict roads, lakes, plazas, or hills. You can
also delete entire portions of the toposurface.

896 | Chapter 13 Working with Site Components

 Sample split surface

To split a toposurface:
1 Open a site plan or 3D view.
2 Click Site menu ➤ Split Surface, or on the Site tab of the Design Bar, click Split Surface.
3 In the drawing area, select the toposurface to split.
Revit Architecture enters Sketch mode.

4 On the Options Bar, select Draw or Pick Lines.

You cannot pick toposurface lines with the Pick tool. You can pick other valid lines, such as
walls. See Sketching on page 251.

5 To sketch the split surface, use one of the following methods:

■ Sketch a single closed loop that does not touch boundaries of the surface.

■ Sketch any number of open loops. Both ends of an open loop must lie on the boundary of
the surface. No part of the open loop can intersect or be coincident with the boundary of
the surface.

6 Click Finish Sketch.

If desired, you can select a newly split surface, click (Element Properties), and apply a new material
(such as Site-Grass or Site-Asphalt).

Merging Toposurfaces
You can merge 2 separate toposurfaces into one surface. This command is useful after previously splitting
the surface. See Splitting a Toposurface on page 896.
The surfaces to be merged must share a common edge or overlap.
Valid split surfaces for merging

Merging Toposurfaces | 897

 Invalid split surfaces for merging

To merge toposurfaces:

1 Click Site menu ➤ Merge Surfaces, or on the Site tab of the Design Bar, click Merge Surfaces.
2 If desired, on the Options Bar, clear Remove Points on Common Edges.
This option removes excess points that were inserted after a surface was split. The option is
selected by default.

3 Select the primary surface.

4 Select the secondary surface.
The 2 surfaces merge into one.

Graded Regions
To create a graded region, you select a toposurface to modify. The surface should be an existing surface in
the current phase. (See Phase Filters on page 1265.) Revit Architecture marks the original surface as demolished
and makes a copy with a matching boundary. Revit Architecture marks the copy as new in the current phase.

To grade a toposurface:

1 Click Site menu ➤ Graded Region, or on the Site tab of the Design Bar, click Graded Region.
2 In the Graded Region dialog, select one of the following:
■ Select and Edit: Allows you to edit the surface.

■ Select: Allows you to select a toposurface to designate as a graded region.

NOTE The Copy Internal Points option is not selected by default; only the boundary points are copied.
If you select this option, all points of the surface are copied. If you are making major edits to the
surface, leave this option unchecked. If you want to keep most of the surface's characteristics and are
making minor changes, select the option.

3 Select the toposurface.

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 If you are editing the surface, Revit Architecture enters Sketch mode. You can add or delete
points, change the elevation of points, or simplify the surface.

4 When you are finished editing the surface, click Finish Surface.

If you drag the new graded region, notice that the original remains. Select the original and click
(Element Properties). Notice that the Phase Demolished property has the value of the current phase.

Toposurface Properties
Name Description

Materials and Finishes

Material Select the surface material from the list. You can create your own toposurface ma-
terial. Topographical surfaces do not support materials with surface patterns. See
Materials on page 459.

Dimensions

Projected Area The projected area is the area that the surface covers when you look down on it.
This is a read-only value.

Surface Area Displays the total surface area. This is a read-only value.

Identity Data

Comments User-defined comments about the toposurface.

Name The name of the toposurface.

Mark Site mark.

Phase Created Phase when the toposurface is created.

Phase Demolished Phase when the toposurface is demolished.

Property Lines
To create property lines, you can use the sketching tools in Revit Architecture or enter survey data directly
into the project. Revit Architecture aligns the survey data with True North. See Rotating a Project to True
North on page 1234.
In addition to viewing property lines in a drawing, you can do the following with them:

■ Scheduling: You can schedule property lines. The schedule can include the Name and Area property line
parameters. (The format of the area comes from the Area Units Format type property of the property
lines.) When you create the schedule, select Property Lines as the category to schedule. See Creating a
Schedule or Quantity on page 125.

Toposurface Properties | 899

 ■ Tagging: You can tag property lines that can report square footage or acreage. Load the tags from the
Annotations folder of the Revit Architecture family library. The tags are Property Tag - Acres.rfa (acreage),
Property Tag - SF.rfa (square footage), and M_Property Tag.rfa (metric).

■ Exporting: You can export property line area information when you export your project to an ODBC
database. For more information about creating an ODBC database, see Exporting to ODBC on page 1287.

Property lines on a topographical surface

Sketching Property Lines

1 Open a site plan view.
2 Click Site menu ➤ Property Line, or on the Site tab of the Design Bar, click Property Line.
3 In the Property Line Creation dialog, select Create Property Lines by Sketching, and click OK.

4 On the Options Bar, click (Draw) to sketch the property lines, or click (Pick Lines) to
select lines.
5 Sketch the property lines.
Lines should form a closed loop. If you sketch an open loop and click Finish Sketch, Revit
Architecture issues a warning that it will not calculate the area. You can ignore the warning to
continue, or close the loop.

6 Click Finish Sketch.

Converting Sketched Property Lines to Table-Based Property Lines

1 Open a site plan view.
2 In the drawing area, select the sketched property line.
3 On the Options Bar, click Edit Table.
4 Read the warning, and click OK.
5 In the Property Lines dialog, make any necessary changes and click OK.

Creating Property Lines with Survey Data

1 Open a site plan view.
2 Click Site menu ➤ Property Line, or on the Site tab of the Design Bar, click Property Line.
3 In the Property Lines Creation dialog, select Create Property Lines by Table of Distances and
Bearings, and click OK.
4 In the Property Lines dialog, click Insert and add the distances and bearings from your survey
data.

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 5 To describe a property line as an arc, do the following:
■ For Distance and Bearing, enter values that describe a line segment between 2 points on the
arc.

■ For Type, select Arc.

■ For Radius, enter a value.

The radius value must be greater than half the length of the line segment. The larger the
radius, the larger the circle becomes, resulting in a flatter arc.

■ For L/R, select L if the arc appears to the left of the line segment. Select R if the arc appears
to the right of the line segment.

6 Insert additional lines as needed.

7 Click Up and Down to modify the order of the property lines.
8 If the From Last to First Point value is not Closed, you can insert a new line or click Add Line
to Close.
9 Click OK.

NOTE If you sketch an open loop and click OK, Revit Architecture issues a warning that it will not
calculate the area. You can ignore the warning to continue.

10 In the drawing area, move the property lines to their exact placement and click to place.
11 If the property line boundary does not have the desired look, select the boundary and click Edit
Table from the Options Bar.

NOTE You can snap the property line to a benchmark using the Move command. See Moving
Elements with the Move Tool on page 302.

Reporting Cut and Fill Volumes on a Site

Revit Architecture can report cut and fill volumes on a site to aid in determining the costs of landscape
modification during site development.
Revit Architecture reports the values by making a comparison between a surface from one phase and, from
a later phase, another surface whose boundary lies within the earlier surface. For example, Revit Architecture
can compare a toposurface created in Phase 1 and a toposurface created in Phase 2 that lies within the
boundary of the surface from Phase 1. (See Project Phasing on page 1263.)
When you select the later surface and click Properties, you see the following instance properties:

■ The Cut value is the volume removed (where the later surface is lower than the earlier surface).

■ The Fill value is the volume added (where the later surface is higher than the earlier surface).

■ Net Cut/Fill value comes from subtracting the cut value from the fill value.

Viewing the Cut/Fill Volumes

This procedure is a general method of reporting cut/fill values. There are other ways to report values, including
sketching a new surface within an existing surface.
1 Create a toposurface in a site plan view. See Toposurfaces on page 893.
2 Select the finished toposurface.

Reporting Cut and Fill Volumes on a Site | 901

 3 Click (Element Properties).
4 In the Element Properties dialog, set Phase Created to a phase earlier than the view's phase.
For example, when the view's phase is New Construction, set the Phase Created value to Existing.

5 To create a graded region on the toposurface, do the following:

■ On the Site tab of the Design Bar, click Graded Region.

■ In the Graded Region dialog, click Select and Edit.

■ Select the toposurface.

This demolishes the original surface and creates a copy that occupies the same boundary as the
original.

6 Select the toposurface copy, and click (Element Properties).

Revit Architecture lists the new cut/fill properties for the toposurface.

NOTE You may need to press TAB to select the copied surface. You can apply a phase filter to the
view to see only new elements, and not demolished ones. See Phase Filters on page 1265.

Cut and Fill in a Schedule

You can create a topography schedule that includes cut, fill, and net cut/fill values. You should also name
the different surfaces to distinguish them in your schedule. For more information, see Creating a Schedule
or Quantity on page 125.

Cut and Fill Reporting with Building Pads

If you add a building pad to a graded surface, you will see cut and fill reported separately for the pad and
the toposurface in a topography schedule. This is because the pad divides the graded surface into 2 surfaces:
one is the surface under the pad (the graded surface), and one is the surface that is not under the pad (the
pad surface).
You should name both the graded surface and the pad surface in order to distinguish them in your schedule.
To select the surface under the pad, press TAB to highlight it, or turn off the pad's visibility. (See Overriding
Visibility and Graphic Display of Individual Elements on page 151.)

Building Pads
You can add a building pad to a toposurface and then modify the pad's structure and depth. You add a
building pad by sketching a closed loop on a toposurface. After sketching the pad, you can specify a value
to control the height offset from the level and other properties. You can define openings in the pad by
sketching closed loops inside the perimeter of the building pad, and you can define a slope for the building
pad.
The following image shows a section view of a building pad offset from the surface.

902 | Chapter 13 Working with Site Components

 The following image shows a 3D view of a building pad on a graded toposurface.

The following image shows a 3D view of a sloped building pad on a toposurface.

You can add a building pad to a toposurface only. It is recommended that you create the building pad within
a site plan. However, you can add a building pad to a toposurface in a floor plan view. The pad may not be
immediately visible in the floor plan view if the view range or building pad offset are not adjusted
appropriately. For example, suppose that you sketch a toposurface at an elevation of 10 meters in a floor
plan view. You then sketch a pad on the surface at an offset of –20 meters from the surface. If the view depth
of the plan view is not low enough, you will not see the pad. See View Range on page 198.

Adding a Building Pad

1 Open a site plan view.
2 Click Site menu ➤ Pad, or on the Site tab of the Design Bar, click Pad.
3 Sketch the building pad as a closed loop.
For more information, see Sketching on page 251.

4 On the Design Bar, click Pad Properties.

5 In the Element Properties dialog, set the Height Offset From Level and other building pad
properties as needed. See Building Pad Properties on page 905.
6 Click OK.
7 Click Finish Sketch.

Adding a Building Pad | 903

 TIP To see the building pad in a Floor Plan view, set the building pad offset to a value higher than Level One, or
adjust the view range.

Modifying Building Pads

1 Open the site plan that contains the building pad.
2 Select the building pad.

NOTE Use the TAB key to cycle through the selection options. Selection options are displayed on
the left side of the status bar.

3 On the Options Bar, click Edit.

4 Make the necessary changes.
5 Click Finish Sketch.

Modifying the Structure of a Building Pad

1 Open the site plan that contains the building pad.
2 Select the building pad.

NOTE Use the TAB key to cycle through the selection options. Selection options are displayed on
the left side of the status bar.

3 Click (Element Properties).

4 Click Edit/New.
5 In the Type Properties dialog, for Structure, click Edit.
6 In the Edit Assembly dialog, set the function for each layer.
Each layer must have a function assigned to it for Revit Architecture to match layers accurately.
Layers can be assigned the following functions:
■ Structure: A layer that supports the remainder of the building pad

■ Substrate: A material that acts as a foundation for another material

■ Thermal/Air Layer: A layer that provides insulation and prevents air penetration

■ Finish 1: A finish layer (for example, the top surface of the building pad)

■ Finish 2: A finish layer (for example, the bottom surface of the building pad)

■ Membrane Layer: A membrane of zero thickness that prevents water vapor penetration

7 Set the Material and Thickness for each layer.

8 Click Insert to add a new layer. Click Up or Down to change the layer order.
9 Click OK.

Sloping a Building Pad

1 Open the site plan that contains a building pad that you want to slope.

904 | Chapter 13 Working with Site Components

 2 Select the building pad.

NOTE Use the TAB key to cycle through the selection options. Selection options are displayed on
the left side of the status bar.

3 On the Options Bar, click Edit.

4 On the Design Bar, click Slope Arrow.
5 Sketch the slope arrow on the building pad.

6 With the slope arrow highlighted, click (Element Properties).

7 For Specify, choose either Height at Tail or Slope.
■ If you select Height at Tail, then select a level and specify a height offset for both the tail
and head of the arrow

■ If you select Slope, then select a level and specify a height offset for the tail, then the input
value for Slope

8 Click OK.
9 Click Finish Sketch.

Building Pad Properties

You can change the properties of building pad types and building pad instances.

Modifying Building Pad Properties

1 Open a site or plan view.
2 Select the building pad.

NOTE Use the TAB key to cycle through the selection options. Selection options are displayed on
the left side of the status bar.

3 Click (Element Properties).

■ To change properties of the building pad instance, change the values in the Element Properties
dialog.

■ To change the properties of the building pad type, click Edit/New in the Element Properties
dialog, and change the properties as desired.

4 Property changes made to a building pad type affect all building pads of this type in the project.
(To create a new building pad type, click Duplicate.)
5 When finished, click OK.

Building Pad Type Properties

Name Description

Construction

Building Pad Properties | 905

 Name Description

Structure Defines the building pad structure. See Modifying the Structure of a Building Pad
on page 904.

Thickness Displays the total building pad thickness. This is a read-only parameter.

Graphics

Coarse Scale Fill Pattern Sets a fill pattern for the building pad in coarse-scale view. Click in the value box to
open the Fill Patterns dialog.

Coarse Scale Fill Color Applies a color to the fill pattern for a building pad in coarse-scale view.

Building Pad Slope Arrow Properties

Name Description

Specify Indicates the method for determining slopes.

Level at Tail Starts the slope arrow at the designated level.

Height Offset at Head Sets the start height of the slope arrow line. The default value is 0.

Level at Head Starts the slope arrow at the designated level.

Height Offset at Head Sets the end height of the slope arrow line. Revit Architecture uses both parameters
to calculate the rise of the slope.

Slope Sets the slope angle for the selected building pad. The default value is 0. This para-
meter is enabled when Defines Slope Property is turned on.

Length The actual length of a sketch line for the building pad. This is a read-only property.

Building Pad Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Level Sets the level of the building pad.

Height Offset From Level Sets the height that the building pad is offset from the level.

Dimensions

906 | Chapter 13 Working with Site Components

 Name Description

Slope The building pad slope. This is a read-only parameter.

Perimeter The building pad perimeter. This is a read-only parameter.

Area The area of the building pad. This is a read-only parameter.

Volume The volume of the building pad. This is a read-only parameter.

Phasing

Phase Created Sets the phase when the building pad is created.

Phase Demolished Sets the phase when the building pad is demolished.

Parking Components
Parking components are parking spaces that you can add to a toposurface. After placing a parking component,
you need to define the toposurface as its host.

To add parking components:

1 Open a view that displays the toposurface to modify.
2 Click Site menu ➤ Parking Component, or on the Site tab of the Design Bar, click Parking
Component.
3 Place the pointer on the toposurface and click to place the component. Place as many components
as desired. You can also create an array of parking components. See Using Arrays of Elements
on page 294.
4 After placing the components, on the Design Bar, click Modify.
5 Select the parking components.
6 On the Options Bar, click Pick Host.
7 Select the toposurface.
When you use the Pick Host command, you are deliberately setting the parking component on top of the
toposurface. If you move the parking component around on the toposurface, it remains attached to the
toposurface.

You can create a schedule of parking components. See Schedule Views on page 124.

Parking Components | 907

Site Components
Use the Site Component command to place site-specific components (such as trees) into a site plan. The
Type Selector lists site-specific components to choose from. If no site components are loaded into your
project, an error message indicates that no appropriate families are loaded. See Loading Families on page
352.

To add site components:

1 Open a view that displays the toposurface to modify.
2 Click Site menu ➤ Site Component, or on the Site tab of the Design Bar, click Site Component.
3 In the Type Selector, select the component type.
4 Click in the drawing area to add one or more components.
To pick a host for the components (optional):

5 After placing the components, on the Design Bar, click Modify.

6 Select the components.
7 On the Options Bar, click Pick Host.
8 Select the host.

Contour Line Labels

You can label contour lines to indicate their elevation. Contour labels display in site plan views.
Labeled contour lines

Labelling Contour Lines

1 Create a topographic surface with different elevations. See Toposurfaces on page 893.
2 Open a site plan view.
3 Click Site menu ➤ Label Contours, or on the Site tab of the Design Bar, click Label Contours.

908 | Chapter 13 Working with Site Components

 4 In the Type Selector, select the appropriate contour label line.

TIP You may want to select a line type that places labels only on primary contour lines. The labels
will be easier to read. To set the interval at which primary contour lines occur, use the Site Settings
command. See Site Settings on page 891.

5 On the Options Bar, click (Line).

6 Sketch a line that intersects one or more contour lines.
If the line does not intersect a contour line, Revit Architecture issues an error.

Labels display on the contour lines. (You may need to zoom in to see the labels.) The label line itself is not
visible unless you select a label.

Modifying the Label Line

1 Open a site plan view.
2 Click a contour line label.
The label line is selected and visible.

3 Drag the end controls to resize the contour label line.

You can also move the contour label line on the toposurface to obtain different elevation values.

Changing the Appearance of Contour Line Labels

You can change the display characteristics of labels for contour lines. For example, you can use a different
font, size, or typeface setting (such as bold or italics). You can also specify label units and whether labels
appear for primary contour lines only, or for both primary and secondary contour lines.

To change the appearance of contour line labels

1 Open a site plan view.
2 Right-click a contour line label, and click Element Properties.
The Element Properties dialog displays parameters for the contour label type.

3 Click Edit/New.
4 In the Type Properties dialog, do either of the following:
■ To change parameters for the current contour label type, change the parameters as desired,
and click OK twice.

■ To create a new type of contour label, do the following:

1 Click Duplicate.

2 Enter a name for the new contour label type, and click OK.

3 Change the parameters as desired, and click OK twice.

See Contour Label Type Properties on page 910.

Revit Architecture displays labels for the contour lines using the new parameters.

Modifying the Label Line | 909

Contour Label Type Properties
Name Description

Color Sets the color of label text.

Text Font Sets the font for label text.

Text Size Sets the size of label text.

Bold Applies bold to label text.

Italic Applies italics to label text.

Underline Applies underlining to label text.

Label primary contours only If selected, only primary contour lines are labeled. See Site Settings on page 891.

Units Format Specifies units and rounding properties for contour lines. By default, this option uses
the project settings.

Elevation Base Specifies the source of the elevation base: project, shared, or relative.

910 | Chapter 13 Working with Site Components

Rooms and Areas
14
Architects, designers, and structural engineers use rooms, areas, and color schemes to plan occupancy and usage of a
building, and to perform basic analysis of a design. In Revit MEP, mechanical engineers can use room-bounding information
as a starting point for defining spaces and zones for heating and cooling loads analysis.

Rooms and Areas Overview

A room is a subdivision of space within a building model, based on elements such as walls, floors, roofs, and
ceilings. These elements are defined as room-bounding. Revit Architecture refers to these room-bounding
elements when computing the perimeter, area, and volume of a room.
In Revit Architecture, you can turn on/off the Room Bounding parameter of many elements. You can also
use room separation lines to further subdivide space where no room-bounding elements exist. When you
add, move, or delete room-bounding elements, the room’s dimensions update automatically.

911
 A floor plan divided into rooms, such as bedrooms,
a kitchen, a living room, and so on

An area is a subdivision of space within a building model, typically on a larger scale than individual rooms.
However, areas are not necessarily bounded by model elements. You can draw area boundaries or pick model
elements to use as boundaries.
When you add model elements, the area boundaries do not necessarily change automatically. You can specify
how area boundaries behave:

■ Some area boundaries are static. That is, they do not change automatically and must be changed manually)

■ Some area boundaries are dynamic. They stay connected with underlying model elements. If the model
elements move, the area boundaries move with them.

A floor plan divided into private areas (yellow) and

common areas (green)

Related topics

■ Rooms on page 913

■ Area Analysis on page 945

912 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

Rooms
You can create rooms using the Room tool or by placing them from a room schedule. To add rooms to a
schedule, click New on the Options Bar. This is helpful when creating an early design, before defining walls
or other bounding elements in a project. Then you can place the predefined rooms in the project.
You can create rooms only in plan views and schedule views.

Related topics

■ Rooms and Areas Overview on page 911

Creating a Room
1 Open a plan view.
2 Click Drafting menu ➤ Room, or on the Room and Area tab of the Design Bar, click Room.
(If the tab is not displayed, right-click the Design Bar, and select the tab name.)

3 On the Options Bar, do the following:

■ To display a room tag with the room, click Tag on placement.

■ For Upper Limit, specify the level from which to measure the upper boundary of the room.
See Defining the Upper Boundary of a Room on page 930.
For example, if you are adding a room to a Level 1 floor plan, and you want the room to
extend from Level 1 to Level 2 or some point above Level 2, specify an Upper Limit of Level
2.

■ For Offset, measuring from the Upper Limit level, enter the distance at which the upper
boundary of the room occurs. Enter a positive number to go above the Upper Limit level, or
enter a negative number to go below it. The default is 10’ (4000 mm).

■ Indicate the desired orientation of the room tag.

See Tag Orientation on page 922.

■ To include a leader line with the room tag, select Leader.

■ For Room, select New to create a new room, or select an existing room from the list.

Rooms | 913
 ■ To see room-bounding elements, click Show Bounding Elements.
Revit Architecture highlights all room-bounding elements in gold, and displays a warning.
To see a list of all room-bounding elements in the model, including those that do not display
in the current view, click Expand in the warning dialog. To exit the warning and remove
the highlighting, click Close.

4 Click in the drawing area to place the room.

NOTE Revit Architecture will not place a room in a space that is less than 1’ or 306 mm wide.

5 If you placed a tag with the room, name the room as follows:
a On the Design Bar, click Modify.

b In the room tag, click the room text to select it, and replace it with the room name.

If you place a room inside bounding elements, it expands to the element boundaries. You can also place a
room in a free space or one that is not entirely bounded, and then draw room-bounding elements around
the room later. When you add bounding elements, the room expands to the boundaries. See Room Boundaries
on page 915.

Selecting a Room
You can select rooms in plan views and section views. Select a room to check its boundaries, change its
properties, remove it from the model, or move it to another location.
To select a room, move the cursor over the room until its reference lines display, and click. You can also
place the cursor over the room perimeter, press TAB to cycle through choices until the reference lines display,
and then click.
A selected room in a plan view

A selected room in a section view

Move a selected room by dragging it using the move control. If the room has a tag, move the tag with the
room by selecting both and dragging them to the new location. As an alternative, you can delete the tag
before moving the room, and then tag the room in its new location.

914 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

 When you select a room in a section view, you can visually check its upper and lower boundaries and use
the grips to adjust them, if needed. See Rooms in Section Views on page 916 and Changing the Room Height
Graphically on page 931.

Controlling the Visibility of Rooms

By default, rooms do not display in plan views and section views. However, you can change visibility/graphic
settings to make rooms and their reference lines visible in these views. These settings become part of the
view properties.

BEST PRACTICE Create view templates with the desired room visibility settings. Apply these view templates to
views in which you want to display and work with rooms. See View Templates on page 498.

To display rooms
1 Open the plan view or the section view.
2 Type vg, or click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics.
3 On the Model Categories tab of the Visibility/Graphic Overrides dialog, scroll down to Rooms,
and click to expand it.
4 To display rooms in the view using an interior fill color, select Interior Fill.
5 To display reference lines for rooms, select Reference.
6 Click OK.

Room Boundaries
Revit Architecture uses room boundaries when computing the area, perimeter, and volume of a room. You
can check room boundaries in plan views and section views.
To check room boundaries, you can select rooms or change visibility/graphic settings for the view. See
Selecting a Room on page 914 and Controlling the Visibility of Rooms on page 915.

TIP When working with rooms, open a plan view and a section view, and type wt to tile the windows. This strategy
allows you to see the perimeter of the room and its upper and lower boundaries at the same time.

Related topics

■ Room Area on page 926

■ Room Volume on page 928

■ Design Options and Rooms on page 1256

Rooms in Plan Views

Use a plan view to visually check the outer boundaries (perimeter) of a room.
By default, Revit Architecture computes the room area using the wall finish as the outer boundary. You can
specify the wall center, wall core layer, or wall core center as the outer boundary. See Changing the Room
Area Boundary Location on page 928.

Controlling the Visibility of Rooms | 915

 If you need to change the boundaries of a room, change the Room Bounding parameter for model elements,
or add room separation lines. See Room-Bounding Elements on page 917 and Room Separation Lines on page
918.

If a room has sloped walls, ceilings, or other surfaces, you can check a section view to determine whether
Revit Architecture is measuring the room perimeter at the appropriate height. See Computation Height on
page 926.

Rooms in Section Views

Use a section view to visually check the upper and lower boundaries of a room. You can also use a section
view to check the perimeter of a room that has sloped walls or other atypical features.

In section views, the graphic display of room boundaries varies depending on whether volume computation
is turned on or off. (See Enabling Volume Computations on page 929.)

When volume computation is turned off

When volume computation is turned off, Revit Architecture shows the room as a rectangle in a section view.
If any part of the room (such as the walls, ceiling, or roof) slopes, the room boundary does not follow the
slope. This representation of the room does not reflect actual boundary settings and volume computations.
Instead, it shows a rough estimation of the upper and lower boundaries of the room.

916 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

Section view of a room when volume computation is turned off

When volume computation is turned on

When volume computation is turned on, Revit Architecture shows the actual boundaries used to compute
the volume of the room. These boundaries include sloping elements, such as the walls, ceiling, and roof.
Section view of a room when volume computation is turned on

In a section view, you can also check whether Revit Architecture is omitting parts of the room from its
volume computations. This may be caused by a combination of sloping walls and the computation height
that is defined for the corresponding level, or by other situations. See Computation Height on page 926 and
Situations That Can Affect Room Volume Computations on page 929.

Room-Bounding Elements
The following elements are bounding elements for room area and volume computations:

■ Walls (curtain, standard, in-place, face-based)

■ Roofs (standard, in-place, face-based)

■ Floors (standard, in-place, face-based)

■ Ceilings (standard, in-place, face-based)

Room Boundaries | 917

 ■ Columns (architectural, structural with material set to concrete)

■ Curtain systems

■ Room separation lines (see Room Separation Lines on page 918)

■ Building pads

NOTE Floors and ceilings are always room-bounding. These elements do not have a room-bounding property
that you can turn off.

You can indicate whether many elements are room-bounding by changing element properties. For example,
you may want to define toilet partitions as non-bounding because they are not usually included in room
computations. When you specify that an element is non-bounding, the element is not used when Revit
Architecture computes the area or volume of the room or any adjacent rooms that share the non-bounding
element.

Making an Element Room Bounding

When you turn on the Room Bounding parameter for a model element, Revit Architecture uses the element
as a boundary for a room. This boundary is used to compute the area and volume of the room.

To turn on the Room Bounding parameter

1 Select the element.

2 Click .
3 In the Element Properties dialog, under Instance Parameters, select Room Bounding.
4 Click OK.

Related topics

■ Room-Bounding Elements on page 917

■ Room Boundaries in Linked Models on page 920

■ Room Areas and Perimeters for Design Options on page 1256

Room Separation Lines

Use the Room Separation tool to add and adjust room boundaries. Room separation lines are room-bounding.
They are useful for designating one room within another, such as a dining area within a living room, where
a wall between the rooms is not desired. Room separation lines are visible in plan views and 3D views.
If you create a room bounded by walls, the room area is computed from the inside face of the walls by
default. If you add openings to those walls and still want to maintain separate room area computations, you
must sketch room separation lines through the openings to maintain the room area as it was first computed.

918 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

Adding Room Separation Lines
1 Open a floor plan view.
2 On the Room and Area tab of the Design Bar, click Room Separation.
3 Sketch the room separation lines.
If the space already contains a room, the room boundaries adjust to the new room separation lines. If the
space does not yet contain a room, you can add one. (See Creating a Room on page 913.) You can also do
the following:

■ Tag the room. (See Tagging a Room on page 922.)

■ Apply a color scheme to the plan view or to a section view. (See Color Schemes on page 956.)

Showing or Hiding Room Separation Lines

1 Open a plan view or 3D view.
2 Type vg, or click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics.
3 Click the Model Categories tab.
4 In the Visibility column, expand the Lines group.
5 Select or clear Room Separation.
6 Click OK.

Room Boundaries | 919

 Room Boundaries in Linked Models
When you link Revit models together, by default Revit Architecture does not recognize room-bounding
elements in the linked model. If you try to place a room between walls in the host project and walls (or
other elements) in a linked model, Revit Architecture does not automatically recognize the room-bounding
elements of the linked model. However, you can force Revit Architecture to recognize the room-bounding
elements of a linked model. See Using Room Boundaries in a Linked Model on page 920.
Placing rooms in a host project (building exterior) using walls in a linked model
(building interior)

More about rooms and linked models

■ If you unload a linked model, rooms in the host project are no longer bounded by the room-bounding
elements in the linked model.

■ Elements in a nested link are room-bounding when you turn on the Room Bounding parameter of the
nested linked model and the Room Bounding parameter of its parent model.

Related topics

■ Working with Linked Models on page 1213

■ Room-Bounding Elements on page 917

Using Room Boundaries in a Linked Model

Use the following procedure to make the host project recognize the Room Bounding parameter of elements
in the linked model.

To use room boundaries in a linked model

1 In a plan view of the host project, select the linked model symbol.
The status bar displays the following:
RVT Links : Linked Revit Model : <model name>.

920 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

 2 Click (Element Properties).
3 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
4 In the Type Properties dialog, select Room Bounding.
5 Click OK twice.
Now you can place rooms in the plan view, using the boundaries defined by room-bounding elements in
the host project and the room-bounding elements in the linked model. See Creating a Room on page 913.

Rooms Spanning Floors or Levels

Rooms can span multiple floors or levels. For example, a building that has a public space or atrium that
spans multiple floors can be represented with a single room. Use the Upper Limit and Limit Offset parameters
to define the upper boundary of the room. See Defining the Upper Boundary of a Room on page 930.

Upgrading Rooms from Earlier Versions

The following sections contain information about recent enhancements to rooms.

Upgrading from Revit 2008 to Revit 2009

In Revit 2009, the algorithm for computing room volumes is further enhanced to improve accuracy. In
addition, for the purpose of estimating HVAC loads, room volumes are now computed to the wall face.
(They are no longer computed to the wall center or wall core.)
As a result, in existing projects that contain rooms, Revit Architecture may show numbers for room volumes
that are different from previous project numbers. These numbers reflect more accurate computations for
room volumes.

Upgrading from earlier versions to Revit 9

As of version 9.0, room calculations use new algorithms to compute room boundaries. These changes, which
make room calculations more robust, may cause changes to rooms that are upgraded from earlier versions.
For example, as of 9.0, crossing walls bound rooms.
If room-related warning messages are displayed during the upgrade process, you can review them later. (Click
Tools menu ➤ Review Warnings, or see Warnings for Selected Elements on page 1334.) After upgrading, review
room schedules and tags to make sure they are accurate.
For more information, see Room-Bounding Elements on page 917 and Troubleshooting Rooms on page 941.

Rooms Spanning Floors or Levels | 921

Room Tags
Rooms and room tags are separate but related Revit Architecture components. Rooms are model elements
in Revit Architecture, like walls and doors. Room tags are annotation elements that can be added and
displayed in plan views and section views. Room tags can display values for related parameters, such as room
number, room name, computed area, and volume.

Related topics

■ Creating Sequential Room Number Tags on page 1070

■ Room Tags for Design Options on page 1258

Tagging a Room
Before you can tag a room, you must add the room to the project. See Creating a Room on page 913. If you
do not use the Tag on placement option when creating rooms, you can use the following procedure to tag
rooms later.

NOTE As an alternative, use the Tag All Not Tagged tool to tag all untagged rooms in a view. This tool can be
useful, for example, when you place and tag rooms in a floor plan view, and you want to see tags for the same
rooms in a reflected ceiling plan (RCP) view. See Tag All Not Tagged on page 1067.

To tag a room
1 Open a plan or section view.
2 On the Room and Area tab of the Design Bar, click Room Tag.
3 On the Options Bar, do the following:
■ Indicate the desired orientation of the room tag.
See Tag Orientation on page 922.

■ To include a leader line with the room tag, select Leader.

4 Click in a room to place the room tag.

NOTE As you place room tags, they align with existing tags. See Aligning Tags on page 1066.

After placing a room tag, you can modify its properties. See Room Tag Properties on page 925.

Tag Orientation
When tagging a room or area, you can specify the orientation of the tag to the view. The Orientation
parameter displays in the tag instance properties. It also displays on the Options Bar when you are adding
a room, area, or tag to a view.

Select one of the following options:

■ Horizontal: The tag displays horizontally in the view (the default).

922 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

■ Vertical: The tag displays vertically in the view.

■ Model: The tag can align with walls and boundary lines in the building model or rotate to a specified
angle. (See Rotating a Tag on page 923.)

Tagging Rooms on Placement

To tag rooms when you create or place rooms in a view, use the Tag on placement option of the Options
Bar. For instructions, see Creating a Room on page 913.

Moving a Tag
Use the following procedure to move a tag for a room or area.
1 Select the tag.
The status bar displays the category and family type for the tag.

2 Drag the blue arrow control to the desired position.

If you drag a tag outside its room or area boundary, Revit Architecture displays a warning. For instructions,
see Room Tag Is Outside of Its Room on page 944.

Rotating a Tag
Use the following procedure to rotate a tag for a room or area.
1 Select the tag.
The status bar displays the category and family type for the tag.

2 On the Options Bar, select Model.

3 To change the orientation of the tag, use one of the following methods:

■ To rotate the tag, click (Rotate), and follow the instructions in Rotating Elements on
page 308.

■ To align the tag with walls or boundary lines in the building model, press the SPACEBAR one
or more times until the tag aligns with the desired element.

Room Tags | 923

 A tag aligned with an angled wall

Room and Room Tag Relationship

When you create a room, if it is properly bounded by elements (such as walls) and room separation lines,
Revit Architecture computes the room area between the boundaries. Revit Architecture displays a warning
if the room is not in a properly enclosed region.
To place a room tag when creating or placing a room in a view, select the Tag on placement option of the
Options Bar. If you place a room without a tag, you can tag it later using the Room Tag tool. (See Tagging
a Room on page 922.) You can also use the Tag All Not Tagged tool to tag several untagged rooms in one
operation. (See Tag All Not Tagged on page 1067.)
As an aid to early design and programmatic studies, you can add rooms (for example, from a program list)
to a schedule before you define walls or place rooms in a plan view. In a room schedule, you can click New
on the Options Bar to add new room types to the schedule. You can then place those predefined rooms in
the project by selecting them in the Room list on the Options Bar while the Room tool is active.
If you place a new room within bounding elements or separation lines that contain a room that you placed
previously, Revit Architecture warns you that the new room is redundant and suggests that you either move
it or delete it.
You can delete a room by deleting it from a room schedule. The corresponding room tag is deleted as well.
If you delete a room tag in a plan view, the room remains in the project and in the schedule. (See Removing
Rooms on page 936.)

Room Schedules and Room Tags

The room schedule and rooms are associated; therefore, all fields that appear in the room schedule are part
of the properties list for the room. If you modify field values in the schedule, the corresponding property
values update for the room, and vice versa. Also, this association extends to room tags. For example, if you
change the room name in the schedule, the room and related tags update and display the new name.
Room tags are annotation elements that display values from the room properties. The properties of a room
tag are the properties of the annotation family. If a room is selected in a schedule, you can click the Show
button on the Options Bar to see the position of the room in any related view.
For more information about schedules, see Creating a Schedule or Quantity on page 125.

924 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

Room Tag Properties
Use room tag properties to control the appearance and behavior of room tags.

Related topic

■ Room Properties on page 939

Modifying Room Tag Properties

1 In a plan or section view, select a room tag, and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit room tag instance parameters.
See Room Tag Instance Properties on page 925.

3 To edit room tag type parameters, click Edit/New.

See Room Tag Type Properties on page 925.

4 Click OK.

Room Tag Type Properties

Name Description

Graphics

Show Volume Displays the room’s computed volume in the tag. If Not Computed displays, turn
on volume computation. See Enabling Volume Computations on page 929.

Show Room Number Displays the room’s assigned number in the tag.

Show Area Displays the room’s computed area in the tag.

Leader Arrowhead Specifies the shape of the arrowhead on the leader line.

Room Tag Instance Properties

Name Description

Graphics

Leader Line Turns on/off the leader line.

Orientation Specifies the orientation of the room tag: horizontal, vertical, or model. See Tag
Orientation on page 922.

Room Tags | 925

Room Area
To compute the area of a room, Revit Architecture does the following:

■ Finds room boundaries. Many model elements have a Room Bounding parameter. For some elements
(such as walls and columns), the Room Bounding parameter is turned on by default. For other elements,
you must turn on the Room Bounding parameter. (See Room-Bounding Elements on page 917.) To define
room boundaries where no walls exist, use room separation lines. (See Room Separation Lines on page
918.) You can also change the wall layer at which the room boundary is located. (See Changing the Room
Area Boundary Location on page 928.)

■ Uses the computation height. The computation height is a defined height above the base level of the
room. Revit Architecture measures the perimeter of the room at this height. If a building includes sloped
walls or other atypical features, you may need to adjust the computation height to achieve more accurate
room areas and volumes. See Computation Height on page 926.

By measuring the perimeter of the room at the defined height, Revit Architecture determines the area of the
room.

Related topics

■ Room Volume on page 928

■ Creating Room/Area Reports on page 1290

■ Analyzing a Conceptual Design on page 522

■ Room Areas and Perimeters for Design Options on page 1256

Computation Height
Revit Architecture measures the perimeter of a room at a defined distance above the base level of the room.
This distance is the computation height. It is used to compute the room perimeter, area, and volume. By
default, the computation height is 4’ or 1200 mm above the base level of the room (the height of the default
cut plane).
For buildings with vertical walls, the default computation height usually gives accurate results. However, if
a building includes sloped walls or other atypical features, you may need to adjust the computation height
to achieve more accurate room areas and volumes.
For example, the following drawing shows a section of a room with a sloped wall. The dotted line across the
lower part of the room indicates the current computation height. (This line displays when you select the
room.) Revit Architecture uses the perimeter of the room at the computation height when computing the
room area and volume.

926 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

Changing the computation height affects the room perimeter, and thus the room area and volume. For
example, the following drawing shows the same room, but the computation height has been moved lower
(indicated by the dashed line). The room tag shows the changed room area and volume.

The computation height is defined as a parameter of a level family. If needed, you can change this parameter.
You can also create multiple level families that use different computation heights. For example, you may
want to define one level family for stories and another level family for plenums.

NOTE Changing the computation height can affect the performance of Revit Architecture.

Changing the Computation Height

1 Open a section view (or any view in which you can see defined levels).
(Optional) Make rooms visible in the section view. (See Controlling the Visibility of Rooms on
page 915.)

2 Right-click a level datum in the view, and click Element Properties.

3 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
4 In the Type Properties dialog, under Dimensions, do one of the following:
■ To use a default computation height, select Automatic Room Computation Height.
By default, the computation height is 4’ or 1200 mm above the base level of the room (the
height of the default cut plane). See Computation Height on page 926.

■ To specify a computation height, clear Automatic Room Computation Height. For

Computation Height, enter the distance above the base level to use when computing the
room area and perimeter.
If the room includes a sloped wall, consider using a computation height of 0 (zero).

5 Click OK.
The change in computation height affects all rooms that use this level type family for its base level.

Automatic Computation Height

In most cases, the automatic computation height is 4’ (1200 mm) above the base level of the room. In some
situations, however, the automatic computation height is different.

■ Suppose the top of a room-bounding wall is lower than 4’ (1200 mm above the base level of the room),
and it is joined to a room separation line. In this case, the computation height defaults to 0 (zero) to
bound rooms by joined lower walls for that level.

■ Suppose the top of a room-bounding wall is higher than 4’ (1200 mm), and its bottom is above the base
level of the room. In this case, the automatic computation height is 4’ (1200 mm).

Room Area | 927

 Changing the Room Area Boundary Location
By default, Revit Architecture computes the room area using the wall finish as the boundary. You can change
the boundary, specifying the wall center, wall core layer, or wall core center.

NOTE You cannot change boundary locations separately for each room. All rooms in the project use the new
boundary location.

To change the room area boundary location

1 Click View menu ➤ Area and Volume Computations, or on the Room and Area tab of the Design
Bar, click Settings.
2 On the Computation tab of the Area and Volume Computations dialog, for Room Area
Computation, select one of the following options:
■ At wall finish: The room boundary is located at the finish face inside the room.

■ At wall center: Locates the room boundary at the centerline of the wall.

■ At wall core layer: Locates the room boundary at the interior or exterior layer of the core
closest to the room.

■ At wall core center: Locates the room boundary at the centerline of the wall core.

3 Click OK.
For information about defining the structure and core layers of a wall, see Vertically Compound Walls on
page 567.

Room Volume
Room volumes display in the Element Properties dialog, in tags, and in schedules for rooms. By default,
Revit Architecture does not compute room volumes.
When volume computation is turned off, room tags and schedules display Not Calculated for the Volume
parameter. Because volume computation may affect Revit Architecture performance, turn it on only when
you want to prepare and print schedules or other views that report volumes. To turn on volume computation,
see Enabling Volume Computations on page 929.

Related topics

■ Analyzing a Conceptual Design on page 522

■ Room Volumes for Design Options on page 1258

How Room Volume is Computed

Because volume computation may affect Revit Architecture performance, it is turned off by default. Turn it
on only when you want to prepare and print schedules or other views that report room volumes. To turn
on volume computation, see Enabling Volume Computations on page 929.
When it computes room volumes, Revit Architecture does the following:

■ Determines the room area. See Room Area on page 926.

NOTE Room volumes are computed to the wall finish, regardless of the Room Area Computation setting.

928 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

■ Determines the room height. See Defining Room Height on page 930 and Considering Ceilings and Floors
in Room Volume Computations on page 932.

■ Uses the room area and the room height to compute the room volume.

Situations That Can Affect Room Volume Computations

In a few cases, the room volume that Revit Architecture computes may not reflect unique features of a room.
For example, if a room-bounding element does not reach the upper boundary of the room, space above the
element may not be included in the room volume.
For example, if a partial wall or architectural column that does not reach the ceiling or roof is defined as
room-bounding, Revit Architecture does not include the space above the element in the room volume. In
the following section view, the green columns do not reach the roof, and the white space above them
indicates space that Revit Architecture omits from the room volume computation.

To avoid this situation, turn off the Room Bounding parameter for the elements. (Right-click the element,
and click Element Properties. Clear the Room Bounding Parameter, and click OK.) In this case, the volume
of those elements (and the space above them) is included in the room volume computation.
Note that Revit Architecture may also omit parts of the room from its volume computations due to a
combination of sloping walls and the defined computation height. See Computation Height on page 926.

Enabling Volume Computations

NOTE Volume computations may affect Revit Architecture performance. You can turn on volume computation
to prepare and print schedules or other views that report volumes. Then turn off the feature.

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Area and Volume Computations, or on the Room and Area tab of the
Design Bar, click Settings.
2 On the Computations tab of the Area and Volume Computations dialog, under Volume
Computations, select Areas and Volumes.

Room Volume | 929

 3 Click OK.

Defining Room Height

Revit Architecture uses the height of a room to compute its volume. You can specify the height of a room
in the following ways:

■ Define room height parameters. In a plan or section view, select the room and edit its properties. The
Upper Limit, Limit Offset, Level, and Base Offset parameters define the height of the room.

■ Change the room height graphically. After adding a room to a plan view, open a section view that shows
the room. In the section view, you can select the room and use grips to adjust the upper and lower
boundaries of the room. See Rooms in Section Views on page 916.

Defining Room Height Parameters

To define the height of a room, use room instance parameters, as described in the following topics. In a plan

or section view, select a room and click (Element Properties).

The Unbounded Height parameter shows the largest potential height of the room, based on the room height
parameters. This value is read-only. (The room’s actual height may be changed by room-bounding elements,
such as intervening floors and roofs. See Considering Ceilings and Floors in Room Volume Computations
on page 932.)

Defining the Upper Boundary of a Room

Together, the Upper Limit and Limit Offset parameters define the upper boundary of the room.

NOTE If room-bounding elements intersect the upper limit offset, those elements form the upper boundary
instead. (See Considering Ceilings and Floors in Room Volume Computations on page 932.)

For example, suppose a room starts at Level 1. To indicate that it should extend upward 4000 mm above
Level 2, specify an Upper Limit of Level 2 and a Limit Offset of 4000 mm. By default, the Limit Offset is the
distance between levels (10’ or 4000 mm).
In the following section view:
■ Room 1 has an Upper Limit of Level 1 and a Limit Offset of 4000.

■ Room 2 has an Upper Limit of Level 1 and a Limit Offset of 3000.

■ Room 3 has an Upper Limit of Level 2 and a Limit Offset of 4000.

■ Room 4 has an Upper Limit of Level 2 and a Limit Offset of 3500.

930 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

Defining the Lower Boundary of a Room
Together, the Level and Base Offset parameters define the lower boundary of a room.
In the room properties, the Level parameter is read-only. This parameter reflects the level of the plan view
in which you place the room. For example, if you place a room on a Level 2 floor plan, the Level parameter
for the room is Level 2.
Use the Base Offset parameter to indicate the distance between the base level and the lower boundary of
the room. To use the base level as the lower boundary, enter 0 (zero). To move the lower boundary above
the base level, enter a positive number. To move the lower boundary below the base level, enter a negative
number.
For example, in the following section view:
■ Room 1 has a Base Offset of 0. The lower boundary of the room starts at Level 1.

■ Room 2 has a Base Offset of 1000. The lower boundary of the room starts 1000 mm above Level 1.

■ Room 3 has a Base Offset of –500. The lower boundary of the room starts 500 mm below Level 1.

Changing the Room Height Graphically

In a section view, you can change the height of a room graphically by adjusting the upper and lower
boundaries of the room. When you change the boundaries of a room graphically, Revit Architecture
automatically updates the corresponding room parameters: Upper Limit, Limit Offset, and Base Offset. (See
Defining Room Height Parameters on page 930.)

Room Volume | 931

 To change the height of a room graphically
1 Open a section view that contains rooms.
See Rooms in Section Views on page 916.

2 Select the room whose height you want to change.

See Selecting a Room on page 914.
Revit Architecture displays upper and lower grips.

3 To change the upper or lower boundary of the room, pull the corresponding grip up or down.
Revit Architecture displays listening dimensions to indicate the distance of the upper and lower
boundaries from the upper limit and base level of the room. You can enter a value directly, if
desired. See Listening Dimensions on page 233.
The dashed line across the room indicates the computation height, that is, the height at which
Revit Architecture computes the area and perimeter of the room. Computation Height is a type
parameter for levels. See Computation Height on page 926. The dashed line for the computation
height displays only when you select the room in a section view.

If the Areas and Volumes option is turned on, the room boundary follows any sloping elements, such as
roofs, walls, and ramps. If Areas and Volumes is turned off, the room boundary does not follow sloping
elements.

Considering Ceilings and Floors in Room Volume Computations

If the room height does not reach upper or lower room-bounding elements, Revit Architecture uses the
specified upper and lower boundaries to compute the height and the resulting volume of the room.
For example, the following section view shows a room that starts at Level 1 and goes up to Level 2, but its
upper boundary is not defined by a ceiling, roof, or other room-bounding element. Regardless, Revit
Architecture uses the specified room height when computing the room volume.

932 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

 However, if room-bounding elements occur within the range of the room’s defined limits, Revit Architecture
uses the space defined by the room-bounding elements when computing the volume. For example, if a
ceiling or roof occurs below the specified upper limit of a room, then Revit Architecture computes the volume
up to the room-bounding element.
For rooms under roofs, such as attic spaces, specify an upper boundary that is greater than the height of the
roof. This strategy ensures that the volume is computed up to the roof pitch. For example, the following
section view shows a room that starts at Level 1 and extends 7000 mm above Level 2 (indicated in blue).
When computing the room volume, however, Revit Architecture uses the intervening roof as the upper
boundary for the room (indicated in red).

When a floor occurs above the computation height, it becomes top-bound, not bottom-bound, which results
in an incorrect room volume. This situation typically occurs when the ceiling is modeled as part of the floor
or when you move a floor to a point above the room's lower boundary. If this occurs, create a new level for
the elevated floor, and add the room on this level. Then Revit Architecture can compute the room volume
correctly.

Sharing Room/Space Information Between Revit Architecture and

Revit MEP
In Revit Architecture, architects use rooms and areas to divide a building model by usage, occupancy, or
other criteria. In Revit MEP, engineers use spaces and zones for analysis of heating and cooling loads.
Architects and mechanical engineers who collaborate on a Revit project need to understand some behavior
about Revit rooms and spaces.

Workflow: Linking an MEP Model to an Architectural Model

The following describes a typical workflow for an architect and a mechanical engineer collaborating on a
project:

1 The architect uses Revit Architecture to create a project.

All building geometry is defined in the Revit Architecture project. The project may include rooms
defined by room-bounding elements and room separation lines.

2 The mechanical engineer does the following:

a Uses Revit MEP to create a new project.

b Creates a link to the Revit Architecture project.

See Linking Revit Models on page 1213.

Sharing Room/Space Information Between Revit Architecture and Revit MEP | 933
 c Creates desired views and uses Revit MEP tools to develop the design.

d Turns on the Room Bounding parameter for the linked model.

This step ensures that the Revit MEP project recognizes room-bounding elements in the Revit
Architecture project. See Using Room Boundaries in a Linked Model on page 920.

e Places spaces in the Revit MEP model.

The spaces use the room boundaries defined by the Revit Architecture project.

As an alternative, teams can create a Revit project and enable worksharing. The architect and the mechanical
engineer each use separate worksets. See Working in a Team on page 1189.

How Revit Architecture and Revit MEP Share Information

When you link a Revit Architecture project to a Revit MEP project, consider the following:
■ Spaces (created in Revit MEP) can be bounded by elements in linked models, in the host model, or in
both.

■ Spaces are affected by room separation lines. Rooms are not affected by space separation lines.

■ Spaces are measured from the wall finish face.

■ In Revit MEP, spaces use the computation height that is defined in the architectural model. See
Computation Height on page 926.

■ A space understands in which room of a linked model it resides, and it can report the identity of that
room. This information is based on relative locations, not on a link to a specific room ID.

■ Multiple spaces can access the identity of a single room in a linked model.

■ Rooms can exist in design options. (See Design Options and Rooms on page 1256.) Spaces cannot exist in
design options.

■ If the architectural model changes, spaces are not deleted in the host MEP model. Spaces can become
unenclosed, redundant, or ambiguous, as they would if the same changes were made in the host model.

■ Modification of one model does not propagate to linked models. If the architectural model and the MEP
model link to each other, changes to the architectural model may not be matched by changes in the
MEP model until the MEP model is opened, resaved, and reloaded.

Phase-Specific Rooms and Boundaries

All rooms are phase-specific in a project. When you add a room to a plan view or create a room by adding
a row to a room schedule, the room is automatically assigned to the phase specified for the view.
As the project progresses, you can report room areas for different phases. Also, the same room name and
number can exist in the same or different locations of the model, as long as they are in different phases. To
achieve this, do not switch the phase in the same plan view, but make duplicate plan views with dedicated
phases.
You can make edits to room-bounding elements in one phase without affecting other phases. For example,
you can delete room-bounding walls in one phase and, provided those walls do not exist in other phases,
not impact room boundaries in other phases. Revit Architecture ignores any room-bounding elements that
do not exist in the active phase in which you are working.

934 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

Rooms become part of the phase as you place them in the view. In the following picture, rooms placed on
Level 1 of the model are specific to Phase 0, which represents existing conditions.

In the next picture, rooms placed on Level 1 of the model are specific to Phase 1, which represents new
construction.
Notice that the same room numbers and names can display in the view, and room tags occupying the same
location can have different names and numbers.

Related topics

■ Room Boundaries on page 915

■ Project Phasing on page 1263

Scheduling Phase-Specific Rooms

Schedules for modelling and drafting elements have phases. You can create a room schedule specific to a
phase and include room area (and other information) in that schedule. When you create a room schedule,
select the phase you want it to represent in the New Schedule dialog. You can also specify the phase through
the properties of the schedule. When you change the phase, the schedule view updates accordingly.

Related topics

■ Schedule Views on page 124

■ Project Phasing on page 1263

Phase-Specific Rooms and Boundaries | 935

 Copying Rooms Between Phases
Rooms in Revit Architecture let you specify properties for a region of the building model, such as a Name,
Surface Finishes, and Level Offset. After setting these parameters to identify the characteristics of a room in
one phase, you may want to use that room specification in another phase. This is useful when changing an
existing region with new construction. To do this, copy the room from a view assigned to one phase to a
view assigned to a different phase to preserve the parameter settings.
For example, to copy room specifications from the Existing phase to the New Construction phase, use the
following procedure.

To copy room specifications from one phase to another

1 Open the plan view where you have added a room.
2 Right-click in the view, and click View Properties.
3 Scroll down to the Phasing section. For Phase, specify Existing, and click OK.
4 Select the room that you want to copy, and click Edit ➤ Copy to Clipboard.
5 Repeat steps 2 and 3 above, but, for Phase, specify New Construction.
6 Click Edit ➤ Paste Aligned ➤ Current View.
The room is added to the New Construction phase with the same properties that were specified
in the Existing phase.

Phase-Specific Rooms and Linked Models

If phase-specific rooms in a linked model do not reflect the correct phases, check phase mapping for the
linked model.
When you link a model to the host project, Revit Architecture performs phase mapping to align phases in
the linked model with phases in the host project. If the automatic phase mapping does not give the desired
result, you can map phases between projects manually. See Phase Mapping Linked Revit Models on page
1216.

Removing Rooms
After creating rooms, you can remove rooms from a building model in the following ways:

■ Unplace: Removes the room from its location in building model, but the project still contains information
about the room. Then you can place the room in another location later during a project redesign. See
Unplacing or Moving Rooms on page 937.

■ Delete: Completely removes the room (including all information about the room) from the project. See
Deleting Rooms on page 938.

936 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

A floor plan containing rooms, and a room schedule

Unplacing or Moving Rooms

When you add a room to a plan view, the project stores information about the room. This can include
information that you add using room properties, such as the room name, surface finishes, occupancy, and
so on. (See Room Properties on page 939.) You can see information about rooms in a room schedule. If you
want to retain information about a room but remove it from its current location in the building model,
unplace the room as follows.

To unplace a room
1 Open a plan view or a section view that displays the room.
2 Select the room.
Check the status bar to be sure that you have selected the room and not the room tag. The status
bar displays the following:
Rooms : Room : <room name>

3 Delete the room from the plan view, using any of the following methods:
■ Press DELETE or CTRL+X.

■ Right-click the room, and click Delete.

■ Click Edit menu ➤ Delete.

The room is removed from its location in the building model. However, the project still contains
the information about the room. In a room schedule, the room is listed as Not Placed. If desired,
you can place the room in another location. See Placing an Unplaced Room on page 938.

Removing Rooms | 937

 Placing an Unplaced Room
1 Open a plan view where you want to place the room.
2 On the Room and Area tab of the Design Bar, click Room.
3 On the Options Bar, for Room, select the desired room from the list.
4 In the drawing area, click to place the selected room in the desired location.
Room schedules update automatically to reflect the new location of the room.

Viewing a List of Unplaced Rooms

1 If the project does not include a room schedule, create one.
See Creating a Schedule or Quantity on page 125.

2 Display the room schedule in the drawing area.

The room schedule lists all rooms defined in the building model. For any rooms that are currently
unplaced, the schedule displays Not Placed for any read-only fields, including: Area, Perimeter,
Level, Upper Limit, and Volume.

3 On the Options Bar, for Not placed/Not enclosed, select Isolate.

This option filters the schedule so that it lists only the rooms that are not placed or enclosed.
You may want to save this schedule so that you can quickly determine which rooms need to be
placed or enclosed.

Hiding Unplaced Rooms in a Room Schedule

1 Display the room schedule in the drawing area.
The room schedule lists all rooms defined in the building model. For any rooms that are currently
unplaced, the schedule displays Not Placed for any read-only fields, including: Area, Perimeter,
Level, Upper Limit, and Volume.

2 On the Options Bar, for Not placed/Not enclosed, select Hide.

This option filters the schedule so that it lists only the rooms that are currently placed (and
enclosed).
To redisplay the rooms that are not placed or enclosed in the schedule, for Not placed/Not
enclosed, select Show.

Deleting Rooms
Delete selected rooms from a project when you no longer want to retain any information about the rooms.

To delete one or more rooms

1 If the project does not include a room schedule, create one.
See Creating a Schedule or Quantity on page 125.

2 Display the room schedule in the drawing area.

3 To delete one room, place the cursor in the schedule row for that room.

938 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

 4 To delete multiple rooms, do the following:
a On the Options Bar, for Not placed/Not enclosed, select Isolate.
This option filters the schedule so that it lists only the rooms that are not placed or enclosed.

b Drag the cursor across the schedule rows for the rooms to delete.

5 On the Options Bar, click Delete.

6 At the warning message, click OK.
The selected rooms are deleted from the project. The project no longer stores any information about the
rooms.

Rooms and Areas as Polylines

When exporting AutoCAD files, you can export rooms and areas as closed polylines. The exported polylines
match the boundaries of rooms in Revit Architecture. The room boundaries are exported onto a single layer.
That layer is turned off by default in the AutoCAD file.
The polylines include the following XDATA information for room boundaries: Name, Number, Occupancy,
Occupant, Department, and Comments. The polylines include the following information for area boundaries:
Name and Comments.

Related topics

■ Creating Room/Area Reports on page 1290

■ Exporting to gbXML on page 1296

■ Exporting to CAD Formats on page 1273

Exporting Rooms and Areas as Polylines

1 In a Revit project, click File menu ➤ Export ➤ CAD Formats.
2 In the Export CAD Formats dialog, for Files of type, select dwg or dxf.
3 Specify a name and location for the exported file.
4 Click Options.
5 In the Export Options dialog, select Export rooms and areas as polylines.
6 Specify other options as desired.
See Export Options on page 1278.

7 Click OK.
8 In the Export CAD Formats dialog, click Save.

Room Properties
As model elements, rooms have instance properties. You can change the values of some parameters. Other
parameters are read-only values.

Related topic

■ Room Tag Properties on page 925

Rooms and Areas as Polylines | 939

 Modifying Room Properties

1 In a plan view or section view, select a room and click .

See Selecting a Room on page 914.

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit room instance parameters.

See Room Instance Properties on page 940.

3 Click OK.
If you have created a room schedule that includes parameters that can be modified, you can change the
parameter values in the schedule.

Room Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Level The base level on which the room resides. A read-only value. See Defining the Lower
Boundary of a Room on page 931.

Upper Limit The level from which to measure the upper boundary of the room. See Defining the
Upper Boundary of a Room on page 930.

Limit Offset The distance at which the upper boundary of the room occurs, measuring from the
Upper Limit level. Enter a positive number to go above the Upper Limit level, or
enter a negative number to go below it. Enter 0 (zero) to use the level specified for
the Upper Limit. The default is 10’ (4000 mm). See Defining the Upper Boundary
of a Room on page 930.

Base Offset The distance at which the lower boundary of the room occurs, measuring from the
base level (defined by the Level parameter). Enter a positive number to go above
the base level, or enter a negative number to go below it. Enter 0 (zero) to use the
base level. The default is 0. See Defining the Lower Boundary of a Room on page
931.

Dimensions

Area The net area computed from the room-bounding elements. A read-only value. See
Room Area on page 926.

Perimeter The perimeter of the room. This is a read-only value. See Room Area on page 926.

Unbounded height The largest potential height of the room, based on the room height parameters:
Level, Upper Limit, Limit Offset, and Base Offset. This value is read-only. See Defining
Room Height on page 930. (The room’s actual height may be changed by room-
bounding elements, such as intervening floors and roofs. See Considering Ceilings
and Floors in Room Volume Computations on page 932.)

940 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

 Name Description

Volume The volume of the room when volume computation is enabled. See Room Volume
on page 928. A read-only value.

Identity Data

Number An assigned room number. This value must be unique for each room in a project.
Revit Architecture warns you if the number is already used but allows you to continue
using it. (See Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334 or Warnings for Selected
Elements on page 1334.) Room numbers are assigned sequentially. See Creating Se-
quential Room Number Tags on page 1070.

Name The room name, such as Conference Room or Kitchen.

Comments User-specified information about the room.

Occupancy Type of occupancy for the room, such as Retail.

Department Department for which the room will be used.

Base Finish Finish for the base.

Ceiling Finish Finish for the ceiling, such as stucco.

Wall Finish Finish for the wall, such as painted.

Floor Finish Finish for the floor, such as carpeting.

Occupant Name of the person, group, or organization that will use the room.

Phasing

Phase The project phase to which the room belongs. A read-only value based on view
properties. See Phase-Specific Rooms and Boundaries on page 934.

Troubleshooting Rooms
If problems occur with rooms in a project, Revit Architecture provides explanations in dialogs, room tags,
or room schedules.
When an error occurs, you can select the tag or the schedule row that displays the error, and on the Options
Bar, click Explain Error. Revit Architecture shows the message that it displayed when the problem first
occurred. You can use standard error dialog features (like Show) to find the relevant tags.

Related topics

■ Warnings for Selected Elements on page 1334

■ Reviewing Warning Messages on page 1334

Troubleshooting Rooms | 941

 Can't Create Any Energy Analysis Surfaces
Error: Can’t create any energy analysis surfaces. There are no room bounding elements defined in the current
phase. Please check the Project Information settings.
Issue: This warning displays when you attempt to export to gbXML and the building model does not contain
any room-bounding elements in the specified phase.
Solution: Do the following:

■ Make sure that appropriate elements (such as walls and roofs) in the building model are room-bounding.
See Making an Element Room Bounding on page 918.

■ Click Settings menu ➤ Project Information. In the Element Properties dialog, for Energy Analysis, click
Edit. In the Energy Data Type Properties dialog, for Project Phase, specify the phase for which you want
to perform the energy analysis. This phase should be one in which room-bounding elements exist.

Energy Analysis Model Does Not Contain Any Roof Surfaces

Warning: The energy analysis model does not contain any roof surfaces. If there are roofs in your model,
please verify that they are room bounding, and make sure that the room offsets are high enough to include
the roofs.
Issue: This warning displays when you attempt to export to gbXML, and rooms in the building model do
not include upper surfaces (roofs).
Solution: Do the following:

■ Make sure that the roofs in the building model are room-bounding. See Making an Element Room
Bounding on page 918.

■ Where appropriate, adjust the upper boundaries of rooms to include the roofs. See Defining Room Height
on page 930 and Considering Ceilings and Floors in Room Volume Computations on page 932.

Highlighted Room Separation Lines Overlap

Warning: Highlighted room separation lines overlap. One of them may be ignored when Revit finds room
boundaries. Delete one of the lines.
Issue: The room separation line that you just added or moved overlaps an existing separation line.
Solution: Select one of the room separation lines, and delete it, move it, or change its length, so that it no
longer overlaps the other line.
See Room Separation Lines on page 918.

Multiple Rooms Are in the Same Enclosed Region

Warning: Multiple rooms are in the same enclosed region. The correct area and perimeter will be assigned
to one room, and the others will display “Redundant Room.” You should separate the regions, delete the
extra rooms, or move them into different regions.
Issue: This message displays when multiple rooms reside in the same region of the building model. In
schedules, Revit Architecture displays Redundant Room.

942 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

One of the rooms displays the correct area and perimeter. The others display Redundant Room so that the
space is not counted more than once in schedule totals. When a view displays the rooms using the Interior
Fill visibility setting, the rooms that report Redundant Room display in a darker color because the room
areas overlap.
Solution: Do either of the following:

■ Use room-bounding model elements or room separation lines to divide the region into multiple rooms.
See Room Boundaries on page 915.

■ Remove the extra rooms. See Removing Rooms on page 936.

Not Computed
Warning: Not Computed
Issue: This message displays for the Volume parameter in room tags and room schedules when you have
not enabled volume computation.
Because volume computation may affect Revit Architecture performance, enable it only when you want to
prepare and print schedules or other views that report volumes.

Solution: To compute room volumes, click Settings menu ➤ Area and Volume Computations. On the Area
and Volume Computations dialog, under Volume Computations, select Areas and Volumes.

Not Enclosed
Warning: Room is not in a properly enclosed region.
Issue: This message displays when a room is not properly enclosed by bounding elements or room separation
lines. For a room in a schedule, Revit Architecture displays Not enclosed.
Solution: Add room separation lines, or turn on the Room Bounding parameter for elements, as appropriate.
See Room Boundaries on page 915.

Redundant Room
Warning: Redundant room.
Solution: See Multiple Rooms Are in the Same Enclosed Region on page 942.

Room Is Very Short

Warning: Room is very short. If this is not intended, change its Upper Limit and Offset.
Issue: This message displays when you adjust the height of a room to be shorter than 4’ or 1200 mm.
Solution: If you intend to create a short room, ignore this warning.
If you did not intend to create a short room, adjust its upper and lower boundaries. See Defining Room
Height on page 930.

Troubleshooting Rooms | 943

 Room Tag Is Outside of Its Room
Warning: Room Tag is outside of its Room. Enable Leader or move Room Tag within its Room.
Issue: This message displays when you move a room tag outside its room, or when you move a room to a
new location but do not move its tag with it. This message can also display when you move a room to a
new location in another view, so the room is no longer located with its tag.

Solution: You can ignore this message (click OK) and review it later (click Tools menu ➤ Review Warnings,
or see Warnings for Selected Elements on page 1334), or resolve it immediately.
To resolve the issue immediately, do one of the following:
■ To return the room or room tag to its previous location, click Cancel.

■ To move the room tag to its room, click Move to Room.

If the room and its tag display in several views, the room tag moves to the room location in all of those
views.

■ To draw a leader line from the room tag to its room, click OK. On the Options Bar, click Leader.

Room Tag Was Deleted

Warning: A Room Tag was deleted, but the corresponding Room still exists. You can place another tag for
the room using the Room Tag tool, or select the room and delete it.
Issue: This message displays when you delete a room tag in a room.
Solution: You can ignore the warning, or you can remedy the situation by placing another tag for the room
or deleting the room from the project. See Tagging a Room on page 922 or Deleting Rooms on page 938.

Room Volumes Overlap

Warning: Room Volumes Overlap, adjust Upper Limit and Upper Offset.
Issue: This message displays when a room on a lower level is so tall that its volume intersects with a room
on a higher level.
Solution: To resolve the overlap, select the lower level room, and adjust its Upper Limit and Upper Offset
parameters until the rooms no longer overlap. See Defining Room Height on page 930.

Room's Lower Offset Is Above the Computation Height

Error: Room’s lower offset is above the computation height.
Issue: This message displays when you move the lower boundary of a room above the computation height.
See Computation Height on page 926.
Solution: In the error dialog, click Cancel. To adjust the position of the room’s lower boundary, change the
room height parameters, or change it graphically. See the following topics:

■ Defining the Lower Boundary of a Room on page 931

■ Changing the Room Height Graphically on page 931

■ Considering Ceilings and Floors in Room Volume Computations on page 932

944 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

 Setting for Areas and Volumes Is Not Checked
Warning: The setting for Areas and Volumes is not checked. The volumes will be approximate. Please check
the Volume Computation settings in Area and Volume Computations.
Issue: This warning displays when you attempt to export to gbXML and volume computation is turned off.
With volume computation turned off, exported information about room volumes is less accurate.
Solution: Turn on volume computation. See Enabling Volume Computations on page 929.

Area Analysis
Use area analysis tools to define spatial relationships in the building model.

Related topics

■ Rooms and Areas Overview on page 911

■ Analyzing a Conceptual Design on page 522

Area Schemes
Area schemes are definable spatial relationships. For example, you can have an area scheme showing the
relationship between core and circulation spaces in a floor plan.
Area plan with area scheme applied

You can create multiple area schemes. By default, Revit Architecture creates 2 area schemes:

■ Gross Building: Total constructed area of a building.

■ Rentable: Area measurements based on the standard method for measuring floor area in office buildings.

You cannot edit or delete the Gross Building area scheme. The Rentable area scheme is modifiable. You can
create additional area schemes as needed.

Area Schemes and Schedules

You can create schedules for area schemes. For more information about defining a schedule for an area
scheme, see Creating a Schedule or Quantity on page 125.

Area Analysis | 945

 Creating an Area Scheme
1 Click Settings menu ➤ Area and Volume Computations.
2 In the Area and Volume Computations dialog, click the Area Schemes tab.
3 Click New.
4 For Name, enter a name for the new area scheme.
5 For Description, enter a description of the new area scheme.
6 Click OK.

Deleting an Area Scheme

NOTE If you delete an area scheme, all area plans associated with that scheme are also deleted.

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Area and Volume Computations.

2 In the Area and Volume Computations dialog, click the Area Schemes tab.
3 Select the area scheme.
4 Click Delete.
5 Click OK.

Area Plans
Area plans are views that show spatial relationships based on area schemes and levels in your model. You
can have multiple area plans for every area scheme and level. Each area plan can have distinct area boundaries,
tags, and color schemes.
Area plans are listed in the Area Plans node of the Project Browser. You can rename area plans. In the Project
Browser, the area plan name indicates the level associated with the plan.
Create area schemes before creating area plans. See Creating an Area Scheme on page 946.
Area plan with area scheme applied

Creating an Area Plan

1 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Area Plan, or on the Room and Area tab of the Design Bar, click Area
Plan.
2 In the New Area Plan dialog, for Type, select an area scheme.

946 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

 3 Select a level for the area plan view.
If you select more than one level, Revit Architecture creates a separate area plan for each level
and groups them by area scheme in the Project Browser.

4 To create unique area plan views, select Do not duplicate existing views.
5 To create copies of existing area plan views, clear Do not duplicate existing views.
6 For Scale, select the area plan scale.
7 Click OK.
Revit Architecture prompts you to automatically create area boundary lines associated with all
external walls. See Area Boundaries on page 947.

8 Select one of the following:

■ Yes: Revit Architecture places the boundary lines along the exterior walls of a closed loop.

■ No: You sketch the area boundary lines.

TIP Revit Architecture cannot automatically create area boundary lines in external walls that are not
closed in a loop.

TIP If the project includes a ruled curtain system within the exterior wall loop, you must sketch the
area boundary, because ruled curtain systems are not walls.

9 Add more area boundaries, as needed.

See Creating Area Boundaries on page 947.

Area Boundaries
Area boundaries define usable space in buildings. You can define these areas by drawing them or by picking
walls.
If you select the Apply Area Rules option, Revit Architecture automatically changes the wall boundary
position when you change the area type. (See Area Types on page 953.) For example, office area is measured
at the wall centerline, while exterior area is measured to the exterior wall face. By applying area rules, the
area boundary position updates in accordance with area type changes.

Creating Area Boundaries

1 Open an area plan view.
Area plan views are listed in the Project Browser under Area Plans. See Area Plans on page 946.

2 Click Drafting menu ➤ Area Boundary, or on the Room and Area tab of the Design Bar, click
Area Boundary.
3 Draw or pick the area boundaries. (Use Pick to apply area rules.)
See the following procedures for details.

To pick area boundaries

1 On the Options Bar, select Pick.
2 If you do not want Revit Architecture to apply area rules, on the Options Bar, clear Apply Area
Rules, and specify the offset.

Area Boundaries | 947

 NOTE If you apply area rules, the area boundary position is dependent on the area type parameter
of the area tag. You must place an area tag in the boundary to change the area type.

3 Select the boundary defining walls.

To draw area boundaries

1 On the Options Bar, select Draw.
2 Use the sketching tools to complete the boundary.
See Sketching on page 251.

Areas and Area Tags

Areas and area tags are separate but related Revit Architecture components. Areas are model elements in
Revit Architecture, like walls and doors. Area tags are annotation elements that you can add to area plan
views.
When creating an early design, before you define walls or other bounding elements in a project, you can
create an area schedule. In the schedule, add information about the areas that you plan to use. Later, you
can place these predefined areas in an area plan of the project.

Related topics

■ Moving a Tag on page 923

■ Rotating a Tag on page 923

Creating an Area
You can create areas using 2 methods:

■ Add rows to an area schedule. This allows you to predefine areas in an early design of the project. See
Creating a Schedule or Quantity on page 125. You can later use the Area tool to place the predefined areas
in an area plan.

■ Use the Area tool in an area plan view, as follows.

To create an area
1 Open an area plan view.
See Area Plans on page 946.

2 Create area boundaries.

See Area Boundaries on page 947.

3 Click Drafting menu ➤ Area, or on the Room and Area tab of the Design Bar, click Area.
4 To display an area tag with the area, do the following:
■ On the Options Bar, click Tag on placement.

■ Indicate the desired orientation of the area tag.

See Tag Orientation on page 922.

■ To include a leader line with the area tag, select Leader.

948 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

 5 On the Options Bar, for Area, select New to create a new area, or select an existing area from
the list.
6 Click in the area plan to place the area.
If you place an area inside area boundaries, it expands to the extents of the boundaries. You can also place
an area in a free space or one that is not entirely bounded, and then draw area boundaries later. The area
expands to the boundaries.

Adding an Area Tag

Area tags display the total area within an area boundary. When you place an area tag, you can assign a
unique name to the area.
Before you can add area tags, you must add areas to the area plan. See Creating an Area on page 948. If you
do not use the Tag on placement option when creating areas, you can use the following procedure to add
area tags later.

NOTE As an alternative, use the Tag All Not Tagged tool to tag untagged areas. See Tag All Not Tagged on page
1067.

To add an area tag

1 Open an area plan view.
2 Click Drafting menu ➤ Area Tag, or on the Room and Area tab of the Design Bar, click Area Tag.
Revit Architecture highlights defined areas in the area plan.

3 On the Options Bar, do the following:

■ Indicate the desired orientation of the area tag.
See Tag Orientation on page 922.

■ To include a leader line with the area tag, select Leader.

4 Click in an area to place the tag.

Deleting Areas and Area Tags

When you delete (unplace) an area in an area plan view, its tag is also deleted. However, the area is still
defined in the project. (See Removing Areas on page 951.)
When you delete an area tag from an area plan view, only the area tag is deleted. The area remains in the
area plan view and the schedule view.

Area Properties
Parameter names, values, and descriptions for areas. Some values are modifiable.

Name Description

Constraints

Level The level on which the area resides. This is a read-only value.

Areas and Area Tags | 949

 Name Description

Dimensions

Area Total area within area boundaries. This is a read-only value.

Perimeter The perimeter of the area boundaries. This is a read-only value.

Identity Data

Number The value for this parameter is automatically generated when you add an area to a
project. You can modify the value of this parameter using numbers, characters, or
a combination of numbers and characters. You will receive a duplicate value message
if the same value for the number parameter is used for 2 areas in an area scheme.
You can add this parameter to a schedule, and it can display in an area tag.

Name Area name.

Comments Specific comments about the area.

Other

Area Type Type of area.

NOTE Changing the area type alters the position of area boundaries created with
the Apply Area Rules options. See Area Types on page 953 for type rules.

Area Tag Properties

Parameter names, values, and descriptions for area tags. Values are modifiable.

Area Tag Type Properties

Name Description

Leader Arrowhead The shape of the arrowhead on the leader line.

Area Tag Instance Properties

Name Description

Leader Line Adds a leader line to the area tag.

Orientation The orientation of the area tag. See Tag Orientation on page 922.

950 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

Removing Areas
After creating areas, you can remove areas from a building model in the following ways:

■ Unplace: Removes the area from its location in the area plan, but the project still contains information
about the area. Then you can place the area in another location later during a project redesign. See
Unplacing or Moving Areas on page 951.

■ Delete: Completely removes the area (including all information about the area) from the project. See
Deleting Areas on page 952.

An area plan and an area schedule

Unplacing or Moving Areas

When you add an area to a floor plan, the project stores information about the area. This can include
information that you add using area properties, such as the area name, usage, and so on. (See Area Properties
on page 949.) You can see information about areas in an area schedule. If you want to retain information
about an area but remove it from its current location in the building model, unplace the area as follows.

To unplace an area
1 Open an area plan view that shows the area.
2 Select the area.
Check the status bar to be sure that you have selected the area and not the area tag.

3 Delete the area from the plan view using any of the following methods:
■ Press DELETE or CTRL+X.

■ Right-click the area, and click Delete.

Removing Areas | 951

 ■ Click Edit menu ➤ Delete.

The area is removed from its location in the building model. However, the project still contains the
information about the area. In an area schedule, the area is listed as Not Placed. If desired, you can place
the area in another location. See Placing an Unplaced Room on page 938.

Placing an Unplaced Area

1 Open the area plan view where you want to place the area.
2 Click Drafting menu ➤ Area, or select Area on the Room and Area tab of the Design Bar.
3 On the Options Bar, for Area, select the desired area from the list.
4 In the drawing area, click to place the selected area in the desired location.
Area schedules update automatically to reflect the new location of the area.

Viewing a List of Unplaced Areas

1 If the project does not include an area schedule, create one.
See Creating a Schedule or Quantity on page 125.

2 Display the area schedule in the drawing area.

The area schedule lists areas defined in the building model. For any areas that are currently
unplaced, the schedule displays Not Placed for any read-only fields, including: Area, Perimeter,
Level, Upper Limit, and Volume.

3 On the Options Bar, for Not placed/Not enclosed, select Isolate.

This option filters the schedule so that it lists only the areas that are not placed or enclosed.
You may want to save this schedule that you can quickly determine which areas need to be
placed or enclosed.

Hiding Unplaced Areas in an Area Schedule

1 Display the area schedule in the drawing area.
The area schedule lists areas defined in the building model. For any areas that are currently
unplaced, the schedule displays Not Placed for any read-only fields, including: Area, Perimeter,
Level, Upper Limit, and Volume.

2 On the Options Bar, for Not placed/Not enclosed, select Hide.

This option filters the schedule so that it lists only the areas that are currently placed (and
enclosed).
To redisplay the areas that are not placed or enclosed in the schedule, for Not placed/Not
enclosed, select Show.

Deleting Areas
Delete selected areas from a project when you no longer want to retain any information about the areas.

952 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

 To delete one or more areas
1 If the project does not include an area schedule, create one.
See Creating a Schedule or Quantity on page 125.

2 Display the area schedule in the drawing area.

3 To delete one area, place the cursor in the schedule row for that area.
4 To delete multiple areas, do the following:
a On the Options Bar for the area schedule, for Not placed/Not enclosed, select Isolate.
This option filters the schedule so that it lists only the areas that are not placed or enclosed.

b Drag the cursor across the schedule rows for the areas to delete.

5 On the Options Bar, click Delete.

6 At the warning message, click OK.
The selected areas are deleted from the project. The project no longer stores any information about the areas.

Showing Areas and Area Boundaries in Linked Models

1 Open the plan view that contains the linked model.
2 Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics.
3 Click the Revit Links tab.
4 Select the linked model to display areas and area boundaries, and click the button in the Display
Settings column.
5 Select By Linked view.
6 Select the area plan from the Linked view list.
7 Click Apply.
8 Click OK.

Area Types
Area types are an instance property of area tags. Area types contain area measurement rules that Revit
Architecture applies to area boundaries. See Area Type Rules on page 954.
Area type values come from the default area schemes: Gross Building and Rentable. The Gross Building area
scheme has 2 area type values: Gross Building Area, and Exterior Area. The Rentable Area scheme has 6 type
values: building common area, office area, exterior area, floor area, major vertical penetration, and store
area.
When you create a new area scheme, it uses the type values from the Rentable area scheme. See Area Schemes
on page 945.

Gross Building Area Types Definition and Examples

Gross Building Area The total constructed area of a building. It is any area inside the outer face of the
building's exterior walls.

Showing Areas and Area Boundaries in Linked Models | 953

 Gross Building Area Types Definition and Examples

Exterior Area Any area outside the outer face of a building's external walls, for example, an ex-
terior courtyard enclosed by 4 walls.

Rentable Area Types Definition and Examples

Building Common Area Lobbies, atriums, conference rooms, lounges, vending area, security desks, concierge
areas, food service facilities, health or fitness centers, day care facilities, locker or
shower facilities, and mail rooms.

Office Area Area where a tenant normally houses personnel, furniture, or both.

Exterior Area Any area outside the external walls of a building.

Floor Area Washrooms, janitorial closets, electrical rooms, telephone rooms, mechanical rooms,
elevator lobbies, public corridors, and other areas that are available primarily for
the use of the tenants on that floor.

Major Vertical Penetration Stairs, elevator shafts, flues, pipe shafts, vertical ducts, and their enclosing walls.

Store Area Area of an office building suitable for retail occupancy.

Area Type Rules

The following table shows area measurement rules. Rules are determined by one type of space bordering
another space. To find the appropriate measurement rule, find the selected Area Type and the corresponding
Area Type that borders the area.

Related topic

■ Area Types on page 953

Gross Building Area Scheme Types

Area Type Selected Bordering Area Type Measurement Rule

Gross Building Area

Gross Building Area None Area Boundary measured to the outside surface of
building.

Gross Building Area Exterior Area Area Boundary measured from outside surface of
building.

Exterior Area

Exterior Area Exterior Area Area Boundary measured from wall centerline.

954 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

Gross Building Area Scheme Types

Area Type Selected Bordering Area Type Measurement Rule

Exterior Area Gross Building Area Area Boundary measured from outside surface of
building.

Rentable Area Scheme Types

NOTE Windows in Rentable Area Scheme Types: If you place windows within the exterior walls, Revit Architecture
places the area boundary lines according to the following rules based on the height of the windows: If window
height is greater than 50% of wall height, area boundary lines go to face of glass. If window height is less than
50% of wall height, area boundary lines go to interior face of the exterior walls.

Rentable Area Scheme Types

Area Type Selected Bordering Area Type Measurement Rule

Building Common Area

Building Common Area Building Common Area, Office, Store Area Boundary measured from wall centerline.

Building Common Area Exterior, Major Vertical Penetration Area Boundary measured from wall face bordering
Building Common Area.

Office Area

Office Area Building Common Area, Office, Store Area Boundary measured from wall centerline.

Office Area Exterior, Major Vertical Penetration Area Boundary measured from wall face bordering
the office area.

Exterior Area

Exterior Area Exterior Area Boundary measured from wall centerline.

Exterior Area Store Area Boundary measured from wall face bordering
Exterior Area.

Exterior Area Any other areas Area Boundary measured from the wall face border-
ing the other area.

Floor Area

Floor Area Office, Store or Building Common Area Boundary measured from wall face bordering
Area other area.

Floor Area Exterior, Major Vertical Penetration Area Boundary measured from the wall face border-
ing the floor area.

Area Type Rules | 955

 Rentable Area Scheme Types

Area Type Selected Bordering Area Type Measurement Rule

Floor Area Floor Area Area Boundary measured from the wall centerline.

Major Vertical Penetration

Major Vertical Penetration Major Vertical Penetration Area Boundary measured from the wall centerline.

Major Vertical Penetration Exterior Area Boundary measured from the wall face border-
ing the Major Vertical Penetration area.

Major Vertical Penetration Any other area (except Exterior) Area Boundary measured from the wall face border-
ing the other area.

Store Area

Store Area Major Vertical Penetration, Floor Area Boundary measured from the wall face border-
ing the Store area.

Store Area Exterior Area Boundary measured from the wall face border-
ing the Exterior area.

Store Area Building Common Area, Office, Store Area Boundary measured from the wall centerline.

Color Schemes
Use color schemes to color and apply fill patterns to rooms and areas. You can apply color schemes to floor
plan views and section views based on a specific value or range of values. You can apply a different color
scheme to each view.
Colors schemes can be useful for graphically illustrating categories of spaces. For example, you can create a
color scheme by room name, area, occupancy, or department. If you want to color rooms in a floor plan by
department, set the Department parameter value for each room to the necessary value, and then create a
color scheme based on the values of the Department parameter. You can then add a color scheme legend
to identify the department that each color represents.
You can apply color schemes based on any parameter value for a room or area. You specify parameter values
in the Element Properties dialog.
The following image shows a plan view with a color scheme that uses a specific value defined for each room
(for example, Office and Storage as values of the room’s Department parameter).

956 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

The next image shows a plan view with a color scheme applied by a range of values (in this example, square
footage).

NOTE To use color schemes, you must have rooms or areas defined in the project.

Color Schemes | 957

Opening the Edit Color Scheme Dialog
When working with color schemes, you use the Edit Color Scheme dialog to perform many tasks. Use any
of the following methods to access this dialog.

■ Click Settings menu ➤ Color Fill Schemes.

■ Open a floor plan view or section view that displays a color scheme legend. Select the legend, and on
the Options Bar, click Edit Color Scheme.

■ For a floor plan view or section view, access view properties. (Right-click in the drawing area and click
View Properties, or right-click the view name in the Project Browser and click Properties.) In the Element
Properties dialog, click in the cell for the Color Scheme parameter.

Creating a Color Scheme

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Color Fill Schemes, or open the Edit Color Scheme dialog using another
method.
2 In the Edit Color Scheme dialog, select the category for which to create a color scheme: Areas
(Gross Building), Areas (Rentable), or Rooms.

3 Select an existing scheme. Then right-click and click Duplicate, or click under Schemes.
4 In the New color scheme dialog, enter a name for the new color scheme, and click OK.
The name displays in the color scheme list.

5 In the Scheme Definition field, enter a title for the color scheme legend.
The title displays above the legend when you apply the color scheme to a view. You can show
or hide the color scheme legend title. See Modifying a Color Scheme Legend on page 963.

6 On the Color menu, select the parameter to use as the basis of the color scheme.

NOTE Be sure that values are defined for the parameter you select. You can add or change parameter
values in the Element Properties dialog.

7 To color by a specific parameter value or by a range of values, select By Value or By Range.

958 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

 NOTE By Range is not available for all parameters.

When you select By Range, the units display format appears next to the Edit Format button. If
necessary, click Edit Format to change the format. In the Format dialog, clear Use project settings,
and select the appropriate format settings from the menus. Click OK.

8 Modify color scheme definition values as necessary.

■ At least: Edit the low end range value. This value only displays when you select By Range.

■ Less than: This is a read-only value. This value only displays when you select By Range.

■ Caption: Edit the legend text. This value only displays when you select By Range.

■ Value: This is a read-only value. This value only displays when you select By Value.

■ Visible: Indicates whether the value is colored and visible in the color scheme legend.

■ Color: Specify the color option for the value. Click to change the color.

■ Fill Pattern: Specify the fill pattern for the value. Click to change the fill pattern.

■ Preview: Shows a preview of the color and fill pattern.

■ In Use: Indicates whether the value is in use in the project. This is a read-only value for all
list items, except any custom values you add.

■ Select a row by clicking the row number. Click or to move the row up or down in
the list. These options are available when you select By value.

9 Optionally, click to add a new value to the scheme definition. For more information, see
Adding Values to a Color Scheme Definition on page 959.
10 (Optional) To allow coloring of elements (such as rooms and areas) in linked models, select
Include elements from linked files.
11 Click OK.
To apply a color scheme to a view, see Applying a Color Scheme on page 960.

Adding Values to a Color Scheme Definition

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Color Fill Schemes, or open the Edit Color Scheme dialog using another
method.

2 In the Edit Color Scheme dialog, click (Add Value).

3 In the New Color Scheme Entry dialog, enter a name and click OK.
4 Edit value options as necessary. See Creating a Color Scheme on page 958 for details on options.

NOTE Certain parameters only accept properly formatted values. For example, if you need to enter
a value for area, you can enter a number or a formula. If the value does not have the correct format,
a message displays to indicate this.

5 Click OK.

Creating a Color Scheme | 959

Applying a Color Scheme
1 In the Project Browser, right-click the floor plan view or section view to apply a color scheme
to, and select Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, click in the Color Scheme cell.
3 In the Edit Color Scheme dialog, under Schemes, select a color scheme from the list.
For information on creating a new color scheme, see Creating a Color Scheme on page 958.

4 Click OK.
5 For Color Scheme Location, select one of the following values:
■ Background: Applies the color scheme to the background of the view only. For example, in
a floor plan view, it applies the color scheme to the floor only. In a section view, it applies
the color scheme to the background walls or surfaces only. The color scheme is not applied
to foreground elements in the view.

■ Foreground: Applies the color scheme to all model elements in the view.

6 Click OK.

Related topic

■ Adding a Color Scheme Legend on page 963

Using a Color Scheme in a Section View

In addition to using a color scheme for a floor plan view, you can also use a color scheme to color and apply
fill patterns to rooms or areas in a section view. See Applying a Color Scheme on page 960.

960 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

Modifying a Color Scheme
1 Click Settings menu ➤ Color Fill Schemes, or open the Edit Color Scheme dialog using another
method.
2 In the Edit Color Scheme dialog, select the color scheme to edit, and make the necessary changes.
See Creating a Color Scheme on page 958 and Adding Values to a Color Scheme Definition on
page 959 for details on options.

3 Click OK.

Applying the Host Model Color Scheme to Rooms and Areas in Linked
Models
1 Click Settings menu ➤ Color Fill Schemes, or open the Edit Color Scheme dialog using another
method.
2 In the Edit Color Scheme dialog, select the option Include Rooms/Areas from linked files, and
click OK.
3 Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics.
4 Click the Revit Links tab.
5 Select the linked model to apply the host color scheme to, and click the button in the Display
Settings column.
6 If the linked model contains rooms, select By Host view or Custom.
If the linked model contains areas, select Custom. If you select Custom:
■ For Linked View, select the view from the linked model to display.

■ For Color Fill, select By Host View.

7 Click OK.
For more information about visibility of linked Revit models, see Visibility for Linked Revit Models on page
1218.

Applying the Linked Model Color Scheme to Rooms and Areas in

Linked Models
1 Click Settings menu ➤ Color Fill Schemes, or open the Edit Color Scheme dialog using another
method.

Modifying a Color Scheme | 961

 2 In the Edit Color Scheme dialog, select the option Include Rooms/Areas from linked files, and
click OK.
3 Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics.
4 Click the Revit Links tab.
5 Select the linked model to apply a color scheme to, and click the button in the Display Settings
column.
6 Select By Linked View or Custom.
7 If you select Custom, for Color Fill, select By Linked View.
8 For Linked View, select the view to apply the color scheme to.
9 Click OK.
For more information about visibility of linked Revit models, see Visibility for Linked Revit Models on page
1218.

Removing the Color Scheme Display

1 In the Project Browser, right-click the view for which you want to remove the color scheme
display, and select Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, click the value box for the Color Scheme parameter.
3 In the Edit Color Scheme dialog, select (none) from the list, and click OK.
4 Click OK to exit the Element Properties dialog.
You can also remove the color scheme display by selecting the color scheme legend in the drawing area,
and on the Options Bar, clicking Edit Color Scheme. In the Edit Color Scheme dialog, select (none), and
click OK.

Color Scheme Legend

Color schemes color rooms and areas in a floor plan or section view by values that you define. You can add
a color scheme legend to the colored view to identify what the colors represent.

Color scheme legends can be placed anywhere in the floor plan. Multiple color scheme legends can be placed
in a view, or you can apply a color scheme to a view and, if you do not want the color scheme legend to
display, you can select it and delete it.
You can resize color scheme legends using drag controls. You can also resize the swatches in the color scheme
legend, show or hide the legend title, modify the order of items in the legend, and modify the graphic
appearance of the swatches.

962 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

Adding a Color Scheme Legend
1 Open a floor plan view or section view.
2 On the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Color Scheme Legend.
3 Click in the drawing area to place the color scheme legend.
4 In the Choose Color Scheme dialog, select a color scheme, and click OK.
If the color scheme legend that displays does not reflect the color scheme that you want to use, do the
following:

a In the drawing area, select the legend.

b On the Options Bar, click Edit Color Scheme.

c In the Edit Color Scheme dialog, select a different color scheme from the list, and click OK.
You can also create a new color scheme in this dialog. For more information, see Creating a Color
Scheme on page 958.

Modifying a Color Scheme Legend

You can resize a color scheme legend, resize the swatches (the color boxes that display in the legend), modify
the order of items in the legend, change the graphic appearance of legend swatches, and change the legend
title.

To resize the legend

1 In the drawing area, select the color scheme legend.
2 Drag the blue circle control up to move color swatches to new columns, or down to move color
swatches to the previous column. You can have as many columns in your legend as you have
swatches.
3 Drag the blue triangle control to resize column width.

To resize legend swatches

1 In the drawing area, select the color scheme legend.

2 Click .
3 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
4 Edit the values for Swatch Width and Swatch Height.

NOTE Changes made to these type parameters affect all color scheme legends of this type in the
project.

5 Click OK.

To modify the order of items

1 In the drawing area, select the color scheme legend.
2 On the Options Bar, click Edit Color Scheme.

3 In the Edit Color Scheme dialog, select a row and click or to move values up or down
in the list. These options are available when By value is selected.

Color Scheme Legend | 963

 NOTE When you modify the order of items, all project views that use the color scheme are affected.

4 Click Apply to view your changes. Click OK to exit the Edit Color Scheme dialog.

To modify the graphic appearance of legend swatches

1 In the drawing area, select the color scheme legend.
2 On the Options Bar, click Edit Color Scheme.
3 In the Edit Color Scheme dialog, change the color and fill patterns as necessary for the desired
values.

NOTE When you modify the graphic appearance of legend swatches, all project views that use the
color scheme are affected.

4 Click Apply to view your changes. Click OK to exit the Edit Color Scheme dialog.

To change the legend title

1 In the drawing area, select the color scheme legend.
2 On the Options Bar, click Edit Color Scheme.
3 Edit the text for Title.

NOTE When you modify the legend title for a color scheme, all project views that use the color
scheme are affected.

4 Click Apply to view your changes. Click OK to exit the Edit Color Scheme dialog.

To show or hide the legend title

1 In the drawing area, select the color scheme legend.

2 Click .
3 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
4 In the Type Properties dialog, select or clear the Show Title parameter value.

NOTE Changes made to this type parameter affect all color scheme legends of this type in the project.

5 Click OK twice.

Color Scheme Legend Properties

Name Description

Graphics

Swatch Width Controls the width of the swatches.

Swatch Height Controls the height of the swatches.

Values Displayed Filters the display of values in a view. By view shows only the values in the current view. All shows all
values present in the color scheme.

964 | Chapter 14 Rooms and Areas

Name Description

Background Sets the background of the legend to opaque or transparent.

Color Sets the color of the legend text.

Show Title Shows or hides the legend title. The legend title is specified in the color scheme definition.

Text

Font Sets the font of the legend values.

Size Sets the size of the legend values.

Bold Applies bold formatting to the legend values.

Italic Applies italic formatting to the legend values.

Underline Applies underline formatting to the legend values.

Title Text

Font Sets the font of the legend title.

Size Sets the size of the legend title.

Bold Applies bold formatting to the legend title.

Italic Applies italic formatting to the legend title.

Underline Applies underline formatting to the legend title.

Color Scheme Legend | 965

966
Preparing Construction
Documents 15
To create a construction document set in Revit Architecture, you create sheets, and add drawings and schedules to the
sheets. Then you can print the sheets or publish them in another format, such as DWF, for electronic sharing and review.
You can send the construction documents to the field, where clients or reviewers can mark up the designs for revisions.
Revit Architecture provides tools for tracking the revisions.

Related topics

■ Project Views on page 79

■ Dimensions on page 213
■ Annotating and Detailing on page 1027

Construction Documents Overview

Construction documents are the records that you share with clients, engineers, and construction professionals
to communicate a design. For example, clients need to see floor plans, elevations, and 3D drawings of the
design for approval. Engineers from other disciplines will want to see those drawings, as well as more detailed
drawings, to help them understand the building model and how it affects their work. Construction
professionals need all of these drawings, as well as schedules and material takeoffs, to build the design.
A construction document set (also called a drawing set or a sheet set) consists of several sheets. Each sheet
contains one or more drawings and schedules for the building design.

967
Sheets
In Revit Architecture, you create a sheet view for each sheet in a construction document set. You can then
place multiple drawings or schedules on each sheet.

Sheets Overview
A sheet (also called a drawing sheet) is an individual page of a construction document set. In Revit
Architecture, you create a sheet view for each sheet in the construction document set. You can then place
multiple drawings or schedules on each sheet view.

968 | Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents

Parts of a sheet

When you add sheets to a Revit project, they are listed in the Project Browser under Sheets (all).

As you move a drawing or schedule onto a sheet, a viewport displays. A viewport is a representation of the
drawing or schedule when it is placed on a sheet.

Digital Cartoon Sets

Some architects use a cartoon set to plan the document requirements for a project. A cartoon set is a rough
plan for the sheets that you want to include in the construction document set, and the drawings, schedules,
or other information to show on each sheet.
By creating a cartoon set, you can ensure that the final construction document set includes all desired
information. You can also use this method to ensure that the construction document set meets standards
established by your organization.
With Revit Architecture, you can create a digital cartoon set. First add the required views (drawings and
schedules) to the project, and sketch the basic design of the building model. Add the desired sheets to the
project, and give them appropriate names and numbers. Then add the views to the appropriate sheets. If
desired, you can set the view scales, titles, and other attributes now, so the resulting sheets use the desired
settings.
Even though these views and sheets do not yet show the completed design, they provide an overall structure
for the project. As you develop the building model in the project views, the schedules update accordingly,
and the sheets display the desired information. This technique streamlines the project documentation
process.
When you create a digital cartoon set that reflects corporate standards or a typical project setup, you can
use the project to create a project template. See Sheets in Project Templates on page 970.

Sheets Overview | 969

 Planning sheets with a digital cartoon set

Sheets in Project Templates

When creating a project template, you can include sheets in the template. Start with a blank project file,
and create the standard views and levels that each project should include. Leave the views empty, but assign
standard names to them. To create a standard set of construction documents, create sheets using the desired
title blocks. Add views to the sheets, using the desired viewport templates and view title types. Then save
the empty project as a project template. (See Creating a Custom Project Template on page 437.)
When you create a project using this project template, all of the views and sheets are already created and
listed in the Project Browser. As you start to draw the building model in the project views, the views on the
sheets update automatically. This technique streamlines the project documentation process and maintains
organizational standards.

Adding a Sheet
1 Open the Revit project.
2 Add a sheet using one of the following methods:
■ In the Project Browser, right-click Sheets (all), and click New Sheet.

■ On the View tab of the Design Bar, click Sheet.

■ Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Sheet.

3 Select a title block, as follows:

a In the Select a Titleblock dialog, select a title block from the list.
If the list does not show the desired title block, click Load. In the Library folder, open the
Titleblocks folder, or navigate to the folder where the title block resides. Select the title
block to load, and click Open.

b Click OK.

For information about title blocks, see Title Blocks on page 984.

970 | Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents

 4 Enter information in the title block of the sheet.
See Specifying Title Block Information for Sheets on page 975.

5 Add views to the sheet.

See Adding Views to a Sheet on page 971.

6 Change the default number and name that Revit Architecture assigned to the sheet.
See Renaming a Sheet on page 975. The sheet number and name display in the Project Browser
under Sheets (all).

NOTE To track printing times, Revit Architecture displays a date and time stamp on sheets. To format the display
of this stamp, modify the regional and language settings on your computer.

Adding Views to a Sheet

You can add one or more views of a building to a sheet, including floor plans, site plans, ceiling plans,
elevations, 3D views, sections, detail views, drafting views, and rendered views. Each view can be placed on
one sheet only. To add a particular view to multiple sheets in a project, create duplicate views, and place
each one on a different sheet.

NOTE You can also place legends and schedules (including view lists and drawing lists) on sheets. Legends and
schedules can be placed on multiple sheets. See Adding a Schedule to a Sheet on page 1002.

To add views to a sheet

1 Open the sheet.
2 To add a view to the sheet, use one of the following methods:
■ In the Project Browser, expand the list of views, and locate the view, and drag it onto the
sheet.

■ Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Add View, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click Add View.
In the Views dialog, select a view, and click Add View to Sheet.

3 As you move the cursor over the sheet in the drawing area, a viewport for the selected view
moves with it. Click to place the viewport in the desired location.
4 Repeat Steps 2 and 3 to add more views to the sheet, if desired.
5 If needed, you can modify the individual views on the sheet as follows:
■ To change the view title that displays on the sheet, double-click the title, and edit it. See
View Titles on Sheets on page 997.

■ To move the view to a new location on the sheet, select its viewport, and drag it.

Adding Views to a Sheet | 971

 You can now do any of the following, as explained in Modifying a View on a Sheet on page 976:
■ Change the scale of the view.

■ Add dimensions to the view.

■ Add text notes to the view.

■ Pan the view.

Hiding Parts of a View on a Sheet

When placing a particular view on a sheet, you can use the following techniques to hide parts of the view
to focus on one area:

■ Crop region: Use the crop region to focus the view on a particular area of the building model. See Crop
Regions on page 163.

■ Masking regions: Use masking regions to hide areas of the view (within the rectangular crop region) that
are not relevant. For example, in the following floor plan, masking regions obscure the upper-right and
upper-left corners of the apartment unit to hide irrelevant model geometry. See Masking Regions on page
1087.

972 | Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents

 TIP If you want to retain the original version of the view, first create a duplicate view. (In the Project Browser,
right-click the view name, and click Duplicate View ➤ Duplicate.) Open the duplicate view, and apply crop regions
and masking regions as needed. Then place the duplicate view on the sheet.

Applying Standard Settings to a View on a Sheet

You can apply standard settings to a view on a sheet by using a viewport type. For example, you can create
a viewport type that does not display a view title on a sheet, or that uses a different color and weight for the
line that separates the drawing from its title. See Viewport Types on page 995.

Aligning Views on a Sheet

When positioning views on a sheet, you can align the view titles. The view titles stay aligned even if the
size of a viewport changes.

NOTE This method of aligning views on a sheet does not apply to schedules.

To align views on a sheet

1 In a project, add 2 or more views to a sheet.
See Adding Views to a Sheet on page 971.

2 Drag a view to the desired location on the sheet.

3 If desired, change the length of the horizontal line that displays in the view title.
See Modifying a View Title on a Sheet on page 998.

4 Drag the second sheet to the desired location.

When the view title of the second sheet aligns (vertically or horizontally) with the view title of
the first sheet, Revit Architecture displays a dashed line.

Aligning Views on a Sheet | 973

 5 (Optional) Lock the views in place on the sheet.
See Locking the Position of a View on a Sheet on page 974.

Locking the Position of a View on a Sheet

After placing a view (or schedule) on a sheet and positioning it as desired, you can lock it in place so that it
cannot be moved inadvertently.

To lock a view on a sheet

1 Open the sheet.
2 Select the view to lock in place on the sheet.

3 On the Edit toolbar, click (Pin).

The pin icon displays on the view, indicating that it is locked in place.

To unlock a view on a sheet

1 On the sheet, select the locked view.
The pin icon displays on the view, indicating that it is locked in place.

2 Click the pin icon.

The pin icon displays with a red slash through it, indicating that the view is no longer locked
in place. To move the view on the sheet, drag it to a new location.

974 | Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents

Renaming a Sheet
1 In the Project Browser, under Sheets (all), right-click the sheet name, and click Rename.
2 In the Sheet Name dialog, enter a new number and name for the sheet, and click OK.
Changes to the sheet number and name are propagated throughout the project, so that all references to the
sheet are accurate.
As an alternative, you can change the sheet number and name as follows: open the view properties for the
sheet, and change the values of the Sheet Number and Sheet Name parameters.

Specifying Title Block Information for Sheets

A title block typically displays information about the project, as well as information about individual sheets.
Use the following procedures to specify the information that you want to display in the title blocks of sheets
in a project.

NOTE To add custom fields to a title block, see Adding Custom Fields to a Title Block on page 992.

Entering Project-Specific Information

Project-specific information is data that remains the same on all sheets of a project. Examples include the
project issue date and status, the client name, and the project’s address, name, and number.

Renaming a Sheet | 975

 To update the title block of a sheet with project-specific information, open the project, and use either of the
following methods:

■ Enter the information directly on a sheet. Open a sheet. Click on the placeholder text for project-specific
information in the title block. Update the text as desired.

■ Change project information settings. Click Settings menu ➤ Project Information. Under Other, enter
values for the project information parameters. Click OK.

Revit Architecture updates all sheets in the project with the new information.

Entering Sheet-Specific Information

Sheet-specific information is data relating to an individual sheet in a project, such as the sheet name and
number, designer, and reviewer.
To update the title block of a sheet with sheet-specific information, open the project, and use either of the
following methods:

■ Enter the information directly on a sheet. Open a sheet. Click on the placeholder text for sheet-specific
information in the title block. Update the text as desired.

■ Change view properties. Open a sheet. Right-click in the drawing area, and click View Properties. In the
Element Properties dialog for the sheet, change the values of the sheet-specific parameters that display
in the title block. Click OK.

Modifying a View on a Sheet

1 Open the sheet.
2 Select the viewport for a view on the sheet and click View menu ➤ Activate View, or right-click
the viewport and click Activate View.

TIP If views on the sheet overlap, press TAB until the correct view highlights. Watch the status bar
for the description of the viewport.

Revit Architecture displays the sheet title block and its contents in halftone (gray). Only the
contents of the active view display normally. You can now edit the view as desired. You can
zoom in to the drawing area to see the elements more clearly.

3 Modify the view as desired.

For example, you can do the following:
■ Add dimensions. See Placing Permanent Dimensions on page 215.

■ Add text notes. See Adding Text Notes on page 1028.

■ Pan the view within its viewport, so that only a portion of the view is visible on the sheet.
The crop region for the view does not move. Click View menu ➤ Zoom ➤ Pan, or right-click
the activated view and click Pan. Drag the cursor to pan the view.

■ Change the scale of the view. On the View Control Bar, for Scale, select the desired scale.

976 | Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents

 Metric view scale

4 To deactivate the view, click View menu ➤ Deactivate View, or select the right-click anywhere
on the sheet and click Deactivate View.

Dividing a View Across Multiple Sheets

Sometimes a large view does not fit on a single sheet. In this case, you must create multiple sheets for the
view, divide the view into parts, and show one part on each sheet. Or perhaps a view is too tall or wide for
a sheet, and you want to show parts of the view next to each other on the same sheet.
To address these issues, use dependent views as follows.

To divide a view across multiple sheets

1 In a project, create and prepare the view that you want to divide into parts.
Add all annotations, details, dimensions, and other information required. See Project Views on
page 79, Annotating and Detailing on page 1027, and Dimensions on page 213.

2 Create duplicate dependent views.

See Creating Dependent Views on page 146.
■ In each dependent view, use crop regions to show the part of the model to display in that
view, and the annotations to include. If any unwanted annotations or model elements display
in a dependent view, right-click the element, and click Hide in view ➤ Elements.

■ In the primary view, add matchlines to indicate where the view is split.
See Adding Matchlines for Dependent Views on page 147.

3 Create the sheets on which to place the dependent views.

See Adding a Sheet on page 970.

4 Add the dependent views to their respective sheets.

See Adding Views to a Sheet on page 971.

5 (Optional) Add view references to the primary view.

View references indicate the sheet on which each dependent view displays. For instructions, see
Navigating Primary and Dependent Views on page 148.

Dividing a View Across Multiple Sheets | 977

Rotating a View on a Sheet
You can rotate a view (or a schedule) on a sheet 90 degrees in either direction (clockwise or counterclockwise).

To rotate a view on a sheet

1 In a Revit project, open the sheet.
2 On the sheet, select the view to rotate.

NOTE You cannot rotate an active view. If the title block displays in halftone and you can select
elements in the view, the view is active. Right-click the view, and click Deactivate View.

3 On the Options Bar, for Rotation on Sheet, select the desired rotation option.
The view rotates on the sheet.

Creating a Title Sheet

A construction documentation set usually includes a title sheet (also called a cover sheet). The title sheet
typically includes a rendering, 3D drawing, or other view of the building model. It may also include the
following types of information:

■ Table of contents (also called a drawing list, drawing index, or sheet index)

■ Project name and address

■ Client information

■ Vicinity plan

978 | Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents

■ Zoning information

■ Code compliance information

■ List of project team members

■ Legal description of the property and its boundaries

■ General notes

Because it includes different types of information than other sheets in the set, the title sheet typically uses
a different format. You may need to create a title block specifically designed for the title sheet. See Title
Blocks on page 984.

To create a title sheet

1 Add a sheet to the project, using the appropriate title block.
See Adding a Sheet on page 970.

2 Rename the sheet to indicate that it is the title sheet.

See Renaming a Sheet on page 975.

3 Add the desired view to the sheet.

See Adding Views to a Sheet on page 971.

4 Create a drawing list, omit the title sheet from the list, and add the drawing list to the sheet.
See Drawing Lists on page 1005.

5 Add the required information to the title sheet.

The title block for the title sheet typically includes fields where you enter information about
the project. Click the text areas to enter text. See Specifying Title Block Information for Sheets
on page 975.

Creating a Title Sheet | 979

Adding a Legend to a Sheet
Like a map legend, a legend on a sheet helps the building professional to interpret the drawings correctly.
In a construction document set, you can include the following types of legends:

■ Component legend: A list of components used in the building model, with details about their structure,
representation in drawings, or visual appearance. For a sample component legend, see Legend Views on
page 120.

■ Keynote legend: A list of keynotes used to document the building model. See Keynote Legend on page
1061.

■ Symbol legend: A list of the symbols that are used in drawings, similar to the following.

To add a legend to a sheet

1 Create the legend view in the project.
For component legends and symbol legends, see Legend Views on page 120. For keynote legends,
see Keynote Legend on page 1061.

2 Open the sheet on which you want to place the legend view.
3 In the Project Browser, expand Legends, click the name of the legend view, drag it into the
drawing area, and click to place it on the sheet.
You can place a legend view on multiple sheets.

4 (Optional) For a component legend or symbol legend, hide the view title.
See Removing a View Title from a Sheet on page 999.

5 (Optional) For a keynote legend, do the following:

■ Filter the legend based on the views included on the sheet. See Filtering Keynotes by Sheet
on page 1062.

■ Modify the way the keynote legend displays on the sheet. See Schedules on Sheets on page
1001.

Adding a Note Block to a Sheet

A note block (also called an annotation schedule) is a list of construction notes for a drawing. You can create
a note block and place it on a sheet to document the building model.

980 | Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents

 You can also document a building model using keynote legends. See Adding a Legend to a Sheet on page
980.

To add a note block to a sheet

1 In the project, create the project view to annotate.
See Project Views on page 79.

2 Add notes to the view, and create the note block.

See Creating an Annotation Schedule (Note Block) on page 127.

3 Add a sheet.
See Adding a Sheet on page 970.

4 Place the note block on the sheet, as follows:

a In the Project Browser, expand Schedules/Quantities.

b Select the name of the note block, drag it onto the sheet, and click to place it.

Using External Information on a Sheet

You can include information that is external to a Revit project on the sheets that Revit Architecture generates.
You can use external text, spreadsheets, and images on Revit sheets.

Using External Information on a Sheet | 981

 Adding Text from a File to a Sheet
1 In the Revit project, open the sheet.
2 On the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Text.
3 On the Options Bar, for Leader, make sure that None is selected.
4 Click in the drawing area to place the text insertion point.
5 On the Windows desktop, open the text document, and copy its contents to the clipboard.
6 In Revit Architecture, click Edit menu ➤ Paste from Clipboard.
The text box expands to contain the copied text. You can move the text box on the sheet, and edit its
contents directly. (Editing its contents does not change the original document from which it was copied.)
See Modifying Text Notes on page 1028.

Adding a Spreadsheet to a Sheet

1 In the spreadsheet application, open the spreadsheet. Display the data as you want it to display
on the Revit sheet.
2 Use a screen capture utility to take a screenshot of the spreadsheet.
For example, you can use a screen capture utility such as SnagIt® by TechSmith Corporation or
!Quick Screen Capture by Etrusoft, Inc.
Save the image using one of the following file types: BMP (bitmap), GIF, JPEG, JPG, PNG (portable
network graphics), and TIFF.

3 Add the spreadsheet image to the Revit sheet.

See Adding an Image to a Sheet on page 983.

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 Adding an Image to a Sheet
1 Prepare the image file.
Revit Architecture supports the following image file types: BMP (bitmap), GIF, JPEG, JPG, PNG
(portable network graphics), and TIFF.

2 In the Revit project, open the sheet.

3 Click File menu ➤ Import/Link ➤ Image.

NOTE If the legacy details are stored using a CAD format, such as DWG, use File
menu ➤ Import/Link ➤ CAD Formats.

4 In the Open dialog, navigate to the location of the image file.

5 Select the image file, and click Open.
6 Click in the drawing area to place the image on the sheet.
To reposition the image, drag it to the desired location on the sheet. To resize the image, select it, and drag
a blue corner dot.

Sheet Properties
Use sheet properties to control the appearance and behavior of a sheet. For example, you can specify the
sheet name and number, and whether the sheet is included in the drawing list. You can also use sheet
properties to define information that displays on the sheet, such as the issue date, designer, and reviewer.

NOTE To track printing times, Revit Architecture displays a date and time stamp on sheets. To format the display
of this stamp, modify the regional and language settings on your computer.

Modifying Sheet Properties

To modify sheet properties, do either of the following:

■ In the Project Browser, right-click the sheet name, and click Properties.

■ Open the sheet. Right-click in the drawing area, and click View Properties.

You can modify the properties of multiple sheets in one operation. For example, you can change the Sheet
Issue Date for several sheets in one step. In the Project Browser, use CTRL+click to select non-adjacent sheet
names, or SHIFT+click to select adjacent sheet names. Then right-click, and click Properties. When you use
this method, changes that you make to the view properties affect all selected sheets.

Sheet Instance Properties

Name Description

Visibility/Graphics Click Edit to display the Visibility/Graphics Overrides dialog for the sheet. See Visibility and Graphic
Overrides Display in Project Views on page 150.

Sheet Properties | 983

 Name Description

Scale The scale of the views on the sheet. If the sheet contains multiple views displayed at different scales,
this parameter shows the value As indicated.

Dependency Indicates whether views on the sheet are dependent on other views. See Duplicate Dependent
Views on page 144.

Referencing Sheet See the description for Referencing Detail, which follows. From the example, the referencing sheet
is A101.

Referencing Detail This value comes from the referencing view that is placed on a sheet. For example, you create a
section in a plan view and place the plan view as the first detail on a sheet numbered A101. The
referencing detail number for the section view is 1. See Referencing a Drafting View on page 1082
and Referencing a Callout View on page 1078.

Approved By The person who approved the plans.

Designed By The person who designed the plans.

Checked By The person who checked the drawing.

Sheet Number A unique identifier for the sheet in the construction document set.

Sheet Name Brief description of the sheet. This name displays in the Project Browser, drawing lists, and other
areas of Revit Architecture.

Sheet Issue Date An issue date for the sheet. This value is separate from the Project Issue Date label contained in the
title block.

Appears in Drawing Default value is selected. If you clear the check box, the sheet is excluded from drawing lists.
List

File Path Location of the project file.

Drawn By The person who drew the plans.

Title Blocks
A title block is a template for a sheet. It generally includes a border for the page and information about the
design firm, such as its name, address, and logo. The title block can also display information about the
project, client, and individual sheets, including issue dates and revision information.

Title Blocks Overview

Title blocks define the size and appearance of a drawing sheet. Think of them as templates for the drawing
sheet. You create a title block family using the Family Editor. For each title block, you specify the sheet size

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 and add borders, a company logo, and other information. You save the title block family as a separate file
with an RFA extension.
Typically, you create custom title blocks and save them in the Library\Titleblocks folder of the Revit
Architecture program group. You then add these title blocks to a default project template, so they
automatically load when you create a project.
If the custom title blocks are not included in the project template, you can load title blocks into a project.
See Loading a Title Block into a Project on page 987.

Creating a Title Block

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Titleblock.
2 In the New Title Block dialog, select one of the predefined title block sizes, or select New Size.rft
to create a title block with a new size. Click OK.
The Family Editor opens.

3 Add lines and text to the title block.

See Family Editor on page 376.
You can also add the following to a title block:
■ Images or corporate logos. See Logos and Images in a Title Block on page 986.

■ Custom fields. See Adding Custom Fields to a Title Block on page 992.

■ A revision schedule. See Adding a Revision Schedule to a Custom Title Block on page 988.

4 To save the title block, click File menu ➤ Save, specify a location and file name, and click Save.
5 Load the title block into a project.
See Loading a Title Block into a Project on page 987.

Modifying a Title Block

Modify a title block to change the border and standard information that displays on a sheet.

Creating a Title Block | 985

 To modify a title block
1 Open a title block for editing, using one of the following methods:
■ Open a project that contains sheets that use the title block (or a project into which you have
loaded the title block). In the Project Browser, expand Families ➤ Annotation Symbols.
Right-click the name of the title block to modify, and click Edit.

■ In the Revit window, click File menu ➤ Open. Navigate to the location of the title block
family (RFA) file. Select the file, and click Open.

The Family Editor opens, displaying the title block in the drawing area.

2 Modify the title block as desired.

■ To rotate text or a label in a title block, select the text or label, and drag the rotation controls.

■ To change text in the title block, double-click the text, and edit it.

■ To create custom fields that display information on a title block, see Adding Custom Fields
to a Title Block on page 992.

NOTE To update project-specific information or sheet-specific information that displays within the
title block of sheets in a project, see Specifying Title Block Information for Sheets on page 975.

3 To save the title block, click File menu ➤ Save, specify a location and file name (if needed), and
click Save.
4 Load the new or changed title block into a project.
See Loading a Title Block into a Project on page 987.

Logos and Images in a Title Block

To include a corporate logo or image in a title block, you can import an image file into a title block family.
Revit Architecture supports the following image file types: BMP (bitmap), GIF, JPEG, JPG, PNG (portable
network graphics), and TIFF.
A corporate logo in a title block

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 To import an image into a title block
1 Prepare the image or logo, and save it in a supported file format.

TIP Import the file using the image size at which you want it to display in the title block. If you load
and resize a large image file in the title block, Revit Architecture retains the large file size, which can
degrade performance. To improve performance, use the smallest acceptable image file.

2 Open the title block in the Family Editor.

See Modifying a Title Block on page 985.

3 Click File menu ➤ Import/Link ➤ Image.

4 In the Open dialog, navigate to the location of the image file.
5 Select the image file, and click Open.
6 Click in the drawing area to place the image.
To reposition the image, drag it to the desired location on the sheet. To resize the image, select it and drag
a blue corner dot.

Loading a Title Block into a Project

You can load a title block into a project as follows:

■ When creating or modifying a title block. After saving changes to the title block family, in the Family
Editor, click Load into Projects. If multiple projects are currently open, select the open projects into
which you want to load the title block, and click OK. If only one project is open, Revit Architecture loads
the title block into that project without further input.

■ When adding a sheet to a project. See Adding a Sheet on page 970.

■ Using the File menu in a project. Use the following procedure.

To load a title block using the File menu

1 Open a project.
2 Click File menu ➤ Load From Library ➤ Load Family.
3 In the Open dialog, navigate to the location of the title block family file.
4 Select the title block family file, and click Open.
Revit Architecture loads the title block family into the project. In the Project Browser, title blocks display
under Families ➤ Annotation Symbols.

Changing the Title Block Used on a Sheet

To change the title block that displays on a sheet, use one of the following methods:

Select and change

1 Open the sheet.

2 In the drawing area, select the title block.

3 In the Type Selector, select the title block to change to.

(If the desired title block is not included in the list, load it.)

Loading a Title Block into a Project | 987

 Delete and drag

1 Open the sheet.

2 In the drawing area, select the title block, and press DELETE.
(If the sheet contains views and schedules, they remain in place in the drawing area.)

3 In the Project Browser, under Families ➤ Annotation Symbols, expand the desired title block.

4 Drag the title block from the Project Browser to the sheet, and click to place it.

Place title block

This method is useful when you have deleted the title block from a sheet and then performed other tasks
without immediately placing a new title block on the sheet. To place a title block on an existing sheet that
does not have one, do the following:

1 Open the sheet.

2 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Place Titleblock.

3 Click in the drawing area to place the title block on the sheet.
If needed, use the Select and Change method to change the title block to a different type.

Revision Schedules on Title Blocks

When designing a title block, you can include a revision schedule. You can specify the information to include
in the revision schedule. You can also specify its layout, height, and placement on the title block. When
you add a sheet to a project, the revision schedule displays information about revisions in that project.

Adding a Revision Schedule to a Custom Title Block

1 Open a title block for editing.
See Modifying a Title Block on page 985.

2 (Optional) In the title block, sketch a border for the revision schedule area.
3 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Revision Schedule.
4 On the Fields tab of the Revision Properties dialog, add the fields to include in the schedule.
These fields correspond to columns of the Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog for a project. (See Entering
Revision Information on page 1009.)
The Revision Sequence field corresponds to the Sequence column of the dialog. This field
indicates the overall sequence of revisions in a project, regardless of their assigned revision
numbers.
See Selecting Fields for a Schedule on page 128.

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 5 Specify sorting for the revision schedule, as follows:
a Click the Sorting/Grouping tab of the Revision Properties dialog.

b For Sort by, select Revision Sequence, and specify Ascending or Descending.

c Ensure that Itemize every instance is selected.

6 Specify formatting for column headings in the revision schedule, as follows:

a Click the Formatting tab of the Revision Properties dialog.

b In the Fields list, select a field.

c Specify the heading, orientation, and alignment for the field.

d If you want to omit the selected field from the revision schedule, select Hidden Field.
Use the Hidden Field option, for example, if you want to use the field for sorting or grouping
but do not want it to display in the revision schedule.

Repeat these steps for each field in the revision schedule.

7 Specify display attributes for lines, text fonts, and schedule order and height, as follows:
a Click the Appearance tab of the Revision Properties dialog.

b For Build schedule, specify whether the revision schedule builds from the bottom up or
the top down.
See Building a Revision Schedule from the Top Down or Bottom Up on page 991.

c For Height, specify whether the height of the revision schedule is user defined (fixed) or
variable.
See Defining the Height of the Revision Schedule on page 990.

d Use the remaining options of the Appearance tab to define attributes for grid lines, header
text, and body text.
See Formatting a Schedule on page 136.

8 Click OK.
Revit Architecture creates the revision schedule and displays it in the drawing area.

9 In the Project Browser, double-click the empty node under Sheets (all).
The title block displays in the drawing area.

10 In the Project Browser, under Views (all) ➤ Schedules, select the revision schedule, and drag it
to the drawing area.
11 Place the revision schedule in the desired location on the title block.
To change the width of columns, select the revision schedule, and drag the blue triangles between
column headers.

12 (Optional) To rotate the revision schedule on the title block, see Rotating a Revision Schedule
on page 990.
13 To save the title block, click File menu ➤ Save, specify a location and file name (if needed), and
click Save.
14 Load the title block into a project.
See Loading a Title Block into a Project on page 987.

Revision Schedules on Title Blocks | 989

 Rotating a Revision Schedule
You can rotate a revision schedule 90 degrees clockwise or counterclockwise on a title block. To rotate a
revision schedule, modify the title block family. You cannot rotate a revision schedule on a particular sheet
in a project.
A horizontal revision schedule (left), and a rotated revision
schedule (right)

To rotate a revision schedule

1 Open the title block for editing.
See Modifying a Title Block on page 985.

2 In the drawing area, select the revision schedule of the title block.
The status bar displays Schedule Graphics : Schedule Graphics : Revision Schedule.

3 On the Options Bar, for Rotation on Sheet, select the desired rotation option.
4 Reposition the rotated revision schedule on the title block, if needed.
5 (Optional) Define a fixed height for the revision schedule.
Defining a fixed height ensures that the revision schedule does not expand beyond the boundaries
of a sheet. See Defining the Height of the Revision Schedule on page 990.

6 To save the title block, click File menu ➤ Save, specify a location and file name (if needed), and
click Save.
7 Load the title block into a project.
See Loading a Title Block into a Project on page 987.

Defining the Height of the Revision Schedule

By default, revision schedules use a variable height, so that the schedules can expand to accommodate all
of the revisions for a sheet.
If needed, you can specify that a revision schedule has a fixed (user defined) height. On a sheet in a project,
the schedule displays only the revisions that can fit in the allotted space. If the sheet refers to more revisions
than can fit in the schedule, Revit Architecture shows the most recent revisions and omits the rest.
To specify a fixed height, modify the revision schedule in the title block family, and use the Height option
of the Revision Properties dialog, as follows.

To define a fixed height for a revision schedule

1 Open the title block for editing.

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 See Modifying a Title Block on page 985.

2 Modify the revision schedule properties, as follows:

a In the Project Browser, under Views (all) ➤ Schedules, right-click Revision Schedule, and
click Properties.

b In the Element Properties dialog, for Appearance, click Edit.

c On the Appearance tab of the Revision Properties dialog, for Height, select User defined.

d Click OK twice.

3 In the drawing area, select the revision schedule of the title block.
The status bar displays Schedule Graphics : Schedule Graphics : Revision Schedule.
The bottom of the revision schedule displays a blue dot. Grid lines display to indicate the amount
of space required for each row of revision information (assuming one line per revision row; in
a sheet, long values wrap to the next line). In this mode, these grid lines display regardless of
whether the revision schedule is set to display grid lines.

4 Drag the blue dot up or down until the revision schedule is the desired height.
The blue dot indicates the bottom boundary of the revision schedule. If a sheet in a project has
more revisions than can fit in this space, Revit Architecture omits the oldest revisions from the
schedule.

5 To save the title block, click File menu ➤ Save, specify a location and file name (if needed), and
click Save.
6 Load the title block into a project.
See Loading a Title Block into a Project on page 987.

Building a Revision Schedule from the Top Down or Bottom Up

Revision schedules can display information in various ways. Some design firms use a top-down approach,
with column headings and revision rows starting at the top of the schedule. Other design firms use a
bottom-up approach, with column headings and revision rows starting at the bottom of the schedule. In
either case, the revision schedule sorts the rows using the settings specified on the Sorting/Grouping tab of
the Revision Properties dialog. (See Adding a Revision Schedule to a Custom Title Block on page 988.)

Revision Schedules on Title Blocks | 991

 To change the way that revision schedules display information
1 Open the title block for editing.
See Modifying a Title Block on page 985.

2 In the Project Browser, under Views (all) ➤ Schedules, right-click Revision Schedule, and click
Properties.
3 In the Element Properties dialog, for Appearance, click Edit.
4 On the Appearance tab of the Revision Properties dialog, for Build schedule, select one of the
following values:
■ Top-down: Column headings display at the top of the revision schedule. Revision rows start
at the top of the schedule and go down.

■ Bottom-up: Column headings display at the bottom of the revision schedule. Revision rows
start at the bottom of the schedule and go up.

5 Click the Sorting/Grouping tab of the Revision Properties dialog. Make sure that the revision
schedule is sorted as desired.
6 Click OK twice.
7 If needed, adjust the position of the revision schedule on the title block.
a In the drawing area, select the revision schedule of the title block.
The status bar displays Schedule Graphics : Schedule Graphics : Revision Schedule.

b Drag the revision schedule to the desired location.

8 To save the title block, click File menu ➤ Save, specify a location and file name (if needed), and
click Save.
9 Load the title block into a project.
See Loading a Title Block into a Project on page 987.

Adding Custom Fields to a Title Block

In general, a title block contains placeholders for 2 types of information:
■ Project-specific information. This information applies to all sheets in the project. Examples: project name,
client information, project address.

■ Sheet-specific information. This information differs for each sheet within a project. Examples: sheet
name, sheet number, reviewer, sheet issue date.

When you add a sheet to a project, the project-specific information in the title block displays the appropriate
information. You can enter the sheet-specific information directly on the sheet.
Revit Architecture provides default title block families. These title blocks include some project-specific
information fields and some sheet-specific information fields. If you want to add more information (custom
fields) to a title block, use shared parameters.

NOTE Use shared parameters (not project parameters) so that they are available to the title block families and
the projects that use them.

To add custom fields to a title block

1 Create (or edit) a shared parameter file, and add shared parameters to the file.

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 Click File menu ➤ Shared Parameters. Add one shared parameter for each new project-specific
or sheet-specific field. See Shared Parameters on page 440.

2 Add the shared parameters to the project.

See Creating Shared Project Parameters on page 448.
When adding each parameter using the Parameter Properties dialog, under Categories, select
one of the following:
■ Drawing Sheets for a sheet-specific field

■ Project Information for a project-specific field

Now these fields are available to the project.

3 Add the shared parameters to a title block using labels.

See Creating a Label on page 428.

NOTE You can add static text to describe a parameter in the title block. See Text Notes on page 1027.

4 Click File ➤ Save to save the changes to the title block.

After loading the title block into a project and adding sheets, you can see the custom fields on the sheets.

■ Project-specific fields: Click Settings menu ➤ Project Information to display the shared parameters that
belong to the Project Information category. You can change these values in that dialog or on a sheet.
Whenever you change project-specific information, Revit Architecture updates all sheets in the project
with the changes. See Entering Project-Specific Information on page 975.

■ Sheet-specific fields: The shared parameters that belong to the Drawing Sheets category display when
you view sheet properties. You can change these values in the sheet properties dialog or on a sheet. These
changes apply only to the individual sheet. See Entering Sheet-Specific Information on page 976.

Related topics

■ Loading a Title Block into a Project on page 987

■ Adding a Sheet on page 970

Adding Custom Fields to a Title Block | 993

Importing a Title Block from Another CAD Program
If you created a title block using another CAD application, you can import it into Revit Architecture. Some
text in the imported title block may reflect information that is specific to the project or sheet. Replace this
text with Revit parameters so that the information can update automatically.

To import a title block

1 In the CAD application, do the following:
a Prepare the title block. For example, remove unwanted text, or text that you plan to replace
with Revit parameters.

b Export the title block to a DXF or DWG file.

2 In Revit Architecture, create the title block, as follows:

a Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Titleblock.

b In the New dialog, select the appropriate sheet size for the title block, and click Open.
If the imported title block uses a non-standard size, select New Size.rft, and click Open.

3 Import the title block, as follows:

a Click File menu ➤ Import/Link ➤ CAD Formats.

b In the Import/Link dialog, navigate to the location of the title block file to import.

c For Files of type, select the type of file to import.

d For File name, specify the file to import.

e Specify the desired import options.

See Import Options for CAD Formats and Revit Models on page 1312.

f Click Open.

If you cannot see the imported title block in the drawing area, enter ZF (Zoom to Fit).

4 If needed, adjust the defined print area.

When you selected a title block size in the New dialog, Revit Architecture placed lines in the
drawing area. These lines define the size of the printed page (the print area) for the sheet. If the
imported title block is larger or smaller than the selected title block size, drag the lines to the
edges of the title block.

5 If needed, explode the imported file.

If the imported title block includes text, perform a full explode to separate the imported object
into its component objects. (See Exploding Imported Geometry on page 1322.) Then you can
delete the text in the title block and replace it with Revit labels. (When you add a sheet to a
project, these labels update to display project-specific or sheet-specific information.)
To explode the imported file:

a In the drawing area, select the imported title block.

The status bar displays the following:
Imports in Families : Import Symbol : location <Not Shared>.

b On the Options Bar, click Full Explode.

You can now select individual lines or pieces of text to move or delete them.

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 6 Replace project-specific or sheet-specific text from the imported title block with Revit labels.
For example, if the imported title block includes the text Client Name as a placeholder, select
this text and delete it. Then replace it with the Project Name parameter that Revit Architecture
provides, or another parameter that you have defined. See Adding Custom Fields to a Title Block
on page 992.

7 Make any other changes required.

8 To save the title block, click File menu ➤ Save, specify a location and file name (if needed), and
click Save.
9 Load the title block into a project template or a project where you want to use it.
See Loading a Title Block into a Project on page 987.

Viewports
When you add a view to a sheet, a viewport displays on the sheet to represent the view. The viewport is like
a window through which you can see the actual view. If desired, you can activate the view and modify the
building model from the sheet. (See Modifying a View on a Sheet on page 976.)

NOTE Viewports apply only to project drawings, such as floor plans, elevations, sections, and 3D views. They do
not apply to schedules.

A viewport on a sheet

Viewport Types
Viewport types define settings for viewports. These settings control display attributes of the view title (for
example, whether the view title and its horizontal line display on a sheet). You can apply viewport types to
views on a sheet.

NOTE To change the information included in a view title or its display attributes, create or edit a view title type.
See View Title Types on page 999.

Viewports | 995
Creating a Viewport Type
The following procedure assumes that you have created sheets in a project, and placed views on the sheets.

To create a viewport type

1 Open a sheet.
2 Select a viewport for a view on the sheet.
The Type Selector displays a list of available viewport types.

3 Click .
4 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
5 In the Type Properties dialog, click Duplicate.
6 In the Name dialog, enter a name for the new viewport type, and click OK.
7 Complete the parameters for the viewport type.
See Viewport Type Properties on page 997.

8 Click OK twice.
Revit Architecture applies the new viewport type to the selected viewport.

Applying a Viewport Type

After creating a viewport type, you can apply it to viewports on sheets in a project. The following procedure
assumes that you have created sheets in a project, placed views on the sheets, and created one or more
viewport types.

To apply a viewport type to a view on a sheet

1 Open a sheet.
2 Select a viewport.
3 In the Type Selector, select the viewport type to apply to the viewport.
Revit Architecture applies the viewport type to the selected viewport.

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Modifying Viewport Type Properties

1 On a sheet, select a viewport, and click (Element Properties).

Viewport element properties reflect instance parameters of the view. For information about
those parameters, see 3D View Properties on page 115 and View Properties on page 210.

2 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.

3 Edit viewport type properties.
See Viewport Type Properties on page 997.

4 Click OK twice.

Viewport Type Properties

Name Description

Title Specifies the type of view title to use. The view title type specifies the information that is displayed
in a view title and its text attributes. Select a view title type from the list, or, to omit a view title,
select none. See View Title Types on page 999.

Show Title Controls the display of the view title. Use one of the following values:
■ Yes: Display view titles.
■ No: Do not display view titles.
■ When multiple viewports: Display view titles only when a sheet contains multiple views. If a
sheet contains a single view, do not display the view title.

Show Extension Line Shows or hides an extension line for the view title. The extension line displays only if the view title
displays. See View Titles on Sheets on page 997. To change the length of the line for an individual
view title, see Modifying a View Title on a Sheet on page 998.

Line Weight Specifies the weight of the horizontal line for the view title.

Color Specifies the color of the horizontal line for the view title.

Line Pattern Specifies the pattern of the horizontal line for the view title.

View Titles on Sheets

When you place a view on a sheet, by default Revit Architecture displays a view title. You can specify text
attributes for view titles, define the information to include in a view title, or omit view titles from sheets.
You can define these attributes for individual view titles on sheets. You can also define view title types and
use them to apply standard settings to view titles.
To change the weight, color, or pattern of the horizontal line in a view title, or omit the line from the view
title, create or modify a viewport type. See Viewport Types on page 995. To change the length of the horizontal
line for an individual view title, see Modifying a View Title on a Sheet on page 998.

Modifying Viewport Type Properties | 997

 NOTE View titles display only for views, such as floor plans, elevations, sections, and 3D views. View titles do not
display for schedules.

Modifying a View Title on a Sheet

The following procedure assumes that you have created sheets in a project, and added views to the sheets.

To modify an individual view title

1 Open a sheet.
2 Select the viewport for the view whose title you want to change.
3 To change the view title on the sheet, do either of the following:
■ Rename the sheet. This method changes the name of the view in the Project Browser and
on the sheet. See Renaming a Sheet on page 975.

■ Change the view title. This method retains the current view name in the Project Browser,
but specifies a different view title to display on the sheet.

a Click .

b In the Element Properties dialog, under Identity Data, for Title on Sheet, enter the view
title to display on the sheet.

c Click OK.

If you want to change the display attributes for the view title, create or modify a view title type.
See View Title Types on page 999.

4 To change the length of the horizontal line that displays with the view title, do the following:
a Zoom in on the view title until you can clearly see the blue drag controls.

NOTE Be sure that you have selected the viewport for the view on the sheet. If you try to select
the view title without selecting the viewport, the blue drag controls for the horizontal line do
not display.

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 b Drag the controls to shorten or lengthen the horizontal line.

If you want to change or omit the horizontal line in a view title, create or modify a viewport
type. See Viewport Types on page 995.

Removing a View Title from a Sheet

If you do not want to display a view title on a sheet, create a viewport type that omits view titles. Then apply
the viewport type to that view on the sheet.
The following procedure assumes that you have created sheets in a project, and added views to the sheets.

To remove a view title from a sheet

1 Open the sheet.
2 Select the viewport for a view whose title you want to remove.
The Type Selector displays the name of the viewport type that currently applies to the selected
viewport.

3 Click .
4 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
5 If you want to create a viewport type, click Duplicate, and enter a name (for example, Viewport
– No Title).
Otherwise, you are editing the viewport type. Changes will apply to all views that use this
viewport type on sheets in the project.

6 For Show Title, select No.

7 Click OK twice.
8 On the sheet, apply the viewport type to the desired view.
See Applying a Viewport Type on page 996.

View Title Types

View title types provide standard settings for view titles on sheets. Use view title types to do the following:

■ Define the type of information that displays in view titles on sheets (such as the view name, number,
and scale).

■ Define the font, text size and color, and other attributes for parts of the view title.

NOTE To control whether the view title and its horizontal line displays on a sheet, use viewport types. See Viewport
Types on page 995.

You create and edit view title types using the Family Editor. Revit Architecture provides several view title
types. Some default view title types include sheet numbers and referencing sheet numbers to provide
cross-referencing information between views and sheets.
The default view title types contain View Title in their file names. They reside in the following default
location:
C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Autodesk\<product and release>\<Imperial or
Metric Library>\Annotations

Removing a View Title from a Sheet | 999

 Modifying a View Title Type
1 Open the view title type for editing, using one of the following methods:
■ Open a project that contains sheets that use the view title type (or a project into which you
have loaded the view title type). In the Project Browser, expand Families ➤ Annotation
Symbols. Right-click the name of the view title type to modify, and click Edit.

■ In the Revit window, click File menu ➤ Open. Navigate to the location of the view title type
(RFA) file. Select the file, and click Open.

The Family Editor opens, displaying the view title type in the drawing area.

2 Modify the view title type as desired.

■ To rotate text or a label in a view title, select the text or label, and drag the rotation controls.

■ To change text in the view title, double-click the text, and edit it.

■ To change the type of text used to display a label, select the label in the drawing area. In the

Type Selector, select another label type, or click and then click Edit/New to edit text
parameters for the current label type.

3 Click File ➤ Save, and click Save.

4 Load the view title type into a project.
See Loading a View Title Type into a Project on page 1000.

Loading a View Title Type into a Project

You can load a view title type into a project as follows:

■ When creating or modifying a view title type. After saving changes to the view title type in the Family
Editor, click Load into Projects on the Design Bar. Select the open projects into which you want to load
the view title type, and click OK.

■ Using the File menu in a project. The view title type is then available when you edit viewport types within
the project. Use the following procedure.

To load a view title type using the File menu

1 Open a Revit project.
2 Click File menu ➤ Load From Library ➤ Load Family.
3 In the Open dialog, navigate to the location of the view title type file.
The default view title types contain View Title in their file names. They reside in the following
default location:
C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Autodesk\<product and
release>\<Imperial or Metric Library>\Annotations

4 Select the view title type file, and click Open.

Revit Architecture loads the view title type into the project. In the Project Browser, the view title type displays
under Families ➤ Annotation Symbols.

1000 | Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents

 Applying a View Title Type to a Viewport Type
After creating or modifying a view title type to display the desired information and text attributes, apply it
to a viewport type. All views (on sheets) that use this viewport type then display titles using that view title
type.

To apply a view title type to a viewport type

1 On a sheet, select the viewport to which you want to apply a different view title type.
The Type Selector displays the viewport type that currently applies to the selected viewport.

2 Click .
3 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
4 For Title, select the desired view title type from the list.

NOTE If the list does not include the desired view title type, click Cancel twice. Load the desired view
title type. (See Loading a View Title Type into a Project on page 1000.) Then repeat this procedure to
apply the view title type to the viewport type.

5 Click OK twice.

Schedules on Sheets
You can place schedules on sheets in a construction document set. The same schedule can reside on multiple
sheets.

Schedules on Sheets | 1001

Adding a Schedule to a Sheet
1 In a project, open the sheet to which you want to add a schedule.
2 In the Project Browser, under Schedules/Quantities, select the schedule, and drag it onto the
sheet in the drawing area. Release the mouse button when the cursor is over the sheet.
Revit Architecture displays a preview of the schedule at the cursor.

3 Move the schedule to the desired location, and click to place it on the sheet.
You can modify the schedule after placing it on the sheet. In the sheet view, right-click the schedule, and
click Edit Schedule. The schedule view displays. You can now edit the cells of the schedule. See Editing Cells
in a Schedule on page 141. You can also rotate the schedule on the sheet. See Rotating a View on a Sheet on
page 978.

Formatting a Schedule on a Sheet

You can change the attributes that control the display of a schedule on the sheet, including grid lines and
text attributes.
The following procedure assumes that you have added a sheet to a project and placed a schedule on the
sheet. See Adding a Sheet on page 970 and Adding a Schedule to a Sheet on page 1002.

To format a schedule on a sheet

1 In the Project Browser, under Schedules/Quantities, right-click the schedule name, and click
Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, for Appearance, click Edit.
3 On the Appearance tab of the Schedule Properties dialog, define the settings as desired.
The Appearance options affect the display of the schedule on sheets only. They do not affect
the display in the schedule view.
For information and examples of how to set the Appearance options, see Formatting a Schedule
on page 136 and Schedule Formatting Samples on page 139.

4 Click OK.

1002 | Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents

 5 On the Element Properties dialog, click OK.
6 Open the sheet to see the results.

Splitting a Schedule on a Sheet

When you place a schedule on a sheet, you can split the schedule into 2 or more sections to fit the space
on the sheet.

NOTE You cannot split a schedule across multiple sheets.

The following procedure assumes that you have added a sheet to a project and placed a schedule on the
sheet. See Adding a Sheet on page 970 and Adding a Schedule to a Sheet on page 1002.

To split a schedule on a sheet

1 Open the sheet.
2 Select the schedule on the sheet.
Blue controls allow you to move and manipulate the schedule. The Z break control in the middle
of the right border splits the schedule.

3 Click the Z break control.

The schedule divides into 2 sections, splitting at the approximate location of the Z break control.

4 To split a section of the schedule further, click the Z break control again.

NOTE You cannot delete schedule sections from a sheet. You cannot drag schedule sections from
one sheet to another.

5 To adjust the number of rows in a section of the schedule, drag the blue dot at the bottom of
the first section.
If you shrink the schedule section, rows that do not fit automatically move to the next section.
The last section contains the remaining rows, so you cannot resize it.

Splitting a Schedule on a Sheet | 1003

 Moving Schedule Sections
The following procedure assumes that you have added a sheet to a project, created a schedule and placed it
on the sheet, and split the schedule.

To move a schedule section

1 Select the schedule section on the sheet.
2 Click the blue arrow control in the center of the schedule section, and drag it to a new location
on the sheet.

Joining Split Schedules

You can rejoin the sections of a split schedule on a sheet. Schedule sections are sequential: you can join a
section with its previous or subsequent section. For example, if you split a schedule into 4 sections, you can
rejoin section 2 with section 1 or 3.

To rejoin schedule sections

1 On a sheet that displays a split schedule, drag one schedule section over the other.
2 Release the mouse button.
The split schedule sections rejoin into one section.

Adjusting Schedule Columns on a Sheet

When you place a schedule on a sheet, text that does not fit within a column wraps to a new line. To adjust
the column width, select the schedule. A blue triangle displays to the upper right of each column. Drag a
blue triangle to the left or right.

NOTE If the schedule is split into multiple sections, adjusting the width in one section changes the width in all
sections.

Split schedules after column width adjustment

Related topic

■ Modifying Schedules on page 141

1004 | Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents

Displaying Vertical Headings in a Schedule on a Sheet
When you place a schedule on a sheet, you can specify that one or more column headings display vertically
instead of horizontally, as shown

The following procedure assumes that you have added a sheet to a project, created a schedule, and placed
it on the sheet.

To display vertical column headings for a schedule on a sheet

1 In the Project Browser, under Schedules/Quantities, right-click the schedule name, and click
Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, for Formatting, click Edit.
3 For each field whose column heading is to display vertically in the sheet, do the following:
a On the Formatting tab of the Schedule Properties dialog, under Fields, select the field.

b For Heading orientation, select Vertical.

This setting affects the column heading on a sheet only. It does not affect its display in the
schedule view.

4 Click OK twice.
5 Open the sheet to see the results.
In the schedule, the column headings for the selected fields display vertically instead of horizontally. See
Adjusting Schedule Columns on a Sheet on page 1004.

Drawing Lists
A drawing list is a schedule of the sheets in a project. A drawing list can also be referred to as a drawing
index or a sheet index. You can use a drawing list as a table of contents for a construction document set.
The drawing list is typically placed on the title sheet.

Displaying Vertical Headings in a Schedule on a Sheet | 1005

Creating a Drawing List
1 In a project, click View menu ➤ New ➤ Drawing List.
2 On the Fields tab of the Drawing List Properties dialog, select the fields to include in the drawing
list.
See Selecting Fields for a Schedule on page 128.

3 (Optional) To create user-defined fields, click Add Parameter.

For further instructions, see Custom Parameters on page 440.

4 Specify the remaining schedule properties using the Filter, Sorting/Grouping, Formatting, and
Appearance tabs. See Specifying Schedule Properties on page 128.
5 Click OK.
The resulting drawing list displays in the drawing area. In the Project Browser, it displays under
Schedules/Quantities.

Omitting Sheets from a Drawing List

You can omit sheets from the drawing list. For example, you may not want the cover sheet to display in the
drawing list.

To omit a sheet from a drawing list

1 In the Project Browser, right-click the name of the sheet to omit, and click Properties.
2 On the Element Properties dialog, clear Appears In Drawing List.
This option is selected for all sheets by default.

3 Click OK.
Revit Architecture updates the drawing list to exclude the sheet.

Adding a Drawing List to a Sheet

To add a drawing list to a sheet, use the procedure for adding a schedule to a sheet. See Adding a Schedule
to a Sheet on page 1002.
When you add a drawing list to a sheet, you can perform the same functions as for schedules on sheets,
including the following:
■ Formatting the drawing list

■ Splitting the drawing list

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 ■ Adjusting the width of columns

■ Displaying column headings vertically instead of horizontally

For instructions, see Schedules on Sheets on page 1001.

Including External Sheets in a Drawing List

In a construction document set, you may want to include sheets from sources external to Revit Architecture.
If so, you can include these external sheets in the drawing list.

To include external sheets in a drawing list

1 Add a sheet to the Revit project.
Do not add any project views to the sheet. It will remain empty.
See Adding a Sheet on page 970.

2 Assign the desired name and number to the sheet.

Use the name and number of the external sheet. See Renaming a Sheet on page 975.

Revit Architecture updates the drawing list to include the name and number of the external drawing sheet.

Organizing a Drawing List

If you want the sheets in a drawing list to display in a particular order, you can create a custom Sheet Order
parameter and add it to the drawing list properties.
The following procedure assumes that you have created a drawing list and added multiple sheets to the
project. See Creating a Drawing List on page 1006 and Adding a Sheet on page 970.

To organize a drawing list

1 Open the drawing list.
2 In the Project Browser, under Schedules/Quantities, right-click the drawing list name, and click
Properties.
3 In the Element Properties dialog, for Fields, click Edit.
4 Add a custom field named Sheet Order, as follows:
a On the Fields tab of the Drawing List Properties dialog, click Add Parameter.

b In the Parameter Properties dialog, under Parameter Type, select Project parameter.

c Under Parameter Data, for Name, enter Sheet Order.

d Click OK.

On the Drawing List Properties dialog, the Sheet Order field displays in the list of scheduled
fields.

5 Use the Sheet Order field to sort the drawing list, as follows:
a Click the Sorting/Grouping tab.

b For Sort by, select Sheet Order. Make sure that Ascending is selected.

c Click OK.

Including External Sheets in a Drawing List | 1007

 d On the Element Properties dialog, click OK.

The drawing list displays a column titled Sheet Order. In a later step, you will hide this column
so it does not display in the drawing list. First, however, you must assign a sheet order to each
sheet in the list.

6 For each sheet in the list, click in the Sheet Order column, and enter a number to indicate its
order in the sheet sequence.
As you enter sheet order numbers, Revit Architecture re-sorts the list to place the rows in order.

7 To hide the Sheet Order field, right-click the column in the drawing list, and click Hide
Column(s).
Revit Architecture hides the Sheet Order column in the drawing list.

NOTE To redisplay the Sheet Order column, right-click in the drawing list, and click Unhide All
Columns.

You can place the drawing list on a sheet and format it as desired. See Adding a Schedule to a Sheet on page
1002 and Formatting a Schedule on a Sheet on page 1002.

Revisions
When working on building projects, you must often make changes to meet client or regulatory requirements.
These revisions need to be tracked for future reference. For example, you may want to check the revision
history to identify when, why, and by whom a change was made. Revit Architecture provides tools that
enable you to track revisions and include revision information on sheets in a construction document set.

1008 | Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents

 Revisions on a sheet

Revision Workflow
Revision tracking is the process of recording changes made to a building model after sheets have been issued.
In Revit Architecture, you display and track revisions using revision clouds, tags, and schedules.
Typically you manage the revision process as follows:

1 Enter information about the revision in the Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog.

See Entering Revision Information on page 1009.

2 Update the Revit project to implement the change.

3 In one or more project views, draw revision clouds to indicate the areas that changed.
See Adding a Revision Cloud on page 1015.

4 Assign a revision to each cloud.

See Assigning a Revision to a Revision Cloud on page 1015.

5 Tag the revision clouds to identify the assigned revisions.

See Tagging a Revision Cloud on page 1016.

6 Check sheets to make sure that the revision schedules show the desired information.
See Specifying the Revisions to Include in a Revision Schedule on page 1018.

7 Issue the revisions.

See Issuing a Revision on page 1019.

Entering Revision Information

When you revise the building model, enter information about the revision in the project. When you later
add revision clouds to a drawing, you can assign the revision to one or more clouds.

NOTE Before entering revision information in a project, decide how revision clouds will be numbered on sheets.
See Revision Cloud Numbering by Project or by Sheet on page 1011.

To enter revision information

1 In the project, click Settings menu ➤ Revisions.

Revision Workflow | 1009

 The Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog displays.

2 To add a new revision, click Add.

NOTE For your first revision, edit the values for the existing (default) revision row.

3 In the revision row, for Numbering, select Numeric, Alphabetic, or None.

See Numbering for Revisions on page 1013.

4 For Date, enter the date on which the revisions are made or will be sent for review.
5 For Description, enter the description of the revision to display in revision schedules on sheets.
6 If the revision has been issued, enter values for Issued to and Issued by, and then select Issued.
See Issuing a Revision on page 1019.

7 For Show, select one of the following values. (These values apply after you assign the revision
to one or more clouds.)
■ None: Does not display the revision cloud and the revision tag in the drawing.

■ Tag: Displays the revision tag and draws the revision cloud, but does not display the cloud
in the drawing. (To move or edit the cloud in the drawing, move the cursor over the cloud
area to highlight and select the cloud.)

■ Cloud and Tag: Displays the revision cloud and the revision tag in the drawing. This option
is the default.

8 Click OK.

Merging Revisions
You can merge (combine) revisions into a single entry. For some projects, you may want to merge all revisions
from a particular stage of the project. All new revisions for the next project stage are then listed individually.
When you merge revisions, the target revision (the revision being merged to) remains. Information about
the revision being merged is lost.

NOTE You cannot delete revisions in the Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog, but you can merge them.

To merge revisions

1 In the project, click Settings menu ➤ Revisions.

2 In the Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog, click the sequence number for the revision to merge with
another.

1010 | Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents

 NOTE The information for the selected revision row (including the Date, Description, Issued to, and
Issued by values) will be lost when you merge it with another revision.

3 To merge the selected revision with the one above or below it in the list, under Row, click Merge
Up or Merge Down.
4 Click OK.

Changing the Order of Revisions

When you change the sequence of revisions on the Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog, the number assigned to
each revision changes accordingly. If you use a mix of alphabetic and numeric numbering for revisions, the
revision numbers change to reflect their new positions in the overall sequence.

To change the order of revisions

1 In the project, click Settings menu ➤ Revisions.

2 In the Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog, click the sequence number for the revision to move.
3 Under Row, click Move Up or Move Down.
If needed, click Move Up or Move Down multiple times to move the selected revision to the
desired location in the revision sequence.

4 Click OK.
In views and sheets, the revision numbers in tags and revision schedules update to reflect the new sequence.

Revision Cloud Numbering by Project or by Sheet

Before entering information about revisions, carefully consider how you want to number revision clouds
on sheets: by project or by sheet. Use the Numbering setting in the Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog to control
the display of revision numbers for clouds in tags and schedules. If you change this setting after creating
revisions, revision numbers of all revision clouds may change.

■ Numbering Per Project: (default) Revit Architecture numbers revisions according to the sequence of
revisions in the Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog. For example, suppose you create clouds for revisions 2, 3,
and 4. When you add those clouds to a sheet, the numbering in the tags and the revision schedule display
2, 3, and 4. You cannot modify the sequence number.

■ Numbering Per Sheet: Revit Architecture numbers clouds relative to the sequence of other clouds on the
sheet. For example, suppose you create revisions 5, 6, and 7, and tag revision clouds for them. When
you add views (containing the revision clouds) to a sheet, the cloud created for revision 5 is numbered
1, the cloud created for revision 6 is numbered 2, and the cloud created for revision 7 is numbered 3.

The following diagram illustrates cloud numbering by project. The number in the cloud is the project-based
revision number. The number in the tag is the revision number assigned to the cloud on the sheet.

Changing the Order of Revisions | 1011

 The following diagram illustrates cloud numbering by sheet. The number in the cloud is the project-based
revision number. The number in the tag is the revision number assigned to the cloud on the sheet.

Related topic

■ Numbering for Revisions on page 1013

Specifying Revision Cloud Numbering by Project or by Sheet

NOTE If you change the Numbering setting after creating revisions, revision numbers of all revision clouds may
change. Specify the desired setting before entering revision information for the project.

1 In the project, click Settings menu ➤ Revisions.

2 In the Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog, for Numbering, select the revision numbering method for
clouds on a sheet: Per Project or Per Sheet.
See Revision Cloud Numbering by Project or by Sheet on page 1011.

3 Click OK.

1012 | Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents

Numbering for Revisions
Revit Architecture provides flexibility in how it displays the sequence of revisions in a project. You can track
revisions using the following numbering schemes:

■ Numbers

■ Letters or a user-defined sequence of letters or other characters

■ No number or letter

Use the Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog to specify the numbering scheme to use for each revision. You can
also specify the letters or other characters to use for a user-defined sequence.
You can start the project using one numbering scheme (such as numeric). Later in the project, you can use
a different numbering scheme to indicate a different stage of the project. The Sequence number listed in
the Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog maintains an overall, project-based sequence for all revisions, regardless
of their individual numbering schemes.

Related topic

■ Revision Cloud Numbering by Project or by Sheet on page 1011

Assigning a Numbering Scheme to a Revision

You can assign a numbering scheme to a revision when you first add it to the project. (See Entering Revision
Information on page 1009.) You can also change the numbering scheme later.

To assign a numbering scheme to a revision

1 In the project, click Settings menu ➤ Revisions.

2 In the Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog, for the revision whose numbering scheme you want to
change, click in the Numbering column.
3 From the list, select Numeric, Alphabetic, or None.
For more information, see Defining an Alphabetic Sequence for Revisions on page 1014 and
Revisions with No Numbering Scheme on page 1014.

4 Click OK.

Numbering for Revisions | 1013

 Defining an Alphabetic Sequence for Revisions
If you use an alphabetic sequence for revision numbers, you can specify the characters and the order in
which they occur. You can specify one alphabetic sequence per project.

To define an alphabetic sequence

1 In the project, click Settings menu ➤ Revisions.

2 In the Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog, under Alphabetic Sequence, click Options.
3 In the Sequence Options dialog, enter the characters to use for the sequence.
The sequence can include letters and other characters (such as *, &, and %). It cannot include
spaces, numbers, or repeated characters.
If the project contains more revisions than the number of characters in the sequence, Revit
Architecture uses double characters. For example, if you define the sequence abcdefghij, and a
project has more than 10 revisions, Revit Architecture numbers the later revisions using aa, bb,
cc, and so on.

4 Click OK.

Revisions with No Numbering Scheme

In some cases, you may want a revision to use no numbering scheme. For example, an unnumbered revision
can indicate a project milestone or a document issuance. When assigning a numbering scheme to the
revision, select None. (See Assigning a Numbering Scheme to a Revision on page 1013.)

Revision Clouds
Use revision clouds to indicate design areas that have changed in a project. You can sketch revision clouds
in all views except 3D views. The cloud is visible in the view where it resides and on sheets that include the
view.
After entering revision information, you can assign a revision to one or more clouds. Use tags to identify
the revisions assigned to clouds. On sheets, revision clouds and tags can display in their views, if desired.
For each sheet, the revision schedule includes information for the revisions represented by the clouds that
are displayed in the views on the sheet.

Related topics

■ Revision Workflow on page 1009

■ Entering Revision Information on page 1009

1014 | Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents

Adding a Revision Cloud
1 In the project, open a view in which you want to indicate changes.
You can sketch revision clouds in all views except 3D views.

2 Click Drafting menu ➤ Revision Cloud, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Revision
Cloud.
Revit Architecture enters sketch mode.

3 Sketch a cloud, as follows:

a In the drawing area, place the cursor near the part of the view that has changed.

b Click and move the cursor in a clockwise direction to create a segment of the cloud.

c Click to stop that segment and start a new segment.

d Continue creating cloud segments until the cloud encompasses the changed area.

4 Sketch additional clouds, if needed.

5 Click Finish Sketch.
By default, Revit Architecture assigns to the clouds the latest revision assigned to any view on that view’s
sheet. (In the sheet view properties, the Current Revision parameter identifies this revision.) To assign a
different revision, see Assigning a Revision to a Revision Cloud on page 1015.

Assigning a Revision to a Revision Cloud

When you add a revision cloud to a view, by default Revit Architecture assigns the most recent revision to
the cloud. If needed, you can assign a different revision to the cloud. You can assign one revision to each
cloud, or assign the same revision to multiple clouds.

To assign a revision to a cloud

1 In a project view, select the revision cloud.
2 On the Options Bar, for Revision, select the desired revision from the list.
If you have not yet entered information for the revision that you want to assign to the cloud,
see Entering Revision Information on page 1009.

As an alternative, you can right-click a revision cloud, and click Element Properties. In the Element Properties
dialog, for Revision, select the desired revision from the list.

Modifying a Revision Cloud

You can change the boundaries of a revision cloud. You can also change the line weight, color, and style of
one cloud or of all clouds in the project.

To change the boundaries and appearance of a revision cloud

1 In a project view, select the revision cloud.
2 To change its boundaries, do the following:
a On the Options Bar, click Edit.
Revit Architecture enters sketch mode.

Revision Clouds | 1015

 b Select segments of the revision cloud, and drag the endpoints to adjust its boundaries.

c On the Design Bar, click Finish Sketch.

3 To change the appearance of the cloud, do the following:

a Right-click the cloud, and click Override Graphics in View ➤ By Element.

b Change the values for the Weight, Color, and Style of the cloud lines.

c Click OK.

To change the appearance of all revision clouds

1 In the project, click Settings menu ➤ Object Styles.

2 Click the Annotation Objects tab.
3 For Revision Clouds, change the values for Line Weight, Line Color, and Line Style.
4 Click OK.
These changes apply to all revision clouds in the project.

Tagging a Revision Cloud

A revision tag identifies the revision assigned to each cloud in a view. (You enter revision information on
the Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog. See Entering Revision Information on page 1009.)

To tag revision clouds

1 If the revision tag family is not yet loaded into the project, load it.
A project created using the default project template includes the Revision Tag or M_Revision
Tag family. To check whether another revision tag family is loaded, in the Project Browser, under
Families ➤ Annotation Symbols, look for the revision tag family name. To load a revision tag
family, see Loading Families on page 352 for instructions.

2 Open the view that contains revision clouds.

3 On the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Tag ➤ By Category.
4 In the drawing area, select the revision clouds to tag.
As you select each cloud, Revit Architecture displays a revision tag next to it. Numbers in the
tags reflect the revisions assigned to the clouds. (See Assigning a Revision to a Revision Cloud
on page 1015.) On sheets, these tag numbers can differ. (See Revision Cloud Numbering by Project
or by Sheet on page 1011.)

5 If desired, adjust the positions of the tags and their leader lines, as follows:
a On the Design Bar, click Modify.

b Select a revision tag.

You may need to zoom in to see the controls for the revision tag.

c To reposition the tag, drag the blue arrows.

d To adjust the elbow in its leader line, drag the blue dot.

6 Use options on the Options Bar to remove the leader line (clear Leader) or to assign the tag to
a different revision cloud (click Pick Host).
For more information about applying a tag to an element, see Tags on page 1064.

1016 | Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents

Hiding a Revision Cloud
You can hide revision clouds in a view. The method you use to hide revision clouds can determine whether
the revision information (for the hidden clouds) displays in the revision schedule of a sheet.
To hide revision clouds but include their revisions in a revision schedule, use either of the following methods:
■ Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog. (See Entering Revision Information on page 1009.) Use the Show column to
indicate whether revision clouds and tags display for each revision. This setting affects all views in the
project.

■ Hide in view > Category. In a view, select one or more revision clouds, right-click, and click Hide in
view ➤ Category. This command hides all clouds in the view.

To hide revision clouds and omit their revisions from a revision schedule, use either of the following methods.
By default the revision schedule of the view’s sheet does not include the revision information for these
clouds. However, you can force the sheet to list the revisions, if desired. See Specifying the Revisions to
Include in a Revision Schedule on page 1018.
■ Crop region. If all or part of a revision cloud is outside the model crop region of a view, the cloud does
not display in the view. See Crop Regions on page 163.

■ Hide in view > Elements. In a view, select one or more revision clouds, right-click, and click Hide in
view ➤ Elements.

Revision Cloud Properties

The following table describes parameters for revision clouds. To see or change these parameters, right-click
a revision cloud in a view, and click Element Properties.

Name Description

Revision The revision assigned to the cloud. To change the assigned revision, select a revision from the
list. (See Entering Revision Information on page 1009 and Assigning a Revision to a Revision Cloud
on page 1015.)

Revision Number A number assigned to the cloud, which displays in a revision tag and a revision schedule on a
sheet. Its value depends on the assigned revision and the cloud numbering method. (See Revision
Cloud Numbering by Project or by Sheet on page 1011.) This value is read only.

Revision Date The date of the assigned revision, based on the Date column of the Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog.
This value is read only.

Issued to For the assigned revision, the value of the Issued to column of the Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog.
This value is read only.

Issued by For the assigned revision, the value of the Issued by column of the Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog.
This value is read only.

Mark A unique identifier for the revision cloud.

Comments A text field that you can use to store information about the revision cloud.

Revision Clouds | 1017

Revision Schedules on Sheets
Most title blocks for sheets include a revision schedule. When you place a view on a sheet and the view
includes revision clouds, the revision schedule automatically displays information about those revisions. If
desired, you can specify that other revisions (not represented by revision clouds in the view) are to display
in the revision schedule, as well.
To display a revision schedule on a sheet, use a title block that includes a revision schedule. When designing
the revision schedule, you can specify its format, orientation on the page, information that it displays, and
sort order. You control these attributes of the revision schedule by modifying the title block family. See
Revision Schedules on Title Blocks on page 988.

Specifying the Revisions to Include in a Revision Schedule

By default, the revision schedule on a sheet lists the revisions relating to revision clouds in the views of the
sheet. Use the following procedure to list more revisions on the revision schedule.
This procedure assumes that you have created a project with views and sheets that include revision schedules,
entered revision information, added revision clouds to views, and tagged the clouds.

To specify the revisions to include in a revision schedule

1 Open a sheet.
2 Zoom in on the revision schedule in the title block for the sheet.
3 Right-click in the drawing area, and click View Properties.
4 In the Element Properties dialog for the sheet, for Revisions on Sheet, click Edit.
The Revisions on Sheet dialog lists all revisions entered in the Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog.
Revisions assigned to clouds in views on the sheet are already selected, and they are read only.

1018 | Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents

 5 Select Shown in Revision Schedule for each revision that you want to include in the revision
schedule on this sheet.
6 Click OK twice.
The revision schedule on the sheet updates to include the selected revisions.

Issuing a Revision
After you have completed revisions to a project and added the revised views to a sheet, you can issue the
revision. In Revit Architecture, marking a revision as Issued means the following:

■ On the Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog, you can no longer change information for that revision.

■ In project views, you can no longer assign the issued revision to additional (new) revision clouds.

■ You cannot edit revision clouds to which the issued revision is assigned.

To issue a revision

1 In the project, click Settings menu ➤ Revisions.

2 In the Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog, do the following:
a For Issued to, indicate the person or organization to whom the revisions will be issued.

b For Issued by, indicate the person or organization who will issue the revision.

c Check the other values for the revision row (such as Date and Description). Update them
if needed.

d Select Issued.
Most of the revision row displays as read only. After selecting Issued, you cannot make
further changes to the revision information.

NOTE If you must change any revision information after issuing the revision, clear Issued, make
the changes, and then select Issued again.

e Click OK.

Issuing a Revision | 1019

 3 Print or publish the revised sheets. See Printing on page 1020 or Publish on page 1299.

Printing
The Print command prints the current window, a visible portion of the current window, or selected views
and sheets. You can send the desired drawings to the printer, to a PRN or PLT file, or to a PDF file.
Printed output in Revit Architecture is What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG), with a few exceptions:

■ The background color on the print job is always white.

■ By default, reference planes, work planes, crop boundaries, and scope boxes do not print. To include
them in the print job, in the Print Setup dialog, clear the corresponding Hide options.

■ The print job includes elements that have been hidden from a view using the Temporary Hide/Isolate
command.

■ Line weights modified by the Thin Lines command print at their default line weight.

Related topics

■ Exporting to CAD Formats on page 1273

■ Publishing 2D or 3D DWF on page 1300

■ Publishing to Buzzsaw on page 1304

Printing Tips
■ Keyboard shortcut: CTRL+P.

■ Before printing, be sure that you have installed the most recent version of the printer driver. Consult
with the printer manufacturer.

■ To print to PDF, see Printing to PDF on page 1024.

■ To print many views and sheets unattended, use Batch Print for Revit. See Batch Printing on page 1025.

■ To generate DWF files, use the Publish to DWF command. See Publishing 2D or 3D DWF on page 1300.

■ If the print job is of substantial size, the status bar displays a Cancel button. The file size necessary to
trigger this option depends on system speed and amount of memory.

Print Setup
You can specify various options for a print job in Revit Architecture.

1 Click File menu ➤ Print Setup, or in the Print dialog, click Setup.
2 In the Print Setup dialog, for Name, select the saved print settings to use, if any.
See Saving Print Settings on page 1021.

3 Under Paper, specify options for Size and Source.

4 Under Orientation, select Portrait or Landscape.
5 Under Paper Placement, specify where the view prints on the sheet.

1020 | Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents

 If, for Offset from Corner, you select User Defined, enter X and Y offset values.

6 Under Hidden Line Views, choose an option to increase print performance for hidden line views
in elevations, sections, and 3D views.
Vector processing times vary depending on the number of views processed and view complexity.
Raster processing times depend on the dimensions of the view and amount of graphics. Vector
processing typically produces much smaller print files than raster processing.

7 Under Zoom, specify whether to fit the drawing to the size of the page or zoom to a percentage
of the original size.
8 Under Appearance, specify print quality and color.
■ Raster Quality: This option controls the resolution of the raster data being sent to the print
device. A higher quality results in a longer print time.

■ Black Lines: All text, non-white lines, pattern lines, and edges print in black. All raster images
and solid patterns print in grayscale. (This option is not available for publishing to DWF.)

■ Grayscale: All colors, text, images, and lines are printed in grayscale. (This option is not
available for publishing to DWF.)

■ Color: All colors in the project are maintained and printed, provided the printer supports
colors.

9 Under Options, specify additional print settings:

■ When printing, you can hide the following elements: scope boxes, reference planes, and
crop boundaries.

■ Hide unreferenced view tags. Select this option if you do not want to print section, elevation,
and callout tags that are not on sheets.

■ View links print black by default, but you can choose to print them in blue.

10 Click OK.

Saving Print Settings

You can save print settings in a project, so that they are available for reuse. You can also change saved print
settings, revert changes, and rename or delete print settings.

To access the Print Setup dialog, click File menu ➤ Print Setup.

To save print settings

1 In the Print Setup dialog, specify print options. See Print Setup on page 1020.
2 To save the print settings to a new name, click Save As.
3 Enter a name for the print settings, and click OK.
4 Click OK.

TIP You can transfer print settings to another project using Transfer Project Standards. Click File
menu ➤ Transfer Project Standards, and in the Select Items To Copy dialog, select Print Settings. See
Transferring Project Standards on page 438.

To change a saved print setting

1 In the Print Setup dialog, for Name, select a saved print setting.
2 Make the desired print setting changes.

Print Setup | 1021

 3 Click Save.

NOTE If you click OK before clicking Save, your changes are not saved to the selected print setting.
The first time you click OK, however, you are prompted to save your changes to the modified print
setting. If you click No, the changed settings are applied to the in-session print setting. Any future
changes you make without saving are also applied to the in-session setting. These changes are lost
when you exit the Revit Architecture session.

To revert print settings

1 In the Print Setup dialog, for Name, select a saved print setting.
2 Click Revert.
The settings revert back to their original saved state or in-session state.

To rename print settings

1 In the Print Setup dialog, for Name, select a saved print setting.
2 Click Rename.
3 Enter a new name for the settings, and click OK.

To delete print settings

1 In the Print Setup dialog, for Name, select a saved print setting.
2 Click Delete.

Print Preview
Use Print Preview to see a draft version of a view or sheet before printing it. Print Preview is not available if
you are printing multiple sheets or views.

To see a print preview, click File menu ➤ Print Preview.

NOTE If the print job is of substantial size, the status bar displays a Cancel button. The file size necessary to trigger
this option depends on system speed and amount of memory.

Printing Views and Sheets

Use the Print command to print one or a few views and sheets. If you must print a large number of views
and sheets, consider using the Revit Batch Print utility. See Batch Printing on page 1025.

To print construction documents

1 Click File menu ➤ Print, or on the Standard toolbar, click .

2 In the Print dialog, for Name, select a printer.
3 (Optional) Click Properties to configure the printer.
4 (Optional) Select Print to File. You can save the print job as a PRN or PLT file.
5 Under Print Range, specify whether you are printing the Current Window, a Visible Portion of
Current Window, or Selected Views/Sheets. If you are printing selected views and sheets, click
Select, select the views and sheets to print, and click OK.

1022 | Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents

 When you are printing selected views and sheets to a file, Revit Architecture creates one file per
view or sheet. If you want to create a single file that contains all selected views and sheets, print
to PDF. See Printing to PDF on page 1024.

6 Under Options, specify the number of copies to print and whether to print a view/sheet set in
reverse order. You can select Reverse Print Order for a multiple-page print job so that the last
page is printed first.
7 To print a complete copy of the project before the first page of the next copy is printed, select
Collate. To print all copies of the first page and then print all copies of each subsequent page,
clear Collate.
8 To change print settings, under Settings, click Setup.
See Print Setup on page 1020.

9 To preview the print job before printing, click Preview.

While in print preview mode, you can zoom the image and flip through pages if the print job
involves multiple pages. To exit print preview, click Close. To return to the Print dialog, click
Print.

10 When you are ready to print, click OK.

Selecting Views to Print, Publish, or Export

When you are outputting project views or sheets to various formats, you can specify which views and sheets
are to be included in the output. The following procedure applies to these commands:

■ File menu ➤ Print. The Print dialog displays.

■ File menu ➤ Export ➤ CAD Formats. The Export dialog displays.

■ File menu ➤ Publish DWF ➤ 2D DWF. The Publish dialog displays.

■ File menu ➤ Publish DWF ➤ 3D DWF. The Publish dialog displays.

To select views or sheets

1 Under Print Range or Range, select Selected Views/Sheets, and click Select.
2 In the View/Sheet Set dialog, select the views and sheets to print, publish, or export.
3 To quickly select all sheets or views, click Check All. Click Clear All to clear all selections.
4 To save this view/sheet set, click Save As, and enter a name.
This saves the view/sheet set with the project for future use.

5 Click OK. If you have not named a setting, you are prompted to name it.

NOTE You cannot transfer this setting to other projects.

To change a saved view/sheet set

1 Under Print Range or Range, select Selected Views/Sheets, and click Select.
2 In the View/Sheet Set dialog, for Name, select a view/sheet set name.
3 Add or remove the desired views.
4 Click Save.

Selecting Views to Print, Publish, or Export | 1023

 NOTE If you click OK before clicking Save, your changes are not saved to the selected view/sheet
set. The first time you click OK, however, you are prompted to save your changes to the modified
set. If you click No, the changed settings are applied to the in-session set. Any future changes you
make without saving are also applied to the in-session set. These changes are lost when you exit the
Revit Architecture session.

To revert view/sheet set settings

1 In the View/Sheet Set dialog, for Name, select a saved set.
2 Click Revert.
The settings are reverted back to their original saved state or in-session state.

To delete view/sheet sets

1 In the View/Sheet Set dialog, for Name, select a saved set.
2 Click Delete.

Printing to PDF
You can print construction documents to PDF (Portable Document Format). The resulting PDF files can
easily be shared with other team members, viewed online, or printed. When printing multiple views and
sheets to PDF, you can specify whether each view or sheet is saved in a separate PDF file, or one PDF file
contains all selected views and sheets.

TIP You can also publish construction documents to DWF. DWF files are smaller in size than PDF files, and they
can be easily shared with colleagues for online review. See Publishing 2D or 3D DWF on page 1300.

To print to PDF

1 Click File menu ➤ Print, or on the Standard toolbar, click .

2 In the Print dialog, for Name, select your PDF print driver.
If the list does not include a PDF print driver, talk to your system administrator about installing
one on your system. See Changing Your System’s PDF Print Settings on page 1025.

3 Click Properties.
4 On the Properties dialog, define settings for the PDF print driver as desired.
5 To print only the sheet or view in the drawing area, do the following:
a Under Print Range, select Current Window to print the entire view or sheet that currently
displays in the drawing area, or select Visible Portion of Current Window to print the part
of the view or sheet that currently displays in the drawing area.

b Under File, for Name, specify the name and location of the resulting PDF file. If needed,
click Browse and navigate to the target folder.

6 To print multiple views and sheets, do the following:

a Under Print Range, select Selected Views/Sheets.

b Click Select.

c In the View/Sheet Set dialog, select the views and sheets to print to PDF, and click OK.

1024 | Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents

 d Under File, to generate a single PDF file that contains all of the selected views and sheets,
select Combine Multiple Selected Views/Sheets into a Single File. To generate one PDF file
for each selected view and sheet, select Create Separate Files.

e For Name, specify the name and location of the resulting PDF file. If needed, click Browse
and navigate to the target folder.
If you are generating multiple PDF files, the specified file name is used as a prefix. It is
appended with the names of the selected views and sheets.

7 If you are printing multiple pages and you want them to print in reverse order, under Options,
select Reverse Print Order.
8 To change print settings, under Settings, click Setup.
See Print Setup on page 1020.

9 When you are ready to print, click OK.

10 Some PDF print drivers may display another dialog requesting a location and name for the PDF
file. Provide the information requested and click OK.

Changing Your System’s PDF Print Settings

In some cases, the default PDF print settings request a file name for each PDF file being created. If you are
using Revit Architecture to create PDF files for several views or sheets, this default setting means that you
must provide a file name for each PDF file as it is created.
To avoid the need to provide individual file names for PDFs, change your system’s default PDF settings. The
following procedure describes how to change this setting for Adobe® PDF. The steps may vary for other PDF
drivers.

To change the default Adobe® PDF print settings

1 On the Windows desktop, click Start menu ➤ Settings ➤ Printers and Faxes.
2 In the Printers and Faxes window, right-click Adobe PDF, and click Properties.
3 In the Adobe PDF Properties dialog, General tab, click Printing Preferences.
4 In the Adobe PDF Printing Preferences dialog, Adobe PDF Settings tab, for Adobe PDF Output
Folder, select My Documents\*.pdf.
5 Clear View Adobe PDF results.
6 Click OK.

Batch Printing
Batch Print for Revit provides an easy way to print a large number of drawings (views and sheets) from a
Revit project unattended.
After preparing the default printer and the Revit project, use Batch Print to send any number of drawings
to the printer and to control the order in which they print. When you start the print job, Batch Print manages
the printing of the drawings, requiring no further interaction from you. If desired, you can monitor the
progress of the print job using a status dialog.
Batch Print is available to Revit subscription customers. To use this utility, do the following:

1 Download Batch Print from the Autodesk customer subscription Web page.

2 Install Batch Print.

Changing Your System’s PDF Print Settings | 1025

 3 Open a Revit project, and click Tools menu ➤ External Tools ➤ Batch Print.

4 In the Batch Print dialog, click Help to learn how to use the utility.

1026 | Chapter 15 Preparing Construction Documents

Annotating and Detailing
16
This topic provides information about annotation elements, drafting views, detail views, and detail components.

Text Notes
You can insert wrapping or non-wrapping text notes. Text notes are measured in paper space. For example,
a 1/4" text note indicates that the text note will appear as 1/4" high on a sheet. Text notes automatically
scale with the view. For example, if you reduce the size of the view scale, the text automatically resizes.

1027
 Text notes without a leader snap to the text origins from nearby text notes or labels. Origin is a point that
depends on the text alignment (left, right, center).
If you are placing a text note with a leader, then the last leader point snaps to all possible leader attachment
points from nearby text notes.

Adding Text Notes

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Text, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Text.

The cursor changes to the text tool .

2 On the Options Bar, set the text alignment: left, center, or right.
3 For Leader, select a leader line option:
■ None. Selected by default.

■ One segment leader.

■ Two segment leader.

■ Arc leader. Arc leaders have an elbow control that you can drag to change the arc shape.

TIP When you place a text note with a leader, the last leader point snaps to all possible leader
attachment points from nearby text notes.

4 If desired, click an attribute button on the Options Bar: bold, italic, or underline.
You can either select text to apply an attribute or you can click the button before entering text.
The attribute is applied only to the text note instance or to any part of the text note you select.

Create a text note with non-wrapping text

5 Click once to place the note, and Revit Architecture inserts a text box in which to type.
Create a text note with wrapping text

6 Place the cursor in the drawing area; do not click. Drag the cursor to form a text box.

NOTE If you are placing a leader with the text note, the process differs: One-segment, arc leader:
Click once to place the leader end. Move the cursor to draw the leader. Next, click (for non-wrapping
text) or drag (for wrapping text) the cursor.Two-segment leader: Click once to place the leader end.
Move the cursor and click again to place the leader elbow. Move the cursor and click (for non-wrapping
text) or drag (for wrapping text) the cursor.

7 Enter the text in the text note box.

8 Click away from the text note to finish it. The text note controls remain active to change the
note's position and width.

Modifying Text Notes

You can make many modifications to text notes, including changing the font type and style, moving the
text note, and changing the type of text note.

1028 | Chapter 16 Annotating and Detailing

Changing the Text Note Type
To change the text note type on placement

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Text, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Text.
2 In the Type Selector, select a different text note type.

To change the text note type in a project view

1 Select the text note in the drawing area.
2 In the Type Selector, select a different text note type.

Editing the Text Note

After writing the text note, you have several options available for editing the text note.
You can do the following:

■ Move it—To move the text box without moving the arrowhead on the leader line, drag the cross-shaped
control. To move a leader line, drag one of the blue sizing handles in the desired direction. If you want
to create an elbow with the leader line, drag the text note elbow control.

■ Resize it—Place the cursor on the drag controls to change the width of the note. If you resize the text
box on a non-wrapping text note, the text note becomes wrapping.

■ Rotate it—Place the cursor on the rotate control to rotate the note. See Rotating Elements on page 308.

■ Change text alignment—Click the Left, Right, or Center Justification buttons in the Options Bar. You
can also access Properties and set the Horiz. Alignment property to left, right, or center.

■ Change the typeface—Access Properties and then click Edit/New. In the Type Properties dialog, you can
set the properties Italic, Bold, and Underline.

■ Edit the text—Select the text note and then click on the text.

■ Change the background of the note—Right-click the text note and click Properties. Click Edit/New. In
the Type Properties dialog, set the Background value to either Opaque or Transparent.

Checking Text Note Spelling

The Spelling command checks the spelling of text notes in a selection or in the current view or sheet. The
command does not check the spelling of other types of text, such as text in element properties.
To check the spelling of text notes with worksets, be sure that all the view and sheet worksets are editable.
If you make a view editable by right-clicking it in the Project Browser and clicking Make Workset Editable,
be sure that you have the view activated, not the Project Browser.

TIP If you have text notes in views on a sheet, and you want to check their spelling but the sheet workset is not
editable, use the Make Workset Editable with All Views option on the shortcut menu.

Text notes in groups are ignored by the Spelling command unless you are editing the group. The Spelling
command notifies you if any groups were skipped when it finishes. If you are editing a group of text notes,
the Spelling command tests only the notes in that group.

Modifying Text Notes | 1029

 To check the spelling of text notes, do one of the following

■ Click Tools menu ➤ Spelling.

■ Click on the Tools toolbar.

■ Press F7.

To view or modify spelling settings

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Options.

2 In the Options dialog, click the Spelling tab.
See Spelling Options on page 508 for more information.

Adding a Special Character from the Windows® Character Map®

1 On the Windows Start menu, click Start ➤ Run.

2 In the Run dialog, enter charmap, and click OK.
The Windows Character Map dialog appears.

3 Select a character and click Select.

4 Click Copy.
5 Return to Revit Architecture, and select a text box.
6 Click Edit ➤ Paste from Clipboard.
The special character appears in the text box.

Adding or Removing Leader Lines from a Text Note

1 Select the text note.
2 On the Options Bar, click one of the following options to add leaders:
■ —Add a left leader.

■ —Add a right leader.

■ —Add a left arc leader.

■ —Add a right arc leader.

3 Click as many times as desired to place leaders. The first 2 options are available for one and
2-segment leaders only. The other 2 options are for arc leaders only.

TIP You can convert a text note's leader to an arc leader: select the text note, click , and select
the check box for the Arc Leaders instance parameter.

4 To remove the last added leader line, on the Options Bar, click Remove a Leader. Click as many
times as desired. As you click, leader lines are removed in the order they were added.
You can add arrows to leader lines, or change the leader arrowhead style. For more information, see Specifying
Arrowhead Styles on page 491.

1030 | Chapter 16 Annotating and Detailing

Text Note Properties
Parameter names, values, and descriptions for text notes. Many values are modifiable.

Modifying Text Note Properties

1 In a project view, select a text note and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit text note instance properties.
3 Click Edit/New to edit text note type properties.

NOTE Changes made to type properties affect all text notes of that type in the project. You can click
Duplicate to create a new text note type.

4 Click OK.
See Specifying Text Note Styles on page 491.

Text Note Type Properties

Name Description

Graphics

Color Sets the color of the text and the leader line.

Line Weight Sets the thickness of the line that surrounds the text when you select the text and
the thickness of the leader line. You can change the definition of the line weight
numbers using the Line Weights command in the Settings menu. See Line Weights
on page 486.

Background Sets the background for the text note. With Opaque, the background of the note
itself covers material behind it. Transparent allows you to see material behind the
note. This is useful with text notes placed in color-defined rooms.

Leader Arrowhead Sets the arrowhead style for the leader as defined by the Arrowheads command.
See Specifying Arrowhead Styles on page 491.

Text

Text Font Sets the Microsoft® True Type fonts for the text note. The default font is Arial.

Text Size Sets the size of the typeface.

Tab Size Sets tab spacing in a text note. When you create a text note, you can press TAB
anywhere in the text note, and a tab appears at the specified size.

Bold Sets the text typeface to bold.

Text Note Properties | 1031

 Name Description

Italic Sets the text typeface to italic.

Underline Underlines the text.

Width Factor 1.0 is the default for regular text width. The font width is scaled proportionately to
the Width Factor. Height is not affected.

Text Note Instance Properties

Name Description

Graphics

Arc Leaders Converts a text note's leader to an arc leader.

Horizontal Align Sets the justification of the text.

Keep Readable Text in the note remains readable whenever you rotate it. It never displays upside-
down.

Leader Arrowhead Properties

Parameter names, values, and descriptions for text note leader arrowheads. Many values are modifiable.
Settings are global for the project.

To access properties for leader arrowhead types, click Settings menu ➤ Annotations ➤ Arrowheads.

Arrowhead Properties

Name Description

Arrow Style Sets the arrowhead shape on the leader line.

Fill Tick Fills the arrowhead.

Arrow Width Angle Sets the width of the arrowhead. The larger the angle value, the wider the arrowhead.

Tick Size Sets the overall size of arrowhead.

Heavy End Pen Weight If Arrow Style is set to Heavy End Tick Mark, this setting specifies the size of the mark
or dot on the opposite end of the text note.

1032 | Chapter 16 Annotating and Detailing

Grids
Use the Grid command to place column grid lines in the building design. You can then add columns along
the column grid lines. Grid lines are finite planes. You can drag their extents in elevation views so that they
do not intersect level lines. This allows you to determine whether grid lines appear in each new plan view
that you create for the project. For more information, see Datum Extents and Visibility on page 1048 and
Visibility of Arc Grids in Views on page 1050.
Grids can be straight lines or arcs.

You can hide grid lines after you add them. For more information, see Hiding Elements in a View on page
160.

Related topic

■ Visibility of Arc Grids in Views on page 1050

Adding Grids
1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Grid, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Grid.

2 On the Options Bar, click or .

Use to snap the grid to an existing line, such as a wall.

3 If you selected the Draw option, you must click a sketching command to create the grid. For
more information about these commands, see Sketching on page 251.
4 Click when the grid is the correct length.
Revit Architecture automatically numbers each grid. To change the grid number, click the number, enter
the new value, and press ENTER. You can use letters for grid line values. If you change the first grid number
to a letter, all subsequent grid lines update appropriately.
As you draw grid lines, the heads and tails of the lines can align to one another. If grid lines are aligned and
you select a line, a lock appears to indicate the alignment. If you move the grid extents, all aligned grid lines
move with it.

Grids | 1033
Modifying Grids
You can modify the appearance of grids in many ways.

Changing the Grid Type

To change the grid type on placement

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Grid, or on the Basics or Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Grid.
2 In the Type Selector, select a different grid type.

To change the grid type in a project view

1 Select the grid line in the drawing area.
2 In the Type Selector, select a different grid type.

Changing Grid Value

1 Click the grid header, then click the value in the grid header.
2 Enter a new value.
You can enter a number or a letter.

You can also change the value by selecting the grid line and clicking . Enter a different value for the
Name property.

Offsetting a Grid Line from Its Bubble

There may be times when you sketch a grid line and want to offset its bubble from the rest of the grid line.
1 Sketch a grid line, or select an existing grid line.
The end of the line near the bubble has drag controls.
Selected grid with drag controls

2 To resize the grid line, select and move the end drag control near the bubble.

3 Click the Add Elbow drag control ( ), then drag the control to the desired location to move
the bubble away from the grid line.
Bubble dragged from grid line

1034 | Chapter 16 Annotating and Detailing

 When you move the bubble end out of line, the effect appears only in that view. The segments
created from dragging the bubble have a solid line style. You cannot change this style.

As you drag a control, the cursor snaps at points similar to neighboring grids. The cursor also snaps as the
segments form straight lines.

Showing and Hiding Grid Bubbles

You can control whether grid bubbles display at either end of a grid line. You can do this graphically for an
individual grid line in a view, or for all grid lines of a particular type by changing type properties.

To show or hide individual grid bubbles

1 Open a view that displays grid lines.
2 Select a grid line.
Revit Architecture displays a check box near the grid bubble. You may need to zoom in to see
it clearly.

3 Clear the check box to hide the bubble, or select it to show the bubble.
You can repeat this process to show or hide the bubble at the opposite end of the grid line.

To show or hide grid bubbles using type properties

1 Open a view that displays grid lines.

2 Select a grid line, and click (Element Properties).

3 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
4 In the Type Properties dialog, do any of the following:
■ To display grid bubbles at the start point of grid lines in a plan view, select Plan View Symbols
End 1 (Default).

■ To display grid bubbles at the endpoint of grid lines in a plan view, select Plan View Symbols
End 2 (Default).

■ In views other than plan views (such as elevations and sections), indicate where to display
grid bubbles. For Non-Plan View Symbols (Default), select Top, Bottom, Both (top and
bottom), or None.

Modifying Grids | 1035

 5 Click OK twice.
Revit Architecture updates all grid lines of this type in all views.

Adjusting the Center Segment of a Grid Line

You can adjust the length of the gap or center segment in an individual grid line. For example, you may
want to adjust the gap so the grid line does not display through the middle of a model element. This feature
is available when the grid line uses a grid type for which the Center Segment parameter is Custom or Gap.
(See Customizing Grid Lines on page 1037.)
A grid line that has been adjusted to end at
the wall

To adjust the center segment of a grid line

1 Select the grid line in the view.
Revit Architecture displays a blue dot on the grid line. You may need to zoom in to see it clearly.

1036 | Chapter 16 Annotating and Detailing

 NOTE If you do not see a blue dot indicating the segment boundary, move the 3D extent for the
grid line outward until the dot is visible.

The default length of the end segments of a grid line is defined by the End Segments Length
parameter of the grid type.

2 Drag the blue dot along the grid line to the desired position.
The end segment adjusts its length accordingly.

Customizing Grid Lines

You can customize grid types in the following ways:

■ Change the line color, weight, and pattern of the entire grid line. (Modify the Bubble grid type, or create
your own. See Changing a Continuous Grid Line on page 1038.)

■ Hide the center segment of the grid lines to create a gap, displaying only the end segments in views.
(Modify the Bubble Gap grid type, or create your own. See Creating a Grid Line with a Center Gap on
page 1038.)

■ Display the center segment of the grid line using a different line color, weight, and pattern than the end
segments. (Modify the Bubble Custom Gap grid type, or create your own. See Creating a Grid Line with
a Center Segment on page 1039.)

To make these customizations, you modify a grid type. In views, all grid lines of that type reflect the changes.

Modifying Grids | 1037

 Changing a Continuous Grid Line
1 Open a view that displays grid lines.

2 Select a grid line, and click (Element Properties).

3 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
4 In the Type Properties dialog, do the following:
■ For Center Segment, select Continuous.

■ For End Segment Weight, End Segment Color, and End Segment Pattern, specify the line
weight, color, and pattern of the grid line.

■ Use the other parameters to indicate which grid bubble to use and where it should display.
See Grid Type Properties on page 1040.

5 Click OK twice.
Revit Architecture updates all grid lines of this type in all views.

Creating a Grid Line with a Center Gap

1 Open a view that displays grid lines.

2 Select a grid line, and click (Element Properties).

3 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
4 In the Type Properties dialog, do the following:
■ For Center Segment, select None.

■ For End Segment Weight, End Segment Color, and End Segment Pattern, specify the line
weight, color, and pattern of the segments to display on each end of the grid line.

■ For End Segments Length, enter the length of the segments (in paper space) to display on
each end of the grid line.

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 ■ Use the other parameters to indicate which grid bubble to use and where it should display.
See Grid Type Properties on page 1040.

5 Click OK twice.
Revit Architecture updates all grid lines of this type in all views.

Creating a Grid Line with a Center Segment

1 Open a view that displays grid lines.

2 Select a grid line, and click (Element Properties).

3 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
4 In the Type Properties dialog, do the following:
■ For Center Segment, select Custom.

■ For Center Segment Weight, Center Segment Color, and Center Segment Pattern, specify
the line weight, color, and pattern of the center segment of the grid line.

■ For End Segment Weight, End Segment Color, and End Segment Pattern, specify the line
weight, color, and pattern of the end segments of the grid line.

■ For End Segments Length, enter the length of the segments (in paper space) to display on
each end of the grid line.

■ Use the other parameters to indicate which grid bubble to use and where it should display.
See Grid Type Properties on page 1040.

5 Click OK twice.
Revit Architecture updates all grid lines of this type in all views.

Grid Properties
You can change properties for individual grid lines or for grid types.

Modifying Grid Properties

1 In a project view, select a grid line and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit instance properties.
See Grid Instance Properties on page 1041.

3 To edit type properties, click Edit/New.

See Grid Type Properties on page 1040. Changes made to type properties affect all grid lines of
that type in the project. You can click Duplicate to create a new grid line type.

4 Click OK.

Grid Properties | 1039

 Grid Type Properties

Name Description

Graphics

Symbol The symbol to use for the ends of a grid line. The symbol can display a grid number
in a bubble (Grid Head–Circle), a grid number but no bubble (Grid Head–No Bubble),
or no grid bubble or number (none).

Center Segment The type of center segment to display in the grid line. Select None, Continuous, or
Custom. See Customizing Grid Lines on page 1037.

Center Segment Weight If the Center Segment parameter is Custom, the line weight of the center segment.

Center Segment Color If the Center Segment parameter is Custom, the line color of the center segment.
Select a color defined in Revit Architecture, or define your own color. See Colors on
page 514.

Center Segment Pattern If the Center Segment parameter is Custom, the style for the center segment. The
line pattern can be solid or a combination of dashes and dots.

End Segment Weight The line weight to use for a continuous grid line, or if Center Segment is None or
Custom, the line weight for the end segments.

End Segment Color The line color to use for a continuous grid line, or if Center Segment is None or
Custom, the line color for the end segments.

End Segment Pattern The line style to use for a continuous grid line, or if Center Segment is None or
Custom, the line style for the end segments.

End Segments Length If the Center Segment parameter is None or Custom, the length of the end segments
(in paper space).

Plan View Symbols End 1 (Default) In a plan view, the default setting to display a bubble at the start point of a grid
line. (That is, when you draw a grid line, the bubble displays at its start point.) If
desired, you can show or hide bubbles for individual grid lines in views. See Showing
and Hiding Grid Bubbles on page 1035.

Plan View Symbols End 2 (Default) In a plan view, the default setting to display a bubble at the endpoint of a grid line.
(That is, when you draw a grid line, the bubble displays at its endpoint.) If desired,
you can show or hide bubbles for individual grid lines in views. See Showing and
Hiding Grid Bubbles on page 1035.

Non-Plan View Symbols (Default) In project views other than plan views (such as elevations and sections), the default
location where bubbles display on the grid line: Top, Bottom, Both (top and bottom),
or None. If desired, you can show or hide bubbles for individual grid lines in views.
See Showing and Hiding Grid Bubbles on page 1035.

Identity Data

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 Name Description

Design Option The design option in which the grid lines display. Read-only.

Grid Instance Properties

Name Description

Graphics

Center Mark Visible For an arc grid line, displays its center mark.

Identity Data

Name A value for the grid line. This can be a numeric or alphanumeric value. The first in-
stance defaults to 1.

Design Option The design option in which the grid lines display. Read-only.

Extent

Scope Box The scope box applied to the grid. See Controlling Visibility of Datums Using Scope
Boxes on page 1053.

Levels
Use the Level command to define a vertical height or story within a building. You create a level for each
known story or other needed reference of the building (for example, first floor, top of wall, or bottom of
foundation). To add levels, you must be in a section or elevation view. When you add levels, you can create
an associated plan view.

Levels | 1041
 Levels are finite horizontal planes that act as a reference for level-hosted elements, such as roofs, floors, and
ceilings. You can resize their extents so that they do not display in certain views. For more information, see
Datum Extents and Visibility on page 1048.
When you start a new project using the default template in Revit Architecture, 2 levels display: level 1 and
level 2.
You can hide level annotations after you add them. For more information, see Hiding Elements in a View
on page 160.

Adding Levels
1 Open the section or elevation view to add levels to.
2 Click Drafting menu ➤ Level, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Level.
3 Place the cursor in the drawing area and click.

NOTE As you place the cursor to create a level, if the cursor aligns to an existing level line, a temporary
vertical dimension appears between the cursor and that level line.

4 Draw level lines by moving the cursor horizontally.

On the Options Bar, Make Plan View is selected by default. As a result, each level you create is
a story level and has an associated floor plan view and reflected ceiling plan view. If you click
Plan View Types on the Options Bar, you can choose to create only the view types that you
specify in the Plan View Types dialog. If you clear Make Plan View, the level is considered to be
a non-story level or a reference level; no associated plan view is created. Walls and other
level-based elements can use reference levels as their top or base constraint.
As you draw level lines, the heads and tails of the lines can align to one another. When you
select a level line that is aligned with others, a lock appears to show the alignment. If you move
the level line horizontally, all aligned level lines move with it.

5 Click when the level line is the correct length.

You can change the name of the level by clicking the number to select it. You can also change
the height of the level by clicking the dimension.

Revit Architecture assigns the label (for example, Level 1) and the level symbol to the new
level. Use the Project Browser to rename the level, if desired. See Project Browser on page 55. If
you rename the level, the associated name for the floor plan and the reflected ceiling plan update
as well.

Modifying Levels
You can modify the appearance of levels in many ways.

Changing the Level Type

To change the level type on placement

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Level, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Level.
2 In the Type Selector, select a different level type.

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To change the level type in a section or elevation view
1 Select the level line in the drawing area.
2 In the Type Selector, select a different level type.

Editing Level Lines in an Elevation View

You can change level lines in the following ways:

■ Resize level lines. Select the level line, click on the blue sizing handles, and drag the cursor left or right.

■ Raise or lower levels. Select the level line, and click the dimension value associated with it. Enter a new
value for the dimension

■ Relabel the level. Select the level and click the label box. Enter a new label for the level.

Moving Levels
You can move level lines in the following ways:

■ Select a level line. A temporary dimension displays between that level line and any level lines immediately
above and below.
Selected level line shown in red with temporary dimensions above and below it

To move the selected level up or down, click the temporary dimension, type a new value, and press
ENTER.

■ Drag the selected level line up or down.

■ To move multiple level lines, select the desired number of level lines and move them up or down.

Offsetting a Level Line from Its Bubble

There may be times when you sketch a level line and want to offset its bubble from the rest of the level line.
1 Sketch a level line, or select an existing level line.
The end of the line near the bubble has drag controls.

Modifying Levels | 1043

 Selected level with drag controls

2 Select and move the end drag control near the bubble to resize the level line.

3 Click the Add Elbow drag control ( ), then drag the control to the desired location to move
the bubble away from the level line.
Bubble dragged from level line

When you move the bubble end out of line, the effect appears only in that view, no other views
are affected. The segments created from dragging the bubble have a solid line style. You cannot
change this style.

As you drag a control, the cursor snaps at points similar to neighboring level lines; the cursor also snaps as
the segments form straight lines.

Level Properties
Parameter names, values, and descriptions for levels. Most values are modifiable.

Modifying Level Properties

1 In a project view, select a level line, and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit instance properties.
3 To edit type properties, click Edit/New.
Changes made to type properties affect all level lines of that type in the project. You can click
Duplicate to create a new level line type.

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 4 Click OK.

Level Type Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Elevation Base If the elevation base value is set to Project, the elevation reported on a level is with
respect to the project origin. If the base value is set to Shared, then the elevation
reported is with respect to the shared origin. To change the shared origin, you can
relocate the project. See Relocating and Rotating a Project on page 1234.

Graphics

Line Weight Sets the line weight for the level type. You can change the definition of the line
weight number using the Line Weights command in the Settings menu. See Line
Weights on page 486.

Color Sets the color of the level line. You can choose from a list of colors defined in Revit
Architecture, or define your own color.

Line Pattern Sets the line style of level lines. The line pattern can be solid or a combination of
dashes and dots. You can choose from a list of values defined in Revit Architecture,
or define your own line pattern.

Symbol Determines whether the head of a level line displays a level number in a bubble
(Level Head–Circle), a level number but no bubble (Level Head–No Bubble), or no
level number (<none>).

Symbol at End 1 Default Places a bubble by default at the left end of the level line. When you select a level
line, a check box appears next to the level bubble. Clear the check box to hide the
bubble. Select it again to display the bubble.

Symbol at End 2 Default Places a bubble by default at the right end of the level line.

Identity Data

Design Option A read-only field that indicates the design option in which the level lines appear.

Level Instance Properties

Name Description

Constraints

Elevation The vertical height of the level.

Level Properties | 1045

 Name Description

Identity Data

Name A label for the level. You can assign any label or name you wish to this property.

Design Option A read-only field that indicates the design option in which the level lines appear.

Extents

Scope Box The scope box applied to the level. See Controlling Visibility of Datums Using Scope
Boxes on page 1053.

Reference Planes
Use the Reference Plane command to draw reference planes to use as a guideline in your design. Reference
planes are an integral part of family creation. See Family Editor Basics on page 341. Reference planes appear
in each new plan view that you create for a project. See Datum Extents and Visibility on page 1048.

Adding Reference Planes

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Ref Plane, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Ref Plane.
2 Place the cursor in the drawing area.
3 Draw the reference planes by dragging the cursor.
4 When you finish the plane (designated by a green, dashed line), click to end the line.

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Naming Reference Planes

1 In the drawing area, select a reference plane, and click .

2 In the Element Properties dialog, for Name, enter a name for the reference plane.
3 Click OK.

Hiding the Annotation in the View

1 Select one or more annotation lines to hide, and right-click to display the shortcut menu.
2 To hide the selected annotations, click Hide in View ➤ Elements.
To hide the selected annotations and all other annotations of the same category in the current
view, click Hide in View ➤ Category.

To redisplay the hidden annotation lines, see Revealing and Unhiding Hidden Elements on page 160.

Reference Plane Properties

Parameter names and descriptions for reference planes.

To modify reference plane properties, select a reference plane and click .

Reference Plane Instance Properties

Name Description

Construction

Wall Closure

Identity Data

Name The name of the reference plane.

Design Option A read-only field that indicates the design option in which the reference plane ap-
pears.

Extents

Scope Box The scope box applied to the reference plane. See Controlling Visibility of Datums
Using Scope Boxes on page 1053.

Other

Naming Reference Planes | 1047

 Name Description

Is Reference Specifies whether a reference plane, sketched during the creation of a family, is a
reference in a project. This means that you can dimension to the family or align to
it. If you set a reference plane as a reference for all family types, then you can con-
sistently dimension to that family type when you place it in your project. For example,
you create a door family with 24", 30", and 36" types. For each type, you specify a
reference plane as left. Then you place the new 24" door type in your project and
dimension it 5' from an exterior wall. Then you decide to replace that 24" door with
a 30" door. When you swap out the doors, Revit Architecture retains the 5' dimension.
The Is Reference names are arbitrary and are meant as a convenient method for
maintaining consistency across family types. For information on strong and weak
references, see Strong and Weak References on page 355.

Defines Origin Specifies where the cursor rests on the object you are placing. For example, as you
place a rectangular column, the cursor rests at the centerline of the column shape.

Datum Extents and Visibility

Datum planes, such as those for levels, grids, and reference planes, are not visible in all views. If the datum
does not intersect a view’s plane (or does not intersect the plane in the correct way), then it will not be
visible in that view.
Datum planes are modifiable. You can resize their extents so that they are visible in some views, but not
others. You can also change datum extents in one view and then propagate that change to any desired
parallel views in which the datum is visible.
You can also use scope boxes to control visibility of datum.

Example of Datum Visibility in Project Views

When you resize model (3D) datum extents, you can control in which view they are visible. If the datum
planes do not intersect the view plane, they are not visible in the view.
In the following example, the top level line is not visible in the section view, because its model (3D) extents
do not intersect it.

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 In the next example, the grid is visible only in the first 2 plan views, because its model (3D) extents do not
intersect the third level line.

You may notice a datum intersecting a view plane but not displaying in view. If you select the datum, you
will notice that its view-specific extent intersects the view plane, but not its model extent, as the next figure
shows. The open circle in the figure shows the 3D model extent, which is not intersecting the section. The
filled circle is showing the 2D extent, which has intersected the section. As a result, Level 3 will not display
in the section view.

Visibility of Non-Perpendicular Datums in Views

If a datum element (such as a reference plane) is not perpendicular to a view, then the datum element does
not appear in the view.

Visibility of Non-Perpendicular Datums in Views | 1049

 For example, the following floor plan shows 2 reference planes, indicated with dashed green lines. The
reference plane on the right intersects the section line at an angle. The reference plane on the left is
perpendicular to the section line. Because the angled reference plane is not perpendicular to the section
line, the plane does not appear in the resulting section view. However, the perpendicular reference plane
does appear in the section view.

Visibility of Arc Grids in Views

In plan views (such as floor plans and ceiling plans), you can define grid lines that are arcs rather than
straight lines. Arc grid lines will appear in section views where the center of the arc intersects and is
perpendicular to the section line.
For example, the following floor plan shows 2 arc grid lines. Grid Line 2 intersects the section line, but its
center is not perpendicular to the section line. As a result, Grid Line 2 does not display in the section view.
Grid Line 3 intersects the section line in the floor plan, and its center intersects the section line
perpendicularly. Therefore, Grid Line 3 displays in the section view, indicating the center of the arc.

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Resizing Datum Extent Controls
1 Select a datum.
Notice that there is a control titled 3D that displays at the ends of the datum. With the 3D
designation, the datum is in Model Extent mode. This means that if you drag the control to
resize the datum extent, it changes the extent of that datum in all other parallel views, provided
those datums also have the 3D model extent control.

NOTE When you select a datum, it is selected in all views in which it is visible.

Model extent control

Resize datum in all views

2 Drag the hollow circle 3D control at either end of the datum to the desired location.
Resize datum in a specific view only

3 Click the 3D control. It changes to display 2D, and the control changes from an open circle to
a filled circle. This means the datum is in view-specific mode. If you resize the datum, the change
occurs in that view only.

Resizing Datum Extent Controls | 1051

 View-specific
extent control

NOTE When you drag the filled circle, the open circle remains. This shows where the model (3D)
extent is. If you want to return to that extent, right-click the datum, and click Reset to 3D Extents.

If you drag a datum extent outside the crop boundary of the view, the control on the extent is always in
view-specific (2D) mode. You also cannot propagate its extents to other views.
If you move the 2D control of a datum on top of a 3D control, the 2D control becomes a 3D control.

Maximizing 3D Model Extents

A datum may be of a certain size, such that it is not visible in all views of the model. You can change the
3D model extents to intersect the boundary of the model, so that the datum will be visible in more views.
In the following example, the grid is not visible in the 2 section views of the model, because its 3D model
extents do not intersect either section view plane.

To maximize 3D model extents

1 Select the datum, and right-click it.
2 From the shortcut menu, click Maximize 3D Extents.
The grid is resized to the boundary of the model.

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Propagating 2D Datum Extents
When you have modified a 2D datum to the desired extent, you may have similar views in which you want
it to display the same way. You can use Propagate Extents to accomplish this.

To propagate 2D datum extents

1 Select the datum.
2 On the Options Bar, click Propagate Extents.
3 In the Propagate Datum Extents dialog, select the parallel views in which you want the datum
to look the same, and click OK.
There is no permanent connection between the look of the datum in multiple views. If you modify the
datum again, you must use Propagate Extents again. Propagate Extents does not affect Model (3D) extents.

Controlling Visibility of Datums Using Scope Boxes

When you add datum elements (grids, levels, and reference lines) to a project, they can display in more
views than desired. For example, when you add grid lines to a plan view, the grid lines display in all plan
views of the model. However, you may want the grid lines to display in only certain views. This is exactly
what a scope box is for: to specify the views in which the datum elements will display.
Scope boxes control the visibility of datum elements in views whose cutting plane intersects the scope box.
Scope boxes are particularly useful to control the visibility of datums that are not parallel or orthogonal to
a view.
For example, the following floor plan shows a science center with an aviary wing at an angle to the main
building. The main building and the aviary wing use different grids. The matchline indicates where this
floor plan is divided into dependent views, to show each part of the building on separate sheets. (See Duplicate
Dependent Views on page 144.) However, on the dependent view for the aviary wing, you do not want to
show the grid lines for the main building. On the dependent view for the main building, you do not want
to show the grid lines for the aviary wing. You can accomplish this using scope boxes.

Propagating 2D Datum Extents | 1053

 To use scope boxes to control datum elements

1 Create one or more scope boxes.

2 Apply a scope box to datum elements (grid lines, levels, or reference planes).

3 (Optional) Apply a scope box to desired views.

Creating a Scope Box

You create scope boxes in plan views only. After a scope box is created, you can change its size and position
in a 3D view.
1 In a plan view, on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Scope Box.
2 On the Options Bar, enter a name and specify a height for the scope box, if desired.

TIP You can also change the name of the scope box after creating it. Select the scope box, click

, and enter a value for the Name property.

3 To draw a scope box, click in the upper left-hand corner to start the box. Click in the lower
right-hand corner to finish it.
The following floor plan shows 2 scope boxes: one around the main building, and another
around the aviary wing. When you draw a scope box, it displays drag controls, which you can

use to resize the scope box. You can also rotate the scope box using the rotate control and

the Rotate tool . (See Rotating Elements on page 308.)

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 4 If desired, open a 3D view to further adjust the size and position of the scope boxes.
After creating scope boxes, you need to do the following:
■ Apply each scope box to datum elements. on page 1055

■ (Optional) Apply each scope box to the desired views on page 1053.

Applying a Scope Box to Datums

To control the visibility of datum elements in a scope box, you must associate each datum element with the
scope box.

1 Select the appropriate datum element (for example, a grid line), and click .
2 For Scope Box, select the desired scope box.
For example, for a project with 2 scope boxes named Scope Box 1 and Scope Box 2, select Scope
Box 1 from the drop-down list.

3 Click OK.
The datum now displays only in views whose cutting plane intersects the selected scope box. If
a view's cutting plane lies outside the scope, the associated datum does not appear in the view.
For example, in the following illustration, the top view shows scope boxes around the main
building and the aviary wing. Scope Box 1 was applied to grid lines for the main building, and
Scope Box 2 was applied to grid lines for the aviary wing. As a result, the dependent views
(bottom) show only the grid lines that apply to each part of the building.

Controlling Visibility of Datums Using Scope Boxes | 1055

 TIP If a section view's cutting plane intersects the scope box, the datums will appear in the section
view.

Datums Resize with Scope Box

You can drag the extent of datums associated with scope boxes by selecting the scope box and dragging it;
the associated datum moves with it.
Dragged scope box moves level lines associated with it

To revert the extents of a level datum back to its default, select the level, right-click, and click Reset to 3D
Extents. The model (3D) extent cannot be moved from the edge of a scope box to which it is assigned, but
the 2D extent can be modified in a view. This command returns the extent to the default position: slightly
offset to the outside the scope box.

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Controlling Visibility of Scope Boxes
Scope boxes are automatically visible in 3D views and any view whose cut plane intersects the scope. They
can also be set to display in elevation views. You can set their visibility for other views by resizing them or
changing their visibility property. Scope boxes do not print in construction documents.

Resizing a Scope Box

1 Open a plan or 3D view, and select the scope box.
Handles appear on the scope box.

2 Drag the handles to resize the scope box.

As you resize the scope box, you control the views in which it displays. If a view plane no longer
cuts through the scope box, the scope box is not visible in that view. Consequently, any datums
associated with that scope box do not display in that view.

For example, suppose a building has 8 floors. You resize the scope box so that its top boundary extent is at
Level 4. As a result, the scope box and associated datums will not display in the plan views for Levels 5
through 8. Conversely, if you resize the scope box to intersect those levels, the datums will display in those
views.
Scope box in 3D with drag and rotation controls

Setting the Views Visible Property for a Scope Box

The Views Visible property sets the display of a scope box in various views, including elevation views.
1 Open a view in which you can see the scope box.

2 Select the scope box, and click .

Controlling Visibility of Datums Using Scope Boxes | 1057

 3 For the Views Visible property, click Edit.
The Scope Box Views Visible dialog lists all the view types and view names in the project. It
shows in which views the scope box is visible. Revit Architecture calculates the visibility of the
scope box when you create it and subsequently change its extents. The Automatic Visibility
column shows the views in which the scope is automatically visible. The scope box is not
automatically visible in exterior elevations, but you can override this behavior.

4 Locate the appropriate view row (for example, South Elevation), and find its value in the Override
column. Click in the text box, and select Visible in the list.
5 Click OK.
The scope box is now visible in that view.

Hiding Scope Boxes in a View

A scope box may apply to a view, but you may not want the scope box to be visible in the view.

To hide scope boxes in a view

Use either of the following methods:
■ Hide one scope box: Open the view in which one or more scope boxes display. Right-click a scope box,
and click Hide in view ➤ Elements. The selected scope box is no longer visible in this view. (The scope
box is still visible in other views.)

■ Hide all scope boxes: Open the view in which one or more scope boxes display. Right-click any scope
box, and click Override Graphics in View ➤ By Category. The Visibility/Graphics Overrides dialog displays
the Annotation Categories tab, with Scope Boxes highlighted. Clear Scope Boxes, and click OK. All scope
boxes are no longer visible in the view.

To redisplay hidden scope boxes, see Revealing and Unhiding Hidden Elements on page 160.

Keynotes
A keynote parameter is available for all model elements (including detail components) and materials. You
can tag each of these elements using a keynote tag family. The keynote value is derived from a separate text
file that contains a list of keynotes.
If an element already contains a value for a keynote, it appears in a tag automatically. If not, you can select
the keynote value directly. Revit Architecture provides 2 sample text files for keynoting. See Keynote Workflow
on page 1059.
Keynotes assigned in a project are linked to their source keynote table. When the keynote table is changed,
keynotes in the project will reflect the changes when the project is closed and reopened.

Differences Between Keynoting and Tagging a Material

The difference between keynoting and tagging a material is the information that is displayed in the tag and
which tag family Revit Architecture uses. Revit Architecture has separate categories for keynotes and material
tags.

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 Using keynotes

■ If you click Drafting menu ➤ Keynote ➤ Material, Revit Architecture looks for a tag family assigned to
the keynote category. If the tag is not loaded in the project, you are prompted to load one.

■ The keynote family displays one or both of the values available from the keynote table. See Keynoting
Settings on page 1059.

Using tags

■ If you click Drafting menu ➤ Tag ➤ Material, Revit Architecture uses a tag family assigned to the material
category.

■ The default tag displays the value stored for the Description parameter, if it is assigned.

Keynoting Settings
To access the Keynoting Settings dialog, click Settings menu ➤ Keynoting.
Keynote Table
Full Path Displays the entire path of the keynote file.

Saved Path Displays the file name of the keynote file that is loaded.

View Opens the Keynotes dialog. This dialog does not permit editing the keynote table.

Path Type
Absolute Identifies a specific folder located on your local PC or a network server. The path could be stored
in the Uniform Naming Convention (UNC) format such as \\servername\share\folder\keynote.txt.

Relative Finds the keynote file where the project file or central file is located. If the file is moved to a new
location, Revit Architecture expects to find the keynote file in this new folder location as well.

At Library Locations Finds the keynote file where the stand-alone installation or network deployment
specified.

Numbering Method
By keynote Determines the keynote value by the value stored in the keynote parameter or selected from
the keynote table. This value displays in the keynote as well as filling in the keynote parameter.

By sheet Numbers keynotes according to their order of creation.

A value for the keynote parameter is still stored if one has been chosen.
A Keynote Legend displays the Keynote Number according to the order it was created instead. No number
appears in the tag until the view bearing Keynote Tags is placed on a sheet view.

Keynote Workflow
The default keynoting data provided in Revit Architecture is based on the 1995 Construction Specification
Institute (CSI) Master format system, which uses 16 divisions to organize construction process and materials.
This is a widely used system in the United States. See Keynote File Versions on page 1064.
A more recent version of this system has not yet seen wide-spread adoption. This newer version is based
upon 50 divisions and was introduced in 2004. Support for this new format can be accomplished by adding
the additional divisions to the default keynote data files as needed. See Adding Additional Categories on
page 1063.

Keynoting Settings | 1059

 This system is most effective when objects that are used throughout a project are already assigned their
respective keynote values. When these values are not supplied, you can assign a value as you place a keynote
tag. Materials, system and component families, and detail components can have keynote parameters entered
in advance.

Placing a Keynote
1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Keynote ➤ Element, Material, or User, or on the Drafting Tab of the
Design Bar, click Keynote ➤ Element, Material, or User.
2 In the Type Selector, select a keynote style.
■ Keynote Tag : Keynote Number shows the keynote number in the drawing area.

■ Keynote Tag: Keynote Number - Boxed shows the keynote number with a box around it in
the drawing area.

■ Keynote Tag : Keynote Text shows the keynote text in the drawing area.

3 On the Options Bar, select the keynote tag orientation (horizontal or vertical), and select the
Leader check box to show or hide the keynote tag leader.
4 Click the relevant element or material to identify which element to tag. An arrowhead appears
at this location.
5 Click the second point of the first segment for leader.
6 Click the final point for the end of the second segment of leader and location of keynote tag.
If the element or material already has a value entered for the parameter keynote, it appears in
the tag automatically. If it does not, the Keynotes dialog opens, where you can select the keynote
value.

To add or create your own keynote data, see Adding Additional Categories on page 1063.

Keynote Placement Tips

■ In order for Revit Architecture to keynote a material, the element must be visible in the view, and the
material must be displayed by setting the detail level to medium or fine.
For example, you will not be able to keynote the material of a door's panel whose visibility is set to not
show in plan view. The same door family can have a keynote or tag attached to the door panel's material
in an elevation view, because the solid geometry is visible in the view.

■ If you are not able to keynote or tag an element in a particular view, check the settings of the family.
Nested family components need to be shared in order to place or display a keynote value. See Nested
Families on page 407.

Expected Keynote Behavior

If a family is created using a keynote table that is different from the one the project is using and

■ The same value exists in each keynote table, the project’s keynote file values are used.

■ There are different values in each keynote table, or there is no corresponding value for the keynote in
the project, the keynote number will display, but the text for the keynote will not display.

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 To resolve these issues, you can select a new keynote value that is part of the project's keynote table, or add
the keynote value to the keynote table. See Adding Additional Categories on page 1063.

Types of Keynotes
■ Element. A keynote can be applied to an entire element, such as a wall, detail component, or door.

■ Material. A keynote can be assigned to a material that has been painted on a surface, and to materials
assigned to the component layers of an element. Keynotes are not supported for the insulation drafting
command or the detail components line and filled region.

■ User. This option provides a way to use commonly used notes or phrases to address documentation
issues. These additional user notes must be added to the provided keynote text files or included in one
that you create. See Adding Additional Categories on page 1063.

Assigning Keynote Values

Assigning Keynote Values to Materials

Keynote selection can be applied to materials. Keynotes are assigned to materials on the Identity Tab of the
Materials dialog. To access the Materials dialog, click Settings menu ➤ Materials.
When materials are assigned a keynote value, the objects that use these materials inherit the keynote value
accordingly.
A great deal of time can be saved if the materials of a project have their keynote values applied before you
apply keynote tags to materials.

Assigning Keynote Values to Elements

All elements have a Keynote Type parameter. These can be supplied in advance using the Element Properties
dialog (see Element Properties Dialog on page 75), or selected when the tag is placed.

Assigning Keynote Values Using Tags

After you apply a keynote tag to an element, material, or user, you can select the keynote tag and click over
the keynote value or empty value to open the Keynotes dialog. When a material has no assigned keynote
value, Revit Architecture opens the Keynotes dialog so that you can pick one.

NOTE If you click OK, Revit Architecture uses the keynote value that is currently selected. If you click Cancel, the
keynote value remains empty.

Keynote Legend
You can access the Keynote Legend command by clicking View menu ➤ New ➤ Keynote Legend. There are
2 parameters predefined in the Scheduled fields list: Key Value and Keynote Text. The remaining tabs (Filter,
Sorting/Grouping, Formatting, and Appearance) are all available as they are for other schedules. See Specifying
Schedule Properties on page 128.

Types of Keynotes | 1061

 With careful use of keynote headings and filtering, it is possible to create keynote legends that group common
types of keynotes together.
Keynote legends can be placed on multiple sheet views.

Filtering Keynotes by Sheet

The Filter by Sheet option causes the schedule to only display those keynotes that are visible in views on
the sheet where the schedule is placed. Use the following procedure to select this option.
1 Open the keynote legend from the Schedules/Quantities category in the Project Browser.
2 Right-click the view, and click View Properties.
3 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit for the filter parameter.
4 In the Keynote Legend Properties dialog, click the Filter by Sheet check box.

Filtering Keynotes by CSI Heading

To filter keynotes scheduled to one main category of keynotes
1 Open the keynote legend from the Schedules/Quantities category in the Project Browser.
2 Right-click the view, and click View Properties.
3 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit for the filter parameter.
4 In the Keynote Legend Properties dialog, for Filter By, click an option from the list.
For example, to filter by CSI Division 15, click Key Value.

5 Next to Filter By, a list of operators displays. The data must match or abide by the operator and
value you enter for it to appear in the schedule.
For example, the value of the CSI Division 15's main heading is 15000. To display all keynote
values that begin with 15, select the Begins With operator and enter the value 15 in the text
box.

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Adding Additional Categories
Keynotes are defined in a tab-delimited text file. The first portion of the text file is reserved for major
headings/categories (the parent values). The remainder of the file is for sub-headings/categories (the child
values). A tab-delimited file requires the use of the TAB key to create spaces between data entries.
Changes made to the keynote table are not available in the current project session of Revit Architecture.
Changes are available when the project is closed and reopened.
You can use Microsoft® Excel or a similar spreadsheet application to manage the data, then export it to a
tab-delimited file format.

Sample Keynote Text File

CSI Main Category/Heading (parent value)

11000 [tab] Division 11 - Equipment
CSI Master format sSb-Category/Heading [tab] Sub-Category/Heading Description [tab] CSI Masterformat
Main Category/Heading Value (parent value)
11060 [tab] Theater and Stage Equipment [tab] 11000
11061 [tab] Acoustical Shells [tab] 11000
For sub-categories of sub-categories
11060.A1 [tab] Counter-Weight Rigging [tab] 11060

Sample User Keynote Text File

For User Keynotes you can place them in front of the CSI structure by using the following format:
Main/Heading/Parent Category
00000 [tab] Division 00 - User Notes
Sub-Category/Heading/Child
00001 [tab] User Note 1 [tab] 00000
00002 [tab] User Note 2 [tab] 00000
For sub-categories of sub-categories
00001.A1 [tab] User Note 1a [tab] 00001

Keynote File Locations

Keynote files for the default standalone installation reside in the following location:
C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Autodesk\Revit Architecture 2009\Imperial Library
or
C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Autodesk\Revit Architecture 2009\Metric Library
The file can be located on a network server so that it is available to all users. See Keynoting Settings on page
1059 for information on assigning file locations.

Adding Additional Categories | 1063

 Keynote File Versions
The following files are provided and installed during deployment:

■ RevitKeynotes_Imperial.txt

■ RevitKeynotes_Metric.txt

Resolving Keynote File Errors

When the keynote file cannot be located, Revit Architecture displays the following message when any action
that attempts to display the keynote selection dialog occurs:
Unable to Load Keynote data. Check keynote table locations in Keynoting Settings.
Use the following procedure to resolve the issue.

To specify the location of the keynote text file

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Keynoting.

2 In the Keynoting Settings dialog, click Browse, and navigate to the appropriate keynote text file.

Keynote Tag Ends

For keynote tags that are associated with elements, the end of the leader is free to be relocated to another
location and not connected to just the boundary of an element. Therefore, when placing a keynote, you
can select the leader option Free End or Attached End.
Material tags are assigned Free End and cannot be assigned Attached End. A material keynote tag's leader
end identifies the material as you move it over different materials. The keynote value automatically displays
the appropriate keynote value, if one is assigned.
The leader end for tags associated with
■ An element is attached to the boundary edge of the element.

■ A material is attached to the center of the selected material.

Tags
Use the Tag command to attach a tag to a selected element. A tag is a useful annotation for identifying
elements on a drawing. Properties associated with a tag can appear in schedules. The following image shows
door tags, window tags, and room tags.

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 Every category in the family library has a premade tag. Some tags automatically load with the default Revit
Architecture template, while others you need to load. If desired, you can make your own tag in the Family
Editor. See Creating an Annotation Symbol Family on page 1072.

Related topics

■ Room Tags on page 922

■ Areas and Area Tags on page 948

Tag Labels
When a tag is created, labels are added to display the text value of desired element parameters. See Creating
a Label on page 428. These labels display the values for the object’s corresponding parameters once the tag
is loaded and placed in the project. For example, if the label is set to display "element type name", the tag
displays the type name of each tagged element. Some parameters (such as type name) are automatically
updated by Revit Architecture, while other parameters (such as comments) are user-defined.

Editing the Label of a Placed Tag

Tags are edited in the Family Editor. Select the tag and click Edit on the Options Bar (or right-click in the
Project Browser and select Edit) to open the Family Editor where you can edit the labels in this tag’s family.

Editing Parameter Values Using the Tag Label

Edit the value of an element parameter from (Element Properties), or, if a parameter in the tag's label
is editable, the tag becomes a control when selected. Click the selected tag to edit the parameter value.

Tag Labels | 1065

 Sample in-place editing of a furniture tag

If the tag contains a multi-parameter label, click the selected tag to open the Change Parameter Values dialog
and modify the associated parameters. See Label Parameter Options on page 430.

Multiple Tags for Families

Families can have multiple tags. To load multiple tags for a family, see Loading Tag Styles on page 492.

Applying a Tag
Before attempting this procedure, load the necessary tags for elements that need a tag. For example, if you
created a furniture tag, load that furniture tag for furniture. See Loading Tag Styles on page 492.

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Tag, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Tag. For generic
annotation tags, drag the tag from the Project Browser onto the view.
2 If you want the tag to have a leader line, on the Options Bar, select Leader. If the tag has multiple
leader options, enter a value for Number of Leaders.
3 If desired, enter a value for the length of the leader in the text box next to the Leader check
box.
4 To set the orientation of the tag, select Vertical or Horizontal on the Options Bar.
After you place the tag, you can change its orientation by selecting the tag and pressing SPACEBAR.

5 Highlight the element to tag, and click to place the tag.

Changing a Tag Instance

1 Select the tag in the drawing area.
2 In the Type Selector, select another tag.

NOTE Additional tags must already be loaded.

Aligning Tags
You can align tags with other similar tags by dragging them. For example, a room tag can align with another
room tag, and a generic annotation can align with another generic annotation. As you drag a tag, dashed
green lines appear to show when the tag is aligned with another tag:

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Tag Properties
Tags have properties that you can modify.

To modify tag properties

1 In the Project Browser, expand Families, Annotation Symbols. See Project Browser on page 55.
2 Expand the appropriate category (for example, wall tag), and right-click the type name.
3 Select Properties from the shortcut menu.
4 Set values for the properties in the Type Properties dialog.

Tag Type Properties

Name Description

Leader Arrowhead Sets the arrowhead shape on the leader line. The value is the name of the arrowhead
style defined by the Settings ➤ Annotations ➤ Arrowheads command. See Specifying
Arrowhead Styles on page 491.

Tag All Not Tagged

If some or all elements in a view do not have tags, you can apply tags to untagged elements in one operation.
The Tag All Not Tagged tool applies to many types of elements, such as doors, windows, detail items and
masses. It also applies to rooms and areas. Some elements, such as walls, must be tagged separately.
This function can be useful, for example, when you place and tag rooms in a floor plan view, and you want
to see tags for the same rooms in a reflected ceiling plan (RCP) view.

NOTE The desired tag families must be loaded into the project before using the Tag All Not Tagged tool. See
Loading Tag Styles on page 492.

To tag untagged elements

1 Open the view in which you want to tag elements.
2 (Optional) Select one or more elements to tag.
If you do not select elements, the Tag All Not Tagged function will tag all elements in the view
that are not already tagged.

Tag Properties | 1067

 3 Click Drafting menu ➤ Tag All Not Tagged, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Tag
All Not Tagged.
The Tag All Not Tagged dialog displays.

4 Specify the elements to tag.

■ To tag all visible elements in the current view that do not have tags, select All objects in
current view.

■ To tag only those elements you have selected in the view, select Only selected objects in
current view.

5 Select one or more tag categories.

By selecting multiple tag categories, you can tag different types of elements (such as detail items
and generic models) in one operation. To select multiple categories, while pressing SHIFT or
CTRL, select the desired categories.

6 To attach a leader to each tag, do the following:

■ Under Leader, select Create.

■ For Length, enter a default leader length.

7 For Orientation, select Horizontal or Vertical.

8 Click OK.

NOTE If the visibility of the tag category or its object type is turned off, a message displays. Click OK
to allow Revit Architecture to turn on visibility before that category is tagged.

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 Revit Architecture tags elements of the selected family categories.

Material Tags
Before using this procedure, load the necessary material tags for those elements that need a tag. You can
also keynote materials, see Differences Between Keynoting and Tagging a Material on page 1058.

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Tag ➤ Material, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click
Tag ➤ Material.
2 If you want the tag to have a leader line, on the Options Bar, select Leader.
3 To set the orientation of the tag, select Vertical or Horizontal on the Options Bar.
After you place the tag, you can change its orientation by selecting the tag and pressing SPACEBAR.

4 Highlight the material to tag within the component, and click to place the tag.
You can move the end of the leader to a new material, and the new material will display in the
material tag.

NOTE You can highlight the material before you select it by moving the mouse over the material.
The material must be displayed by setting the detail level to medium or fine. If the material is not
visible, the tag will not display properly.

Modifying Tags
You can modify the appearance of tags through their properties. Tag properties are modifiable before or
after you place the tag. You specify tag properties in the Element Properties dialog, which you can access in
one of the following ways:

■ Click Modify, select the tag, and click .

■ In the Project Browser, double-click the tag type name.

■ Right-click the tag, and click Properties. The shortcut menu also offers several choices for manipulating
the tag, such as changing the zoom scale.

Read about the Element Properties Dialog before modifying tags.

Material Tags | 1069

 Changing the Tag Leader

If you want to... Then...

change the length of the leader select the tag, then drag a sizing handle.

add an arrowhead to the leader line

in the Project Browser, select the tag, then click . In the Element
Properties dialog, select a value for Leader Arrowhead.

change the color, weight, and pattern of the leader click Settings menu ➤ Object Styles. In the Object Styles dialog, click
the Annotation Objects tab, scroll to the appropriate tag, and specify
values for Line Weight, Line Color, and Line Pattern.

Sequential Tag Numbering

As you place rooms, doors, and windows in a project, you can use tags that sequentially number the elements.
The tags automatically number based on parameters that you specify for each element. Values can be
alphabetical, numerical, or alphanumeric sequences.

Creating Sequential Room Number Tags

To number rooms, you enter a unique value for the Room Number parameter.

To create sequential room number tags

1 Place a room.

2 Click Modify, select the room (not the room tag), and click .
Alternatively, you can right-click the room, and click Element Properties.
To select the room, move the cursor near the center of the room until a large X appears. This X
indicates the room boundaries. When you click the X, the room is highlighted in transparent
blue, indicating that it is selected.

3 In the Element Properties dialog, enter a value for Room Number.

NOTE If you want to number rooms sequentially by floor, enter the number to begin with (such as
101, 201, 301, and so on) that corresponds to the current floor plan view. As you place subsequent
rooms on that level, the room numbers follow in sequence (202, 203, 204, and so on).

4 Click OK.
5 On the Basics tab of the Design Bar, click Room to create additional rooms and room tags.
All subsequent rooms are numbered sequentially.

Creating Sequential Door or Window Tags

To number window and door tags, you enter a unique value for the Mark parameter.

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 1 Place a door or window.

2 Click Modify, select the element, and click .

Alternatively, you can right-click the element, and click Properties.

3 In the Element Properties dialog, enter a value for Mark.

4 Click OK.
5 Place more instances of the element as desired.
All subsequent instances are numbered sequentially.

NOTE All doors and windows number sequentially regardless of type. For example, you place a French door and
then a single-flush door into a plan view. The French door is number 1; the single-flush door is number 2.

Symbols
A symbol is a graphic representation of an annotation element or other object. Symbols are sometimes
referred to as tags. For example, the following symbol legend identifies the annotation symbols that are used
in a set of construction documents. Revit Architecture also uses symbols for moment frames, cantilever
connections, and other elements.

Use the Symbol command to place 2D annotation drawing symbols into the project.

Symbols | 1071
Placing Symbols
1 If necessary, create the symbol family in the Family Editor, and load it into the project. To create
the symbol family, use the Generic Annotation template. See Family Editor Basics on page 341
and Loading Families on page 352.
As you create a symbol family, you notice that you can only see it in one view. Like other
annotations, it is view-specific.

2 Click Drafting menu ➤ Symbol, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Symbol.
3 Place the cursor in the drawing area where you want the symbol to appear.
4 Click to place it.

Modifying Symbols
You can modify the appearance of symbols through their properties. Properties are modifiable before or
after you place the symbol. See Symbols on page 1071.
You set symbol properties in the Element Properties dialog. To open this dialog, do one of the following:

■ Click the Modify button, select the symbol, and click .

■ Right-click the symbol, and click Element Properties.

See Element Properties Dialog on page 75. Read about this dialog before modifying symbols.

Annotation Symbols
An annotation symbol is a tag or symbol applied to a family to uniquely identify that family in a project.
The tag can also include properties that appear on schedules. See Creating a Schedule or Quantity on page
125.
You create annotation symbols by selecting the family category with which you want to associate the symbol,
sketching the symbol, and applying values to its properties. Some annotation families are for tag purposes.
Others are generic annotations used for varying purposes.
Before reading this topic, you should familiarize yourself with families by reading Family Editor Basics on
page 341.

Creating an Annotation Symbol Family

The following procedure is a general procedure for creating an annotation symbol. Your steps may differ
based on design intent.

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Annotation Symbol.

2 In the New Annotation Symbol dialog, select the Annotation Symbol template for the project,
and click OK.
The templates are all very similar. Some may already have predefined properties and values.
Revit Architecture opens the Family Editor.

3 Click Settings menu ➤ Family Category and Parameters.

See Family Category and Parameters on page 398.

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 4 In the dialog, select a category, such as generic annotations.
5 Set the Family Parameters, and click OK.

NOTE Parameter options vary depending on family category.

6 On the Design Bar, click Label.

7 In the Type Selector, select the label type.
8 On the Options Bar, select the vertical and horizontal justification.
9 In the drawing area, click to position the tag.
For example, in a generic model tag template, place the cursor at the intersection of the 2
reference planes.

10 In the Select Parameter dialog, under Parameters, select the parameter you want in the label. If
necessary, you can add a new parameter.
If you select a numerical or dimension value, you can specify the formatting of the value.

11 Click OK.
12 To modify the placement of the label, select Modify, select the label, and drag it to the new
location.
Specify sample text

13 Select the label, and, on the Options Bar, click the Properties button.
14 In the Element Properties dialog, under Other, enter a value for Sample Text, and click OK.
15 Sketch the shape of the tag symbol, such as a circle. Click Lines, and select a sketching command.
See Sketching on page 251.
16 Save the annotation. See Saving Revit Files on page 69.

NOTE Generic annotations have multiple leader options when loaded into a project.

Insulation
The Insulation command places a batt insulation graphic for detail views.

Insulation | 1073
Adding Insulation
1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Insulation, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Insulation.
2 Sketch the insulation in a detail view.
Insulation is sketched similar to lines. You can set an offset from the cursor, and you can pick
a line on which to sketch the insulation. See Model Lines on page 741.

Increasing the Insulation Size

1 Select the insulation.

2 On the Options Bar, enter a value for Width, or click and set a value for the Insulation
Width property.

Resizing the Insulation Length

1 Select the insulation.
2 Click and drag one of the blue dot controls that appear on the ends of the insulation. See Controls
and Shape Handles on page 279.

Resizing the Bulge Between Insulation Lines

1 Select the insulation.

2 Click , and set a value for the Insulation Bulge to Width Ratio (1/x).
A smaller value increases the bulge, while a larger value decreases it.

Detailing
Revit Architecture is a building information modeler. You construct a project as a digital representation of
the physical objects in the real world. However, not every component needs to be modeled in 3D. Architects
create standard details to represent how materials in the larger project are constructed. Details bridge the
gap between architectural design and building reality, conveying information to the builders and contractors
on how a design should be built. Details are vital additions to a project, because they show how materials
should interconnect.

Types of Views for Detailing

There are 2 main types of views you can create for detailing: detail views and drafting views. A detail view
contains elements from the building information model. A drafting view is a sheet of paper that is not
directly associated with the building information model.

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Detail Views
A detail view is a view of the model that appears as a callout or section in other views. This type of view
typically represents the model at finer scales of detail than in the parent view. It is used to add more
information to specific parts of the model.
Visibility of a detail view tag depends on the scale of the parent view and whether the crop boundary of the
detail view intersects or is entirely within that of the parent view. The detail view parameter Hide at Scales
Coarser Than establishes a scale at which details are either shown or hidden in other views. For example, if
a detail tag is set to hide at scales coarser than 1/4”=1’0”, then a view with a scale set to 1/8" = 1'-0" would
not show the detail tag.
A detail view can be created as a section or a callout. It can have both section and callout annotations
assigned to it. That is, a detail view made as a callout can also show up as a section in views that intersect
the callout view extents. For example, you may call out a detail view of a wall intersection. This same callout
can appear as a section view with annotations within the overall building section view. For annotations to
display in the overall building section view, you must select the Intersecting Views option for the Show In
instance parameter. You set this parameter in the Element Properties dialog. (Right-click the detail view in
the Project Browser, and click Properties to open this dialog.)
All detail views, regardless of whether you draw them as a callout or section, show up in the Project Browser
as a detail view.

Sample Detail View

The following image shows a sample of a Wall Section Detail with model geometry as the underlay and
additional 2D detail components added.

Creating a Detail View

You can create a callout from a plan, section, or elevation view and then add detail components while using
model geometry as a base. When you create a callout or section detail, you can reference another detail or
drafting view in the project.
The following is a general procedure for creating a callout or section detail from a Revit Architecture view.
Your design intentions may differ. You can also use this procedure for imported drawings. See Import/Link
on page 1306.

Types of Views for Detailing | 1075

 1 Do one of the following to activate the view creation command:
■ Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Callout, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click Callout.

■ Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Section, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click Section.

2 In the Type Selector, select Detail View : Detail as the view type.
3 On the Options Bar, select an appropriate detail scale.
4 To reference another detail or drafting view, on the Options Bar, click Reference other view,
and select a view from the list.
5 Choose 2 points on the plan view to define where the section is cutting.

NOTE If this is a callout view, select the area to include in the callout view.

6 Click View menu ➤ View Properties.

7 In the Element Properties dialog, for Display Model, select As underlay, and click OK.
Model elements in the callout view display as half-tones, allowing you to visually see the
difference between the model geometry and added detail components.
Sample callout with half-toned roof, ceiling, and
wall for background

8 On the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Detail Lines.

9 Sketch along lines of the underlay elements or use them as part of your detail.
As you sketch lines, the cursor snaps to the model geometry in that view.

10 Sketch lines that provide applicable construction details.

11 If desired, create filled regions.
You might create a region to show concrete, grass, or sealant. While sketching the lines for the

region, you can change the line style by clicking and setting a different value for the
Subcategory property under Line Parameters. For example, you might want the region boundary
to have invisible lines.

12 Add detail components to the detail.

See Creating a Detail Component Family on page 1083.

13 If desired, add text notes, dimensions, and symbols.

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 Sample details created with Revit Architecture detailing tools

Detail View Properties

Detail View Type Properties

Each detail view has type properties for section tags, callout tags, and reference labels. You can define the
appearance of section tags and callout tags using Settings menu ➤ View Tags. The Reference Label parameter
defines the text displayed next to the detail tag when the detail is a reference detail.

Detail View Instance Properties

This table lists parameters specific to detail views.

Name Description

Show in Indicates whether the detail view tag displays in intersecting views or just the parent
view. If you create a detail view as a callout, then the callout appears as a section in
intersecting views.

Hide at scales coarser than Depending on the value of this parameter, the detail view tag does not display in
any view whose view scale is coarser than the value specified.

For descriptions on additional view properties, see View Properties on page 210.

Types of Views for Detailing | 1077

 Reusing Details From Callouts

Duplicating a Detail View

To copy the model geometry from an existing view into a new view, right-click the existing view in the
Project Browser, and click Duplicate View ➤ Duplicate.

If you right-click, and click Duplicate View ➤ Duplicate with Detailing, both the model geometry and the
detail geometry are copied into the new view. Detail geometry includes detail components, detail lines,
repeating details, detail groups, and filled regions.

NOTE Hidden view-specific elements will not be created in the new view. Hidden model elements and datum
will be created in the new view and will remain hidden. For more information on element visibility, see Visibility
and Graphic Display in Project Views on page 150.

Referencing a Callout View

When you create a detail callout from a section, plan, or elevation view, on the Options Bar, click Reference
Other View to reference any detail or drafting view from the Project Browser. In this way, you can link the
view to a particular area of the building information model.

NOTE The Reference Other View option appears when you activate the section or callout view creation command.
Before defining the callout or section, select this option and select the view to reference. See Creating a Detail
View on page 1075.

The View Name instance parameter (in the Element Properties dialog) shows the name of the view, or if the
detail is referencing another view, the name of the referenced view.

Saving Views to an External Project

Use the following procedure to save a view to an external Revit Architecture project. This operation will save
the view and all elements (model elements and view-specific elements) visible in that view to a new project
file.
1 Select a view in the Project Browser.
2 Right-click the view name, and click Save to New File.
3 Enter a new name for the Revit Architecture file.

Inserting Detail Components from a Saved Detail View

1 Click File menu ➤ Insert from File ➤ 2D Elements.
2 In the Open dialog, select a project that was saved as a detail view.
3 In the Insert 2D Elements dialog, select a view that contains the 2D elements you wish to insert.

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 This copies the 2D Detail Components (repeating details, detail lines, insulation, and filled
regions) to the new detail view. Although model geometry is not copied, Revit Architecture tries
to map the detail components to the new host geometry in the current project. You will probably
need to change and edit some of the 2D geometry, but this will give you a head start on your
current detail.

The following view-specific elements will not be inserted:

■ Edit cut profile elements

■ Elements that cannot be grouped (for example, callout elements that create callout views)

■ Elements that reference stair railing elements

■ Elements that reference toposurface elements

■ Elements that reference in-place families

■ Elements that reference any elements in this list (for example, dimensions)

Drafting Views
During the course of a project, you may want to create details in a view that are not directly associated with
the model. Rather than create a callout and then add details to it, you may want to create detail conditions
where the model is not needed (for example, a carpet-transition detail which shows where carpet switches
to tile, or roof-drain details not based on a callout on the roof).
You create this unassociated, view-specific detail in a drafting view. The drafting view is not associated with
the model. In a drafting view, you create details at differing view scales (coarse, medium, or fine) and use
2D detailing tools: detail lines, detail regions, detail components, insulation, reference planes, dimensions,
symbols, and text. These are the exact same tools used in creating a detail view. However, drafting views do
not display any model elements. When you create a drafting view in a project, it is saved with the project.
When using drafting views, consider the following:
■ Similar to other views, drafting views are listed in the Project Browser under Drafting Views. See Project
Browser on page 55.

■ All of the detailing tools used in detail views are available to you in drafting views. See Detailing Tools
on page 1086.

■ Any callouts placed in a drafting view must be reference callouts. See Reference Callouts on page 107.

Types of Views for Detailing | 1079

 ■ Although not associated with the model, you can still drag the drafting views from the browser onto a
drawing sheet. See Adding Views to a Sheet on page 971.

Sample Drafting View

Following is a sample drafting view created using the 2D detailing tools in Revit Architecture. This is not a
3D view.

Creating a Drafting View

1 Click View menu ➤ New ➤ Drafting View, or on the View tab of the Design Bar, click Drafting
View.
2 In the New Drafting View dialog, enter a value for Name, and select a value for Scale.
If you select Custom, enter a value for Scale value 1.

3 Click OK.
The drafting view opens in the drawing area.

4 In the Project Browser, expand Drafting Views to see the newly created drafting view listed.
5 To create the drafting view, use the detailing tools on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar.
The detailing tools include Detail Lines, Insulation, Masking Region, Filled Region, Text, Symbol,
and Dimension. See Detailing Tools on page 1086.

Sketching a Detail in a Drafting View

You can sketch a detail in a drafting view with the tools provided with Revit Architecture.
1 On the View tab of the Design Bar, click Drafting View.
2 Enter a name and appropriate scale for the new drafting view.

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 3 Use Detail Lines, Repeating Details, Detail Components, Masking Regions, and Filled Regions
to construct the geometry in this view. See Detailing Tools on page 1086.
Also see Drafting Views on page 1079 and Sketching on page 251.

Importing a View From Another CAD Program

You can import a view from another CAD program and create a detail from that view.
1 On the View tab of the Design Bar, click Drafting View.
2 Enter a name and appropriate scale for the new drafting view.
3 Click File menu ➤ Import/Link ➤ CAD Formats.
4 Select the detail and CAD format.
5 Select the Current View Only option if you are in a detail view.

NOTE This is automatically selected if you are in a drafting view.

6 Click Open to place the CAD detail.

7 Drag and drop this view on a sheet, if desired.
8 Reference to this view when placing a callout or section, if desired.

Sample of an Imported Drafting View

The following image shows a sample of imported CAD detail to a drafting view.

Drafting View Display and Filled Regions

The behavior of filled regions changes in drafting views, depending on the display setting.
By default, drafting views display in hidden line. See Hidden Line Model Graphics Style on page 202. You
can change the display to wireframe if desired. See Wireframe Model Graphics Style on page 201. When the
drafting view is in hidden line, filled regions with fill patterns hide all elements behind them. For example,
if the filled region has a diagonal crosshatch pattern, and the view is in hidden line, you cannot see an
element between the openings of the pattern.
If you change the display to wireframe, elements are visible behind openings in the pattern.

Types of Views for Detailing | 1081

 Drafting View Properties
Each drafting view has type properties for section tags, callout tags, and reference labels. You can define the
look of section tags and callout tags using Settings menu ➤ View Tags. When the drafting view is a reference
view, the Reference Label parameter sets the text displayed next to the view tag.

Reusing Drafting Views

Referencing a Drafting View

When you create a detail callout from a section, plan, or elevation view, you can click Reference Other View
on the Options Bar to reference any detail or drafting view from the Project Browser. In this way, you can
link the view to a particular area of the building information model.

NOTE The Reference Other View option appears when you activate the section or callout view creation command.
Before defining the callout or section, select this option and select the view to reference. See Creating a Detail
View on page 1075.

You can link or import standard details from your CAD library into a drafting view. Then you can create a
callout in a section, plan, or elevation view that references or points to this drafting view. View tags and
annotations will display correctly.

Saving Drafting Views to an External Project

Use the following procedure to save drafting views to an external Revit Architecture project for use in another
Revit Architecture project. You can also use this procedure to save sheet views and schedule views to an
external project. For information on sheet views and schedule views, see Sheets on page 968 and Schedule
Views on page 124.
1 Select a drafting view in the Project Browser.
2 Right-click the view name, and click Save to New File.
3 Enter a new name for the project.
This creates a new Revit Architecture project file that contains the selected view and the contents
of that view.

Inserting a Drafting View from Another Project

1 Click File menu ➤ Insert from file ➤ Views.
2 In the Open dialog, select a project file, and click Open.
The Insert Views dialog opens, which displays views that are saved in the project.

3 From the list, select an option for views to display.

4 Select the views to insert, and click OK.
Revit Architecture creates a new drafting view with all the 2D components and text. If you have
duplicate type names, the type name and properties from the current project are used, and a
warning message displays.

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Creating Details
After you have created a view for detailing, you can use additional resources provided with Revit Architecture
to create details and complete the view for inclusion in construction documents. For information on creating
views for detailing, see Types of Views for Detailing on page 1074.

Detailing Library
You can add additional detail components by loading them from the family library, or you can create or
edit existing ones in the Family Editor. Click on the Detail Components folder, and then select the appropriate
CSI (Construction Specifications Institute) section to see specific components under that section.
Revit Architecture contains over 500 Detail Component Families. They are organized by the 16 CSI divisions.

Inserting a Detail Component

The Detail Component command places a detail component into a detail or drafting view. A detail component
is visible in that view only. You can keynote detail components. See Keynotes on page 1058.

To insert a detail component

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Detail Component, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Detail
Component.
2 In the Type Selector, select the appropriate detail component to place.
3 Press SPACEBAR to rotate the detail component through its different snap points to other elements.
4 Place the detail component in the detail view.
You can add additional detail components by loading them from the family library, or you can create or
edit existing ones in the Family Editor. Revit Architecture contains over 500 Detail Component Families.
They are organized by the 16 CSI (Construction Specifications Institute) divisions.

Detail components can be tagged using detail item tags. To load tags into the project, click File menu ➤ Load
from Library ➤ Load Family.

Creating a Detail Component Family

A detail component family consists of components added to detail or drafting views, and they are visible
only in those views. They scale with the model, rather than the sheet. Detail components could include a
2X4, a metal stud, or a shim.
Before reading this topic, familiarize yourself with families by reading Family Editor Basics on page 341 and
Creating a New Family on page 349.
The following procedure is a general procedure for creating a detail component family. Your steps may differ
depending on your design intent.
1 In the Family Editor, sketch reference planes for placing the detail component.
2 Use tools on the Design Bar to create the shape of the detail component. A detail component
is displayed in a symbolic form and is not shown in 3D. Click Lines to sketch the symbol.

TIP You can change the sorting order of objects in the family by using the detail component draw
order commands. For more information, see Sorting the Draw Order of Detail Components on page
1096.

Creating Details | 1083

 3 For lines and filled regions, click Visibility, and select the views in which the object will be
visible.
4 Save the detail component. See Saving Revit Files on page 69.

Creating a 2D Line-Based Detail Component Family

Detail components are pre-drawn line-based 2D elements that you can add to detail or drafting views. They
are visible only in those views. They scale with the model, rather than the sheet.
For example, in the following drafting view, the studs, insulation, and siding are detail components.

Revit Architecture allows you to create a 2D detail component based on a line. By selecting the start and
end of the line, you can place the detail. For instance, you might want to place a plywood fill pattern in a
section. By selecting the start and end points of the detail component, you can place the detail with the
thickness and fill pattern that was created in the 2D detail component. For example, if the plywood is drawn
at 1/2” in the 2D detail component, this procedure would place a piece of plywood along the length of the
drawn line at 1/2”. If you wanted to adjust the thickness of the plywood, you would first have to edit the
2D detail component.
Before reading this topic, familiarize yourself with families by reading Family Editor Basics on page 341 and
Creating a New Family on page 349.
Following is the general procedure for creating a 2D line-based detail component family. Your steps may
differ depending on your design intent.
1 Create a new family using the Detail Component line-based template.
2 Use tools on the Design Bar to create the shape of the detail component. A detail component
is displayed in a symbolic form and is not shown in 3D. Click Lines to sketch the symbol. Create
the component between the 2 reference planes to have elements contract or expand based on
the length.

TIP You can change the sorting order of objects in the family by using the detail component draw
order commands. For more information, see Sorting the Draw Order of Detail Components on page
1096.

3 For lines and filled regions, click Visibility, and select the views in which the object will be
visible.
4 Save the detail component. See Saving Revit Files on page 69.

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Repeating Detail
With the Repeating Detail command, you sketch a path defined by 2 points. The path is then filled in with
a pattern of detail components. The pattern is a family type called a repeating detail. You can control the
appearance of the family through its type properties. The type properties include the detail component
family that is applied to the repeating detail, and the spacing of the individual detail components that
compose the repeating detail. A repeating detail is essentially an array of a detail component. Like other
detailing tools, a repeating detail is visible only in the view in which it is drawn.
Repeating details are primarily useful in plan and section views.

To create a repeating detail

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Repeating Detail, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Repeating
Detail.

2 On the Options Bar, click .

3 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
4 Click Duplicate, and enter a name for the repeating detail type.
5 Select a detail component for the Detail parameter.
If desired, load more detail components from the standard Revit Architecture library, or create
your own. See Loading Families on page 352 for more information on loading a detail component
family. See Creating a Detail Component Family on page 1083 for more information on creating
a detail component family.

6 Set the Layout for the repeating detail:

■ Fill Available Space indicates that the detail component is repeated along the length of the
path, such that the spacing is equal to the width of the component.

■ Fixed Distance indicates that the detail component is spaced at the exact value specified for
the Spacing parameter, starting from the beginning of the path. See the description for
Spacing below.

■ Fixed Number indicates that a defined number of detail components are placed along the
path, while the spacing is adjusted to maintain this number. After setting this type parameter,
you need to define the Number parameter in the family’s instance properties.

■ Maximum Spacing indicates that the detail component is spaced at an even interval along
the length of the path and at a distance up to the value specified for Spacing. The actual
spacing used may be less to ensure a complete component at either end of the path.

7 Select the Inside parameter to confine the spacing of the detail components to within the length
of the path.
If you do not select this parameter, the first and last detail components are placed according to
the defined origin of the detail component family. This means that the first and last detail
components can extend beyond the length of the path.

8 If you set Layout to Fixed Distance or Maximum Spacing, the Spacing parameter becomes
enabled. Enter a value for this parameter.
9 If desired, indicate how you want the detail component to be rotated in the pattern.
10 Click OK to close the Type Properties dialog.
11 If you set the Layout parameter to Fixed Number, enter a value for Number in the instance
properties.
12 Click OK to close the Element Properties dialog.
13 In the Type Selector, select the repeating detail that you created.

Creating Details | 1085

 14 Sketch the repeating detail component in the family by clicking once for a start point, dragging
the mouse, and clicking again for an end point.
The following image shows the addition of a welded wire fabric family to a concrete slab in
section view.

The following image shows a repeating pattern placed between 2 walls. The pattern has a fixed
number of 10 and a length of 6 feet.

Detailing Tools

■ Callouts: Create a callout first to get a close-up view of a plan or elevation view. All detail annotations
are added to the callout view. See Callout Views on page 98.

■ Detail Lines: Use detail lines to add information or sketch over existing elements. See Detail Lines on
page 1094.

■ Dimensions: Apply specific dimensions to the detail. See Placing Permanent Dimensions on page 215.

■ Text Notes: Use text notes to specify construction methods. See Text Notes on page 1027.

■ Detail Components: Create and load custom detail components to place in the detail. Detail components
might be actual construction components, such as structural steel, jambs, or metal studs. See Creating a
Detail Component Family on page 1083.

■ Symbols: Place a symbol, such as a direction arrow or a break mark symbol to indicate omitted information.
See Symbols on page 1071.

■ Masking Region: Create masking regions to obscure elements in a view. See Masking Regions on page
1087.

■ Filled Region: Create detail filled regions and give them a fill pattern to represent various surfaces,
including concrete or compacted earth. You draw regions on the default work plane. It is not necessary
to select a work plane for them. You can apply a fill pattern to the region by selecting the region lines
and clicking Properties. Set a value for the Fill Pattern property. The different fill patterns are defined by
the Fill Patterns command. See Filled Region on page 1093 and Fill Patterns on page 449.

■ Insulation: Place insulation in a wall detail that shows all the material for the wall. For example, an
exterior wall might include a layer of gypsum, insulation, metal studs, sheathing, air space, and brick.
See Insulation on page 1073.

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Foundation detail sketched with Revit Architecture detailing tools

Masking Regions
Masking regions provide a way to obscure elements in a view. Masking regions may be useful in scenarios
like the following:

■ You need to obscure elements in a project.

■ You are creating a detail family or a model family and need the background of the element to mask the
model and other detail components when it is loaded into a project.

■ You need to create a model family (from imported 2D DWG files) that obscures other elements when
placed in a view.

You can create 2D and 3D masking regions. 2D masking regions can be created in a project and in the Family
Editor when you are creating a 2D family (annotation, detail, or titleblock). 3D masking regions can be
created in the Family Editor when you are creating a model family.
Masking regions do not participate in shading; they are always drawn the background color of the drawing
area. Masking regions cannot be applied to element subcategories.

Exporting Masking Regions to DWG

When you export a project or family that contains a masking region, any lines that intersect the masking
region terminate at the masking region so that graphical intent is maintained in the DWG file.

Creating Details | 1087

 Adding a Masking Region in a Project
1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Masking Region, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Masking
Region.
2 In the Type Selector, select the boundary line type.
3 Sketch the masking region (or regions). Masking region sketches must be closed loops.
For more information on sketching, see Sketching on page 251.

4 When finished, click Finish Sketch.

After you add a masking region, you can sort the draw order. For more information, see Sorting the Draw
Order of Detail Components on page 1096.

Adding a Masking Region to a Detail Family

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Masking Region, or on the Family tab of the Design Bar, click Masking
Region.
2 In the Type Selector, select the boundary line type.
3 On the Design Bar, click Region Properties.
4 In the Element Properties dialog, specify properties for the masking region:
■ Visible: specify if the masking region is visible when the family is loaded into a project and
placed in the drawing area.

■ Visibility/Graphics Overrides: specify the detail levels at which the masking region is visible
(coarse, medium, or fine).

5 Sketch the masking region (or regions). Masking region sketches must be closed loops.
For more information on sketching, see Sketching on page 251.

6 When finished, click Finish Sketch.

The following is a sample detail family with a masking region applied. You can view this detail family by
opening the Nominal Cut Lumber-Section family in the following directory:
Imperial (or Metric) Library\Detail Components\Div 06 - Wood and Plastic\06100 - Rough Carpentry\06110
- Wood Framing
After you add a masking region, you can sort the draw order. For more information, see Sorting the Draw
Order of Detail Components on page 1096.

Masking Regions in Model Families

When you add a masking region to a model family, several parameters available allow you to control the
visibility of the masking region and where the masking region is drawn. You can specify the following
properties for masking regions in model families:

■ If the masking region is visible when the family is loaded into a project and placed in the drawing area.

■ The detail levels at which the masking region is visible (coarse, medium, or fine).

■ Where the masking region is drawn. This is controlled by the Draw in Foreground parameter. When this
parameter is selected, the masking region is drawn at the detail plane of the view (the plane that is closest
to you as you look at the view). When this option is not selected, the masking region is drawn on the
work plane on which it was sketched.

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Controlling Where Masking Regions are Drawn in Model Families

Where a masking region is drawn depends on where it is sketched in the family and the status of the Draw
in Foreground parameter. It is also important to consider other families with which the family may interact
as you determine where you want the masking region drawn. The following scenarios illustrate sample
families and the placement of their masking regions.
Scenario 1
The following images show a chair family and a table family, both with their masking region (red, dashed
line) sketched on the reference level. In the first image, the Draw in Foreground parameter is selected for
both the table and the chair. The chair masks the table, because the chair back is higher than the table.

In the second image, the Draw in Foreground parameter is cleared for the chair so that the masking region
is drawn where it was sketched. The Draw in Foreground parameter is still selected for the table. Therefore,
the table masks the chair.

Scenario 2
The following images also show the same chair and table families, but the masking regions are sketched on
different work planes. In the first image, the Draw in Foreground parameter is selected for both the table
and the chair. Again, the chair masks the table, because the chair back is higher than the table.

Creating Details | 1089

 In the second image, the Draw in Foreground parameter is cleared for the chair and selected for the table.
Therefore, the table masks the chair.

Scenario 3
The following image shows a cabinet family and a counter top family. The goal is for both the counter top
and the cabinet to display in plan view when the counter top is placed on top of the cabinet. Both families
have masking regions (as shown by the red, dashed lines). In order to accomplish the goal, clear the Draw
in Foreground parameter for the counter top family, and select the Drawn in Foreground parameter for the
cabinet family.

NOTE You can change the work plane of a masking region after you sketch it. For more information, see Changing
the Work Plane of an Element on page 268.

Adding a Masking Region to a 2D Element in a Model Family

If you create a model family that only contains 2D elements (for example, a 2D toilet fixture) and you want
to apply a masking region to the 2D element, you must include an invisible line to represent the Z dimension,

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which is where the masking region is drawn. The invisible line must be drawn above the level and must be
a minimal length (such as 1/8”) so that the masking region does not obscure any other elements in the view.

Adding a Masking Region to a Model Family

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Masking Region, or on the Family tab of the Design Bar, click Masking
Region.
2 In the Type Selector, select the boundary line type.
3 On the Design Bar, click Region Properties.
4 In the Element Properties dialog, specify properties for the masking region:
■ Draw in Foreground: specify where you want the masking region drawn. When this parameter
is selected, the masking region is drawn at the detail plane of the view (the plane that is
closest to you as you look at the view). When this option is not selected, the masking region
is drawn on the work plane on which it was sketched. For more information on using the
Draw in Foreground parameter, see Masking Regions in Model Families on page 1088.

■ Visible: specify whether the masking region is visible when the family is loaded into a project
and placed in the drawing area.

■ Visibility/Graphics Overrides: specify the detail levels at which the masking region is visible
(coarse, medium, or fine).

5 Sketch the masking region (or regions). Masking region sketches must be closed loops.
For more information on sketching, see Sketching on page 251.

IMPORTANT If your model family only contains 2D elements (for example, a 2D toilet fixture) and
you want to apply a masking region to the 2D element, you must include an invisible line to represent
the Z dimension, which is where the masking region is drawn. The invisible line must be drawn above
the level and must be a minimal length (such as 1/8”) so that the masking region does not obscure
any other elements in the view.

6 When finished, click Finish Sketch.

Creating a Model Family with Masking Regions from 2D DWG Files

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Family.
2 In the New dialog, select a default family template (for example, Plumbing Fixture wall based.rft),
and click Open.
3 Open the view to import the DWG file into.
For example, if you have a DWG file for a plan representation, open the plan view.

4 Click File menu ➤ Import/Link ➤ CAD Formats.

5 In the Import/Link dialog, navigate to the DWG file.
If you only want the representation to be visible in plan view, select the Current View Only
option. Also, if you are unsure of the original coordinates of the DWG file, select Manually Place
and Cursor at Center.

6 Click Open.
7 Click in the drawing area to place the import symbol.
8 Modify the position of the import symbol as necessary, and lock the symbol to the necessary
reference planes.

Creating Details | 1091

 9 On the Design Bar, click Masking Region.
10 Sketch the masking region.

IMPORTANT When a model family only contains 2D elements and you are adding a masking region
to a 2D element, you must include an invisible line to represent the Z dimension, which is where the
masking region is drawn. The invisible line must be drawn above the level and must be a minimal
length (such as 1/8”) so that the masking region does not obscure any other elements in the view.

11 Add any other 2D view representations (for example, front elevation and side elevation) and
masking regions, as necessary.
12 When finished, click File menu ➤ Save to save the family.
13 If you need to load the family into a project, on the Design Bar, click Load into Projects.
If you have only one project open, the family loads into that project. If you have multiple
projects open, the Load into Projects dialog opens where you can select the projects to load the
family into.

When you load the family into a project and place it in the drawing area, it obscures surface patterns in
orthogonal views.

Masking Region Properties

Properties for Masking Regions in Projects

Name Description

Dimensions

Area The area of the masking region. This is a read-only value.

Identity Data

Comments Comments for the masking region.

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Properties for Masking Regions in 2D and 3D Families

Name Description

Constraints

Draw in Fore- Draws the masking region on the closest work plane in the view. This property is only available in the
ground Family Editor when you are creating or modifying a 3D family. For more information, see Masking Regions
in Model Families on page 1088.

Work Plane The work plane of the masking region. This is a read-only value and is only available in the Family Editor.

Graphics

Visible Determines whether the masking region is visible when the family is loaded into a project, and then
placed in the drawing area. This property is only available when you are creating or modifying a
masking region in the Family Editor.

Visibility/Graphics Select the detail level at which you want the masking region to display in a project: Coarse, Medium,
Overrides or Fine. Detail levels are dependent on the view scale. This property is only available in the Family Editor.

Dimensions

Area The area of the masking region. This is a read-only value.

Identity Data

Comments Comments for the masking region.

Filled Region
The Filled Region command creates a 2-dimensional, view-specific graphic with a boundary line style and
fill pattern within the closed boundary. The filled region is parallel to the view’s sketch plane. The command
is useful for defining a filled area in a detail view or for adding a filled region to an annotation family.
Filled regions contain a fill pattern. Fill patterns are of 2 types: Drafting or Model. Drafting fill patterns are
based on the scale of the view. Model fill patterns are based on the actual dimensions in the building model.
The following procedure is a general method for creating a filled region. Steps may vary depending on your
design intent.

1 Click Drafting menu ➤ Filled Region, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Filled Region.
2 Click Lines, and sketch the region.
For example, you might sketch a square region. For more information about the sketching tools,
see Sketching on page 251.

3 To give the region a fill pattern, click and select a fill for the Fill pattern property.

4 To set different line styles for the region lines, select the lines, click , and change the
value for the Subcategory property for Line parameters.

Creating Details | 1093

 5 Click Finish Sketch to complete your sketch.

Changing Properties
1 Select the completed detail filled region.

2 Click , and click Edit/New to open the Type Properties dialog.

TIP You can also open properties through the Project Browser. In the browser under Families, expand
Detail Items. Expand Filled Region. Right-click the region type name (for example, Filled Region 1)
and click Properties.

3 You can set Fill pattern, Background, Line Weight Number, and Color for the region. With
Background, you can set it to opaque or transparent.

Resizing the Filled Region

1 Place the cursor near an edge of the region to highlight it, and press TAB.
This displays a shape handle on the region.

2 Click to select the shape handle.

3 Drag the handle to resize the region.

Viewing the Area of a Filled Region

1 Select the filled region in the drawing area.

2 Click .
3 In the Element Properties dialog, view the Area instance parameter.
The area value is the area of the region’s closed perimeter loop, less the area of any closed loops within the
perimeter. The area property is reported in the project units (for example, square meters or square feet). The
area property is read-only and cannot be scheduled or tagged.

Fill Pattern Category

A filled region created for a detail view is part of the Detail Items category. Revit Architecture lists the region
in the Project Browser under Families ➤ Detail Items ➤ Filled Region. If you create a filled region as part of
an annotation family, Revit Architecture identifies it as a Filled Region, but does not store it in the Project
Browser.

Detail Lines
The Detail Lines command creates detail lines for detailing drawings. Detail lines are visible only in the view
in which they are drawn. Often they are drawn over the model view.

NOTE If you want to sketch lines that exist in 3D space and display in all views, see Model Lines on page 741.

1094 | Chapter 16 Annotating and Detailing

The Detail Lines command has the same line styles as the Lines command, but detail lines are view-specific,
like detail components and other annotations.
Detail lines are drawn in the views sketch plane. They can be used to detail a view with part of the model
visible, such as in a wall section or callout. Or detail lines can be used in a drafting view to draft lines with
no reference to the model. Some examples of detail lines in a drafting view are signage or typical details that
have no reference to the model.
You can also use detail lines for tracing over underlay elements. See View Properties on page 210 for more
information on setting elements as underlays.
Before using this command, you should read Creating Details on page 1083.

1 Click the Drafting menu ➤ Detail Lines, or on the Drafting tab of the Design Bar, click Detail
Lines.
2 Sketch lines as appropriate.

Detail Editing

Detail Component Positioning

Every detail component, detail line, and filled region has a graphic draw order within the overall detail.
Think of it as a stack of papers on your desk that overlap each other. You can click on any detail component,
and the positioning will highlight on the Options Bar. You can send the detail component to the back of
the detail. This is like taking the top paper and placing it at the bottom of the pile. You can also send the
detail component back one step at a time. Think of this as taking the top piece paper and placing it behind
the next piece of paper in the stack. Of course, you can do the reverse as well. You can bring the detail to
the top of the stack or bring it forward one step at a time.

NOTE Detail components always appear on top of model geometry. You cannot send a detail component behind
model geometry. The current positioning only works with detail components, insulation, detail lines, detail groups,
repeating details, and filled regions.

For more information on graphic draw order, see Sorting the Draw Order of Detail Components on page
1096.

Show Hidden Lines

After you put detail components in the correct graphic draw order, you can use the Show Hidden Lines tool
to obscure the lines behind a detail component.

1 Select Tools menu ➤ Show Hidden Lines.

2 Select the elements that you want to show hidden lines through. Lines from obscured elements
will show through these elements.
3 Select one or more elements for which you want hidden lines displayed. Obscured edges and
lines for these elements will appear as hidden lines.

NOTE The object must be in the correct order. You cannot hide the lines of a bolt that is on top of a 4x6 stud.
The bolt must first be sent behind the 4x6 stud in order to be obscured. To show the bolt as hidden lines, select
the 4x6 stud, and then select the bolt. See Remove Hidden Lines on page 1096.

Creating Details | 1095

 Remove Hidden Lines
The Remove Hidden Lines command reverses the effects of the Show Hidden Lines command. The following
example illustrates the results after selecting Tools menu ➤ Remove Hidden Lines, and then selecting the
4x6 stud and the bolt. This procedure removes the hidden lines, and the 4x6 stud completely obscures the
bolt.

Sorting the Draw Order of Detail Components

You can sort the draw order of detail components in a view with several commands from the Options Bar.
The commands are available when you place or select detail components in the view.
This functionality is also available in the Family Editor (for detail components in the Detail and Profile
families), and for raster images.

To specify element draw order

1 Place or select an element.
The following commands become available on the Options Bar.

■ (Bring to Front)—Immediately places the detail component in front of all detail

components in the view.

■ (Send to Back)—Immediately places the detail component behind all detail components
in the view.

■ (Bring Forward)—Moves the detail component one step closer to the front of all other
detail components.

■ (Send Backward)—Moves the detail component one step closer to the back of all other
detail components.

2 Click the desired command to move the component.

Saving Views
You can save 2D views to create a detail library for later use in other projects. This allows for reuse and saves
duplication of work. You can save views that contain only view-specific elements, such as drafting views.

1096 | Chapter 16 Annotating and Detailing

To save 2D views, do either of the following:
■ To save a single view, in the Project Browser, right-click the view and click Save to New File. Navigate to
the desired location, enter a file name, and click Save.

■ To save several views from the project, click File menu ➤ Save to Library ➤ Save Views. In the Save Views
dialog, select the views to save, and click OK. Navigate to the desired location, enter a file name, and
click Save.

For more information, see Reusing Details From Callouts on page 1078 and Reusing Drafting Views on page
1082.

Saving Views | 1097

1098
Rendering
17
You can use Revit Architecture to generate a photorealistic image of a building model so you can present the design to
clients or share it with team members. Revit Architecture renders 3D views with various effects and content, such as
lighting, plants, decals, and people.
As an alternative, you can export a 3D view, and use another software application to render the image. See Exporting to
3ds Max on page 1297.

Rendering Workflow
In Revit Architecture, the process of rendering a 3D view is as follows. (The first 4 steps can be performed
in any order.)

1 Create a 3D view of the building model.

See 3D Views on page 109.

1099
 2 Specify render appearances for materials, and apply materials to model elements.
See Materials on page 459.

3 Define lighting for the building model.

■ If the rendered image will use artificial lights, add them to the building model. See Lights on page
1100.

■ If the rendered image will use natural light, define sun and shadow settings. See Defining the Sunlight
Source for Shadows on page 204.

4 (Optional) Add the following to the building model:

■ Plants

■ People, cars, and other entourage

■ Decals

5 Define render settings.

See Defining Render Settings on page 1159.

6 Render the image.

See Creating the Rendered Image on page 1168.

7 Save the rendered image.

See Saving the Rendered Image as a Project View on page 1170 or Exporting the Rendered Image to a File
on page 1170.

Lights
When designing a building, you can place artificial lights on its exterior and interior to address lighting
needs and plan the visual impact of lights. You can define lighting fixtures and their light sources, placing
them in the building model for best effect. When you render a 3D view, you can specify whether the artificial
lights, natural light, or both, will display in the rendered image.

Related topic

■ Defining the Sunlight Source for Shadows on page 204

Lights Overview
Lighting is an important factor in conveying the design intent. When rendering a 3D view of a building
model, you can use natural light, artificial light, or both to illuminate the building.
For natural light, you specify the direction of the sunlight, or the location, date, and time of day to achieve
a realistic representation of sunlight on the building. For artificial light, you add lighting fixtures to the
building model, organizing them into light groups if desired. Before rendering, you can turn on or off
individual lighting fixtures or light groups to achieve the desired effect. The resulting rendered image shows
the effects of lighting on the design.

1100 | Chapter 17 Rendering

Lighting Fixtures
In Revit Architecture, a lighting fixture is a model element that emits light from one or more light sources.
A lighting fixture is defined by a Revit lighting fixture family.
Revit Architecture provides several lighting fixture families for wall lights, ceiling lights, table lamps, floor
lamps, exterior lighting, and other types of lighting fixtures. You can use the Family Editor to design your
own lighting fixtures. You can also download additional lighting fixture families from the Revit Web Content
Library and other sources.

Related topics:

■ Creating and Modifying Lighting Fixtures on page 1105

■ Using Lighting Fixtures in a Building Model on page 1126

Lights Overview | 1101

 Light Sources
A light source is the part of a lighting fixture that emits light (such as a light bulb). In general, each lighting
fixture family has one light source. To create a lighting fixture that uses multiple light sources (such as a
chandelier or a set of track lights), create a nested family.
For each light source, you can specify the shape of the light element (point, line, rectangle, circle), and the
light distribution (spherical, hemispherical, spot, or photometric web). You can also define photometric
characteristics, such as Light Loss Factor, Initial Intensity, and Initial Color Control. In a project, you can
adjust the position and brightness of each light source to achieve the desired lighting effects.
A table lamp and its light source

Related topics

■ Creating Lighting Fixtures with Multiple Light Sources on page 1106

■ Defining a Light Source on page 1116

■ Controlling the Brightness of a Light Source on page 1133

■ Adjust Light Sources Before Rendering on page 1104

■ Displaying Light Sources in a View on page 1129

Photometrics and IES Files

In Revit Architecture, photometrics are parameters for creating realistic lighting fixture families. Photometrics
help to define the visible light that displays in a rendered image of a building model.
The photometrics that are available for a particular lighting fixture depend on its light source definition.
They include parameters such as Light Loss Factor, Initial Intensity, and Initial Color Control.
When you specify that the light distribution of a light source is Photometric Web, you can specify an IES
file. An IES file is a text file provided by a lighting manufacturer. It describes the intensity of a light source
at points on a spherical grid. It also describes the geometry of how the light comes out of the lighting fixture
(the photometric web).

1102 | Chapter 17 Rendering

 A photometric web for a light source

Revit Architecture uses the IES file to make a photometric web to represent the light source. In general, IES
files result in more accurate lighting results in rendered images. For information about the IES file format,
go to http://www.iesna.org. See Specifying an IES File for a Light Source on page 1114.

Lighting Best Practices

To get the most accurate results in shaded views and rendered images, use the following best practices.

Related topic:

■ Render Performance and Lighting on page 1173

Use IES Files

When specifying photometric properties for a lighting fixture, set the light distribution to Photometric Web,
and use the manufacturer’s IES file on page 1102, if one is available. Because an IES file provides a more accurate
representation of the light source, you get better results in a rendered image.
To obtain an IES file, go to the web site of the lighting manufacturer, and search for ies. Locate the IES file
for the desired lighting product, and save it to your computer. See Specifying an IES File for a Light Source
on page 1114.

Leave Connectors in Place

When displayed in the Family Editor, some lighting fixtures include a connector. In the drawing area, a
connector typically displays a green outline with an orange lighting bolt at the origin.

Lighting Best Practices | 1103

 These connectors are used in Revit MEP. They allow electrical engineers to connect the lighting fixtures to
circuits in an electrical plan.
If you are not working with an electrical engineer, you can delete these connectors from their lighting fixture
families, or hide them in views. (See Hiding Elements in a View on page 160.) Otherwise, leave the connectors
in place.

Adjust Light Sources Before Rendering

A common goal of rendering an image is to check the effect of lighting on the building model. For example,
suppose you want to evenly illuminate the facade of a building. After placing lighting fixtures, you want to
make sure that the lights provide the desired result.

However, the rendering process can be resource-intensive. Before rendering, therefore, do as much as possible
to plan the placement of lighting fixtures for maximum effect. In Revit Architecture, you can use 2D and
3D views to plan the appropriate spacing, angle, and setback of lighting fixtures in the building model. For
the view’s model graphics style, use Shading or Shading with Edges to see how the light hits a wall or other
surface.

1104 | Chapter 17 Rendering

 Related topics:

■ Displaying Light Sources in a View on page 1129

■ Aiming a Spotlight on page 1130

■ Controlling the Brightness of a Light Source on page 1133

Creating and Modifying Lighting Fixtures

In Revit Architecture, lighting fixtures are model elements that are defined by Revit families. Revit Architecture
provides several lighting fixture families, which you can use in projects or as the basis for custom lighting
fixtures. To create or modify a lighting fixture family, use the Family Editor.

Related topics

■ Lighting Fixtures on page 1101

■ Using Lighting Fixtures in a Building Model on page 1126

■ Creating Your Own Components (Families) on page 341

Creating a Lighting Fixture with One Light Source

1 Click File menu ➤ New ➤ Family.
2 In the New Family - Select Template File dialog, select a light fixture template.
The names of all lighting fixture templates include the words Lighting Fixture. Be sure to select
the appropriate template for the type of lighting fixture that you want to create. For example,
to create a ceiling-based fixture for metric projects, use Metric Lighting Fixture ceiling based.rft.

Creating and Modifying Lighting Fixtures | 1105

 Revit Architecture opens the Family Editor. The template defines reference planes and a light
source. For ceiling-based and wall-based fixtures, the template includes a ceiling or wall to host
the fixture. See Family Editor on page 376.

3 Define the geometry of the light source for the lighting fixture.
See Defining the Geometry of a Light Source on page 1117.

4 Sketch solid geometry for the lighting fixture.

See Solid Geometry Tools on page 380.

TIP If you want the surface of the light bulb to display in a rendered image, create geometry for it.
Then apply a material to it, and, for its render appearance, select Glass Light Bulb On from the Render
Appearance Library. This render appearance models the surface of a light bulb that is turned on. It
is white, shiny, and emits the appropriate amount of light.

5 On the Design Bar, click Family Types.

6 In the Family Types dialog, specify values for the parameters.
See Parameters for Lighting Fixtures and Light Sources on page 1119.

7 Click OK.
8 On the Design Bar, click Load into Project to load the light fixture into the current project, or
save the fixture and exit the Family Editor.

Creating Lighting Fixtures with Multiple Light Sources

To create a lighting fixture that uses multiple light sources (such as a chandelier or a set of track lights),
create a nested family. The host family represents the hardware that supports the light sources (for example,
the hardware for a chandelier, or the track for a set of track lights). Then you create another lighting fixture
family that defines the light source (for example, the candles in a chandelier, or the can lights for a set of
track lights). This family is nested into the host family. (See Nested Families on page 407.)
A nested chandelier family

A nested track light family

The nested family (that defines the light sources) can be shared or not shared, depending on whether you
want to be able to schedule the light sources and control their photometric parameters individually. See
Sharing a Lighting Fixture Family on page 1107.

1106 | Chapter 17 Rendering

Sharing a Lighting Fixture Family
The nested family that defines the light sources in a chandelier or set of track lights can be shared or not
shared. Sharing the nested family affects how the lighting fixture is scheduled, and how parameters for the
family can be changed, as follows. (See Creating a Nested Family of Shared Components on page 411.)

Nested family is... Impact on scheduling Impact on changing family parameters

Shared Individual light sources can be listed separately If needed, each light source in the fixture can
in a lighting fixture schedule. For example, for have different settings. For example, you can
a set of track lights, can lights can be listed change the initial intensity of each can light
individually, grouped, or totalled. in a set of track lights.

Not shared In a lighting fixture schedule, the entire fixture You can change settings for the entire light-
(and its light sources) are listed as one item. ing fixture as a whole, but you cannot change
For example, for a chandelier, the individual settings for individual light sources. For ex-
candles cannot be listed individually, grouped, ample, you can change the initial intensity
or totalled. for the entire chandelier, but not for its indi-
vidual candles.

To share a lighting fixture family

1 Open the lighting fixture family in the Family Editor.
2 Click Settings menu ➤ Family Category and Parameters.
3 Under Family Parameters, select Shared.
4 Click OK.

To make a lighting fixture family not shared

1 Open the lighting fixture family in the Family Editor.
2 Click Settings menu ➤ Family Category and Parameters.
3 Under Family Parameters, clear Shared.
4 Click OK.

Creating Track Lights

The following procedure describes a general method for creating a set of track lights. You can also use this
procedure to create a lighting fixture family that has multiple light sources that you want to schedule
individually or to control lighting parameters individually. The specific steps required will vary, depending
on your needs and design intent.

Creating and Modifying Lighting Fixtures | 1107

 To create a set of track lights
1 Create a lighting fixture family to represent the light source.
For example, create a family that describes a can light in a set of track lights. Create the geometry
for the can fixture, and define its light source.
See Creating a Lighting Fixture with One Light Source on page 1105.
In the following steps, this family is referred to as the light source family.

2 For the light source family, turn on the Light Source and Shared parameters, as follows:
a Click Settings ➤ Family Category and Parameters.

b In the Family Category and Parameters dialog, under Family Parameters, select Light Source.
Turning on the light source allows you to specify photometric parameters for it.

c Select Shared.
Sharing the light source family ensures that a lighting fixture schedule can display
information for individual lights, and that you can adjust lighting parameters for individual
lights. (See Sharing a Lighting Fixture Family on page 1107.)

d Click OK.

e Save the light source family.

3 Create the host lighting fixture family, as follows:

a Create the geometry for the lighting fixture.
For example, for a set of track lights, create the track on which the can lights will be
mounted. See Creating a Lighting Fixture with One Light Source on page 1105.

b Create reference planes that can be used to position the light sources and lock them to the
lighting fixture (the track).
See Reference Planes on page 1046.

1108 | Chapter 17 Rendering

4 For the host lighting fixture family, turn off the Light Source and Shared parameters, as follows:
a Click Settings ➤ Family Category and Parameters.

b In the Family Category and Parameters dialog, under Family Parameters, clear Light Source.
When you turn off the light source for the host lighting fixture family, photometric
parameters are not available for it. Instead, you define the photometric parameters in the
light source family (for example, for the can lights).

c Clear Shared.

d Click OK.

e Save the lighting fixture family.

5 Load the light source family (the can lights) into the host lighting fixture family (the track).
See Editing a Family Within a Project or Nested Family on page 353.

6 Place one or more instances of the light source family into the host lighting fixture family, as
follows:
a If needed, open the host lighting fixture family in the Family Editor.

b On the Design Bar, click Component.

c In the Type Selector, select the light source family.

d Click in the drawing area to place instances of the light source (the can light) in the lighting
fixture (the track).
Use the reference planes to position the light sources correctly.

e Lock the light sources to the reference planes.

See Using Pins to Lock Elements in Place on page 311.

Creating and Modifying Lighting Fixtures | 1109

 7 Save changes to the host lighting fixture family.
Now you can place instances of the lighting fixture (the track light set containing multiple can lights) in
the building model. See Using Lighting Fixtures in a Building Model on page 1126.

Creating a Chandelier
The following procedure describes a general method for creating a chandelier. You can also use this procedure
to create a lighting fixture family that has multiple light sources, and for which you do not want to schedule
the light sources or control their lighting parameters individually. The specific steps required will vary,
depending on your needs and design intent.

To create a chandelier
1 Create the host chandelier family, as follows:
a Create the geometry (hardware) for the chandelier.
See Creating a Lighting Fixture with One Light Source on page 1105.

1110 | Chapter 17 Rendering

 b Create reference planes that can be used to position the candles in place and lock them to
the chandelier.
See Reference Planes on page 1046.

2 For the host chandelier family, define parameters as follows:

a Click Settings ➤ Family Category and Parameters.

b In the Family Category and Parameters dialog, under Family Parameters, select Light Source.

c Clear Shared.

d Click OK.

3 In the host chandelier family, create one candle (light source) as follows:
a Create geometry for the candle.

b Put the candle in the desired position on the chandelier, and lock it in place.

c Define the geometry of the light source.

See Defining the Geometry of a Light Source on page 1117.

d Define its parameters.

See Defining Parameters for Lighting Fixtures and Light Sources on page 1118.

e In the drawing area, move the light source symbol to align it with the candle as appropriate,
and lock it in place.

4 Create a lighting fixture family to represent a candle of the chandelier, as follows:

Creating and Modifying Lighting Fixtures | 1111

 NOTE You will nest this family into the host chandelier family, and place multiple instances of this
family (that is, multiple candles) in the chandelier. So this family should represent a single light source
or candle.

a In this family, create the geometry of the candle. If desired, you can copy and paste the
candle geometry that you created in the host chandelier family.

NOTE In the sample chandelier shown previously, the candle does not have any geometry.
Instead, it defines the light source only.

b Define family parameters: Click Settings menu ➤ Family Category and Parameters. Under
Family Parameters, select Light Source, clear Shared, and click OK.

c Define the geometry of the light source.

See Defining the Geometry of a Light Source on page 1117.
Geometry of the
light source for the
chandelier candle

d Define parameters for the light source.

See Defining Parameters for Lighting Fixtures and Light Sources on page 1118.

e Save the light source family.

In the following steps, this family is referred to as the candle family.

5 Load the candle family into the host chandelier family.

See Editing a Family Within a Project or Nested Family on page 353.

6 Place one or more instances of the candle family into the host chandelier family, as follows:
a Open the host chandelier family in the Family Editor.

b On the Design Bar, click Component.

c In the Type Selector, select the candle family.

d Click in the drawing area to place instances of the light source (candles) in the chandelier.
Use the reference planes to position the candles correctly.

e Lock the candles to the reference planes.

See Using Pins to Lock Elements in Place on page 311.

1112 | Chapter 17 Rendering

7 Link the Initial Intensity parameter of the candle family to the Initial Intensity parameter of
the host chandelier family.
When you link these parameters and add a chandelier to a building model, in the project you
can adjust the Initial Intensity parameter (or other linked parameters) for the chandelier as a
whole. You cannot change the Initial Intensity of individual candles in a chandelier.
See Linking Family Parameters on page 421.
a In the host chandelier family, select one of the candles from the candle family.

b Click (Element Properties).

c In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.

The Type Properties dialog displays a column with an equal sign in the column heading

. A gray button displays in this column for each type parameter that you can link to
other parameters.

d Click the gray button in the column for the Initial Intensity parameter (or any other
parameter that you want to be able to change for the chandelier in a project).

Creating and Modifying Lighting Fixtures | 1113

 e In the Associate Family Parameter dialog, select Initial Intensity (or the parameter that
corresponds to the type parameter that you selected), and click OK.

8 Save changes to the host chandelier family.

Now you can place instances of the chandelier family in the building model. See Using Lighting Fixtures in
a Building Model on page 1126.

Specifying an IES File for a Light Source

An IES file is a text file that describes the intensity of a light source at points on a spherical grid. It provides
more photorealistic lighting effects in rendered images than other types of light distribution. See Photometrics
and IES Files on page 1102.
Specifying an IES file for a light source is a 2-step process. First, in the light source definition, you must
specify Photometric Web for its light distribution. (To perform this step, you edit the lighting fixture family.)
Second, you must specify the particular IES file to use. (You can perform this step when editing the lighting
fixture family, or when modifying type parameters for particular lighting fixture in a project.)

To specify an IES file for a light source

1 Obtain the desired IES file.
You can obtain an IES file directly from the manufacturer, or use an IES file provided by Revit
Architecture. The Revit IES files reside in the following location, by default:
C:\Program Files\<product name and version>\Data\Electrical Components\IES

2 Specify Photometric Web light distribution, as follows:

a Open the lighting fixture family in the Family Editor.

1114 | Chapter 17 Rendering

 See Modifying a Lighting Fixture Family on page 1115.

b In the drawing area, select the light source.

c On the Options Bar, click Light Source Definition.

d For Emit from Shape, select the desired shape.

e For Light distribution, select (Photometric Web).

f Click OK.

g Save changes to the lighting fixture family.

3 Specify the IES file to use, as follows:

a If you want the IES file to define light distribution for the entire lighting fixture family,
keep the lighting fixture family open in the Family Editor. Click Family Types. For Name,
select the family type to modify.

b If you want the IES file to define light distribution for selected instances of the lighting
fixture family, open a project that uses it, and select a lighting fixture in the project. Right
click, and click Element Properties. Click Edit/New. Click Duplicate, specify a name for the
new family type, and click OK.

c In the list of type parameters, scroll down to Photometrics.

d For Photometric Web File, click in the Value column.

e Click (Browse).

NOTE The Browse button displays after you click in the field.

f Navigate to the desired IES file, select it, and click Open.

g Click OK.

h Save changes to the project or the lighting fixture family.

In the drawing area, the shape of the light source reflects the specified IES file. (To see the light source in a
project view, you must make light sources visible. See Displaying Light Sources in a View on page 1129.)

Modifying a Lighting Fixture Family

Use the Family Editor to modify a lighting fixture family to change the design of the fixture or to define its
light source.

Creating and Modifying Lighting Fixtures | 1115

 To modify a lighting fixture family
1 Open a lighting fixture family for editing, using one of the following methods:
■ Open a project that contains instances of the lighting fixture. In the Project Browser, expand
Families ➤ Lighting Fixtures. Right-click the name of the lighting fixture family to modify,
and click Edit.

■ In the Revit window, click File menu ➤ Open. Navigate to the location of the lighting fixture
family (RFA) file. Select the file, and click Open.

The Family Editor opens, displaying the lighting fixture family in the drawing area.

2 Modify the lighting fixture family as desired.

■ To change the hardware of the lighting fixture, edit its geometry.
See Family Editor on page 376.

■ To change the light source definition, select the light source in the drawing area. On the
Options Bar, click Light Source Definition. Select the desired Emit from Shape and Light
distribution values, and click OK.
See Defining the Geometry of a Light Source on page 1117.

■ To change parameters for the lighting fixture (including photometrics), on the Design Bar,
click Family Types. Change the parameters, and click OK.
See Parameters for Lighting Fixtures and Light Sources on page 1119.

3 To save changes to the lighting fixture, click File menu ➤ Save.

4 Load the lighting fixture into a project.
See Load into Projects on page 400.

Defining a Light Source

The light source is the part of a lighting fixture that emits light. (See Light Sources on page 1102.) To ensure
that a lighting fixture emits light and to define the type of light, use the following procedure.

To define a light source

1 For the lighting fixture family, turn on the Light Source parameter, as follows. (This parameter
is usually turned on by default.)
a Click Settings ➤ Family Category and Parameters.

b In the Family Category and Parameters dialog, under Family Parameters, select Light Source.

c Click OK.

2 Define the geometry of the light source (that is, the shape of the light that emits from the
fixture).
See Defining the Geometry of a Light Source on page 1117.

3 Define parameters for the light source.

See Parameters for Lighting Fixtures and Light Sources on page 1119.

1116 | Chapter 17 Rendering

Defining the Geometry of a Light Source
The geometry of a light source determines the shape of the light that emits from the lighting fixture. For
example, the following image shows 2 different geometries for light sources.

NOTE The Family Editor is the only place where you can define the geometry of a light source in a lighting fixture
family. You cannot change the geometry of a light source for a lighting fixture in the context of a project.

To define the geometry of a light source

1 Create a lighting fixture family, or open a lighting fixture family for editing.
See Creating a Lighting Fixture with One Light Source on page 1105 or Modifying a Lighting
Fixture Family on page 1115.

2 In the drawing area, select the light source.

In the Family Editor, the light source is generally represented by a yellow outline or shape.

NOTE If the light source does not display in the Family Editor, the light source is not turned on. To
turn it on, click Settings ➤ Family Category and Parameters, select Light Source, and click OK.

3 On the Options Bar, click Light Source Definition.

As an alternative, you can right-click the light source, and click Element Properties. In the
Element Properties dialog, for Light Source Definition, click Edit.
The Light Source Definition dialog displays.

Creating and Modifying Lighting Fixtures | 1117

 4 For Emit from Shape, select the shape of the light to emit from the light source: Point, Line,
Rectangle, or Circle.
5 For Light distribution, select the pattern of light distribution for the light source: Spherical,
HemiSpherical, Spot, or Photometric Web.

TIP If you plan to specify an IES file to define the photometric shape of the light source, click
Photometric Web. See Specifying an IES File for a Light Source on page 1114.

The middle image changes to illustrate the combined settings. These settings determine the
parameters that are available for the light source. See Defining Parameters for Lighting Fixtures
and Light Sources on page 1118.

6 Click OK.
The outline shape for the light source may change in the drawing area, depending on the selected
light source definition settings.

7 Save changes to the lighting fixture family.

Defining Parameters for Lighting Fixtures and Light Sources

The parameters that you can define for a lighting fixture and its light source vary, depending on the light
source definition settings that you specify. (See Defining the Geometry of a Light Source on page 1117.)

NOTE In addition to defining these parameters for a lighting fixture family in the Family Editor, you can also
change many of them for an instance or type of lighting fixture in a project. See Changing a Lighting Fixture in
a Building Model on page 1129.

To define parameters for a lighting fixture and its light source

1 Create a lighting fixture family, or open a lighting fixture family for editing.
See Creating a Lighting Fixture with One Light Source on page 1105 or Modifying a Lighting
Fixture Family on page 1115.

2 On the Design Bar, click Family Types.

3 For Name, select the family type to modify.

1118 | Chapter 17 Rendering

 You can define different parameter values for different family types. See Family Types on page
366.

4 Define parameters as desired.

See Parameters for Lighting Fixtures and Light Sources on page 1119.

5 Click Apply.
6 (Optional) Repeat this process for other family types defined for the lighting fixture family: For
Name, select another family type. Define its parameters. Click Apply.
7 Click OK.
8 Save changes to the lighting fixture family.

Parameters for Lighting Fixtures and Light Sources

You can change parameters for lighting fixtures and their light sources when defining a lighting fixture in
the Family Editor, or when modifying a lighting fixture in a building model. (See Modifying a Lighting
Fixture Family on page 1115 or Changing a Lighting Fixture in a Building Model on page 1129.)

Parameter Description

Electrical - Lighting

Calculate Coefficient of Utilization (default) A value used by Revit MEP to indicate that the Coefficient of Utilization
will be calculated for the lighting fixture by default. In a project, you
can change this default behavior by changing instance properties.

Coefficient of Utilization (default) A value used by Revit MEP to define the efficiency of a lighting fixture
in transferring luminous energy to the work plane in a particular area.
This value shows the percentage of lumens that reach the work plane
after light is lost due to the fixture’s efficiency at transmitting light,
the room proportions, and the ability of room surfaces to reflect light.
If you select Calculate Coefficient of Utilization (default), this parameter
is read-only. If you clear Calculate Coefficient of Utilization (default),
you can enter a value between 0 and 1, or enter a formula.
In a family, this parameter defines the default value for the lighting
fixture. In a project, you can change the default in instance properties.

Electrical - Loads

Apparent Load A value used by Revit MEP to define the real and reactive power used
by a fixture. To determine Apparent Load, multiply the apparent cur-
rent by the voltage. This parameter is measured in volt amps (VA).

Dimensions: These parameters do not affect rendered images.

Light Source Symbol Size The size of the symbol that represents the light source in 2D and 3D
views, extending from the boundary of the Emit from Shape outwards.
For example, suppose you define a light source with an Emit from
Shape of circle and an Emit from Circle Diameter of 500 mm. If you
specify a Light Source Symbol Size of 200 mm, in a 2D view, Revit
Architecture shows a light source symbol that is 900 mm in diameter
(200+500+200). This parameter is available when the Emit from Shape

Creating and Modifying Lighting Fixtures | 1119

 Parameter Description

setting is Circle or Rectangle. (See Defining the Geometry of a Light

Source on page 1117.) This parameter does not affect the light in a
rendered image.

Light Source Symbol Length The length of the symbol that represents a spotlight in 2D and 3D
views, extending from the spotlight outwards. This parameter is
available when the light distribution setting is Spot. (See Defining the
Geometry of a Light Source on page 1117.) This parameter does not
affect the light in a rendered image.
Spotlights with different
light source symbol
lengths (plan view)

Identity Data

Keynote
Keynote for the lighting fixture. Enter text or click to select a
standard keynote. See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model Model number or code assigned to the lighting fixture by the manu-
facturer or vendor.

Manufacturer Name of the manufacturer of the lighting fixture.

Type Comments User-defined comments or other information about this family type
for the lighting fixture family.

URL URL of the Web site for the manufacturer or vendor.

Description Description of the lighting fixture.

Assembly Code Uniformat assembly code for the lighting fixture. See Uniformat As-
sembly Codes on page 754.

Cost Cost of the lighting fixture.

Electrical: These parameters do not affect rendered images.

1120 | Chapter 17 Rendering

Parameter Description

Ballast Voltage Voltage required to operate the ballast. A ballast is an electrical device
that provides the starting voltage and limits the current to sustain
lamp operation. (This information is used by Revit MEP.)

Ballast Number of Poles The number of leads in the circuit. Enter 1, 2, or 3. (This information
is used by Revit MEP.)

Lamp Number and type of light bulbs used in the lighting fixture. (This in-
formation can be useful in schedules.)

Wattage Comments User-defined information about wattage requirements for the lighting
fixture.

Photometrics: The following parameters affect rendered images. You may be able to obtain parameter values from the
manufacturer of the light source. Check the manufacturer’s web site.

Photometric Web File The IES file that defines the light emitted from the light source. This
parameter is available when the Light distribution setting is Photomet-
ric Web. (See Specifying an IES File for a Light Source on page 1114.)

To specify a file, click in the Value column, and click . Navigate

to the IES file, and click Open.

NOTE Revit Architecture does not maintain a link to the IES file. If
you change or update the IES file on disk, you must also update this
parameter by navigating to the new version of the file.

Spot Tilt Angle The angle to tilt the light source to direct its light. (See Angles for
Spotlights on page 1132.) Enter a value between 0 and 160. This para-
meter is available when the Light distribution setting is Spot or Photo-
metric Web. (See Defining the Geometry of a Light Source on page
1117.)

Spot Field Angle The angle at which the light intensity reaches 10% of the peak intens-
ity. Enter a value between 0 and 160. This parameter is available when
the Light distribution setting is Spot. (See Angles for Spotlights on
page 1132.)

Spot Beam Angle The angle at which the light intensity reaches 50% of the peak intens-
ity. This parameter is available when the Light distribution setting is
Spot. (See Angles for Spotlights on page 1132.)

Light Loss Factor A value used to calculate the amount of light lost (or gained) due to
environmental factors, such as dust and ambient temperature. Click
in the Value field to display the Light Loss Factor dialog. See Light Loss
Factor Parameters on page 1123.

Initial Intensity Brightness of the light before environmental factors reduce or change
the quality of the light. Click in the Value field to display the Initial
Intensity dialog. See Initial Intensity Parameters on page 1125.

Creating and Modifying Lighting Fixtures | 1121

 Parameter Description

Initial Color The color of the light source before it is affected by color filters and
environmental factors. Click in the Value field to display the Initial
Color dialog. See Initial Color Parameters on page 1126.

Emit from Circle Diameter The diameter of the light source that emits light in a rendered image.
This parameter is available when the Emit from Shape setting is Circle.
(See Defining the Geometry of a Light Source on page 1117.)

Emit from Rectangle Width The width of the rectangle that represents the light source in a
rendered image. This parameter is available when the Emit from Shape
setting is Rectangle. (See Defining the Geometry of a Light Source on
page 1117.)

Emit from Rectangle Length The length of the rectangle that represents the light source in a
rendered image. This parameter is available when the Emit from Shape
setting is Rectangle.

Emit from Line Length The length of the line that represents the light source in a rendered
image. This parameter is available when the Emit from Shape setting
is Line. (See Defining the Geometry of a Light Source on page 1117.)

Emit Shape Visible in Rendering Select this option to make the shape of the light visible as a self-lumin-
ous surface (glow) when the camera (of the 3D view) is aimed directly
at the light source. This parameter is available when the Emit from
Shape setting is Rectangle or Circle. (See Defining the Geometry of a
Light Source on page 1117.)
In addition to setting this parameter, when defining render settings,
you must select the Soft Shadows option on the Render Quality Set-
tings dialog. See Defining a Custom Render Quality on page 1163 and
Render Quality Settings on page 1163.

TIP If the Emit from Shape setting is Point or Line, the light source
does not display a self-luminous surface in rendered images. To see
the light source in rendered images, use a thin rectangle shape or a
small circle shape instead.

Dimming Lamp Color Temperature Shift Specify whether the color and intensity of a dimmed light source
change based on predefined curves. For example, incandescent lights
typically become more yellow when dimmed. Select Incandescent
Lamp Curve or none.
To see the effect of this parameter, you must dim lights in the building
model. See Dimming Lights on page 1134.

Color Filter Color used to change the light emitted from the light source. Click in
the Value column. In the Color dialog, select the desired color, and
click OK. See Colors on page 514.

1122 | Chapter 17 Rendering

Defining the Light Loss Factor
The light loss factor is a value used to calculate the amount of light lost due to environmental factors, such
as dust and ambient temperature.
You can define the light loss factor for a lighting fixture family file (as follows). In a project, you can change
the light loss factor of an individual lighting fixture. (See Changing the Light Loss Factor for a Light Source
on page 1133.)

To define the light loss factor

1 Open the lighting fixture family.
2 On the Design Bar, click Family Types.
3 For Name, select the family type to modify.
4 Scroll down the list to locate the Light Loss Factor parameter, and click in its Value column.
The Light Loss Factor dialog displays.

5 To use a simple calculation for Light Loss Factor, do the following:

a For Method, select Simple.

b For Total Light Loss Factor, move the slider to adjust the value between Dimmer and
Brighter.

c Click OK.

6 To use an advanced calculation for Light Loss Factor, do the following:

a For Method, select Advanced.

b Under Value, adjust the sliders for each parameter, or enter a value in the text box.
See Light Loss Factor Parameters on page 1123.

c Click OK.

The Family Types dialog displays the new Light Loss Factor value.

7 Click OK.
8 Save changes to the lighting fixture family.

Light Loss Factor Parameters

When you turn on a lighting fixture, light travels through the light source (lamp or ballast) and the lighting
fixture (such as a lamp shade or lensed troffer), until it reaches the work plane where it is needed. Along the
way, the amount of transmitted light is reduced, obscured by the light source, the lighting fixture, and other
environmental factors. The Light Loss Factor measures the reduction of light as it travels from the light
source.
When defining the Light Loss Factor for a light, define the parameters as follows. Check with the lamp
manufacturer for the appropriate Light Loss Factor values for a particular type of lamp.

Parameter Description

Temperature Loss/Gain Factor For fluorescent light sources, a measure of the amount of light lost or gained
due to deviations above or below the ideal operating temperature. Valid
values are between 0 and 2. A value of 1.0 indicates that no light is lost or

Creating and Modifying Lighting Fixtures | 1123

 Parameter Description

gained due to temperature changes. Values greater than 1.0 indicate an

increase in light. Values less than 1.0 indicate a loss of light.

Voltage Loss/Gain Factor A measure of the amount of light lost or gained due to fluctuations in voltage
delivered to the light source. Valid values are between 0 and 2. A value of
1.0 indicates that no light is lost or gained due to voltage changes. Values
greater than 1.0 indicate an increase in light. Values less than 1.0 indicate
a loss of light.

Ballast Loss Factor Lamps and ballasts experience losses when operating together as a system.
The Ballast Loss Factor is the percentage of a lamp’s initial rated lumens
that is produced by a given ballast. Valid values are between 0 and 1. For
example, a value of 0.95 indicates that the ballast produces 95% of its initial
lumens and loses 5%.

Lamp Tilt Loss Factor For metal halide lamps, a measure of the amount of light lost due to the
position of the lamp. A decrease in light occurs when the angle of the lamp
shifts the cold spot of the bulb. Values less than 1.0 indicate a loss of light.

Surface Deprecation Factor A measure of the amount of light lost due to deterioration of the surfaces
of the lighting fixture as it ages. For example, blemishes and discolored
shielding materials change the amount of light emitted. Values less than
1.0 indicate a loss of light.

Lamp Lumen Deprecation As a lamp ages, it produces decreasing amounts of light on a predictable
curve. A typical strategy is to use an average Lamp Lumen Depreciation
(LLD) value at 40% of its life. Valid values are between 0 and 1. For example,
a compact fluorescent has an LLD factor of 0.85, indicating an average
output at 85% of its initial lumens, losing an average of 15% over its life as
the lamp ages.

Luminaire Dirt Deprecation A measure of the amount of light lost due to environmental dirt and dust
that is trapped by the lighting fixture. Valid values are between 0 and 1.
For example, a value of 0.9 indicates that the fixture produces 90% of its
initial lumens and loses 10% due to trapped dust and dirt.

Total Light Loss Factor A measure of the amount of light produced by a lamp, taking into account
various environmental factors that obscure or reduce the emitted light.
When the Method is Simple, use the slider or text box to specify a value.
When the Method is Advanced, this parameter displays a read-only value,
which is calculated by multiplying the values of the other parameters. Valid
values are between 0 (total light loss) and 4 (light gain up to 400%). A value
of 1 indicates no light loss (100% of initial light intensity).

Defining the Initial Intensity

When defining a lighting fixture, you can specify the initial intensity of its light source. The initial intensity
is a measure of how much light is produced by the light source in ideal conditions. (The actual light emitted
by a light source may be reduced by light loss factors. See Light Loss Factor Parameters on page 1123.)

1124 | Chapter 17 Rendering

You can define the initial intensity of a light source in a lighting fixture family file (as follows). In a project,
you can change the initial intensity of an individual lighting fixture. (See Changing the Initial Intensity of
a Light Source on page 1133.)

To define the initial intensity of a lighting fixture family

1 Open the lighting fixture family.
2 On the Design Bar, click Family Types.
3 For Name, select the family type to modify.
4 Scroll down the list to locate the Initial Intensity parameter, and click in its Value column.
5 In the Initial Intensity dialog, specify values for the parameters.
See Initial Intensity Parameters on page 1125.

6 Click OK.
The Family Types dialog displays the new Initial Intensity value.

7 Click OK.
8 Save changes to the lighting fixture family.

Initial Intensity Parameters

When defining the Initial Intensity of a light source, define the parameters as follows.

Parameter Description

Wattage A measurement of the electrical power consumed by a light source.

TIP When adjusting Wattage, it is also important to consider Efficacy. If you change
Wattage alone, you may make the light source unintentionally bright. Luminosity is defined
as Wattage (W) times Efficacy (W/lm). Luminous Efficacy for a 100 W tungsten incandescent
(110 V) is 175, while a 32 W fluorescent tube (T8) is 60.

Efficacy The amount of light (luminous flux, measured in lumens) produced by a light source as
a ratio of the amount of energy consumed to produce it (measured in watts).

Luminous Flux The quantity of light energy per unit of time arriving, leaving, or going through a surface.
The lumen (lm) is the unit of luminous flux in both the International System (SI) of units
and in the American System (AS) of units. If you think of light as particles (photons)
moving through space, then the luminous flux of a light beam arriving at a surface is
proportional to the number of particles hitting the surface during a time interval of 1
second.

TIP In general, Luminous Flux provides more accurate lighting in rendered images than
Wattage and Efficacy.

Luminous Intensity The light energy per unit of time emitted by a point source in a particular direction. Lu-
minous intensity is used to describe the directional distribution of a light source, that is,
to specify how the luminous intensity of a light source varies as a function of the outgoing
direction. The Candela (cd) is the unit of luminous intensity.

Illuminance The luminous flux incident on a surface of unit area. Illuminance measures how much
energy has fallen on a surface. This quantity is useful for describing the level of illumination
incident on a surface without making the measurement dependent on the size of the

Creating and Modifying Lighting Fixtures | 1125

 Parameter Description

surface itself. The lux (lx) is the International System (SI) unit of illuminance. The American
System (AS) unit for illuminance is the footcandle (fc), equivalent to 1 lumen per square
foot.

At a distance of Illuminance is a function of the distance from the light source. Specify the distance at
which the illuminance is measured.

Defining the Initial Color

When defining a lighting fixture, you can specify the initial color of its light source. The initial color is the
color appearance of the emitted light, before it is affected by color filters or environmental factors.

To define the initial color of a light source

1 Open the lighting fixture family.
2 On the Design Bar, click Family Types.
3 For Name, select the family type to modify.
4 Scroll down the list to locate the Initial Color parameter, and click in its Value column.
5 In the Initial Color dialog, specify values for the parameters.
See Initial Color Parameters on page 1126.

6 Click OK.
The Family Types dialog displays the new Initial Color value.

7 Click OK.
8 Save changes to the lighting fixture family.

Initial Color Parameters

When defining the Initial Color for the light source of a lighting fixture, define the parameters as follows.

Parameter Description

Color Preset Select a value from the list, or select Custom to specify a Color Temperature.

Color Temperature The color appearance of the light produced by the light source, expressed on the Kelvin
scale (K).

Using Lighting Fixtures in a Building Model

After using the Family Editor to define lighting fixtures, you can add lighting fixtures to the building model.
When you render an image, you can specify whether Revit Architecture is to include artificial lights in the
image, and which lights are turned on and off or dimmed.

1126 | Chapter 17 Rendering

Related topics:

■ Turning Lights On and Off on page 1139

Adding a Lighting Fixture to a Building Model

1 Load into the project the lighting fixture families that you want to use in the building model.
See Loading Families on page 352.

2 In the project, open a view that displays the surface on which you can place the lighting fixture.
For example, to place a ceiling-based lighting fixture, open a reflected ceiling plan. To place a
wall-based lighting fixture, open a section or an elevation. To place a table lamp or a floor lamp,
open a floor plan or a section.

3 On the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Component.

4 In the Type Selector, select the lighting fixture.
5 In the drawing area, click to place the lighting fixture in the desired location.
6 To exit the Component tool, press ESC twice.
When placing the lighting fixture, consider the following:
■ To see the light source symbol in a view, in addition to the lighting fixture geometry, make the light
source visible. See Displaying Light Sources in a View on page 1129.

■ If you want to place a table lamp on an elevated surface such as a desk or table, do so in a section view
(or use the Offset parameter in the Element Properties dialog to specify its height above the floor). If you
place the lamp on a desk in a floor plan view, the lamp may be placed under the desk.

■ In a floor plan view, wall-based lighting fixtures (such as sconces) may not display if the cut plane of the
floor plan view occurs below the height at which the fixture is mounted to the wall. To correct this issue,
see Displaying a Wall-Based Lighting Fixture in a Floor Plan on page 1128.

Using Lighting Fixtures in a Building Model | 1127

 Displaying a Wall-Based Lighting Fixture in a Floor Plan
In a floor plan view, wall-based lighting fixtures (such as sconces) may not display if the cut plane of the
floor plan view occurs below the height at which the fixture is mounted to the wall. For example, if the cut
plane for a floor plan view is 1200 mm and the lighting fixture is mounted to the wall at 2000 mm, the floor
plan view does not display the fixture.
To force Revit Architecture to display these lighting fixtures in floor plans, add an invisible model line to
the lighting fixture family.

To display a wall-based lighting fixture in a floor plan

1 In the project, open the section view or elevation view in which the wall-based lighting fixture
displays.
2 Select the lighting fixture.
3 On the Options Bar, click Edit Family.
4 At the prompt, click Yes to open the lighting fixture family for editing.
Revit Architecture opens the lighting fixture family in the Family Editor.

5 Name a reference plane that is parallel to the wall, as follows:

a In the Project Browser, under Floor Plans, double-click Ref. Level (or a floor plan view that
shows reference planes for the lighting fixture).

b In the drawing area, select a reference plane that is near the wall and parallel to it.
If the lighting fixture family does not include a reference plane that is parallel to the wall,
add one. See Adding Reference Planes on page 1046.

c Right-click the reference plane, and click Element Properties.

d In the Element Properties dialog, for Name, enter a name for the reference plane (wall
plane, for example).

6 Add an invisible model line to the lighting fixture, using the named reference plane, as follows:
a In the Project Browser, under Elevations, double-click Front or Placement Side (or an
elevation view that shows the front of the lighting fixture).

b On the Design Bar, click Model Lines.

c In the Work Plane dialog, select Name.

d In the pull-down list for Name, select the wall plane.

e Click OK.

f In the Type Selector, select Invisible lines.

g In the drawing area, sketch a vertical line that extends from the center of the lighting fixture
to the floor (or reference level).

h Press ESC twice.

7 Save changes to the lighting fixture family.

8 Load the updated family into the project, replacing the existing family with the same name.
9 Open a floor plan view for the level on which the wall-based lighting fixture resides.
The wall-based lighting fixture now displays in the floor plan, because the cut plane intersects the invisible
model line.

1128 | Chapter 17 Rendering

Changing a Lighting Fixture in a Building Model
Many parameters for lighting fixtures and their light sources are defined by the lighting fixture family. Some
of these parameters can be changed for individual instances in the building model. Other parameters must
be changed in the family type or family.

To change a lighting fixture in a building model

1 In a project view, select the lighting fixture.

2 Click (Element Properties).

3 In the Element Properties dialog, under Instance Parameters, change the values of the parameters,
as needed.
The instance parameters that are available vary depending on the lighting fixture family and
how its family parameters are defined.

4 To change type parameters, do the following:

a Click Edit/New.

b In the Type Properties dialog, change parameter values as desired.

The type parameters that are available vary depending on the lighting fixture family and
how its family parameters are defined. See Parameters for Lighting Fixtures and Light Sources
on page 1119.
To specify an IES file for the light source, see Specifying an IES File for a Light Source on
page 1114.

c Click OK.

5 Click OK.

Displaying Light Sources in a View

When adding lighting fixtures to a building model, you can display the light sources. By making light sources
visible, you can more easily plan their placement for maximum effect.
Spotlights in an elevation view with light sources displayed and
Shading with Edges turned on

NOTE For spotlights, the length of a light source symbol in a view does not indicate the extent of the intensity
of the light. However, the spot beam angle and spot field angle render as shown in views. See Angles for Spotlights
on page 1132.

Using Lighting Fixtures in a Building Model | 1129

 To display light sources in a view
1 Add lighting fixtures to the building model.
See Adding a Lighting Fixture to a Building Model on page 1127.

2 Open a view in which you can plan the placement of the lighting fixtures.
For example, to position spotlights that illuminate a wall, open a section view, elevation view,
or 3D view.

3 Turn on the visibility of light sources, as follows:

a Type vg, or click View ➤ Visibility/Graphics.

b On the Model Categories tab of the Visibility/Graphics dialog, expand Lighting Fixtures.

c Select Light Source.

NOTE To hide light sources in views, clear Light Source.

d Click OK.

4 (Optional) On the View Control Bar, for Model Graphics Style, click Shading or Shading with
Edges.
Shading allows you to see the difference between the beam angle and the field angle for spotlights.
(See Angles for Spotlights on page 1132.)

Aiming a Spotlight
In a building model, you can control the position of a spotlight to achieve the desired lighting effects. To
position a spotlight, use its angle parameters and the Rotate tool.

To aim a spotlight
1 Add spotlights to the building model, placing them in their approximate locations.
See Adding a Lighting Fixture to a Building Model on page 1127.

2 Set up views, as follows:

a Leave open (or re-open) the view in which you added the lighting fixtures. (For this
procedure, this view is referred to as the placement view.) Zoom in on the fixtures, so you
can easily select them for rotating or repositioning. Turn on the display of light sources.
(See Displaying Light Sources in a View on page 1129.)

b Select Window menu ➤ Close Hidden Windows to close all other project views.

c Open a second view in which you will be able to see the light cast on surfaces (such as an
elevation view, section view, or 3D view). (For this procedure, this view is referred to as the
lighting view.) On the View Control Bar, for Model Graphics Style, select Shading or Shading
with Edges. Turn on the display of light sources. (See Displaying Light Sources in a View
on page 1129.)

1130 | Chapter 17 Rendering

 Spotlights in an elevation view with light sources displayed and
Shading with Edges turned on

d Type wt to tile the windows, so you can see both views at the same time.

3 In the placement view, rotate the spotlights to aim their light in the desired direction.
Use the Rotate tool. See Rotating Elements on page 308.
Spotlights rotated 30 degrees toward center

4 To tilt a spotlight and control the size of its beam, do the following:

a In either view, select a spotlight, and click (Element Properties).

b In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.

c Click Duplicate to create a new type.

d Enter a name for the type, and click OK.

e In the Type Properties dialog, scroll down to locate the Spot Tilt Angle, Spot Field Angle,
and Spot Beam Angle parameters.

f Enter the desired values for each parameter.

See Angles for Spotlights on page 1132.

g Click OK twice.

h Check the results in the lighting view.

For example, in the following image, the left spotlight has a smaller beam angle and field
angle. For the right spotlight, the tilt angle was changed from 60 degrees to 45 degrees.

Using Lighting Fixtures in a Building Model | 1131

 Repeat this step for each spotlight that needs to be tilted.

5 If necessary, make adjustments to achieve the desired result.

For example, you may need to add or remove spotlights, adjust their positions, and change their
rotation angles and tilt, field, and beam angles to obtain the desired lighting effects.

TIP To evenly illuminate a surface, position the lighting fixtures so the beam angles overlap each
other slightly.

3 spotlights with beam angles overlapping slightly for

even illumination of the wall

Angles for Spotlights

When defining a spotlight, you can specify the following angles:

■ Beam angle: The angle at which light intensity reaches 50% of the peak intensity. Enter a value between
0 and 160 degrees. To make a spot that is small and bright, enter a smaller value.

■ Field angle: The angle at which light intensity reaches 10% of the peak intensity. Enter a value between
0 and 160 degrees. To limit the spread of the spotlight, enter a smaller value.

■ Tilt angle: The angle that the spotlight is tilted from its origin. You can adjust the tilt angle of a spotlight
to aim its light in the desired direction.

1132 | Chapter 17 Rendering

Controlling the Brightness of a Light Source
In a project, you can change the brightness of a light source using the following methods:

■ Change the Initial Intensity. For example, if you want to change the bulb in a table lamp from a 60 watt
bulb to a 100 watt bulb, change its Initial Intensity value in the type properties.

■ Change the Light Loss Factor. To enhance or reduce light output to reflect environmental factors in the
project, change this value in the type properties for the lighting fixture.

■ Dim the light. Use this method, for example, if you want to represent a ceiling light that is dimmed to
create mood lighting in a rendered image.

Changing the Initial Intensity of a Light Source

When you change the initial intensity of a light source, the change affects all relevant project views.

1 In a project view, select a lighting fixture, and click (Element Properties).

2 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
3 Click Duplicate to create a new type.
4 Enter a name for the type, and click OK.
5 In the Type Properties dialog, for Initial Intensity, click in the Value column.
6 In the Initial Intensity dialog, specify the desired value.
See Initial Intensity Parameters on page 1125.

7 Click OK 3 times.

Changing the Light Loss Factor for a Light Source

When you change the Light Loss Factor for a light source, the change affects all relevant project views.

Using Lighting Fixtures in a Building Model | 1133

 1 In a project view, select a lighting fixture, and click (Element Properties).
2 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
3 Click Duplicate to create a new type.
4 Enter a name for the type, and click OK.
5 In the Type Properties dialog, for Light Loss Factor, click in the Value column.
6 In the Light Loss Factor dialog, specify the desired value.
See Light Loss Factor Parameters on page 1123.

7 Click OK 3 times.

Dimming Lights
When you dim lights in a 3D view for rendering, the settings are saved as part of the view properties, and
the lights are dimmed for that view only. The dimmed light settings do not affect rendered images for any
other 3D views.

NOTE To specify the color temperature shift for dimmed lights, change type properties for the lighting fixtures.
Modify the value of Dimming Lamp Color Temperature Shift. See Changing a Lighting Fixture in a Building Model
on page 1129.

To dim lights
1 Open the 3D view to render.
2 Define render settings.
See Defining Render Settings on page 1159.

3 In the Rendering dialog, under Lighting, for Scheme, select a setting that includes artificial
lights.
4 Click Artificial Lights.
5 In the Artificial Lights dialog, in the Dimming column, enter dimming values for light groups
or individual lighting fixtures.
Enter a value between 0 and 1 to indicate the relative amount of dimming. A value of 1 means
that the light is completely on (not dimmed). A value of 0 means that the light is completely
dimmed (off).

NOTE If a lighting fixture is a nested family that contains multiple light sources but is not shared,
you cannot dim individual light sources in the fixture. See Sharing a Lighting Fixture Family on page
1107.

6 Click OK.
7 To see the effects of dimming the lights, render the image.
See Creating the Rendered Image on page 1168.

Light Groups
You can create groups of artificial lights in a building model. For example, you may want to create groups
for functional areas of a building, such as exterior lights, kitchen lights, hallway lights, and so on. Light
groups can include one or more lighting fixtures of multiple types.

1134 | Chapter 17 Rendering

When you render an image, you can use light groups to turn on or off entire sets of lights, rather than
controlling lighting fixtures individually. You can also use light groups to control dimming of lights in a
rendered image.
Task lights are turned on; central light is turned off.

Central light is turned on; task lights are turned off.

Light groups are available in all relevant areas of Revit Architecture. However, settings to dim or turn on or
off light groups (or individual lighting fixtures) apply to individual 3D views only.

NOTE The number of lights in a 3D view to be rendered can significantly increase render time. Use light groups
to turn off unnecessary lights in the view. See Render Performance and Lighting on page 1173.

Light Groups | 1135

 Opening the Artificial Lights Dialog
The Artificial Lights dialog lists all lighting fixtures in the building model, including ungrouped lights and
grouped lights. Use this dialog to create and modify light groups, and to add or remove individual lighting
fixtures in groups. You can also use this dialog to dim or turn on or off light groups or individual lighting
fixtures for rendering.
You can open the Artificial Lights dialog from the Rendering dialog or from any view that contains lighting
fixtures.

To open the Artificial Lights dialog from a view

1 In a Revit Architecture project, open a view that contains one or more lighting fixtures.
2 Select a lighting fixture.
3 On the Options Bar, for Light Group, select Edit/New.

To open the Artificial Lights dialog from the Rendering dialog

1 In a Revit Architecture project, open a 3D view.
2 Open the Rendering dialog.
See Opening the Rendering Dialog on page 1160.

3 Under Lighting, for Scheme, select a setting that includes artificial lights.
4 Click Artificial Lights.

Creating a Light Group

1 Open the Artificial Lights dialog.
See Opening the Artificial Lights Dialog on page 1136.

2 Under Group Options, click New.

3 In the New Light Group dialog, enter a name for the light group, and click OK.
In the Artificial Lights dialog, the new light group name displays in the list under Grouped
Lights.

4 Add lights to the group.

See Adding and Removing Lights in a Light Group Using the Artificial Lights Dialog on page
1137.

5 (Optional) Turn the light group on or off for rendering.

See Turning Lights On and Off on page 1139.

Adding and Removing Lights in a Light Group

You can add and remove lights in a light group in several ways, depending on your current point in the
software.

Adding and Removing Lights in a Light Group from a View

1 Open a project view that displays lighting fixtures.

1136 | Chapter 17 Rendering

 2 Select a lighting fixture.
3 To add the lighting fixture to a light group, do the following:
a On the Options Bar, for Light Group, select the desired group.
If the light group does not yet exist, select Edit/New, and create a group. See Creating a
Light Group on page 1136.

b At the prompt, click OK.

4 To remove the lighting fixture from a light group, do the following:

a On the Options Bar, for Light Group, select None.

b At the prompt, click OK.

Adding and Removing Lights in a Light Group Using the Artificial

Lights Dialog
1 Open the Artificial Lights dialog.
See Opening the Artificial Lights Dialog on page 1136.

2 To add an individual lighting fixture to a light group, do the following:

a In the Artificial Lights dialog, under Ungrouped Lights, select the lighting fixture.

b Under Fixture Options, click Move to Group.

c In the Light Groups dialog, select the desired light group, and click OK.

In the Artificial Lights dialog, the selected lighting fixture displays under the selected light group
name.

3 To remove an individual lighting fixture from a light group, do the following:

a In the Artificial Lights dialog, under Grouped Lights, expand the light group name.

b Select the lighting fixture to remove from the group.

c Under Fixture Options, click Remove from Group.

In the Artificial Lights dialog, the selected lighting fixture displays under Ungrouped Lights.

4 When you are finished in the Artificial Lights dialog, click OK.

Adding and Removing Lights in a Light Group Using the Light Group
Editor
1 Open the Light Group Editor, using either of the following methods:
■ In a project view, select a lighting fixture. On the Options Bar, for Light Group, click Edit.

NOTE If Light Group displays None, select the light group to which you want to add the selected
lighting fixture. Then click Edit.

■ Open the Artificial Lights dialog. In the Artificial Lights dialog, select the group name. Under
Group Options, click Edit.

Light Groups | 1137

 Revit Architecture enters light group edit mode. The Light Group Editor toolbar displays in the
drawing area. Model elements and lighting fixtures that belong to another light group display
in halftone. Lighting fixtures that belong to the selected light group display in green. Lighting
fixtures that are not currently assigned to a light group display normally.

A reflected ceiling plan in light group edit mode

2 If necessary, use the Project Browser to open any view in which you can see the lighting fixtures
to add or remove in the group.
3 To add lighting fixtures to the group, do the following:
a In the Light Group Editor toolbar, click Add.
Revit Architecture highlights lighting fixtures that are not currently assigned to a light
group. All other model elements continue to display as halftone, indicating that you cannot
select them.

b Select each lighting fixture that you want to add to the group.
When you select a lighting fixture, Revit Architecture displays it as green to indicate that
it is being added to the group.

c If necessary, you can open another project view, click Add, and select more lighting fixtures
to add to the group.

4 To remove lighting fixtures from the group, do the following:

a In the Light Group Editor toolbar, click Remove.
The lighting fixtures that are currently assigned to a light group display as green.

b Select each lighting fixture that you want to remove from the group.
After you select a lighting fixture, it displays normally, indicating that it is no longer part
of the group.

c If necessary, you can open another project view, click Remove, and select more lighting
fixtures to remove from the group.

5 In the Light Group Editor toolbar, click Finish.

1138 | Chapter 17 Rendering

 Turning Lights On and Off
Individual lighting fixtures or entire light groups can be turned on or off to achieve the desired lighting
effects in a rendered image. When you turn on or off lights in a 3D view, the settings are saved as part of
the view properties, and they affect that view only. They do not affect rendered images for any other 3D
views.
If a lighting fixture is a nested family that is not shared, you cannot control individual light sources in the
fixture. Instead, you turn the entire lighting fixture on or off. See Sharing a Lighting Fixture Family on page
1107.

To turn lights on or off

1 Open the Artificial Lights dialog.
See Opening the Artificial Lights Dialog on page 1136.

2 In the Artificial Lights dialog, under On/Off, select individual lighting fixtures or light groups
to include them in the rendered image. Clear the check boxes to omit the lights in the rendered
image.
You can also enter values in the Dimming column to dim individual lighting fixtures or entire
light groups. See Dimming Lights on page 1134.

3 Click OK.
4 To see the results, render the image.
See Rendering an Image on page 1158.

Renaming a Light Group

1 Open the Artificial Lights dialog.
See Opening the Artificial Lights Dialog on page 1136.

2 In the Artificial Lights dialog, select the group name.

3 Under Group Options, click Rename.
4 In the Rename dialog, enter a new group name.
5 Click OK.

Deleting a Light Group

1 Open the Artificial Lights dialog.
See Opening the Artificial Lights Dialog on page 1136.

2 In the Artificial Lights dialog, select the group name.

3 Under Group Options, click Delete.
Revit Architecture deletes the light group. All of the lighting fixtures that belonged to that group are listed
under Ungrouped Lights.

Plants and Entourage

You can include plants, cars, people, and other entourage in project views. When you render a view, the
entourage is also rendered, adding realistic details to the image.

Plants and Entourage | 1139

Plants and Entourage Overview
Entourage includes the landscaping and other environmental features shown in a rendering of a building.
For example, entourage can include plants, trees, people, cars, signs, and office clutter (such as picture frames
and computers).
Similar to model elements in Revit Architecture, entourage objects are defined in Revit families. Revit
Architecture provides a library of entourage families. If you have additional entourage objects that you want
to use in projects, you can add them to existing families, or create families for them.
In 2D and 3D views, entourage is represented using simple line drawings as placeholders. When you render
a 3D view, a photorealistic representation of the entourage displays in the rendered image.
3D view with placeholder geometry for entourage

1140 | Chapter 17 Rendering

Rendered image with photorealistic entourage

People
Revit Architecture includes ArchVision® realpeople™ for more realistic renderings. ArchVision realpeople
are pictures of actual people and objects from multiple angles that display using a technique called image-based
rendering. They are part of ArchVision's RPC (Rich Photorealistic Content) product family.

In a Revit entourage family for people, you can use an RPC file to specify a rendering appearance. You can
place people in floor plans and 3D views, where each person is represented by a placeholder. (You cannot
place people in elevation views or section views.) When you render a 3D view, the people are displayed in
detail.
Revit Architecture provides 2 RPC families for people: RPC Male and RPC Female (for metric systems, M_RPC
Male and M_RPC Female). In each family, types provide render appearances for different men and women.
For example, when you load these RPC families into a project, the Type Selector displays the following.
Select the desired RPC person, and then place it in a project.

If you purchase additional RPC people from ArchVision, you can add types to existing families for the new
render appearances, or create families for them. See Creating an RPC Family on page 1143.

Plants and Entourage Overview | 1141

 Plants
When you render a building and its surrounding site, you may want to include plants and other forms of
vegetation to show landscaping options.

In a Revit plant family, you can use an RPC file to specify a render appearance. Revit Architecture provides
several RPC families for trees and plants (for example, RPC Tree - Conifer, RPC Tree - Deciduous, and RPC
Shrub). In each family, types provide render appearances for different species of trees and plants. For example,
when you load M_RPC Trees - Conifer.rfa into a project, the Type Selector displays the following. Select the
desired RPC tree, and then place it in a project.

In line and shaded views, a placeholder represents the plant. Revit Architecture offers autumn versions of
many deciduous trees. To control the size of a plant, you can modify its type parameters in the family or in
a project.

Cars and Vehicles

When you render a building and its surrounding site, you may want to include cars and other types of
vehicles. Revit Architecture provides one RPC car. You can purchase more vehicles from ArchVision.
When you place a car in a view, you can modify its properties. For example, you can tint the windows and
specify a custom license plate. See Automobile Properties on page 1145.

1142 | Chapter 17 Rendering

 Office Clutter
When you render an interior view, you may want to add furnishings and fixtures to lend realism to the
scene. ArchVision refers to this type of entourage as office clutter. Revit Architecture provides office chairs,
picture frames, and a notebook computer. You can purchase more office clutter from ArchVision.
When you place office clutter in a view, you can modify its properties. For office chairs, you can specify
their materials and colors, whether they are tilted and turned, and other characteristics. For a picture frame,
you can specify its orientation (landscape or portrait), whether it stands on a desk or hangs on a wall, and
an image to display in the frame. For a notebook computer, you can specify whether it is opened or closed,
powered on or off, or displays an image on the screen. See Office Clutter Properties on page 1147.

Creating an RPC Family

Use the Family Editor to create a Revit family for entourage, including people, cars, plants, and office clutter.
In an RPC family, you can specify an ArchVision RPC file to use for the render appearance.

NOTE To create a Revit family for entourage that will use a source other than an RPC file for the render appearance,
see Creating an Entourage Family on page 1148.

To create an RPC family

1 Click File ➤ New ➤ Family.

2 In the New Family – Select Template File dialog, select RPC Family.rft or Metric RPC Family.rft,
and click Open.
By default, a placeholder for a person displays in the drawing area. (You can see it more clearly
in an elevation view.) However, you can change this entourage family to be any type of object,
such as a tree, chair, or car. When you select a render appearance for the entourage, the drawing
area displays an appropriate placeholder for it.

3 Create family types, and specify their parameters.

Creating an RPC Family | 1143

 See Family Types on page 366.
For example, suppose you want to include a variety of red ash trees in a project, so you create
an RPC family named Red Ash. You define 3 family types named Tall, Short, and Autumn. In
the type parameters, you can specify a different height for each tree type. Later, when you place
a tree in a project, the Type Selector shows the following:

4 For each family type, specify the render appearance.

See Specifying a Render Appearance for an RPC Family on page 1144. For example, for the red ash
tree family, you specify Red Ash as the render appearance for the Tall and Short types, but Red
Ash [Fall] as the render appearance for the Autumn type.
When you specify the render appearance, the drawing area displays a placeholder for the object
in 2D and 3D views. The detailed render appearance displays only in rendered images.

5 Specify visibility settings for the entourage placeholder, as follows:

a In the drawing area, select the placeholder.

b On the Options Bar, click Visibility.

c In the Family Element Visibility Settings dialog, select the desired settings.
See Visibility and Detail Levels on page 360.

d Click OK.

6 Save the family.

7 Load the family into a project.

Specifying a Render Appearance for an RPC Family

An RPC family is a Revit entourage family created using the RPC Family.rft or Metric RPC Family.rft template
files. (See Creating an RPC Family on page 1143.) For these entourage objects, use the following procedure to
specify RPC files for their render appearances.

To specify an RPC render appearance

1 Open the Revit RPC family in the Family Editor.
2 On the Design Bar, click Family Types.
3 For Name, select the family type to modify.
4 In the Family Types dialog, for Render Appearance, click in the Value column.
The Render Appearance Library displays.

5 Locate the desired render appearance, select it, and click OK.
See Searching for a Render Appearance on page 482.

6 In the Family Types dialog, for Render Appearance Properties, click Edit.
7 Specify parameters for the render appearance, and click OK.
See Render Appearance Properties for RPC Objects on page 1145.

8 In the Family Types dialog, click Apply.

9 (Optional) Repeat this process for other family types defined for the RPC family.
10 Click OK.

1144 | Chapter 17 Rendering

 11 Save changes to the RPC family.

Render Appearance Properties for RPC Objects

The properties for render appearances vary depending on the type of RPC object. The following topics
describe the render appearance properties for each RPC type.

NOTE If you purchase additional RPC content, those render appearances may display properties that are not listed
in the following sections. For information about those properties, see the ArchVision documentation.

Automobile Properties

Property Description

General

Cast Reflections Whether the rendered image shows a reversed, mirror reflection of the vehicle
on other surfaces, such as glass. When this option is cleared, the rendered
image shows a repeat image in the reflecting surface instead of a reversed,
mirror image. See Cast Reflections on page 1148.

Glass

Transparency How much light passes through the windows of the vehicle. Use the slider
to specify less transparency (left) or more transparency (right).

Tinting How much black is mixed in with the vehicle windows to tint them, thus re-
ducing the visibility of interior details. Use the slider to indicate less tinting
(left) or more tinting (right).

Use Tinting Whether the vehicle windows are tinted.

Customize

License Plate Whether the vehicle displays a license plate.

Custom Plate Whether the license plate uses a custom image.

License Plate File Name The path and file name of the image to use for the custom license plate. Click

(Browse) to navigate to the file. See Best Practice for Storing Image
Files on page 507.

Specifying a Render Appearance for an RPC Family | 1145

 Properties for Plants,Trees, and Shrubs

Property Description

Parameters

Cast Reflections Whether the rendered image shows a reversed, mirror reflection of the
plant on other surfaces, such as glass. When this option is cleared, the
rendered image shows a repeat image in the reflecting surface instead of
a reversed, mirror image. See Cast Reflections on page 1148.

View

Lock View Whether to use a single image for the plant, regardless of the direction
from which it is viewed in a walkthrough. To lock the view, select this op-
tion, and then specify the view to use.
When this option is turned off, as the camera moves around the plant in
a walkthrough, the plant image changes based on the position of the
camera. If you use RPC Stills content in a walkthrough, the plant seems to
jump as the camera moves and the image is updated.
This property applies to RPC content in rendered walkthroughs only. See
Walkthrough Views on page 116.

Furniture Properties

Property Description

Swivel Chair: The following properties display for swivel chairs.

Swivel Rotation of the chair from its origin, based on the slider setting.

Elevation Height setting for the seat of the chair. Select Low, Medium, or High.

Arm Height Height setting for the arms of the chair. Select Low, Medium, or High.

Tilt Angle to tilt the back of the chair, based on the slider setting.

Color Preview
Image to use to preview the color for the object. Click (Browse) to navigate to the
file.

Color Color of the object. Select a value from the list.

1146 | Chapter 17 Rendering

Office Clutter Properties

Property Description

Cast Reflections Whether the rendered image shows a reversed, mirror reflection of the object on other
surfaces, such as glass. When this option is cleared, the rendered image shows a repeat
image in the reflecting surface instead of a reversed, mirror image. See Cast Reflections
on page 1148.

Notebook Computer: The following properties display for notebook computers.

Open How much to open the computer. Use the slider to close it or control its angle when
open.

Power Whether the notebook computer is turned on and can display an image.

Custom Screen Whether the computer screen displays a specified image when the computer is open
and turned on.

Screen File Name

Custom image to display on the computer screen. Click (Browse) to navigate to
the file. This image displays only when Power and Custom Screen are selected. See Best
Practice for Storing Image Files on page 507.

Picture Frame: The following properties display for picture frames.

Portrait Whether the frame is oriented in portrait mode (vertically). Clear this option to orient
the frame in landscape mode (horizontally).

Stand Whether the frame leans on a stand. Clear this option if the frame hangs on a wall.

Frame Material Material for the frame. Select a value from the list.

Use Custom Picture Whether an image displays in the picture frame when it is rendered.

Picture File Name

Custom image to display in the picture frame when it is rendered. Click (Browse)
to navigate to the file. See Best Practice for Storing Image Files on page 507.

People Properties

Property Description

Cast Reflections Whether the rendered image shows a reversed, mirror reflection of the person on
other surfaces, such as glass. When this option is cleared, the rendered image shows
a repeat image in the reflecting surface instead of a reversed, mirror image. See Cast
Reflections on page 1148.

Specifying a Render Appearance for an RPC Family | 1147

 Property Description

Jitter Whether to control the transition between frames in a walkthrough. Use this option
when the camera is relatively close to the RPC content or is moving slowly around it,
or both. This option results in a smoother appearance during a walkthrough. However,
it may cause the RPC content to be blurry in still images. When this option is turned
off, you may notice small image jumps or ticks in a walkthrough.
This property applies to RPC content in rendered walkthroughs only. See Walkthrough
Views on page 116.

Billboard Whether to lock the RPC content to a fixed image. As the camera revolves around the
RPC content in a walkthrough, the image is not updated but continues to face the
active camera. This option can greatly reduce RAM and render time required during
the rendering process.
This property applies to RPC content in rendered walkthroughs only. See Walkthrough
Views on page 116.

Motion: For animated RPC content, you can specify the frame to use in a rendered image.

Use Specified Frame Whether to use the specified frame in a rendered image.

Frame The frame to use in a rendered image.

Cast Reflections
The Cast Reflections property for RPC objects works differently than a similar setting in Autodesk® 3ds
Max®. RPC content provides a specialized texture that is applied to a flat plane. When the texture is applied
to the opposite side of the plane, unusual reflections can result. The Cast Reflections property for RPC content
produces a more realistic result.
When you turn on Cast Reflections, the object includes a second plane that faces away from the camera.
This plane shows the image of the opposite side of the RPC object. The reflection is accurate only when the
RPC object is directly between the camera and the reflective surface. As the reflective surface moves to a
more acute angle, the reflection thins.
The Cast Reflections property can significantly increase memory requirements and render time. Use this
property only when the RPC content should cast a reflection on a vertical surface directly behind it. RPC
trees (and other plants) may not require this property turned on, even when a reflection is expected, because
the front of a tree closely resembles the back.

Creating an Entourage Family

You can create an entourage family that does not use RPC content for render appearances. For example, if
you have already used AutoCAD or other design software to create a render appearance for the object, use
the following procedure.

NOTE To create a Revit family for entourage that uses RPC content for render appearances, see Creating an RPC
Family on page 1143.

To create an entourage family

1 Click File ➤ New ➤ Family.

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 2 In the New Family – Select Template File dialog, select Entourage.rft or Metric Entourage.rft,
and click Open.
3 In the drawing area, sketch the geometry to represent the entourage in 2D and 3D views, or
import a CAD file that contains the geometry.
See Family Editor on page 376 or Importing or Linking CAD Formats on page 1307.

4 Specify visibility settings for the entourage placeholder, as follows:

a In the drawing area, select the placeholder.

b On the Options Bar, click Visibility.

c In the Family Element Visibility Settings dialog, select the desired settings.
See Visibility and Detail Levels on page 360.

d Click OK.

5 Create family types, and specify their parameters.

See Family Types on page 366.

6 Specify a render appearance.

By default, for an entourage family, Revit Architecture uses the family geometry (that you
imported or sketched in the drawing area) to represent the object in a rendered image. If you
want to specify an RPC file to define its geometry, do the following:
a Click Settings ➤ Family Category and Parameters.

b Under Family Parameters, for Rendering Appearance Source, select Third Party.

NOTE If you want to use the geometry that you create or import for a render appearance, for
Rendering Appearance Source, select Family Geometry.

c Click OK.

d Specify the render appearance.

See Specifying a Render Appearance for an RPC Family on page 1144.

7 Save the family.

8 Load the family into a project.

Using the ArchVision Content Manager

Revit Architecture provides many RPC objects that you are licensed to use in rendered images for Revit
projects. If you purchase additional RPC content, you must use the ArchVision Content Manager (ACM) to
manage it.

NOTE Use the ACM only to manage additional RPC content that you purchase from ArchVision. You do not need
to use the ACM for the RPC content that is provided with Revit Architecture.

If the additional RPC content resides on the local computer, you must configure Revit Architecture to access
it. See Configuring Revit Architecture for Local RPC Content on page 1150.
If your organization stores additional RPC content in a network location, you need to specify network paths
for the RPC files and for the ACM. See Configuring Revit Architecture for Networked RPC Content on page
1150.

Using the ArchVision Content Manager | 1149

 Configuring Revit Architecture for Local RPC Content
1 Install and configure the ACM.
This utility is available free from http://acm.archvision.com. For instructions, see the ArchVision
Content Manager Help (http://acm.archvision.com/help).
Now you must specify the location of the ACM so that Revit Architecture can access the additional
RPC content.

2 In Revit Architecture, click Settings menu ➤ Options.

3 In the Options dialog, click the Rendering tab.
4 Under ArchVision Content Manager Location, select Local.
5 For Executable location, specify the location of the ACM executable file (rpcACMapp.exe).
By default, Revit Architecture attempts to connect to the ACM using the IP address 127.0.0.1
(the local host) and port 14931. If it cannot connect to the ACM there, it attempts to start the
ACM executable that you specify here.

6 Click OK.

Configuring Revit Architecture for Networked RPC Content

1 In Revit Architecture, click Settings menu ➤ Options.
2 In the Options dialog, click the Rendering tab.
3 Under Additional Render Appearance Paths, add a path to indicate the location of the additional
RPC files that you have downloaded from ArchVision.
To add a path, click New, navigate to the desired location, and click OK. If needed, you can add
multiple paths for RPC files.

4 Under ArchVision Content Manager Location, select Network.

5 For Address, specify the network address where the ACM resides.
You can enter a machine name or an IP address.

6 For Port, specify the port used by the ACM.

The default is 14931.

7 Click OK.

Using Additional RPC Content from ArchVision

Revit Architecture provides many RPC objects that you are licensed to use in rendered images for Revit
projects. If desired, you can download additional RPC content to use in projects. (Go to
http://www.archvision.com or http://commerce.vismasters.com.)

NOTE If you do not own a license to use the additional RPC content, it renders with watermarks.

To use additional RPC content with Revit Architecture

1 Configure Revit Architecture to access the additional RPC content.
See Using the ArchVision Content Manager on page 1149.

2 If the additional RPC content has not yet been downloaded to the local computer or to a network
location, download it.

1150 | Chapter 17 Rendering

 For instructions, see the ArchVision Content Manager Help (http://acm.archvision.com/help).

3 Create or edit an RPC family, and specify the RPC content as the render appearance for a family
type.
See Specifying a Render Appearance for an RPC Family on page 1144. When you open the Render
Appearance Library, it lists the RPC content that Revit Architecture provides and the additional
RPC content purchased by your organization.

4 Load the RPC family into a Revit project, and place the entourage objects in a project view for
rendering.
See Placing Plants and Entourage in a Project View on page 1151.

Placing Plants and Entourage in a Project View

1 Open a floor plan or 3D view in a Revit Architecture project.
You cannot place plants or entourage in elevation views or section views.

2 Load a family of plants or entourage, as follows:

a Click File menu ➤ Load From Library ➤ Load Family.

b To load plants, open the Planting folder, or to load people and other entourage, open the
Entourage folder.

c Select the desired RPC or entourage family files (for example, RPC female.rfa or RPC
Shrub.rfa), and click Open.

3 Place a plant or entourage object in the drawing area, as follows:

a On the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Component.

b In the Type Selector, select the desired family type.

c Click in the drawing area to place a plant or entourage object in the view.

d Move and rotate the object, as needed.

To move the object, drag it to the desired location. To rotate the object, select it and press
SPACEBAR to rotate 90 degrees, or use the Rotate tool to rotate to a specific position. See
Rotating Elements on page 308.

NOTE You cannot tag or schedule RPC objects.

e To exit the Component command, press ESC twice.

4 Open a 3D view for rendering.

The 3D view displays placeholders for entourage. When you render the image, the entourage
objects are rendered in detail. See Rendering an Image on page 1158.

Changing the Size of Plants

You can change the size of plants using type properties in a project. The updated plant size displays in 2D
and 3D views, and rendered images.

NOTE You can also specify the size of a plant in its family. See Creating an RPC Family on page 1143.

Placing Plants and Entourage in a Project View | 1151

 Maple trees of different heights

To change the size of a plant in a project

1 In a view, select a plant to modify, and click (Element Properties).

2 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
3 If you want to change the height of all plants of this type in the current project, do the following:
a In the Type Properties dialog, for Height, enter a value to indicate the new height of the
plant.

b Click OK twice.

4 If you want to change the height of the selected plant only, do the following:
a Click Duplicate.

b Specify a name for the new plant type, and click OK.

c In the Type Properties dialog, for Height, enter a value to indicate the new height of the
plant.

d Click OK 3 times.

Decals
Use the Decal tool to place images on surfaces of a building model for rendering. For example, you can use
decals for signs, paintings, and billboards. For each decal, you can specify an image and its reflectivity,
luminance, and texture (bump-mapping). You can place decals on flat surfaces and cylindrical surfaces.

1152 | Chapter 17 Rendering

 Sample rendering with decals

Creating a Decal Type

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Decal Types.

2 In the Decals Types dialog, click (Create).

3 In the New Decal dialog, enter a name for the decal, and click OK.
The Decal Types dialog displays the new decal name and its attributes.

4 For Image File, specify the file to use.

Click (Browse) to navigate to the file. Revit Architecture supports image files of the following
types: BMP, JPG, JPEG, and PNG. See Best Practice for Storing Image Files on page 507.

5 Specify the remaining attributes of the decal.

See Decal Attributes on page 1157.

6 Click OK.
Now you can place instances of the decal type in the building model. See Placing a Decal in a View on page
1153.

Placing a Decal in a View

1 In a Revit Architecture project, open a 2D view or a 3D orthographic view.
The view must contain a flat or cylindrical surface on which you can place decals. You cannot
place decals in 3D perspective views.

2 Click Modelling menu ➤ Decal, or on the Modelling tab of the Design Bar, click Decal.
If no decals exist in the current project, the Decal Types dialog displays, and you need to create
a decal type. See Creating a Decal Type on page 1153.

Creating a Decal Type | 1153

 3 In the Type Selector, select the type of decal to place in the view.
4 If you want to change the physical size of the decal, on the Options Bar, enter values for Width
and Height. To maintain the aspect ratio between these dimensions, select Lock Proportions.
5 In the drawing area, click a flat surface (such as a wall face or roof face) or a cylindrical surface
on which to place the decal.
The decal displays as a placeholder (a clear box with 2 lines through it) in all non-rendered
views, as shown. The detailed decal image is visible only in rendered images.

6 After placing a decal, you can continue placing more decals of the same type. To place a different
decal, select the desired decal in the Type Selector, and then click the desired location on the
building model.
7 To exit the Decal tool, click ESC twice.
3D view showing placeholders for decals

Modifying a Placed Decal

1 In a project view, select the decal.
2 To move the decal, drag it to a new location.
3 To resize the decal, drag its blue grips, or on the Options Bar, enter new values for Width and
Height. To maintain the aspect ratio between these dimensions, select Lock Proportions.
4 To return the decal to its original size, on the Options Bar, click Reset.
5 To rotate the decal, use the Rotate tool.
See Rotating Elements on page 308.

6 To change the decal’s properties, including its image file, texture, and other attributes, click

(Element Properties).

1154 | Chapter 17 Rendering

 See Decal Properties on page 1156.

NOTE You can also change the decal image and its attributes by clicking Settings menu ➤ Decal
Types.

Renaming a Decal Type

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Decal Types.
2 In the decals list, select the decal type to rename.

3 Click (Rename).
4 In the Rename dialog, enter a new name, and click OK.

Duplicating a Decal Type

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Decal Types.
2 In the decals list, select the decal type to copy.

3 Click (Duplicate).
4 In the Duplicate Decal dialog, enter a name for the new decal type, and click OK.
5 Under Settings, specify an image file and attributes for the new decal type.
See Decal Attributes on page 1157.

6 Click OK.

Deleting a Decal Type

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Decal Types.
2 In the decals list, select the decal type to delete.

3 Click (Delete).
4 To confirm that you want to delete the selected decal type, click Yes at the prompt.

Sharing Decals Between Projects

If you create several decals in one project, you can use them in another project. To do this, click File
menu ➤ Transfer Project Standards. In the Select Items to Copy dialog, select Decal Types. See Transferring
Project Standards on page 438.
Make sure that the image files for the decals are available to the target project. When Revit Architecture
needs to access the image file, first it looks in the location specified for the file, using the absolute path. If
it cannot find the file in that location, Revit Architecture then searches the paths specified on the Rendering
tab of the Options dialog. See Setting Options on page 504.
If you send the project file to another team member, you must also send the image files for the decals. See
Best Practice for Storing Image Files on page 507.

Renaming a Decal Type | 1155

Decal Properties
You can modify properties for each decal instance and decal type. You can also change attributes of the
decal image.

Modifying Decal Properties

1 In a project view, select the decal, and click (Element Properties).

2 In the Element Properties dialog, edit decal instance parameters.
See Decal Instance Properties on page 1156.

3 To edit decal type parameters, click Edit/New.

See Decal Type Properties on page 1157.

4 To change the decal image and its attributes, in the Type Properties dialog, for Decal Attributes,
click Edit.
See Decal Attributes on page 1157.

NOTE You can also change the decal image and its attributes by clicking Settings menu ➤ Decal
Types.

5 Click OK.

Decal Instance Properties

Parameter Description

Dimensions

Width Physical width of the decal.

Height Physical height of the decal.

Lock Proportions Whether the ratio between the height and width is maintained. Clear this option
to change the Width or Height without also affecting the other dimension.

Identity Data

Comments Text that describes the decal.

Mark User-specified identifier for this particular decal.

Subcategory Subcategory for the geometry of the decal. The subcategory controls the line
weight, color, and pattern in 2D and 3D views. Select a Generic Model subcategory
from the list, or create one. See Creating Object Style Subcategories on page 484.

Phasing

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Parameter Description

Phase Created Phase during which the decal is created. See Project Phasing on page 1263.

Phase Demolished Phase during which the decal is demolished. See Project Phasing on page 1263.

Decal Type Properties

Parameter Description

Decal Attributes Image for and attributes of the decal. Click Edit to change them. See Decal Attributes
on page 1157.

Keynote Keynote for the decal. See Keynotes on page 1058.

Model Manufacturer’s model number or code for the decal.

Manufacturer Manufacturer of the decal.

Type Comments Comments or information about this type of decal.

URL URL of the web site for the manufacturer or vendor.

Description Description of the decal.

Assembly Description Description of the selected assembly code. (read-only)

Assembly Code Uniformat assembly code for the decal. See Uniformat Assembly Codes on page 754.

Type Mark User-specified identifier for this type of decal.

Cost Cost of the decal.

Decal Attributes
The following properties display in the Decal Types dialog when you create or modify a decal type. See
Creating a Decal Type on page 1153.

Property Description

Image File
Image file to display for the decal. Click (Browse) to navigate to the file. Revit
Architecture supports image files of the following types: BMP, JPG, JPEG, and PNG.
See Best Practice for Storing Image Files on page 507.

Decal Properties | 1157

 Property Description

Brightness Perception of the luminance of the decal. Brightness is a multiplier, so a value of

1.0 makes no change. If you specify 0.5, its brightness is reduced by half.

Reflectivity Measurement of how much light the decal reflects from its surface. Enter a value
between 0 (no reflections) and 1 (maximum reflections). See Transparency and
Translucency on page 475.

Transparency Measurement of how much light passes through the decal. Enter a value between
0 (completely opaque) and 1 (completely transparent).

Finish Texture of the decal surface.

Luminance (cd/m^2) Light emitted by the surface, measured in candelas per square meter. Select a pre-
defined value, or select Custom to enter a value.

Bump Pattern Bump pattern (additional texture) to use on the decal surface. See Specifying an
Image File for a Render Appearance on page 476. This texture is layered on top of
any texture already applied to the surface on which the decal is placed. For example,
if you place a decal on a brick wall, the texture of the brick wall affects the decal,
in addition to the decal texture specified here.

Bump Amount Relative amplitude of the bumps. Enter 0 to make the surface flat. Enter higher
decimal values (up to 1.0) to increase the depth of the surface irregularities.

Cut-outs Shapes cut into the surface of the decal. Select a shape, or select Custom to define
cut-outs using an image. See Specifying an Image File for a Render Appearance on
page 476.

Rendering an Image
You can use Revit Architecture to render 3D views. You can then place rendered images on sheets to present
designs to clients. The rendering interface uses intelligent defaults so that you can easily generate a quality
rendered image without in-depth understanding of rendering technology. The interface also offers advanced
settings for users with more rendering experience.
As an alternative, you can export a 3D view, and use another software application to render the image. See
Exporting to 3ds Max on page 1297.

1158 | Chapter 17 Rendering

 Related topics

■ Rendering Workflow on page 1099

■ Rendering Best Practices on page 1172

Defining Render Settings

1 Open the Rendering dialog.
See Opening the Rendering Dialog on page 1160.

2 Define the view area to render.

See Defining the View Area to Render on page 1161.

3 In the Rendering dialog, under Quality, specify the render quality.

See Specifying the Render Quality on page 1162.

4 Under Output, specify the following:

■ Resolution: To generate a rendered image for screen display, select Screen. To generate a
rendered image for printing, select Printer.

■ DPI: When Resolution is Printer, specify the DPI (dots per inch) to use when printing the
image. (If the project uses metric units, Revit Architecture converts the metric values to

Defining Render Settings | 1159

 inches before displaying the DPI or pixel size.) Select a predefined value, or enter a custom
value.

The Width, Height, and Uncompressed image size fields update to reflect the settings. See Render
Performance and Image Size/Quality on page 1175.

5 Under Lighting, specify lighting settings for the rendered image.

See Controlling Lighting in a Rendered Image on page 1166.

6 Under Background, specify a background for the rendered image.

See Specifying the Background for a Rendered Image on page 1167.

7 (Optional) Adjust exposure settings for the rendered image.

If you know the exposure settings that you want to use, you can set them now. Otherwise, wait
to see the results of the current render settings, and, if needed, adjust the exposure settings after
rendering the image. See Adjusting the Exposure of a Rendered Image on page 1168.

These render settings are view-specific. They are saved as part of the view properties. To apply these settings
to other 3D views, use a view template. See View Templates for Render Settings on page 1171.
When you finish defining render settings, create the rendered image. See Creating the Rendered Image on
page 1168.

Opening the Rendering Dialog

1 Open the 3D view to render.
You can render 3D views only.

TIP To render a 2D view, create a 3D view that is oriented to a 2D view (such as a section view or
elevation view). Use View menu ➤ Orient ➤ To Other View. For details, see Specifying Camera
Location in a 3D View on page 113.

If the Rendering dialog was open when the 3D view was last open in the current session, the
dialog redisplays.

2 If the Rendering dialog does not open automatically, use any of the following methods:
■ Type rr.

■ On the View Control Bar, click (Show Rendering Dialog).

■ On the Rendering tab of the Design Bar, click Rendering Dialog.

■ Click View menu ➤ Rendering Dialog.

1160 | Chapter 17 Rendering

Defining the View Area to Render
You can render part of a 3D view. You might use this strategy for the following reasons:

■ To focus on a particular part of the 3D view.

■ To test render appearances for materials applied to model elements.

See Applying Materials to Elements on page 461.

■ To reduce the amount of time required to render the image.

See Rendering Best Practices on page 1172.

■ To reduce the size of the resulting image file.

See Controlling the Size of the Rendered Image on page 1166.

When you click Render, Revit Architecture renders only the specified part of the building model.
To define the view area to render, use one or more of the following methods:
■ Crop region: Open the 3D view, and apply a crop region to define the area to render. See Cropping a
View on page 165. When you select the crop region, the Options Bar displays the size of the cropped view.
Click Size to specify a height and width for the crop region.

■ Render region: Open the Rendering dialog, and click Region. In the 3D view, Revit Architecture displays
the render region boundary. Select the render region, and use the blue grips to adjust its size. For
orthographic views, you can also drag the render region to move its location in the view. If the view uses
a crop region, the render region must reside within the crop region boundaries.

Defining Render Settings | 1161

 ■ Camera clipping plane: The camera clipping plane defines the depth of the 3D view to render. When
you reduce this clipping plane, Revit Architecture has fewer model elements to process when producing
the rendered image. As a result, the rendering process requires fewer resources, takes less time, and
produces a smaller image file. See Modifying the Camera Position in a Perspective 3D View on page 113.

■ Section box: A crop region and a render region define a 2D portion of a 3D view to render. A section
box, however, allows you to define a 3D portion of the view to render. By using a section box, you can
omit many model elements from the rendering process, thus reducing the number of calculations and
the processing time required. See Using a Section Box in a 3D View on page 111.

NOTE When using a section box, be careful about the parts of the building geometry that you exclude from
the view. For example, if a section box excludes an exterior wall for an interior 3D view, sunlight may illuminate
the entire room, affecting the rendered image and increasing render time. See Render Performance and Lighting
on page 1173.

Specifying the Render Quality

To present a design to clients, you typically want a high quality rendered image. However, high quality
rendered images can be slow to generate. For testing purposes, you may want to generate a draft quality
image quickly. Use the Quality Setting on the Rendering dialog to specify the desired quality for the rendered
image.

Quality Relative Render Speed Description

Draft Fastest Render as quickly as possible to get a general idea of the rendered image.
The image contains many artifacts (small inaccuracies or imperfections in
the rendered image).

Low Fast Render quickly with a better level of quality and several artifacts.

Medium Medium Render with a quality that is usually satisfactory for presentations, with few
artifacts.

High Slow Render with high quality that is satisfactory for most presentations, with
very few artifacts. This render quality requires a long time to produce.

Best Slowest Render with very high quality and a minimum of artifacts. This render
quality requires the most time to produce.

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Quality Relative Render Speed Description

Custom Varies Use the settings specified in the Render Quality Settings dialog. Render
speed depends on the custom settings. See Defining a Custom Render
Quality on page 1163.

Related topics

■ Rendering Best Practices on page 1172

■ Render Performance and Image Size/Quality on page 1175

Defining a Custom Render Quality

1 In the Rendering dialog, under Quality, for Setting, select Edit.
The Render Quality Settings dialog displays.

2 For Setting, select the predefined setting to use as a starting point for your custom settings, and
click Copy to Custom.
3 Under Advanced Render Settings, specify the desired parameter values.
See Render Quality Settings on page 1163.

4 Click OK.
5 Continue to define other render settings.

Render Quality Settings

Use the following parameters to define advanced render settings. (See Defining a Custom Render Quality
on page 1163.) In general, increasing (or turning on) any one of these settings increases the quality of the

Defining Render Settings | 1163

 rendered image. However, it also increases the time required to generate the image. Increasing the values of
multiple settings may increase render time exponentially. See Rendering Best Practices on page 1172.

Setting Description

General Options

Image Precision (Antialiasing) Increase this value to smooth jagged edges in the rendered image.
Enter a value between 1 (most jagged) and 10 (smoothest). See Render
Performance and Image Size/Quality on page 1175.

Reflection and Transparency Options

Maximum Number of Reflections Increase this value when objects are missing from reflections in the
rendered image. Enter a value between 0 (no reflections) and 100
(most reflections). See How Refractions and Reflections Affect Render
Performance on page 1175.

Maximum Number of Refractions Increase this value when you cannot see objects through multiple
panes of glass. Enter a value between 0 (completely opaque) and 100
(completely transparent). See How Refractions and Reflections Affect
Render Performance on page 1175.

Blurred Reflections Precision Increase this value when the edges or surfaces of objects in blurred
reflections are speckled. Enter a value between 1 (speckled) and 11
(smoothest).

Blurred Refractions Precision Increase this value when the edges of objects seen through rough
glass are speckled. Enter a value between 1 (speckled) and 11
(smoothest).

Shadow Options

Enable Soft Shadows Select this option to make shadow edges blurred. Clear it to make
shadow edges sharp and distinct. See Soft shadows on page 1173.

Soft Shadow Precision Increase this value when the edges of soft shadows are speckled instead
of smooth. Enter a value between 1 (speckled shadows) and 10
(smoothest shadows).

Indirect Illumination Options

Compute Indirect and Sky Illumination Select this option to include light from the sky and light that bounces
off other objects. Clear it to omit these light sources from the rendered
image. See Indirect illumination on page 1174.

Indirect Illumination Precision Increase this value to achieve more detailed indirect illumination (the
level of detail that is visible in indirect light) and shadows. Greater
precision yields smaller subtle effects, usually in corners or below ob-
jects. Enter a value between 1 (less detail) and 10 (more detail).

1164 | Chapter 17 Rendering

Setting Description

Indirect Illumination Smoothness Increase this value when indirect illumination looks splotchy or scaly.
Greater precision yields smaller subtle effects, usually in corners or
below objects. Enter a value between 1 (most splotchy) and 10 (least
splotchy).

Indirect Illumination Bounces Increase this value when areas of the scene that should be indirectly
illuminated do not display as desired. This setting determines the
number of times that indirect light bounces off objects in the scene.
It controls the amount of realism in indirect lighting. With more
bounces, light can penetrate further into a scene, resulting in more
physically correct lighting and a brighter scene. Enter a value between
1 (less indirect illumination) and 100 (most indirect illumination).
Typically, 3 bounces achieve sufficient results for indirect illumination.
Further bounces can add more subtle effects, but they are often not
significant.

Daylight Portal Options (only applies to sunlit interiors): These settings are available only for interior views that include
daylight. See Daylight Portals on page 1165.

Windows Whether the rendering engine calculates daylight portals for windows.
By default, this setting is turned off.

Doors Whether the rendering engine calculates daylight portals for doors
that contain glass. By default, this setting is turned off.

Curtain Walls Whether the rendering engine calculates daylight portals for curtain
walls. By default, this setting is turned off.

Daylight Portals
During the rendering process, daylighting is performed automatically. For advanced lighting quality in
interior views, you can enable daylight portals, if needed. Daylight portals improve the quality of light that
shines through windows, doors that contain windows or glass, and curtain walls.
Rendered image without daylight portals

Defining Render Settings | 1165

 Rendered image with daylight portals

Daylight portals are useful only for interior views that include sunlight. That is, on the Rendering dialog,
under Lighting, the selected Scheme must be Interior: Sun only, or Interior: Sun + Artificial. (See Controlling
Lighting in a Rendered Image on page 1166.)
By default, daylight portals are turned off. If a rendered image shows sunlight reflecting off surfaces, and
the sunlight is speckled or splotchy, you may be able to improve the image by turning on daylight portals.

NOTE The use of daylight portals can significantly increase render time.

To turn on daylight portals for an interior view that includes sunlight, use the Render Quality Settings dialog.
See Defining a Custom Render Quality on page 1163 and Render Quality Settings on page 1163.

Controlling the Size of the Rendered Image

Before rendering a 3D view, you can use the following techniques to control its print size (in pixels) and file
size (in bytes). The width and height of the rendered image display on the Rendering dialog under Output.

■ Render part of the 3D view: Use a render region, a crop region, or a section box. See Defining the View
Area to Render on page 1161.

■ Zoom in or out: When creating a rendered image for screen output, you can zoom in or out to make the
rendered image larger or smaller. See Zoom Tool on page 191.

■ Change the output resolution: When creating a rendered image for printing, you can specify the image
resolution in DPI (dots per inch). See Defining Render Settings on page 1159.

NOTE Higher resolution and larger image size increase render time. See Render Performance and Image Size/Quality
on page 1175.

Controlling Lighting in a Rendered Image

1 In the Rendering dialog, under Lighting, for Scheme, select the desired setting.

2 If you selected a lighting scheme that uses sunlight, for Sun, select the desired sun position.

1166 | Chapter 17 Rendering

 To define new sun and shadow settings for the rendered image, select Edit/New. See Defining
the Sunlight Source for Shadows on page 204. Click OK or Cancel to return to the Rendering
dialog.

3 If you selected a lighting scheme that uses artificial light, click Artificial Lights to control artificial
light in the rendered image.
You can create light groups and add lighting fixtures to light groups. You can also dim or turn
on or off light groups or individual lighting fixtures. See Light Groups on page 1134. Click OK or
Cancel to return to the Rendering dialog.

TIP To improve render performance, turn off any lights that are not required for the rendering. See
Turning Lights On and Off on page 1139 and Render Performance and Lighting on page 1173.

4 If the lighting scheme is Interior: Sun only or Interior: Sun + Artificial, consider whether you
want to turn on daylight portals.
During the rendering process, daylighting is performed automatically. For advanced lighting
quality in interior views, you can enable daylight portals, if needed. Daylight portals improve
the quality of the rendered image, but they can also increase render time. By default, daylight
portals are turned off. See Daylight Portals on page 1165.

5 Continue to define other render settings.

Specifying the Background for a Rendered Image

In the Rendering dialog, use the Background settings to specify a background for a rendered image. The
background can display a solid color or sky and clouds.

NOTE When you create an interior view that includes natural light, the sky and cloud background can affect the
quality of light in the rendered image. For more diffuse natural light, use more clouds.

To specify a solid color

1 In the Rendering dialog, under Background, for Style, select Color.

2 Click the color swatch.

3 In the Color dialog, specify the background color for the rendered image.
See Colors on page 514.

4 Click OK.
5 Continue to define other render settings.

To specify a background with sky and clouds

1 In the Rendering dialog, under Background, for Style, select a Sky option that indicates the
desired number of clouds.

Defining Render Settings | 1167

 2 For Haze, drag the slider between Clear and Hazy.
3 Continue to define other render settings.

Creating the Rendered Image

Before starting the render process, see Rendering Best Practices on page 1172 for information about how you
can improve performance.
After preparing the 3D view and using the Rendering dialog to select desired settings, click Render to render
the image.

Revit Architecture begins the rendering process, rendering one block of the image at a time. Revit Architecture
displays a progress dialog, which shows information about the rendering process, including the numbers of
daylight portals and artificial lights.

NOTE To cancel the rendering process before it completes, click Cancel.

When the rendering process is complete, Revit Architecture displays the rendered image in the drawing area.
You can then do the following:

■ Change render settings, and render the image again.

See Defining Render Settings on page 1159.

■ Adjust exposure settings.

See Adjusting the Exposure of a Rendered Image on page 1168.

■ Save the rendered image as a project view.

See Saving the Rendered Image as a Project View on page 1170.

■ Export the rendered image to a file.

See Exporting the Rendered Image to a File on page 1170.

■ Display the building model in the drawing area.

In the Rendering dialog, click Show the model. To display the rendered image again, click Show the
rendering.

Adjusting the Exposure of a Rendered Image

After rendering an image, you can adjust exposure settings to improve the image. If you know the desired
exposure settings, you can set them before rendering the image. When you select a lighting scheme, the
software uses default exposure settings, optimized for the type of light in the view.

1168 | Chapter 17 Rendering

If you adjust the exposure settings, the settings are saved as part of the view properties. The next time you
render this view, the same exposure settings are used.

To adjust the exposure of a rendered image

1 In the Rendering dialog, under Image, click Adjust Exposure.
2 In the Adjust Exposure dialog, specify the desired settings.
See Adjust Exposure Settings on page 1169.

3 Click Apply to see the results of the changes in the rendered image.
4 To return to the default exposure settings, click Reset to Default.
The default Exposure Value is optimized for the selected lighting scheme. Other exposure settings
have neutral settings.

5 Click OK to return to the Rendering dialog.

Adjust Exposure Settings

When rendering an image, exposure control (or tone mapping) is just as important as the lighting and
materials used. Exposure control helps to convert real-world luminance values into a realistic image. It
mimics the human eye response to luminance values with regard to color, saturation, contrast, and glare.
Use the following settings to adjust the exposure of a rendered image.

Setting Description

Exposure Value Overall brightness of the rendered image. This setting is comparable to the exposure
compensation setting in cameras with automatic exposure. Enter a value between –6
(brighter) and 16 (darker). The default value is different for each lighting scheme.

Highlights Light level for the brightest areas of the image. Enter a value between 0 (darker highlights)
and 1 (brighter highlights). The default is 0.25.

Mid Tones Light level for areas of the image whose brightness lies between the highlights and the
shadows. Enter a value between 0.1 (darker mid tones) and 4 (brighter mid tones). The
default is 1.

Shadows Light levels for the darkest areas of the image. Enter a value between 0.1 (lighter shadows)
and 4 (darker shadows). The default is 0.2.

Saturation Intensity of colors in the rendered image. Enter a value between 0 (gray/black/white)
and 5 (more intense colors). The default is 1.

White Point Color temperature of the light sources that should display as white in the rendered image.
This setting is similar to the White Balance setting on digital cameras.
If the rendered image looks too orange, reduce the White Point value. If the rendered
image looks too blue, increase the White Point value.
If the scene is illuminated with daylight, use a value of 6500. If the scene is illuminated
with incandescent lights, match the White Point value to the color temperature of the
lights (see Initial Color Parameters on page 1126), or start with a value of 2800 and adjust
it up or down as necessary to achieve the desired results.

Creating the Rendered Image | 1169

 Saving the Rendered Image as a Project View
After rendering an image, you can save the image as a project view. In a project, rendered images display in
the Project Browser under Views (all) ➤ Renderings. You can then place the rendered view on a sheet in a
construction document set.

To save the rendered image as a project view

1 In the Rendering dialog, under Image, click Save to Project.
2 In the Save to Project dialog, enter a name for the rendered view, and click OK.
3 (Optional) Place the rendered view on a sheet.
See Adding Views to a Sheet on page 971.

Exporting the Rendered Image to a File

After rendering an image, you can export the image to a file. This file is stored outside the project in the
specified location. Revit Architecture supports the following image file types: BMP, GIF, JPEG, JPG, PNG,
and TIF.

NOTE To preserve the alpha channel for transparency, use the PNG or TIF file format. If you plan to use the
exported image in Adobe® Photoshop®, export to TIF for best results. (If you export to PNG and open the file in
Adobe® Photoshop®, the background sky and clouds may not display.)

To export the rendered image

1 In the Rendering dialog, under Image, click Export.
2 In the Save Image dialog, for Save In, navigate to the desired location.
3 For Files of type, select a file type.
4 For File name, enter a name for the image file.
5 Click Save.

Changing Render Settings for a View

You can define render settings for a 3D view before or after rendering an image. These settings are saved as
part of the view properties.

To change render settings for a view

1 In the Project Browser, under Views (all) ➤ 3D Views, right-click the view name, and click
Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, under Camera, for Rendering Settings, click Edit.
The Rendering Settings dialog displays a subset of the settings in the Rendering dialog.

TIP These settings can be saved in a view template and applied to other 3D views. See View Templates
for Render Settings on page 1171.

3 Specify the desired settings, as follows:

■ Quality: See Specifying the Render Quality on page 1162.

■ Lighting: See Controlling Lighting in a Rendered Image on page 1166.

1170 | Chapter 17 Rendering

 ■ Background: See Specifying the Background for a Rendered Image on page 1167.

■ Image: See Adjusting the Exposure of a Rendered Image on page 1168.

4 Click OK.

View Templates for Render Settings

A view template is a collection of properties that you define for views of a particular type. After defining
render settings for a 3D view, you can store those settings in a view template. When you want to use the
same render settings for another 3D view, apply the view template to that view.
A 3D view template can store the following render settings:
■ Quality

■ Lighting scheme and sun position

■ Settings for artificial lights that are dimmed and turned on and off

■ Background color or sky and cloud settings

■ Exposure settings

Creating a View Template for Render Settings

The following is a basic procedure for creating a 3D view template for render settings, and applying it to
other 3D views. For more information about view templates, see View Templates on page 498.

To create a view template for render settings

1 In a 3D view, define the render settings as desired.
See Defining Render Settings on page 1159.

2 In the Project Browser, right-click the 3D view name, and click Create View Template from View.
3 In the New View Template dialog, enter a name, and click OK.
The View Templates dialog displays the new view template name and its view properties.

4 (Optional) To check or change render settings for the view template, under View Properties, for
Rendering Settings, click Edit. Change the settings as desired, and click OK.
See Changing Render Settings for a View on page 1170.

5 Check the other view properties that are included in the view template. Change properties as
desired. For any properties that you want to exclude from this view template, clear the Include
option.
6 Click OK.
Now you can apply the view template to other 3D views, as desired. See Applying a View Template on page
500.

View Templates for Render Settings | 1171

View Properties for Renderings
When you save a rendered image in the project, Revit Architecture stores properties for the image. To change
its properties, under Views (all) ➤ Renderings, right-click the image name, and click Properties. Change the
parameters as desired, and click OK.

Parameter Description

Identity Data

View Name The name of the view, as it displays in the Project Browser
and other areas of Revit Architecture.

Title on Sheet The view title to display on sheets. See View Titles on Sheets
on page 997.

Rendering Best Practices

The mental ray® rendering engine uses complicated algorithms to produce a photorealistic image from a
3D view of a building model. The amount of time required to generate the rendered image varies depending
on many factors, such as the numbers of model elements and artificial lights, the complexity of the materials,
and the size or resolution of the image. Furthermore, the interplay of other factors can affect render
performance. For example, reflections, refractions, and soft shadows can increase render time.
Ultimately, render performance is a balance between the quality of the resulting image and the resources
(time, computing power) that can be devoted to the effort. Low quality images are generally quick to produce,
while high quality images can require significantly more time.
Before rendering an image, consider whether you need a high quality image or a draft quality image. In
general, start by rendering a draft quality image to see the results of the initial settings. Then refine materials,
lights, and other settings to improve the image. As you get closer to the desired result, you can use the low
or medium quality setting to produce a more realistic image. Use the high quality setting to produce a final
image only when you are sure that the material render appearances and the render settings will give the
desired result.
The following topics describe some features and settings that can affect render performance.

The Rendering Process

In the Windows Task Manager, the rendering process is named fbxooprender.exe. When you render an
image, the rendering process will use up to 4 CPUs. If other processes are also running, the rendering process
releases some of the existing capacity to support those processes.
Before rendering an image, turn off active screen savers, and shut down any non-essential processes that
use processor power. (For example, some web pages that use Flash graphics may slow down the rendering
process.) Doing so makes more CPU capacity available to the rendering process and can reduce render time.
While rendering an image, you may want to use the Windows Task Manager to monitor processes. If
fbxooprender.exe is not using close to 99% of processor power, other active processes may be interfering
with the rendering process. Shut down non-essential tasks to make more processor power available for the
rendering process.

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Render Performance and the Building Model
One of the most effective ways to reduce the amount of time required to render an image is to reduce the
number of model elements that the rendering engine must consider. Use one or more of the following
strategies.

Hide unnecessary model elements

For example, if a rendered image will not show furniture that exists on the far side of an interior wall, hide
the furniture in the view before rendering. By doing so, you reduce the number of elements that the rendering
engine must consider during the rendering process. See Hiding Elements in a View on page 160.

Change the detail level

Change the view’s detail level to coarse or medium. By reducing the amount of detail in the 3D view, you
reduce the number of objects to render, and thus reduce render time. See Specifying the Detail Level for a
View on page 504.

Reduce the view area to render

Render only the part of the 3D view that you need to show in the image, omitting areas that are not required.
You can do this using a section box, a crop region, the camera clipping plane, or a render region. See Defining
the View Area to Render on page 1161.

Render Performance and Lighting

The rendering process involves the simulation of light interactions with materials. As a result, render
performance is significantly affected by lighting calculations. When preparing to render an image, consider
the following.

Number of lights

Render time is directly proportional to the number of lights in the scene. In general, mental ray requires
more time to render more lights. Consider turning off lights that are not required for the rendered image.
See Turning Lights On and Off on page 1139.
In general, an interior view takes longer to render than an exterior view. An exterior view with no natural
light (that is, at nighttime) that shows many interior lights turned on takes a long time to render.

Light source shape

More accurate lights require more render time. The Emit from Shape setting for a light source can impact
render time. For example, point lights render faster than the other shapes. Line lights are slower. Rectangle
and circle lights are slowest to render. See Defining the Geometry of a Light Source on page 1117.

Soft shadows

Revit Architecture uses area light sources to produce more realistic images. However, area shadows are
expensive to compute. If you increase the quality of soft shadows, render time increases. (In the Render
Quality Settings dialog, use the Soft Shadow options. See Render Quality Settings on page 1163.)

Render Performance and the Building Model | 1173

 Indirect illumination

Indirect illumination simulates the interaction of light with the environment by bouncing light off surfaces,
including surfaces that are not directly exposed to a light source. If you increase the precision of indirect
illumination and the number of bounces, you can improve the smaller, subtle effects of lighting, and the
amount of light in a scene. However, increasing the amount of indirect illumination also increases the time
required to render the image. (In the Render Quality Settings dialog, use the Indirect Illumination options.
See Render Quality Settings on page 1163.)

Section boxes and light groups

When you use section boxes to limit the geometry being rendered, you can significantly reduce the amount
of time required to render an image. (See Defining the View Area to Render on page 1161.) You can also use
light groups to turn off lighting fixtures, thus reducing the number of lights that will impact the rendered
image. (See Light Groups on page 1134. Remember, however, that lights that are not within the view can still
have a significant impact on the quality of the rendered image.) Section boxes exclude lights that are clipped.
When planned carefully and with forethought, the combined use of section boxes and light groups can
greatly reduce the amount of time required to render an image.

Render Performance and Materials

Materials simulate various effects such as reflections and textures. You specify the render appearance for
each material using the Materials dialog. (See Changing the Render Appearance of a Material on page 465.)
When mental ray renders materials, its performance depends on the effects being simulated. In fact,
complicated render appearances for materials can slow down the rendering process more than complicated
geometry in the building model.
When preparing to render an image, consider the following.

How Colors and Patterns Affect Render Performance

The complexity and size of a color or pattern affect render speed. More complex patterns require the rendering
engine to calculate more samples so it can capture the details. The rendering engine works best when it can
identify areas of similar surface treatment and cam estimate appearances over large homogeneous areas.
For example, a smooth monochrome surface renders more quickly than a smooth patterned surface. A
large-scale pattern renders more quickly than a dense, intricate pattern. A detailed, perforated surface renders
more slowly than a simple surface.
The material render appearances that require the most time to render are (from slower to slowest): metallic
paint, flecked metal, hammered metal, water, frosted glass, and perforated metal. Slower render times for
these materials are proportional to how much of the scene they cover.
At the draft to medium quality settings, complicated materials may show many artifacts (small inaccuracies
or imperfections in the rendered image). Imperfectly reflective materials (such as wood floors and metal
mullions) appear speckled. These issues can be improved by adjusting the Blurred Reflection Precision value.
(See Render Quality Settings on page 1163.)
To improve the appearance of patterned surfaces and silhouettes without significantly increasing render
time, adjust the Image Precision (Antialiasing) value. (See Render Quality Settings on page 1163.) To produce
images with little lighting depth but crisp geometry, use the draft quality setting with a high value for Image
Precision (Antialiasing), such as 6.

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 How Reflection Types Affect Render Performance
The render appearance of a material specifies its reflectivity. Revit Architecture can render matte reflections
quickly. However, any material characteristic that causes visual distortions (such as blurred reflections or
transparencies) requires more work to render, and so requires more render time.
Shiny and mirrored reflections are slightly more difficult to render than matte reflections. A fritted surface
is more difficult to render than a smooth, glossy surface. Water is more difficult to render than glass. Metal
with a patina or a hammered surface is more difficult to render than polished metal.
Blurred reflections are the most difficult to calculate. However, you can control the quality of blurred
reflections to reduce the impact on render performance. (Use the Reflections and Transparency options. See
Render Quality Settings on page 1163.)

How Refractions and Reflections Affect Render Performance

Refractive materials, like glass, usually involve reflections as well. As a result, these materials are more
expensive (in time and resources) to render than others. Also, the average pane of glass has 2 layers or sides,
requiring multiple layers of refraction. When rendering an image, all of the layers must be calculated so you
can see through the glass. For example, you need at least 6 refractions to see through 3 panes of solid glass.
When rendering an image, you can specify the number of bounces off reflective surfaces (Maximum Number
of Reflections), and the number of panes of glass for refractions (Maximum Number of Refractions). Higher
settings generally result in longer render times. Blurry refractions increase render time further. (In the Render
Quality Settings dialog, use the Reflections and Transparency options. See Render Quality Settings on page
1163.)

Render Performance and Image Size/Quality

The image size or resolution of a rendered image has a predictable effect on render time. The Image Precision
(Antialiasing) setting affects render time in a similar way. (See Render Quality Settings on page 1163.) Higher
values for image size, resolution, or precision require more time to generate the rendered image.

Effect of Increasing Image Resolution

If you double the image resolution (for example, from 75 dpi to 150 dpi) without changing other settings,
render time can increase by 2 to 4 times. (Depending on the complexity of the image being rendered, the
increase in render time can vary from 1.9 to 3.9 times, with an average of 2.7 times the render time of the
original 75-dpi image.)
If you double the resolution again (from the original 75 dpi to 150 dpi, then to 300 dpi), each jump in
resolution increases render time by 2.7 times. Therefore, if you increase the resolution from 75 dpi to 300
dpi, the render time is typically increased 2.7 x 2.7 times, or about 7.3 times the original 75-dpi render time.
If you increase the resolution from 75 dpi to 600 dpi, the render time is typically increased 2.7 x 2.7 x 2.7
times, or about 19.7 times the original 75-dpi render time.

Checking the Image Size

When defining the view area to render, check that the image size is appropriate and reasonable. If you specify
a very large image size, the render speed may be very slow.

■ Crop region: When using a crop region to define the view area to render, you can specify the height and
width of the crop region. (See Resizing Crop Regions Explicitly on page 166.) The crop region size defines
the paper size of the rendered image.

Render Performance and Image Size/Quality | 1175

 ■ Render region: When using a render region to define the view area to render in an orthographic view,
you can drag the render region boundary. (Defining the View Area to Render on page 1161.) The resulting
height and width display in the Rendering dialog under Output.

See Controlling the Size of the Rendered Image on page 1166.

Troubleshooting Issues with Rendering

When rendering a 3D view, you may encounter the following issues.

Press Render to Update the Image

Error: Changes you have made to the rendering are not shown in this image. Press Render to update the
image.
Issue: This message displays in the drawing area when you render an image and then change the render
settings or the building model. It indicates that the rendered image is out of date.
Solution: To update the rendered image, click Render in the Rendering dialog.

Missing Images
Warning: The following render appearance images are missing.

NOTE If you see this warning during the rendering process, copy and paste the list of missing files into a text file
or document. This strategy enables you to check on the status of these missing files later.

Issue: When mental ray cannot locate files used in render appearances (including decals), it continues the
rendering process, and it renders that part of the view as black. (Click Cancel if you want to cancel the
rendering process instead of proceeding.) For example, if an image file that defines a custom color or texture
is missing, elements to which that material is applied display as black in the rendered image. Likewise, if a
decal image file is missing, the decal displays as black.
Solution: Check the render appearances of the relevant materials. (See Changing the Render Appearance of
a Material on page 465.)
When you move the mouse over the Image File field for a decal or color or bump pattern, Revit Architecture
displays the path of the image file. Check whether the image file resides in the specified location. If not,
check whether the image file resides in a path specified on the Rendering tab of the Options dialog. (See
Additional Render Appearance Paths on page 507.) If the Revit project was sent to you by another team
member, you may need to request the relevant image files.

Not Enough Memory to Create the Rendered Image

Error: There is not enough memory to create the rendered image.
Issue: This message displays when you try to render an image, but the computer has insufficient memory
to perform the operation.

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 Solution: To make more memory available for the rendering process, use one or more of the following
strategies:

■ Reduce the size of the image to be rendered. See Controlling the Size of the Rendered Image on page 1166
and Render Performance and Image Size/Quality on page 1175.

■ Close unnecessary views in the Revit project.

■ Close unnecessary applications.

Not Enough Memory to Save to Project

Error: Not enough memory to save to project.
Issue: This message displays when you render an image and click Save to Project, but the computer has
insufficient memory to perform the operation.
Solution: If desired, export the image to a file. To increase available memory, close other Revit projects, or
exit Revit and restart it.

Rendering Process Is Taking Too Long

Symptom: The rendering process is taking too long, or is taking longer than expected.
Issue: Many factors can affect the amount of time required to render an image, including image size,
resolution, render quality settings, lighting, complex materials, and more.
Solution: See Rendering Best Practices on page 1172. That section describes many of the factors that affect
render time. It also provides recommendations and tips on how to balance the need for a quality image with
the amount of time required to render it.

Rendered Image Is Black

Symptom: All or part of the rendered image is black.
Issues and Solutions: If parts of the rendered image are black, some image files used by render appearances
or decals may be missing. See Missing Images on page 1176.
If the rendered image is all black, it could be caused by the following:
■ No lights: The render settings do not include natural or artificial light. For example, suppose you specify
an interior lighting scheme that uses artificial lights only, but all interior lights are turned off.
To correct this situation, in the Rendering dialog, check the lighting settings. Change them to include
natural light or artificial light, or both. See Controlling Lighting in a Rendered Image on page 1166. If
needed, turn on artificial lights. See Turning Lights On and Off on page 1139.

■ Exposure settings: The exposure settings are not defined correctly.

To correct this situation, check the exposure settings. In the Rendering dialog, under Image, click Adjust
Exposure. See Adjust Exposure Settings on page 1169.

Rendered Image Is Washed Out or Faded

Symptom: The rendered image shows too much light, so it looks washed out or faded.

Not Enough Memory to Save to Project | 1177

 Issues and Solutions: To solve the problem, try the following:

■ Exposure: Check the exposure setting. Try using a darker exposure. See Adjusting the Exposure of a
Rendered Image on page 1168.

■ Initial Intensity: The Initial Intensity settings for the light sources may be incorrect. In general, Luminous
Flux (lumens) provides more accurate lighting in a rendered image than Wattage. Determine the
manufacturer value for lumens, and enter this value for the Luminous Flux parameter of the Initial
Intensity dialog. (See Changing the Initial Intensity of a Light Source on page 1133.)

■ Wattage and Efficacy: If you specify a Wattage value on the Initial Intensity dialog, be sure to also specify
a value for Efficacy. (If you change Wattage alone, you may make the light source unintentionally bright.)
Efficacy is the amount of light (luminous flux, measured in lumens) produced by a light source as a ratio
of the amount of energy consumed to produce it (measured in watts).
Examples: For a 100 watt tungsten incandescent (110 V), efficacy is 175. For a 32-watt fluorescent tube
(T8), efficacy is 60.
After changing the Efficacy value, render the image again. Try adjusting the Efficacy value until you
achieve the desired result in the rendered image.

Elements Are Gray in Rendered Image

Symptom: In the rendered image, some of the elements display as gray. They do not display render
appearances as expected.
Issue: This problem occurs when you upgrade a Revit 2008 (or an earlier release) project that uses custom
materials. During the upgrade process, Revit Architecture upgrades all standard materials to use the new
render appearances. However, it cannot upgrade any custom materials.
Solution: Assign render appearances to the custom materials. See Changing the Render Appearance of a
Material on page 465.

Entourage Did Not Render Correctly

Symptom: The 3D view contains entourage (such as cars and people), but it did not render properly.
Issue: This problem occurs when the entourage objects do not have render appearances assigned to them.
Solution: Assign render appearances to the entourage objects. See Specifying a Render Appearance for an
RPC Family on page 1144.

Plants and Trees Are Missing from Rendered Image

Symptom: The 3D view includes plants and trees, but they do not display in the rendered image.
Issue: This problem can occur when you render an image in a project that was created using Revit 2008 (or
an earlier release), and the plants were defined using AccuRender procedures. Revit 2009 no longer supports
AccuRender procedures.
Solution: Edit the plant family properties to specify a render appearance. Then render the image again. See
Specifying a Render Appearance for an RPC Family on page 1144.

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Rendered Image Is Poor Quality
Symptom: The rendered image has one or more of the following issues:

■ It contains artifacts (small inaccuracies or imperfections in the rendered image).

■ In some places, light reflecting on surfaces looks splotchy or speckled.

■ Edges of model elements and their shadows are not crisp. Instead, the edges are soft and fuzzy.

Issue: These issues may be caused by inappropriate render quality settings, or the use of default settings.
Solution: Try adjusting the render quality settings to obtain the desired result. See Render Quality Settings
on page 1163 and Rendering Best Practices on page 1172.

Rendered Image is Wrong Color

Symptom: In the rendered image, the lighting looks too bluish or too orange.
Issue: This problem occurs when the white point needs to be adjusted.
Solution: Adjust exposure settings for the rendered image. See Adjusting the Exposure of a Rendered Image
on page 1168.

■ If the image looks too orange, reduce the White Point value.

■ If the image looks too blue, increase the White Point value.

Light Source Shapes Do Not Display in Rendered Image

Symptom: The light does not display a self-luminous surface (glow) in the rendered image.
Issue: In the lighting fixture family, you specified an Emit from Shape of Circle or Rectangle. (See Defining
the Geometry of a Light Source on page 1117.) In the lighting fixture parameters, you selected Emit Shape
Visible in Rendering. (See Parameters for Lighting Fixtures and Light Sources on page 1119.) Therefore, you
expect the light to display a self-luminous surface in the rendered image. However, the luminous surface
does not display because the Soft Shadows option is turned off.
Solution: Select the Soft Shadows option on the Render Quality Settings dialog. (See Defining a Custom
Render Quality on page 1163 and Render Quality Settings on page 1163.) Then render the image again.

Solar Studies
In Revit Architecture, you can create solar studies of a project to evaluate the impact of natural light and
shadows on the buildings and site. Exterior solar studies can show how shadows from terrain and surrounding
buildings affect the site. Interior solar studies can show where natural light penetrates a building during
specific times of the day and year. Solar studies yield valuable information that can help support effective
passive solar design.

Creating Views for Solar Studies

To study the effect of light and shadow on a project, use 3D views of a building model. Typical plan views,
such as floor plans and ceiling plans, do not display many elements in 3D, so no shadows will be cast from

Rendered Image Is Poor Quality | 1179

 these elements. You can use 3D plan views, section views, and views created from callouts as a basis for solar
studies. For more information, see Project Views on page 79.
To produce solar studies that accurately represent the position of the sun in relation to the project when
Project North differs from True North, change the view orientation to True North. See Orienting Views to
True North on page 1180.
As an alternative, when producing a still solar study, you can specify the sun’s location relative to the view.
See Still Solar Studies Based on Azimuth and Altitude on page 1182.

Orienting Views to True North

Drafting conventions dictate that Project North is the top of the view. When producing solar studies, change
the view orientation from Project North to True North to create accurate sunlight and shadow patterns for
the project. (You must be in a 2D plan view to set the view orientation to True North.) After you change the
view orientation to True North, you can rotate the project to True North in the view.

To orient a project to True North

1 In the Project Browser, open a 2D plan view of the project.
2 Click View menu ➤ View Properties.

TIP You can also right-click in the drawing area, and click View Properties to access the Element
Properties dialog.

3 In the Element Properties dialog, under Graphics, select True North for Orientation, and click
OK.
4 Click Tools menu ➤ Project Position/Orientation ➤ Rotate True North.
5 On the Options Bar, for Angle from Project to True North, enter a value to set the angle of
rotation.
For example, if the difference between Project North and True North is 45 degrees, enter 45.
The project rotates in the view to the specified angle.

NOTE Settings for project location and orientation, including the angle from True North, are saved
with the project, not the view.

Creating a Solar Study

In Revit Architecture, you can create a solar study as either of the following:

■ An animation, which is a series of frames that show shadow movement over a defined period of time.

■ A still, which is a single frame that shows shadow patterns for a specific date and time.

You save solar study settings under a unique name so that you can view or modify the solar study at a later
time.

To create a solar study

1 In a project, open a 3D view.
2 Customize the view as needed to enhance solar study analysis.
For example, you can use SteeringWheel and ViewCube options to adjust the view. See Navigating
Views on page 169.

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 3 On the View Control Bar, for Model Graphics Style, select Hidden Line, Shading, or Shading
with Edges.
You cannot see shadows using the Wireframe style.

4 Click View menu ➤ Advanced Model Graphics.

5 Under Sun, for Sun Position, click .

6 In the Sun and Shadows Settings dialog, click the Still, Single-Day, or Multi-Day tab to create
the desired type of solar study:
■ Still: Creates a single frame showing shadow patterns for a specific location and time. For
example, you can view shadow patterns for a project in Los Angeles, California, on May 10
at 3:55 PM.

■ Single-Day: Produces an animation that shows the movement of shadows at the project
location during a defined range of time on a specific day. For example, you can track shadows
from 7:00 AM to 7:00 PM on June 22.

■ Multi-Day: Produces an animation that shows the impact of shadows at the project location
at a specific time of day over a defined range of days. For example, you can view shadow
patterns at 2:00 PM every day from June 20 through June 25.

The tab displays the predefined sun and shadow settings. To create a new sun and shadow
setting, click Duplicate to copy an existing setting. In the Name dialog, enter a descriptive name,
and click OK.

7 Specify settings for the solar study.

■ For a still study, see Specifying Settings for a Still Solar Study on page 1181.

■ For a single-day study, see Specifying Settings for a Single-Day Solar Study on page 1183.

■ For a multi-day study, see Specifying Settings for a Multi-Day Solar Study on page 1184.

8 In the Advanced Model Graphics Settings dialog, select Use Sun Position for Shaded Display.
9 Under Sun, for Brightness, adjust the amount of ambient light.
10 Under Shadow, select Cast Shadows.

This option has the same effect as clicking (Shadows On) on the View Control Bar.

11 For Contrast, adjust the darkness of the shadows.

12 Under Edges, for Silhouette style, select the type of lines to use if the model graphics style is
Hidden Line or Shading with Edges.
13 To test the new sun and shadow settings, click Apply.
14 When you are finished setting up the solar study, click OK.
Now you can preview a solar study animation, or export the solar study to one or more files. See Previewing
a Solar Study Animation on page 1185 and Exporting a Solar Study on page 1185.

Specifying Settings for a Still Solar Study

After you perform the initial steps to create a still solar study, decide whether to base the study on a project
location (such as Los Angeles) or on azimuth and altitude values.

Specifying Settings for a Still Solar Study | 1181

 Still Solar Studies Based on Location
You can set up solar studies for the same building model in different locations. For example, if the same
retail store will be constructed in Los Angeles and London, change the Place setting at the project level, and
then export a solar study for each city location.
Use this procedure to specify the location settings for a still solar study after performing the initial steps to
create the study.

To create a still solar study based on location

1 On the Still tab of the Sun and Shadows Settings dialog, under Settings, select By Date, Time
and Place.
The Place defined at the project level displays.

2 To change the place, do the following:

a For Place, click .

b On the Place tab of the Manage Place and Locations dialog, select a city.
The latitude and longitude for the specified place display.

c Enter values for Latitude and Longitude if you need precise solar study information, or
accept the predefined values if you want a close approximation based on the nearest city.

NOTE If you enter values for Latitude and Longitude, no value displays for City. When you click
OK, the value for Place in the Sun and Shadows Settings dialog is User Defined.

d If you want Revit Architecture to calculate whether to use daylight savings time, select
Automatically adjust clock for daylight savings changes.

e Click OK.

3 In the Sun and Shadows Settings dialog, enter a date and time for the solar study.
4 To specify the level to be used for shadow display, select Ground Plane at Level, and select the
level.
When you select Ground Plane at Level, Revit Architecture casts shadows on the specified level
in 2D and 3D shaded views. When you clear Ground Plane at Level, Revit Architecture casts
shadows on the toposurface, if one exists.

NOTE This option does not affect shadows in rendered images.

5 To test the new sun and shadow settings, click Apply.

6 When you are finished setting up the solar study, click OK.

Still Solar Studies Based on Azimuth and Altitude

Use this procedure to specify the azimuth and altitude settings for a still solar study after you perform the
initial steps to create the study.

To create a still solar study based on azimuth and altitude

1 On the Still tab of the Sun and Shadows Settings dialog, under Settings, select Directly.
2 Enter values for Azimuth and Altitude.

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 Azimuth is the bearing angle (180 degrees at mid-day). Altitude is the vertical angle between
the horizon and the sun, as measured with a sextant. Altitude changes from day to day through
the solar year.

3 To orient the sunlight along the orientation of the view, select Relative to View.
This option provides consistent shadow graphics on a series of elevations, regardless of their
actual orientation.
To orient the sunlight along a True North-South trajectory, clear Relative to View.

4 To specify the level to be used for shadow display, select Ground Plane at Level, and select the
level.
When you select Ground Plane at Level, Revit Architecture casts shadows on the specified level
in 2D and 3D shaded views. When you clear Ground Plane at Level, Revit Architecture casts
shadows on the toposurface, if one exists.

NOTE This option does not affect shadows in rendered images.

5 To test the new sun and shadow settings, click Apply.

6 When you are finished setting up the solar study, click OK.

Specifying Settings for a Single-Day Solar Study

A single-day solar study is an animation that shows the movement of shadows at a project location during
a defined range of time on a specific day. For example, you can track shadows from 7:00 AM to 7:00 PM on
June 22.
Changing the place allows you to set up solar studies for the same building model in different locations. For
example, if the same retail store will be constructed in Los Angeles and London, change the Place setting at
the project level, and then export a solar study for each city location.
Use this procedure after performing the initial steps to create the study.

To specify settings for a single-day solar study

1 On the Sun and Shadows Settings dialog, click the Single-Day tab.
2 Select a solar study from the list.
3 To change the place, do the following:

a For Place, click .

b On the Place tab of the Manage Place and Locations dialog, select a city.

c Enter values for Latitude and Longitude if you need precise solar study information, or
accept the predefined values if you want a close approximation based on the nearest city.

NOTE If you enter values for Latitude and Longitude, no value displays for City. When you click
OK, the Place value in the Sun and Shadows Settings dialog is User Defined.

d If you want Revit Architecture to calculate whether to use daylight savings time, select
Automatically adjust clock for daylight savings changes.

e Click OK.

4 In the Sun and Shadows Settings dialog, for Date, specify the date for the solar study.
5 For Time Range, select Sunrise to sunset, or enter a time range for the solar study.

Specifying Settings for a Single-Day Solar Study | 1183

 6 For Time Interval, select the amount of time to elapse between each image in the animation.
When you select a time interval, Frames displays the number of individual images that the solar
study animation will contain.

7 To specify the level to be used for shadow display, select Ground Plane at Level, and select the
level.
When you select Ground Plane at Level, Revit Architecture casts shadows on the specified level
in 2D and 3D shaded views. When you clear Ground Plane at Level, Revit Architecture casts
shadows on the toposurface, if one exists.

NOTE This option does not affect shadows in rendered images.

8 To test the new sun and shadow settings, click Apply.

9 When you are finished setting up the solar study, click OK.

Specifying Settings for a Multi-Day Solar Study

A multi-day solar study is an animation that shows the impact of shadows at a project location at a specific
time of day over a defined range of days. For example, you can view shadow patterns at 2:00 PM every day
from January 1 through March 31.
Changing the place allows you to set up solar studies for the same building model in different locations. For
example, if the same retail store will be constructed in Los Angeles and London, change the Place setting at
the project level, and then export a solar study for each city location.
Use this procedure after performing the initial steps to create the study.

To create a multi-day solar study

1 On the Sun and Shadows Settings dialog, click the Multi-Day tab.
2 Select a solar study from the list, or select the default: Multi-Day Solar Study – User Defined.
3 To change the place, do the following:

a For Place, click .

b On the Place tab of the Manage Place and Locations dialog, select a city.

c Enter values for Latitude and Longitude if you need precise solar study information, or
accept the predefined values if you want a close approximation based on the nearest city.

NOTE If you enter values for Latitude and Longitude, no value displays for City. When you click
OK, the Place value in the Sun and Shadows Settings dialog is User Defined.

d If you want Revit Architecture to calculate whether to use daylight savings time, select
Automatically adjust clock for daylight savings changes.

e Click OK.

4 In the Sun and Shadows Settings dialog, for Date, specify the start date and end date for the
solar study.
5 For Time, enter the time of day when the solar study is to show shadows for each day.
6 For Time Interval, select the amount of time to elapse between each image in the animation.
When you select a time interval, Frames displays the number of individual images that the solar
study animation will contain.

1184 | Chapter 17 Rendering

 7 To specify the level to be used for shadow display, select Ground Plane at Level, and select the
level.
When you select Ground Plane at Level, Revit Architecture casts shadows on the specified level
in 2D and 3D shaded views. When you clear Ground Plane at Level, Revit Architecture casts
shadows on the toposurface, if one exists.

NOTE This option does not affect shadows in rendered images.

8 To test the new sun and shadow settings, click Apply.

9 When you are finished setting up the solar study, click OK.

Previewing a Solar Study Animation

After you create a solar study animation, you can preview specific frames or the full animation using control
buttons on the Options Bar.

To preview a solar study animation

1 In the Project Browser, double-click a view for which you created a solar study animation.
See Creating a Solar Study on page 1180.

2 Click View menu ➤ Advanced Model Graphics.

3 In the Advanced Model Graphics Settings dialog, for Sun and Shadows Settings, click .
4 In the Sun and Shadows Settings dialog, on the Single-Day or Multi-Day tab, select the solar
study, and click OK.
5 In the Advanced Model Graphics Settings dialog, click OK.

6 On the View Control Bar, click (Shadows On), and click Preview Solar Study.

7 To play the animation from start to finish, on the Options Bar, click (Play).
8 To stop the animation, on the status bar, click Cancel.
9 To control the animation, use the following buttons on the Options Bar:

■ To move backward 10 frames, click .

■ To move forward 10 frames, click .

■ To display the previous frame, click .

■ To display the next frame, click .

■ To display a specific frame of the animation, for Frame, enter the frame number.

Exporting a Solar Study

In Revit Architecture, you can export solar studies to a variety of file formats. These files can be easily
distributed and viewed by colleagues and clients. The export file types include AVI, JPEG, TIFF, BMP, GIF,
and PNG. AVI files are standalone video files. All other export file types have a single-frame format, allowing
you to save specified frames of an animation as separate image files.

Previewing a Solar Study Animation | 1185

 NOTE When you want to export to a single-frame format, first create a folder in which to save the files (especially
if you are exporting several frames). The export process saves each of the specified frames as a separate image
file.

To export a solar study

1 In the Project Browser, double-click a view for which you created a solar study animation.
See Creating a Solar Study on page 1180.

2 If you plan to export a solar study using rendered images (instead of shaded views or hidden
line views), check render settings for the 3D view.
See Changing Render Settings for a View on page 1170.

3 Click File menu ➤ Export ➤ Animated Solar Study.

4 In the Length/Format dialog, under Output Length, select All Frames to export the entire
animation, or select Frame Range and specify the start and end frames in the range.
5 If you are exporting to an AVI file, enter the number of frames per second.
Based on the interval that you specify, Revit Architecture calculates the output length, and
displays it under Total Time.

6 Under Format, for Model Graphics Style, select one of the following:
■ Wireframe: This option displays an image of the model with all edges and lines drawn, but
with no surfaces drawn.

■ Hidden Line: This option displays the image with all edges and lines drawn except those
occluded by surfaces.

■ Shading: This option displays the image with all surfaces shaded according to their material
settings and project light locations.

■ Shading with Edges: This option displays the image in shaded mode, but with all
non-occluded edges drawn as well.

■ Rendering: This option uses defined render settings to create a photorealistic image for each
frame in the solar study.

7 Enter dimensions (in pixels) or a zoom percentage to specify the size of the frame in the export
file.
If you enter a value for one dimension, Revit Architecture calculates and displays the value for
the other dimension to maintain the proportions of the frame, and it displays the equivalent
zoom percentage. Likewise, when you change the zoom percentage, Revit Architecture calculates
and displays the equivalent dimensions.

8 Click OK.
9 In the Export Animated Solar Study dialog, under Save In, navigate to the target folder.
10 For File Name, enter a file name.
11 For Files of Type, select an export file type.
12 Click Save.
If you are exporting to a single-frame format, the animation plays while the files are being saved.

13 If you are exporting to an AVI file, do the following:

a In the Video Compression dialog, select Full Frames (Uncompressed), or select one of the
compressed video types.
Results from various video compression formats (Codecs) vary widely.

b If Compression Quality is enabled, use the slider to specify the compression quality.

1186 | Chapter 17 Rendering

c Click OK.
The animation plays while the AVI file is being saved.

NOTE Uncompressed AVI files can be zipped to reduce the file size. Typically, the AVI file can
be played from within the ZIP file.

Exporting a Solar Study | 1187

1188
Working in a Team
18
You can work in a team in Revit Architecture using worksharing or using linked models.
Worksharing allows simultaneous access to a shared model through use of a central file. Use worksharing when you are
working with a single model (one RVT file) that will have multiple team members working on it.
Using linked models, project elements or systems are separated into individually managed models that can be linked
together. Use linked models when your project contains distinct buildings, such as a campus, or when you are working
with team members from other disciplines, such as structural engineers or MEP engineers. You can also use worksharing
in linked models.
Worksharing is covered in this topic; for information on linked models, see Working with Linked Models on page 1213.

Worksharing Workflow
The following steps provide the general workflow for setting up and using workshared projects.

1 Choose the project to share.

A workshared project is one that several team members need to work on at the same time. For example,
a team may have different members assigned to work on specific functional areas, such as the interior
layout, the exterior shell, and the furniture layout.

2 Enable worksharing.
When you enable worksharing, Revit Architecture creates the central file for the project. The central
file is like the project database. It stores all changes made to the project and stores all current workset
and element ownership information. It is recommended that after the central file is created, all work
be done in local copies of the central file. All users will need to save a copy of the central file on their
local network or hard drive. All changes can be published to the central file and all users can load other
users’ changes from the central file at any time.
See Enabling Worksharing on page 1190.

3 Optionally, set up worksets.

A workset is a collection of elements, such as walls, doors, floors, or stairs. When you enable worksharing,
several default worksets are created (2 default user-created worksets, and worksets for the families that
are loaded in the project, project standards, and project views). For more information, see Default
Worksets on page 1193.
You can create worksets based on functional areas, such as interior, exterior, or site.
See Setting Up Worksets on page 1191.

1189
 4 Begin worksharing.
Team members create a copy of the central file on their local network or hard drive to begin using
worksharing.
See Using Workshared Files on page 1196.

Worksharing Terminology

Term Definition

worksharing A design method that allows multiple team members to work

on the same project file at the same time.

central file The master project file for a workshared project. The central
file stores the current ownership information for all elements
in the project, and acts as the distribution point for all
changes published to the file. All users save their own local
copies of the central file, work locally, and then save changes
to the central file so that other users can see their work.

workset A collection of elements in a project. A workset is typically a

discrete functional area, such as interior, exterior, site, or
parking. When you enable worksharing, you can divide a
project into worksets, with different team members respons-
ible for each workset.

active workset The workset to which new elements are added. The active
workset name displays on the Workset toolbar.

element borrowing Allows you to edit an element that is in a workset you do not
own. If no one owns the workset, permission to borrow is
automatically granted. If another team member is currently
editing the workset, that team member is the owner of the
workset and you must place a request to borrow the element
from that team member.

Enabling Worksharing
Enabling worksharing involves creating a master project file, known as a central file, from an existing model.
The central file stores the current ownership information for all worksets and elements in the project, and
acts as the distribution point for all changes published to the file. All users should save their own local copy
of the central file, work locally, and then save changes to the central file so that other users can see their
work.

To enable worksharing and create a central file:

1 Open the Revit project file (RVT) you want as the central file.

2 Click File menu ➤ Worksets, or click (Worksets) on the Worksets toolbar.

The Worksharing dialog displays, showing the default user-created worksets (Shared Levels and
Grids, and Workset1).

1190 | Chapter 18 Working in a Team

 3 If desired, rename the worksets.
4 In the Worksharing dialog, click OK.
The Worksets dialog displays.

5 In the Worksets dialog, click OK.

You do not need to create worksets at this point. For more information, see Setting Up Worksets
on page 1191.

6 Click File menu ➤ Save As.

7 In the Save As dialog, specify a file name and directory location for the central file.
When specifying a name for the central file, use a naming convention that identifies the file as
the central file (for example, OfficeBuilding_CentralFile.rvt).

IMPORTANT When you save the central file, be sure that it is saved to a network drive all team
members have access to.

8 In the Save As dialog, click Options.

9 In the File Save Options dialog, select Make this a Central File after save, and click OK.

NOTE If this is the first time you have saved after enabling worksharing, this option is selected by
default and cannot be changed.

10 In the Save As dialog, click Save.

The file is now the central file for the project. Revit Architecture creates the file in the directory you specified
and creates a backup folder for the file. For example, if your central file is called OfficeBuilding_CentralFile,
you see the Revit project file and the backup folder (OfficeBuilding_CentralFile_backup) in the directory.

The backup folder contains the backup information and editing permission information for the central file.
For more information on backup files and folders, see Workshared Project Rollback on page 1208.
The Revit_temp folder contains files that provide progress information on operations (such as Save to Central)
to the Worksharing Monitor. For more information, see Worksharing Monitor on page 1211.

Setting Up Worksets
A workset is a collection of elements, such as walls, doors, floors, or stairs. Only one user can edit each
workset at a given time. All team members can view worksets owned by other team members, but they

Setting Up Worksets | 1191

 cannot make changes to them. This restriction prevents potential conflicts within the project. It is possible
to borrow an element from a workset that you do not own. For more information, see Borrowing Elements
on page 1198.
When you enable worksharing, several default worksets are created (2 default user-created worksets, and
worksets for the families that are loaded in the project, project standards, and project views). For more
information, see Default Worksets on page 1193.
The following image shows the Worksets dialog, with the 2 default user-created worksets, Shared Levels and
Grids and Workset1.

The Worksets dialog provides the following information:

■ Active workset designates the workset to which new elements are added. The active workset can be a
workset that is editable by you or one that is owned by another team member. You can add elements to
worksets you do not own.

NOTE The active workset name also displays on the Worksets toolbar.

■ Gray Inactive Workset Graphics displays all elements in the drawing area that are not part of the active
workset as gray. This has no effect on printing.

■ Name indicates the name of the workset. You can rename all user-created worksets.

■ Editable indicates the editable status of a workset. You cannot change editable status until you save to
central.

■ Owner indicates the owner of the workset. If the Editable status of the workset is Yes, or you change the
Editable status of the workset to Yes, then you are the owner of the workset.
The Owner value is the user name that is listed on the General tab of the Options dialog. For more
information on the Options dialog, see Options on page 504.

■ Borrowers lists the users who are currently borrowing an element from the workset. If there is more than
one borrower, you can view the list of borrowers from the drop-down list.

■ Opened indicates if a workset is open (Yes) or closed (No). Elements in open worksets are visible in the
project, elements in closed worksets are not.

1192 | Chapter 18 Working in a Team

■ Show allows you to show or hide the different types of project worksets (User-Created, Families, Project
Standards, Views) that appear in the Name list.

Worksets and Element Borrowing

Generally, it is recommended that you work in your local copy of the central file and not make worksets
editable. When you edit an element that is not being edited by another team member, you automatically
become the borrower of the element and can make the changes you need. It is recommended that you save
to central frequently as you work. Saving to central relinquishes borrowed elements, allowing other team
members to edit them.
Use worksets when you want to reserve parts of a project so that only the assigned user can edit the elements
in that workset. Also consider these benefits for creating worksets:

■ Convenience for editing

Dividing a project into worksets makes it easier to make whole sections of a project editable at once.

■ Visibility control
You can control overall visibility in a project when you link Revit models into other Revit projects. For
example, it is often convenient to turn off visibility of the Shared Levels and Grids workset when linking
Revit models so that you do not have to turn off levels and grids individually in each view.

Default Worksets
When you enable worksharing, Revit Architecture creates default worksets and assigns project elements and
settings to these worksets. The default worksets are:

■ User-created. Revit Architecture creates 2 default user-created worksets.

■ Shared Levels and Grids. Contains all existing levels, grids, and reference planes. You can rename
this workset.

■ Workset1. Contains all existing model elements in the project. When you create worksets, you can
reassign elements from Workset1 into the appropriate workset. You can rename this workset, but you
cannot delete it.

■ Families. Each family that is loaded in the project is assigned to a separate workset. You cannot rename
or delete family worksets.

■ Views. Contains all project view worksets. For example, Floor Plan Level 1 view is assigned to a workset
called View: "Floor Plan Level 1". View worksets contain view properties and any view-specific elements,
such as annotations, dimensions, or text notes. When you add view-specific elements to a view, they are
automatically added to the appropriate view workset.
You cannot make a view workset the active workset, but you can change its editable status so that you
can modify a view-specific element (for example, a section in a plan view). If the associated workset for
the section view is not editable by you, change the editable status of the workset so that you can edit it.
See Making Worksets Editable on page 1201.
You cannot reassign view-specific elements from a view workset to another workset. View worksets cannot
be renamed or deleted.

■ Project Standards. Contains all project-wide settings defined for the project (for example, line styles and
fill patterns). You cannot rename or delete project standard worksets.
For a complete list of project standard worksets:
1 In a workshared file, click File menu ➤ Worksets.

2 In the Worksets dialog, select only Project Standards in the Show field.

Setting Up Worksets | 1193

 All project standards worksets display in the Name column.

Considerations for Worksets

In general, when setting up worksets, you should consider the following:

■ Project size
The size of the project may affect the way you enable worksharing for the team. In general, elements
that are edited together should be in one workset. You do not need to create a workset for each floor of
the building. In a multistory structure, however, you may want to create a workset for a set of building
elements that only appear on one floor, such as a tenant interior.
If the floor plate of a project is too large to fit on a sheet and you need to split it up, you may want to
consider creating a workset for each side of the building.

■ Team member roles

Typically, designers work in teams, with each assigned a specific functional task. Each team member has
control over a particular portion of the design (for example, interior, exterior, or site). The workset
structure for the project can reflect this breakdown of tasks, and you can name the worksets accordingly.

■ Worksets and templates

Worksets cannot be included in templates.

■ Default workset visibility

The performance of Revit Architecture improves if some worksets are not visible by default. This visibility
control eliminates the time required to draw additional views of the project.
To identify visibility requirements, determine the frequency with which the elements in the workset
display in the project. Under this guideline, you might have an exterior workset visible by default, while
a specific furniture workset would not be.

■ Groups and families

Groups and families have a type workset and an instance workset that do not have to be the same.
All elements in a group are in the group instance workset. To edit the group, make the group type workset
editable or borrow the group type. To modify the elements inside a group, make the group instance
workset editable. You can determine which worksets the elements are in by accessing the element
properties. If you use element borrowing to check out a group instance, Revit Architecture automatically
borrows all elements in the group.

Creating Worksets
1 Open your local copy of the central file, or open the central file.
2 Click File menu ➤ Worksets.
3 In the Worksets dialog, click New.
4 In the New Workset dialog, enter a name for the new workset (for example, Interior).
5 If you want the workset to display in all open and new views, select Visible by default in all
views. Clear this option if you want the workset to display only in views where you specifically
turn on the visibility.

1194 | Chapter 18 Working in a Team

 You can change the visibility of worksets later in the Visibility/Graphics dialog. For more
information, see Controlling Workset Visibility on page 1203.

IMPORTANT Performance improves if new worksets are not visible by default. To identify visibility
requirements, determine the frequency with which the elements in the workset will display in the
project. Under this guideline, you might have an exterior workset visible by default, while a more
specific workset would not be.

6 Click OK.
The new workset displays in the list of worksets; it is editable, and your user name displays for
Owner.
If you are setting up a workshared file for your team and want to assign owners to each workset,
each team member must open their local copy of the central file, select the workset in the
Worksets dialog, and then select Yes in the Editable column, or click the Editable button.

7 When you finish creating worksets, click OK to close the Worksets dialog.
8 If you have added only one new workset, Revit Architecture prompts you to make the new
workset active. Click Yes or No.

Adding Elements to a Workset

1 If the Worksets toolbar is not already open, right-click on the toolbar and click Worksets.
2 On the Worksets toolbar, select a workset to make it the active workset.

NOTE You can select a non-editable workset as the active workset. If you place an element in a
non-editable workset, the element becomes non-editable after you save to central. If you add
view-specific elements, such as detail lines or dimensions, they are added to the workset of the active
project view.

3 If you want all elements that were not created in the active workset to display as gray, click
(Gray Inactive Workset Graphics).
4 Add the necessary elements to the drawing area.

Reassigning an Element to a Different Workset

1 In the drawing area, select an element or elements.

NOTE If you select several elements, and include view-specific elements (for example, tags) you will
not be able to edit the Workset parameter. To automatically filter out elements that you cannot edit,
on the Options Bar, select Editable Only before making your selection. Alternatively, you can click

(Filter Selection) on the Options Bar to remove any view-specific elements from your selection.

2 Click (Element Properties).

3 In the Element Properties dialog, locate the Workset parameter under Identity Data.

Setting Up Worksets | 1195

 4 Click in the Value column for the parameter, and select the workset you want to reassign the
element to.
5 Click OK.

Changing the Editable Status of a Workset

NOTE You can only change the editable status of worksets that are not owned by another user.

1 Click File menu ➤ Worksets.

2 In the Worksets dialog, click the Editable value next to the workset name, and select Yes or No.
Alternatively, you can select the workset name, and click Editable or Non Editable.
If you change the editable status before you save to central, Revit Architecture informs you that
you remain the borrower of the elements you changed in the workset.

3 Click File menu ➤ Save to Central, and then click OK.

Renaming Worksets
You can rename user-created worksets.

NOTE You must be the owner of the workset to rename it.

1 Click File menu ➤ Worksets.

2 In the Worksets dialog, select the name of the workset you want to rename, and click Rename.
3 In the Rename dialog, enter a new name.
4 Click OK twice.

Deleting Worksets

NOTE You must be the owner of the workset to delete it.

1 Click File menu ➤ Worksets.

2 In the Worksets dialog, select the name of the workset you want to delete, and click Delete.
The Delete option is not available if another user is editing the workset.

3 In the Delete Workset dialog, choose either to delete the elements in the workset or move them
to another workset.
4 Click OK twice.

NOTE You cannot delete the Workset1, Project Standards, Families, or View worksets.

Using Workshared Files

One of the key features of worksharing is the ability for each team member to make changes to a local copy
of the master project file (the central file) simultaneously. On many projects, team members are assigned a
specific functional area to work on (for example interior, exterior, or site). Revit Architecture projects can
be subdivided into worksets to accommodate such environments.

1196 | Chapter 18 Working in a Team

 NOTE Worksets function similarly to External References (xrefs) in AutoCAD, with the additional ability to propagate
and coordinate changes between team members.

Typical worksharing tasks include the following:

■ Create a local copy of the central file.

It is generally recommended that you create a local copy of the central file every day. After you create a
local copy of the central file, this is the file you work in.
See Creating a Local Copy of the Central File on page 1197.

■ Open and edit your local copy of the central file.

You can make edits by borrowing elements or using worksets.
See Editing Workshared Projects on page 1197.

■ Publish your changes to the central file, or get the latest changes from the central file.
Publishing your changes is known as saving to central. This allows other team members to view the
changes you have made. When you save to central, your local copy of the central file also updates with
the latest changes other team members have saved to the central file.
You can update your local copy of the central file without saving to central by loading updates from the
central file.
See Saving Workshared Files on page 1204 and Loading Updates from the Central File on page 1206.

■ Work offsite or offline.

You do not have to be connected to a network to make your changes, or to open or edit worksets. This
is useful for team members who work offsite and access the central file remotely.

WARNING Working offline can put your project at risk.

See Working Offsite and Offline on page 1207.

Creating a Local Copy of the Central File

It is generally recommended that you create a local copy of the central file every day.
1 Open the central file.
2 Click File menu ➤ Save As.
3 In the Save As dialog, navigate to a location on your local network or your hard drive.
4 Enter a name for the file, and click Save.

Editing Workshared Projects

When using a workshared project, you can edit individual elements or you can edit worksets. When you
borrow an individual element or open a workset, the elements are visible to other users but are not editable
until you relinquish the borrowed element or workset.
When you request to borrow an element that is not owned by anyone, permission to edit the element is
automatically granted. If you need to modify an element in a workset that is owned by another team member,
you can request to borrow that element without requiring the workset owner to relinquish control of the
entire workset.

NOTE To edit an element or a workset, they must be up-to-date. If you attempt to edit an element or a workset
that is not up-to-date, you are prompted to update your local copy of the central file so that you have all of the
latest changes.

Creating a Local Copy of the Central File | 1197

 Borrowing Elements
You can edit an element without having ownership of the workset it belongs to. To do this, you borrow the
element from the workset. The borrowing process is automatic unless another user is editing the element
or the workset it belongs to. If this occurs, you can submit a request to borrow the element. When your
request is granted, you can edit the element. If changes were made to the element, you are prompted to
reload the latest changes from the central file before you can edit the element.
When you borrow an element from a workset, your name is listed in the Worksets dialog as a borrower.
Your name also displays in the Element Properties dialog for the Edited by parameter.
The simplest way to borrow an element is to make a change to the element. If the workset to which the
element belongs to is not owned by another user, you automatically become the borrower of the element
and can make changes.

To borrow an element:
1 Select an element that is not editable by you. Be sure that the Editable Only option on the
Options Bar is not selected.
Elements that are not editable by you display the Make element editable icon when you select
them in the drawing area.

2 Click (Make element editable), or right-click the element and click Make Elements Editable.
If no one else is editing the element, it opens for you to edit.
If another team member is editing the element or has ownership of the workset to which the
element belongs, a message displays indicating that you cannot edit the element until the other
team member (the owner) relinquishes it.

NOTE If you try to make a change to an element that is being editing by another team member, the
same message displays, allowing you to place a request to borrow the element.

3 In the Error dialog, click Place Request.

The Check Editability Grants dialog displays.

4 Ask the owner to approve your request.

The owner does not receive automatic notification of your request; you must contact the owner.

NOTE Your request is granted automatically if the owner saves to central and relinquishes the element.

5 You can leave the Check Editability Grants dialog open, so that you can check to see if your
request has been granted, or you can click Continue to close the Check Editability Grants dialog
and continue working. If you tried to edit the element, click Cancel in the error dialog to cancel
the edit.

NOTE If you close the Check Editability Grants dialog, you will not be able to reopen it. To check
the status of your request, ask the owner.

1198 | Chapter 18 Working in a Team

When you save to central, borrowed elements are relinquished by default. You can keep them by clearing
Borrowed Elements in the Save to Central dialog. The Save to Central dialog only opens when you click File

menu ➤ Save to Central; it does not open when you click (Save to Central) on the toolbar.

Granting a Request to Borrow an Element

This is an explicit granting process. There is also an implicit granting process that occurs when you save to
central and relinquish the requested elements.

1 After being notified of a pending request, click File menu ➤ Editing Requests, or click on
the Worksets toolbar.

NOTE Notification of a pending request is not automatic. A colleague should inform you, independent
of Revit Architecture, when they need to borrow an element from you.

2 In the Editing Requests dialog, expand Others’ pending Requests.

3 Select the request; it has a time stamp and the user name of the person submitting the request.
You can expand the request to see the element name. To view the element, select it from the
list and, if the element is not visible in the current view, click Show.

NOTE If you have modified the requested element and you have not saved your changes to central,
an asterisk appears next to the request.

4 Click Grant or, if you do not want the other user to borrow this element, click Deny/Retract.
You can also use Deny/Retract to withdraw your own request to borrow an element.

NOTE If you try to grant a request that has an asterisk next to it, Revit Architecture notifies you that
you have not saved your changes to central. You must either save your changes to central and then
grant the request, or you must relinquish your elements without saving to central. For more
information, see Relinquishing Ownership Without Saving to Central on page 1206.

Relinquishing Unchanged Borrowed Elements

If you borrow an element and do not make any changes to it, you can relinquish it.

1 Click File menu ➤ Worksets.

Editing Workshared Projects | 1199

 2 Select the workset to which the element belongs.
3 Click Non Editable.

Viewing Requests for Borrowed Elements

When you initially make a request to borrow an element, you can check the status of the request in the
Check Editability Grants dialog. If you close this dialog, and continue working, you can check to see if your
request is still pending. You can also check status of a request by asking the owner if they granted or denied
the request.

To view pending requests:

1 Click File menu ➤ Editing Requests.

2 Expand My pending Requests.
If your request is listed, it is still pending.

Retracting a Request to Borrow an Element

1 Click File menu ➤ Editing Requests.
2 Under My pending Requests, select the request.

3 Click Deny/Retract.
4 Click Close.

Outdated Workshared Elements

If another user changes an element and saves it back to central, that element in your local file is outdated.
It cannot be edited (even if you borrow it) until you reload latest or save to central.

Using Worksets
When you work on a workshared project, you specify an active workset. Each new model element you add
to the project is then contained in the active workset. View-specific elements, such as annotations and
dimensions, are placed in the workset for the current view.

The general workflow for using worksets is:

1 Open worksets so they are visible in the project. See Opening Worksets on page 1201.
2 Make the workset editable. See Making Worksets Editable on page 1201.
3 Edit a workset. See Editing a Workset on page 1202.
4 Publish your changes to the central file or reload the latest changes from the central file. See
Saving Workshared Files on page 1204 and Loading Updates from the Central File on page 1206.

1200 | Chapter 18 Working in a Team

Opening Worksets
When you open a workshared project, you can select which worksets to open. When you open only selected
worksets and leave others closed, program performance improves. Closed worksets are not visible in a project,
so less time is required for common operations such as opening files, opening new views, redrawing the
screen, and snapping.
You can open worksets from the Open dialog when you initially open your workshared project, or you can
open them from the Worksets dialog in the project.

To open worksets from the Open dialog:

1 Click File menu ➤ Open.

2 Navigate to your local copy of the central file, and select it.
3 Select an option from the Open list.

■ All: opens all worksets.

■ Editable: opens only those worksets that are editable by you.

■ Last Viewed: opens worksets according to their state from a previous Revit Architecture
session. Only worksets open in the last session open. If you are opening the file for the first
time, all worksets open.

■ Specify: opens specified worksets. When you click Open, the Opening Worksets dialog
displays, and you select the worksets to open. Press CTRL+A to select all worksets in this dialog.

4 Click Open.

To open worksets from the Worksets dialog:

1 Open your local copy of the central file.

2 Click File menu ➤ Worksets, or click (Worksets) on the toolbar.

3 In the Worksets dialog, select the desired workset, and click Open, or, under Opened, click Yes.
4 Click OK.

Making Worksets Editable

There are various methods you can use to make worksets editable.

To make worksets editable from the Worksets dialog:

1 Open your local copy of the central file.
2 Click File menu ➤ Worksets.
3 In the Worksets dialog, to filter the display of worksets, make the appropriate selections under
Show. For example, to see the Project Standards worksets, select Project Standards.

Editing Workshared Projects | 1201

 4 Click under Editable for the workset, and select Yes. Alternatively, you can select the workset
name, and click Editable.

NOTE If a workset is owned by another user, you cannot change its editable status.

5 Repeat the previous step for as many worksets as you want to edit.

TIP To check out multiple worksets at once, click the workset name under the Name column to select
it, hold CTRL or SHIFT and select other worksets, and then click Editable. You can select all worksets
by pressing CTRL+A.

6 Click OK.
When you click OK, ownership information is communicated to the central file and to all local
copies of the central file, so that all team members have the current ownership information.

To make worksets editable by selecting an element:

In the drawing area, right-click an element, and click Make Worksets Editable.

Alternatively, select the element in the drawing area, and click Edit menu ➤ Make Worksets Editable.

To make project view worksets editable from the Project Browser:

In the Project Browser, right-click a project view, and click Make Workset Editable.

To make a sheet view workset editable:

In the Project Browser, right-click a sheet view, and click Make Workset Editable With All Views. The sheet
view workset and all the project view worksets that are on the sheet are now editable.
Use the Make Workset Editable option if you only want to make the sheet editable. If you already own the
workset, this option is not available.

Editing a Workset
1 If the Worksets toolbar is not already open, right-click on the toolbar, and click Worksets.
2 On the Worksets toolbar, select the active workset.

3 If you want all elements that are not in the active workset to be gray, click (Gray Inactive
Workset Graphics).
4 Edit or add elements in the workset, as necessary.

NOTE If you add view-specific elements, such as detail lines or dimensions, they are added to the
workset of the active project view.

1202 | Chapter 18 Working in a Team

Visually Distinguishing Active Workset Elements
All elements that are not in the active workset can display as gray in the drawing area. Temporary elements,
such as temporary dimensions and controls, do not display in gray. This option has no effect on printing,
but helps to prevent adding elements to an undesired workset.

To visually distinguish the active workset:

1 Click File menu ➤ Worksets.

2 In the Worksets dialog, select Gray Inactive Workset Graphics, and click OK.

Alternatively, on the Worksets toolbar, click (Gray Inactive Workset Graphics).

The following image shows a project floor plan where the Interior Layout workset is active, and all other
worksets are gray.

Filtering Non-editable Workset Elements from Selection

When you select elements in the drawing area, you can filter any that are non-editable. This option is not
selected by default.
1 On the Design Bar, click Modify.
2 On the Options Bar, select Editable Only.
3 In the drawing area, make your selection.

Controlling Workset Visibility

1 Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics.
2 Click the Worksets tab.
3 Clear any worksets you do not want to display.
■ Under Selection, click All to select all worksets on the tab. When all worksets are selected,
the check boxes act as a single entity: select one to select all, or clear one to clear all.

■ Click None to clear the selection of any worksets.

■ Click Invert Selection to toggle the selection of rows between ones that are selected and ones
that are not. For example, if 6 rows are selected and you click Invert Selection, those 6 rows
are no longer selected and all others are.

Editing Workshared Projects | 1203

 4 Click OK.

Saving Workshared Files

When using workshared files, there are 2 save operations you perform: saving to your local copy of the
central file, and saving to the actual central file. It is recommended that you save changes to your local copy
of the central file frequently, in between publishing your changes to the central file. It is also recommended
that you save to central frequently, and relinquish borrowed elements as soon as possible.
When you save to central, your local copy of the central file synchronizes with the central file so that you
have all the latest changes other team members have saved to central. In addition, all borrowed elements
are relinquished by default.
The procedure for saving your local copy of the central file is the same as saving a non-workshared Revit
project. For more information, see Saving Revit Files on page 69. You can automatically save your local file
when you save to central.
You can specify save reminders for saving local files and saving to central. For more information, see Setting
Save Reminders on page 70.

Saving to Central
1 In the local project file, click File menu ➤ Save to Central. The Save to Central dialog displays.

Alternatively, click (Save to Central) on the toolbar to skip the dialog and use default options.
Default options depend on actions in the project. For example, if you borrowed elements, the
Borrowed Elements option is selected. If you opened view worksets for editing, the View Worksets
option is selected. The User-created Worksets option is never selected by default.

2 In the Save to Central dialog, verify the location of the central file.
If necessary, click Browse to specify a different path for the central file. Specify the new path in
the Central Location dialog, and click OK.

3 Select Compact Central File to reduce file size when saving.

NOTE Selecting this option increases the time needed to save.

1204 | Chapter 18 Working in a Team

 4 Under After saving, relinquish the following worksets and elements, select from the following
options:
■ To make your changed worksets and elements available to other users, select the appropriate
check boxes.

■ To save the changes to central but keep the worksets and elements editable, clear the
appropriate check boxes.

5 If desired, enter a comment that is saved to the central file.

You can see all comments using the Show History command. See Viewing Workshared File
History on page 1209.

6 After you save to central and before you close the file, you must save your local file or you will
not be able to save to central the next time you open the local file; the 2 files are considered
out of sync. This is true even if you save the local file just before saving to central. If you know
that this is your last save to central for the day, select Save the Local File after “Save to Central”.

IMPORTANT If you skip this step, you will be prompted to save the local file when you close it.

7 Click OK.
Your changes are saved to the central file, and any changes from other team members are loaded
into your local file.

NOTE If you have saved all changes to central but still have editable elements when you close your local file, a
Suggest Relinquish dialog displays. Click Relinquish & Save to relinquish all checked out worksets and borrowed
elements, and to save your local file.

Closing a Workshared File Without Saving to Central

If you close your workshared file and have not saved to central, the Suggest Save To Central dialog displays.

You have the following options:

■ Click Save to Central to save your changes to the central file. The default options of the Save to Central
dialog are selected, and the local file is also saved.

■ Click Relinquish & Save if you do not want to save your changes to central. Unchanged editable elements
and worksets are relinquished, and the local file is saved. Any changed elements in editable worksets are
borrowed.

■ Click Don’t Relinquish to keep all editing permissions; the file closes without saving to central or
relinquishing worksets or borrowed elements. You do receive the option to save to your local copy of
the central file.

Saving Workshared Files | 1205

 Opening Workshared Files Independent of the Central File
It can be useful to open a file independently for clients who want to see changes or make changes without
saving them. Clients can view the file and modify it without worrying about borrowing elements or owning
element worksets. This is also useful for project managers who are not working in the project file, but may
want to open it for review and not interrupt the team.

1 Click File menu ➤ Open.

2 In the Open dialog, navigate to the central file.
3 Select Detach from Central.
4 Click Open.
After you open the file, it no longer has any path or permissions information. It is in a state similar to when
worksharing was first enabled; all elements in the file can be modified, but no changes can be saved back
to the central file. If you save the file, it is saved as a new central file.
If a non-workshared file is opened with Detach from Central selected, Revit Architecture ignores the option,
and opens the file normally.

Relinquishing Ownership Without Saving to Central

If you decide not to save changes back to central, you may still need to relinquish unchanged elements for
which you have editing permissions.

1 With either a local file or the central file open, click File menu ➤ Relinquish All Mine.
Revit Architecture checks for any changes that require a save to central:
■ If there are no changes, the command relinquishes ownership of worksets and borrowed
elements. Skip the remaining steps in this procedure.

■ If there are changes, ownership status does not change. A dialog displays, telling you that
you made changes and suggesting a save to central.

2 Click OK to close the dialog.

3 Click File menu ➤ Close.
4 In the Suggest Save to Central dialog, click Don’t Relinquish.
5 To discard all changes, click No.
6 Click File menu ➤ Open, navigate to your local copy of the central file, and click Open.
7 Click File menu ➤ Relinquish All Mine.
8 If the command fails again and you cannot undo any further changes, close the file without
saving.
9 Open the central file, and click File menu ➤ Relinquish All Mine.
All worksets you own and elements you borrowed are relinquished.

Loading Updates from the Central File

As you work, you can see changes other team members have made to the project after they have been saved
to the central file. You can load updates from the central file without publishing your changes to the central
file.

In your local file, click File menu ➤ Reload Latest.

1206 | Chapter 18 Working in a Team

Working Offsite and Offline
WARNING Working offline can put your project at risk.

You can work remotely, provided you have high-speed network access to the central file or can transfer your
local file to someone with network access.

To work offsite or offline:

1 Make the necessary worksets editable while still at the office and connected to the network. See
Making Worksets Editable on page 1201.
2 Be sure to save your local copy of the central file before you close it; otherwise, your changes to
workset editability are not saved in the local file when you take it offline.
3 Work on the project offsite as you would in the office. You can modify elements in editable
worksets, and you can create new elements in any workset.

Editing Elements You Do Not Own Offline

To modify elements in a workset you do not own, you can specify the status of the workset as Editable. This
is known as Editable at Risk and should be avoided whenever possible.
If another team member saves changes to any of the same elements that you have changed, you cannot
save any of your changes to the central file; all your changes in all worksets are lost.
If you make a workset Editable at Risk, it is recommended that you:

1 Ask a colleague, who is in the office and has access to the central file, to start a session of Revit
Architecture and specify your name as the User Name. See Options on page 504.

2 Ask the colleague to open the central file, check out all the worksets that you have at risk, close the file,
and reset the User Name to their name. It is not necessary to save the central file.

This procedure prevents other users from making the workset editable and changing the same elements. If
someone else has checked out that workset or has borrowed elements in it, there is no way to assure that
there will not be a conflict.

Rendering Workshared Projects Offline

WARNING Rendering offline is generally not recommended.

If you render the model offline, you will likely change material assignments and other project settings. To
change project settings, you need to check out some of the Project Standards worksets. If you make these
worksets editable while you are still connected to the central file, other team members working on the project
cannot change the Project Standards worksets that you are changing. If, instead, you make the worksets
Editable at Risk after going offline, you risk losing all of your changes.

Upgrading Workshared Projects

Before you upgrade the central file to a new release of Revit Architecture, it is recommended that you create
a backup copy of the central file for each workshared project in the current release. These backup copies are
for use only if a new central file becomes corrupted.

IMPORTANT If there are linked models in the central file, the linked model files must be upgraded before the
central file.

Working Offsite and Offline | 1207

 To create a backup copy of the central file in your current release of Revit Architecture:
1 Instruct all team members to save to central, relinquish all elements, and close their local copy
of the central file. See Saving to Central on page 1204.
2 Use Windows Explorer to make a copy of the central file and its backup folder.
To upgrade the central file to a new release of Revit Architecture:

3 Open the central file in the new release.

4 Click File menu ➤ Save to Central.

NOTE Do not use File menu ➤ Save As. Using the Save to Central command ensures that the entire
backup history for the project is retained.

5 Instruct all team members to open the central file and create a local copy of the it using File
menu ➤ Save As.

Workshared Project Rollback

When you save a workshared project, Revit Architecture creates a directory of backup files. In that directory,
backup files are created each time a user saves to central, or saves their local copy of the central file. Successive
backups share as much element information as possible; therefore, they are incremental rather than equal
in size to the entire project.
You can roll back either a central file or a local file of your project. For example, you may want to roll back
to a prior version of the project if changes made after a certain date are deemed incorrect or inappropriate.
You can also save a prior version as a new project file.
When you roll back a file, all later versions in the backup directory are lost. In addition, you lose all
information on workset ownership, borrowed elements, and workset editability. You must coordinate with
team members to reassign workset and element ownership.

Central File Backup Files and Folders

The backup folder for the central file contains files that store information about editability and ownership
status (permission information). It also contains various DAT files and a worksharing log file (.slog) that
provides progress information on operations (such as save to central) to the Worksharing Monitor.
Revit Architecture stores central file backup information in a folder called [Centralfilename]_backup. Do not
delete or rename any files in this folder. If you move or copy the project file, be sure the central file backup
folder stays with the project file. If you rename the project file, rename the backup folder appropriately.
You can control the number of backups retained. For more information, see Setting Save Reminders on page
70.

Rolling Back Workshared Projects

IMPORTANT Rollback cannot be undone. When you roll back a project, all backup versions subsequent to the
selected version are lost. Ensure that you want to roll back the project before continuing, and save any later
versions, if necessary.

1 Click File menu ➤ Backups.

2 In the Browse for Folder dialog, navigate to the backup folder for the project.
To see the central file backups, browse to the central backup folder.

1208 | Chapter 18 Working in a Team

 To see the local file backups, browse to the local backup folder.

3 Click Open.
4 In the Project Backup Versions dialog, select a version.
5 Click Rollback.
6 Click OK to continue the rollback, or click Cancel.

NOTE If your local copy of the central file has a version number greater than the version number the
central file was rolled back to, you will need to open the central file and save a new local copy.

7 Click Close.

Saving a Specific Backup Version as a New File

1 Click File menu ➤ Backups.
2 In the Browse for Folder dialog, navigate to the backup folder, and click Open.
3 In the Project Backup Versions dialog, select the version to save.
4 Click Save As, and save the file.
5 When you save the project under the new name, Revit Architecture prompts you to open the
extracted project. Click Yes or No.
Revit Architecture considers this file as a local version of the central file. If you want the file to
become the new central file, you must explicitly save it as such. For more information, see
Creating a Central File from an Existing Workshared File on page 1209.

Viewing Workshared File History

You can view a list of all the times a workshared file (the central file or a local copy of the central file) was
saved and who saved it. The list also shows any comments entered in the Save to Central dialog.

1 Click File menu ➤ Show History.

2 In the Show History dialog, navigate to the shared file, select it, and click Open.
3 In the History dialog, click the column headers to sort alphabetically or chronologically.
4 If desired, click Export to export the history table as delimited text; the delimited text can then
be read by a spreadsheet program.
5 When finished, click Close.

Creating a Central File from an Existing Workshared File

You may need to create a central file from an existing workshared file if you want to move the central file
location (see Moving the Central File on page 1210). You may also need to abandon the existing central file
and want to use a local copy of the central file (rather than a backup of the central file) as the new central
file. You may need to do this if, for example, a team member was working offline on a local copy of the
central file and those changes need to remain in the project.
Before you create a new central file, be sure to rename the file or specify a different directory path before
saving. You rename to avoid overwriting the existing central file and potentially losing all other team
members' changes.
1 Open the existing workshared file.

Saving a Specific Backup Version as a New File | 1209

 2 Click File menu ➤ Save As.
3 In the Save As dialog, rename the file, and click Options.
4 In the File Save Options dialog, select Make this a Central File after save, and click OK.
5 In the Save As dialog, click Save.

Moving the Central File

Some examples of when you may need to move a central file include:

■ Your office has a new file server and you need to move the central file from the old server to the new
server.

■ The current location of the central file contains too many projects.

■ Your office has a new naming convention for projects and needs to rename the central file. Revit
Architecture considers renaming a file the same as moving it.

■ One office works on the project, then ships it to another office. The new office wants to work on it locally,
so they want to move the central file location from the first office to the second one.

Use caution when moving the central file. If team members are unaware of the new location, they will be
unable to submit changes and could lose work. When team members submit changed elements to a central
file, those elements must be editable in the team members' names at the central location they specify. Also,
any changes to an element must be built on the last submission of that element to the central file, even
though the file may now be in a different location.

NOTE Moving or copying the file using Windows ® Explorer or DOS creates a local copy of the central file. Revit
Architecture still looks for the central file in its original location. A central file is identified as having worksharing
enabled and as residing in the central file location identified in the project. To view (or modify) this location, click
File menu ➤ Save to Central.

To move the central file:

1 Make sure all team members save their work to the current central file location by clicking File
menu ➤ Save to Central.
This ensures no work is lost as a result of changing the central file location. When saving, each
team member should relinquish all elements.

2 Move the file to the new location using either Windows Explorer or DOS commands.
If you move rather than copy the central file, you eliminate the risk of team members working
with the old file.

3 Open the central file from its new location. A dialog displays telling you that the central file
has been moved and that you must re-save it as the central file. Click OK to continue.
4 Click File menu ➤ Save As.
5 In the Save As dialog, click Options.
6 In the File Save Options dialog, select Make this a Central File after save, and click OK.
7 In the Save As dialog, click Save.
8 Each team member should create a new local file by opening the new central file and using the
Save As command.

1210 | Chapter 18 Working in a Team

 NOTE If you discover that there is only one local file that was not saved to central, you can save it
to the new location by clicking File menu ➤ Save to Central, and then navigating to the new central
file location through the Browse option. The only time you can do this successfully is before any other
changes are saved to the new central location.

9 In each local file, click File menu ➤ Save to Central.

10 In the Save to Central dialog, click Browse, and enter the new location of the central file. If you
do not want to save changes to the central file at this time, click Cancel in the Save to Central
dialog, and save the local file.

NOTE If an old version of the central file remains in the old location, you can prevent other team
members from saving to this obsolete central file by deleting it or making it read-only.

Worksharing Monitor
The Worksharing Monitor is a utility that allows you to find out information about a workshared project:

■ Who is currently working on this project?

■ Is my local copy of the project up to date?

■ When will my Save to Central operation finish?

■ Has my request to borrow elements been granted?

■ Are any issues interfering with my work on a Revit Architecture project?

The Worksharing Monitor is available to Revit Architecture subscription customers. To use this utility:

1 Download the Worksharing Monitor from the Autodesk customer subscription web page.

2 Install the Worksharing Monitor.

3 Open a Revit project, and click Tools menu ➤ External Tools ➤ Worksharing Monitor.

4 In the Worksharing Monitor dialog, click Help to learn how to use the utility.

Worksharing Monitor | 1211

1212
Working with Linked
Models 19
You can link different file formats in a Revit project, including other Revit files (Revit Architecture, Revit Structure, Revit
MEP), CAD formats (DWG, DXF, DGN, SAT, SKP), and DWF markup files.
When you are working with linked models, or a site, you can share (that is, publish or acquire) the coordinates of the
project so that you can correctly position the model.
This topic contains information on linking Revit models, shared coordinates, multi-discipline coordination, and interference
checking. For information on linking CAD formats and DWF, see Importing or Linking CAD Formats on page 1307 and
Linking DWF Markup Files on page 1321.

Linking Revit Models

You can link Revit Architecture, Revit Structure, and Revit MEP models. Linking Revit models is primarily
intended for linking separate buildings, such as those that compose a campus.
When you link a Revit model into a project, Revit Architecture opens the linked model and keeps it in
memory. The more links a project contains, the longer it can take to open.
Linked Revit models are listed in the Revit Links branch of the Project Browser.
You can convert linked Revit models to groups, and you can convert groups to linked Revit models. See
Converting Groups and Linked Revit Models on page 292. You can also mirror linked Revit models. See
Mirroring Elements on page 310.

When Should You Use Linked Models?

It is recommended to use linked models for

■ Separate buildings on a site or campus

■ Parts of buildings which are being designed by different design teams or designed for different drawing
sets

■ Coordination across different disciplines (for example, an architectural model and a structural model)

1213
 Linked models may also be appropriate for the following situations

■ Townhouse design when there is little geometric interactivity between the townhouses

■ Repeating floors of buildings at early stages in the design, where improved Revit model performance (for
example, quick change propagation) is more important than full geometric interactivity or complete
detailing

In later stages of a project, it is generally not recommended to create a single building model with linked
models due to the following

■ Limited joining and interaction between elements in the host project and elements in the linked models
will prevent elements from cleaning up or joining with elements in linked models

■ Difficulty managing element names, numbers, and identity data between the host project and the linked
models; which can result in duplicate names or numbers

■ Separate project standards for the host project and linked models, causing models to become out of sync
with one another

■ Maintaining control; in order to do this linked models need to be carefully managed (for example, linked
model file names and file paths do not change once files are imported into a host project)

■ More complex detailing and annotation process; some details and annotations will need to be in the
linked model and others will need to be in the host project

Linking Revit Models that Contain Links

When you import a Revit model that contains a linked Revit model, links become nested. You can show (or
hide) nested linked models in the host model. By default, nested linked models are not visible in the host
model.
When a nested link is visible, you can use TAB to select nested link instances and view properties of elements
in the nested link, as you can with other linked models. In addition, the Interference Check tool checks for
interference in the nested linked models as well as the parent linked model.
Nested links that are visible in the project display in the Revit Links branch of the Project Browser under
their parent link. Nested links do not display in the Manage Links dialog.

Transferring Project Standards Between Linked Revit Models

If you open the host model, you cannot open the linked model in the same Revit Architecture session.
However, you can transfer project standards from the linked model to the host model using the Transfer
Project Standards command. See Transferring Project Standards on page 438.

Linking Models from Different Disciplines

You can link Revit Architecture, Revit Structure, and Revit MEP models from the same release cycle only.
The following matrix outlines the compatible release cycles.

Product Release Cycle

Revit Architecture 9.0 9.1 2008 2009

Revit Structure 3.0 4.0 2008 2009

Revit MEP 1.0 2.0 2008 2009

1214 | Chapter 19 Working with Linked Models

Linking Revit Models
1 Click File menu ➤ Import/Link ➤ Revit.
2 In the Import/Link RVT dialog, navigate to the folder containing the Revit model to link.
3 Select the model.
4 Specify the desired positioning options. See Import Options for CAD Formats and Revit Models
on page 1312.
5 Click Open.
You can select the linked Revit model in a view and drag, copy, paste, move, and rotate it.

Showing or Hiding Nested Linked Revit Models

When you import a model that contains linked models, the nested links display according to the Reference
Type setting in their parent model. Options are Overlay and Attachment. Overlay does not load nested
linked models (therefore they do not display in the project) and Attachment displays nested linked models.
The following image shows that Project A is linked into Project B (so Project B is the parent link for Project
A). The Reference Type setting for Project B is Overlay, therefore when Project B is imported into Project C,
Project A does not display.

If you change the Reference Type setting for Project B to Attachment, when you import Project B into Project
C, the nested link (Project A) displays.

To show or hide nested linked models:

1 Open the parent link for the nested model.

Linking Revit Models | 1215

 2 Click File menu ➤ Manage Links.
3 In the Manage Links dialog, click the Revit tab.
4 In the Reference Type column, change the value for the linked model to one of the following:
■ Attachment makes the linked model visible when its host is linked into another model.

■ Overlay does not load the linked model when its host is linked into another model. This is
the default setting. When the Overlay option is selected and you import a model that contains
nested links, a message displays indicating that the imported model contains nested links
and that they will not be visible in the host model.

5 Save and close the file.

Phase Mapping Linked Revit Models

When you link a Revit model that has more than one phase into a project, phases in the host model
automatically map to phases in the linked model. When this initial mapping occurs, Revit Architecture maps
phases by matching phase names.
You can manually set up a correspondence between phases in the host model and phases in the linked
model. To do this you set up a phase map in the properties of the linked model, and then apply the phase
map in the host model.

NOTE Phase maps must occur in chronological order. For example, a phase map cannot be set up like the following
table. Since phase 1 occurs before phase 3, phase 3 cannot be mapped to phase 1.
Phase Phase from linked file

Phase 1 Phase 1

Phase 2 Phase 2

Phase 3 Phase 1

Phase mapping is always maintained, unless phases in either the host or linked models are combined. If
phases are combined, the existing phase map of the remaining phase is used.
For information on phase maps and rooms in linked models, see Phase-Specific Rooms and Linked Models
on page 936.
For more information on phasing, see Project Phasing on page 1263.

To map phases in the linked model:

1 In the drawing area, select the linked Revit model.

2 Click or right-click and click Element Properties.

3 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
4 Find the Phase Mapping parameter and click Edit.
5 In the Phases dialog, select the appropriate mapping options for each phase, and click OK.
6 Click OK twice to exit the Element Properties dialog.

To apply phase mapping in the host model:

1 Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics.

1216 | Chapter 19 Working with Linked Models

 2 In the Visibility/Graphics dialog, click the Revit Links tab.
3 Click the button in the Display Settings column for the linked Revit model.
4 In the RVT Link Display Settings dialog, on the Basics tab, select By Host View or Custom.
If you select Custom, select By Host View for Phase.

5 Click OK twice to exit the Visibility/Graphics dialog.

Dimensions and Constraints in Linked Revit Models

You can use elements in the linked model as references for dimensions and aligning. For example, you can
create a dimension between a wall in the host project and a wall in the linked model. See Permanent
Dimensions on page 214 and Aligning Elements on page 306.
You can also create constraints between elements in the host model and elements in a linked model. For
example, you can constrain a linked building to a property line in the host model or a linked floor to a level
in the host model. Linked models move as an entire entity when the element they are constrained to moves.
Constraints on a linked model (or an element in a linked model) only move the linked model, they do not
move elements in the host model. Constraints to links using shared locations are not permitted.
Revit Architecture attempts to retain and rehost dimensions and constraints when you reload (or unload
and reload) a link.

Displaying Linked Revit Model Data

Display settings control how a linked model displays its data.

To view or change display settings for a linked model:

1 Click the linked model in the drawing area.
2 Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics.
3 Click the Revit Links tab.
4 View or override the Display Settings:
■ By Host View means that the host project's view settings determine how the linked model
looks.

■ By Linked View means that the linked model's own view settings govern how it looks.

■ Custom allows more control over how the linked model looks.

For more information, see Visibility for Linked Revit Models on page 1218.

Copying Linked Revit Models

A linked model can be copied any number of times in a host project. For example, a housing development
may have multiple designs that repeat many times throughout the site. For each copy of a linked model
that you place in a project, a unique name is automatically generated for the copy. This name helps to
identify elements from linked models in a schedule. You can modify the name for a linked model instance
through its properties. You can also override visibility and graphics settings for each linked model instance.
See Visibility for Linked Revit Models on page 1218.
You can copy linked Revit models using the standard copy and paste procedures (see Copying Elements on
page 319) or you can drag a linked Revit model from the Project Browser into a project view.

Dimensions and Constraints in Linked Revit Models | 1217

 In addition, you can copy a linked Revit model between projects within the same Revit session. When you
copy a linked Revit model to another project, the link path, shared positioning settings, visible nested links,
and the link instance name are copied to the new project. If the link instance name already exists in the
project, the link is automatically renamed. Partially loaded files are maintained as partially loaded. Visibility
and graphic override settings are not preserved.

To copy a linked Revit model to another project file:

1 Open the project file that contains the link to copy, and open the file to copy it into.
2 Select the linked model in the Project Browser (under Revit Links) or in the drawing area.
3 Click Edit menu ➤ Copy to Clipboard.
4 Click Window menu, and select the project name to copy the linked model into.
5 Click Edit menu ➤ Paste from Clipboard.
6 Click in the drawing area to place the linked model.

NOTE If you selected the link to copy from the Project Browser rather than the drawing area, you
may need to right-click the link name in the Project Browser (under Revit Links) and then click Create
Instance before you can place the linked model in the drawing area.

7 On the Options Bar, click Finish to complete the paste operation.

If you want to edit the pasted linked model, click Edit Pasted Elements. See Editing Pasted
Elements on page 322.

Copying Elements from a Linked Revit Model

Elements from linked Revit models can be copied to the clipboard and then pasted into the host model.

To copy and paste elements from linked Revit models:

1 In the drawing area, move the cursor over the element in the linked model you want to copy.
2 Press TAB until the element to copy is highlighted, and click to select it.
3 Click Edit menu ➤ Copy to Clipboard.
4 Navigate to the location in the project where you want to paste the element.
5 Click Edit menu ➤ Paste from Clipboard.
Alternatively, you can click Edit menu ➤ Paste Aligned ➤ Same Place to paste the element into
the same place from where you copied it. For more information on paste options, see Pasting
Elements on page 321.

6 Click in the drawing area to place the element.

Visibility for Linked Revit Models

Parameters that control the visibility and appearance of linked Revit models are grouped under their own
tab, Revit Links, in the Visibility/Graphics dialog. This dialog is arranged in a tree structure with the parent
nodes referring to separate files (the primary linked model), and the child nodes referring to instances (copies)
of the model in the project. Changing the parent node affects all instances, while changing a child node
affects only that instance.

1218 | Chapter 19 Working with Linked Models

The Revit Links tab in the Visibility/Graphics dialog contains the following:

■ Visibility column: Select the check box to show the linked model in the view, or deselect the check box
to hide the linked model.

■ Halftone column: Select the check box to draw the linked model at halftone.

■ Display Settings column: View options to override additional settings for each linked model. The button
displays the current display setting state (By Host View, By Linked View, or Custom). See Controlling
Visibility and Graphic Override Settings for Linked Revit Models on page 1219.

Visibility for linked Revit models is controlled by view. You can use a view template to save the visibility
settings of a particular view and then apply it to other views. For more information, see View Templates on
page 498.
Related topic
Changing Line Styles in a Linked Model on page 328

Controlling Visibility and Graphic Override Settings for Linked Revit

Models
1 Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics.
2 Click the Revit Links tab.
3 Select the linked model or linked model instance to modify.
4 Click the button in the Display Settings column.
The RVT Link Display Settings dialog opens, from which you can access the Basics, Model
Categories, Annotation Categories, and Import Categories tabs. The Design Options tab is also
available if Design Options are used in the linked file.

5 If you selected a linked model instance, select the Override display settings for this instance
check box.
6 From the Basics tab, select one of the following:
■ By Host View. When you select this option, you cannot override any visibility settings for
the linked model, because the host view governs its appearance.
When the primary linked model is set to By Host View, each copy or instance of the linked
model can still be overridden on an individual basis by checking the box for Override display
settings for this instance. This option appears on the Basics tab when a copy or instance of
a primary linked model is selected in the Visibility/Graphics dialog.

■ By Linked View. When you select this option, you can choose which project view should
display for the linked model.
The Linked View drop-down list contains all available plan, RCP, section, elevation, and 3D
views from the linked model. The list is dependent on the view you are currently applying
visibility and graphic settings for. For example, if you are in an elevation view, only elevation
views populate the Linked view list. For 3D views, the type of 3D view you are currently
viewing dictates what populates the list (if you are viewing a perspective 3D view in the host
model, only perspective 3D views from the linked model display in the Linked View list, and
the same applies for orthographic 3D views).

Visibility for Linked Revit Models | 1219

 NOTE If the linked model has annotations that you want to display in the project, the annotations
must be in either a plan, RCP, parallel section, or parallel elevation view in the linked model. (If
you select a section or elevation view that is not parallel, view-specific elements, such as annotations
and details, and view specific appearance of non-view specific elements, such as datum extents
and leaders, do not display.) You can then select the By Linked View or Custom option to select
the view to display in the project.

■ Custom. When you select this option, you can select override settings on all available tabs.
The following options are available on the Basics tab when you select Custom:
■ Linked view: Select a view in the linked model to display.

■ View range: Select view range settings.

■ Phase: Assign the desired phase of the linked model.

■ Phase filter: Assign the desired phase filter for the linked model.

■ Detail level: Specify a detail level for a linked model, or categories within the model.
Selecting By View for a linked model means that the detail level of the target view is used.

■ Discipline: Assign the intended discipline filter.

■ Color Fill: Apply the host model color scheme to rooms and areas in the linked model.

■ Object styles: Control whether the graphical appearance of objects (colors, line weights,
and so on) will be based on the settings in the Object Styles dialog from the host file or
from the linked model.

■ Nested links: Specify the visibility and graphics overrides settings that you want nested
linked models to use. For more information, see Controlling Visibility and Graphic
Override Settings for Nested Linked Revit Models on page 1220.
For all other tabs, you can override visibility settings by selecting the tab, and then selecting
Custom from the drop-down menu.

NOTE Filters do not apply to elements that are part of linked models.

Controlling Visibility and Graphic Override Settings for Nested Linked

Revit Models
1 Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics.
2 Click the Revit Links tab.
3 Select the linked model or linked model instance to modify.
4 Click the button in the Display Settings column.
5 If you selected a linked model instance, select the Override display settings for this instance
check box.
6 In the RVT Links Display Settings dialog, click the Basics tab, and select one of the following:
■ By Host View. When you select this option, the nested linked model uses the visibility and
graphics override settings specified in the host view.

■ By Linked View. When you select this option, the nested linked model uses the visibility and
graphics override settings specified in its parent linked model. You can also select the project
view to display for the linked model.

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 The Linked View drop-down list contains all available plan, RCP, section, elevation, and 3D
views from the linked model. The list is dependent on the view you are currently applying
visibility and graphic settings for. For example, if you are in an elevation view, only elevation
views populate the Linked view list. For 3D views, the type of 3D view you are currently
viewing dictates what populates the list (if you are viewing a perspective 3D view in the host
model, only perspective 3D views from the linked model display in the Linked View list, and
the same applies for orthographic 3D views).

NOTE If the linked model has annotations that you want to display in the project, the annotations
must be in either a plan, RCP, parallel section, or parallel elevation view in the linked model. (If
you select a section or elevation view that is not parallel, view-specific elements, such as annotations
and details, and view specific appearance of non-view specific elements, such as datum extents
and leaders, do not display.) You can then select the By Linked View or Custom option to select
the view to display in the project.

■ Custom. From the Nested links list, select one of the following:
■ By Parent Link applies the visibility and graphic override settings specified for the parent
linked model. In other words, the settings of the parent link control the nested link. For
example, if walls in the parent link display as blue, then walls in the nested link will also
display as blue.

NOTE It is only possible to control categories in the nested link which also exist in the parent
link.

■ By Linked View applies the visibility and graphic override settings specified in the top-level
nested linked model. The top-level nested linked model is the first nested linked model.
For example, you have the host model, a linked model (the parent link), and then a model
that is linked into the parent link (the nested link). The nested link is considered the
top-level nested linked model. The nested link will display in the linked model as it does
in the parent link. You can open the parent link to have full control of the nested link.

7 Click Apply to view your changes.

8 Click OK to exit the RVT Link Display Settings dialog.

Controlling Visibility of Linked Models in Schedules

1 Right-click in a schedule view, and select View Properties.
2 Locate the Visibility/Graphics Overrides instance parameter, and click Edit.

NOTE If you do not see the Visibility/Graphics Overrides instance parameter, click Edit for the Fields
parameter. In the Schedule Properties dialog, ensure that the Include Elements in Linked Files option
is selected, and click OK. The Visibility/Graphics Overrides instance parameter should now be available.

3 In the Visibility for Schedule dialog, click the Revit Links tab.
4 Click the button in the Display Settings column.
5 In the RVT Link Display Settings dialog, select By Host View, By Linked View, or Custom, and
select the display behavior of a linked file for Phase, Phase Filter, and Nested Links.
If Design Options are part of the linked file, an additional tab is available for Design Options.
Any one of the available options can be selected to include in the reported schedule data.

Visibility for Linked Revit Models | 1221

Linked Model Properties
You can modify the properties of a linked model, including the name of the linked model instance and the
shared positioning settings.
To modify linked model properties, right-click the linked model name in the Project Browser (under Revit
Links), and click Properties. Alternatively, you can select the linked model in the drawing area, and click

.
You can also view the properties of an element contained in a linked Revit model. All properties for elements
in linked models are read-only.

To view element properties in a linked Revit model:

1 Hover the cursor over the element in the linked file and press TAB to highlight the element.

2 Click the element and click .

Linked Model Type Properties

Name Description

Room Bounding Makes the host project recognize the Room Bounding parameter of elements in the linked
model. See Room Boundaries in Linked Models on page 920.

Reference Type Determines whether nested linked models are shown (Attachment) or hidden (Overlay).
See Showing or Hiding Nested Linked Revit Models on page 1215.

Phase Mapping Allows you to set up the phase map for the linked model. See Phase Mapping Linked
Revit Models on page 1216.

Linked Model Instance Properties

Name Description

Name Specifies the name of the linked model instance. Names are automatically generated
when you make a copy of a linked model in the project. You can change the name.
Names must be unique; a message appears if you enter a name that already exists in the
project. Names of linked models are useful when you have multiple copies of the same
linked model in a project and need to add the linked model elements to a schedule. See
Including Elements from Linked Models in a Schedule on page 129.

Shared Location Specifies the shared coordinates for the linked model. See Shared Positioning on page
1230.

Managing Links
After creating a link to a CAD format, DWF markup, or Revit model, you have several options for controlling
those links.

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If the source file of the link in your Revit Architecture project has changed, Revit Architecture automatically
updates the link when you open the Revit Architecture project.

Click File menu ➤ Manage Links to access a dialog that features several different commands for link
management.

Dialog Columns

The Manage Links dialog has tabs for CAD Formats, Revit models, and DWF Markups. Under the tabs are
columns that provide information about the linked model.

■ Linked File: Indicates the name of the linked model.

■ Loaded: Indicates whether the linked model is loaded in the host model.

■ Reference Type (Revit models only): Shows or hides nested linked models. See Showing or Hiding Nested
Linked Revit Models on page 1215.

■ Locations Not Saved: Indicates whether the linked model's location is not saved in the shared coordinate
system. See Shared Positioning on page 1230 and Defining Named Locations on page 1230.

■ Size: Size of the linked file.

■ Saved Path: Location of the linked model on your computer.

■ Path Type: Indicates whether the linked model's saved path is relative or absolute. See below for more
information about the differences between relative and absolute paths.

■ Local Alias (Revit models only): This column is filled in only if the linked model is a local version of a
central file. In this case, the Saved Path column displays the path of the central file, and the Local Alias
displays the path of the local copy of central file. For more information on the central file and worksharing,
see Working in a Team on page 1189.

Command Choices

■ Click Save Locations to save the new location of a linked instance.

■ Click Save Markups (DWF Markups tab only) to save changes to imported markups. For more information
on imported markups, see Linking DWF Markup Files on page 1321.

■ Click Remove to remove the link from the project.

■ Click Reload From to change the path of the link if the linked file has been moved.

■ Click Unload to remove display of the linked model in the project but continue the link.

■ Click Reload to load the latest version of the linked model. You can also close the project and reopen it,
and the linked model is reloaded.

■ Click Import to embed the model into the project. This command is not available for Revit models.

■ Click Located In (DWF Markups tab only) to see the sheet that contains the markup import symbol.

■ Under the Path Type column, you can choose between a relative or absolute path. This changes the saved
path of the linked model between a relative or an absolute one. The default is relative.
An example of an absolute path is C:\Program Files\Revit Architecture 2009\Links\linkedfile.rvt
An example of a relative path is ..\..\Links\linkedfile.rvt

■ Select Preserve graphic overrides to maintain any graphic overrides on DWG, DXF, and DGN links, when
the links are reloaded.

Managing Links | 1223

 It is preferable to use a relative path over an absolute path. For example, if you move the project and the
linked model together to a new directory, the link is maintained if you are using a relative path. The new
working directory becomes the relative path for the linked model. If you move the project and the linked
model to a new directory, the link is broken if you use an absolute path. Revit Architecture tries to find the
linked model in that exact directory before you moved it.

NOTE You can select multiple links to modify by pressing CTRL and clicking on the number of the link in the
dialog.

An absolute path is preferable when you link in a workshared project, such as a central file that other users
need to access. This file is likely not to move from its location on disk.

Linking and Worksharing

If you enable worksharing, your links are contained in worksets. If you update a linked file and want to
reload the link, the workset in which the link is located must be editable. If it is not, an error message appears
indicating that the link could not be updated because of the workset's non-editable status. See Making
Worksets Editable on page 1201.
It is good practice to assign a team member to track links and be sure the appropriate worksets are editable.
After updating the link, the team member should save to central so that all team members have the updated
link. See Saving Workshared Files on page 1204.
Also, you may want to create a workset exclusively for links, so that workflow is not interrupted. See Setting
Up Worksets on page 1191.

Multi-Discipline Coordination
Building projects that are worked on by teams of architects and structural engineers require a method for
monitoring and coordinating changes between teams from the different disciplines. The Copy/Monitor tool
accomplishes this task. Effective monitoring and coordination reduces mistakes and expensive rework. One
example where you need monitoring and coordination is if the structural engineer moves a structural column
that the architect placed. Revit Architecture can post a warning and then give options on how to proceed
with the change.
The copy functionality copies grids, levels, columns, walls, floors, and openings from a linked project into
a host project. You can modify these copied elements. Copied elements are automatically related to the
original elements. The monitoring functionality sets and maintains relationships for grids, levels, columns,
walls, floors, and openings that are in the host or linked project.

Copying Elements from a Linked Project

1 Open an existing project or start a new project.
2 Click File menu ➤ Import/Link ➤ Revit.
3 In the Add Link dialog, select the Revit model to link, and click Open.

4 On the Options bar, click (Copy/Monitor), and click Select Link, or click Tools
menu ➤ Copy/Monitor ➤ Select Link.
5 In the drawing area, select the linked model.
Revit Architecture enters Copy/Monitor mode. The Design Bar changes to a Copy/Monitor tab.

Set options

6 On the Design Bar, click Options.

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 The Copy/Monitor Options dialog opens. Each tab contains various options for that type of
element. This makes the copied element different from the original. Also, you can decide which
element types to copy. On each tab, there is a heading called Original Type. Under that heading
is a list of all element types from the linked project. For example, on the Levels tab, under
Original Type, you might see Story Level and Story Level - no head.
By default, the original type in the linked file is mapped to the corresponding default type in
the host file. You can change it to another type, which means the copy assumes the new type.
You can also choose not to copy the element.

7 Double-click in the New type column for the category or type, click the arrow icon, and select
Copy original type, Don’t copy this Type, the original type (for example, 1/4” Head), or the new
type (for example, No Head).

8 If desired, you can change the appearance of the element.

■ For levels, you can offset the copy vertically from the original. You can also add a suffix or
prefix to its name.

■ For grids, you can add a suffix or prefix to the copied grid.

■ For columns, you can split columns into smaller ones at level lines.

■ For walls, you can choose to copy hosted elements (such as windows, doors, and openings).

■ For floors, you can choose to copy inserts and openings.

NOTE If this option is selected, all inserts are copied as openings.

9 Click OK to close the Copy/Monitor Options dialog.

10 On the Design Bar, click Copy.
To select more than one element at a time, on the Options Bar, select Multiple. When you are
done selecting elements, click Finish on the Options Bar.

11 Place the cursor on the desired grids, levels, floors, walls and columns to copy, and click to copy
them.

Multi-Discipline Coordination | 1225

 After you copy an element, an eyeball icon displays next to it to indicate that it has a relationship
with the original element.

12 On the Design Bar, click Finish Mode.

If you modify a copied element, a warning indicates that a monitored element has changed.
You can review those warnings using the Coordination Review command. See Coordination
Review on Element Relationships on page 1227.

Establish relationships between elements

13 Open an existing project or start a new project.

You can establish and monitor relationships between elements in a host project and linked
projects, or between elements in the current project.

14 On the Options bar, click , and click Select Link or Use Current Project, or click Tools
menu ➤ Copy/Monitor ➤ Select Link or Use Current Project.
Revit Architecture enters Copy/Monitor mode. The Design Bar changes to a Copy/Monitor tab.

15 On the Design Bar, click Monitor.

You establish relationships between pairs of corresponding elements. For example, you select
one grid and then another grid to form a relationship. You cannot monitor unlike pairs, such
as a grid and a level. If you select an opening, you can monitor openings or inserts (for example,
a window or door).

16 Select a grid, level, floor, wall, opening, or column to monitor, and then select a corresponding
element.
17 Continue selecting as many element pairs as desired.
After you select a pair of elements, an eyeball icon displays next to the first element to indicate
that it has a relationship.

18 On the Design Bar, click Finish Mode.

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 If you modify one of the elements in a pair, a warning indicates that a monitored element has
changed. You can review those warnings using the Coordination Review command. See
Coordination Review on Element Relationships on page 1227.

Stopping Element Monitoring

To stop element monitoring, select a monitored element, and click (Stop monitoring) on
the Options Bar.

Coordination Review on Element Relationships

Whenever you modify monitored elements, a coordination monitor warning displays. You can review these
warnings using the Coordination Review command and decide what action to take.
You can review warnings between elements in the current project, or between elements in a linked project
and a host project.
Warnings can occur because of these violations:

■ An original monitored element from the linked project has changed.

■ A copied monitored element in the host project has changed.

■ Both the original monitored element and the copied element have changed.

■ The original element in the linked file was deleted.

■ The copied element in the host file was deleted.

To review warnings about project changes:

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Coordination Review ➤ Use Current Project if you want to check warnings
between elements in the current project, or click Tools menu ➤ Coordination Review ➤ Select
Link to check warnings between the linked and the host projects.
The Coordination Review dialog displays. If you are running a review on the current project,
click the In host project tab. If you are running a review on a link and the host project and
linked project are linked, both the In host project tab and the In-a-linked-project tab display.
The dialog displays an expandable tree of all the warnings between monitored elements.

2 Expand the Message branch to display the element warning groups.

3 Continue to expand the branches until you see a value for the Action heading.
On this menu are several command choices:
■ Do nothing: Take no action on the element. Changes the message status so that it can be
filtered out or considered later.

■ Reject (in a host project tab only): There is a difference between an element in the host file
and its associated monitored element. The change made to the element in the host file is
incorrect, and a change must be made to the associated monitored element.

■ Accept difference (in a host project tab only): Accepts the change made to the element and
updates the relationship. For example, if a pair of grids were 200 mm apart, and one was
moved to 300 mm away, the change would be accepted, and the relationship would now be
set to 300 mm.

Coordination Review on Element Relationships | 1227

 ■ Modify, Rename, Move: The command name changes based on the action. If the name of
the monitored element has changed, the command reads Rename. If a column or level is
moved, the command is Move. If a grid is changed or moved, the command is Modify.

NOTE If you select one of these commands on the In-a-linked-project tab, you are changing the
element in the current project, not the linked project.

4 Select the appropriate command next to each warning.

5 If desired, click Add Comment to enter comments on your action. Enter comments into the
Edit Comment command, and click OK.
This is your form of communication to the other cross-functional team members. For example,
you (the architect) are communicating to the structural engineer. Your comments become visible
in the linked file, when the link is reloaded.

6 When you are finished taking actions, click OK to close the Coordination Review dialog.

Interference Checking
The Interference Check tool finds intersections between elements in a project. These can be a set of selected
elements or all elements in the model.

Typical Workflow for Interference Checking

This tool can be used during the design process to coordinate major building elements and systems. It can
be used to prevent conflicts and reduce the risk of construction changes and cost overruns.
A common workflow might occur like this:

■ An architect meets with a client and creates a basic model.

■ The building model is sent to a team that includes members from other disciplines, such as structural
engineers. They work on their own version of the model, and then the architect links it in and checks
for interferences.

■ Team members from other disciplines return the model to the architect.

■ The architect runs the Interference Check tool on the existing model.

■ A report is generated from the interference check, and undesired intersections are noted.

■ The design team discusses the interferences and creates a strategy to address them.

■ One or more team members are assigned to fix any conflicts.

Elements Requiring Interference Checking

Some examples of elements that could be checked for interference include:

■ Structural girders and purlins

■ Structural columns and architectural columns

■ Structural braces and walls

■ Structural braces, doors, and windows

■ Roofs and floors

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■ Specialty equipment and floors

■ A linked Revit model and elements in the current model

Running an Interference Check

1 If desired, select some elements in a view.

2 Click Tools menu ➤ Interference Check ➤ Run Check.

The Interference Check dialog opens.
If you selected elements in the view, the dialog is filtered to display only those element categories.
If you did not select any elements before issuing the command, the dialog displays all categories from
the current project.

3 On the left side of the dialog, select a value from the first Categories From Menu (Category 1).
For example, select Current Project.

NOTE If you selected a linked Revit model to run a check, you must select its name from this menu. For
example, if you selected the linked model called Mylink1, select that name from Categories from menu. After
you select the name, element categories in the linked model are listed.

4 Select the desired categories.

For example, select Roofs as the category.

5 On the right side of the dialog, select a value from the second Categories From Menu (Category 2).
This value could be a current selection of elements, the current project, or a linked Revit model.

6 Select the other desired categories.

For example, to complete a roof-floor interference check, select floors as the category.

7 Click OK.
If there are no interferences to report, a dialog displays informing you of this.
If there are interferences to report, the Interference Report dialog displays. The dialog lists all elements
that are in conflict with one another.
Interferences are grouped according to the way you generated the check. By default, they are grouped
as Category 1 (left category column) and Category 2 (right category column). You can change this
grouping to Category 2, Category 1. For example, if you ran the roof and floor check, the dialog would
list the roof category first, and then which floors are intersecting the roof.

8 To see one of the elements that is intersected, select its name in the Interference Report dialog, and
click Show.
A view opens that displays the problem.

9 To correct a conflict, click in the view and modify the overlapping elements.
The Interference Report dialog remains visible.

10 When you have fixed the problem intersection, in the Interference Report dialog, click Refresh.
If the problem has been resolved, the problem elements are removed from the list of conflicts.

NOTE Refresh rechecks only those interferences in the current report. It does not rerun the interference
check.

You can continue resolving conflicts in this manner.

Interference Checking | 1229

 If you cannot resolve all conflicts without additional input from team members, you can generate an
HTML version of the report.

11 In the Interference Report dialog, click Export.

12 Enter a name, navigate to the desired folder to save the report, and click Save.

13 In the Interference Report dialog, click Close.

14 To see the last report generated again, click Tools menu ➤ Interference Check ➤ Show Last Report.
This command does not rerun the interference check.

Interference Check Tips

■ Processing time for interference checks can vary greatly. In a large model, checking all categories against
each other can take a long time and is not recommended. To reduce processing time, select a limited set
of elements or a limited number of categories.

■ To run a check on all available categories, click All in the Interference Check dialog, and then select one
of the check boxes next to a category.

■ Click None to clear the selection of any categories.

■ Click Invert to change the selection between categories that are currently selected and those that are not.

Shared Positioning
A Revit Architecture project has internal coordinates for all the elements that compose the model in a project.
Those coordinates are known to this project only. This is acceptable if you have a standalone model whose
position is not relevant to other models or to a site. However, if you want the position of the model to be
known to other linked models, you need to share coordinates.
Shared coordinates are used for remembering the mutual positions of multiple interlinked files. Those
interlinked files can be all Revit files, or a combination of Revit, DWG, and DXF files.

Recommended Uses for Shared Positioning

If the significant coordinates for a project are in a linked model, such as a building model with a linked site,
acquire the coordinates from the linked model.
If the significant coordinates for a project are in the host model, such as a site with linked building models,
publish coordinates from the host to the linked models.

TIP You should derive shared coordinates from only one file. That one file defines the coordinates for all other
files that compose the project. Acquire coordinates from one file and then publish those coordinates to other files.

Defining Named Locations

Revit Architecture projects can have named locations. A named location is the position of a model instance
in a Revit Architecture project. By default, each Revit Architecture project contains at least one named
location, called Internal.
If your Revit Architecture project contains a unique structure or a site model, it typically has only one named
location.
If your Revit Architecture project contains several identical buildings, it will have many locations in it.

1230 | Chapter 19 Working with Linked Models

You want may want several locations of a building to create a campus look. For example:

■ Several identical dormitory buildings on the same site

■ Identical condominiums on the same site

You might also want several locations for a unique building. In this case, you could import the building
into a site model and then move the building around on the site by choosing different locations.
Locations are modifiable in a project. You can delete, rename, and create new locations, and switch between
locations.

Seeing and Creating Named Locations

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Manage Place and Locations.
2 Click the Locations tab.
The Manage Place and Locations dialog lists the current named locations in the project. By
default, each project has a named location called Internal.

3 To create a new named location, click Duplicate.

4 Enter a name for the location, and click OK.
5 To rename an existing location, click Rename.
6 To delete an existing location, click Delete.

NOTE You cannot delete the last location.

7 To change the active location of the project, select it and click Make Current.
8 Click OK.

Repositioning Named Locations

After you have set up a shared coordinate system between the host model and linked models, the position
of the linked instance is determined by the corresponding location in the linked model. You can drag the
linked instance to another position inside the host model. When you do this, you are actually changing the
corresponding location in the linked model.
When you reposition the instance to a new location, you can save that change. There are several ways to
do this.

Warning Dialog

After you move the linked instance, a warning indicates that the linked file will change. This is because you
have defined a new position for the named location in the linked model file. In the warning dialog, you
can choose to save the linked file or save the new location later using the Manage Links command. If you
click Save Now, Revit Architecture saves the new location to the linked model file.

Recording a New Location with Manage Links

1 Click File menu ➤ Manage Links.

2 Click the tab for the model file type that you have linked. For example, if you have linked a
Revit model, click the Revit tab.
3 Click the linked file name to select it.
4 Click Save Locations.

Defining Named Locations | 1231

 5 The Save Modified Linked Model dialog displays the following options:
■ Save the new position of the location back to the linked model file.

■ Do not save. Location positions are not changed, and the instance returns to its currently
defined location.

■ Do not save but keep the new position and break the share between the linked and model
files.

6 Click OK to close the Manage Links dialog.

Saving Through the Host Model

If you save or close the host model, you are prompted to save the linked models. The Save Modified Linked
Model dialog appears.

Saving When You Unload a Link

If you unload a linked file, the Save Modified Linked Model dialog displays. Again, you are prompted to
save changes to the linked model.

Modifying Linked Model Location Through Instance Properties

1 Select a linked instance in the host model.

2 Click , and click the button that appears next to the Shared Location parameter.
The Choose Location dialog displays the current location of the linked instance.

3 Specify how to set the location of the linked instance:

■ Select Move Instance To and choose a location name. The listed location names are from
the linked model file. When you click OK, the linked instance moves to the recorded position
for that named location.

■ Select Record Current Position As to record the current location of the linked model instance
back to its file. If you want to create a new location name for the instance, click Change to
add a new location name that is also saved back to the linked model file.

■ Select Do Not Share Location of Selected Instance to place the instance in the desired position
and break the share between the linked and model files. If you select this option, you can
move the linked instance in the host model without changing the linked model file.

Acquiring and Publishing Coordinates

In general, you want to acquire coordinates from a linked model (such as a site) if you are working in a
building model file. If you are working in the site model, you want to publish coordinates from the site
model to linked building models.
In either case, you publish or acquire coordinates while you are in a host model.

1232 | Chapter 19 Working with Linked Models

Acquire Coordinates
When you acquire coordinates from a linked Revit project, the shared coordinates of the linked project
become the shared coordinates of the host project, based on the location of the linked project instance in
the host project. There is no change to the host project's internal coordinates. The host project also acquires
True North from the linked project. The origin of the linked project's shared coordinates becomes the origin
of the host project's shared coordinates.
When a Revit Architecture project acquires coordinates from a linked DWG file, the World Coordinate
System (WCS) of the selected linked DWG file becomes the shared coordinate system of the host Revit
Architecture project, based on the location of the linked DWG instance. The Y axis of the DWG becomes
True North, and the origin of the DWG becomes the origin of the shared coordinate system of the Revit
Architecture project.

To acquire coordinates:

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Shared Coordinates ➤ Acquire Coordinates.

2 Place the cursor on a linked model instance, and click.
The host model file now has the same shared coordinates as the linked model file. If other loaded linked
models share coordinates with the host model, they also acquire the new coordinates.

Publish Coordinates
When you publish shared coordinates from a host project to a linked project, this changes the linked project.
The host project's True North and shared origin are recorded in the linked project, based on the current
location of the linked instance. This location is now named in both the host project and the linked project.
More than one location of the link can be recorded.
When you publish shared coordinates from a host Revit Architecture project to a linked DWG, this changes
the linked DWG. The origin of the host Revit Architecture project’s shared coordinate system becomes the
origin of a new User Coordinate System (UCS) in the DWG file. The Y axis of the new UCS corresponds to
the host project's True North. You can name the UCS when you publish coordinates. It is not recommended
that you change this name after publishing coordinates.

To publish coordinates:

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Shared Coordinates ➤ Publish Coordinates.

2 Place the cursor on a linked model instance and click.
3 Select a named location from the linked model, and click OK.
See Defining Named Locations on page 1230.

The linked model file now has the same shared coordinates as the host model file.

Acquiring or Publishing Through Linked Instance Properties

This procedure assumes that you have a linked model instance in the host model, and its coordinates are
not currently shared with those of the host model.

1 Select the linked model in the host model and click .

Notice the button in the value box next to the Shared Location parameter. It reads Not Shared,
which indicates that there is no coordinate sharing between the linked instance and the host
model.

Acquiring and Publishing Coordinates | 1233

 2 Click the button.
Because this is the first time that you are setting up shared coordinates between the host and
the linked models, a dialog displays, telling you that you need to reconcile the coordinates in
favor of the host or the linked model. You need to reconcile the coordinates only once.

3 Select Publish or Acquire:

■ You publish the coordinates of the host model to the linked model. The linked model file
coordinates change to the host model file's coordinates.

■ You acquire the coordinates from the linked model to the host model.

4 The linked model's position in the host model is saved to a location name in the linked model
file. If desired, you can change the name of the location by clicking Change and selecting a
name from the Select Location dialog.
5 Click Reconcile to confirm changes.
6 Click OK to close the linked model properties.

Tips on Acquiring and Publishing

You cannot acquire coordinates or publish coordinates from a project that has multiple locations, using the
Acquire Coordinates or Publish Coordinates commands. You can do it through the properties of the linked
model. See Defining Named Locations on page 1230.

Relocating and Rotating a Project

To see the results of relocating and rotating a project, the host project must contain linked instances at
shared locations. The relocate and rotate functions will modify the position of all elements in the project
and any import instances that are not linked. In addition, any linked instances that are not at shared locations
move relative to all linked instances at shared locations.

Relocating a Project
The Relocate this Project command moves the entire project relative to the shared coordinate system.

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Project Position/Orientation ➤ Relocate this Project.

You use the command just like the Move command.

2 Move the project graphically in the view. See Moving Elements with the Move Tool on page
302.

NOTE If you have set levels or spot elevations to report values from the shared origin, their values
update. See Level Properties on page 1044 and Changing Elevation Reporting on page 229.

Rotating a Project to True North

You can rotate plan or RCP views in the project to True North, so that you can place the views on a sheet.
1 Right-click in the desired plan or RCP view, and click View Properties. Set the Orientation
parameter to True North, and click OK.
2 Click Tools menu ➤ Project Position/Orientation ➤ Rotate True North.

1234 | Chapter 19 Working with Linked Models

 3 You use the command just like the Rotate command. Rotate the project graphically in the view
to True North, or on the Options Bar, enter the angle and direction from True North. See Rotating
Elements on page 308.
The linked project in the current view does not move. However, if you look at other plan views
whose orientation parameter is set to Project North, you see the change.
Project rotated in plan view with orientation to True North

Plan view with orientation to Project North

Rotating Project North

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Project Position/Orientation ➤ Rotate Project North.
2 In the Rotate Project dialog, select an option.
3 Click OK.
A message displays to indicate the project was rotated and lists any errors that were encountered. You can
export errors to review and correct them. For more information, see Exporting Warnings to a File on page
1335.

Relocating a Project by Entering Points

You can relocate a project and rotate the project to True North by entering specific coordinates for
North/South, East/West, and Elevation. You can also set the angle between True North and Project North.
You can click anywhere in a view to set the coordinates. Some coordinates may not be editable depending
on where you click. For example, in elevation, if you click on a level line, the only value that you can edit
is elevation.
You can use this command when you have a specific set of coordinates from a surveyor, or if you report
shared coordinates and want to relocate the project to the coordinates reported.

Relocating and Rotating a Project | 1235

 To relocate a project by entering points:

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Shared Coordinates ➤ Specify Coordinates at a Point.

2 Place the cursor in the view, and click to select a point at which to enter the coordinates.
The Specify Shared Coordinates dialog displays values for the coordinates of the selected point.
The dialog displays only values that it can infer from the point.

3 Enter coordinate values for the selected point.

4 If you want to rotate the project from Project North to True North, enter a value and direction.
5 Click OK to save the new coordinates for the selected point.

Mirroring a Project
Mirroring a project allows you to mirror (reflect the position and shape of) all elements in a project around
an axis you select (North - South, East - West, Northeast - Southwest, or Northwest - Southeast). When you
mirror a project, model elements, all views, and annotations are mirrored. Orientation of annotations is
preserved when necessary, for example text does not mirror in order to retain readability.

To mirror a project:

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Project Position/Orientation ➤ Mirror Project.

2 In the Mirror Project dialog, select an option.
3 Click OK.
In some cases when you mirror a project, relationships between elements are not supported as in the original
orientation of the project. This can lead to unexpected results and errors, for example some elements may
deviate from exact reflection. After you mirror the project, a message displays to indicate any errors
encountered. You can export errors to review and correct them.
For information on exporting errors, see Exporting Warnings to a File on page 1335. For information on finding
elements in the project that are associated with errors, see Diagnostic Tool on page 1332. For information on
the tools you can use to correct errors, see Editing Elements on page 269.

Reporting Shared Coordinates

You can report the shared coordinates of a linked model within a host model. The coordinates returned are
with respect to the shared coordinates between the models.

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Shared Coordinates ➤ Report Shared Coordinates.

2 Place the cursor on a reference point of the linked model.
A reference point can be an edge of an element (such as a roof) or the corner of 2 walls.

3 Click the reference.

The coordinates of the reference display on the Options Bar. The reference's elevation also
displays.

NOTE If you click somewhere in a plan view (other than a reference), you see the North, South, East,
and West coordinates of that point. In a section or elevation view, you see only the elevation of the
point.

1236 | Chapter 19 Working with Linked Models

Design Options
20
After designing the majority of a project, use design options to develop alternative designs in the project. For example,
you can use design options to adapt to changes in project scope, review other designs, or show variations to a client.
With design options, a team can develop, evaluate, and redesign building components and rooms within a single project
file. Some team members can work on specific options, such as variations of a lobby, while the rest of the team continues
with the main model.
Design options can vary in complexity. For example, a designer may want to explore alternatives for entry designs or
structural systems for a roof. Design options tend to become more focused and simplified as a project progresses. They
are typically used as follows:

■ Changing the entry design

■ Exploring different layouts for rooms or furniture
■ Trying different window configurations
■ Developing sustainable design alternatives

You can use design options to explore multiple designs as the project develops. At any time in the design process, you
can have multiple sets of design options. Typically, each set of design options addresses a particular issue or area. For
example, to explore possibilities for a pergola and sunshade for a roof terrace, you can create an option set called Roofing
with multiple roofing designs (Sunscreen or Louvers). In addition, you can create an option set called Roof Structure with
multiple structural designs (Brackets or Beams). After the final design is chosen, you can incorporate the chosen options
into the main model and remove the alternatives.

1237
1238 | Chapter 20 Design Options
Process Overview: Using Design Options
In general, the process of using design options is as follows:

1 Decide on the areas for which you want to develop design options.
Example: You want to create one set of design options for the entry of a building and a second set of
design options for the roof.

2 Create the building model, including all elements that will be common to all of the design options.
(This is the main model.)
Example: Create the building first, including the foundation, floor, walls, and other parts of the building.
Do not include any elements that will belong to the entry or the roof; those elements will be added
using design options.

NOTE If you add elements to a building and later decide that those elements should be part of a design
option, you can move them to the design option. See Moving Elements from the Main Model to a Design
Option Set on page 1246.

3 Create a design option set for each area.

Example: You create one design option set named Entry and another design option set named Roof.
For instructions, see Creating Design Option Sets on page 1242.

4 For each design option set, edit the primary option.

When you create a design option set, Revit Architecture also creates a primary option for the set. The
primary option is typically the preferred design or the design that you think will be chosen. It will be
displayed in project views by default. Other design options will appear in views only when you specify.
Edit the primary option to add elements to the design as desired. (See Editing a Design Option on page
1244.) For an alternative approach, see Viewing the Main Model Without Design Options on page 1253.

5 Create secondary options for each design option set.

You can create one or more secondary options for each set. See Adding Design Options on page 1243.
Example: For the Entry option set, you create secondary options named Revolving Door and Two Double
Doors.
In general, any elements that will be modified or referenced in an option should belong to the design
option instead of the main model. See Referencing Elements in Design Options on page 1255 and Moving
Elements from the Main Model to a Design Option Set on page 1246.

6 Create views that display each design option.

By default, all project views display the main model with primary design options only. To see secondary
options, create project views that show them. (These are called dedicated views.) You can then place
these views on sheets to present the designs to clients. See Dedicating Views to Design Options on page
1252.

7 Incorporate a design option into the main model.

After the client has selected the desired option for each option set, you can incorporate the selected
designs into the main model. This process deletes the design option set, so the other options in the set
are no longer available, and the selected option becomes part of the building model. See Incorporating
a Design Option into the Main Model on page 1251.

Process Overview: Using Design Options | 1239

Design Options Toolbar
Before working with design options, display the Design Options toolbar. This toolbar offers one-click access
to the functions available using Tools menu ➤ Design Options.

To display the Design Options toolbar

Do either of the following:
■ Click Window menu ➤ Toolbar ➤ Design Options.

■ Move the cursor over any part of the toolbar area in the Revit window, right-click, and click Design
Options.

By default, the Design Options toolbar is located on the right side of the Revit window, in the second row
of toolbar buttons. You can drag the toolbar handle to move it to a different location in the toolbar area.

Use the buttons of the Design Options toolbar as follows:

Button Tooltip Description

Design Options Opens the Design Options dialog, from which you can manage design options
and option sets. This button corresponds to Tools menu ➤ Design Op-
tions ➤ Design Options.

Add to Design Option Set Moves an element from the main model to one or more design options in a
set. This button corresponds to Tools menu ➤ Design Options ➤ Add to
Design Option Set.

Choose a Design Option to Displays a menu of options, which allow you to select a design option for
Edit, or Editing: ‘<design editing, or to indicate that you are finished editing the active option. This
option set> : <design op- button corresponds to Tools menu ➤ Design Options ➤ Pick to Edit, and
tion>’ functions of the Design Options dialog. When you are editing an option, this
button appears selected, and the tooltip indicates the active option.

Design Options Terminology

Term Description

Main model The parts of the building model that are not defined using design options. The main model is the
entire building model, excluding any design options.

Design option set A collection of alternatives that addresses a particular design problem, such as a lobby or a floor
layout. See Creating Design Option Sets on page 1242.

Design option One possible solution to the design problem. See Adding Design Options on page 1243 and Working
with Design Options on page 1244.

1240 | Chapter 20 Design Options

 Term Description

Primary option The preferred design option in the design option set. The primary option has a closer relationship
to the main model than secondary options. Elements in the main model and in the primary option
can reference each other. Only one design option in a set can be the primary option. All other
options are secondary. By default, each project view displays both the main model and the primary
option for each set. See Promoting a Secondary Option to the Primary Option on page 1245.

Secondary option A design option that is an alternative to the primary option in the set. Elements in a secondary
option can reference elements in the main model. However, elements in the main model cannot
reference elements in a secondary option. See Referencing Elements in Design Options on page
1255.

Active option The design option that you are currently editing. See Editing a Design Option on page 1244 and
Determining the Active Option on page 1245.

Dedicated view A view that is dedicated to a specific design option. When this view is active or added to a sheet,
Revit Architecture shows the design option along with the main model. See Dedicating Views to
Design Options on page 1252.

Best Practices for Design Options

When implementing design options, consider the following strategies:

To prepare the main model for design options

In the main model create as much of the model as possible before adding any design options. Include
elements that will be common to all design options. Use design options for only those parts of the model
that will vary.

To create a design option

1 Create a design option set. See Creating Design Option Sets on page 1242.

2 Add the design option. See Adding Design Options on page 1243.

3 Add elements to the design option. See Editing a Design Option on page 1244.

To facilitate cleanup

If main model elements need to clean up connections with secondary design option elements, move those
elements from the main model to one or more design options in the set. You cannot join the geometry of
elements that are part of a secondary option with elements that are part of the main model. For example,
if walls in the main model need to attach to a roof in Roof Option 2, move the walls from the main model
into Roof Option 2.
See Design Options and Wall Joins on page 1258, Referencing Elements in Design Options on page 1255, and
Moving Elements from the Main Model to a Design Option Set on page 1246.

Best Practices for Design Options | 1241

 To see and compare design options

Do either of the following:

■ Change the design option settings for a view. See Checking the Design Option Settings for a View on
page 1253.

■ For each design option that you want to compare, dedicate a view to the option. You can place these
views on sheets for side-by-side comparisons or to show the design options to clients. See Dedicating
Views to Design Options on page 1252 and Viewing Multiple Design Options on page 1253.

To detail or annotate a design option

Dedicate a view to the option. Then add details or annotations to the view. Details and annotations are
view-specific; they belong to a view, not to a design option. See Annotating and Detailing Design Options
on page 1249.

To create schedules for design options

Create the desired schedule, duplicate it, and dedicate one schedule to each design option. Each schedule
lists elements from the main model and elements from the specified design option. You create schedules
that are dedicated to design options in the same way that you create dedicated views. See Dedicating Views
to Design Options on page 1252.

To incorporate a design option

After a design option is selected for implementation, incorporate it into the main model and delete all other
options using the Accept Primary function. See Incorporating a Design Option into the Main Model on page
1251.

Creating Design Option Sets

You begin the design option process by creating design option sets. A design option set is a collection of
alternatives that address a particular design problem. For example, you can create one design option set to
show different designs for the entry of a building. You can create another design option set for alternative
roof configurations. Each design option set contains one primary option and one or more secondary options.

To create a design option set

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Design Options ➤ Design Options, or click on the Design Options
toolbar.
2 In the Design Options dialog, under Option Set, click New.

1242 | Chapter 20 Design Options

 By default, Revit Architecture names the new set Option Set 1 and creates a primary option in
the set.

3 To rename the option set, select the option set name, and under Option Set, click Rename. Enter
a name, and click OK.
4 To rename the primary option, select its name, and under Option, click Rename. Enter a name,
and click OK.
5 Click Close.
Now you can edit the primary design option to add elements to it, and create secondary options for the
design option set. See Editing a Design Option on page 1244 and Adding Design Options on page 1243.
By default, project views show the main model with the primary option for each set. If you want project
views to show the main model only, with no design options, see Viewing the Main Model Without Design
Options on page 1253. To see a list of design option sets and design options defined for a project, on the Design

Options toolbar, click (Choose a Design Option to Edit).

Adding Design Options

A design option is one possible solution for a particular design issue. Each design option set contains one
primary option and one or more secondary options. When you create a set, Revit Architecture also creates
a primary option, which you must edit to add its elements. (See Editing a Design Option on page 1244.) Use
the following procedure to add secondary design options.

To add a design option

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Design Options ➤ Design Options, or click on the Design Options
toolbar.
2 In the Design Options dialog, in the left-hand list, select the design option set to which you
want to add an option.
3 Under Option, click New.
The default option name displays under the option set.

4 To rename the option, select the option name, and under Option, click Rename. Enter a name,
and click OK.

5 If you want this design option to be the primary option for the design set, click Make Primary.
The Make Primary button promotes a secondary option to the primary option. The former
primary option becomes a secondary option.

Adding Design Options | 1243

 NOTE Use caution with the Make Primary command, because references from the main model to
the former primary option can be lost. After using this command, check dimension references and
tags to be sure they are referencing the correct elements. See Referencing Elements in Design Options
on page 1255.

6 To open the design option for editing, do the following:

a Select the design option in the list, and click Edit Selected.

b Click Close.

In the current view, elements in the main model display in halftone (gray) to distinguish them
from the design option that you are editing. For further instructions, see Editing a Design Option
on page 1244.

TIP If the current view does not show the active option, check its design option settings. (See Checking
the Design Option Settings for a View on page 1253.) For the appropriate design option set, specify
Automatic, or select the desired design option.

If the design option that you just created is a primary option, by default it displays in all project views that
are not dedicated to other design options. If the option is secondary, it does not appear in any project views
by default. See Viewing Design Options on page 1252.

Working with Design Options

The following topics describe how to modify and work with design options.

Editing a Design Option

1 In the Project Browser, open a view where you can add the desired elements for the design
option.
2 Prepare the view to show the active design option:
a On the keyboard, type VG (for Visibility/Graphics).

b On the Visibility/Graphics dialog, click the Design Options tab.

c For the appropriate design option set, in the Design Option column, select Automatic.

d Click OK.

3 Open the design option for editing, using one of the following methods:
■ Click Tools menu ➤ Design Options ➤ Design Options. In the Design Options dialog, select
the design option from the list, click Edit Selected, and click Close.

■ On the Design Options toolbar, click . Then select the design option from the list, or
click Pick to Edit and select an element contained in the design option.
When you use Pick to Edit, Revit Architecture determines the design option to which the
selected element belongs, and makes that design option active for editing.

4 Edit the design option as desired.

The model elements that you add now belong to the active option. For tips on using design
options in various ways, see Considerations When Using Design Options on page 1255.

1244 | Chapter 20 Design Options

 NOTE You cannot add view-specific elements (such as keynotes, dimensions, and tags) to a design
option. Instead, dedicate a view to the design option, and add the view-specific elements to the
dedicated view. See Annotating and Detailing Design Options on page 1249.

While you are editing the design option, you can move among project views as needed. When
you change to a different view, you may need to change the design option settings for the view
to see the active option. (See Checking the Design Option Settings for a View on page 1253.)

5 When you are finished editing the design option, do either of the following:

■ Click (Editing).

■ Click Tools menu ➤ Design Options ➤ Design Options. In the Design Options dialog, click
Finish Editing.

Determining the Active Option

The active option is the design option that is currently being edited. If you are editing an option, the current
view displays the main model and the active option.

TIP If the current view does not show the active option, check its design option settings. (See Checking the Design
Option Settings for a View on page 1253.) For the appropriate design option set, specify Automatic, or select the
desired design option.

To determine whether you are currently in Design Option Edit mode, check the Editing button of the Design
Options toolbar. (See Design Options Toolbar on page 1240.) If it appears to be pressed (instead of raised), you
are in Design Option Edit mode. Changes that you make will affect the active option.

To determine which design option is currently active for editing, move the mouse over the Editing button.
It displays a tooltip that indicates the active option, using the following format:
Editing: '<design option set> : <design option>'

Promoting a Secondary Option to the Primary Option

The primary option is the preferred design option in the set. Elements in the main model and in the primary
option can reference each other. (See Referencing Elements in Design Options on page 1255.)
Only one design option in a set can be the primary option. All other options are secondary. By default, each
project view displays both the main model and the primary option for each set.
If you want to promote a secondary option to be the primary option, be aware that Revit Architecture
attempts to move relationships from the former primary option to the new primary option. For example,
suppose you create a dimension from a main model wall to a primary option wall. In a secondary option,
the same wall has been moved slightly. When you promote the secondary option to be the primary option,
Revit Architecture displays the same dimension between the main model wall and the moved wall. The
dimension is updated to show the correct distance between the walls.

Determining the Active Option | 1245

 To promote a secondary option to be the primary option

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Design Options ➤ Design Options, or click on the Design Options
toolbar.
2 In the Design Options dialog, select the secondary design option to promote.
3 Under Option, click Make Primary.
Revit Architecture promotes the selected secondary option to be the primary option. The Design
Options dialog lists the design option with (primary) after its name. The former primary option
is now a secondary option.

NOTE If you encounter the error message Elements in main model will be deleted, see Troubleshooting
Issues with Design Options on page 1260 for instructions.

4 Click Close.
5 In project views that display the main model with the new primary option, check dimension
references and tags to be sure they are referencing the correct elements.

Moving Elements from the Main Model to a Design Option Set

The main model consists of the entire building model, excluding elements in any design options.
Elements in the main model cannot host or reference elements in secondary options. Therefore, elements
in the main model do not change their shape or properties when you are looking at a view for a secondary
option. For example:

■ If you sketch 4 walls in the main model and then sketch a roof in a secondary option, you cannot attach
the walls to the roof.

■ To add a door or window to a design option, the host wall must also be part of the design option.

■ To add a skylight to a design option, the host roof must also be part of the design option.

If main model elements need to reference and update with elements in a secondary option, you must move
the main model elements into that design option. Then you can edit the design option to modify those
elements as desired. (See Referencing Elements in Design Options on page 1255.)

To move elements from the main model to a design option set

1 Display the Design Options toolbar.
See Design Options Toolbar on page 1240.

2 Open a project view that shows the elements to be moved.

3 Verify that you are not in Design Option Edit mode.
See Determining the Active Option on page 1245.

4 Select the main model elements to move.

5 On the Design Options toolbar, click (Add to Design Option Set).

6 In the Add to Design Option Set dialog, for Add selection to, select the desired set.
Revit Architecture lists the design options for the selected set.

7 Select one or more design options to which you want to add the elements.
If you clear a check box, the elements are not added to the corresponding design option.

1246 | Chapter 20 Design Options

 8 Click OK.
Copies of the original elements are now in all selected design options in the set. The original
elements are no longer part of the main model.

TIP You can also add elements to a single design option by cutting the elements from the main
model and pasting them into the same place in the design option. Use the Cut and Paste Aligned
commands, as described in Moving Elements from One Design Option to Another on page 1247.

Moving Elements from One Design Option to Another

NOTE You can also use this technique to move an element from the main model to a design option, as an
alternative to the method described in Moving Elements from the Main Model to a Design Option Set on page
1246.

1 Open a project view that will show the elements to move.

If the elements belong to a secondary option, they may not be visible yet.

2 Prepare the view to show the active design option:

a On the keyboard, type VG (for Visibility/Graphics).

b On the Visibility/Graphics dialog, click the Design Options tab.

c For the appropriate design option set, in the Design Option column, select Automatic.

d Click OK.

3 On the Design Options toolbar, click , and select the design option in which the elements
reside.
4 In the drawing area, select one or more elements, and press CTRL+X (Cut).
See Selecting Elements in Design Options and the Main Model on page 1247 and Selecting Elements
on page 269.

5 Click to finish editing this design option.

6 Click again, and select the design option where you want to add the elements.
7 Click Edit menu ➤ Paste Aligned ➤ Same Place.
Revit Architecture moves the selected elements to the active option.

8 Click to finish editing the active option.

Selecting Elements in Design Options and the Main Model

To avoid unintended results or confusion, when you are editing a design option, Revit Architecture prevents
you from selecting elements in the main model. Similarly, when you are editing the main model, the software
prevents you from selecting elements in a design option. However, you can explicitly allow these functions,
if needed (for example, to add dimensions between a main model element and a design option element).

Moving Elements from One Design Option to Another | 1247

 To select elements in design options when editing the main model

■ On the Options Bar, clear Exclude Options. Now you can select the desired elements from the design
option.

This option is available when you are viewing the main model and a design option but not editing the
design option.

To select elements in the main model when editing a design option

■ On the Options Bar, clear Active Option Only. Now you can select elements in the main model and other
option sets.

This option is available when you are editing a design option.

To determine the design option to which an element belongs

1 Move the cursor over the element to highlight it.
2 If the element does not highlight when you move the cursor over it, on the Options Bar, clear
Exclude Options or Active Options Only. Then move the cursor over it again.
The status bar and tooltip for the highlighted element indicate the category, family, and type of the element.
If the element belongs to a design option, they also indicate the design option set and the design option to
which the element belongs, using the following format:
(<design option set> : <design option>) : <category> : <family> : <type>
If the element belongs to the main model, the status bar and the tooltip do not show design option
information.

Duplicating a Design Option

Suppose you are creating a series of design options, and several elements will be common to many of them.
In this case, you can create a design option that contains all of the common elements, then create copies
of it, and modify the individual design options to develop each design further. This strategy can streamline
the process of developing design options and reduce duplication of effort.

To duplicate a design option

1 Create the design option and add the elements that will be common to multiple design options.
See Adding Design Options on page 1243.

2 On the Design Options toolbar, click (Design Options).

3 On the Design Options dialog, select the design option from the list.

1248 | Chapter 20 Design Options

 4 Under Option, click Duplicate.
Revit Architecture creates a copy of the selected design option named Copy of <design option>.

5 To rename the duplicate design option, select the option name, and under Option, click Rename.
Enter a name, and click OK.
6 If needed, repeat steps 4 and 5 to create more copies of the design option.
Now you can edit the duplicate design options to modify them as desired. Changes made to a duplicate
design option affect only that design option. See Editing a Design Option on page 1244.

Annotating and Detailing Design Options

Annotations and details (such as keynotes, dimensions, and tags) are view-specific elements. They cannot
be part of a design option. To document a design option, first dedicate one or more views to the option.
(See Dedicating Views to Design Options on page 1252.) Then add the desired annotations and details to the
dedicated views. (See Annotating and Detailing on page 1027.)
If you want similar views for each option to have similar documentation and details, use the following
procedure.

To create duplicate detailed views for design options

1 In a view that shows the main model and a design option, add the annotations and details that
you want to appear in similar views for all design options.
2 In the Project Browser, right-click the view name, and click Duplicate View ➤ Duplicate with
Detailing.
This command creates a copy of the view, including annotations and details. Repeat this step
to create a copy of the view for each design option.

3 Dedicate each duplicate view to a different design option. (See Dedicating Views to Design
Options on page 1252.)
4 Rename each duplicate view to indicate the design option that it displays. (See Renaming Views
on page 209.)
5 In the view for each design option, modify the annotations and details as appropriate.
If you add a new annotation or detail to a dedicated view, it displays in that view only.

6 (Optional) For side-by-side comparisons of the design options, add a sheet, and add the views
to the sheet.
See Sheets on page 968.

Deleting Design Options and Option Sets

When you delete a single design option, Revit Architecture removes the following from the project:

■ All elements that belong to the design option.

■ All views whose Visible in Option parameter specifies the design option. (See Deleting Views Associated
with Design Options on page 1251.)

■ (Optional) Views that are dedicated to the design option; that is, views whose design option settings
include the design option. (See Checking the Design Option Settings for a View on page 1253.) When you
delete a design option, Revit Architecture displays a list of these dedicated views. You can instruct Revit
Architecture to delete these views or to preserve them.

Annotating and Detailing Design Options | 1249

 When you delete a design option set, Revit Architecture removes all of its design options, their elements,
and associated views (as for deleting a design option).
If you are ready to incorporate a design option into the main model, do not use these Delete procedures for
the undesired options. Instead, see Incorporating a Design Option into the Main Model on page 1251 for
instructions.

NOTE You cannot delete a primary option. If you want to delete a primary option, you must first demote it to a
secondary option (by promoting a secondary option to be primary). When the undesired option is a secondary
option, you can then delete it. See Promoting a Secondary Option to the Primary Option on page 1245. If you want
to delete a primary option, and it is the only option in the set, delete the design option set.

To delete a design option

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Design Options ➤ Design Options, or click on the Design Options
toolbar.
2 In the Design Options dialog, select the design option to delete.
3 Under Option, click Delete.
4 If the design option has one or more dedicated views (or views for which the Visible in Option
parameter is set), the Delete Dedicated Option Views dialog lists the associated views. Do the
following:
a Clear the check boxes for any views that you do not want to delete.
For these views, the design option settings on the Visibility/Graphics dialog will be changed
to Automatic for the related design option set.

NOTE If the Visible in Option parameter for a view specifies the unwanted design option, you
cannot clear its check box in the Delete Dedicated Option Views dialog. If you do not want to
delete this view when deleting the design option, cancel the delete operation. Change the Visible
in Option parameter for that view to specify another design option or All. (See Deleting Views
Associated with Design Options on page 1251.) Then repeat this procedure to delete the unwanted
design option.

b Click Delete to delete the design option and the selected views.

5 If the design option does not have associated views, a confirmation prompt displays. Click Yes
to delete the design option.
Revit Architecture deletes the selected design option and the selected views.

To delete a design option set

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Design Options ➤ Design Options, or click on the Design Options
toolbar.
2 In the Design Options dialog, select the design option set to delete.
3 Under Option Set, click Delete.
4 At the confirmation prompt, click Yes.
5 If the design options in the set have dedicated views (or views for which the Visible in Option
parameter is turned on), the Delete Dedicated Option Views dialog lists the associated views.
Do the following:
a Clear the check boxes for any views that you do not want to delete.

b Click Delete to delete the design options in the set and the selected views.

1250 | Chapter 20 Design Options

 Revit Architecture deletes the entire design option set, including all of its design options, their
elements, and the selected views.

Deleting Views Associated with Design Options

To indicate that a view should be deleted when a design option is deleted, set the Visible in Option parameter
for the view. The Visible in Option parameter provides a way to associate a view with a particular design
option, even when the view’s design option settings specify multiple design options (one for each set).
When you delete a design option, Revit Architecture displays a list of the views to be deleted. See Deleting
Design Options and Option Sets on page 1249.

To set the Visible in Option parameter for a view

1 In the Project Browser, right-click the view name, and click Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog for the view, under Graphics, locate the Visible in Option
parameter.
3 For Visible in Option, click in the Value column, and select the desired design option from the
list.
You can select only one design option for one set.

4 Click OK.

Incorporating a Design Option into the Main Model

After choosing a design option to implement, you can incorporate it into the main model and delete other
options that are no longer necessary.

NOTE Accepting the primary option deletes all secondary options and the design option set. You can undo this
action, but you should be sure that you do not need any other options. Consider making a backup copy of the
project before proceeding.

To incorporate a design option into the main model

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Design Options ➤ Design Options, or click on the Design Options
toolbar.
2 In the Design Options dialog, select the design option set that includes the desired option.
3 If the desired option is secondary, select the design option in the list, and click Make Primary
to promote it to the primary option.
4 Under Option Set, click Accept Primary to incorporate the primary option into the main model.
Revit Architecture prompts you to confirm this action.

5 Click Yes.
Revit Architecture incorporates the primary option into the main model and deletes the design
option set.

6 Click Close.

If you need to undo this action, click Edit menu ➤ Undo. (See Undoing an Action on page 283.)

Incorporating a Design Option into the Main Model | 1251

Viewing Design Options
When you create a design option set, Revit Architecture displays the main model and the primary option
in all project views by default. To see secondary options with the main model, you must do one of the
following:

■ Edit the option on page 1244.

■ Change a view’s display option settings on page 1253.

■ Dedicate views to the design option on page 1252.

Dedicating Views to Design Options

To see secondary options with the main model, create duplicate views that are dedicated to those options.
These views are called dedicated views. A dedicated view typically displays a specified design option for each
set.
You can dedicate all kinds of views (including schedules) to a specified design option. For example, you can
create one beam schedule for the primary option and another beam schedule for a secondary option. Each
schedule lists beams that are in the main model as well as beams that are in the specified design option.

To create a dedicated view

1 Open a view that you want to dedicate to a design option.
By default, the view displays the primary option with the main model.

2 In the Project Browser, right-click the view name, and do the following.
If you want the duplicate view to... then...

include model elements only, with no annotations or click Duplicate View ➤ Duplicate.
detailing,

include model elements as well as annotations and click Duplicate View ➤ Duplicate with Detailing.
details from the original view,

Revit Architecture creates a duplicate view.

3 Rename the duplicate view, using a name that indicates the design options displayed in the
view.
For example, the following 3D view names indicate the design options that will be displayed
in each view. (See Renaming Views on page 209.)

4 Specify design options for the view, as follows:

a In the Project Browser, right-click the duplicate view name, and click Properties.

b In the Element Properties dialog for the view, under Instance Parameters, for
Visibility/Graphics Overrides, click Edit.

1252 | Chapter 20 Design Options

 The Visibility dialog displays the Design Options tab. It lists each design option set, and,
for each set, the design option that the view is currently displaying.
A value of Automatic indicates the following:
■ When no design option is being edited, the view displays the primary option.

■ When a design option is being edited, the view displays the active option.

c For each design option set, select the design option to display in this view.
If you have created multiple design option sets, the view displays one option for each set.

d Click OK.

The view displays the main model and a selected design option for each set.

5 Repeat Steps 2–4 for each combination of design options that you want to show in individual
views.
For each dedicated view, you can now do the following:

■ Modify the view, for example, to add annotations and details for design options. See Annotating and
Detailing on page 1027.

■ Modify a design option. See Editing a Design Option on page 1244.

■ Place the view on a sheet to share the design options with clients. See Sheets on page 968.

Related topics

■ View Tags in Dedicated Views for Design Options on page 1254

■ Deleting Views Associated with Design Options on page 1251

Viewing the Main Model Without Design Options

If you want to be able to view the main model only, with no design options, create an empty design option
and make it the primary option. (See Adding Design Options on page 1243.) If you are using multiple design
option sets, create an empty option for each set, and make it the primary option for each set.
By default, all project views will then display the main model only. To display other design options, see
Viewing Design Options on page 1252.

Viewing Multiple Design Options

A project view can display only one design option for each set. To view and compare design options
side-by-side, dedicate a view to each design option. (See Dedicating Views to Design Options on page 1252.)
Then place the views on a sheet. (See Adding Views to a Sheet on page 971.)

Checking the Design Option Settings for a View

1 Open a project view in which you want to see or edit a design option.
2 On the keyboard, type VG (for Visibility/Graphics).
3 On the Visibility/Graphics dialog, click the Design Options tab.

Viewing the Main Model Without Design Options | 1253

 The tab lists each design option set, and, for each set, the option that the view is currently
displaying.
A value of Automatic indicates the following:
■ When no design option is being edited, the view displays the primary option.

■ When a design option is being edited, the view displays the active option.

4 If the desired design options are not selected, select the appropriate design option for each set,
and click OK.
The view is now dedicated to the selected design options.

View Tags in Dedicated Views for Design Options

View tags are the symbols that represent other views or drawings, such as elevations, callouts, and sections.

For example, in a floor plan, the following symbol indicates an elevation. (For more information
about view tags, see Section, Elevation, and Callout View Tag Setup on page 196.)
You can control whether these tags are visible in views based on design options. For example, if a section
view applies only to Option 1, the section tag should not appear in a view that is dedicated to Option 2.
The visibility of a view tag is determined by a parameter called Visible in Option.

■ If you create a view while editing the main model, Visible in Option (for the view tag) is set to All. The
tag is visible in the view for all design options.

■ If you create a view while you are editing a design option, the view tag’s Visible in Option parameter is
set to the active option. If you change the value of Visible in Option, the view tag is visible in views for
the specified option only.

For example, if you create an elevation to display a particular design option, you may want to specify that
its elevation tag is visible in a floor plan that is dedicated to the design option.

Changing the Visibility of a View Tag for Design Options

1 Open a project view in which the view tag displays.
2 Check the design option settings for the view. (See Checking the Design Option Settings for a
View on page 1253.) For the design option set, select the design option that you plan to assign to
the view tag.
3 In the project view, right-click the view tag, and click Element Properties.

NOTE If the Visible in Option parameter does not display in the Element Properties dialog, you may
not have selected the entire view tag. See Selecting View Tags on page 196.

4 In the Element Properties dialog, for Visible in Option, do the following:

If you want to... then...

make the view tag visible for all design options select All.

make the view tag visible for one option only select that design option.

1254 | Chapter 20 Design Options

 5 Click OK.

Considerations When Using Design Options

The following topics describe important considerations when working with design options.

Unsupported Elements for Design Options

Levels: You cannot add levels to a design option. If you add a level to a building model while you are editing
a design option, Revit Architecture adds the level to the main model. The level displays in halftone, indicating
that it is not part of the design option.
Views: You cannot add views to a design option. However, you can dedicate views to design options.
Annotations and details: You cannot add view-specific elements (such as annotations and details) to a design
option. View-specific elements belong to the views in which they are created.
If you add a view-specific element while you are editing a design option, Revit Architecture adds the element
to the current view, not to the design option. The view-specific element displays in halftone, indicating that
it is not part of the design option. To see the view-specific element and the design option, change the design
option settings for the view. (See Checking the Design Option Settings for a View on page 1253.)
To annotate or detail a design option, dedicate a view to the option. Then add annotations and details to
the view. (See Annotating and Detailing Design Options on page 1249.) View-specific elements can reference
elements in a design option. For example, you can dimension elements in a design option.

Referencing Elements in Design Options

In Revit Architecture, elements can reference each other in many ways, including the following:

■ Explicit constraints (such as locked alignments and dimensions) guarantee that the defined relationships
will be maintained. Conflicts cause errors and must be resolved.

■ Looser constraints (such as dimensions and alignments that are not locked) are often maintained unless
a conflict occurs, in which case these constraints may be removed without notice.

■ Implied constraints (such as a wall attached to a roof, or 2 walls joined at a corner) are also maintained
unless a conflict occurs.

These explicit and implied constraints require that each element knows about the other. That is, one element
must reference the other element.
When you are referencing elements in design options, consider the following guidelines:
■ Elements in the main model and in the primary option can reference each other.

■ Elements in a secondary option can reference elements in the main model. See Selecting Elements in
Design Options and the Main Model on page 1247.

■ Elements in the main model cannot reference elements in a secondary option. Therefore, elements in
the main model do not change their shape or properties when you are editing a secondary option. For
example, if you sketch 4 walls in the main model and then sketch a roof in a secondary option, the walls
do not regenerate and attach to the roof.

■ If main model elements need to update with and reference elements in secondary options, move the
main model elements into each design option (or selected options) in the design option set. Then edit

Considerations When Using Design Options | 1255

 each design option to modify those elements as desired for each design. See Moving Elements from the
Main Model to a Design Option Set on page 1246.

■ View-specific elements can reference elements in design options. For example, you can dimension
elements in a view that is dedicated to a design option. See Annotating and Detailing Design Options
on page 1249.

Interdependent Elements in Design Options

Elements that depend on another element must be in the same design option. Interdependent elements
include the following:

■ Inserts that cut their hosts (such as windows in walls or skylights in roofs)

■ Host sweeps and their hosts (such as wall sweeps and walls)

■ Topographical surfaces and building pads

■ Curtain panels, mullions, and grids

If you add the host to a design option, the hosted element is automatically included. If you try to add the
hosted element without the host, Revit Architecture warns you that the host must also be added.
When you create groups or arrays, selected elements must be in the active option. If no design option is
active, they must be in the main model.
If you add elements to a group, the elements must be in the same design option as the group.

Design Options and Rooms

A room is a model element, so you can add rooms to a design option. As a general rule, the perimeter, area,
and volume of the room are defined by the room-bounding elements available to that option. These
room-bounding elements include elements in the main model, elements in primary options of other option
sets, and elements in the secondary option itself. However, a room in a secondary option cannot reference
elements that are defined in other secondary options.
Room-bounding elements can include walls, room separation lines, roofs, floors, ceilings, columns, and
curtain systems whose Room Bounding parameter is turned on. (See Rooms on page 913 and Room-Bounding
Elements on page 917.)
For information about errors regarding rooms in design options, see Option Conflict Between Rooms on
page 1261 and Room Option Conflict on page 1262.

Room Areas and Perimeters for Design Options

When determining the perimeter and area of a room, Revit Architecture uses the following rules:

■ A room placed in the main model is defined by room-bounding elements in the main model and all
primary options. The room ignores walls and room separation lines that belong to secondary options.

■ A room placed in a design option is defined by room-bounding elements in that option, in the main
model, and in primary options of other option sets. The room ignores walls and room separation lines
that belong to secondary options of other option sets.

1256 | Chapter 20 Design Options

If the shape, size, or location of the room is the same in different options, and you want properties assigned
to the room to be the same for all options, keep the room in the main model.
If you want a room to vary in shape, size, or location in each design option, or to have different room
properties (such as occupancy) in each design option, add the room to each design option in the set. To do
this, you can use either of the following methods:

■ Move an existing room from the main model to one or more design options in the set. (See Moving
Elements from the Main Model to a Design Option Set on page 1246.)

■ Use the Copy and Paste Aligned commands to copy a room between design options (similar to the
technique described in Moving Elements from One Design Option to Another on page 1247).

If you want the shape, size, or location of a room to vary among different options of multiple option sets,
do the following:

1 In the main model, use room separation lines to divide the space into rooms. (Do not, however, add
room elements to the main model.)

2 Create one option set for each of these rooms.

3 In the design options for a set, add the rooms.

You can then create dedicated views to display different combinations of the design options from each set.
(See Dedicating Views to Design Options on page 1252.)

Room Schedules for Design Options

When you create a new view, such as a room schedule, by default its design option settings are set to
Automatic. (See Checking the Design Option Settings for a View on page 1253.) As a result, the room schedule
lists all rooms in the main model and all primary options.
To create a room schedule for a design option, create a schedule view and dedicate it to the design option.
(See Dedicating Views to Design Options on page 1252 and Creating a Schedule or Quantity on page 125.) The
room schedule will then list all rooms in the main model and in the specified design options for each option
set.

Design Options and Rooms | 1257

 Room Tags for Design Options
A room is a model element. You can add a room to a design option. A room tag, however, is a view-specific
annotation element. When you tag a room that is part of a design option, the room tag is part of the view,
not part of the design option.
By default Revit Architecture displays room tags for rooms that you add to a design option. If you later create
a dedicated view for that design option, room tags display if you create the view using Duplicate
View ➤ Duplicate with Detailing.

If room tags do not display in a dedicated view (for example, because you used Duplicate View ➤ Duplicate
to create the view), you can add room tags to the view. See Tagging a Room on page 922.

Room Volumes for Design Options

When you use design options, Revit Architecture computes room volumes using the following rules:

■ To define the perimeter of the room, Revit Architecture uses the walls and room separation lines that
are room-bounding for the design option. (See Design Options and Rooms on page 1256.)

■ To define the upper and lower boundaries of the room, Revit Architecture uses ceilings and floors defined
in the current design option, in primary options of other option sets, and in the main model.

Design Options and Worksets

You can enable worksharing so that team members can work on different parts of a project at the same time.
For a workshared project, all design options and design option sets are included in a Project Standards workset
called Design Options. (See Setting Up Worksets on page 1191.)
To edit an element in a design option, the element and its design option must be editable. See Borrowing
Elements on page 1198.

Design Options and Area Analysis

You cannot add area schemes to design options. To perform area analysis with different design options,
create multiple area schemes. Create an area plan for each area scheme, and set the area plan view visibility
to show the desired options. While editing the main model, create all area calculation boundaries and tags
in that area plan view.
For more information about area analysis, see Area Schemes on page 945.

Design Options and Wall Joins

The cleanup of joins between walls in the main model and walls in the primary option works the same way
as when all walls are in the main model. To avoid incorrect wall joins between the main model and secondary
options, move the wall from the main model to the design option set. See Moving Elements from the Main
Model to a Design Option Set on page 1246.

1258 | Chapter 20 Design Options

Walls in the main model

A wall added in the primary option; join cleans up properly

A wall in a secondary option joined to the main model

To avoid the above problem with wall joins in a secondary option, add the horizontal wall to that option.
The wall join then cleans up properly, as shown. See Wall Joins on page 580.

Design Options and Wall Joins | 1259

Troubleshooting Issues with Design Options
The following topics provide information about issues, errors, and warnings that you may encounter when
working with design options.

Elements in Main Model Will Be Deleted

Issue: This error may occur when you attempt to promote a secondary option to be the primary option. An
element (or dimension or other object) in the main model conflicts with an object in the secondary option
that is being promoted.
Solution:

1 In the error dialog, click Expand, and then expand the error messages until you can identify the objects
that are causing the error.

2 Select the check boxes for the objects.

3 At the bottom of the error dialog, click Delete and Make Primary.

Following this procedure usually resolves the conflicts by deleting the objects and replacing them with the
same or similar objects defined in the newly promoted design option. If you continue to have problems,
contact customer support.

Highlighted Elements Overlap

Issue: This warning may occur when you copy an element from the main model to a design option. In this
case, the element exists in the main model and in the design option. As a result, these 2 elements overlap.
Solution: To resolve the issue, delete the element from the main model or from the design option.
If you tried to move an element from the main model to a design option, cut the element from the model
(instead of copying the element), or use Add to Design Option Set. See Moving Elements from One Design
Option to Another on page 1247 or Moving Elements from the Main Model to a Design Option Set on page
1246.

Incorrect Wall Joins

Issue: Walls in the main model can join with walls in a primary option. However, main model walls cannot
join with walls in a secondary option.
Solution: If wall joins are not behaving as expected, consider whether the walls need to be moved from the
main model to one or more secondary options.
See Design Options and Wall Joins on page 1258 and Moving Elements from the Main Model to a Design
Option Set on page 1246.

Inserts in Design Options

Issue: The following message displays: An insert in a design option cannot be hosted by an element in the
main model.

1260 | Chapter 20 Design Options

 This error occurs when you try to add a hosted component to a design option without its host. In order for
a hosted component to be part of a design option, its host must also be part of the design option. The host
cannot belong to the main model. For example, you cannot add a window to a design option unless the
host wall is also part of the design option. You cannot add a skylight to a design option unless the host roof
is also part of the design option.
The error can also appear when you try to move a hosted component from the main model to a design
option without its host. (See Interdependent Elements in Design Options on page 1256 and Hosted Components
on page 731.)
Solution: To resolve the issue, move the host element to the design option. Then you will be able to add the
hosted component to the design option. See Moving Elements from the Main Model to a Design Option Set
on page 1246.
If you later incorporate the selected design option into the main model, the host element again becomes
part of the main model. See Incorporating a Design Option into the Main Model on page 1251.

None of the Created Elements Are Visible in This View

Issue: This error occurs when you add an element to a design option, but the element will not be visible in
the current view. This may be due to visibility of elements for the view or design option settings for the
view.
Solution: To resolve the issue, try the following:

■ Check visibility of elements in the view.

Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics. On the Model Categories tab and Annotation Categories tab,
check the Visibility settings for the types of elements that you added. If visibility for these elements is
turned off, select the Visibility check box to make them visible. See Visibility and Graphic Display in
Project Views on page 150.

■ Check design option settings for the view.

Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics. On the Design Options tab, check the settings for each design
option set. If they are not set to Automatic or to the active option, change the settings. See Checking
the Design Option Settings for a View on page 1253.

None of the Selected Elements Can Be Added to This Option Set

Issue: This error appears when you have attempted to move an element from the main model to one or
more design options.
Solution: Expand the error message to determine a more specific cause and possible solutions.

Option Conflict Between Rooms

Issue: This warning appears when either of the following occurs:

■ You add a room to the primary option, and the main model already contains a room in the same space.

■ You add a room to the main model, and the primary option already contains a room in the same space.

Solution: To resolve the issue, delete the room from the main model or from the primary option. (You can
press CTRL+Z to undo the Add Room command.) If the room should be defined in the primary option instead
of the main model, see Moving Elements from the Main Model to a Design Option Set on page 1246.

None of the Created Elements Are Visible in This View | 1261

Room Option Conflict
Issue: This message appears in a drawing when conflicts occur between rooms in the main model and rooms
in a secondary design option.
For example, if the main model contains rooms, and you place rooms into the same space in a design option,
the boundaries of the rooms in the main model might overlap the boundaries of the rooms in the design
option.
For example, suppose the main model contains the following room.

When a room is added to a design option, the room tag reports an option conflict.

NOTE If you have created a room schedule, the Room Area column in the schedule also displays an Option
Conflict.

To learn the cause of the option conflict, select the room tag in the plan view, or, in a room schedule, select
a cell in a row that has a conflict. Then on the Options Bar, click Explain Error. A warning dialog displays,
which you can expand to read about the conflict and learn possible remedies for it.
Solution: In general, to correct room option conflicts, add the conflicting main model room to the design
option set. This removes the room from the main model and resolves the conflict. See Moving Elements
from the Main Model to a Design Option Set on page 1246.

1262 | Chapter 20 Design Options

Project Phasing
21
Many projects, such as renovations, proceed in phases, each representing a distinct time period in the life of the project.
Revit Architecture tracks the phase in which views or elements are created or demolished, and lets you apply phase-specific
filters to views so that you can define how the project appears during various stages of work. You can also use phase filters
to control the flow of building model information into views and schedules. This allows you to create phase-specific
project documentation, complete with schedules.

Related topic

■ Phase-Specific Rooms and Boundaries on page 934

Project Phases Overview

You can create as many phases as necessary and assign building model elements to specific phases. You can
also make multiple copies of a view and apply different phases and phase filters to the different copies.

Phase Properties for Views

Each view in Revit Architecture has a Phase property and a Phase Filter property.

■ The Phase property is the name of the view phase. When a view is opened or created, it automatically
has a Phase value. You can copy a view and then choose a different phase value for that view. For example,
the original view has Phase 1; the copy has Phase 2. You create an element in Phase 1 and demolish it
in Phase 2. The element appears as new in the original and as demolished in the copy. (See Creating
Phases on page 1264.)

■ The Phase Filter property lets you control the display of elements in a view. For example, demolished
walls may display in blue dashed lines, while existing elements display in solid black lines. You can apply
a phase filter to a view to see elements from one or more specified phases. (See Phase Filters on page 1265.)

Phase Properties for Elements

Each element that you add to a project has a Phase Created property and a Phase Demolished property.

■ The Phase Created property identifies the phase in which the element was added to the building model.
The default value for this property is the same as the Phase value for the current view. You can specify
a different value as needed.

1263
 ■ The Phase Demolished property identifies the phase in which the element was demolished. The default
value is None. When you demolish an element, this property updates to the current phase of the view
in which you demolished the element. You can also demolish an element by setting the Phase Demolished
property to a different value. See Demolishing Elements on page 1270.

Phases with Schedules

You can apply phases to schedules.

For example, in a large renovation project, a door schedule would normally list all doors created in the
project. In a building with hundreds of doors, the schedule could become difficult to work with because the
demolished doors would be listed with the post-renovation doors. Instead of working with a list in which
half the doors are eventually demolished, you could create one pre-demolition schedule and one
post-renovation schedule, applying the appropriate phase to each. See Applying a Phase to a Schedule on
page 141.

Creating Phases
1 Click Settings menu ➤ Phases.
The Phasing dialog opens, displaying the Project Phases tab. By default, each project has phases
called Existing and New Construction.

2 Click the number box adjacent to a phase. Revit Architecture selects the entire phase row. The
following image shows the New Construction phase selected.

3 Insert a phase.

IMPORTANT You cannot rearrange the order of phases after you add them, so be aware of placement.

To insert a phase before or after the selected phase, under Insert, click Before or After.
Revit Architecture names the phases sequentially as you add them (for example: Phase 1, Phase
2, Phase 3, and so on).

4 If desired, click the Name text box for a phase to rename it. Similarly, click the Description text
box to edit the description.

1264 | Chapter 21 Project Phasing

 5 Click OK.

Combining Phases
When you combine phases, the selected phase is deleted. All elements with that phase value for their Phase
Created and Phase Demolished properties update to show the new combined phase value.

To combine phases

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Phases.

2 Click the number box adjacent to the phase to combine with another phase.
3 Under Combine With, click Next or Previous.
4 Click OK.

Phase Filters
A phase filter is a rule that you apply to a view to control the display of elements based on their phase status:
new, existing, demolished, or temporary.

Default Phase Filters

Each Revit Architecture project contains the following default phase filters:

■ Show All: Shows new elements (using the graphics settings defined for that category of elements) and
existing, demolished, and temporary elements (using the Graphic Overrides settings for each phase
defined using Settings menu ➤ Phases).

■ Show Demo + New: Shows demolished elements and all new elements added to the building model.

■ Show New: Shows all new elements added to the building model.

■ Show Previous + Demo: Shows existing elements and demolished elements.

■ Show Previous + New: Shows all original elements that were not demolished (Show Previous) and all
new elements added to the building model (+ New).

■ Show Previous Phase: Shows all elements from the previous phase. In the first phase of a project, existing
elements are new to that phase, so applying the Show Previous Phase filter causes no elements to be
displayed.

NOTE To show all elements from all phases, do not apply a phase filter to the view.

Phase Status

Each view can show one or more phases of the construction. You can specify different graphic overrides for
each phase status.

■ New: Element was created in the phase of the current view.

■ Existing: Element was created in an earlier phase and continues to exist in the current phase.

■ Demolished: Element was created in an earlier phase and demolished in the current phase.

■ Temporary: Element was created and demolished during the current phase.

Combining Phases | 1265

Creating Phase Filters
1 Click Settings menu ➤ Phases.
2 In the Phasing dialog, click the Phase Filters tab.
3 Click New to insert a new phase filter. The filter is assigned a default name.
4 (Optional) Click in the Filter Name box to edit the name.
5 For each phase status column (New, Existing, Demolished, and Temporary), specify how you
want elements to display:
■ By Category: Displays elements as defined in the Object Styles dialog. See Object Styles on
page 484.

■ Overridden: Displays elements as specified in the Graphic Overrides tab of the Phasing dialog.
See Defining the Graphic Display for Phase Statuses on page 1267.

■ Not Displayed: Does not display the elements.

6 Click OK.

Applying Phase Filters

1 In the Project Browser, right-click the view to which you want to apply a phase filter, and click
Properties.
2 In the Element Properties dialog, for Phase Filter, select one of the following:
■ A default phase filter. See Default Phase Filters on page 1265.

■ A phase filter that you created. See Creating Phase Filters on page 1266.

■ None to apply no phase filter to the view. (All elements are shown in the view without any
graphic overrides.)

3 Click OK.

Defining the Graphic Display for Phase Filters

You define graphic overrides to change the appearance of elements in views that use phase filters.

To define the graphic display for phases

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Phases.

2 In the Phasing dialog, click the Graphic Overrides tab.
3 Click the appropriate boxes to define the appearance for new, temporary, demolished, and
existing elements. See Defining the Graphic Display for Phase Statuses on page 1267.
Apply the graphic display settings to phase filters

4 Click the Phase Filters tab.

5 For each filter, specify how you want elements to display for each phase status (New, Existing,
Demolished, and Temporary). For phases that should use the graphic override settings, select
Overridden.
See Creating Phase Filters on page 1266.

6 Click OK.

1266 | Chapter 21 Project Phasing

Defining the Graphic Display for Phase Statuses
You can apply a different graphic display or override to the elements in a phase status.

To specify a graphic override to the elements in a phase status

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Phasing ➤ Graphic Overrides.

2 Click Lines to specify the weight, color, and line pattern for projection lines and cut lines.
3 Click Patterns to specify color, and fill pattern for surface and cut patterns, and to turn the
visibility of the pattern on or off.
■ To display no fill pattern for the Phase Status, clear the Visibility selection.

■ To display the fill pattern according to the Object Styles defined under Settings, select No
Override.

4 Click Halftone to blend the line color half-way with the background color of the view.
■ When you select this option, all line graphics (including fill patterns) and solid fills are drawn
with halftone.

■ Halftone has no effect on material color in shaded views.

5 Click Material to specify the shading for shaded views and for the render appearance on the
Graphics tab.

NOTE Shading and Render Appearance are the only valid options you can select from the Graphics
tab of the Material Browser. The surface pattern and cut pattern come from the settings you specified
on the Graphics Overrides tab of the Phasing dialog.

6 Click Apply to apply the change and keep the Phasing dialog open or OK to apply the change
and close the dialog.

Infill Elements for Phasing

If an insert (such as a window) and its host (such as a wall) do not have the same values for the Phase Created
and Phase Demolished properties, Revit Architecture automatically places an infill element in the host to
patch the hole created by the insert.
The infill element lets you place inserts in one phase, demolish them, and then place new inserts in the
same location. The infill element assumes the same structure as its host. In certain cases you can modify the
structure of the infill element by changing its type.
Infill elements for roofs and floors project down from the top face, and infill elements for ceilings project
up from the bottom face.
You cannot drag, move, mirror, rotate, copy, or paste an infill element.

Infill Elements for Earlier Phases

If you place an insert into a host in a phase later than the host's creation phase, Revit Architecture creates
an infill element for earlier phases.
For example, you create a roof in Phase 1. You add a skylight to the roof in Phase 2. You look at the roof
and skylight in a 3D view. If you set the 3D view's phase to Phase 1, an infill element replaces the skylight.
You can view this infill element in a section view.

Defining the Graphic Display for Phase Statuses | 1267

 Infill Elements for Demolished Host Elements

When you demolish an insert in a host element, the insert becomes an infill element.
Demolished window becomes infill element

You can then place a new insert near the demolished insert.
New window placed near demolished window

If you apply a phase filter to the view that does not show demolished elements (such as Show Previous +
New), you see only the new insert.
New window only

Viewing Infill Elements

To see an infill element, create a section view whose cut plane runs through the demolished insert and the
host.
Sample section passing through wall and demolished window

1268 | Chapter 21 Project Phasing

Changing the Structure of Infill Elements
If you demolish an insert in a phase later than the host's creation phase, you can change the structure of
the infill element. You can use this technique to represent different materials and thicknesses in the host.

NOTE You cannot change the structure of an infill element created for phases earlier than the insert's phase.

To change the structure of an infill element

1 Open a section view that passes through the demolished insert.
2 Right-click in the view, and click View Properties.
3 In the Element Properties dialog, for Phase Filter, select Show Previous + New.
This filter shows all original elements that were not demolished and all new elements added to
the building model.

4 Click OK.
5 Select the infill element in the view.
You may need to move the cursor along a face of the element until it highlights. (Watch the
status bar for information about highlighted elements.) The following image shows a selected
infill element.

6 From the Type Selector, select the desired host element type.
The infill element updates accordingly, as shown in the following section view.

Changing the Structure of Infill Elements | 1269

Demolishing Elements
Use the Demolish tool to mark elements as demolished in the current phase. If you demolish an element
in one view, it is marked as demolished in all views that have the same phase.
When you demolish an element, its appearance changes based on the phase filter setting for the view. (See
Phase Filters on page 1265.) For example, if you apply the Show Demo + New phase filter to the view, any
demolished elements display as black, dashed lines. If you turn off the display of demolished elements in
that phase filter, then demolished elements are hidden in the view when you click them.

NOTE If you build and demolish an element in the same phase, it is considered to be a temporary element. It
displays in the view according to the phase filter's setting for temporary elements.

The following images show a view whose phase filter determines that existing elements display as blue solid
lines and demolished elements display as red dashed lines.
View before demolition; existing elements display as solid blue lines

1270 | Chapter 21 Project Phasing

Using the Demolish Tool
1 Open the view in which you want to demolish elements.

2 Click Tools menu ➤ Demolish, or click on the toolbar.

The cursor changes to a hammer.

3 Click the elements to demolish.

Elements that can be demolished highlight as you move the cursor over them.
The graphical display of demolished elements updates based on the phase filter setting. See
Phase Filters on page 1265.

4 To exit the Demolish tool, click Modify on the Design Bar.

Using the Demolish Tool | 1271

1272
Interoperability
22
This topic contains information on interoperability between Revit Architecture and other products. It describes how to
export Revit Architecture drawings for use with other software, and how to import or link files into Revit Architecture. It
also includes information on coordination among different building and construction disciplines.

Export
The Export tool exports (converts) one or more Revit Architecture views (or sheets) to various formats for
use with other software.
Related topics:

■ Exporting a Walkthrough on page 120

■ Exporting a Solar Study on page 1185

■ Exporting a Schedule on page 144

■ Publishing 2D or 3D DWF on page 1300

Exporting to CAD Formats

Revit Architecture supports exporting to CAD (DWG and DXF), ACIS (SAT), and MicroStation® (DGN) file
formats.

■ DWG (drawing) format is supported by AutoCAD 2009 and other CAD applications.

■ DXF (data transfer) is an open format that is supported by many CAD applications. A DXF file is a text
file that describes a 2D drawing. The text is not encoded or compressed, so DXF files are generally large.
If you use DXF for 3D drawings, you may need to perform some cleanup to make the drawing display
correctly.

■ SAT is the format for ACIS, a solid modelling technology that is supported by many CAD applications.

■ DGN is the file format supported by MicroStation of Bentley Systems, Inc.

If you use the Export command while in a 3D view, Revit Architecture exports the actual 3D model, not a
2D representation of the model. Exporting in 3D ignores all view settings, including hidden line mode. To

1273
 export a 2D representation of the 3D model, add the 3D view to a sheet and export the sheet view. You can
then open a 2D version of the view in AutoCAD 2009.
Before exporting a Revit model, you may want to do the following:
■ Reduce the amount of model geometry to be exported. See Limiting Model Geometry Before Exporting
on page 1274.

■ Create a layer mapping file to control the export process.

To preserve information about a project, Revit Architecture automatically maps categories and subcategories
to preconfigured layer names. These layers are used by AutoCAD 2009 and other applications. Before
exporting a Revit Architecture project, you may want to change the mappings to the desired layer names.
See Exporting Layers on page 1285.

Limiting Model Geometry Before Exporting

In Revit Architecture, a view of the building model contains many objects and lots of data. When exporting
a file for use in another software application, Revit Architecture exports only the objects that are visible in
the view (or views) being exported. By reducing the amount of model geometry (and its underlying data)
that is exported, you can achieve the following:

■ Improve performance of the export process.

■ Reduce the size of the exported file.

■ Improve performance of the importing application.

■ Reduce clutter (non-essential items) in the exported file, and hence the amount of work required to
delete these objects from the file in the importing application.

Use the following techniques to reduce the amount of geometry to be exported.

Turn off visibility of graphics

Turn off visibility for categories of elements in the view, as appropriate. For example, you might want to
omit rooms, areas, and topography from a 3D view to be exported. If you want to render an exterior scene,
turn off any elements that appear in the interior of the building. This reduces the number of objects and
the amount of data that is exported from Revit Architecture and imported into another application, thus
improving performance.

To turn off visibility of graphics in a view, click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics. See Visibility and Graphic
Display in Project Views on page 150.

Use a section box or crop region

To define the specific part of the project to export, use a section box in a 3D view or a crop region in a 2D
view. Elements that are completely outside the section box or crop region are not included in the export
file. This technique is particularly useful on large models. For example, for an interior rendering of a conference
room in an office building, use a section box to export a 3D view of the conference room and omit the rest
of the building.
See Using a Section Box in a 3D View on page 111 and Exporting Part of a 2D View on page 1283.

Set the detail level

Set the view’s detail level to coarse or medium. By reducing the amount of detail in the Revit view, you
reduce the number of objects exported, and the size of the resulting file. This results in better performance
in the importing application.

1274 | Chapter 22 Interoperability

To set the detail level for a view, on the View Control Bar at the bottom of the drawing area, click the Detail
Level button, and select the desired detail level: coarse, medium, or fine. For more information, see Detail
Level on page 503.

A desk in coarse, medium, and fine detail levels

Exporting to DWG
1 Click File menu ➤ Export ➤ CAD Formats.
2 In the Export dialog, for Save In, navigate to the target folder for the exported files.
3 For Files of Type, select a DWG file format.
4 If you are exporting a single view, do the following:
a Under Naming, select Manual (Specify file name), or select Automatic - Long (Specify prefix)
or Automatic - Short to use an automatically generated file name. See File Names for Exported
Files on page 1278.

b Under Range, select Current View.

5 If you are exporting multiple views and sheets, do the following:

a Under Range, select Selected Views/Sheets.

b Click .

c In the View/Sheet Set dialog, select the views and sheets to export, and click OK.

d Under Naming, select Automatic - Short to use a short prefix for the names of the exported
files, or select Automatic - Long (Specify prefix) to use a longer prefix. See File Names for
Exported Files on page 1278.

Exporting to CAD Formats | 1275

 6 If you want to prohibit Revit Architecture from creating external references (xrefs), select Export
Each View or Sheet as a Single File. Any Revit or DWG links in the project are exported to a
single file rather than several files that reference each other.
7 To specify export options, click Options, select the desired options, and click OK.
For DWG files, you can specify the following options: Layer Settings, Layers and Properties,
Linetype Scaling, Coordinate System Basis, One DWG Unit Is, Solids (3D Views Only), and
Export Rooms and Areas as Polylines. See Export Options on page 1278.

8 In the Export dialog, click Save.

Revit Architecture exports the selected views and sheets to DWG files and places them in the target folder.
When you export a 2D view to a DWG file, lines are treated as follows:

■ If 2 lines overlap in the drawing, the thicker of the lines is retained. The thinner line is shortened or
removed.

■ If a thick line is shorter than a thin line and its start point and endpoint fall within the thin line, no
action occurs.

■ If 2 collinear lines with the same visual parameters overlap, they are merged into one.

■ When walls become lines in the DWG file, no short collinear lines are produced.

Exporting to DXF
1 Click File menu ➤ Export ➤ CAD Formats.
2 In the Export dialog, for Save In, navigate to the target folder for the exported files.
3 For Files of Type, select a DXF file format.
4 If you are exporting a single view, do the following:
a Under Naming, select Manual (Specify file name), or select Automatic - Long (Specify prefix)
or Automatic - Short to use an automatically generated file name. See File Names for Exported
Files on page 1278.

b Under Range, select Current View.

5 If you are exporting multiple views or sheets, do the following:

a Under Range, select Selected Views/Sheets.

b Click .

c In the View/Sheet Set dialog, select the views or sheets to export, and click OK.

d Under Naming, select Automatic - Short to use a short prefix for the names of the exported
files, or select Automatic - Long (Specify prefix) to use a longer prefix. See File Names for
Exported Files on page 1278.

6 To specify export options, click Options, select the desired options, and click OK.
For DXF files, you can specify the following options: Layer Settings, Layers and Properties,
Linetype Scaling, Coordinate System Basis, One DWG Unit Is, Solids (3D Views Only), and
Export Rooms and Areas as Polylines. See Export Options on page 1278.

7 In the Export dialog, click Save.

Revit Architecture exports the selected views and sheets to DXF files and places them in the target folder.

1276 | Chapter 22 Interoperability

Exporting to DGN
1 Click File menu ➤ Export ➤ CAD Formats.
2 In the Export dialog, for Save In, navigate to the target folder for the exported files.
3 For Files of Type, select the DGN file format.

NOTE The DGN file format supports MicroStation version 7. If you are using a later version, export
to DWG format. See Exporting to DWG on page 1275.

4 If you are exporting a single view, do the following:

a Under Naming, select Manual (Specify file name), or select Automatic - Long (Specify prefix)
or Automatic - Short to use an automatically generated file name. See File Names for Exported
Files on page 1278.

b Under Range, select Current View.

5 If you are exporting multiple views and sheets, do the following:

a Under Range, select Selected Views/Sheets.

b Click .

c In the View/Sheet Set dialog, select the views and sheets to export, and click OK.

d Under Naming, select Automatic - Short to use a short prefix for the names of the exported
files, or select Automatic - Long (Specify prefix) to use a longer prefix. See File Names for
Exported Files on page 1278.

6 To specify export options, click Options, select the desired options, and click OK.
For DGN files, you can specify the following options: Layer Settings and Enable DGN Template
File. See Export Options on page 1278.

NOTE When you export (to DGN format) a 3D view that contains solid geometry, the geometry
always exports as a polymesh.

7 In the Export dialog, click Save.

Revit Architecture exports the selected views and sheets to DGN files and places them in the target folder.

Exporting to SAT
1 Click File menu ➤ Export ➤ CAD Formats.
2 In the Export dialog, for Save In, navigate to the target folder for the exported files.
3 For Files of Type, select the SAT file format.
4 If you are exporting a single view, do the following:
a Under Naming, select Manual (Specify file name), or select Automatic - Long (Specify prefix)
or Automatic - Short to use an automatically generated file name. See File Names for Exported
Files on page 1278.

b Under Range, select Current View.

Exporting to CAD Formats | 1277

 5 If you are exporting multiple views and sheets, do the following:
a Under Range, select Selected Views/Sheets.

b Click .

c In the View/Sheet Set dialog, select the views and sheets to export and click OK.

d Under Naming, select Automatic - Short to use a short prefix for the names of the exported
files, or select Automatic - Long (Specify prefix) to use a longer prefix. See File Names for
Exported Files on page 1278.

6 To specify a layer mapping file, click Options, click Layer Settings, and specify the file.
For more information, see Exporting Layers on page 1285.

NOTE When you export (to SAT format) a 3D view that contains solid geometry, the geometry always
exports as ACIS solids.

7 In the Export dialog, click Save.

Revit Architecture exports the selected views and sheets to SAT files and places them in the target folder.

File Names for Exported Files

When exporting to a CAD format, you can specify a name or prefix for the exported files. To access the
Export dialog, click File menu ➤ Export ➤ CAD Formats. In the Export dialog, under File Naming, use the
options to name the exported files, as follows:

■ Manual. (For exporting the current view only. This option is not available when exporting multiple
views.) Enter a name for the exported file. Revit Architecture automatically combines any Revit or DWG
links during export, and so always creates a single file.

■ Automatic. This option adds a prefix to the file name of the current view or multiple views and sheets.
Select one of the following options:
■ Short. Revit Architecture determines the name automatically. The format is:
Revit Sheet: Sheet Name or Revit View: View Type-View Name

■ Long. Specify a prefix or accept the default, which uses the format:
Revit Sheet/View: Project Name-View Type-View Name

When exporting multiple files, for File Name, enter a common prefix for the exported files. For example, if
you are exporting the Level 1 floor plan and north elevation views to DWG files and you enter the prefix
Country House, the resulting exported file names are Country House Elevation North.dwg and Country
House Floor Plan Level 1.dwg.

Export Options
When exporting to a CAD format, you can use the Export Options dialog to specify various options. To
access the Export Options dialog, click File menu ➤ Export ➤ CAD Formats. On the Export dialog, click
Options.

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Related Topic

■ Exporting to CAD Formats on page 1273

Layer Settings
In the Export Options dialog, click Layer Settings to access the Export Layers dialog. From this dialog, you
can load an existing layer mapping file, create a standard layer mapping file, or customize layer mappings.
For more information, see Exporting Layers on page 1285.

Layers and Properties

For Layers and Properties in the Export Options dialog, select a value to control how to export object styles
from Revit Architecture to AutoCAD 2009 (or other CAD applications).

NOTE You can define Layers and Properties when exporting to DXF or DWG. These options are not available
when exporting to DGN or SAT.

When you export a Revit view to DWG or DXF, each Revit category is mapped to an AutoCAD 2009 layer,
as specified in the Export Layer dialog. In AutoCAD 2009, the layer controls the display of the entities (Revit
elements), including their colors, line weights, and line styles. In Revit Architecture, you define object styles
in the Object Styles dialog. (See Object Styles on page 484.) The Layers and Properties setting determines what
happens to a Revit element if it has attributes (object styles) that differ from those defined for its category.
In AutoCAD 2009 and in Revit Architecture, view-specific element graphics are referred to as overrides.
Select one of the following values:

■ Category properties BYLAYER, overrides BYENTITY. When a Revit element with view-specific graphics
is exported, in AutoCAD 2009 those differences (overrides) are applied to the individual entity, but the
entity resides on the same layer as other entities in the same Revit category or AutoCAD 2009 layer.

■ All properties BYLAYER, no overrides. When a Revit element with view-specific graphics is exported, in
AutoCAD 2009 those differences (overrides) are ignored. The entity resides on the same layer as other
entities in the same Revit category or AutoCAD 2009 layer, and it loses its unique attributes. This option
forces all entities to follow visual properties as defined by their layer. It produces the least number of
layers and provides by-layer control over the exported DWG file.

■ All properties BYLAYER, new layers for overrides. When a Revit element with view-specific graphics is
exported, in AutoCAD 2009 the entity is placed on its own layer. This option provides by-layer control
over the exported DWG file, and preserves graphical intent. However, it increases the number of layers
in the exported DWG file.

For example, suppose that, in a Revit Architecture project, most walls display with solid black lines, with a
line weight of 5. In a floor plan, however, you have changed the view-specific element graphics for one wall
to use dashed blue lines, with a line weight of 7.

Exporting to CAD Formats | 1279

 When you export this view to DWG or DXF and, for Layers and Properties, select:

■ Category properties BYLAYER, overrides BYENTITY: All walls in this Revit category, including the blue
wall, are assigned to one layer in AutoCAD 2009. The blue wall, however, retains its unique attributes
(blue, dashed, line weight = 7) because AutoCAD 2009 defines them by entity for that wall.

■ All properties BYLAYER, no overrides: All walls in this Revit category, including the blue wall, are assigned
to one layer in AutoCAD 2009, and the blue wall does not retain its unique characteristics. In AutoCAD
2009, it looks the same as the other walls in the layer.

■ All properties BYLAYER, new layers for overrides: All walls in this Revit category, except for the blue wall,
are assigned to one layer in AutoCAD 2009. The blue wall retains its unique attributes, but it is assigned
to its own layer.

Linetype Scaling
For Linetype Scaling in the Export Options dialog, select a value to control the LTSCALE and PSLTSCALE
settings in AutoCAD 2009 and how linetype definitions are exported from Revit Architecture.

NOTE You can define Linetype Scaling when exporting to DXF or DWG. This option is not available when exporting
to DGN or SAT.

Linetypes determine the particular dash-dot sequence, the relative lengths of dashes and blank spaces, and
the characteristics of any included text or shapes in lines. In Revit Architecture, these are defined by object
styles for categories (Settings menu ➤ Object Styles) or as view-specific element graphics for individual
elements. (See Object Styles on page 484 or Overriding Visibility and Graphic Display of Individual Elements
on page 151.)

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In AutoCAD 2009, the PSLTSCALE parameter controls paper space linetype scaling. A value of 0 indicates
no special linetype scaling. Linetype dash lengths are based on the drawing units of the space (model or
paper) in which the objects were created. A value of 1 indicates that viewport scaling governs linetype scaling.
In Revit Architecture, the Linetype Scaling setting changes the default behavior of the exported DWG files.
Some lines that you would expect to be dashed may now appear solid or in a different scale in either Model
or Sheet View in AutoCAD 2009. Regardless of the option you choose, the DWG linetype definitions are
created so that a dashed line always begins and ends with a dash.
Select one of the following values:

■ Scaled Linetype definitions. This option exports linetypes the same as they were previously scaled by
view scale. This option preserves graphical intent.

■ Modelspace (PSLTSCALE = 0). This option specifies the LTSCALE parameter to view scale and the
PSLTSCALE to 0.

■ Paperspace (PSLTSCALE = 1). This option specifies the value 1 for both LTSCALE and PSLTSCALE. Revit
Architecture linetype definitions are scaled to reflect project units, but otherwise they are exported as is.

Coordinate System Basis

For Coordinate System Basis in the Export Options dialog, select a value to indicate whether the exported
file will use the internal coordinates of the Revit Architecture project, or coordinates that are shared with
other linked models. See Linking Revit Models on page 1213 and Shared Positioning on page 1230.

NOTE You can define the Coordinate System Basis when exporting to DXF or DWG. This option is not available
when exporting to DGN or SAT.

Select one of the following values:

■ Project internal. This option sets the origin of the exported file to the internal coordinates of the Revit
Architecture project. Use this option when the Revit Architecture project is a stand-alone project that is
not linked to other models, or when its particular position is irrelevant for the intended use of the
exported file.

■ Shared. This option sets the origin (0,0,0) of the exported file to the shared location of the Revit
Architecture project. All geometry is exported relative to the shared coordinates. Use this option when
you want to maintain the specific position of the project being exported.

Exporting to CAD Formats | 1281

 One DWG Unit Is
For One DWG Unit Is in the Export Options dialog, select a unit of measurement: foot, inch, meter, centimeter,
or millimeter.
For imperial projects, the default unit is inches. For metric projects, the default unit is meters.

NOTE You can define One DWG Unit Is when exporting to DXF or DWG. This option is not available when
exporting to DGN or SAT.

Solids (3D Views Only)

For Solids (3D Views Only) in the Export Options dialog, indicate how solid geometry is to be exported. This
option is available only when you are exporting a 3D view.

NOTE You can define Solids (3D Views Only) when exporting to DXF or DWG. When exporting to SAT, geometry
always exports as ACIS solids. When exporting to DGN, geometry always exports as polymeshes.

Modelling programs generally represent 3D shapes using either of the following technologies:

■ ACIS is a solid modelling technology. For example, ACIS represents a cube as a single object or shape
with 6 sides.

■ A polymesh is a 3D shape consisting of multiple polygons that are meshed (joined) together. For example,
a polymesh cube consists of 6 square surfaces that are joined together to form the cube shape. This is
referred to as face-based geometry.

Select one of the following values:

■ Export as polymesh. This option exports all visible Revit Architecture geometry as polymeshes.

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■ Export as ACIS solids. This option exports all visible Revit Architecture geometry as ACIS 3D solids. Any
elements that are already polymeshes remain as polymeshes, such as toposurfaces and import symbols
that contain polymeshes.

Export Rooms and Areas as Polylines

In the Export Options dialog, the Export Rooms and Areas as Polylines option indicates whether rooms and
areas are exported as closed polylines. You can use this option only when rooms or areas are defined in the
views to be exported.

■ Area polylines are generated from area plan views only. See Area Analysis on page 945.

■ Room polylines are generated from floor plan or ceiling plan views only. See Rooms on page 913.

For rooms, the exported polylines match the boundaries of rooms in Revit Architecture. The room boundaries
are exported onto a single layer, and that layer is turned off by default in the AutoCAD 2009 file. The polylines
include the following XDATA information for room boundaries: Name, Number, Occupancy, Occupant,
Department, and Comments.
For areas, the polylines include the following information for area boundaries: Name and Comments.

NOTE You can select Export Rooms and Areas as Polylines when exporting to DXF or DWG. This option is not
available when exporting to DGN or SAT.

Enable DGN Template File

In the Export Options dialog, select Enable DGN Template File when you want to use a template (a
MicroStation seed file) for the exported DGN file. Then click Load to navigate to and load the template.
Revit Architecture exports the project to a DGN file using the settings in the specified template.
If you do not use a DGN template file, Revit Architecture exports the project to a DGN file using default
settings.

NOTE You can select Enable DGN Template File when exporting to DGN only. This option is not available when
exporting to DWG, DXF, or SAT.

Exporting Part of a 2D View

To export part of a 2D view, copy the view and use a crop region to show the desired portion, as described
in the following procedure. Then export the view to the appropriate format.

To export part of a 2D view

1 In the Project Browser, right-click the view to export, and click Duplicate View ➤ Duplicate or
Duplicate with Detailing.
The Duplicate command copies the view. The Duplicate with Detailing command copies the
view and includes view-specific elements, such as detail components and dimensions.
The duplicate view displays in the drawing area. In the Project Browser, the duplicate view is
named Copy of View.

2 Rename the duplicate view: in the Project Browser, right-click the duplicate view, and click
Rename. Enter a new name, and click OK.

Exporting to CAD Formats | 1283

 Add a crop region

3 On the View Control Bar, click (Show Crop Region).

In the drawing area, the crop region appears as a box around the view.

4 To crop the view to show the desired portion, click the crop region box, and drag the handles.
You may need to zoom out to see the borders and handles of the crop region box.

Export the 2D view defined by the crop box

5 Export the view using File menu ➤ Export. See Export on page 1273.

Exporting Part of a 3D View

To export part of a 3D view, use a section box to define the part of the 3D view to export. By applying a
section box, you are limiting the amount of the model that is exported. Elements that are completely outside
the section box are not included in the export file.
The section box is particularly useful for large models. For example, for an interior rendering of a conference
room in an office building, use a section box to export the conference room and omit the rest of the building.

NOTE For 3D views, crop region boundaries are not exported, and so you cannot use crop regions to limit model
geometry. Instead, use section boxes as described here. (You can, however, use crop regions to export part of a
2D view.)

To export part of a 3D view

1 In the Project Browser, right-click the 3D view to export, and click Duplicate View ➤ Duplicate.
The duplicate view displays in the drawing area. In the Project Browser, the duplicate view is
named Copy of <View>.

2 Rename the duplicate view: in the Project Browser, right-click the duplicate view, and click
Rename. Enter a new name, and click OK.
This is the 3D view that you will export. Saving the view allows you to easily export it again
later if you make revisions to the model.

Add a section box

3 Click View menu ➤ View Properties.

4 In the Element Properties dialog, locate the Extents section of the instance parameters. Select
Section Box, and click OK.
The section box appears in the drawing area.

5 Select the section box to see its handles. Drag the handles to change the shape and size of the
box.
It may be easier to control the size, shape, and position of the section box from another view
(such as a floor plan), as follows:
a Open the floor plan view.

b In the Project Browser, right-click the 3D view’s name, and click Show Section Box.
The section box displays in the floor plan view.

c Select the section box in the floor plan view, and drag the handles to change its size and
shape.

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 6 Return to the 3D view and make any further adjustments required.
7 Hide the section box so that it does not appear in the exported file:
a Click View menu ➤ View Properties.

b In the Element Properties dialog for the 3D view, under Extents, clear Section Box.

c Click OK.

Export the 3D view defined by the section box

8 Export the view using File menu ➤ Export. See Export on page 1273.
For more information about section boxes, see Using a Section Box in a 3D View on page 111.

Exporting Intersecting Geometry

If the model includes intersecting geometry (such as an extrusion passing through a wall surface), Revit
Architecture does not create new edges along the lines of the intersection. As a result, Revit Architecture
may incorrectly remove hidden lines during export. If you export a view of the design with hidden lines
turned on, you may see unexpected results when you open the view in another CAD application. See Hidden
Line Model Graphics Style on page 202.
To see all visible lines, create an opening in one surface before passing another surface through it, or join
geometry to create an edge.
Intersected wall and extrusion in hidden line mode (no edges at the intersection of
the surfaces)

Exporting Layers
When exporting a project to another format (such as DWG or DGN), you want the exported file to contain
as much information about the project as possible. Revit Architecture stores a wealth of project information
in its categories and subcategories. In CAD software, this type of information is stored in layers (or levels in
MicroStation). To ensure that information about Revit Architecture categories is properly converted to CAD
layer names, use the Export Layers command to define a layer mapping file.
The layer mapping file is a text file that maps each Revit Architecture category or subcategory to a
preconfigured layer name for the CAD software. For example, a Revit Architecture door object automatically
maps to A-DOOR layer in AutoCAD 2009. The layer names are preconfigured in the text file, but you can
change them.
You can load an existing layer mapping file and manually change values for it, or you can generate a file
using any of the following mapping standards:

■ American Institute of Architects (AIA)

■ ISO standard 13567

Exporting Layers | 1285

 ■ Singapore standard 83

■ British standard 1192

When you use the Export Layers command to generate a layer mapping file, by default the file is named as
follows:
exportlayers-format-standard.txt
where format is dwg or dgn (to indicate the selected export format), and standard reflects the selected Export
Layers standard (such as AIA or BS1192).
The layer mapping file resides in the Data folder of the Revit Architecture installation directory. When you
export a project, its layer mapping file is exported (along with the project) into the appropriate format for
the target CAD program.

Creating or Modifying a Layer Mapping File

1 Click File menu ➤ Import/Export Settings ➤ Export Layers DWG/DXF (for AutoCAD 2009) or
Export Layers DGN (for MicroStation).
In the Export Layers dialog, Revit Architecture displays values from a layer mapping file, using
the appropriate standard for the current locale.

2 If you want to use a different standard or edit an existing mapping file, do one of the following:
■ To load an existing mapping file, click Load, navigate to the file, and click Open.

■ To create a new mapping file, click Standard, select a standard from the dialog, and click
OK.

3 Edit mapping values as desired.

To change a Cut or Projection value, click in the Layer Name or Color ID column for the
appropriate category and enter the new value.

NOTE Color ID corresponds to an AutoCAD 2009 or MicroStation color ID. For Export Layers DGN,
the columns are labeled Level Number (corresponding to MicroStation levels, instead of AutoCAD
2009 layers) and Color ID.

4 To save the settings, do one of the following:

■ To save the settings in a new layer mapping file, click Save As, navigate to the target folder,
and enter a new file name.

■ To save the changed settings in the existing layer mapping file (whose file name appears in
the dialog’s title bar), click OK.

When exporting a project from Revit Architecture, you specify the layer mapping file to use by clicking Layer
Settings on the Export Options dialog. See Export Options on page 1278.

Custom Layer Mapping Files

You can use the Export Layers command to create a layer mapping file for various consultant office standards.
To create a custom layer mapping file, follow the procedure in Creating or Modifying a Layer Mapping File
on page 1286, and use the Save As feature to save the file with a unique name.

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Exporting to ODBC
You can export model component data to an ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) database. The exported
data can include project parameters that have been assigned to one or more element categories in the project.
For each element category, Revit Architecture exports a database table for model types and another table for
model instances. For example, Revit Architecture creates a table listing all door types and another table
listing all door instances.
ODBC export uses metric units only. If a project uses Imperial units, Revit Architecture converts all
measurements to metric units before exporting to ODBC. When you use data from the resulting database,
remember that the measurements reflect metric units. Use a database function to convert the measurements
back to Imperial units if necessary.
Using ODBC, Revit Architecture creates tables for the following elements:

■ Model Objects: Types and Instances

■ Levels and Rooms: Instances only

■ Key Schedules

■ Assembly Codes: A single table containing assembly code data for the entire project

ODBC export creates specific relationships between tables in the database using primary keys and reference
values. See Table Relationships Within the Database on page 1289.
Revit Architecture can export to the same database multiple times. When exporting to an empty database,
Revit Architecture creates new tables. When you export a project to a populated database, Revit Architecture
updates table information to match the project. This allows you to customize the database and re-export
data as the project changes.

IMPORTANT Do not export different projects to the same database. Use a unique database for each project.

Supported ODBC Drivers

ODBC is a general export tool that works in conjunction with many software drivers. Revit Architecture has
been tested with the following ODBC drivers:

■ Microsoft® Access

■ Microsoft® Excel
■ An ODBC export to Excel creates one table per worksheet.

■ You can export to an Excel file only once. Multiple exports to Excel are not supported.

■ Microsoft® SQL Server

■ The Microsoft® Text Driver is not supported by Revit Architecture.

Revit Architecture may be able to work with other ODBC drivers, depending on the features supported by
the driver. If you need assistance with a particular software driver, contact your local IT department or
Autodesk Product Support.

Exporting to ODBC | 1287

 Exporting to an ODBC Database
The first time that you export a Revit Architecture project to an ODBC database, use the following procedure.
If you have already exported the project and want to re-export it, see Exporting Multiple Times to the Same
ODBC Database on page 1288.

To export to an ODBC database

1 In Revit Architecture, open the project to export.
2 Click File menu ➤ Export ➤ ODBC Database.
3 Click New to create a new Data Source Name (DSN).
4 In the Create New Data Source dialog, do the following:
a Select a driver and click Next.
This driver is associated with the software program you export to (for example, Microsoft®
Access, dBase, or Paradox).

b Enter a DSN name, or navigate to the target folder and specify a file name. Click Next.

c A confirmation dialog displays. If any information is incorrect, click Back and correct it.

d Click Finish.

5 Create the database file.

Depending on the driver selected, a dialog displays, requesting information about the database
file to export to. Use the dialog to specify the database to use or to create a new one. For example:
■ For Microsoft® Access, click Select to select an existing database, or click Create to create a
new, empty database to export data to.

■ For Microsoft® Excel, first use Excel to create a new, empty workbook with the desired name.
Then on the dialog, click Select Workbook, and navigate to the new workbook.

6 In the Select Data Source dialog, click OK.

7 In the ODBC Setup dialog, click OK.

NOTE If the export fails with an error regarding a read-only database, click Options in the ODBC Microsoft Setup
dialog. Clear the Read Only check box. Then try the export again.

Exporting Multiple Times to the Same ODBC Database

1 In Revit Architecture, open the project to export.
2 Click File menu ➤ Export ➤ ODBC Database.
3 In the Select Data Source dialog, select the desired data source, and click OK.
4 In the ODBC Setup dialog, click OK to export to the same database.

Editing the Database After Export

Do not edit data in the database columns exported by Revit Architecture. Any changes to those columns
are overwritten the next time the project is exported.
However, you can add columns to the tables created by Revit Architecture. The next time the project is
exported, any data in the added columns is preserved.

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 Table Relationships Within the Database
When Revit Architecture creates database tables during ODBC export, it adds relationships to the data tables
using primary keys and reference values. In relational databases, a primary key is a unique value that identifies
a record (row) in a table of the database. Reference values are columns in a table that refer to other tables.

NOTE Database programs (such as Microsoft® Access) can interpret the table relationships. In spreadsheet programs
like Excel, relationships are not supported, so Revit Architecture creates simple, unrelated tables.

The primary key in each element table is the column labeled “Id”. The following table illustrates how primary
keys and reference values create relationships among tables in the database.

Column (Field) of a Door Instance Table Corresponds to...

Id None. This is the unique identifier for this instance of a door.

Type Id Id column of the Door Types table

Level Id column of the Levels table

Room Id column of the Rooms table

Key schedule Id column of the Key Schedules table

The primary key in the Assembly Codes table is the Assembly Code column. The Assembly Code column in
type tables references the Assembly Code column in the Assembly Codes table.
Revit Architecture does not create a reference for the Host Id column because the host may be a wall, floor,
roof, or other such host, so there is no unique table to reference.
The relationships between tables are established only when Revit Architecture first creates the tables; if you
use Revit Architecture to re-export to an existing database, no new relationships are created.

Exporting a View to an Image File

The Export Image command prints any view directly to a raster image file. You can then use this image for
online presentations or printed materials.

To export a view to an image file

1 Click File menu ➤ Export ➤ Image.

2 In the Export Image dialog, click Change to change the default path and file name for the image,
if desired.
3 Under Export Range, indicate the images to export:
■ Current window. This option exports the entire contents of the drawing area, including parts
that are outside the current viewing area.

■ Visible portion of current window. This option exports whatever is currently visible in the
drawing area.

■ Selected views/sheets. This option exports the specified sheets and views. Click Select. In
the View Sheet/Set dialog, select the views and sheets to export, and click OK.

Exporting a View to an Image File | 1289

 4 Under Image Size, specify image display properties, as follows:
■ To specify a print size and orientation for the image, select Fit To and enter a pixel value.
For Direction, select Horizontal or Vertical. Revit Architecture fits the image horizontally or
vertically into the specified number of pixels.

■ To magnify or reduce the image, select Zoom To and enter a percentage. Revit Architecture
prints the image at the specified zoom setting.

5 Under Options, select the desired print options:

■ By default, links in the exported image display in black. To display blue links, select View
Links in Blue.

■ To hide unwanted parts of the drawing in the exported view, select any of the following:
Hide Ref/Work Planes, Hide Scope Boxes, Hide Crop Boundaries, and Hide Unreferenced
View Tags.

6 Under Format, select an output format for shaded views and non-shaded views. If you specified
a Zoom To percentage for Image Size, select a DPI (dots per inch) value for Raster Image Quality.
7 Click OK.
The selected sheets or views are exported as images in the specified file.

Exporting Project Views to HTML

You can create a web page that links HTML versions of views and sheets in a Revit Architecture project.

To export project views to HTML

1 Click File menu ➤ Export ➤ Image.

2 In the Export Image dialog, under Export Range, select Selected Views/Sheets.
3 Click Select.
4 In the View/Sheet Set dialog, select the views and sheets to export, and click OK.
5 Under Output, do the following:
■ For Name, specify the desired path and a prefix for resulting file names.

■ Select Create Browsable Web Site with a Linked HTML Page for Each View.

6 Specify Image Size, Options, and Format settings as desired.

For details about these settings, see Exporting a View to an Image File on page 1289.

7 Click OK.
Revit Architecture creates a web page. From the web page, you can open the views from a table of contents.
View tags are hyperlinks. For example, suppose you export the Level 1 view and the North Elevation view.
In the web page, when viewing the North Elevation view, you can click the Level view tag to link to the
Level 1 view.
In the folder where the web page resides, Revit Architecture creates a folder containing the source HTML
files and images. The folder also contains a cascading style sheet (CSS file). Edit this file to change the format
of the web page.

Creating Room/Area Reports

You can create a detailed report that describes areas defined in plan views (floor plans and area plans). For
a floor plan, Revit Architecture generates a room report. For an area plan, Revit Architecture generates an

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area report. These reports contain information about all rooms or areas with floors on the corresponding
level. Each report is generated as an HTML file.
When creating a room/area report, you can choose from the following formats:

■ Revit room area triangulation report. For each room or area in the selected plan, the report contains
images of room boundaries or area boundaries, which are triangulated and annotated. Following each
image, a table shows calculations for the triangulated areas, as well as total room area and total window
area.

■ Revit room area numerical integration report. For each room or area in the selected plan, the report
contains a table that lists segments, sub-areas, and their dimensions. Each table is followed by the total
room area and total window area.

You can create triangulation reports that exclude areas bounded by multiple curve loops (such as a room
with columns or closets in the middle). When a room/area report excludes these areas, triangulation is
performed, reported, and displayed separately for each bounding loop. (This option only applies to Revit
room area triangulation reports; it is ignored for Revit room area numerical integration reports.)
This functionality is primarily intended for the European market.

Exporting a View as a Room/Area Report

1 Click File menu ➤ Export ➤ Room/Area Report.
The Export Room Area Report dialog displays.

2 For Files of Type, select the type of report to create: triangulation or numerical integration.
3 If you are exporting a single view, do the following:
a Under Range, select Current View.

b If the current view is a floor plan or an area plan, the File Name text box displays a default
file name. If desired, change the file name, and navigate to a target folder.

4 If you are exporting multiple views, do the following:

a Under Range, click Select Views.

b In the Views dialog, select the views to export, and click OK.

c For File Name, enter a prefix for the names of the exported files.

5 Click Options.
6 In the Area Report Settings dialog, do the following:
a If desired, change settings for text format, label prefixes for triangles and arc sectors, line
colors, unit format, and image sizes.

b For a triangulation report, select Use Triangulation with Exclusions if you want to exclude
areas bounded by multiple curve loops. (This setting has no effect for numerical integration
reports.)

c To report window area as a percentage of total area, select Report Window Area as a
Percentage of Room Area. By default, the report calculates the total window area.

d Click OK.

7 Click Save.

Creating Room/Area Reports | 1291

 Revit Architecture generates the report as an HTML file and places it in the target folder.

Exporting to Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)

You can export Revit Architecture building modelling information to the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)
file format.

About the IFC File Format

The Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) file format was developed by the International Alliance of
Interoperability (IAI). IFC provides an interoperability solution between different software applications. The
format has established, international standards to import and export building objects and their properties.
IFC improves communication, productivity, delivery time, and quality throughout the life cycle of a building.
It reduces the loss of information during transmission from one application to another, with established
standards for common objects in the building industry.
For more information about the IFC file format, visit http://www.iai-international.org.

Revit Architecture and IFC

Revit Architecture provides IFC import and fully certified export based on the latest IAI IFC2x3 data exchange
standard. When you export a Revit Architecture building information model to IFC format, the information
can be used directly by other building specialists, such as structural and building services engineers.
For example, building information models developed with Revit Architecture are saved to the RVT file format.
You can export the building model using the IFC format to an IFC-certified application that does not use
the RVT file format. The drawing can be opened and worked on in the non-native application. Similarly, in
Revit Architecture you can import an IFC file, create a RVT file, and work on the building model in Revit
Architecture.
IFC uses architecturally meaningful containers to describe real-world building objects. Those containers
include parameters that have meaningful values. Many standard Revit Architecture elements have
corresponding IFC containers. These do not require any specific user action to export them. (For example,
Revit walls export as IFCwalls.) Other Revit Architecture families (such as escalators) require that you map
them to IFC containers before exporting. See Loading and Modifying an IFC Mapping File on page 1293.
Revit Architecture makes available the following IFC-specific files to assist you:

■ IFC Metric Template.rte. This file allows you to create new projects that are already set to the IFC standard.

■ IFC Parameter Upgrade.rvt. This file enables you to upgrade an existing project to contain IFC parameters
by reading the instructions contained in the IFC Parameter Upgrade.rvt file.

■ IFC Shared Parameters.txt. This file contains the shared IFC parameters if you want to manually update
an existing project to contain all or some of these parameters.

NOTE It is recommended to use the IFC Parameter Upgrade.rvt file instead, for performance reasons.

See IFC-Specific Files on page 1296 for more information about these files.

Related topics

■ Importing Industry Foundation Class (IFC) Files on page 1317

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Supported IFC Classes
Before exporting a Revit Architecture project to IFC, make sure that Revit Architecture supports the desired
IFC classes. To see a complete list of classes, use the following procedure.

To see a list of supported IFC classes

1 Click File menu ➤ Import/Export Settings ➤ IFC Options ➤ Import Options.

2 In the Import IFC Options dialog, click Standard.
The IFC Class Name column lists the supported IFC classes.

Loading and Modifying an IFC Mapping File

Before exporting a Revit Architecture project to IFC, you may need to map generic family instances to IFC
containers (element types). You do this by creating a new IFC mapping file or editing an existing one. Also,
you can use the following procedure to load the desired IFC mapping file before exporting a Revit Architecture
project to IFC.

To load and modify an IFC mapping file

1 Click File menu ➤ Import/Export Settings ➤ IFC Options ➤ Export Options.

2 Do either of the following:
■ To create a new IFC mapping file based on the IAI standard, click Standard.
Revit Architecture creates an IFC mapping file named exportlayers-ifc-IAI.txt.

■ To load an existing IFC mapping file, click Load, navigate to the file, and click Open.

In the IFC Export Classes dialog, each row represents an element category or subcategory. For
standard building elements, an assigned class name appears in the IFC Class Name column. For
building elements that do not have automatic mapping to IFC export classes, ”Not Exported”
appears in the IFC Class Name column.

3 For each category or subcategory to export, do the following:

■ For IFC Class Name, enter the name of the IFC class for the particular category/sub-category
pair.

■ For Type, enter the type of object within that subclass.

Appropriate values are set according to the IFC standard definition. Selecting Not Exported
prevents elements of that category or sub-category from being exported.
If the values for a category or subcategory are blank, Revit Architecture will try to determine the
appropriate category. If it cannot make a match and the object has geometry, it is exported as
a proxy object.

4 To save the settings, do one of the following:

■ To save the settings in a new IFC mapping file, click Save As, navigate to a target folder, and
enter a new file name. Click OK.

■ To save the changed settings in the existing IFC mapping file (whose file name appears in
the dialog’s title bar), click OK.

When you export a Revit Architecture project to IFC, Revit Architecture automatically uses the appropriate
IFC mapping file.

Exporting to Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) | 1293

 Exporting a Project to IFC
1 Load the IFC mapping file that you want to use for the export to IFC.
For the procedure to follow, see Loading and Modifying an IFC Mapping File on page 1293. You
can also use this procedure to modify the mapping file or to map non-standard Revit Architecture
families to IFC containers.

2 Click File menu ➤ Export ➤ IFC.

3 In the Export dialog, for Save In, navigate to the target folder for the IFC file.
4 For Files of Type, select the desired file type:
■ IFC 2x2 (*.ifc)

■ IFC 2x3 (*.ifc): This is the default certified version of export, and the latest version generally
supported by other systems.

■ IFC BCA ePlan Check (*.ifc): This is a certified variant of IFC 2x2 used for submitting files to
the Singapore BCA ePlan Check Server. When exporting to this file type, you should make
sure that all room bounding elements are selected.

5 Select export options:

■ Current view only allows you to export elements that are visible in the current view. Visible
elements include those that are hidden by hidden line or shaded mode, any underlays in
the view, and elements that are cropped from view by the crop region. Elements temporarily
hidden using temporary hide/isolate will not be exported. Categories marked as Not Exported
in the IFC Export Classes dialog will not be exported. See Loading and Modifying an IFC
Mapping File on page 1293.

■ Split wall and columns by level allows you to divide multi-level walls and columns by level.

6 For File Name, enter a name for the IFC file.

7 Click Save.

Specifying IFC Entities for Families

Revit Architecture exports building elements to an IFC file based on the categories (and subcategories) to
which the elements belong. For example, Revit Architecture exports a wall to the IFC entity
IfcWallStandardCase, because the wall is an element from the wall category. In many cases, exporting
elements from Revit Architecture to IFC is straightforward and simple, and the default settings make sense.
In some cases, however, you may want to specify the IFC entity to which elements from a particular family
should belong. For example, suppose you design an escalator family. It belongs to the Generic Model category,
and you create for it a subcategory called Escalator. You want to ensure that when you export a project to
IFC, an escalator is properly (and automatically) mapped to the class IfcTransportElement and the type
IfcTransportElementType.

To map a family to an IFC entity

1 Create shared parameters named IFCExportAs and IFCExportType. See Shared Parameters on
page 440.
Save these shared parameters to a file that resides in a network location, so that you can add
the parameters to other families and projects. You can also use the shared parameter file that
Revit Architecture makes available (IFC Shared Parameters.txt). See IFC-Specific Files on page
1296 for information on how to access this file.

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 For example, in a folder where you store other corporate standard files, create a parameter file
named IFCexportParameters.txt. You only need to create these shared parameters once. You
can reuse them in multiple families.

2 Use the Family Editor to create a new family or to modify an existing family. See Creating Your
Own Components (Families) on page 341.
Add the shared parameters to the family

3 In the Design Bar of the Family Editor, click Family Types.

4 In the Family Types dialog, for Name, select a family type.
5 Under Parameters, click Add.
6 In the Parameter Properties dialog, under Parameter Type, click Shared parameter, and click
Select.
7 Navigate to the shared parameters file that defines IFCExportAs and IFCExportType (for example,
IFCexportParameters.txt), and open the file.
8 In the Shared Parameters dialog, under Parameters, select IFCExportAs, and click OK.
9 In the Parameter Properties dialog, under Parameter Data, for Group parameter under, select
IFC Parameters.
10 Make sure that Type is selected, and click OK.
In the Family Types dialog, IFCExportAs displays in the parameter list.

11 Under Parameters, click Add.

12 In the Parameter Properties dialog, under Parameter Type, click Shared parameter, and click
Select.
13 In the Shared Parameters dialog, under Parameters, select IFCExportType, and click OK.
14 In the Parameter Properties dialog, under Parameter Data, for Group parameter under, select
IFC Parameters.
15 Make sure that Type is selected, and click OK.
In the Family Types dialog, IFCExportType appears in the parameter list.

Specify values for IFCExportAs and IFCExportType

When you add the shared parameters to one family type, Revit Architecture automatically adds them to all
types in that family. Next, you can specify values for each parameter in each family type.
16 In the Family Types dialog, do the following:
a For Name, select a family type.

b For IFCExportAs, specify the desired IFC class.

c For IFCExportType, specify the desired IFC type.

d Click Apply.

17 Repeat Step 16 for each of the remaining types in this family.

18 When you have defined values for all family types, click OK.
19 Save changes to the family.
20 If you want to load the updated family into a project, open the project. Then return to the
Family Editor, and click Load into Project.
Check parameter values in a project (optional)

Optionally, you can verify the IFC export parameter values assigned to an element in a project.
21 In the project, select an element that belongs to a family to which you added the shared
parameters IFCExportAs and IFCExportType.

Exporting to Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) | 1295

 22 Click (Element Properties).
23 Under Type Parameters, scroll down to the IFC Parameters group.
The IFCExportAs and IFCExportType parameters display the values that you specified for the
family type. When you export the project to IFC, elements in this family will be mapped to the
specified IFC class and type.

IFC-Specific Files
Revit Architecture makes available the following IFC-specific files:

■ IFC Metric Template.rte. This file allows you to create new projects that are already set to the IFC standard.

■ IFC Parameter Upgrade.rvt. This file enables you to upgrade an existing project to contain IFC parameters
by reading the instructions contained in the IFC Parameter Upgrade.rvt file.

■ IFC Shared Parameters.txt. This file contains the shared IFC parameters if you want to manually update
an existing project to contain all or some of these parameters.

NOTE It is recommended to use the IFC Parameter Upgrade.rvt file instead, for performance reasons.

To access the IFC-specific files

1 In a web browser, go to http://revit.autodesk.com/library/html/index.html.
2 Click Revit Instruction and Help Samples.
3 Click IFC.
The web page displays a list of the available IFC files.

4 To download the IFC files, click Download Directory. On the File Download dialog, click Save,
and navigate to the target folder.
5 In Windows Explorer, navigate to the target folder, and double-click IFC.exe to extract the
downloaded files.
The downloaded files include parameter upgrade instructions.

Exporting to gbXML
The gbXML (green building XML) open schema was created to help building designers gather information
about the energy consumption characteristics of building projects. To perform energy analysis for a project,
you can export the project to gbXML. Then use the resulting gbXML file with a third-party analysis software
application that calculates the loads for your building project. For more information, go to
http://www.gbxml.org/.

To export to gbXML

1 Click File menu ➤ Export ➤ gbXML.

2 In the Export to GBXML dialog, navigate to the target folder for the exported file.
3 Enter a name for the file, and click Save.

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 Specifying the Building Type and Postal Code for a Project
You can specify the building type and postal code for projects that export to gbXML. When importing
gbXML files, several analysis software packages use this information to add default design values for energy
use and costs, thermal loads, and construction.

NOTE In the United States, a postal code is called a zip code.

To specify the building type and postal code

1 Click Settings menu ➤ Project Information.

2 In the Element Properties dialog, for the Energy Data instance parameter, click Edit.
3 In the Type Properties dialog, select the building type, and enter the postal code.
4 Click OK.

Exporting to 3ds Max

When you have completed the initial design, layout, and modelling of a project in Revit Architecture, you
can use Autodesk® 3ds Max® or Autodesk® 3ds Max® Design to produce high-end renderings and add final
details.

■ 3ds Max is a professional 3D animation package that provides additional animation, modelling, and
workflow functionality for the most complex problems in design visualization and visual effects.

■ 3ds Max Design is a 3D design visualization solution for architects, engineers, designers, and visualization
specialists. It is designed for interoperability with FBX® files from Revit Architecture, preserving model
geometry, lights, materials, camera settings, and other metadata from a Revit project. With Revit
Architecture and 3ds Max Design working together, designers can extend the building information
modelling process to include design visualization.

NOTE For simplicity, the following topics refer to 3ds Max, but this information also applies to 3ds Max Design.

You can export a 3D view from a Revit project to an FBX file, and import the file into 3ds Max. In 3ds Max,
you can then create sophisticated renderings of the design to share with clients. The FBX file format passes
rendering information to 3ds Max, including lights, render appearances, sky settings, and material assignments
for the 3D view. By preserving this information during the export process, Revit Architecture maintains a
high degree of fidelity and reduces the amount of work required in 3ds Max.

Before Exporting a 3D View to 3ds Max

Revit Architecture is designed to provide a high degree of interoperability with 3ds Max. However, you can
take steps to further improve performance and ensure satisfactory results. Before exporting a 3D view from
a Revit project for import to 3ds Max, use the following strategies.

TIP To export a 2D view, first create a 3D view that is oriented to a 2D view (such as a section view or elevation
view). Use View menu ➤ Orient ➤ To Other View. For details, see Specifying Camera Location in a 3D View on
page 113.

Exporting to 3ds Max | 1297

 Complete the Design Work in Revit Architecture
To ensure that Revit Architecture remains the single repository of data for the project, make all changes to
the building model in the Revit project. Do not make changes to the building model in 3ds Max.
If you update the project in Revit Architecture, export the 3D view to an FBX file. Then import it into 3ds
Max, and regenerate the rendered image.

Limit Model Geometry

To limit the model geometry that is exported to 3ds Max, consider doing any or all of the following in the
3D view that you plan to export from Revit Architecture:

■ Hide elements that are not required in the view.

■ Use a section box.

■ Set the detail level.

For more information about these strategies, see Limiting Model Geometry Before Exporting on page 1274.

Prepare the 3D View for Rendering

Before exporting a 3D view to FBX, apply materials to model elements, and specify the desired render
appearances. See Materials on page 459.
Also, check the placement of lights in the view, and dim or turn lights on or off to achieve the desired result.
See Using Lighting Fixtures in a Building Model on page 1126 and Turning Lights On and Off on page 1139.
In addition, follow best practices for rendering to optimize the results. See Rendering Best Practices on page
1172. Before exporting to FBX to render in 3ds Max, you may want to generate an initial rendering using the
native Revit rendering engine. By rendering in Revit Architecture first, you can check lighting and material
render appearances, and refine them as needed before exporting. See Rendering an Image on page 1158.

Read 3ds Max Documentation

Read the 3ds Max FBX Plug-In Help for information about importing Revit projects. That documentation
includes suggested settings for importing Revit projects and other tips. By reading this information before
exporting a Revit project, you may be able to take advantage of 3ds Max functions that will streamline the
process and help you achieve the desired results faster and with less effort.

Exporting to FBX
1 In Revit Architecture, open a 3D view, and prepare it for export.
See Before Exporting a 3D View to 3ds Max on page 1297.

2 Click File menu ➤ Export ➤ 3ds Max (FBX).

TIP If this menu option displays as gray, open a 3D view of the project. Then try the menu option
again.

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 3 On the Export dialog, for Save in, navigate to the target folder for the exported file.
4 For Naming, do one of the following:
■ To specify a file name manually, select Manual (Specify file name). For File name/prefix,
specify the name of the output file.

■ To use an automatically generated file name, select Automatic – Long (Specify prefix), or
Automatic – Short. See File Names for Exported Files on page 1278.

5 Click Save.
Revit Architecture generates the FBX file and places it in the target location.
You can now import the FBX file into 3ds Max, using the 3ds Max FBX plug-in. For more information, refer
to the 3ds Max Plug-in documentation.
3ds Max provides additional control over materials, beyond the capabilities of Revit Architecture. To activate
the Revit material assignments and lights in 3ds Max, specify mental ray® as the rendering engine. This is
the default render setting for 3ds Max Design. For more information, refer to the 3ds Max documentation.

Troubleshooting Exports to 3ds Max

When you export a 3D view from Revit Architecture and import it to 3ds Max, you may encounter the
following issues.

Slow performance when exporting from Revit Architecture and importing to 3ds Max

Performance may be slow for large projects that contain lots of objects and their data. To improve performance,
limit the model geometry being exported. In Revit Architecture you can use a section box, hide categories
of model elements that you do not need for the scene, and set the detail level as appropriate. See Limiting
Model Geometry Before Exporting on page 1274 and Rendering Best Practices on page 1172.

Multiple cameras not exported to 3ds Max

Revit Architecture exports to FBX only one camera, which corresponds to the active 3D view. As a result,
only the current Revit 3D view or camera will be imported into 3ds Max as a 3D camera view.

Incorrect camera angle in 3ds Max

Symptom: When you export a Revit 3D view to FBX and import it into 3ds Max, the camera angle may not
reflect the angle of the Revit view.
Issue: 3ds Max does not support the cropping region and optical center of Revit cameras. However, the field
of view (FOV) or perspective of the Revit cameras will be correct in 3ds Max. If you modify the Revit camera
by resizing or offsetting the cropping region of the 3D view in Revit Architecture, 3ds Max does not translate
the change precisely.
Solution: In 3ds Max, adjust the camera angle as needed to achieve the desired result.

Publish
Use the Publish commands on the File menu to publish projects to 2D or 3D DWF or to Buzzsaw (using
DWG or DWF files).

Publish | 1299
Publishing 2D or 3D DWF
The Design Web Format™ (DWF™) is the Autodesk method of publishing design data. It offers an alternative
to publishing to PDF (Portable Document Format).
DWF files allow you to share design information securely and easily. Using the DWF format, you can avoid
unintended changes to project files, and you can share project files with clients and others who do not have
Revit Architecture. DWF files are significantly smaller than the original RVT files, making them easy to send
by electronic mail or post to a web site.
DWF files can be viewed by recipients using Design Review, which is available for free download from
http://www.autodesk.com/designreview.

About DWFx

The meaning of the term DWF has expanded to include DWFx. DWFx is based on the XML Paper Specification
(XPS) from Microsoft, making it easier to share design data with reviewers who do not have Design Review
installed. DWF and DWFx files contain the same data (2D and 3D), the only difference is the file format.
DWFx files can be opened and printed using the free Microsoft XPS Viewer, which comes pre-installed on
computers using the Microsoft Windows Vista™ operating system. (For the Windows XP operating system,
the Microsoft XPS Viewer can be downloaded directly from Microsoft.) Unlike DWF files, DWFx files include
additional information to display design data in the Microsoft XPS Viewer. As such, DWFx files are larger
than corresponding DWF files.
Currently, the Microsoft XPS Viewer does not support views containing 3D content, password-protected
content, restricted content, or georeferenced map coordinates. In the Microsoft XPS Viewer, when attempting
to open views containing any of these unsupported features, a warning directs you to view the DWFx file
in Design Review.

NOTE All references to DWF in this documentation implicitly include DWFx, unless specified.

2D DWF Files

You can publish all Revit Architecture views or sheets to 2D DWF files. If you publish multiple views in a
project to one DWF, in Autodesk DWF Viewer you can click a link to jump to a related view.
If you publish a 3D view to a 2D DWF file, the resulting image is a 2D representation of the 3D view, like a
snapshot. You cannot manipulate the image as you can when you publish the 3D view to 3D DWF.
When you publish a project or view that has rooms or areas to 2D DWF, you can publish the room/area
properties to a layer that is separate from the geometric representation. With this option, you can view
individual rooms and room data when you are publishing a project or a view for use with facility management
software (such as Autodesk® FMDesktop), or DWF markup software (such as Autodesk® Design Review).

3D DWF Files

You can publish 3D views to 3D DWF files. Using Autodesk® Design Review, you can open a 3D DWF file
and manipulate the 3D representation of the building. You can rotate the building, zoom in on a portion
of it, select an element (such as a roof), make it transparent to see what is beneath or behind it, and so on.

Object Data and Published 2D or 3D DWF Files

When you publish to 2D or 3D DWF, a unique, consistent ID is generated for each object. This ID consists
of the GUID (Globally Unique Identifier) and the element ID. This ID scheme virtually eliminates duplicate
element IDs when DWF files are merged from multiple sources outside Revit Architecture.

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When you publish object data to 2D DWF, any property with an assigned unit of measurement publishes
user-visible and invisible information. This information is available when you import 2D DWF into Autodesk®
FMDesktop. User-visible information consists of formatted values. Invisible information consists of 2
additional fields: an unformatted, raw value, and a field that describes the unit type or data type.

Viewing Object Data in a DWF file

When viewing a DWF file, you can access information (object data) about elements in the design.
In DWF Viewer, viewing properties for a selected
wall

Revit Architecture automatically includes object data for elements in 3D DWF files. To include this
element-specific information in a 2D DWF file, you must do the following:

■ Ensure that the model graphics style for selected views is set to Hidden Lines or Wireframe (not Shaded,
nor Shaded with Edges). See Model Graphic Styles on page 201.

When published to DWF, views that are Shaded or Shaded with Edges use raster processing for images,
so you cannot select individual elements in the DWF file.

■ When publishing to DWF, select the option to export object data for model elements.

Publishing 2D DWF
1 Click File menu ➤ Publish DWF ➤ 2D DWF.
2 In the Publish DWF 2D dialog, for Save In, navigate to the target folder for the DWF file.

Publishing 2D or 3D DWF | 1301

 3 For Files of type, select DWF or DWFx.
For more information on DWFx, see Publishing 2D or 3D DWF on page 1300.

4 To publish object data in the DWF, do the following:

a In the Publish DWF 2D dialog, click Options.

b In the DWF Publish Options dialog, select the objects to publish (Model Elements, Rooms
and Areas), and click OK.

You can export object data only for views whose model graphics style is set to Wireframe or
Hidden Lines, not Shaded or Shaded with Edges. See Viewing Object Data in a DWF file on page
1301.

5 Click Print Setup, specify print settings, and click OK.

For information about print settings, see Print Setup on page 1020.

6 If you are exporting a single view, do the following:

a Under Naming, select Manual (Specify file name), or select Automatic - Long (Specify prefix)
or Automatic - Short to use an automatically generated file name. See File Names for Exported
Files on page 1278.

b Under Range, select Current View.

7 If you are exporting multiple views and sheets, do the following:

a Under Range, select Selected Views/Sheets.

b Click .

c In the View/Sheet Set dialog, select the views and sheets to export and click OK.

d Under Naming, select Automatic - Short to use a short default name for the DWF file, or
select Automatic - Long (Specify prefix) to use a longer file name. See File Names for Exported
Files on page 1278.

The resulting DWF file will contain hyperlinks to the selected views and sheets. When you open
a DWF file, you can link between standalone views and, if you printed a sheet, views on the
sheet.

8 Click Save.

Publishing 3D DWF
1 Open a Revit project and display a 3D view in the drawing area.
2 Click File menu ➤ Publish DWF ➤ 3D DWF.
3 In the Publish DWF 3D dialog, for Save In, navigate to the target folder for the DWF file.
4 For File name, enter a name for the DWF file.
5 For Files of type, select DWF or DWFx.
For more information on DWFx, see Publishing 2D or 3D DWF on page 1300.

6 Click Save.
Revit Architecture exports the 3D view to DWF and places the file in the target folder.

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Linking DWF Markups
When creating construction documents, a typical workflow is to print out a sheet, have it reviewed and
marked up by the project architect or other professional, and then return it to the originator of the sheet to
have the requested changes made.
Revit Architecture enhances this process by allowing you to publish sheet views as DWF files. The DWF files
can be marked up electronically using a program such as Autodesk® Design Review. Then the markups can
be linked back into Revit Architecture to see the desired changes. Because they are linked, the Revit
Architecture file and the DWF file remain synchronized with regard to the markups.
Autodesk® Design Review is available for download from http://www.autodesk.com/designreview.
The following steps outline the process for handing off the Revit Architecture sheet view, marking it up,
and then bringing it back into Revit Architecture. This process is often referred to as round-tripping.

NOTE To use the markup functionality, you must publish Revit Architecture sheet views. See Sheets on page 968.

To link DWF markups

1 In Revit Architecture, open a sheet view and publish it to 2D DWF using File menu ➤ Publish
DWF ➤ 2D DWF. See Publishing 2D DWF on page 1301.
2 Use a DWF-compatible program (such as Autodesk® Design Review) to mark up the DWF file.
When you mark up the DWF file, you are marking on top of the plotted views from Revit
Architecture, as if you used a red marker on a printout. After you have marked up the DWF, you
can link it back into Revit Architecture.

Link the markups in Revit Architecture

3 Return to Revit Architecture.

4 Click File menu ➤ Import/Link ➤ Link DWF Markup Set.
5 In the Import/Link DWF File dialog, navigate to the marked-up DWF file, select it, and click
Open.
The Link Markup Page to Revit Sheets dialog displays. Under the DWF View column, the dialog
displays the sheet view names that are marked up in the DWF file. The Revit View column
displays the corresponding sheet view. If the sheet name from the DWF file is the same as the
sheet name from the Revit Architecture file, then the Revit Architecture sheet name is
automatically filled in the Revit View column.
If the Revit Architecture sheet view name has changed since it was published to DWF, the Revit
View column displays <Not linked> next to the DWF sheet view.

6 If the Revit View value is <Not linked>, select a Revit Architecture sheet view. (Click the box
below the Revit View column, and select a name from the list.)

NOTE You might also do this if you have several other sheet views in the Revit Architecture file, and
you want to apply the markups to one of the other sheet views. This would make sense only if the
other sheet view title blocks were the same size as the original.

7 Click OK.
The DWF markups are placed on the sheet view as an import symbol. The markups are pinned,
which means that you cannot modify their position, and you cannot copy, rotate, mirror, delete,
or group them.
If markups were created in Design Review using its Markup Tools, then you can modify some
markup properties in Revit Architecture.

Publishing 2D or 3D DWF | 1303

 Change status and add notes for markup

8 Select a markup object that was created in Design Review.

A markup object might look as follows.

9 On the Options Bar, click (Element Properties).

10 In the Element Properties dialog, modify the Status and Notes properties if desired.
11 Click OK to save your changes.
12 Save the Revit Architecture file.
The changes are saved to the linked DWF file. The changes can be viewed in the DWF file by selecting the
corresponding markup object.

Managing DWF Markup Links

1 Click File menu ➤ Manage Links.
2 In the Manage Links dialog, click the DWF Markups tab.
The tab lists all the linked, marked-up DWF files.

3 Select a linked DWF file.

4 Click Save Markups.
The next time the DWF file is opened, it will contain the changes to the markup objects.

5 Click Located In to see the sheet view to which the DWF file is linked.
Other commands on this tab work similarly to the commands on the other Manage Links tabs.
For more information on these commands, see Managing Links on page 1222.

Publishing to Buzzsaw
Autodesk® Buzzsaw® is an online collaboration service that allows you to store, manage, and share project
documents from any Internet connection, thus enhancing team productivity and reducing costs. You can
use the Publish to Buzzsaw commands to export sheets and views to a DWG or DWF file, and then upload
these to a Buzzsaw project site in one step. (For information about DWG files, see Exporting to CAD Formats
on page 1273. For information about DWF files, see Publishing 2D or 3D DWF on page 1300.)
To be able to publish to Buzzsaw, the projects and folders to which you want to publish files must already
exist. In addition, you must have Buzzsaw Administrator permission or Edit permission to add files to a
folder. Consult your Buzzsaw administrator for details.

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Publish DWG to Buzzsaw
1 Click File menu ➤ Publish to Buzzsaw ➤ DWG.
2 In the Publish to Buzzsaw (DWG) dialog, under Buzzsaw Sites, select the site to which you want
to publish project files.
If you need to add a new Buzzsaw location, click Add. For instructions, see Adding a New Buzzsaw
Location on page 1305.

3 Specify a file name and type, and other settings.

For more information on these settings, see Exporting to DWG on page 1275.

4 Click Save.
Revit Architecture generates a DWG file and posts it on the specified Buzzsaw site.

Publish DWF to Buzzsaw

1 Click File menu ➤ Publish to Buzzsaw ➤ DWF.
2 In the Publish to Buzzsaw (DWF) dialog, under Buzzsaw Sites, select the site to which you want
to publish project files.
If you need to add a new Buzzsaw location, click Add. For instructions, see Adding a New Buzzsaw
Location on page 1305.

3 Specify a file name and other settings.

For more information on these settings, see Publishing 2D DWF on page 1301.

4 For Files of type, select DWF or DWFx.

For more information on DWFx, see Publishing 2D or 3D DWF on page 1300.

5 Click OK.
Revit Architecture generates a DWF file and posts it on the specified Buzzsaw site.

Adding a New Buzzsaw Location

When publishing project files to Buzzsaw, you can add a Buzzsaw location. This process defines the location
to Revit Architecture and provides access to the site for uploading the project files. However, the location
that you specify (including the Buzzsaw site, project, and folders) must exist before you add it to Revit
Architecture. Consult your Buzzsaw administrator for details.

To add a new Buzzsaw location

1 Click File menu ➤ Publish to Buzzsaw ➤ DWG or DWF.

2 In the Publish to Buzzsaw dialog, click Add.
3 In the Add a New Buzzsaw Location dialog, for Name, enter a descriptive name for this Buzzsaw
location.
4 For Site, enter the Buzzsaw site URL for the project.
The Buzzsaw site URL is https://webdav.buzzsaw.com/<site_name>, where <site_name> is the
name of your project site. For example, if the project site is named Palace, enter the following:
https://webdav.buzzsaw.com/Palace

5 For Folder, specify the folder to which you want to upload Revit project files.

Publishing to Buzzsaw | 1305

 A Buzzsaw project can contain a hierarchy of project folders (which contain administrative
information only) and standard folders (which contain data). If the target folder is a subfolder,
specify the path from the project site. For example, if you want to upload project files to the
Fountain subfolder in the Courtyard project folder of the Palace project site, enter the following:
Courtyard/Fountain

6 Under Security, specify the user name and password to use to log into the Buzzsaw project site.
7 Click OK.
The new Buzzsaw location is included in the list of Buzzsaw sites on the Publish dialog.

Import/Link
The Import/Link command allows you to import or link to various file formats.
Different file formats may be imported with different qualities of geometry. For information about variations
in imported geometry, see Suitability of Imported Geometry on page 1306.
When you import files, you may need to zoom in the drawing area to see the imported data. See Zooming
Project Views on page 193.
For information about linking Revit models, see Working with Linked Models on page 1213.

Suitability of Imported Geometry

When you import a file into Revit Architecture, the format of the imported file may support varying qualities
of geometry. These variations are caused by the file type, the export settings, and the import settings.
Some commands and capabilities in Revit Architecture require specific types of geometry. For example:

■ The Join Geometry tool requires volumetric geometry.

■ Rendering an image requires that faces are associated with material properties.

■ The Roof by Face tool requires geometry with suitably sized faces for flat roof panels or a NURB
representation of a complex, shaped roof panel.

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 ■ Mass instances require volumetric geometry to calculate volume, surface area, and floor area faces. See
Considerations for Imported Geometry in Mass or Generic Model Families on page 555 and Importing
Massing Studies from Other Applications on page 555.

You can import many different types of file formats into Revit Architecture. When you export a file from
the originating application for use with Revit Architecture, you can set a variety of export options. With
these many variations of file formats and export options, it is important to ensure that the exported file
provides the geometric data needed for the Revit Architecture capability that you plan to use. To optimize
results with various file formats, consult the documentation provided with the exporting applications.

Importing or Linking CAD Formats

Use File menu ➤ Import/Link to import or link vector data from other CAD programs such as AutoCAD
2009 (DWG and DXF), MicroStation® (DGN), SketchUp (SKP and DWG), and ACIS (SAT). Revit Architecture
supports importing most DGN surfaces and solids with the exceptions of cones, B-Spline surfaces, and
SmartSolids.
In addition to using the Import/Link command, you can import CAD files using drag-and-drop from
Windows® Explorer onto a model, drafting, or sheet view of Revit Architecture. See Importing CAD Files
Using i-drop on page 1308.
You can mirror imported and linked CAD files. See Mirroring Elements on page 310.

NOTE Revit Architecture imports ACIS solids from SAT files. SAT file formats later than version 7.0 do not import
into Revit Architecture. You should determine which version your solid modelling program is creating. Some solid
modelling products (such as form-Z®) create SAT file formats later than version 7.0 by default.

Snapping to Imported Geometry

Suppose that you import an AutoCAD 2009® drawing into Revit Architecture and then want to trace over
walls in that drawing. As you place the cursor near the lines representing the walls, it can snap to the lines
or the midpoint between the lines.

Proxy Graphics from AutoCAD 2009 Files

Revit Architecture supports reading in proxy graphics from AutoCAD 2009 files. Proxy graphics are AutoCAD
2009's representations of AutoCAD Architecture objects. Unlike AutoCAD Architecture objects, proxy graphics
have no intelligence.
Proxy graphics can exist for many types of data in AutoCAD 2009, including Mechanical Desktop (MDT)
parts and AutoCAD 2009 Runtime eXtension (ARX) objects. If you set the Proxygraphics command to 1 in
AutoCAD 2009, Revit Architecture can then import ARX objects and AutoCAD Architecture objects (such
as walls and floors) in the DWG or DXF file.

Implications of Importing vs. Linking for Xrefs

Suppose you use AutoCAD to generate a DWG file that contains external references (xrefs). When you import
or link the DWG file, Revit Architecture displays the geometry from the nested xrefs. The decision to import
or link a file to a Revit project affects what you can do with the xref information:

■ If you import the file, you can explode the nested xrefs to Revit elements. However, if the xref file is
updated after the import, Revit Architecture will not automatically reflect changes to the xref file.

Importing or Linking CAD Formats | 1307

 ■ If you link the file, Revit Architecture automatically updates the geometry to reflect changes to the xref
files. However, you cannot explode the nested xrefs to Revit elements.

For more information, see Exploding Imported Geometry on page 1322.

Importing or Linking CAD Files Using the Import/Link Command

1 Click File menu ➤ Import/Link ➤ CAD Formats.
2 In the Import/Link dialog, navigate to the folder that contains the file to import or link.

TIP Make sure you import the geometric data needed for the Revit Architecture capability that you
plan to use. For more information, see Suitability of Imported Geometry on page 1306.

3 Select the file.

4 Select Link if you want to link the file (instead of import it).
See Implications of Importing vs. Linking for Xrefs on page 1307.

5 Specify the import options. See Import Options for CAD Formats and Revit Models on page 1312.
6 Click Open.

NOTE If you open a DGN file, the Select View dialog displays. Select a view to open. The view
corresponds exactly to the MicroStation view and imports into Revit Architecture exactly as it appeared
in MicroStation.

7 If you chose to manually place the imported data, it displays in the drawing area and moves
with the cursor. Click to place the imported data.
You may need to zoom in to see the imported data. See Zooming Project Views on page 193.

Importing CAD Files Using i-drop

Revit Architecture supports the Autodesk i-drop® drag-and-drop feature. When i-drop objects are pulled
from an i-drop–enabled web page, Revit Architecture downloads the file and imports it as if it were pulled
from a local file.
When you drag-and-drop a file, the file is imported with the default settings. If you want to use different
settings (for example, Place at Origin rather than Place at Cursor), import the file using File
menu ➤ Import/Link. (See Importing or Linking CAD Files Using the Import/Link Command on page 1308.)

TIP Make sure you import the geometric data needed for the Revit Architecture capability that you plan to use.
For more information, see Suitability of Imported Geometry on page 1306.

To import CAD files using i-drop

1 From an i-drop–enabled web page, click the thumbnail image of the object.
2 Drag the file from the web page into Revit Architecture.
3 Release the object directly into the active view.

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Importing Files from SketchUp
Google™ SketchUp® is a general purpose modelling and visualization tool. Revit Architecture uses building
information modelling (BIM), in which building elements understand their relationship to each other. When
working on a design project, you can use both products to leverage the unique strengths of each. For example:

■ If you want to model an initial design pass or quickly model a single element, start with SketchUp. Later,
use Revit Architecture to refine the design.

■ If you want to design entire building masses and then associate real building elements to them, use
SketchUp for the design phase. Later use Revit Architecture for the detailed planning phase.

To use a SketchUp design in Revit Architecture, import a SKP file from SketchUp directly into Revit
Architecture. As an alternative, you can use SketchUp to export a DWG file, and then import that DWG file
into Revit Architecture.
To incorporate a SketchUp design into a Revit project, use the following general process:

1 Use Revit Architecture to create a family outside the project or an in-place family within the project.

2 Import the SketchUp file into the family.

3 If you created the family outside the project, load the family into the project.

NOTE Revit Architecture does not support linking of SketchUp files. As a result, if you import a SketchUp file into
a Revit project and later make changes to the SketchUp file, you cannot easily update the Revit project to reflect
the changes. Therefore, complete as much of the design in SketchUp as possible before importing it into Revit
Architecture.

Related topic

■ Importing Massing Studies from Other Applications on page 555

Importing SKP Files

Before importing a SKP file from SketchUp into Revit Architecture, do the following:

■ Make sure you import the geometric data needed for the Revit Architecture capability that you plan to
use. See Suitability of Imported Geometry on page 1306.

■ Review Limitations of SketchUp Data Imported to Revit Architecture on page 1310.

■ Review Best Practices When Importing Masses on page 556.

To import SketchUp files

1 Create an in-place family in a Revit project, or create a family in the Family Editor.
See Creating Your Own Components (Families) on page 341.

2 Click File menu ➤ Import/Link ➤ CAD Formats.

3 In the Import/Link dialog, navigate to the folder that contains the SketchUp file.
4 For Files of Type, select the SKP file type
5 Select the file to import.
6 Specify the desired import settings.

Importing or Linking CAD Formats | 1309

 The following settings are recommended:
■ Colors: Preserve

■ Import Units: Auto-Detect

■ Positioning: Auto - Origin to Origin

■ Place at: Level 1 or Ref. Level

■ Orient to View

7 Click Open.
You may need to do the following to see the SketchUp-based form:

■ Switch to a 3D view.

■ To improve visibility, on the View Control Bar, for Model Graphics Style, select Shading with Edges.

■ In the Tools toolbar, click (Work Plane Visibility), and select a plane.

■ Type ZF (Zoom to Fit) to adjust the drawing area to show the entire mass.

■ If you are creating a mass family, in the View toolbar, click (Show Mass).

Limitations of SketchUp Data Imported to Revit Architecture

Revit Architecture treats the data imported from SketchUp as a large block of geometry that resists being
manipulated (in the ways that you can usually manipulate geometry that is native to Revit Architecture).
However, you can change the layer settings from SketchUp. (For example, to assign colors or materials on
a by-layer basis, click Settings ➤ Object Styles, and change settings on the Imported Objects tab). When you
import a SketchUp design into a Revit mass family and then load the mass family into a Revit project, you
can convert mass faces (from the SketchUp design) into walls, floors, and roofs. (See Importing Massing
Studies from Other Applications on page 555.)
When creating content in SketchUp for use in Revit Architecture, consider the following restrictions:
■ Exploding 3D data: In Revit Architecture, you will not be able to explode 3D data. If you try this, 3D
faces will disappear, and you will receive a warning message.

■ Parameters: In Revit Architecture, you cannot add parameters to control geometric flexing. However,
you can add some controls that manipulate imported data, such as the location of an imported element
and its material assignments.

■ Visibility/graphics: In Revit Architecture, you cannot manipulate the geometry or isolate parts of whole
elements with visibility/graphics settings.

■ Two-sided surfaces: If a material or color is assigned to only one side of a surface in SketchUp, Revit
Architecture applies the material or color to both sides of the surface by default. If there is material on
both sides of the surface, Revit Architecture applies the Face 1 material to both sides. If faces are flipped
and painted differently in SketchUp, they may not display the correct material in Revit Architecture.

■ SketchUp properties: The following SketchUp properties are currently not supported in Revit Architecture
import: Texture Image Maps, Transparency, “Smooth” Curved Surfaces, Text and Dimensions, Raster
Images, and saved “Pages”.

■ Cut planes: Imports cannot be cut by a cut plane unless imported into a cuttable family category. See
Cuttable and Non-Cuttable Family Categories on page 361.

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■ SketchUp and massing: Not all SketchUp imports are appropriate to massing. See Suitability of Imported
Geometry on page 1306. Also see Importing Massing Studies from Other Applications on page 555.

■ Scaling: Groups or components that have been scaled in their entirety with the SketchUp Scaling tool
may be incorrectly scaled when imported to Revit Architecture. Exploded SketchUp models should import
at the correct scale.

Importing ACIS Objects

Revit Architecture supports the import of ACIS objects contained in DWG, DXF, and SAT files. (ACIS objects
describe solids or trimmed surfaces.) For example, you can create ACIS objects using the AutoCAD 2009
commands Draw Solids and Draw Region. You can also import SmartSolids™ from MicroStation® into Revit
Architecture. To import ACIS objects, use the procedure Importing or Linking CAD Files Using the Import/Link
Command on page 1308.
Revit Architecture supports the following types of surfaces when importing ACIS objects:

■ Plane

■ Sphere

■ Torus

■ Cylinder

■ Cone

■ Elliptical cylinder

■ Elliptical cone

■ Extruded surface

■ Revolved surface

■ NURB surfaces

You can import NURB (non-uniform rational B-splines) surfaces on ACIS objects in DWG or SAT files into
Revit Architecture mass or generic model families while you are creating the family. You can then use the
Roof by Face and Curtain System by Face tools to create roofs and curtain systems on these imported surfaces.
For more information, see Creating Curtain Systems Using the Curtain System by Face Command on page
548 and Creating Roofs Using the Roof by Face Command on page 551.
To use ACIS imports for face-based host commands, import geometry into an in-place family of category
Mass or Generic Model. Face-based commands work best on ACIS solids. For example, if you create walls by
face on a cube, the walls join and miter correctly. If you create a curtain system by face on a solid, you can
add corner mullions onto the joins between faces of the curtain system. For more information on face-based
commands, see Creating Building Elements from Mass Instances on page 543.

TIP Make sure you import the geometric data needed for the Revit Architecture capability that you plan to use.
For more information, see Suitability of Imported Geometry on page 1306.

Importing or Linking CAD Formats | 1311

 Import Options for CAD Formats and Revit Models
The following options apply to linked or imported CAD format files (on the Import/Link dialog that displays
when you click File menu ➤ Import/Link ➤ CAD Formats). Positioning options also apply to linked Revit
models (when you click File menu ➤ Import/Link ➤ Revit).

Option Definition

Current View Only Imports a CAD drawing into the active Revit Architecture view only. For example, you
might want an AutoCAD 2009 object to appear only in a Revit Architecture floor plan
view and not in a 3D view. If you set this option, any text in the imported file is visible
and can be cropped by the crop region of the view. If you are using worksharing, the
import will belong to a view workset.
If the option is not selected, only lines and geometry are imported, and the import be-
haves like model geometry: it can be cropped by the crop region of the view. This option
is not available in 3D views. If you are using worksharing, the import will belong to a
model workset.

NOTE If you are importing data from a CAD file for use in creating a toposurface, do
not select this option.

Link Links a CAD file instead of importing it. Linking is similar to having an xref in AutoCAD
2009. When the original linked file changes, these changes are reflected (if possible) in
the file when you reload the project. See Implications of Importing vs. Linking for Xrefs
on page 1307.

Colors

Invert Invert inverts the colors of all line and text objects from the imported file to Revit Archi-
tecture-specific colors. Dark colors become lighter, and light colors become darker. This
can improve readability when the file is in Revit Architecture. This option is set by default.

Preserve Preserves the colors defined in the imported document.

Black and White Imports the document in black and white.

Layers

All Imports or links all layers. Layers that are non-visible in the link are turned off in the
current view in Revit Architecture.

Visible Imports or links only visible layers.

Specify Allows you to select the layers and levels to import or link (on the dialog that displays).
Layers not selected are deleted.
If you select Visible or Specify and you are linking the file, when you later reload the
linked file, still only the selected or visible layers originally linked are loaded. Any layers
not selected or visible are not linked. If you later want omitted layers to be linked, you
must delete the link and relink the file.

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Option Definition

TIP If you want to be able to see and hide layers as needed, you can link to all layers,
and then click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics to control the visibility of different cat-
egories in a view. (See Visibility and Graphic Display in Project Views on page 150.) Or
you can link to all layers, and then query the import and hide a selected layer in the
active view. (See Querying Objects in Layers on page 1323.)

Import Units Explicitly sets the unit of measure for imported geometry. The values are Auto-Detect,
feet, inch, meter, decimeter, centimeter, millimeter, and Custom factor.
If you specify Auto-Detect for an AutoCAD 2009 file created in Imperial (English), then
the file imports with feet and inches as the units. If the AutoCAD 2009 file was created
in metric, then the file imports into Revit Architecture with millimeters as the units.
For MicroStation® files, Revit Architecture reads the units from the file and uses them.
Feet, inches, meters, centimeters, decimeters, millimeters are all supported. If the DGN
file has custom units, then the unit in Revit Architecture defaults to feet.

NOTE If you import a file into a project with opposing units (for example, a metric file into an Imperial project), the units
in the host project prevail. If the imported file has a custom unit, select Custom factor for Import Units. This enables the text
box adjacent to the selection list so that you can enter a scale value.

For example, the file has a unit called widget where one widget equals 10 meters. When importing the file, select Custom
factor for Import Units and specify a value of 10 in the adjacent text box. Each unit from the source file is now equal to 10
meters in the Revit Architecture file.
The value you enter here displays in the Scale Factor type property of the import symbol.
If the units are known, you can select Custom factor and enter a scale factor. This can increase or decrease the size of the
imported elements in Revit Architecture.

Positioning

Auto - Center to Center Revit Architecture places the center of the import at the center of the Revit Architecture
model. The center of a Revit Architecture model is calculated by finding the center of
a bounding box around the Revit Architecture model.
If most of the Revit Architecture model is not visible, this center point may not be visible
in the current view. To make the point visible in the current view, set the zoom to Zoom
View to Fit. This centers the view on the Revit Architecture model.

Auto - Origin to Origin Revit Architecture places the import’s world origin at the Revit Architecture project’s
internal origin. If the import object has been drawn at a large distance from its origin,
it may display at a large distance from the Revit Architecture model. To test this, set the
zoom to Zoom View to Fit.

Auto - By Shared Coordinates Revit Architecture places the imported geometry according to its location with respect
to the shared coordinates between the 2 files.
If there is no current shared coordinate system between the files, Revit Architecture
notifies you, and uses Auto - Center to Center positioning. See Shared Positioning on
page 1230.

NOTE This option is for Revit files only.

Manual - Origin The imported document's origin is centered on the cursor.

Importing or Linking CAD Formats | 1313

 Option Definition

Manual - Base Point The imported document's base point is centered on the cursor. Use this option only for
AutoCAD 2009 files that have a defined base point.

Manual - Center Sets the cursor at the center of the imported geometry. You can drag the imported
geometry to its location.

Place at Select the level to place the origin/base point.

Orient to View Revit Architecture places the import at the same orientation as the current view. This
option is available only for non–view-specific imports.

Setting Scaling for Imported DWG or DXF Files

1 Select an import symbol and click (Element Properties).

2 In the Element Properties dialog, click Edit/New.
3 In the Type Properties dialog, modify Import Units or Scale Factor.
If you change the import units, the scale factor automatically updates. See Import Options for
CAD Formats and Revit Models on page 1312.

NOTE If no values display for these parameters, you must reload the link or reimport the file.

4 Click OK.

Setting Line Weights for Imported DWG or DXF Files

When you import a DWG or DXF file, each layer in the file is assigned a line weight based on the pen
number-line weight settings. Revit Architecture can import pen numbers from a DWG or DXF file and map
them to a Revit Architecture line weight. You can then save these mappings in a text file, and they become
the set mappings for the project.
Revit Architecture includes the following files with pen and line weight mappings:

■ importlineweights-dwg-AIA.txt

■ importlineweights-dwg-BS1192.txt

■ importlineweights-dwg-ISO13657.txt

■ importlineweights-dwg-CP83.txt

These files reside in the Data folder of the Revit Architecture installation directory.

To set line weights

1 Click File menu ➤ Import/Export Settings ➤ Import Line Weights DWG/DXF.

The Import Line Weights dialog displays the mappings in the importlineweights-dwg-default.txt
file.

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 2 If this is not the file that you want to edit, click Load, navigate to the correct mappings file, and
open it.
3 In the dialog, match the appropriate pen to the appropriate line weight (for example: Pen
Number 1 to Line Weight Number 1, Pen Number 2 to Line Weight Number 2, and so on). Set
as many pen-line weight mappings as desired.
4 Click OK, or to save the mappings in a new file, click Save As.

Mapping AutoCAD 2009 SHX Fonts to TrueType Fonts

When you import AutoCAD 2009 drawings that contain text, you can map the AutoCAD 2009 SHX fonts
to TrueType fonts so they appear correctly in Revit Architecture. You can map to any of your existing fonts.

NOTE For SHX fonts that are not mapped, Revit Architecture will use a similar font, but the results are unpredictable.

To map TrueType fonts

1 Open the shxfontmap.txt file in a text editor.
This file resides in the Data folder of the Revit Architecture installation directory.

2 On a new line, enter the SHX file name.

3 Press Tab.
4 Enter the name of the font you want to map it to.
5 Save and close the file.
You do not need to restart Revit Architecture for the font mapping to take effect. If you have already imported
the file, you will need to import it again.

Setting Constraint Parameters for Imported Geometry

If you have imported geometry into all views, you can set the base level for it and specify a height offset
from that level.

To set constraint parameters

1 Select the imported geometry, and click (Element Properties).

2 Set the Base Level and Base Offset instance parameters.
Alternatively, you can select the geometry in an elevation view and move it to adjust the base offset value.

Moving a View-Specific Import to the Foreground or Background

You can move a view-specific import symbol between the foreground and the background of a view, with
respect to model elements in the view. If the import symbol is in the foreground of the view, it is in front
of model elements, such as walls. It is still behind detail components and annotations.

1 Select the import symbol, and click (Element Properties).

2 In the Element Properties dialog, for Draw Layer, specify Background or Foreground.
Alternatively, you can select the import symbol and, on the Options Bar, select Foreground or Background
for Draw Layer.

Importing or Linking CAD Formats | 1315

 You can also use the sort order for detail components to move an import symbol in front of or behind detail
components. For more information on sort order commands, see Sorting the Draw Order of Detail
Components on page 1096.

Importing Images
You can import raster images to a Revit Architecture project to use as background images or as visual aids
needed during the creation of a model. By default, images are imported behind the model and annotation
symbols; however, you can change the display order. You can import images into 2D views only.

You can import images using the Import/Link ➤ Image command, or by dragging and dropping them from
Windows® Explorer.

To import an image

1 Click File menu ➤ Import/Link ➤ Image.

2 In the Import Image dialog, navigate to the folder containing the image file to import.
3 Select the file, and click Open.
The imported image displays in the drawing area and moves with the cursor. The image displays
symbolically, with 2 crossing lines indicating the extents of the image.

4 Click to place the image.

Related topic

■ Adding an Image to a Sheet on page 983

Modifying Imported Images

You can modify imported images using commands on the Edit toolbar, such as Rotate and Copy.

NOTE These commands also affect captured, rendered 3D images.

To modify an imported image

1 Select the image so that handles display on the image, and modify the image as follows:
■ To scale the image, drag the corner handles.

■ To move the image, drag it to the desired location.

■ To keep width and height settings proportional while scaling, on the Options Bar, select
Lock Proportions.

2 Click (Element Properties). In the Element Properties dialog, specify the values for the
height and width of the image.
3 If you want to rotate the image, use the Rotate tool on the Edit toolbar. See Rotating Elements
on page 308.
4 If you want to change the draw order, select the image and use commands on the Options Bar.
The draw order of raster images can be controlled in the same manner as detail elements. See
Sorting the Draw Order of Detail Components on page 1096.

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 Deleting Raster Images
The Raster Images command lists all raster images in the project, including any rendered images that you
have captured. The command offers the only way for you to delete an image from the project. You cannot
remove an image from the project by deleting it from a view or a sheet.

To delete a raster image

1 Click File menu ➤ Raster Images.

The Raster Images dialog lists all raster images in the project.

2 Select the image name, and click Delete.

3 Click OK when prompted to confirm the deletion.
4 Click OK to close the Raster Images dialog.

Importing Industry Foundation Class (IFC) Files

Revit Architecture provides Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) import based on the latest International
Alliance for Interoperability (IAI) IFC 2x3 data exchange standard. (If you import a file that uses an earlier
standard [IFC 2x or 2x2], Revit Architecture supports the format and imports it properly.) For information
about the IFC file format, see Exporting to Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) on page 1292.
When you import an IFC file, Revit Architecture creates a new file based on the default template. For
information about selecting the default template, see Selecting a Template for Imported IFC Files on page
1317.
You can load your own IFC class mapping files and override the categories and subcategories for imported
IFC objects.

TIP Make sure you import the geometric data needed for the Revit Architecture capability that you plan to use.
For more information, see Suitability of Imported Geometry on page 1306.

To import an IFC file

1 Click File menu ➤ Import/Link ➤ IFC.

2 In the Import/Link dialog, navigate to the IFC file to import.
3 Select the IFC file, and click Open.
Revit Architecture creates a new file based on the default template.

Selecting a Template for Imported IFC Files

1 Click File menu ➤ Import/Export Settings ➤ IFC Options ➤ Import Options.
2 Click Browse.
3 In the Browse for Template File dialog, navigate to the desired IFC template file, select it, and
click Open.
4 In the Import IFC Options dialog, click OK.

Loading an IFC Class Mapping File

1 Click File menu ➤ Import/Export Settings ➤ IFC Options ➤ Import Options.

Importing Industry Foundation Class (IFC) Files | 1317

 2 In the Import IFC Options dialog, click Load.
3 In the Open dialog, navigate to an IFC class mapping file, select it, and click Open.
4 In the Import IFC Options dialog, click OK.

Overriding Categories and Subcategories for Imported IFC Objects

1 Click File menu ➤ Import/Export Settings ➤ IFC Options ➤ Import Options.
2 In the Import IFC Options dialog, double-click in a category or subcategory and enter a new
value to override the current value.
As an alternative, you can click Standard to reset all values to the standard (default) settings.

3 Click OK, or to save the mappings in a new file, click Save As.

Linking AutoCAD Files to a Revit Project

You can link AutoCAD files to a Revit project. For example, you may want to use linked files as follows:

■ Some team members use AutoCAD to create details or elevations, but the rest of the project is created
using Revit Architecture. You want to link the AutoCAD drawings to the Revit project and place them
on sheets. Then, these drawings can be included in the set of construction documents that Revit
Architecture generates.

■ Team members from other disciplines (such as structural engineers or electrical engineers) are using
AutoCAD to plan their part of the project. You want to link their AutoCAD drawings to a Revit project
to use them as underlays for your project views.

For example, the following floor plan shows a linked file that will be used as an underlay to trace and create
structural walls in Revit Architecture.

Related topics

■ Managing Links on page 1222

■ Managing Layers in Linked and Imported Files on page 1323

1318 | Chapter 22 Interoperability

How Linking to AutoCAD Files Works
When you link an AutoCAD file to a project, Revit Architecture maintains a link to that file. Whenever you
open the Revit project, Revit Architecture retrieves the current, saved version of the linked file and displays
it in the project. Any changes to the linked file are displayed in the Revit project. If the linked file changes
while the Revit project is open, reload the file to retrieve the latest changes. (See Managing Links on page
1222.)
This ability to retrieve the latest changes to an AutoCAD file is the difference between linking and importing.
When you import an AutoCAD file, Revit Architecture uses the version of the file that you imported. It does
not retrieve or display changes to the imported file.
When you link (or import) an AutoCAD file to a Revit project, you can do the following:
■ Query objects in the file on page 1323

■ Hide or delete selected layers in the file on page 1324.

■ Change the graphic display of layers in the file on page 1325.

When you link a file to a Revit project, you can control whether the linked file is visible only in the current
view, or in all views. As a 2D drawing, the linked file is displayed only in relevant 2D Revit drawings, such
as floor plans. In a 3D view, the linked file is displayed as flat, 2D shapes.

Linking to an AutoCAD File

1 Open the Revit project.
2 If you want the linked file to display only in a particular view, open that view.
3 Click File menu ➤ Import/Link ➤ CAD Formats.
4 Specify the file to link, as follows:
■ For Look in, navigate to the location of the file.

■ For Files of type, specify DWG.

■ For File name, specify the name of the file.

5 To link the file (instead of import it), do the following:

a If you want the linked file to display in the current view only, select Current view only.
If you do not select this option, the linked file is displayed in all relevant 2D views, such
as floor plans.

b Select Link.

c For Layers, select one of the following values:

■ All: Displays all linked file layers in the Revit project, including hidden layers.

■ Visible: Displays visible layers of the linked file in the Revit project. Layers that are
currently hidden in AutoCAD do not display in Revit Architecture.

■ Specify: Allows you to select the layers to display in the Revit project from a list. After
you click Open, Revit Architecture displays the list of layers from which to choose.

6 Specify the desired import options.

For details about these options, see Import Options for CAD Formats and Revit Models on page
1312.

Linking AutoCAD Files to a Revit Project | 1319

 7 Click Open.
8 If, for Layers, you chose Specify, the Select Layers/Levels to Import/Link dialog lists the layers
in the file. Select the desired layers, and click OK.
Unselected layers are not available in the Revit project. (However, the layers still exist in the
AutoCAD file.)

Revit Architecture retrieves the current version of the linked file and displays it in the current Revit view.

Related topics

■ Querying Objects in Layers on page 1323

■ Hiding and Deleting Layers on page 1324.

■ Changing the Graphic Display of Layers on page 1325.

■ Managing Links on page 1222

Location of the Linked File

Whenever you open a Revit project that is linked to an AutoCAD file, Revit Architecture retrieves the current,
saved version of the linked file. To check the stored location of the linked file, click File menu ➤ Manage
Links. The path to the linked file displays in the Saved Path column of the Manage Links dialog.
If Revit Architecture cannot locate the linked file, it displays the version of the linked file that it retrieved
most recently. Revit Architecture is not able to update the link. To reload the linked file from a different
location, use the Reload From function of the Manage Links dialog. (See Managing Links on page 1222.)
Use the Path Type column to indicate whether the path is absolute or relative. In general, use a relative path
instead of an absolute path.

■ If you use a relative path and later move the project and the linked file together to a new directory, the
link is maintained. The new working directory becomes the relative path for the linked file.

■ If you use an absolute path and later move the project and the linked file to a new directory, the link is
broken. Revit Architecture tries to find the linked model in the specified directory.

Use an absolute path when you link to a workset-enabled file, such as a central file that other users need to
access. This file is likely not to move from its location on the disk.

Troubleshooting Problems with Linked Files

The following topics describe issues that you may encounter when linking files to Revit projects.

Changes in the DWG File Are Not Reflected in the Revit Project
Symptom: After linking a DWG file to a Revit project, you made changes to the DWG file in AutoCAD.
However, the Revit project does not display these changes.
Issues and Solutions: This issue can have several causes:

■ The linked file was changed after it was loaded into the Revit project, and the Revit project is still open.
To correct this situation, reload the linked file. In Revit Architecture, click File menu ➤ Manage Links.
In the Manage Links dialog, on the CAD Formats tab, select the linked file in the list, and click Reload.

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 Click OK. Revit Architecture retrieves the most recently saved version of the linked file and displays it
in the Revit project.
See How Linking to AutoCAD Files Works on page 1319.

■ The file was imported, not linked.

When a file is imported, Revit Architecture does not retrieve or display changes to the imported file. To
confirm that the file was linked and not imported, click File menu ➤ Manage Links. In the Manage Links
dialog, the CAD Formats tab lists all linked files. It does not list files that are imported. Therefore, if the
file is not listed here, then it was imported.
To correct this situation, go to the view in which the imported file displays, select it, and press DELETE.
Then link to the file. See Linking to an AutoCAD File on page 1319.

■ Revit Architecture cannot locate the linked file in its saved path.
If the linked file was moved, Revit Architecture cannot locate it, and so it cannot retrieve the latest saved
version of the file. To reload the file from a different location, use the Reload From function of the Manage
Links dialog. (See Managing Links on page 1222.)

Changes to the Layer Color and Line Style Do Not Display in the Revit
Project
Symptom: You made changes to the graphic display of layers in the linked file. After the linked file was
reloaded into the Revit project, these changes disappeared.
Issue: To save changes to the graphic display of layers in linked files, select the Preserve Graphic Overrides
option. If this option is not selected, Revit Architecture discards graphic overrides when the linked file is
reloaded.
Solution: See Preserving or Discarding Graphic Overrides for Linked Files on page 1325.

Layers in the DWG File Do Not Display in the Revit Project

Symptom: Some layers in the linked file do not display in the Revit project.
Issue: The layers may be hidden or deleted.

Solution: To determine whether the layers are hidden or deleted, click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics.
On the Imported Categories tab, click to expand the DWG file. Revit Architecture lists the layers in the file.
Layers that are not listed here have been deleted; they are not available to the Revit project. If you want to
restore the layers, you must first delete the linked file and then link it to the project again. When linking,
be sure that for Layers, you select All or Select. See Linking to an AutoCAD File on page 1319.
If the Visibility option for a layer is cleared, the layer is hidden in the current view. To display the layer,
select the Visibility option, and click OK. Revit Architecture displays the layer in the current view.

Linking DWF Markup Files

1 Click File menu ➤ Import/Link ➤ Link DWF Markup Set.
2 In the Import/Link DWF File dialog, navigate to the DWF markup file, select it, and click Open.
The Link Markup Page to Revit Sheets dialog opens. Under the DWF View column, the dialog
displays the sheet view names that are marked up in the DWF file. The Revit View column
displays the corresponding Revit Architecture sheet view. If the sheet name from the DWF file

Linking DWF Markup Files | 1321

 is the same as the sheet name from the Revit Architecture file, then the Revit Architecture sheet
name is automatically filled in the Revit View column.
If the Revit Architecture sheet view name changed after it was exported to DWF, the Revit View
column displays <Not linked> next to the DWF sheet view.

3 If the Revit View value is <Not linked>, select a Revit Architecture sheet view by clicking the
box below the Revit View column, and selecting a name from the list.
You might also do this if you have several other sheet views in the Revit Architecture file, and
you want to apply the markups to one of the other sheet views. This would make sense only if
the other sheet view title blocks were the same size as the original.

4 Click OK.
The DWF markups are placed on the sheet view as an import symbol. The markups are pinned, which means
that you cannot modify their position or copy, rotate, mirror, delete, or group them unless they were created
in Autodesk Design Review. See Modifying DWF Markups Created in Design Review on page 1322.

Modifying DWF Markups Created in Design Review

If markups were created in Autodesk Design Review using its Markup Tools, you can modify the Status and
Notes properties in Revit Architecture. This feature allows you to add information to the markup or maintain
information about its status.

To modify markups created in Design Review

1 Select a markup object that was created in Design Review.
A markup object might look as follows.

2 On the Options Bar, click (Element Properties).

3 In the Element Properties dialog, modify the Status and Notes properties as desired.
4 Click OK.
The changes are saved to the linked DWF file. The changes can be viewed in the DWF file by selecting the
corresponding markup object.

Exploding Imported Geometry

When you import a drawing into Revit Architecture, you are importing all the elements, such as blocks and
external references (xrefs) from the drawing. (See Implications of Importing vs. Linking for Xrefs on page
1307.) They are all contained inside a Revit Architecture element called an import symbol.
You can explode (disassemble) the import symbol into its next highest level elements: nested import symbols.
This is a partial explode. A partial explode of an import symbol yields more import symbols, which, in turn,
can be exploded into either elements or other import symbols. This is analogous to exploding in AutoCAD

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 2009 with nested xrefs and blocks. For example, you explode an xref into other xrefs and blocks. Those xrefs
and blocks can, in turn, be exploded into more blocks and xrefs.
You can also explode the import symbol immediately into Revit Architecture text, curves, lines, and filled
regions. This is a full explode.

NOTE You cannot explode linked files or an import symbol that would yield more than 10,000 elements.

To explode imported geometry

1 Select the import symbol.
2 On the Options Bar, click Full Explode or Partial Explode.
These commands are also available in the shortcut menu that displays when you right-click the
import symbol.

Resulting partial explode import symbols can be exploded again by selecting them and clicking Partial
Explode. You can continue to do this until all import symbols are converted to Revit Architecture elements.

Managing Layers in Linked and Imported Files

When you import or link a CAD file to a Revit project, you can query, hide, delete, or change the graphic
display of layers in the file.

Querying Objects in Layers

When you import or link a file to a Revit project, you can query the file for information about its objects.
This allows you to determine the identity of an object and the layer on which it resides. You can also hide
the object’s layer or delete it.

To query objects in layers

1 Open a project view in Revit Architecture.
2 Highlight the import symbol for the file, and click to select it.
When you highlight the import symbol, the status bar displays the following:
<imported file name> : Import Symbol : location <Shared> or <Not Shared>.

3 On the Options Bar, click Query.

4 Select the object to query, as follows:
■ Move the cursor over the import symbol in the view.
Revit Architecture highlights lower-level objects (such as lines) first. Press TAB to switch to
highlighting of higher-level objects, such as blocks.

■ Watch the status bar. When it describes the target object, click to select it.

The Import Instance Query dialog opens and displays the following information:
■ Type: object type

■ Block Name: the block that contains the object, if applicable

■ Layer: the name of the layer containing the object

■ Style By: indicates whether the object style comes from the layer or by color

5 To hide the object’s layer in the current view, click Hide in view.

Managing Layers in Linked and Imported Files | 1323

 The selected layer may still be visible in other views.

TIP To see the hidden layer temporarily, click Reveal Hidden Elements on the View Control Bar.
To redisplay the layer, click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics. On the Imported Categories tab, select
the layer, and click OK.

6 To delete the object’s layer from the Revit project, click Delete.
The selected layer is no longer visible in any project views.

7 To close the Import Instance Query dialog, click Close.

The query editor remains active so that you can select other entities.

8 Press ESC twice to exit the query editor.

Hiding and Deleting Layers

When you import or link a file to a Revit project, you may not want all of the file’s layers to be visible in
Revit Architecture. To control the visibility of layers, you can do either of the following:

■ Hide layers: When you hide layers, they are still available to the Revit project, but they do not display
in views. You can make them visible again as needed.

■ Delete layers: When you delete layers, they are not available to the Revit project. (However, they still
exist in the original CAD file.) If you want to restore the layers, you must delete the file and either import
or link it to the project again.

Related topic

■ Changing the Graphic Display of Layers on page 1325

Hiding Layers
When you import or link a file, you can specify how to hide its layers in each Revit view. For example, you
can display all layers in one view, but hide some layers in another view. You can redisplay the layers later,
if needed.
If you are not sure on which layer an object resides, see Querying Objects in Layers on page 1323.

To hide layers
1 Open a project view in Revit Architecture.
2 Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics.
3 Click the Imported Categories tab.
4 In the Visibility column, click to expand the DWG file name of the linked or imported file.
Revit Architecture lists the layers in the file.

5 Clear the check boxes for any layers that you want to hide in the current view.
6 Click OK.
The layers are hidden in the current view only. To redisplay hidden layers, repeat this process and select the
desired layers.

1324 | Chapter 22 Interoperability

Deleting Layers
When you delete layers in either an imported file or a linked file, the layers are no longer available to the
Revit project. (However, they still exist in the original CAD file.) If you want to restore the layers, you must
delete the file from the Revit project and link to or import it again.
To delete layers in a linked or imported file, use one of the following methods:
■ When you link or import the file to the Revit project, in the Import/Link dialog, for Layers, select Visible
to display only the layers that are currently visible in AutoCAD, or Select to specify the layers to display
in Revit Architecture. Any omitted layers are effectively deleted. They are not available to the Revit
project.

■ If you want to delete an object in a CAD file, and you are not sure on which layer it resides, see Querying
Objects in Layers on page 1323.

■ Delete specified layers, as described in the following procedure.

To delete known layers

1 Open a project view in Revit Architecture.
2 Highlight the import symbol for the file, and click to select it.
The status bar displays the following:
<imported file name> : Import Symbol : location <Shared> or <Not Shared>.

3 On the Options Bar, click Delete Layers.

4 In the Select Layers/Levels to Delete dialog, select the layers to delete, and click OK.
The deleted layers do not display in any views in the Revit project.

Changing the Graphic Display of Layers

When you import or link a file to a Revit project, you can control the graphic display of each layer in the
file. For example, you can change the line color, weight, and style of the objects. For example, when using
a file as an underlay, you can display the entire file in halftone to distinguish it from the Revit model.

Related topic

■ Hiding and Deleting Layers on page 1324

Preserving or Discarding Graphic Overrides for Linked Files

When you change the graphic display of layers in a linked file, you can specify whether Revit Architecture
preserves or discards the graphic overrides.

NOTE This feature is available for linked CAD files only. It is not available for imported CAD files.

When you preserve graphic overrides, Revit Architecture retains any changes made to the graphic display
of its layers when it reloads the linked file. Otherwise, Revit Architecture discards graphic overrides when
reloading the linked file. This option applies to all CAD files that are linked to the project.

To preserve or discard graphic overrides for linked files

1 Open the Revit project.

Managing Layers in Linked and Imported Files | 1325

 2 Click File menu ➤ Manage Links.
3 In the Manage Links dialog, do either of the following:
■ To retain the overrides, select Preserve graphic overrides.

■ To discard the overrides, clear Preserve graphic overrides.

4 Click OK.

Making Global Changes to the Graphic Display of Layers

When you import or link a file to a Revit project, you can control the graphic display of file layers in all
views.

To make global changes to the graphic display of layers

1 Open the Revit project.
2 Click Settings menu ➤ Object Styles.
3 In the Object Styles dialog, click the Imported Objects tab.
4 Click to expand the DWG file name of the file.
Revit Architecture lists the layers in the file.

5 For each layer, change the values for Line Weight, Line Color, or Line Pattern, as desired.
See Object Styles on page 484.

6 Click OK.

Related topics

■ Preserving or Discarding Graphic Overrides for Linked Files on page 1325

■ Hiding and Deleting Layers on page 1324

Making View-Specific Changes to the Graphic Display of Layers

When you import or link a file to a Revit project, you can control the graphic display of its layers in individual
views.

To make view-specific changes to the graphic display of layers

1 Open a project view that shows the file.
2 Click View menu ➤ Visibility/Graphics.
3 Click the Imported Categories tab.
4 If you want the entire file to appear in halftone, select Halftone.
5 In the Visibility column, click to expand the DWG file name.
Revit Architecture lists the layers in the file.

6 To change the graphic display of a visible layer in the file:

a Click the Lines column for the layer, and click Override.

b In the Line Graphics dialog, specify the line weight, color, and pattern, and click OK.

7 In the Visibility/Graphic Overrides dialog, click OK.

1326 | Chapter 22 Interoperability

Related topics

■ Preserving or Discarding Graphic Overrides for Linked Files on page 1325

■ Hiding and Deleting Layers on page 1324

Managing Layers in Linked and Imported Files | 1327

1328
Print Troubleshooting,
Diagnostic Tools, and
Error Handling
23
This topic includes information on troubleshooting printing issues, diagnostic tools used for support requests, and error
handling.

Print Troubleshooting Guide

This topic provides information that may answer some questions you have concerning printing problems
in Revit Architecture.

General Printing Tips

Following is a group of problems and suggested solutions. The problems are presented in bold type, followed
by the suggested solutions.
How are drawings printed to scale with a titleblock in Revit Architecture?
Create a new sheet view and add a titleblock to it.
Add any views (plans, elevations, sections) to the sheet. After you add a view, change its view scale through
the view properties.
You can plot multiple views at different scales on the same sheet.
Only a portion of a print job comes out on a sheet.
Several printers have limited on-board memory to process print data.
When plotting large format sheet sizes to plotters such as the HP DesignJet, change the plotter's settings so
that the data is processed in the computer.

To change the settings, click File menu ➤ Print. Select the correct printer, and click Properties. In the dialog,
click the Advanced tab. Select the option to process the document in the computer, and click OK.
My reference planes, crop boundaries, and scope boxes do not print.

1329
 Reference planes, crop boundaries, and scope boxes are hidden for printing by default. To show them when
you print, click File menu ➤ Print Setup. In the Print Setup dialog, clear the check box options for reference
planes, crop boundaries, and scope boxes.
My reference planes are printing. I don't want them to print.

Click File menu ➤ Print Setup. In the Print Setup dialog, select the Hide ref/work planes check box.
Can the colors in a drawing be overridden so they print in solid black and white?

Click File menu ➤ Print Setup. In the Print Setup dialog, select the Black Lines option from the Colors menu.
This ensures that a black and white printer properly processes colors in a project. This option does not
produce grayscale. All colors are converted to black.
How do I increase print speed in elevation, section, and perspective views?
Be sure that the Far Clipping property is active for the view. Go to the view properties of the view and select
an option for Far Clipping.
I choose black lines or gray scale in Revit Architecture, but my printer still prints in colors.
Some printer drivers override the Colors setting that you specified in Revit Architecture. To get the desired
color output, manually set the color through your printer’s properties.

Graphics Issues
When I print, surface patterns are partially submerged into the concave side of a wall's surface.

Click File menu ➤ Print Setup. In the Print Setup dialog, select the Vector Processing option.

Images
Printed output of imported images is different than the on-screen display.

Click File menu ➤ Print Setup. In the Print Setup dialog, select the Raster Processing option.

Plotting
When I create a plot file in Revit Architecture using an OCE 9800 plotter and Windows 2000, the plot file
when viewed in Reprodesk is 75% smaller than the sheet size selected in Revit Architecture.
In Reprodesk you need to enlarge the image properties to 150 percent. When you do this, the line weights
may appear lighter than they are supposed to when plotted.
This is an OCE issue on Windows 2000. Plots to an OCE through Reprodesk from any application will be
scaled by 75%.
Prints and plots sent to KIP plotters from a file do not plot.
The Windows driver was not intended to work by selecting the Print to File option; however, by default,
the KIP driver does create a file-folder structure with printable files within.
If you select the Server Properties from the printer's file menu, you will notice a port called KIPx, where x is
a value from 0-99. If you configure that port, it will tell you that it is placing printed files in
c:\monpath1\request by default. You can browse to this folder through Windows Explorer, and you will
see a subfolder with a randomly generated name. Within that, there is a tiff image that is printable. This is
what the KIP controllers are looking for.

1330 | Chapter 23 Print Troubleshooting, Diagnostic Tools, and Error Handling

 This is the best thing that KIP can do with the Windows driver. It is supposed to reside on a network
containing a KIP printer.
For the best results, use the HP650c driver, which allows printing to file.
Problems printing raster images with a XES Synergix 8830 plotter.
In the properties dialog for the XES Synergix 8830, under the Graphics tab, there is a check box for Enable
RTL native mode resolution. Clear the check box, and the raster images should print correctly.
How do I plot to Reprodesk?
If the PRN file has been changed to a PLT file and the processing of the file still produces a black screen,
once the file has been sent to Reprodesk change the pen setting from standard (the default) to asinfile pen.
When I print to CalComp TechJET 720C, using the Windows raster driver, output is elongated in the X-axis
(top-to-bottom).
If the plotter has a monochrome cartridge installed, but the Windows raster driver is configured for color
mapping, the output will be elongated in the X-axis (top-to-bottom) direction. The y-axis (left-to-right)
direction will not be affected.
To fix the problem, the driver settings should match the type of cartridge being used.
If you are running Windows NT 4.0, perform the following:

1 Click Start ➤ Settings ➤ Printers.

2 Select the TechJET 720c 56xx driver.
3 Click File menu ➤ Document Defaults.
4 Click the Advanced tab.
5 Scroll down to Graphic and expand the group.
6 Click on Color Appearance. The options appear in the lower portion of the window. Select Gray
Scale or Color.
7 Scroll down to Document Options and expand it.
8 Scroll down to Printer Features and expand it.
9 Click on ColorModel. The options appear at the lower portion of the window. Select one of the
following: BLACK, GRAY, or COLOR.

Other Plotting Considerations

Always use a color cartridge in the plotter when the Windows driver is set to use color mapping.
Use a monochrome cartridge in the plotter when the Windows driver is set to use either grayscale or black
mapping. (A color cartridge may be used, but only the black ink will be used).

System Issues
Revit Architecture (and sometimes the computer) lock up when printing multiple sheets to file on an OCE
9300 Windows raster driver (2.5.1) on Windows 2000, but it may apply to others drivers and OSs as well.
This is an OCE bug. When printing multiple sheets to file, and separating the sheet names with a comma
(,), Revit Architecture or the computer may hang.
The solution is to separate the sheet names with a dash or a space, rather than a comma.

System Issues | 1331

Diagnostic Tool
Revit Architecture features a diagnostic tool that can assist you when you are communicating with support.
You can select elements by their ID or show their ID, which allows support to address your issues more
expediently.

Selecting Elements by ID Number

If you receive an error message during the course of your work, the message may report a problem with an
element and refer to that element by an ID number. To help you locate that element in your project, you
can select it using that ID number. Your support representative may also ask you to find the element using
its ID.

To select an element by ID number:

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Element Ids ➤ Select by Id.

2 In the Select Elements by ID dialog, type the ID number, and click Show.
Revit Architecture locates the element and selects it in the view. This command is especially useful if you
are trying to locate a view-specific element by its ID.

Finding an Element’s ID Number

1 Select an element in a view.
2 Click Tools menu ➤ Element Ids ➤ Ids of Selection.
The ID number is reported in the Element IDs of Selection dialog.

Error Handling
If errors occur during your work, Revit Architecture displays dialogs that indicate the problems. Sometimes
you can ignore the message, other times Revit Architecture requires that you cancel your last action. The
dialog includes what the appropriate action should be.
Sample error dialog

Getting More Information on Error Messages

In the error message dialog, click More Info to access the online help topic providing further explanation
about the problem.

1332 | Chapter 23 Print Troubleshooting, Diagnostic Tools, and Error Handling

Viewing Elements Involved in Errors
In the error message dialog, click Show to zoom in on the highlighted elements involved in the error.
When you click Show, Revit Architecture tries to display the elements in one of the following ways:

■ The only view an element is visible in, if it is only visible in one view. Dimensions are such an example.

■ A plan view that shows all of the elements.

■ An elevation view that shows all of the elements.

■ A drawing sheet that shows all of the elements.

■ A 3D view.

■ Any view where many of the elements are visible.

If the element cannot be shown in any view, Revit Architecture informs you.

Viewing all Errors and Warnings Associated with an Error Message

In the error message dialog, click Expand to extend the error message dialog and view a tree structure listing
the errors and warnings associated with your last action.
To see more information about each error, click the plus sign (+) in the tree structure.
A sample error structure might be
3 Error(s) (must be addressed in order to continue)
Error Message
Error 1
element associated with error
element associated with error
Error 2
element associated with error
element associated with error
Error Message 2
Error 3
element associated with error
element associated with error
1 Warning(s) (may be ignored)
Warning Message
Warning 1
element associated with error

You can select (highlight) an error heading, such as Error 1, and all elements associated with that error are
selected in the drawing area. Additionally, you can highlight an element name and only that element is
selected in the drawing area. After you highlight the element name, you can click Show, and Revit Architecture
searches views for that element only.
You can select the check box next to an element and delete it by clicking Delete Checked.
To return the error dialog to the normal view, click Collapse.

Viewing Elements Involved in Errors | 1333

Messages and Warnings You Can Ignore
Warnings that require no action can be ignored. These warnings display in a dialog in the lower right corner
of the interface. When the warning displays, the element or elements that cause it are highlighted in a
user-definable color. See Graphics Options on page 505 for information on changing this color.
Unlike error messages, warning messages do not prohibit the current action. They merely inform you of a
situation that may not be your design intent. You can choose to correct the situation or ignore it. Revit
Architecture maintains a list of warning messages that are displayed and ignored while you are working.
The Review Warnings command lets you view the list at your convenience to determine if the conditions
described in the warnings still exist.

Reviewing Warning Messages

1 Click Tools menu ➤ Review Warnings.
2 Click the arrow buttons as needed to scroll through the list of warning messages.
3 Click OK to close the list.

NOTE This command is not enabled if there are no warning messages.

Warnings for Selected Elements

If there are any warnings associated with an element you select in a drawing, the Options Bar displays a

button (Show Warnings related to selected Elements) that you can click to see a list of the warnings.
These warnings are listed in the Messages panel on the Revit Architecture 2009 dialog. The following graphic
displays a list of warnings.

The Messages dialog lists warnings in a tree view that you can expand to see the individual elements associated
with each warning. When you select the text next to a warning, the element highlights in all open views
where it is visible.
To delete an element from the model

■ Select the check box next to an element name, and click Delete Checked

1334 | Chapter 23 Print Troubleshooting, Diagnostic Tools, and Error Handling

Exporting Warnings to a File
Warnings that are related to selected elements in the drawing area can be exported to a separate file using

on the Revit Architecture 2009 dialog. See Warnings for Selected Elements on page 1334. This
can be useful if you want to have the warnings listed next to a project as you work on it.
To export warnings to a separate file:

1 In the Revit Architecture 2009 dialog, click .

2 In the Export Revit Error Report dialog, browse to the location where you want to store this file.

3 Click Save to save the file and close the window.

4 Click Close to close the Revit Architecture 2009 dialog.

NOTE Warnings are exported in HTML format, but they can be opened in an Excel format for more advanced
data manipulation.

More Information on Errors and Warnings

This topic provides expanded information on errors and warnings in Revit Architecture.

Curtain Walls

Informational Message Details

Switching wall type to family curtain Warning message that indicates that if you have placed permanent linear dimen-
wall. All dimension references to the side sions between wall faces and then change one of the walls to a curtain wall, you
faces of the wall will be deleted. lose any of those dimensions. You will not lose dimensions between wall centerlines
if you change one wall to a curtain wall. See Placing Permanent Dimensions on
page 215.

There is an invalid curtain panel in the Problem: Typically, this problem occurs in a panel on a sloped glazing. A hori-
model. This is probably caused by two zontal and vertical curtain grid on a panel are not meeting exactly at a point,
grid lines almost meeting at a border of creating a small triangular panel within the main panel; the triangular panel
the curtain wall or sloped glazing, but cannot be accurately regenerated because it is too small. This message appears
not exactly at a point. The curtain panel when the program regenerates the curtain panel.
cannot be displayed. Solution: Cancel placement and/or movement of the panel. When dividing up
panels in a sloped glazing/wall, it is best to start with placement of horizontal
curtain grids and then snap vertical grids to the horizontal grid. This can ensure
the grids meet at a point and eliminate the creation of this small panel.

No curtain panel families loaded. Cannot Problem: You are sketching a curtain wall and then try to unload it as you are
make arced curtain wall. creating it, or you sketch a curtain wall and with the wall command active, you
unload curtain walls.
Solution: If you unload curtain walls, you may be unable to draw another wall
until you reload at least one curtain wall panel.

Non-system panel families cannot be Problem: A non-system panel, such as a glazed or empty panel, cannot have a
used for non-rectangular panels. If your non-rectangular shape.

Exporting Warnings to a File | 1335

 panel is simple, create an appropriate Solution: This problem might occur if a curtain wall with non-system panels joins
panel type derived from the system to a roof and the curtain wall does not have a rectangular shape. It would also
panel family. If not, try making the panel occur if you create a non-rectangular wall profile and then change that wall to a
in the wall or roof rectangular, and then curtain wall with non-system panels.
using a panel family of the desired (non-
rectangular) shape. The wall will then
conform to the non-rectangular shape
of the panel.

Cannot divide curtain grid by grid line. Problem: If you place a curtain grid on a sloped glazing, such that the curtain
grid division results in a complex piece of geometry that Revit Architecture cannot
produce, this error occurs.
Solution: There is no workaround. You have to cancel the action.

Currently, only straight walls with Problem: A curtain wall contains an ellipse in one of its sides. This problem could
straight or arc edges are supported for happen if the wall joins to a roof with an ellipse.
non-rectangular curtain walls. Solution: Cancel the command; this type of curtain wall is not supported.

Copy and Paste

Informational Message Details

Cannot paste selection in [name] view. Problem: Revit Architecture is unable to paste the selected component in the
view.
Solution: If you tried to paste a wall in an elevation view or a section view, you
see this message. Try pasting in a plan, reflected ceiling plan, or 3D view. This
message would also appear if you try to paste a group of components that cannot
be pasted into a certain view: for example, a column group into an elevation
view.

Elements were deleted. Use Edit Pasted Problem: Revit Architecture requires a proper host for the copied element (for
Elements to keep them. example, a window needs a wall, a tag or dimension needs reference elements).
Solution: If you tried to paste an element into a location that does not contain
a proper host, you will see this message. Click Cancel to remove the warning. On
the Options Bar, click the Edit Pasted Elements button. In the Edit Pasted mode,
place the copied element onto its proper host. Click Finish Paste to complete the
paste process.

TIP Paste Aligned and Copy commands do not provide the Edit Pasted Elements
button. If you get this message in Paste Aligned or Copy command, you can
cancel and perform the Paste from Clipboard command instead.

Also see Editing Pasted Elements on page 322.

Roofs

Informational Message Details

Can't create Curtain Panel. A Panel or a Problem: Typically, this problem occurs in a panel on a sloped glazing. A hori-
Mullion is probably too small. zontal and vertical curtain grid on a panel are not meeting exactly at a point,
creating a small triangular panel within the main panel; the triangular panel
cannot be accurately regenerated because it is too small. This error can result

1336 | Chapter 23 Print Troubleshooting, Diagnostic Tools, and Error Handling

 from placing curtain grids, or moving one in such a way that the small triangular
panel appears. Also, the triangle can appear if you created vertical grids and then
placed a horizontal grid that did not snap to the vertical grids.
Solution: Cancel placement and/or movement of the grid. When dividing up
panels in a sloped glazing, it is best to start with placement of horizontal curtain
grids and then snap vertical grids to the horizontal grid.

Cannot create curtain panel in opening. Problem: Typically, this problem occurs in a sloped glazing. A horizontal and
The opening is probably too small. vertical curtain grid are not meeting exactly at a point, creating a small triangular
panel, which cannot support mullions.
Solution: Cancel placement of the mullion. When dividing up panels in a sloped
glazing, it is best to start with placement of horizontal curtain grids and then snap
vertical grids to the horizontal grid.

All parts of an extruded roof must face Problem: You have sketched an extruded roof in such a way that a part of the
upward. Make sure that no part of the roof will lie under another part. Or you may have drawn vertical lines as part of
sketch lies below any other part of the your roof.
sketch. Solution: Sketch the roof edge such that lines join but do not pass underneath
one another. Also, remove any vertical lines in the sketch.

Sketching

Informational Message Details

Element is slightly off axis and may cause Problem: This warning is triggered by elements based on lines that are misaligned
inaccuracies. —by 1x(10^-9) to .2 degrees— with either the horizontal or vertical directions,
or with a line at 45 degrees to the horizontal/vertical direction.
The problem can be caused by sketching or rotating elements when angle snaps
are turned off, or it can result from pre-existing elements when you do any of the
following:
■ Create an element by picking a slightly off-axis face or line.
■ Align an element to a slightly off-axis reference.
■ Explode an AutoCAD import that contains slightly off-axis lines.
■ Create floor area faces on a mass that has slightly off-axis geometry.
■ Snap defining line ends to references that are slightly off-axis (such as imported
drawings or 2 columns that are not properly aligned).
■ Snap defining line ends to references that are positioned correctly in their
respective contexts but the line between them is slightly off-axis (such as
snapping to 2 different ceiling grids).

Off-axis problems need to be resolved, because Revit Architecture cannot create

dimensions between lines that are not exactly parallel, and cannot join or cut
geometry if faces are slightly off-parallel or have very small gaps due to off-axis
elements.
Solution: Depending on the cause of the problem, do one of the following:
■ Drag the end of the off-axis element a short distance and let it snap to the
axis.
■ Repeat the rotation operation with angle snaps turned on.
■ If the inaccuracy is derived from pre-existing elements, correct them and re-
peat the operation.

More Information on Errors and Warnings | 1337

 ■ If the problem is caused by imported data, consider correcting it in the original
software and re-importing it into Revit Architecture.

Ceiling sketch is invalid. Problem: Revit Architecture failed to regenerate the ceiling geometry upon ex-
ecuting your last action.
Solution: You cannot ignore this command. You need to cancel it. This error
might occur if you have sketched an opening in a ceiling and then locked that
opening to another element, such as a wall. If you move the wall, the opening
moves with it. If the opening should suddenly lose its host (the ceiling), this error
would appear. You can edit the ceiling sketch and then attempt the command
again.

Floor sketch is invalid. Problem: Revit Architecture failed to regenerate the floor geometry upon executing
your last action.
Solution: You cannot ignore this command. You need to cancel it. This error
might occur if you have sketched an opening in a floor and then locked that
opening to another element, such as a wall. If you move the wall, the opening
moves with it. If the opening should suddenly lose its host (the floor), this error
would appear. You can edit the floor sketch and then attempt the command
again.

Can't cut instance(s) of [component] out Problem: Revit Architecture cannot regenerate the geometry to display the moved
of wall. model component.
Solution: If you move a door or a window, or other such wall-hosted components,
in such a way that Revit Architecture cannot regenerate the geometry properly,
this message appears. This might happen if you move a window onto a door in
a plan view; Revit Architecture cannot cut both a door instance and a window
instance simultaneously. The error might also occur if you move a component
outside a wall, by either dragging the component, or shortening the wall such
that it cannot host the component. You can either cancel the move or delete the
particular instance. Note that [component] is a variable for the particular instance:
for example, a 36"X80" door.

The dimension cannot be made con- Problem: While creating a family, you have tried to make a reference dimension
straining. constraining.
Solution: You cannot turn a reference dimension into a constraint.

Element is too small on screen. Problem: Revit Architecture prevents you from accidentally drawing the element,
typically a wall, reference plane, or line, if it is less than 1mm on the screen.
Solution: If you intend to make the element that small, zoom in the view.

Worksets

Informational Message Details

The central file has been restored from Problem: You had a workset editable by you in this local file. Another user has
a previous backup. As a result, the follow- replaced the central file with a previous backup copy, where the workset you are
ing workset(s) edited by you have been editing either does not exist or has a previous version.
rolled back. Solution: Find out why the central file was restored. If it must stay restored, you
have to redo your changes, again by making another local copy. You can copy
elements from your current local copy if that is helpful.

1338 | Chapter 23 Print Troubleshooting, Diagnostic Tools, and Error Handling

Creating Macros with
Revit VSTA 24
This topic explains how to create macros in Revit. We will describe macro capabilities, the overall workflow, specific
installation steps, a development environment called Revit VSTA, code examples, frequently asked questions, and related
information about the Revit SDK.

Getting Started with Macros

First, let's answer the question: “what are macros, and why would you use them”? Macros are programs that
are designed to help you save time, by automating repetitive tasks. Each macro performs a series of pre-defined
steps to accomplish a particular task. The steps should be repeatable and the actions predictable.
For example, you might define a macro to add a grid to your project, to rotate a selected object, or to collect
information about the square footage of all the rooms in your structure. Other general examples include:

■ Locating and extracting Revit content to external files

■ Tweaking geometry or parameters

■ Creating many types of elements

■ Importing and exporting external file formats

Revit provides an Application Programming Interface (API) that allows you to extend the functionality of
the product. Experienced developers and Autodesk partners may already know that the Revit API lets them
add customized commands to the Tools ➤ External Commands menu, or add new menus and toolbars.
In addition to those API extensions, starting in the Revit 2009 release you can use the API to define macros
that run in Revit. Unlike external commands and external applications, the macro functionality is available
to Revit after you install an “add-in” called Revit VSTA. We will explain the API differences later in this topic,
but for experienced developers, note that you do not need to register the macros in Revit.ini, or add
RevitAPI.dll as a reference.
VSTA is an acronym for Visual Studio Tools for Applications. It is a Microsoft technology that provides the
.NET framework for creating macros in C# and VB.NET based on specific applications. VSTA is the next
evolution of Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) that appears in several existing Autodesk applications.

1339
 Expect API Changes

It is very likely that the Revit API will change in subsequent product releases. This means that after installing
the next Revit release, you will need to edit and rebuild your macros to reflect the API changes.

Revit VSTA Components

To create macros, you must install Revit VSTA on top of your existing Revit installation. The Revit product
and Revit VSTA versions must be the same.
You can use the Revit VSTA macro features in all Revit products: Revit Architecture, Revit Structure, and
Revit MEP. However, a separate Revit VSTA install, described in this topic, is required for each Revit product
in which you want to run macros. In this topic, we refer to any of these products generically as “Revit”
without a further qualifier.
Once installed, Revit VSTA provides:

■ New items on the toolbar’s Tools menu:

■ Tools ➤ Macros ➤ Macros

■ Tools ➤ Macros ➤ Launch VSTA IDE

■ Macro Manager, a user interface launched by the Tools ➤ Macros ➤ Macros menu option. Macro
Manager presents a list of macros you built previously that you can run, edit, or debug (StepInto). Macro
Manager also provides options to create new macros using different types of templates.

■ An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) built into the product, the Revit VSTA IDE. You can
launch it several ways:
■ Tools ➤ Macros ➤ Launch VSTA IDE

■ From the Macro Manager, by selecting the New, Edit, or StepInto buttons

■ Full access to the Revit API.

Workflow Overview: Initial Steps with Macros

The following diagram illustrates the initial steps with Revit VSTA and macro development:

1340 | Chapter 24 Creating Macros with Revit VSTA

Workflow Overview: Creating, Building, and Running Macros

After installing Revit VSTA and starting Macro Manager, select the type of macro you want to create, click
New or Edit, and use the Revit VSTA IDE to define the macro, adding your implementation code. When you
are ready, you build the macro in the IDE. After the build succeeds, you can run the macro in Macro Manager
and observe the results. The following workflow illustrates the overall process, with the numbering continued
from the previous diagram:

Getting Started with Macros | 1341

 Now that we have introduced the overall process, let’s look at the specific tasks.

Installing Revit VSTA

Follow these steps to install Revit VSTA on top of your existing Revit product installation:

1 Check that Revit is not running on your computer. If it is, close Revit.

2 Start the Revit installation program again from the product DVD or download kit (the same program
used to install the base Revit product).

3 On the main menu, select the option to Install Tools and Utilities, as shown here:

4 Proceed to the screen that lists the option for the Revit VSTA. For example, here is the option from the
Revit Architecture installer:

1342 | Chapter 24 Creating Macros with Revit VSTA

Follow the prompts, click Install, then click Finish on the final Revit VSTA screen.

Start Revit and Notice Updated Tools Menu for Macros

After you install Revit VSTA, start the base Revit product. Open an existing project or create a new one.
Notice that the Tools menu contains a Macros submenu. Here is an example from Revit Architecture:

You can also display toolbar shortcuts for Macro Manager and the VSTA IDE by right clicking in any gray
region of the docked toolbar and selecting VSTA Macros from the menu:

Clicking the VSTA Macros option results in the addition of the following icons on the Revit toolbar:

Installing Revit VSTA | 1343

Using Macro Manager and the Revit VSTA IDE
Macro Manager is the user interface for:

■ Selecting an option that launches the Revit VSTA IDE, where you can add, edit, build and debug your
macros.

■ Running a previously built macro from a categorized list.

Shown here is the initial Macro Manager screen:

The buttons are inactive because we have not yet selected two pieces of information:

■ The scope or “level” of a macro

■ The macro programming language

For details, see the next section.

Application-Level and Document-Level Macros

In addition to selecting your preferred programming language (C# or VB.NET), you must choose one of two
levels for macros:

■ Application-level macros: Choose this level if you want the macros to be available to all opened Revit
projects in the current instance of the Revit application. Note that if you send the .rvt file to a person
on another computer, application level macros would not be available.

■ Document-level macros: Choose this level if you want to define macros that are embedded in the currently
open project’s .rvt file. Anyone who opens the .rvt can run the macros, provided the person using the
macro and the person who built the macro have both installed VSTA for their respective Revit products.

1344 | Chapter 24 Creating Macros with Revit VSTA

On the Macros dialog box, select your preferred macro level and the implementation language, C# or VB.NET.
When you click the New button, your selection determines the type of source code template generated by
Revit. The following table summarizes the options:

If you select this option... And then click New, it results in...

AppCSharp Application-level macro project source in C#, opened in Revit

VSTA IDE

AppVisualBasic Application-level macro project source in VB.NET, opened in

Revit VSTA IDE

DocCSharp Document-level macro source project in C#, opened in Revit

VSTA IDE

DocVisualBasic Document-level macro project source in VB.NET, opened in

Revit VSTA IDE

Macro Project File Locations

When you work in the Revit VSTA IDE, you must save and build the macros successfully before they will
appear in the Macro Manager's categorized list. Before we look at an example of the initial code loaded into
the Revit VSTA IDE, let's discuss where macro project files reside on your computer.
On disk, Application-level macro projects are stored in a subfolder of the Revit installation directory. For
example:
C:\Program Files\Revit Architecture 2009\Program\VstaMacros\AppAddIns\defaultAddIns\...
Here is an example with Windows Explorer and the Application-level macro project's files created for a
VB.NET implementation.

Document-level macro projects are stored within an .rvt file. On disk, when the associated .rvt project opens,
any built and saved macro(s) are stored temporarily in:
C:\Program Files\Revit Architecture 2009\Program\VstaMacros\DocAddIns\defaultAddIns\...
However, these Document-level macro files are deleted from your local computer when their corresponding
Revit project document (.rvt) closes. The saved Document-level macros are stored in the .rvt file.

Using Macro Manager and the Revit VSTA IDE | 1345

 TIP Remember that you must successfully build and save a macro project in the Revit VSTA IDE, as explained in
the next section, before it will appear in the Macro Manager's categorized list.

Creating Your First Set of Macros

After you decide on the desired level and language for your macro, highlight that type on the Macro Manager
list and then click New.
Let's walk through an example. In this first screen, select an Application-level macro and C# as the
implementation language:

Click the New button. Revit prompts you to name the macro. For example:

The Revit VSTA IDE presents a starting template for Application-level macros in C#. Here is a portion of the
screen.

1346 | Chapter 24 Creating Macros with Revit VSTA

Notice that in this C# template for Application-level macros, Revit VSTA has already:

■ Included the necessary using directives

■ Identified the AppCSharp namespace

■ Started the ThisApplication class definition

■ Started the methods for ThisApplication_Startup() and ThisApplication_Shutdown()

■ Started your new macro's method, named MyFirstMacroAppCS, giving you the opportunity to add your
implementation code between the braces

Also note in the following screen how the Revit VSTA Project Explorer shows your context. You are editing
ThisApplication.cs:

Creating Your First Set of Macros | 1347

 Example:Application-Level Macro in C#

In the IDE, in the main window for the ThisApplication.cs source code, you can now enter your macro code.
For example, here is the MyFirstMacroAppCS method in C#:
public void MyFirstMacroAppCS()
{
Autodesk.Revit.Geometry.XYZ baseVec = this.Create.NewXYZ(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
Autodesk.Revit.Geometry.XYZ upVec = this.Create.NewXYZ(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
Autodesk.Revit.Geometry.XYZ origin = this.Create.NewXYZ(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
Autodesk.Revit.Enums.TextAlignFlags align =
Autodesk.Revit.Enums.TextAlignFlags.TEF_ALIGN_LEFT |
Autodesk.Revit.Enums.TextAlignFlags.TEF_ALIGN_TOP;
string strText = "My First Macro, App level, C#!";
double lineWidth = 4.0 / 12.0;
View pView = this.ActiveDocument.ActiveView;
this.ActiveDocument.Create.NewTextNote(pView, origin, baseVec, upVec, lineWidth, align,
strText);
}

In the example, the Revit API Geometry.XYZ class is used to define a position (with X, Y, Z coordinates) for
a Text Note that the macro will add to the active view of the active document.
For now, you can skip any implementation of the startup and shutdown methods.
In your Revit VSTA IDE session, you can copy and paste the code snippet shown previously and insert it
into your macro's method. After pasting the code from this documentation, check that no special characters
were added.

Build Macros in the Revit VSTA IDE

In the Revit VSTA IDE, select the Build option from the toolbar menu:

1348 | Chapter 24 Creating Macros with Revit VSTA

In this example, notice that you are building the AppCSharp project. Your Application-level C# macro's
code resides in ThisApplication.cs. You can use the IDE's Project Explorer to see its location on disk.

TIP After editing a macro's code, remember to build it before opening the Macro Manager again to run it. If your
code is set up correctly, you should see a Build Succeeded message in the lower-left corner (by default) of Revit
VSTA. You do not build macros in the Macro Manager.

Run Macros in Macro Manager

Next, return to Revit. To see the example macro in action, open one of your views, such as a First Floor plan.
As you will note from the code, this Application-level macro adds the Text Note to the active view of the
active document.
View pView = this.ActiveDocument.ActiveView;
this.ActiveDocument.Create.NewTextNote(pView, origin, baseVec, upVec, lineWidth, align,
strText);

Launch Macro Manager again by selecting Tools ➤ Macros ➤ Macros from the toolbar menu. In Macro
Manager, find your macro, select it, and click Run. For example:

Observe the Macro’s Results

After you click run, the macro will execute and should add a Text Note on the current view in Revit. Its
location may be difficult to notice. If you do not see the Text Note added by the macro, you can right-mouse
click anywhere on your view's drawing area and select Zoom to Fit from the menu. For example:

Creating Your First Set of Macros | 1349

 Then look for the Text Note and zoom-in on it, to verify that the macro worked. In the case of the view we
used, the Text Note appeared far to the right of the model. Your location may be different. When we zoomed
in and selected the Text Note, it looked like this:

Although you can experiment with the XYZ coordinates in the macro code (including negative numbers
like -300 for the X origin), the real point of this example is to notice that the macro really did add the text
note.

To remove the Text Note, you can select and delete it, or choose Edit ➤ Undo Macro (Ctrl+Z) from the
Revit toolbar menu.

Example:Application-level Macro in VB.NET

Next let's return to the Macro Manager and add a similar example, this time in VB.NET.
In Macro Manager, select AppVisualBasic, and click New.
Give your macro a name, such as MyFirstMacroAppVB.
In the IDE, use the following code for the method:
Public Sub MyFirstMacroAppVB()
Dim baseVec As Autodesk.Revit.Geometry.XYZ = Me.Create.NewXYZ(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
Dim upVec As Autodesk.Revit.Geometry.XYZ = Me.Create.NewXYZ(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
Dim origin As Autodesk.Revit.Geometry.XYZ = Me.Create.NewXYZ(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
Dim align As Autodesk.Revit.Enums.TextAlignFlags =
Autodesk.Revit.Enums.TextAlignFlags.TEF_ALIGN_LEFT Or
Autodesk.Revit.Enums.TextAlignFlags.TEF_ALIGN_TOP
Dim strText As String = "My First Macro, App Level, VB.NET!"
Dim lineWidth As Double = 4.0 / 12.0
Dim pView As Autodesk.Revit.Elements.View = Me.ActiveDocument.ActiveView
Me.ActiveDocument.Create.NewTextNote(pView, origin, baseVec, upVec, lineWidth, align,
strText)
End Sub

In this VB.NET example, we used the Me keyword pointer (instead of the this keyword pointer). Also we
used a different strText value for the Text Note.

TIP Be sure to build your project in the Revit VSTA IDE before trying to run it from Macro Manager.

For this example, when you build the project in the Revit VSTA IDE, notice that you are building the
AppVisualBasic project. Your Application-level VB.NET macro's code resides in ThisApplication.vb. You can
use the IDE's Project Explorer to see its location on disk. To run your newly built macro, select it in Macro

1350 | Chapter 24 Creating Macros with Revit VSTA

Manager and click Run. Then if necessary, right-click in the active view and select Zoom to Fit from the
menu to see the Text Note added by your macro.

Accessing the Application Object in Document-Level Macros

Before we continue with additional MyFirstMacro* examples, let's talk about the Revit Application object,
and the use of keyword pointers.
Developers know that in C#, you use the keyword this to return the current instance of an object. In VB.NET,
you use the keyword Meto return the current instance of an object.
In Revit, all of the Application-level macros are associated with the Application object. Thus using the this
keyword (C#) or the Me keyword (VB.NET) always returns the API Application object. This includes all the
application-wide data and settings.
In Document-level macros (specific to a .rvt), the this keyword (in C#) or the Me keyword (VB.NET) returns
the API Document object. If you need to access the Application object from a Document-level macro, use:
this.Application

or:
Me.Application

Example: Document-Level Macro in C#

For the next example, in Macro Manager, select DocCSharp and click New.
Give your macro a name, such as MyFirstMacroDocCS.
In the IDE, use the following code for the method:
public void MyFirstMacroDocCS()
{
Autodesk.Revit.Geometry.XYZ baseVec = this.Application.Create.NewXYZ(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
Autodesk.Revit.Geometry.XYZ upVec = this.Application.Create.NewXYZ(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
Autodesk.Revit.Geometry.XYZ origin = this.Application.Create.NewXYZ(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
Autodesk.Revit.Enums.TextAlignFlags align =
Autodesk.Revit.Enums.TextAlignFlags.TEF_ALIGN_LEFT |
Autodesk.Revit.Enums.TextAlignFlags.TEF_ALIGN_TOP;
string strText = "My First Macro, Document level, CS!";
double lineWidth = 4.0 / 12.0;
View pView = this.ActiveView;
this.Create.NewTextNote(pView, origin, baseVec, upVec, lineWidth, align, strText);
}

Notice the use of this.Application in this Document-level macro. For related information, see the previous
section about accessing the Application object from Document-level macros.

TIP Be sure to build your project in the Revit VSTA IDE before trying to run it from Macro Manager.

For this example, when you build the project in the Revit VSTA IDE, also notice that you are building the
DocCSharp project. Your Document-level C# macro's code resides in ThisDocument.cs. You can use the IDE's
Project Explorer to see its temporary location on disk. Recall that the code for successfully built Document-level
macros are stored in the .rvt file after you Save the .rvt file; the project files are removed from the temporary
location when you exit Revit.
To run your newly built macro, select it in Macro Manager and click Run. Then if necessary, right-click in
the active view and select Zoom to Fit from the menu to see the Text Note added by your macro.

Creating Your First Set of Macros | 1351

 Example: Document-Level Macro in VB.NET

For the next example, in Macro Manager, select DocVisualBasic and click New.
Give your macro a name, such as MyFirstMacroDocVB.
In the IDE, use the following code for the method:
Public Sub MyFirstMacroDocVB()
Dim baseVec As Autodesk.Revit.Geometry.XYZ = Me.Application.Create.NewXYZ(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
Dim upVec As Autodesk.Revit.Geometry.XYZ = Me.Application.Create.NewXYZ(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
Dim origin As Autodesk.Revit.Geometry.XYZ = Me.Application.Create.NewXYZ(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
Dim align As Autodesk.Revit.Enums.TextAlignFlags =
Autodesk.Revit.Enums.TextAlignFlags.TEF_ALIGN_LEFT Or
Autodesk.Revit.Enums.TextAlignFlags.TEF_ALIGN_TOP
Dim strText As String = "My First Macro, Doc Level, VB.NET!"
Dim lineWidth As Double = 4.0 / 12.0
Dim pView As Autodesk.Revit.Elements.View = Me.ActiveView
Me.Create.NewTextNote(pView, origin, baseVec, upVec, lineWidth, align, strText)
End Sub

TIP Be sure to build your project in the Revit VSTA IDE before trying to run it from Macro Manager.

For this example, when you build the project in the Revit VSTA IDE, notice that you are building the
DocVisualBasic project, and your Document-level VB.NET macro's code resides in ThisDocument.vb. You
can use the IDE's Project Explorer to see its temporary location on disk. Recall that the code for successfully
built Document-level macros are stored in the .rvt file after you Save the .rvt file; the project files are removed
from the temporary location when you exit Revit.
To run your newly built macro, select it in Macro Manager and click Run. Then if necessary, right-click in
the active view and select Zoom to Fit from the menu to see the Text Note added by your macro.

Using the StepInto Option

You can debug your macros by using StepInto option in Macro Manager and features in the Revit VSTA IDE:

■ Open the code for your macro in the IDE.

■ To set breakpoints, click in the left margin of the code window, or click in the code and press F9 or Toggle
Breakpoint in the Debug menu.

■ Then switch to Macro Manager. Select your macro from the categorized list, and click StepInto. The
macro will stop at the first line.

■ Press F5 or Continue to move to the breakpoint.

1352 | Chapter 24 Creating Macros with Revit VSTA

 In the Revit VSTA IDE, you can use Watch, Locals, and other options to perform debugging tasks like checking
variable values. For more debugging information, see the VSTA IDE Help.

Revit SDK,API Reference Documentation,VSTA Samples

The Revit Software Development Kit (SDK) contains useful resources to help you understand the API and
create macros. The SDK includes the Revit API reference documentation, the full SDK API samples, and the
Revit VSTA samples. The Revit SDK is available on:

■ The Revit DVD

■ The Autodesk web site, at http://www.autodesk.com/revit-sdk.

■ The Autodesk Developer Network, http://adn.autodesk.com. If you are interested, please contact your
Autodesk representative for information about getting an ADN account.

The SDK is packaged in a ZIP file. After unzipping it and agreeing to the license text, look for the Revit*API.chm
Help file. On a Windows computer, open the .chm and refer to the classes, properties, and methods described
there. For example:

Revit SDK,API Reference Documentation,VSTA Samples | 1353

 Also see the Revit VSTA samples that are part of the SDK. You can find them under:
\Revit <release> SDK\VSTA Samples\...
The next section explains how to integrate the VSTA Samples into your Revit VSTA projects.

Using the Revit VSTA Samples from SDK

You can learn various API techniques by using the Revit VSTA samples provided with the SDK. Copy and
open the following Revit project file:
\Revit <release> SDK\VSTA Samples\Revit_VSTA_Samples.rvt
Included in this .rvt are a number of Document-level macros. In Revit, start Macro Manager, select one of
the Document-level macros, and choose Run. Note that when you open Revit_VSTA_Samples.rvt from the
SDK, it may contain more samples than the ones shown in the following screen, and the macro methods
may be named differently.

1354 | Chapter 24 Creating Macros with Revit VSTA

 These macros have been preconfigured to run in Revit, assuming that you have already installed the Revit
VSTA add-in. In this example, the ProjectInfo sample prompts you to enter information about the project,
as in the following dialog box.

In Macro Manager, you can also select any of the VSTA sample macros and click Edit to see the code created
to run that sample.
If you need to integrate an Application-level sample macro into the IDE, or learn how to add new types of
references or properties for your macros, see the next section.

Integrating Macros into Revit VSTA

Let's walk through the steps to integrate a macro into a Revit VSTA project. You can skip this section if the
Document-level samples described in the section Using the Revit VSTA Samples from SDK on page 1354 meet
your needs.
This section explains where to create folders in the IDE projects that correspond to resources on the file
system, how to add required references, and how to define properties. Those steps were done for you in the
macros that were built into Revit_VSTA_Samples.rvt, which is provided on the SDK.

Integrating Macros into Revit VSTA | 1355

 Add Required References

If your macro presents a user interface, you will need to add required references to your project. For example,
in the Rooms sample, we need to reference:

1 System.Windows.Forms

2 System.Drawing

Starting in Macro Manager, select the project type and click Edit.
In the IDE, go to the Project Explorer. Be default it is docked on the right side of the display.
For the macro project (example: AppCSharp), right-click on the References section and select Add Reference
from the menu.
In the Add Reference dialog, find and select System.Drawing and System.Windows.Forms on the list. Hold
down the Ctrl key to do the multi-select operation. For example:

When you are ready, click OK.

The IDE's Project Explorer is updated with the references:

Create Folders in Revit VSTA IDE

In the IDE's Project Explorer, right-click on the macro project, and select Add ➤ New Folder from the menu.
For example:

1356 | Chapter 24 Creating Macros with Revit VSTA

Name the folder; in this example, we call it Samples. Then right click on the Samples folder entry, and click
Add ➤ New Folder again to add a secondary folder, such as Rooms.
Here is the resulting Project Explorer screen:

Outside of the IDE, using Windows Explorer, navigate to the Revit installation folders on the file system
and find the VstaMacros folder. Notice that the corresponding \Samples\Rooms subfolders have been created
in this location. For example:

Integrating Macros into Revit VSTA | 1357

 Copy Your Macro to File System Folder

Still outside of the Revit VSTA IDE, copy your macro's files to the subfolder you created on the file system.
In our example, we now have:

NOTE If your macro uses a .resx file, copy it too.

1358 | Chapter 24 Creating Macros with Revit VSTA

Add Existing Files to Macro Project in IDE

Return to the Revit VSTA IDE. In the Project Explorer (to continue this example) right-click on the folder
you created for your macro, and select Add ➤ Existing Item from the menu. For example:

In the resulting IDE dialog, browse to the corresponding subfolder on the file system, under your Revit
installation folder, select all the files that comprise the macro, and click Add.
In this example, the refreshed IDE Project Explorer for AppCSharp contains:

Create and Build Your Macro

Once the files have been added to your project, you can write a method that runs the macro. For example,
in C#:
/// Sample Rooms test
public void RunSampleRooms()
{
SamplesRoom sample = new SamplesRoom(this);
sample.Run();
}

Be sure to add a using directive for the macro's namespace. For example:
using Revit.SDK.Samples.Rooms.CS;

Save the project and then click Build from the IDE toolbar menu. In Revit, launch Macro Manager and select
your macro from the categorized list. On the SDK, the Rooms sample may be coded as a Document-level
macro. In which case, code changes would be needed to run it in the AppCSharp project shown in this
section's screens.
When run from Macro Manager, the macro collects data from your model and presents summary information.
Here is an example:

Integrating Macros into Revit VSTA | 1359

 About resources.resx Properties

Note that one of the Revit VSTA samples, GridCreation, has a dependency on a resources.resx file. Before
experimenting with the GridCreation sample, set the ResX file in the Revit VSTA IDE. This was already done
for you in the Document-level samples built into Revit_VSTA_Samples.rvt (from the SDK). However, for
macros you develop yourself, you may need to define properties in the project's resources.resx file. This
section shows an example.

In Project Explorer, navigate to the Properties folder for your macro. Example: AppCSharp ➤ Samples ➤
GridCreation ➤ Properties.
Highlight the resources.resx file.
In the Properties pane, select the Custom Tool property, and enter ResXFileCodeGenerator in the value
column. For example:

1360 | Chapter 24 Creating Macros with Revit VSTA

Revit API Differences
Quick Reference

The following table summarizes differences between the standard Revit API and the Revit Macro API.

Feature or Capability Standard Revit API Revit Macro API

Declaration Must implement IExternalCom- Declare a public method with no parameters and void
mand interface and its Execute return type in the ThisApplication or ThisDocu-
method. ment class.

Application object Access the Application object The this keyword in C# points to the Application object
through externalCommand- for Application-level macros, and points to the Docu-
Data.Application ment object for Document-level macros. (Use the Me
keyword in VB.NET). For Document-level macros,
this.Application points to the Application object
(Me.Application in VB.NET).

new operator Some Revit API objects can be cre- The Revit API objects that can be created by new oper-
ated directly by new operator, such ator in external commands cannot be created by new
as Geometry.XYZ. For example: operator in macros. Instead, they must be created by
XYZ a = new XYZ(1.0, 0.0, Application.Create.NewXXX methods. For ex-
0.0) ample, in a C# Document-level macro:
XYZ a = this.Application.Cre-
ate.NewXYZ(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
In a VB.NET Document-level macro:
Dim a As Autodesk.Revit.Geometry.XYZ =
Me.Application.Create.NewXYZ(1.0, 0.0,
0.0)

Revit API Differences | 1361

 Feature or Capability Standard Revit API Revit Macro API

See the MyFirstMacro* examples in this topic.

Menus and toolbars API external applications can create Not supported.
menus and toolbars for each extern-
al command through an external
application.

Migrating SDK Samples to Revit VSTA

The Revit SDK contains two samples folders:
\Revit <release> SDK\Samples\...
\Revit <release> SDK\VSTA Samples\...
The programs in the SDK's \Samples\ folder use the standard Revit API. We refer to these samples as the
"SDK sample code," as distinct from the "Revit VSTA samples."
If you want to use the SDK sample code for macros, modifications are needed. Follow the steps in this section.
For a programming language, we will show C# examples. However these instructions also apply to the
VB.NET versions of the SDK samples.

Initial Steps

The initial steps to migrate standard API samples from the SDK into your Revit VSTA macro project are
similar to the section Integrating Macros into Revit VSTA on page 1355. Except instead of copying files from
the SDK's \VSTA Samples\<sample-name>\... folders, you will copy files from the SDK's
\Samples\<sample-name>\... folders.
To review, the steps are:

1 In the IDE, add required references

2 In the IDE, create folders for the SDK samples you want to migrate

3 In Windows Explorer, copy the SDK standard API samples’ files to the corresponding file system folders

4 In the IDE, add existing files to the macro project

Update the SDK Samples’ Code

In the Revit VSTA IDE, the IExternalCommand interface is not available or used. In the SDK standard API
sample code, you must update the class that inherits from this interface:

■ Remove the method parameters and the return of the Execute method

■ Update other code related to ExternalCommandData

Code Example Before Edits

The following code snippet is from a program that uses the standard Revit API:

1362 | Chapter 24 Creating Macros with Revit VSTA

Code Example After Edits

In the Revit VSTA IDE, we need to update the code as follows. This example shows an Application-level
macro. The method RunSampleRooms() is the entry for this VSTA sample. Notice that we used the this
pointer to replace commandData.Application.

Additional Migration Notes for SDK Standard API Samples

Here are some additional notes:

■ By default, the SDK sample namespace is: Revit.SDK.Samples.<SampleName>.CS. As you edit the sample
code that came from the SDK standard API samples, be sure to change the namespace for Revit VSTA.
For example, in ThisApplication.cs:
namespace AppCSharp.csproj

■ The default project references in Revit VSTA projects only consist of basic references, such as Revit.Proxy.
Remember to add other required references (as shown earlier in this topic). For example, you have to
add System.Windows.Forms and System.Drawing references when running samples that present a user
interface.

■ Some samples have resources that must be defined in the resources.resx file. GridCreation is one such
sample. If you migrate the SDK standard API sample for GridCreation to Revit VSTA, be sure to set the
resx property.

■ Project build dependence is not supported within the Revit VSTA IDE. If you want to use other DLLs,
you must compile that dependent sample project outside of Revit VSTA IDE. For example, in the SDK
standard API samples, there are several samples related to Viewers, such as AnalyticalViewer and
RoomViewer, which depend on references to RevitViewer. In the SDK sample's solution, you can set the
project dependences as shown here:

Migrating SDK Samples to Revit VSTA | 1363

 However, we cannot set the project dependency due to a limitation in Revit VSTA. We cannot migrate
the RevitViewer sample to VSTA. Therefore, you need to compile RevitViewer as an independent SDK
sample, and then add its DLL as a reference in the Revit VSTA project:

■ When you migrate SDK standard API samples to Revit VSTA, do not copy in any Solution files (*.sln*)
or existing project files (*.csproj or *.vbproj).

■ Toolbar-related samples are unavailable in Revit VSTA.

Revit Macros FAQ

Quick Reference

This section answers frequently asked questions about Revit macros.

Q: I was expecting to see my newly created macro listed in Macro Manager's categorized list, but it is not
there. Why?
A: You must successfully build the macro project in the Revit VSTA IDE (use the Build menu) before your
new macros will appear in Macro Manager.
Q: Do I need to add RevitAPI.dll as a reference when writing a new macro?
A: No. You do not need to reference Revit DLL files because this step was completed for you. A Revit VSTA
macro project uses Revit.Proxy.dll as a required reference. Revit macros will fail if you delete this reference
in the IDE:

1364 | Chapter 24 Creating Macros with Revit VSTA

Q: Do I need to edit my Revit.ini files?
A: No. Once you install Revit VSTA on your Revit product installation, Revit knows the API for the macro
support.
Q: In the Revit VSTA IDE, I deleted a macro by removing its method in the This*.cs file or This*.vb file.
However, the deleted macro's name still appears when I open the Macro Manager's categorized list again.
How do I clear the name from the list?
A: You must build your edited project successfully before Macro Manager recognizes the removal.
Q: I opened a new Revit Project and tried to start the Macro Manager, but the menu item is disabled. How
do I enable it?
A: Because macros can be embedded in documents, before starting the Macro Manager or launching the
Revit VSTA IDE, you must first name and Save the project file.

Q: Why didn't anything happen when I selected File ➤ New Project…" in the Revit VSTA IDE?
A: The IDE does not support creating a new macro project. The IDE provides four default macro projects:

■ AppCSharp.csproj

■ AppVisualBasic.vbproj

■ DocCSharp.csproj

■ DocVisualBasic.vbproj

You can write macros only in these four projects. Therefore, File ➤ Open Project in the IDE is disabled.
Q: What are the differences between Application-level and Document-level macros?
A: Application-level macros can be run on all opened Revit projects within a single instance of the Revit
application. Document-level macro projects are stored within an .rvt file. They can be loaded from within
the current active document and run on that document.
Q: How do I access the Application object or the externalCommandData equivalent?
A: All of the Application-level macros are associated with the Application object. In Application-level macros,
the this keyword pointer (in C#) or the Me keyword pointer (in VB.NET) returns the API Application object.
In Document-level macros, the this keyword or the Me keyword returns the API Document object. To access
the Application object from a Document-level macro, use this.Application or Me.Application.
Q: What should I include in the startup and shutdown methods: ThisApplication_Startup,
ThisApplication_Shutdown, ThisDocument_Startup, and ThisDocument_Shutdown?

A: The ThisApplication_Startup method is called when Revit starts up and ThisApplication_Shutdown is

called when Revit shuts down. Correspondingly, ThisDocument_Startup is called when a Revit project opens

Revit Macros FAQ | 1365

 and ThisDocument_Shutdown is called when the project document closes. You can add your some initializing
code in the *_Startup methods and do the cleanup work in *_Shutdown methods. For example, you can
register event handlers in *_Startup methods and unregister them in *_Shutdown methods (this actually is
the recommended way).
Q: How and why should I register and unregister my Revit event handler?
A: As noted previously, the recommended way to do this in Revit VSTA is to register event handlers in the
*_Startup method and unregister them in *_Shutdown method. Every VSTA macro will be loaded and
unloaded dynamically. When you debug a macro, if the event handler is not properly unregistered, Revit
may call into a wrong method (maybe an invalid memory address). Although Revit VSTA may prevent Revit
from crashing in this scenario, any event handlers that are not properly unregistered may cause performance
issues during your current Revit session.
Q: I want to experiment with the Startup and Shutdown methods and an event handler. Can you show me
an example?
A: The following sample code shows how to register an OnDocumentNewed event handler, which will
automatically launch a message box when a new Revit project is created. Note: One of the VSTA samples
provided on the Revit SDK may show an example of a Document-level event handler's startup and shutdown.
This FAQ shows Application-level event handler examples.
VB.NET example, Application-level:
Private Sub ThisApplication_Startup(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs)
Handles Me.Startup
AddHandler Me.OnDocumentNewed, AddressOf Me.ThisApplication_OnDocumentNewed
End Sub
Private Sub ThisApplication_Shutdown(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs)
Handles Me.Shutdown
RemoveHandler Me.OnDocumentNewed, AddressOf Me.ThisApplication_OnDocumentNewed
End Sub
Private Sub ThisApplication_OnDocumentNewed(ByVal document As Autodesk.Revit.Document)
System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox.Show("VB.NET Application event OnDocumentNewed")
End Sub

C# Example, Application-level:
private void ThisApplication_Startup(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
this.OnDocumentNewed += new Autodesk.Revit.Events.DocumentNewedEventHandler(ThisApplica
tion_OnDocumentNewed);
}
private void ThisApplication_Shutdown(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
this.OnDocumentNewed -= new Autodesk.Revit.Events.DocumentNewedEventHandler(ThisApplica
tion_OnDocumentNewed);
}
void ThisApplication_OnDocumentNewed(Document document)
{
System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox.Show("C# Application event OnDocumentNewed");
}

1366 | Chapter 24 Creating Macros with Revit VSTA

Related Information about Revit Macros
Quick Reference

To learn more, please refer to the following resources:

■ The Revit*API.chm Help file contains the Revit API .NET reference documentation. The API reference
documentation is provided with the Revit SDK, which is on the product DVD and the Autodesk web site:
http://www.autodesk.com/revit-sdk. Be sure to access the Revit API SDK for your release of Revit. As noted
earlier in this topic, the SDK also includes the Revit VSTA samples.

■ DevTV: Introduction to Revit Programming, is a video on autodesk.com that you can download. The
narrated video covers the Revit API for external commands and external applications. It does not describe
the macros functionality with Revit VSTA, but should be of interest to developers who are looking for
more details about the full Revit SDK API and its samples. See
http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk/servlet/index?siteID=123112&id=2484975, and look for the section that starts
with “DevTV.”

■ The Autodesk Developer Network (ADN), http://adn.autodesk.com, has information and expert advice
about the full Revit API. If you do not already have an ADN login account, please contact your Autodesk
representative.

Related Information about Revit Macros | 1367

1368
Glossary

This glossary defines terms that are used in the documentation to describe features and functions that are
unique to Revit Architecture® or that are used in the design industries.

Glossary Terms
Symbols and Numbers
2D view A 2-dimensional (2D) representation of a building model displayed in the Revit interface. For
example, floor plans and elevations are 2D views.
Compare with 3D view on page 1369. See Project Views on page 79.

3D model A 3-dimensional (3D) representation of a building or other design.

See also building information modelling (BIM) on page 1376.

3D view A 3-dimensional (3D) representation of a building model displayed in the Revit interface.
Compare with 2D view on page 1369. For more information, see 3D Views on page 109.

Glossary | 1369
 3ds Max An Autodesk product. 3ds Max is professional 3D animation software that provides animation,
modelling, and workflow functionality for the most complex problems in design visualization and visual
effects.
Revit Architecture can export 3D models for use in 3ds Max. See Exporting to 3ds Max on page 1297.

A
ACIS A solid modeling technology. An ACIS object is a geometric shape that is defined using this technology.
For example, ACIS represents a cube as a single object (or shape) with 6 sides. Compare with polymesh on
page 1439.

Revit Architecture can import ACIS objects contained in DWG, DXF, and SAT files. See Importing ACIS
Objects on page 1311.
Revit Architecture can export 3D shapes as ACIS solids. See Solids (3D Views Only) on page 1282.

annotation A 2D, view-specific element that you use to document a building or design. For example, symbols,
tags, keynotes, and dimensions are annotations (also referred to as annotation elements). Annotation
elements are always displayed at the same paper size regardless of view scale.
Compare with model element on page 1424 and datum on page 1387. For more information, see Annotating
and Detailing on page 1027.

1370 | Glossary
annotation schedule See note block on page 1429.

architectural column A column that adds architectural interest to a building. You can use architectural
columns to model box-outs around structural columns and for decorative applications.
Compare with structural column on page 1460.
For more information, see Architectural Columns on page 691.

area Usable space that is defined by walls or boundary lines or both. In Revit Architecture, you can perform
an area analysis to define spatial relationships in a building model. See Area Analysis on page 945.

Glossary | 1371
 area scheme A set of spatial relationships in a building. For example, in an office building, you may want
to distinguish between common space (such as lobbies, hallways, rest rooms, and kitchens), office space,
and storage. In an apartment building, you may want to indicate rentable space and non-rentable space.
After creating an area scheme, you can assign area types to individual areas in an area plan. For more
information, see Area Schemes on page 945.

array An arrangement of elements in a building model. For example, in a large office, you can create an
array of desks and chairs. In a structural design, you can create an array of beams or columns.
You can create a linear array, in which the elements are distributed evenly along a line, or a radial array, in
which the elements are distributed evenly along an arc or a circle. See Creating an Array on page 295.
Linear array of columns

1372 | Glossary
Radial array of columns

assembly code See Uniformat assembly code on page 1467.

attach To explicitly join elements (such as walls or columns) to other modeling components.
For example, you can attach walls to floors, ceilings, and roofs. (See Attaching Walls to Other Components
on page 579.) You can attach columns to roofs, floors, ceilings, reference planes, structural framing members,
and other reference levels. (See Attaching Columns on page 692.)
The following image shows a floor attached to the structural layer of a wall.

attached detail group A group of view-specific elements that are associated with a model group. For example,
an attached detail group may be comprised of door tags and window tags. See Editing Elements in Groups
on page 284.

AutoCAD An Autodesk product. AutoCAD enables you to create, visualize, document, and share your ideas,
from conceptual design through drafting and detailing. You can import AutoCAD files for use in Revit
projects, and you can export Revit files for use in AutoCAD projects.

AVI A stand-alone video file that contains an animation.

Glossary | 1373
 Revit Architecture can export solar studies and walkthroughs to AVI files. See Exporting a Solar Study on
page 1185 and Exporting a Walkthrough on page 120.

B
baluster One of the small posts that make up a railing (for example, for a set of stairs).

beam A horizontal load-bearing element of a structure. Beams are often made of steel, wood, or concrete.
For more information, see Beams on page 768.

bearing wall A wall that supports a vertical load in addition to its own weight.
Compare with non-bearing wall on page 1429. For more information, see Structural Walls on page 839.

BIM See building information modelling (BIM) on page 1376.

blend A combination (blending) of 2 shapes to create a 3D shape. You can create blends using solid geometry
and void geometry.
For example, the 2D shapes below are blended to create the solid extrusion that follows. See Creating Solid
Blends on page 383 and Void Blends on page 391.

1374 | Glossary
brace A diagonal structural element that is connected to beams and columns to help support the building.
For more information, see Braces on page 827.

break control A Revit symbol that you can use to break a section line, break a schedule into multiple sections,
or break a crop region into sections.
In the following elevation view, the blue Z-shaped break controls allow you to break the crop region into
sections.

break line The Z-shaped line used in a drafting view or detail view to obscure parts of the drawing, to focus
the drawing on a particular area. The following drafting view uses break lines above and below the section
to obscure less intricate parts of the door assembly.

Glossary | 1375
 bubble A shape (such as a circle or cloud) that contains identification text for a grid, level, view title, callout,
or annotation.

building information modelling (BIM) A design methodology that maintains a single database of
information about a building design. All information for a building design, from geometry to construction
data, is stored in a project file. This information includes components used to design the model, views of
the project, drawings of the design, and related documentation.
In a Revit project, every drawing sheet, 2D and 3D view, and schedule is a representation of information
from the same underlying building model database. For more information, see What Is a Project? on page
73

Building Maker A conceptual design and modeling environment that takes any overall building form
described conceptually, and maps it to building elements, such as roofs, curtain walls, floors, and walls.
See Massing Studies and Building Maker on page 518.

building model A design created using building information modeling.

building pad A flat surface that is designed to be occupied by buildings and is prepared by grading, excavating,
filling, or a combination of these.
In Revit Architecture, you can add a building pad to a toposurface, and then modify the structure and depth
of the pad. For more information, see Building Pads on page 902.

1376 | Glossary
Buzzsaw An Autodesk product that is an online collaboration service. Using Buzzsaw, you can store, manage,
and share project documents from any Internet connection, thus enhancing team productivity and reducing
costs.
In Revit Architecture, you can use the Publish to Buzzsaw tools to export sheets and views to DWG or DWF
files, and upload these to a Buzzsaw project site in one step. See Publishing to Buzzsaw on page 1304.

C
CAD See computer-aided design (CAD) on page 1383.

callout A detailed drawing of part of a view. In Revit Architecture, the callout appears in a separate view.
In the callout, you can add annotations and detail, which will not display in the parent view. In the parent
view, the callout area is marked with a callout tag.
The following views show a callout tag in a section view, and the detail view for the callout. For more
information, see Callout Views on page 98.

camera A visualization tool that you use to create a 3D view of a building model. When you place a camera
in a 2D view, you can control the target point, the camera level, and the focal point of the camera.
The following views show a camera positioned in a floor plan view, and the resulting 3D view. See Modifying
the Camera Position in a Perspective 3D View on page 113.

Glossary | 1377
 cantilever Part of an element that extends beyond its vertical support. For example, cantilevered beams
may extend beyond the structural columns that support them, as shown.
See Cantilevers on page 867.

canvas See drawing area on page 1392.

casework Pre-built components, such as cabinets and cupboards for a kitchen or bathroom. Revit Architecture
provides family types for casework.

category A group of elements that you use to model or document a building design. For example, categories
of model elements include walls, windows, columns, and beams. Categories of annotation elements include
dimensions, tags, and text notes.
Categories are organized into families of elements with similar purposes and characteristics. Families are
further organized into types, as shown.

ceiling plan A drawing that shows the design of a ceiling.

For more information, see Ceilings on page 651.

centerline A line that indicates the middle of a dimension or model element (such as a column or a wall).

1378 | Glossary
In Revit Architecture, you can use an element’s centerline to measure, dimension, align, resize, specify
constraints, and perform other functions in a building model.
Measuring from the centerlines of walls

central file A master project file for a model on which multiple team members are working. The model can
be subdivided into functional areas (worksets), such as interior, exterior, and site. The central file stores the
current ownership information for all elements in the project, and acts as the distribution point for publishing
work to the rest of the team. All users work in local copies of the file and periodically save changes to the
central file so that other users can see their work.
For more information, see Working in a Team on page 1189.

chain A linked set of lines or walls. When drawing walls or lines in a building model, you can simplify the
process by drawing a chain. You can also select a chain of lines or walls to manipulate them simultaneously.

clean To resolve joins between 2 or more host elements that share a common face, such as walls and floors.
When a view shows a coarse level of detail, Revit Architecture removes visible lines between the elements.
When a view shows a fine level of detail, Revit Architecture shows precisely how the layers of compound
walls or other structures join together. The cleaned join applies only to the current view.
See Wall Joins on page 580 and Joining Geometry on page 334.
Before joining the roof and the soffit

Glossary | 1379
 After joining the roof and the soffit

clip plane A vertical or horizontal plane that defines a boundary for a view. You can use top, bottom, left,
and right clip planes to define a view. In elevation and section views, you can also use a far clip plane to
define the depth of the view.
See View Range on page 198.
Green dotted lines define the clip
planes for an elevation view

closed loop A sketched line that connects to itself, creating a 2-dimensional shape. A closed loop cannot
contain coincident or intersecting segments.
In Revit Architecture, you sketch closed loops to create floors, ceilings, plan regions, openings in walls and
roofs, solid extrusions, and other parts of a building design. In the following sketch, a closed loop defines
the walls, ceiling, and floor. An open loop defines the roof. See Sketching on page 251.

1380 | Glossary
collinear Passing through or lying on the same straight line.
Sketching a line that is collinear with an existing
wall

color scheme A set of colors and fill patterns used to graphically designate rooms or areas in a floor plan.
You can apply color schemes based on any parameter value for a room or area. For example, if you want to
color rooms by department, set the Department parameter for each room to the desired value, and create a
color scheme based on the values of the Department parameter. You can then add a color scheme legend
to identify the department that each color represents.
For more information, see Color Schemes on page 956.

column A vertical element in a building. Architectural columns add visual interest to a design. (See
Architectural Columns on page 691.) Structural columns are vertical load-bearing elements in a structure.
See Structural Columns on page 755.

Glossary | 1381
 Communication Center A tool that provides quick access to Autodesk resources, including updates,
subscription information, articles and tips, and product support information.

To access Communication Center, click in the lower right corner of the Revit window. For more
information, see Communication Center on page 62.

component A building element that is usually delivered and installed on site, rather than built in place.
(Also referred to as a hosted component.)
For example, windows, doors, and furniture are components. In contrast, walls, floors, and roofs are built
in place; these are called hosts or host elements. See Hosted Components on page 731.

compound wall A wall that consists of multiple vertical layers. Each layer can use a different material (such
as concrete, insulation, and interior finish) and have a different function (such as structure, thermal layer,
and substrate). See Vertically Compound Walls on page 567.

1382 | Glossary
computer-aided design (CAD) The use of computer-based tools that assist engineers, architects, and other
design professionals in their design work.

constraint A parameter that defines a relationship between elements in a building design. For example, you
can specify the top constraint for a wall as Level 2. If Level 2 moves upward, the height of the wall increases
to maintain the relationship.
For more information, see Constraints on page 247.

construction document A document that communicates a building design to builders and contractors, so
they can create the building.
Revit Architecture generates construction documents using the information about the building model stored
in the project file, along with user-added annotation, detailing, and layout information. For more information,
see Preparing Construction Documents on page 967.

Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) An association that provides technical information, standards,
continuing education, and other services to architects, engineers, contractors, and other building professionals.
For more information, go to http://www.csiet.org.

context menu See shortcut menu on page 1455.

contour line An imaginary line that connects points of equal elevation to describe the topography of a
building site.

Glossary | 1383
 See Working with Site Components on page 891.

control A graphical icon in the Revit drawing area that you use to manipulate elements. For example, when
you select a chain of walls, blue circles display. These blue circles are drag controls. You can drag such a
control to change the shape of the walls.

Other controls allows you to flip, lock, rotate, view, and change the shape or size of elements. See Controls
and Shape Handles on page 279.

coping (1) In structural design, the process of cutting a piece of steel from a beam to fit it to a column.
Beam before coping is applied (left) and after coping
is applied (right)

coping (2) In architectural design, a finishing or protective cap for an exterior wall.

1384 | Glossary
core The structural part of a compound wall or other host element. When you use Revit Architecture to
design a compound wall, you specify the layers and materials that compose the core of the wall, as well as
the interior and exterior layers of the wall.
In the following illustration, the core is outlined in green in the wall preview. The layer list is where you
define and change the layers in and around the core.

When aligning or dimensioning the wall, you can choose to measure from the center of the core or from
the interior face or exterior face of the core. See Vertically Compound Walls on page 567 and Dimensioning
to Core in Compound Structures on page 226.

crop To limit the boundaries of a view, omitting parts of the building model from the view.
See also crop region.

crop region A user interface mechanism that defines the boundaries of a view. Elements in the building
model that are outside the crop region do not display in the view or on a sheet on which the view is placed.
In the following floor plan view, the inner, solid red line indicates the model crop region. The outer, dashed
red line indicates the annotation crop region. For more information, see Crop Regions on page 163.

Glossary | 1385
 CSI See Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) on page 1383.

curtain system A building component consisting of panels, curtain grids, and mullions. A curtain system
usually does not have a rectangular shape. (Compare with curtain wall on page 1386).
For more information, see Curtain Systems on page 716.

curtain wall An exterior wall consisting of panels connected by joints or mullions. The panels can be made
of glass, brick, or other materials.
See Curtain Walls, Curtain Grids, and Mullions on page 700.

cut line style A graphic style applied to an element when a view (such as a section view) cuts through the
element, so that you are seeing a representation of its interior surface. (Compare with projection line style
on page 1440.)
For the cut line style of an element, you can specify the line weight, color, and pattern. See Modifying Object
Styles on page 484 and Override Cut Line Styles on page 163.

cut plane A horizontal height at which certain elements in the view are shown in cross-section.

1386 | Glossary
cut volume The amount of material that must be excavated and removed from a site to prepare it for
construction. For example, in the following drawing, the red area indicates the cut volume, and the blue
area indicates the fill volume required to level the site for a building. See Reporting Cut and Fill Volumes
on a Site on page 901.

cutback The calculated adjustment in beam geometry that ensures beam ends meet without overlaying one
another at a join. This is the visible gap seen in a steel beam connection within the Revit project.
See Beam Cutback on page 782.

D
datum A non-physical item that is used to establish project context. Also called a datum element. Datum
elements include levels, grids, and reference planes.
For example, the following image shows a grid, which is used for the placement of columns and other model
elements. The grid is not a part of the building (such as a wall or a roof) but is used in a view to help design
the building.
Compare with annotation on page 1370 and model element on page 1424. For more information, see Annotating
and Detailing on page 1027.

Glossary | 1387
 datum extent The size of a datum plane (a plane for a level, grid, or reference line). Datum planes are not
visible in all views. If the datum does not intersect a view plane, it will not be visible in that view. You can
resize datum planes so that they are visible only in certain views.
For more information, see Datum Extents and Visibility on page 1048.

decal An image to display on a face of a model element. For example, you can use decals for signs, paintings,
and billboards. In project views, a placeholder indicates the location of a decal. The full decal displays in a
rendered image. The following rendered image shows a decal on the television.
For more information, see Decals on page 1152.

dependent view A copy of a view. Use dependent views when a view of the building model is too large to
display on a single sheet, and you need to divide the model into smaller segments that fit on the sheets.
The dependent view remains synchronous with the primary view and other dependent views. When
view-specific changes (such as view scale and annotations) are made in one view, they are reflected in all
views.
For more information, see Duplicate Dependent Views on page 144.

Design Bar A part of the Revit user interface that contains tools for designing a building model. The Design
Bar appears in the left pane of the Revit window. Click a tab (such as Drafting or Modelling) to see tools for
that design function. Right-click the Design Bar to see a complete list of available tabs, and to show or hide
tabs.
For more information, see Design Bar on page 54.

design option An alternative design for a project. Design options allow a team to develop, evaluate, and
redesign building components within a single project file. You can develop design options to adapt to
changes in product scope, to review other designs, or to show alternatives to a client.
For more information, see Design Options on page 1237.

detail component A 2D element that you can add to a detail view or a drafting view. For example, you may
want to add a metal stud or a shim to a drafting view. Revit Architecture provides over 500 detail component
families, based on 16 CSI divisions. You can also create your own detail components.
See Inserting a Detail Component on page 1083.

1388 | Glossary
detail group A group of view-specific elements, such as text and filled regions. See Editing Elements in
Groups on page 284.

detail level A Revit setting that determines the amount of geometry displayed in a view. Detail level settings
include coarse, medium, and fine, where coarse shows the least detail and fine shows the most detail.
The following image illustrates the 3 detail levels for a desk. For more information, see Detail Level on page
503.

Glossary | 1389
 detail line A line that is used to create a detail drawing. A detail line is visible only in the view in which it
is drawn. (Compare with model line on page 1425.)
You can use detail lines as follows:
■ To detail a view with part of the model visible, such as in a wall section or callout

■ In a drafting view to draw lines with no reference to the model

■ To trace underlay elements

In the following drawing, the arc is a detail line drawn in a drafting view that shows details of the roller
assembly for a sliding door. For more information, see Detail Lines on page 1094.

detail view A view of a model that displays as a callout or section in other views. This type of view typically
represents the model in finer detail than shown in the parent view. It is used to add more information to
specific parts of the model.
A detail view reflects geometry of the building model. If a related part of the building model changes, the
detail view updates to reflect the change. (Compare with drafting view on page 1392.)
For more information, see Detail Views on page 1075.

detailing The process of adding information about parts of a building model. Details show how materials
interconnect, providing information to the builders on how a design should be constructed.
For more information, see Detailing on page 1074.

1390 | Glossary
Roof overhang detail

DGN A file format supported by MicroStation of Bentley Systems, Inc. Revit Architecture can import and
export DGN files. For more information, see Interoperability on page 1273.

dimension A view-specific element that shows the size of an element or shows distances between elements
or points in a building model.
As you place an element, Revit Architecture displays temporary dimensions so that you can place the element
accurately. You can create permanent dimensions and lock them to specify and maintain a particular size
or distance.
For more information, see Dimensions on page 213.

discipline A functional area (such as structural, mechanical, electrical, or architectural), or an area of expertise
(such as architecture, structural engineering, or construction).
In a Revit project, you can assign disciplines to categories and to views. You can then control the visibility
or graphic display of elements in a view based on assigned disciplines. For more information, see Specifying
Element Category Visibility on page 154.
You can also specify project units by discipline and organize the Project Browser by discipline.

display mode See model graphics style on page 1424.

dormer A gabled extension that is built out of a sloped roof to hold a window.
For more information, see Dormers on page 619.

Glossary | 1391
 drafting pattern A symbolic representation of a material in a drawing. (For example, sand is represented
by a stipple pattern.) You can place drafting patterns on flat and cylindrical surfaces, and you can define
them for families. You can also place drafting patterns on cut component surfaces in plan views and section
views.
The following image shows a cross-section of a window in a wall, with different drafting patterns for interior
and exterior layers of the wall. For more information, see Fill Patterns on page 449.

drafting view A project view that shows details not directly associated with the building model. For example,
a drafting view can show how carpet transitions to tile, or details of a roof drain. A drafting view typically
shows construction details that may not be apparent in other views.
A drafting view is saved with the project in which it is created, and it can be included on a sheet. However,
a drafting view does not reflect the actual building model, and it does not update when the model changes.
(Compare with detail view on page 1390.)
The following image shows a drafting view created using the 2D detailing tools in Revit Architecture. (It is
not a 3D view.) For more information, see Drafting Views on page 1079.

drag control A graphical icon in the Revit drawing area that you drag to change the shape or size of an
element in the building model. When you select an element, Revit Architecture displays its drag controls
as blue circles or triangles.
For more information, see Drag Controls on page 279.

draw order The order in which elements display in a view, as if layered on a flat surface. You can move an
element backward or forward in the draw order, or bring it to the front or back of a stack of elements. See
Sorting the Draw Order of Detail Components on page 1096.

drawing area The part of the Revit user interface that displays views, sheets, schedules, and other
representations of the building model. See Using the Revit Interface on page 51.

1392 | Glossary
drawing list A schedule (list) of all drawing sheets in a project. The drawing list functions as a table of
contents for the project. It is typically placed on the first sheet of a construction document set.
For more information, see Drawing Lists on page 1005.

drawing sheet See sheet on page 1454.

DWF Design Web Format, the Autodesk file format for publishing design data. It offers an alternative to
publishing to PDF (Portable Document Format).
DWF files are significantly smaller than the original RVT files, making them easy to send by email or to post
to a web site. Recipients can view DWF files using Autodesk DWF Viewer. See Publishing 2D or 3D DWF on
page 1300.

DWF markups A construction document that has been reviewed and revised or commented on (marked
up). Typically, the reviewer is the project designer, a client, or another building professional.
When you publish construction documents as DWF files, the files can be marked up electronically using a
program such as Autodesk Design Review. You can link the markups back into Revit Architecture to see the
desired changes. See Linking DWF Markup Files on page 1321.

DWG A drawing file format supported by AutoCAD and other CAD applications. Revit Architecture can
import and export DWG files. See Interoperability on page 1273.

DXF Drawing Exchange Format. An open file format that is supported by many CAD applications. A DXF
file is a text file that describes a 2D drawing. The text is not encoded or compressed, so DXF files are generally
large.
Revit Architecture can import and export DXF files. See Interoperability on page 1273.

E
eave The lower edge of a roof that overhangs an exterior wall.
The following drawing shows the eave of the roof in green. For more information, see Eaves on page 617.

element An individual item in a building model.

Revit Architecture projects use 3 types of elements:
■ Model elements represent the actual 3D geometry of a building. For example, walls, floors, and roofs are
model elements.

Glossary | 1393
 ■ Annotation elements help to document the model. For example, dimensions, text notes, and section
tags are annotation elements.

■ Datum elements are non-physical items that are used to establish project context. For example, levels,
grids, and reference planes are datum elements.

The following drawing includes model elements (walls, doors, planters), annotation elements (dimensions,
text notes), and datum elements (grid lines). For more information, see Building with Elements on page 73.

element borrowing A Revit function for workshared projects. Element borrowing allows you to edit an
element in a workset that you do not own. If another team member is currently editing the workset, that
team member is the owner of the workset and you must place a request to borrow the element. If no one
owns the workset, permission to borrow is automatically granted.
See Borrowing Elements on page 1198.

element properties Parameters or settings that control the appearance or behavior of elements in a project.
Element properties are the combination of instance parameters and type parameters.
To view or change element properties, select the element in the drawing area, and on the Options Bar, click

(Element Properties). For more information, see Element Properties Dialog on page 75.

elevation An orthographic view of a vertical part of a building model. Typically, an elevation provides a
side view of a building. Also called an elevation view.
For more information, see Elevation Views on page 85.

embedded wall A wall that is inserted into another wall of a different type or construction. Embedded walls
are useful, for example, when you need to create a storefront on a building exterior.
The following image shows a curtain wall embedded in a host wall. For more information, see Embedded
Walls on page 566.

1394 | Glossary
end cap An end of a wall that does not join to another wall. The unjoined end of the wall is exposed.
You can specify whether compound wall layers wrap at end caps. For example, the following image shows
a cross-section of a compound wall that uses interior wrapping at the end caps. See Layer Wrapping on page
751.

endpoint The end of a sketched line. See Sketching on page 251.

entourage An architectural term that refers to the landscaping and other environmental features shown in
a rendering of a building. For example, entourage can include plants, trees, people, cars, and signs.
Revit Architecture provides a library of entourage families, and you can create or load additional entourage
into a project. For more information, see Plants and Entourage on page 1139 and Decals on page 1152 .

explode To disassemble an import symbol (which represents imported geometry) into its next highest level
of elements. See Exploding Imported Geometry on page 1322.

Glossary | 1395
 export To convert information from a Revit project to another format, for use with another software
application. For more information, see Export on page 1273.

extend To lengthen selected elements to meet a specified boundary. See Trimming and Extending Elements
on page 316.

exterior The outside of a building, or the outside face of a surface.

external reference An AutoCAD mechanism that allows the architect to reference other drawing files in an
AutoCAD-based project. Also referred to as an xref.
See Implications of Importing vs. Linking for Xrefs on page 1307 and Exploding Imported Geometry on page
1322.

extrusion A method of defining 3D geometry for a building model.

You begin a solid extrusion by sketching 2D shapes on a plane. Revit Architecture then extrudes the sketch
between a start point and an endpoint. See Creating Solid Extrusions on page 386.
You can also create a void extrusion by cutting a shape out of a 3D solid. See Void Extrusions on page 390.

F
face A surface of a model element or mass.
You can apply paint, materials, and textures to each face of a model element (such as a wall). These details
display when you render an image of the building model. See Applying a Material to an Element on page
338.
You can use mass faces as the basis for creating walls, roofs, curtain systems, and floors in a building model.
The following image shows a mass face that is being used to create a wall. See Creating Building Elements
from Mass Instances on page 543.

1396 | Glossary
family A class of elements in a category. A family groups elements with a common set of parameters
(properties), identical use, and similar graphical representation.
Different elements in a family may have different values for some or all properties, but the set of properties
(their names and meaning) is the same. For example, a family of concrete round columns contains columns
that are all concrete and round, but of different sizes. Each column size is a type within the Concrete Round
Column family.
See category on page 1378 for examples of the hierarchy of categories, families, and types of model elements
and annotation elements. For more information, see Building with Elements on page 73 and Creating Your
Own Components (Families) on page 341.

family type Also referred to as simply a type. See family on page 1397 and type on page 1466.

far clip plane The clip plane that is at the side of the view farthest from the start point of an elevation view,
a section view, a 3D view, or a walkthrough view.
In the following floor plan, the green dotted line opposite the blue line represents the far clip plane for an
elevation. See Changing the Clip Plane in an Elevation View on page 87.

fascia A board (or other covering) used to conceal the exposed ends of roof rafters. The fascia can be plain
or decorative, as in the following illustration (shown in red). For more information, see Fascia on page 622.

Glossary | 1397
 fenestration The stylistic arrangement of windows on the face of a building.

fill pattern A graphic design for surfaces that are cut or shown in projection. You can use fill patterns for
model patterns and drafting patterns.
For more information, see Fill Patterns on page 449.
Floor fill pattern

fill volume The amount of fill (material) required to prepare a site for construction. For example, in the
following drawing, the red area indicates the cut volume, and the blue area indicates the fill volume required
to level the site for a building. See Reporting Cut and Fill Volumes on a Site on page 901.

filled region A 2D, view-specific graphic. You can use filled regions to represent various surfaces, such as
concrete or compacted earth. You can add a filled region to a detail view, a drafting view, or an annotation
family. For each filled region, you can specify a boundary line style and a fill pattern.
For more information, see Filled Region on page 1093.

1398 | Glossary
Filled regions in a drafting view

fillet A drafting term that refers to rounding a square corner, using a radius to define the curve. See Sketching
a Fillet Arc on page 259.

filter A mechanism for eliminating or including the display or selection of elements in a view, based on
their properties. In Revit Architecture, you can use filters in the following ways:
■ To select or deselect elements in a view. See Selecting Elements Using a Filter on page 271.

■ To override the graphic display and control the visibility of elements in a view. See Controlling Visibility
and Graphic Display of Elements Using Filters on page 156.

■ To control the display of elements based on their phase status: new, existing, demolished, or temporary.
See Phase Filters on page 1265.

flange A ridge that projects at right angles from the edge of a beam to provide strength and rigidity.

Glossary | 1399
 flip control A graphical icon in the Revit drawing area that you can use to reverse the position or orientation
of an element in the drawing area.

For example, when you click the flip control for a compound wall, the wall flips over, so its layers reverse.
See Flipping Elements on page 309.
Compound wall with flip control

flip grip Another name for a flip control.

floor area face See mass floor.

floor plan A 2D drawing of a building model that shows the layout of walls and other building components.
In Revit Architecture, a floor plan is also referred to as a floor plan view.
See Plan Views on page 79.

focal point The point in the distance on which a camera is focusing. See camera on page 1377.

footing The base of a foundation that rests directly on the soil. The footing is generally wider than the
foundation to distribute its load and provide additional stability for the building.

1400 | Glossary
footprint The area covered by or required by an object. For example, the footprint of a toaster on your
kitchen counter is the amount of countertop that the toaster covers.
In Revit Architecture, you can create a roof or floor based on the footprint of the walls. You can also sketch
a 2D shape to represent the desired footprint of the walls, roof, floor, or stairway of a building.
In the following image, the pink lines indicate the sketched footprint of a roof for a building. The pink
angles indicate the slope of the roof on each side.

formula A mathematical equation used to determine the dimension of an object or a calculated value for
a schedule. Formulas allow you to create parameters that depend on other parameters for their values. For
example, you can create a width parameter that equals twice the height of an object.
The following type properties include a formula for the sill length of a new window family. See Using
Formulas for Numerical Parameters on page 366.

foundation The structural base of a building that provides stability and rigidity. A wall foundation usually
rests on a footing. A slab foundation may rest directly on prepared ground.
See Wall Foundations on page 849 and Foundation Slabs on page 878.

Glossary | 1401
 frame (1) In an animation, a single image (for example, in a walkthrough animation or a solar study).

frame (2) In a building, a rigid structure built into a wall to hold a door, window, or other component. In
Revit Architecture, you can specify the material and finish for a door frame.
Frame for a new window family

framing elevation An elevation view that shows the structural framing of a building model. You can work
in a framing elevation when adding vertical bracing to the model, or for any task that requires quick work
plane alignment to a grid or to a named reference plane.
See Framing Elevation Views on page 89.

full explode The process of completely disassembling an import symbol (which represents imported geometry)
into Revit elements, including text, curves, lines, and filled regions. (Compare with partial explode on page
1434.)

1402 | Glossary
See Exploding Imported Geometry on page 1322.

G
gable A triangular area of an exterior wall formed by 2 sloping roofs, from ridge to eaves.
For more information, see Four-Sided Gable Roof on page 633.

gbXML Green building XML, an open schema created to help building designers gather information about
the energy consumption characteristics of building projects.
To perform energy analysis for a building model, you can export a Revit project to gbXML. Using a third-party
application, analyze the resulting gbXML file to calculate the loads for the building model. See Exporting
to gbXML on page 1296 or go to http://www.gbxml.org.

generic annotation Text that documents a building model. Generic annotations are usually related to a
parameter for a model element or type.
You can create generic annotation families and nest them inside host model families, so that the annotations
display in the project. This is useful if you want to include a label with a model family and display that label
in the project. See Adding a Generic Annotation on page 423 and Loading Generic Annotations into Model
Families on page 422.

generic model A family of geometry that does not fit into any of the other, pre-defined categories (such as
columns, roofs, and floors). In a Revit project, an instance of a generic model is a model element.
You can create a generic model as a standard component family, or as an in-place family that is specific to
a project. (See Family Editor Basics on page 341.) Revit Architecture provides templates for various types of
generic model families.

geometry The shape or form of a surface or solid.

girder A beam used as a main horizontal support in a building or bridge. Girders are often made of steel,
wood, or reinforced concrete.

glazing Panes or sheets of glass set into sashes or frames (for example, for windows, doors, or mirrors). See
Adding Sloped Glazing on page 611.

Glossary | 1403
 graded region A sloped area in a topographical surface.
For more information, see Graded Regions on page 898.

grid A series of lines that you can use to help draw or place elements in a building design. Grids are useful
in the design and documentation phases of a project. In Revit Architecture, grids are datum elements.
For more information, see Grids on page 1033.

ground plane A horizontal plane that represents ground level in a building model.
In Revit Architecture, you can specify the ground plane when creating a solar study for 2D and 3D views.
(See Solar Studies on page 1179.)

group A defined set of elements that can be placed as a unit in a building design. Grouping elements is
useful when you need to create entities that represent repeating units or are common to many building
projects (for example, hotel rooms, apartments, or repeating floors).
See Editing Elements in Groups on page 284.

1404 | Glossary
Hotel room elements grouped and repeated

gutter A trough (often made of metal or plastic) along the edge of a roof. A gutter collects water off the eave
and carries it to the down spout.
See Roof Gutters on page 629.

H
halftone A display color that blends the line color of an element half-way with the background color of the
view. For example, the following image shows some elements in halftone (gray) and others in black.
You can specify the halftone display properties using the Visibility/Graphics dialog. See Visibility and Graphic
Display in Project Views on page 150.

Glossary | 1405
 head (1) For elements that can slope (including roofs, ramps, floors, and ceilings), the upper end of the
slope. For example, in the following illustration, the head is the upper end of the sloped floor.

head (2) In Revit Architecture, the symbol that displays in a drawing to represent a component, such as a
section, callout, elevation, grid, or level. For example, in a floor plan, you can double-click a section head
to go to the section view. (In the following floor plan, the blue symbol is a section head.)

head (3) For windows and doors, the piece that goes across the top of the window or door to create the
rough opening.

head height For windows and doors, a measurement from the floor to the top of the rough opening.

hidden element An element that you hide in a particular view.

See Hiding Elements in a View on page 160 and Showing Hidden Element Lines on page 195.

1406 | Glossary
hidden line A dashed line representing an edge or surface that cannot be seen in a view.
For example, in the following image, 2 bolts go through the stud. The view shows the hidden lines of one
bolt but does not show the hidden lines of the second bolt.
See also hidden line mode on page 1407. For more information, see Show Hidden Lines on page 1095.

hidden line mode A model graphics style in which Revit Architecture hides the lines of elements that are
obscured by other surfaces. (Compare with wireframe on page 1470.)
See Hidden Line Model Graphics Style on page 202.

highlight To move the cursor over an object in the drawing area so that Revit Architecture displays the
object’s outline in a different weight (bold) and color (such as gray instead of black). A description of the
element displays on the status bar at the bottom of the Revit window. After a brief delay, the element
description also displays in a tooltip near the cursor.
This highlighting indicates that the object is ready for selection. Click to select the highlighted object.
See Selecting Elements on page 269.
Wall before and after highlighting

host A model element that can accept (host) other components. For example, a wall is a host for windows
and doors. A roof is a host for skylights and dormers. A host may also be referred to as a host element or a
host component.

Glossary | 1407
 Compare with hosted component on page 1408.

hosted component A model element that can exist in a building model only if sponsored by another (host)
element. Doors, windows, model lines, and components (such as furniture) are hosted components.
For more information, see Hosted Components on page 731.

I
i-drop An Autodesk feature that allows you to drag and drop content from a web page into a Revit session.
Using i-drop, designers and developers have the power to create web pages that can easily be dragged and
dropped into Autodesk design products that are i-drop enabled.
You can import CAD files into Revit Architecture using i-drop. See Importing CAD Files Using i-drop on
page 1308.

IFC See Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) on page 1409.

imperial The British Imperial System of weights and measures.

When you install Revit Architecture, you specify whether you want to use imperial units (feet and inches)
or metric units (meters and centimeters). You can also change the type of units used in a project. See Project
Units on page 492.

import To bring information from another source into a Revit project. For example, you can import DWG
files created using a CAD application (such as AutoCAD) into Revit Architecture. See Import/Link on page
1306.

import symbol A Revit element that contains all objects (such as blocks and xrefs) from an imported drawing.
When you move the cursor over the imported objects, Revit Architecture shows information about the
import symbol.
You can explode an import symbol to convert it into individual Revit elements. See Exploding Imported
Geometry on page 1322.

imported categories Categories of elements that are derived from an imported drawing. See Exploding
Imported Geometry on page 1322.
You can change the visibility and graphic display of imported categories. See Visibility and Graphic Display
in Project Views on page 150.

in-place family A family of elements that is created within the context of the current project. An in-place
family exists only in the project and cannot be loaded into other projects.
Using in-place families, you can create components that are unique to a project or components that reference
geometry within the project. For example, to create a reception desk that must fit between several other
items in a room, design the desk as an in-place furniture family. In a structural model, you might create an

1408 | Glossary
in-place family for a thickened slab, or a wall extrusion that conforms to a uniquely shaped architectural
wall that it supports. If the original design ever changes, the in-place family changes accordingly.
The following dome roof was created as an in-place family. For more information, see In-Place Families on
page 419.
A dome roof created as an in-place family

Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) A file format developed by the International Alliance for Interoperability
(IAI). IFC provides an interoperability solution between IFC-compatible software applications in the
construction and facilities management industry. The format has established, international standards to
import and export building objects and their properties.
Revit Architecture provides IFC import and export based on the latest IAI IFC data exchange standard. When
you export a Revit building model to IFC format, the information can be used directly by other building
specialists, such as structural and building services engineers.
For more information about Revit Architecture and IFC, see Exporting to Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)
on page 1292 and Importing Industry Foundation Class (IFC) Files on page 1317.
For more information about the IFC file format, go to http://www.iai-international.org.

infill element An insert that fills (patches) a hole in a host element after changes are made during different
phases of a building project. For example, if you remove a window from a wall during a demolition phase,
Revit Architecture fills the hole with an infill element. By default, the infill element has the same properties
as the host element (the wall).
The following illustration shows a demolished window that has become an infill element. See Infill Elements
for Phasing on page 1267.
An infill element replacing a
demolished window

instance An individual occurrence of an element.

For example, when you place a wall in a building model, the wall is an instance of the wall type. If you
change parameters for the wall instance, the changes affect only that wall. If you change parameters for the
wall type, the changes affect all walls (instances) of that type, including existing walls and new walls that
you create in the future.

Glossary | 1409
 instance parameters Settings that control the appearance or behavior of an individual element in a project.
The instance parameters and type parameters of an element combine to establish its element properties.
Instance parameters are also called instance properties.
For more information, see Instance Properties and Type Properties on page 76.

instance properties See instance parameters.

insulation Material that has insulating properties designed to help a building retain heat in winter and
prevent heat gain in summer. In Revit Architecture, you use a detail component to represent insulation in
2D drawings.
For more information, see Insulation on page 1073.

interior The inside of a building, or the inside surface of an object.

interoperability The ability of Revit Architecture to interact with other software applications. Examples of
interoperability include importing files from other applications into a Revit project, and exporting a Revit
project to a file format that can be used by other applications.
For more information, see Interoperability on page 1273.

isolate To display only a certain element or type of element, so that you can work with it in a particular
view without being distracted by other elements in the design.
See Temporarily Hiding or Isolating Elements or Element Categories on page 161.
A roof that has been isolated from the rest of the building model

J
join The intersection where 2 or more elements share a common face.

1410 | Glossary
join (2) To resolve intersections between elements that share a common face. The level of detail for the view
determines the detail of join geometry that is shown.
The following images show geometry before they are joined (top) and after they are joined (bottom) in a
view with a coarse detail level. See Joining Geometry on page 334.
Before joining geometry

After joining geometry

joist A beam that supports a floor or ceiling. Joists are generally made of wood, steel, or concrete. They are
often set parallel from wall to wall or across or abutting girders.
See Structural Usage of Beams on page 770.

Glossary | 1411
 K
key schedule A table of information that you create to simplify or automate data entry in other, larger
schedules. A key schedule can reduce the time required to produce a larger schedule and help to generate
accurate cost estimates.
For example, a room schedule for an apartment building might list 100 rooms with the same floor, wall,
and base finishes. In a key schedule you can define Room Style keys, such as Public, Service, and Units. Each
key specifies different floor, wall, and base finishes for its room style. Rather than manually specifying
finishes for all 100 rooms, you can assign a room style to each room. When you create a room schedule,
fields in the schedule automatically update with the appropriate finishes, based on the assigned Room Style
keys.
For more information, see Key Schedules on page 125.
Key schedule listing finishes for different
types of rooms

In a room schedule, assigning a room type to an

individual room

keynote legend A list of keynote numbers and the corresponding keynote text. (See keynoting.)

1412 | Glossary
If you choose to annotate model elements using keynote numbers only, you can use a keynote legend to
provide descriptive text for each keynote number. By using a keynote legend, you avoid cluttering the
drawing with text.
For more information, see Keynote Legend on page 1061.

keynoting A method of annotating drawings to identify building materials, describe assembly instructions,
or provide special instructions or explanations. Keynotes help to standardize information related to the
building design and can help reduce clutter in drawings.
In Revit Architecture, each sheet can display its own keynote legend, or all keynotes for the project can be
documented on one sheet. For more information, see Keynotes on page 1058.

L
label A text placeholder added to tags or title blocks. You create a label as part of a tag or title block family
while in the Family Editor. When you place the tag or title block in the project, you replace the label with
the actual value for that instance.
For example, the following title block template contains labels that indicate the type of information to be
entered on a sheet. When you create a sheet, the labels are replaced with actual values.

landing A platform between sets of stairs, or the floor at the head or foot of a ramp or a set of stairs.

layer (1) In Revit Architecture, the adjacent materials of a compound structure, such as a wall. You can
define the layers in a compound structure. See Compound Structure on page 748.

Glossary | 1413
 layer (2) In AutoCAD, a mechanism for defining, organizing, and controlling the display of drawing objects.
When you export a Revit project to a CAD format, you can create a layer mapping file to map Revit categories
and subcategories to CAD layers. See Exporting Layers on page 1285.

layer mapping file A text file that maps each Revit category or subcategory to a preconfigured layer name
for the CAD software. For example, a Revit door object automatically maps to the A-DOOR layer in AutoCAD.
The layer names are preconfigured in the text file, but you can change them. You use a layer mapping file
when exporting a Revit project to a CAD format. See Exporting Layers on page 1285.

leader A line that connects an annotation to an element or part of the building model in a view. Also referred
to as a leader line.
In Revit Architecture, you can control the line weight, style, and color of the leader, as well as its position,
shape, and arrowhead.

legend A table that provides descriptions or information about symbols used in drawings.
In Revit Architecture, you can create a legend and include it on multiple sheets. See Legend Views on page
120.
Symbol legend for use on construction documents

level A finite horizontal plane that acts as a reference for level-hosted elements, such as roofs, floors, and
ceilings.
In Revit Architecture, you define a level for each vertical height or story within a building, or other needed
reference of the building (for example, first floor, top of wall, or bottom of foundation). You can add levels
in a section or elevation view.
For more information, see Levels on page 1041.

1414 | Glossary
library A collection of predefined resources that you can use in a Revit project.
For example, you can access libraries of templates, detail components, entourage, materials, and families of
model elements and annotation elements. Revit Architecture provides some libraries. Other libraries are
available on the Internet.
Family categories in the Imperial library

line pattern A series of dashes or dots alternating with blank spaces.

Glossary | 1415
 In the building industry, construction documents often use different line style conventions to convey
information and to differentiate one line from another. For example, dimensions may use thin solid lines,
while callout bubbles use heavy dashed lines.
You can specify the line pattern as part of the line style for many types of lines used in Revit Architecture.
(See line style on page 1416.)
To define line patterns, click Settings menu ➤ Line Patterns. For more information, see Line Patterns on
page 487.

line style A line of a particular pattern, weight, and color, used to indicate different effects. For example, in
the following site plan, a red dashed line indicates the zoning setback.
Revit Architecture predefines several line styles and uses them for default purposes. You can change these
and add your own line styles to suit your needs and preferences. For more information, see Line Styles on
page 485.

line weight The thickness of a line.

You can specify the line weight as part of the line style for model lines, perspective lines, and annotation
lines used in Revit Architecture. (See line style on page 1416.) To define line weights, click Settings menu ➤ Line
Weights.
For more information, see Line Weights on page 486.

1416 | Glossary
Detail of roller assembly
using lines of different
weights

linear Arranged in a line.

For example, when you create a linear array, the elements in the array are arranged along a straight line. See
Creating a Linear Array on page 295.

link To connect a file to a Revit project. When a linked file is updated, the updated information is
automatically made available in the Revit project. Linking avoids the need to re-import updated information
into the project.
In Revit Architecture, you can create a link between projects. You can also link CAD files and DWF markup
files to a Revit project. See Import/Link on page 1306 and Working with Linked Models on page 1213.

listening dimensions A Revit feature that allows you to specify a value for a dimension as you sketch an
element in a view. You specify a start point for the element, start sketching in the desired direction, type
the exact dimension desired, and press ENTER. Revit Architecture draws the element to the specified length.
The following image shows the text box that appears when you start to type a listening dimension. For more
information, see Listening Dimensions on page 233.

load To transfer a file or a collection of information from an outside location into a Revit project.
In Revit Architecture, you can load groups, templates, detail components, entourage, materials, families of
model elements and annotation elements, and other project information.
See also library on page 1415.

Glossary | 1417
 local file A copy of the project file that resides on the computer system of the team member who is working
on the file. When worksharing is used to distribute project work among team members, each member uses
a local file to work on his or her workset (functional area). Team members periodically save their changes
to the central file so that others can see the changes and update their local files with the latest project
information.
For more information, see Working in a Team on page 1189.

location line A vertical plane in a wall that is used for dimensioning. You create a wall by sketching the
location line of the wall in a plan view or a 3D view. You specify what to use for the location line in the
element properties of the wall: the wall centerline, core centerline, interior or exterior wall face, or interior
or exterior face of wall core.
In the following illustration, the green dashed lines indicate the location line of the wall. See Walls on page
561.

lock To secure a dimension or the location of an element so that it cannot be changed. When you select a
locked dimension or element, a lock control displays next to it.
The following drawing shows a locked dimension. See Locking Permanent Dimensions on page 222.

You can also use the Pin Position command to restrict the movement of elements. See Preventing Elements
from Moving on page 311.

M
mark A unique identifier that you assign to an element in its properties. (Compare with tick mark on page
1464.)
You can include marks in schedules and tag labels. For example, the following site plan shows marks for
individual parking spaces. These marks are also listed in the parking schedule.

1418 | Glossary
markup Comments or revision instructions from someone who reviewed a building design.
When you publish construction documents as DWF files, the files can be marked up electronically using a
program such as Autodesk Design Review. Then the markups can be linked back into Revit Architecture to
display the desired changes. See Linking DWF Markup Files on page 1321.

masking region A defined area that obscures elements in a view. Masking regions are useful when you are
creating a model family from an imported 2D DWG file, and you need the model element to obscure other
elements when placed in a view. You can also use them to hide parts of a drawing.
For more information, see Masking Regions on page 1087.
Masking regions sketched in upper corners

Glossary | 1419
 Unit plan view with upper corners masked

mass A 3-dimensional shape used in the initial design of a building model. See Conceptual Design with
Massing Studies on page 517.

Mass Editor A version of the Family Editor that you use to design mass families or in-place masses. See
Conceptual Design with Massing Studies on page 517.

mass face See face on page 1396.

mass floor An interior horizontal surface in a mass. During the conceptual design stage of a building project,
a mass floor represents a story in the building.
You can divide masses into mass floors to perform various types of analysis on the design. See Analyzing a
Conceptual Design on page 522.

1420 | Glossary
massing study One or more masses in a Revit project. Massing studies allow you to explore design ideas by
using shapes to conceptualize a building model. When your conceptual design is complete, you can add
building elements directly to these shapes.
See Conceptual Design with Massing Studies on page 517.
Massing study used as the basis for a building design

Final building design

matchline A sketch line that indicates where to split a view for a dependent view, as shown. See Duplicate
Dependent Views on page 144.

Glossary | 1421
 material The substance of which an element is made.
In Revit Architecture, the material assigned to an element determines how the element appears in a view or
rendering. Revit Architecture includes several materials in the default project templates, or you can define
your own. You can specify the color (in a shaded view), texture (in a rendered image), surface pattern (in a
projection), and fill pattern (in a cut view).
See Materials on page 459.

material takeoff schedule A list of the subcomponents or materials of any Revit family. Material takeoff
schedules have all the functionality and characteristics of other schedule views, but they allow you to show
more detail about the assembly of a component. Any material that is applied to a component within Revit
Architecture can be scheduled.
For more information, see Material Takeoff Schedules on page 127.

Max See 3ds Max on page 1370.

menu bar A user interface mechanism that provides access to all Revit functions. The functions that are
available from the toolbars, the Design Bar, and many shortcut menus are also available from the menu bar.
The menu bar appears near the top of the Revit window. See Using the Revit Interface on page 51 and Menu
Bar on page 52.

1422 | Glossary
mesh A grid of lines used to approximate a surface (for example, when rendering an image).

metric A standard of measurement that is based on the meter.

When you install Revit Architecture, you specify whether you want to use imperial units (feet and inches)
or metric units (meters and centimeters). You can also change the type of units used in a project. See Project
Units on page 492.

mirror To reverse the position of a selected model element, using a line as the mirror axis.
For example, if you mirror a wall on a reference plane, the wall flips opposite the original wall. You can pick
the mirror axis or draw a temporary axis. Use the Mirror tool to flip a selected element, or to make a copy
of an element and reverse its position in one step.
The following image shows the results of mirroring and copying a door, using the center wall as the mirror
axis. See Mirroring Elements on page 310.

miter A joint at a 45-degree angle, or evenly angled between the joined elements. Mitering can apply to
walls, wall sweeps, railings, floor slabs, roof fascia, curtain wall mullions, and other model elements.
When 2 walls join, you can edit the wall join using a miter joint or other joint styles. See Editing Wall Joins
on page 581.

Glossary | 1423
 model A representation of a building or other design.
See also building information modelling (BIM) on page 1376.

model element An element in a building model that represents actual 3D geometry. For example, walls,
windows, doors, and roofs are model elements.
Compare with annotation on page 1370 and datum on page 1387. See also element on page 1393.
For example, the following image shows only model elements. It does not include annotation elements
(such as dimensions or text notes) or datum elements (such as grid lines or levels). See Building with Elements
on page 73.

model graphics style A method of displaying model elements in views. For example, you can choose to
display a model using wireframe, hidden lines, shading, or shading with edges.
You can specify the model graphics style for a view using the View Control Bar at the bottom of the Revit
window. For more information, see Model Graphic Styles on page 201.

1424 | Glossary
model group A set of model elements that are placed together in a building design. Model groups are useful
when you need to create entities that represent repeating units or are common to many building projects
(such as hotel rooms, apartments, or repeating floors).
Compare with attached detail group on page 1373 and detail group on page 1389.
The following illustration shows a model group (highlighted in red) that has been placed in multiple hotel
rooms. See Editing Elements in Groups on page 284.

model line A model element that exists in 3D space and is visible in all views of a Revit project. You can
use model lines to represent 3D geometry in a building design, such as cords or cables that secure a tarp.
You can sketch straight, curved, arc, circular, fillet, and tangent lines. (Compare with detail line on page 1390
and symbolic line on page 1462.)
The following truss uses a model line to represent the beam stick symbol. For more information, see Model
Lines on page 741.

model pattern A graphic design that is applied to the surface of a model element. Model patterns represent
the actual appearance of an element, such as brick coursing or ceramic tile on a wall. They are fixed with
respect to the model and scale with the model. See Fill Patterns on page 449.

Glossary | 1425
 model text Text used in a building model, such as for signage. You can add model text in a project view
and in the Family Editor for families that can be represented in 3D, such as walls, doors, windows, and
furniture. An instance of model text is a model element.
Model text is not available for families that can only be represented as 2D, such as annotations, detail
components, and profiles. You can specify properties for model text, including font, size, and material.
For more information, see Model Text on page 727.

modelling The process of representing a design.

See also building information modelling (BIM) on page 1376.

moment The amount of rotation at an axis caused by downward force applied to a beam at a distance from
its supporting members.
A moment connection is a connection that is designed to transfer moment and other forces between a beam
and its supporting members.
In Revit Architecture, you can specify moment parameters for a beam, including the moment connection
start and moment connection end.
See Moment Symbols on page 782.

monolithic stairs Stairs that consist of one solid piece of material, such as concrete.

1426 | Glossary
In Revit Architecture, you can specify that stairs are monolithic in the stair type properties. You can also
specify the material for monolithic stairs. See Stair Type Properties on page 671.

mullion In Revit Architecture, a vertical or horizontal strip between panels of a curtain wall or curtain
system.
For more information, see Mullions on page 709.

Glossary | 1427
 N
nested family A family that consists of instances of other families (subcomponents). The subcomponents
can belong to the same category (for example, various window types) or different categories (for example,
an exterior door and two lighting fixtures). You create nested families using the Family Editor.
The following nested family includes a door, 2 sidelights, and 2 lighting fixtures.
For more information, see Nested Families on page 407. See also shared family on page 1454.

1428 | Glossary
non-bearing wall A wall that supports no additional vertical load except its own weight. Non-bearing walls
can be used to define and divide spaces in Revit Architecture.
Compare with bearing wall on page 1374. For more information, see Structural Walls on page 839.

note block A list of all instances of annotations. Also referred to as an annotation schedule.
Note blocks are useful for listing notes that are applied to elements in a project. For more information, see
Annotation Schedules (Note Blocks) on page 127.
Sample note block

NURB surface Non-uniform rational B-spline. A mathematical model commonly used in computer graphics
for representing and generating curves and surfaces.
In Revit Architecture, you can create roofs and curtain systems on NURB surfaces. See Creating Building
Elements from Mass Instances on page 543.

Glossary | 1429
 O
object A model element, annotation element, datum element, or imported element in a project.

object style A set of characteristics that define the line weight, line color, line pattern, and material for a
category of model elements, annotation elements, or imported objects in a project.
For more information, see Object Styles on page 484.

ODBC Open Database Connectivity. ODBC is a general export tool that works in conjunction with many
software drivers.
You can export information about model elements in a Revit project to an ODBC database. See Exporting
to ODBC on page 1287.

offset A uniform distance from an element or line, along which the element or line will move, or a new
element or line will be created.
For example, when creating walls, you might specify an offset of 5 meters. When you select an existing wall,
Revit Architecture draws a new wall 5 meters from the selected wall.
The following illustration shows that, when you move the cursor near the outside of a chain of walls, Revit
Architecture draws a preview line to show the offset from the walls. See Moving Elements with the Offset
Tool on page 303.

open loop A sketched line that does not connect to itself. Instead, it leaves an open space between the start
point and endpoint of the line.
In Revit Architecture, you use open loops to sketch a roof by extrusion and to split toposurfaces and faces.
In the following sketch, a closed loop defines the walls, ceiling, and floor. An open loop defines the roof.

1430 | Glossary
Options Bar Part of the Revit interface that provides context-sensitive settings and functions, depending
on the tool currently in use. In the Revit window, the Options Bar is located below the toolbars and above
the drawing area.
See Using the Revit Interface on page 51 and Options Bar on page 61.

orientation The state of being aligned with (or facing the same direction as) a particular item or direction.
For example, in Revit Architecture you can change the orientation of a view to True North, or you can change
the orientation of a compound wall to reverse the order of its layers.

origin A fixed starting point, or the point in a coordinate system where the axes intersect.
In Revit Architecture, you use an origin for many functions, such as positioning a linked project, creating
a custom fill pattern, positioning a group, resizing walls, or sketching lines for a new family.
The origin of each element is defined in the family file for the element. When you place an element in a
project, Revit Architecture uses the origin defined for the selected family type when snapping to snap points
and lines.
Toilet with center origin
(top), and toilet with
offset origin (bottom)

orthogonal At right angles to, or perpendicular to.

Glossary | 1431
 orthographic view A 3D view that shows a building model in which all components are the same size,
regardless of the camera’s distance from them.
Compare with perspective view on page 1435. For more information, see 3D Views on page 109.

P
paint To apply a material to a surface of a model element. In Revit Architecture, you can paint walls, floors,
roofs, and masses.
In the following image, the wall, door, door frame, and window frame are painted different colors. See
Applying a Material to an Element on page 338.

pan In a 3D context, primarily when using 3D SteeringWheels, pan dollies the camera left and right.
In a 2D context, pan scrolls the view. If you are using pan with an active view on a sheet, pan scrolls the
sheet view, not the active view on the sheet.
See Navigating Views on page 169.

panel In Revit Architecture, a section of a curtain wall or a curtain system. Panels are separated by mullions.
Panels can consist of glass or different types of walls. See Wall Panels in Curtain Walls on page 711.

1432 | Glossary
parallel view A view whose plane is parallel to the plane of another view. (Compare with perpendicular
view on page 1434.)
For example, a Level 1 floor plan is parallel to a Level 2 floor plan. An east elevation view is parallel to a
west elevation view. The following drawing illustrates the parallel planes that are used for the east and west
elevations. For more information, see Propagating Dependent View Configuration on page 149 and Datum
Extents and Visibility on page 1048.

parameter A setting that determines the appearance or behavior of an element, type, or view. Also called a
property.
See Element Properties Dialog on page 75 and View Properties on page 210.

parametric Controlled by parameters.

In a Revit project, parameters define the relationships between elements of the building model. These
relationships are created automatically by Revit Architecture and by you as you create the design. As you
work in drawing and schedule views, Revit Architecture collects information about the building model. The

Glossary | 1433
 Revit parametric change engine automatically coordinates changes in all model views, drawing sheets,
schedules, sections, and plans.
For more information, see What Is a Project? on page 73.

partial explode The process of disassembling an import symbol (which represents imported geometry) into
its next highest level of elements: nested import symbols. A partial explode yields more import symbols,
which, in turn, can be exploded into elements or other import symbols. (Compare with full explode on page
1402.)
See Exploding Imported Geometry on page 1322.

PAT A file format for fill patterns. A pattern file is a text file that contains definitions for model or drafting
patterns in a project. See Custom Pattern Files on page 456.

PDF Portable Document Format. An open file format (originally created by Adobe Systems) that supports
electronic information exchange.
In Revit Architecture, you can print construction documents as PDF files. You can then share the construction
documents with team members, view them online, or print them. See Printing to PDF on page 1024.

permanent dimension A dimension that specifies a particular size for an element or a distance between
elements or points. Permanent dimensions always display in the view in which they are created. (Compare
with temporary dimension on page 1463.)
You can lock permanent dimensions so that they cannot be changed without first unlocking them. You can
also control the placement of the witness lines for dimensions. For more information, see Permanent
Dimensions on page 214.

perpendicular view A view whose plane is at a right angle to the plane of another view. (Compare with
parallel view on page 1433.)
The following image illustrates the perpendicular planes on which a floor plan and an elevation are based.
For more information, see Propagating Dependent View Configuration on page 149 and Datum Extents and
Visibility on page 1048.

1434 | Glossary
perspective view A 3D view of a building model, in which components that are further away appear smaller
than those that are closer. In Revit Architecture, you create a perspective view by placing a camera in a 3D
view. (See camera on page 1377.)
Compare with orthographic view on page 1432. For more information, see 3D Views on page 109.

phase A stage or time period in the construction process of a building project. Typical phases include existing
construction, demolition, remodeling, and new construction.
Revit Architecture tracks the phase in which views or components are created or demolished, and lets you
apply phase-specific filters to views so you can define how the project appears during various stages of work.
The following project views show different phases of construction for one project. See Project Phasing on
page 1263.

Glossary | 1435
 pick box See selection box on page 1451.

pin To restrict the movement of an element using the Pin Position command.
When you pin an element, you cannot move it by dragging or using the Move tool. However, changes in
other attached elements may result in movement of the pinned element. See Preventing Elements from
Moving on page 311.

plan A 2D drawing of a building model that shows the layout of walls, rooms, and other building components.
A floor plan presents a view of the building as though you are looking down on it from above, with the roof
and intervening levels removed. A reflected ceiling plan is a drawing that shows the ceiling in a building
design. See Plan Views on page 79.

1436 | Glossary
plan region Part of a plan view that has a different view range from the overall view. Plan regions are useful
for split level plans or for displaying inserts above or below the cut plane.
For more information, see Plan Region on page 83.

plan view A view of a floor plan or a reflected ceiling plan for a building model.
For more information, see Plan Views on page 79.

planting Vegetation used to create a landscape around a building design. Revit Architecture provides a
library of planting families. You can also create or download additional plants.
For more information, see Plants and Entourage on page 1139.

Glossary | 1437
 poche A fill pattern that represents a cut surface. (pronounced po-shay)
In Revit Architecture, you can specify the coarse poche material to display in 3D views. You can also specify
the poche depth for a cross-section of earth in topography elements. In the following floor plan, the poche
for the walls is a solid fill pattern.

polyline A set of connected straight line segments. Polylines typically define open loops.
See Export Rooms and Areas as Polylines on page 1283.

1438 | Glossary
polymesh A 3D shape consisting of multiple polygons that are joined (meshed) together. For example, a
polymesh cube consists of 6 square surfaces that are joined together to form the cube shape. This is sometimes
referred to as face-based geometry.
Compare with ACIS on page 1370. For more information, see Solids (3D Views Only) on page 1282.

post A vertical support for a railing.

See Controlling Placement of Balusters and Posts on page 683.

primary view The view on which one or more dependent views are based. The dependent views remain
synchronous with the primary view and other dependent views, so that when view-specific changes (such
as view scale and annotations) are made in one view, they are reflected in all views.
See Duplicate Dependent Views on page 144.

profile A series of 2-dimensional lines and arcs that form a closed loop. Use profiles to define cross-sections
for railings, balusters, soffits, cornices, and other sweep-defined objects.
See Profile Families on page 371.
Gutter profile

project A Revit file that contains all information about a building design.
For more information, see What Is a Project? on page 73.

Glossary | 1439
 Project Browser Part of the Revit interface that shows a logical hierarchy for all views, schedules, sheets,
families, groups, and linked Revit models in the current project.
For more information, see Project Browser on page 55.

Project North The top of the view in the drawing area. When producing solar studies, change the view
orientation from Project North to True North to create accurate sunlight and shadow patterns for the project.
See Shared Positioning on page 1230.

project parameters User-defined fields that you add to multiple categories of elements, sheets, or views in
a project. These parameters are specific to the project and cannot be shared with other projects.
For example, you can create a project parameter named Approved By for views. In the properties for each
view, you can enter a value for this parameter to indicate who approved the view.
You can use project parameters in multi-category or single-category schedules. However, you cannot use
project parameters in tags for model elements.
Compare with shared parameters on page 1454. For more information, see Project Parameters on page 447.

project standards The settings used in a project that you want to apply to another project. Project standards
include family types, line weights, materials, view templates, and object styles. See Transferring Project
Standards on page 438.

project template A set of initial conditions for a project. Revit Architecture provides several templates, and
you can create your own templates. Any new project based on a template inherits all families, settings (such
as units, fill patterns, line styles, line weights, and view scales), and geometry from the template. Templates
use the file extension RTE.
See Creating a Custom Project Template on page 437.

project view A representation of a building model. A Revit project file contains a database of information
about a building model, and a project view is one way of looking at that information. Also called a view.
The Project Browser lists the views available for a project. These can include floor plans, ceiling plans,
elevations, sections, detail views, drafting views, 3D views, walkthrough views, legend views, schedules,
renderings, and sheets.
For more information, see Project Views on page 79.

projection line style A graphic style applied to an element when a view displays the element, so that you
are seeing a representation of its exterior surface. (Compare with cut line style on page 1386.)
For the projection line style of an element, you can specify the line weight, color, and fill pattern. See
Modifying Object Styles on page 484.

property A setting that determines the appearance or behavior of an element, type, or view. Also called a
parameter.
For more information, see Element Properties Dialog on page 75 and View Properties on page 210.

property line The boundary of a plot of land or the site for a building project.
For more information, see Property Lines on page 899.

1440 | Glossary
proxy graphics Representations of AutoCAD objects. Revit Architecture supports proxy graphics from
AutoCAD files. Unlike AutoCAD objects, proxy graphics have no intelligence.
See Importing or Linking CAD Formats on page 1307.

purlin A longitudinal structural member in a roof. Purlins support the loads from the roof deck or sheathing.
They are supported by the principal rafters or building walls (or both).
In Revit Architecture, when you use the Beam tool to add beams between joists, the structural usage of the
beams is automatically set to purlin, and their display within the plan view adjusts accordingly. In the
following floor plan, the dotted lines indicate purlins placed along the midpoints of the joists.
See Structural Usage of Beams on page 770.

pushpin A user-placed control that provides a quick way to allow or prevent changes to the position of an
element. After you place a pushpin, you cannot move the element until you unpin it by clicking the pushpin
control. See Preventing Elements from Moving on page 311.

Glossary | 1441
 Q
quantity The number or amount of building materials used in a project. Schedules can calculate the quantities
of individual items or materials needed to complete a project. You can use this information to estimate costs
and plan purchases.
For example, the following window schedule indicates the quantities of each type of window in a building.

R
radial Arranged along a radius or arc.
In Revit Architecture, when you create a radial array, the elements in the array are arranged along a curve.

rail A hand rail, or a horizontal bar extending between posts in a railing.

See Railings on page 680.

railing A barrier consisting of horizontal rails supported by posts and balusters.

In Revit Architecture, you can add railings as free-standing components to levels, or attach them to host
elements (such as floors, ramps, or stairs). For more information, see Railings on page 680.

1442 | Glossary
Parts of a railing

ramp A sloped floor or passageway.

For more information, see Ramps on page 676 and Sloped Floors on page 643.

RCP view See reflected ceiling plan view on page 1445.

rebar A steel rod or bar used to reinforce concrete. The following detail of a foundation footing shows the
addition of rebar for structural reinforcement.

reference elevation An elevation tag that refers to an existing elevation or drafting view. When you add a
reference elevation to a project, Revit Architecture does not create a new view for it. Instead, the reference
elevation uses an existing elevation, allowing you to indicate different areas that have identical elevations.
You can place a reference elevation in a plan or callout view.
For more information, see Reference Elevation on page 88.

reference label Text displayed in a callout tag when a reference callout is created in the plan view, or text
displayed in a section head when a reference section is created in the plan view.
See Reference Sections on page 96 and Reference Callouts on page 107.

Glossary | 1443
 Reference callout with callout tag

reference line A line used when designing families of model elements or placing elements in a building
model. When you draw a reference line in a view, the line is visible in other, related views.
A straight reference line provides 2 planes to sketch on. One plane is parallel to the work plane of the line
itself, and the second is perpendicular to that plane. Both planes go through the reference line.
The following image shows a selected reference line (and its reference planes) in multiple views. For more
information, see Reference Lines on page 346 and General Rules for Geometry Creation on page 344.

reference plane A 2-dimensional plane used when designing families of model elements or placing elements
in a building model.
See also reference line on page 1444. For more information, see Reference Planes on page 1046.

reference point A point in the current view that you can use for positioning or dimensioning a model
element. When you move the cursor near a reference point, Revit Architecture displays a temporary dimension
between the element being placed and the reference point. To display different reference points, press TAB.
When you are creating a family and you use a reference plane with the Is Reference property turned on, the
reference plane can be used as a reference point for dimensions. For more information, see Is Reference
Values on page 345.

1444 | Glossary
reference section A section tag that refers to an existing section view. When you create a reference section,
Revit Architecture does not create a new view in the project. Instead, the reference section uses an existing
section, allowing you to indicate different areas that have identical sections.
You can place reference sections in plan, elevation, section, drafting, and callout views. Reference sections
can refer to section views, callouts of section views, and drafting views. For more information, see Reference
Sections on page 96.

referencing view The parent view of a callout or section; that is, the view from which a callout or section
originates.
The referencing sheet is the sheet on which the referencing view displays. The referencing detail corresponds
to the detail number assigned to a callout or section in its view properties. Values for referencing sheet and
referencing detail occur in view properties and sheet properties. You can create labels for these values and
include them in callout tags or section tags to create a cross-referencing documentation system for a Revit
project.
See Referencing a Drafting View on page 1082 and Referencing a Callout View on page 1078.

referring view A view in which the annotation symbol for the current view is visible. For example, if you
use the Find Referring Views command for an elevation view, Revit Architecture lists all views in which its
elevation symbol is visible. See Finding Referring Views on page 205.

reflected ceiling plan view A drawing that shows the ceiling in a building design. Also called an RCP view.
When you add a level to a building model, Revit Architecture automatically creates an RCP view for it. See
Plan Views on page 79 and Ceilings on page 651.
RPC view with ceiling grids

rehost To move a component from one host to another. For example, you can use the Rehost command to
move a window from one wall to another wall.

Glossary | 1445
 For more information, see Rehosting on page 747.

rendering The process of generating a photorealistic illustration of a building design. Rendered images are
often used to present building designs to clients. Revit Architecture renders 3D project views with various
effects, such as lights, plants, decals, and people.
For more information, see Rendering on page 1099.

resize To change the size of a model element. For example, in Revit Architecture you can resize a wall or a
foundation to adjust to changing specifications. See Resizing Elements on page 312.

retaining wall A wall that holds back earth (for example, at the edge of a terrace or excavation).
In Revit Architecture, you can specify that a wall type functions as a retaining wall in the type properties.
See Adding Retaining Walls on page 564.
Building with retaining walls (shown in red)

reveal (1) A decorative cutout in a wall. See Wall Reveals on page 599.

1446 | Glossary
reveal (2) To display in a view. After hiding elements, you can reveal (redisplay) them in a view. See Revealing
and Unhiding Hidden Elements on page 160.

revision A change to a construction document or building design. Revit Architecture provides tools (revision
clouds and revision schedules) that enable you to include revision information on sheets.
For more information, see Revisions on page 1008.

revision cloud A graphic (shaped like a cloud) that indicates changes in a construction document. In Revit
Architecture, you can sketch revision clouds in all views except 3D views. The cloud is visible only in the
view in which it is sketched.
For more information, see Revision Clouds on page 1014.

revision schedule A list of changes made to a building design or construction document. A revision schedule
displays in the title block of a sheet. As you add views with revision clouds to sheets, the revision schedule
updates with information about the corresponding revisions.
For more information, see Revision Schedules on Sheets on page 1018.

Glossary | 1447
 revision table See revision schedule.

Revit Architecture An Autodesk product. Revit Architecture is a building design and documentation system
that uses building information modeling to coordinate changes across all aspects of an architecture project.

Revit MEP An Autodesk product. Revit MEP optimizes mechanical/electrical/plumbing (MEP) systems
engineering through data-driven system sizing and design. It provides a building information modelling
design and documentation solution for MEP engineering.

Revit Structure An Autodesk product. Revit Structure integrates a physical model for layout, coordination,
and documentation with an independently editable analytical model for building design and analysis. Using
a single building information model and dynamic linking to third-party analysis applications, Revit Structure
integrates and coordinates structural design and documentation.

revolve Solid geometry that turns (revolves) around an axis. For example, you can use the Revolve tool to
design a dome roof, a column, or door knobs.
See Creating Solid Revolves on page 380 and Void Revolves on page 392.

RFA The file format for a Revit family. (See family on page 1397.)
See Family Editor Basics on page 341.

riser The vertical face of a step in a set of stairs.

room A defined space in a building, used for a specific purpose and separated from other areas by walls,
partitions, or room separation lines.
For more information, see Rooms on page 913.

room separation line A line that you draw in a view to define areas that are used for different purposes,
when a wall between the rooms is not desired. Room separation lines are visible in plan views, 3D views,
and perspective views.
For example, the following floor plan uses room separation lines to distinguish the entry from the kitchen
and dining areas. For more information, see Room Separation Lines on page 918.

1448 | Glossary
room-bounding elements A model element that defines a boundary of a room. For example, walls, partitions,
floors, ceilings, and roofs are room-bounding elements.
Revit Architecture uses room-bounding elements when calculating the area or volume of a room. You can
designate an element as room-bounding by changing the Room Bounding parameter of its element properties.
For example, you can define columns as room-bounding to omit their mass from room volume calculations.
For more information, see Room-Bounding Elements on page 917.

rough opening The framed hole (opening) in a wall into which a manufactured window or door is installed.
In Revit Architecture, you can specify the height and width of the rough opening for a window type or door
type.

RPC Rich Photorealistic Content. The file type for ArchVision realpeople and other objects, which can be
loaded into Revit Architecture as an entourage component family, for use in rendered images. See Plants
and Entourage on page 1139.

RTE The file type for a Revit project template. See Creating a Custom Project Template on page 437.

rule-based filter A filter with user-defined rules that determines the visibility/graphics settings for model
elements in a particular view. For example, you can create a rule-based filter that displays all fire-rated walls
as solid red in a plan view to distinguish them from non-fire-rated walls in the building.
See Controlling Visibility and Graphic Display of Elements Using Filters on page 156.

run A set of stairs or a ramp of a defined length. In Revit Architecture, you can sketch a run to create a ramp
or set of stairs. See Stairs on page 662 and Ramps on page 676.

RVG The file format for a Revit group prior to Revit Architecture 2008.
In Revit Architecture 2008 and later, you can still load Revit groups (RVG files) into a project or a family.
However, new groups can be saved as RVT or RFA files, not RVG files. See Loading Groups on page 287.

RVT The file format for a Revit project.

S
sash The part of a window that holds the glass panes in place. The sash can be movable or fixed in place. It
usually consists of horizontal and vertical pieces.

Glossary | 1449
 SAT Standard ACIS Text. The file format for ACIS, a solid modeling technology that is supported by many
CAD applications.
Revit Architecture can import and export SAT files. See Importing ACIS Objects on page 1311 and Exporting
to SAT on page 1277.

scale The proportional system used to represent objects in a drawing.

In Revit Architecture, you can assign a different scale to each view. See View Scale on page 194.
Metric view scale

schedule A tabular display of information.

In Revit Architecture, a schedule is extracted from the properties of elements in a project. It is displayed in
a schedule view. Using Revit Architecture, you can create many types of schedules, including quantities,
material takeoffs, annotation schedules, revision schedules, view lists, and drawing lists.
See Schedule Views on page 124.

scope box A user interface mechanism that controls the visibility of datum planes (levels, reference lines,
and grids) in views.
When you add grids, levels, and reference lines to a project, they may display in more views than desired.
For example, when you add grid lines to a plan view, the grid lines display in all plan views of the model.
To limit the appearance of datum planes to certain views, use a scope box.
See Controlling Visibility of Datums Using Scope Boxes on page 1053.

1450 | Glossary
section A representation of a building model as if the model is cut vertically to show interior detail.
See Section Views on page 91.

section box A user interface mechanism that crops the model in a 3D view. Elements in the building model
that are outside the section box do not display in the view or in an exported view.
See Using a Section Box in a 3D View on page 111.

section view See section on page 1451.

select To choose an object in the drawing area.

Many of the controls and tools that you use to modify an element in the drawing area are available only
when an element is selected. In Revit Architecture, a selected element displays in the selection color (red by
default), and controls or handles indicate how the element can be manipulated or modified.
See Selecting Elements on page 269.

selection box A user interface mechanism that you use to select elements within a defined area by dragging
the cursor around them.
To create a selection box, place the cursor near the elements to select, click and hold the left mouse button,
and drag the cursor diagonally across the screen to draw a rectangle around the desired elements. Dragging
from right to left includes elements completely enclosed by the selection box. Dragging from left to right
includes any element that the selection box encloses or touches.

Glossary | 1451
 See Selecting Multiple Elements on page 270.

selection filter A mechanism for determining which elements are selected (for modification or manipulation)
based on their family types or element parameters.
See Selecting Elements Using a Filter on page 271.

separation line See room separation line on page 1448.

setback (1) The distance that a wall sweep or wall reveal is offset from intersecting wall inserts. The setback
value allows you to place sweeps or reveals properly near window or door trims. You can define a default
setback for wall sweeps and wall reveals in their type properties.

setback (2) The legally required distance between the property line and buildings. For example, in the
following site plan, a red dashed line indicates the zoning setback.

setback (3) The distance from the connection point of a primary beam in a join to its edge. This is measured
linearly with a connecting beam's center.
For more information, see Beam Cutback on page 782.

1452 | Glossary
shading A model graphics style in which Revit Architecture shows the image with all surfaces shaded
according to their material color settings and project light locations. A default light source provides
illumination for the shaded elements.
See Shading Model Graphics Style on page 203.

shading with edges A model graphics style in which Revit Architecture shows the image with all surfaces
shaded according to their material color settings and project light locations, and with all non-occluded edges
drawn. A default light source provides illumination for the shaded elements.
See Shading with Edges Model Graphics Style on page 203.

shadow study See solar study on page 1458.

shaft An opening that extends the entire height (or through specified levels) of a building, cutting through
floors, ceilings, and roofs, as appropriate.
For example, the stairwell and elevator shaft in the following section view were created as shafts.
See Cutting Shaft Openings on page 661.

Glossary | 1453
 shape handle A user interface mechanism that you drag to change the shape of an element in the building
model. A shape handle appears in the selection color (red by default).
For more information, see Shape Handles on page 282.

shared coordinates Project coordinates that are used for remembering the mutual positions of multiple
interlinked files. Those interlinked files can be all RVT files, or a combination of RVT, DWG, and DXF files.
See Shared Positioning on page 1230.

shared family A family of model elements that can be used to create subcomponents of a nested family.
When you use shared families to create a nested family, you can select, tag, and schedule the individual
subcomponents in a project. (If subcomponents are not from shared families, Revit Architecture treats an
instance of the nested family as a single item for selecting, tagging, and scheduling.)
See also nested family on page 1428. For more information, see Shared Families on page 410.

shared parameters User-defined fields that you add to families or projects and then share with other families
and projects. They are stored in a file independently of a family file or Revit project; this allows you to access
the file from different families or projects. In addition, shared parameters can be used in tags for model
elements, and they can display in schedules.
Compare with project parameters on page 1440. For more information, see Shared Parameters on page 440.

shear wall A wall composed of braced panels to counter the effects of lateral loads (such as wind and
earthquakes) acting on a structure. See Structural Walls on page 839.

sheet A construction document. Also referred to as a drawing sheet.

1454 | Glossary
In Revit Architecture, you place project views on sheets to create a construction document set. For more
information, see Sheets on page 968.

shortcut menu A menu of context-sensitive commands. A shortcut menu displays when you right-click an
element or view.

silhouette edges The edges of a building design when the model graphics style is Shading with Edges or
Hidden Line.
You can change the line style used for silhouette edges in these modes. See Applying or Removing a Line
Style for a Silhouette Edge on page 205.

sill The horizontal member at the bottom of a door or window frame.

In Revit Architecture, you can specify a default sill height for a window type, or a specific sill height for a
window instance or door instance. The sill height is the measurement from the floor up to the sill.

site The location or defined plot of ground for a building project.

See Working with Site Components on page 891.

site plan The design for the site on which a building is located, including building pads, parking lots,
sidewalks, and landscaping.
See Working with Site Components on page 891.

Glossary | 1455
 sketch (1) To draw a line or shape. Revit Architecture provides several tools and techniques for sketching.
See Sketching on page 251.

sketch (2) A drawing of a 2D shape. The following sketch contains an open loop (the roof) and a closed
loop (the walls, floor, and ceiling).

SKP The file format for projects created using Google® SketchUp, a general purpose modeling and visualization
tool.
You can import SKP files into a Revit project. See Importing SKP Files on page 1309.

slab A section of solid concrete pavement, roof, or floor. Slabs can be used as a combined floor and foundation
system. See Structural Slabs on page 864.

slope An angled surface (such as a roof or ramp), or the angle at which the surface rises.

1456 | Glossary
See Roof Slope on page 615, Sloped Ceilings on page 653, and Ramps on page 676.

slope arrow A user interface mechanism that defines the slope of a roof, floor, or ceiling plane, using a line
in the direction of the slope.
Use a slope arrow when you know the height at the top and bottom of the object’s plane rather than the
slope. For example, slope arrows can be used to adjust a flat roof to satisfy a particular height at a drainage
point. See Roof Slope Arrow on page 616.
Floor plan showing roof sketch with slope
arrows

Roof resulting from the slope arrows

snap (1) To jump to a line or reference point in a drawing.

snap (2) A line or reference point to which Revit Architecture will jump when you are placing a component
or sketching a line.
When you place a model element or sketch a line in a drawing, Revit Architecture displays snap points and
snap lines to assist in aligning elements or lines with existing geometry. Snap points display in the drawing
area as triangles, squares, and diamonds, depending on the snap type. Snap lines display as dashed green
lines in the drawing area.
For example, when you move the cursor over an existing wall to draw a new wall, Revit Architecture displays
a snap line (green dashed line at the center line of the wall) and a snap point (purple triangle at the midpoint
of the wall). Click a snap point or snap line to start drawing the new wall from that location. For more
information, see Snaps on page 493.

soffit The exposed underside of an architectural element.

Glossary | 1457
 On a roof, the soffit is the underside of an overhanging roof eave. See Roof Soffits on page 626.

solar study A photorealistic image of a building model used to evaluate the impact of natural light and
shadows on the buildings and site.
For more information, see Solar Studies on page 1179.

solid geometry A 3-dimensional shape used in a building model.

You can use the Family Editor to create solid geometry shapes to build families of model elements. See Solid
Geometry Tools on page 380.

span direction The orientation of a structural slab.

1458 | Glossary
When you place a slab in the plan view, Revit Architecture creates a span direction component. Rotate the
span direction component to change the orientation of the slab. For more information, see Span Direction
on page 869.

spline A curved line drawn by specifying and positioning a number of points. Revit Architecture uses a
mathematical polynomial function to smoothly join the segments at these points, creating the curved line.
See Best Practices for Sketching a Spline on page 263 and Modifying a Spline on page 743.

split To divide a single object into multiple objects or sections.

In a Revit project, you can split walls, lines, faces, toposurfaces, layers in vertically compound walls, and
schedules using various split tools and commands.

spot coordinate The North/South and East/West coordinates of an individual point with respect to the
shared coordinate system for a group of linked Revit projects.
See Reporting North, South, East, and West Spot Coordinates on page 230.

spot elevation dimension The elevation of a selected point. Use spot elevation dimensions to determine a
point of elevation for ramps, roads, toposurfaces, and stair landings.
For more information, see Spot Dimensions on page 227.

stacked wall A wall that has 2 or more horizontal layers, each consisting of different materials and surfaces.
See Vertically Stacked Walls on page 574.

stair calculator A Revit tool that automates the creation of stairs based on a specified minimum tread depth
and maximum riser height.
For more information, see Stair Calculator on page 667.

stairs A series of steps that allow you to go from one level to another. Also referred to as a staircase.

Glossary | 1459
 start point The beginning of a sketched line. See Sketching on page 251.

status bar Part of the Revit interface that displays information about what is highlighted or selected, or
hints on what to do next. The status bar is located in the lower left corner of the Revit window.
See Using the Revit Interface on page 51 and Status Bar on page 61.

stringer The diagonal support for the treads and risers in a staircase. See stairs on page 1459.

structural column A column that supports a vertical load in addition to its own weight.
Compare with architectural column on page 1371.
For more information, see Structural Columns on page 755.

subcategory For a subcomponent of a family, a property that defines its display (the line weight, line color,
and line pattern). For example, you can assign one subcategory to the wood trim of a window and another
subcategory to the glass.
See Creating a Subcategory on page 395.

subscription Purchased support for Revit Architecture. A subscription provides access to web-based resources,
such as e-learning lessons, extension announcements, and subscription program news. See Subscription
Center on page 14.

1460 | Glossary
substrate Material (such as plywood or gypsum board) that acts as a foundation for another material.

subwall A component wall in a stacked wall. See Vertically Stacked Walls on page 574.

surface pattern The graphic design (fill pattern) used to represent a surface when shown in projection. See
Fill Patterns on page 449.
Surface patterns (left) and cut patterns (right) for a wall

survey Topographical information about a building site, including its location, boundaries, and elevation.
See Property Lines on page 899.

sustainable design The art of planning physical objects so they can be created and maintained in a way
that supports the longevity of natural ecosystems and reserves. It ranges from designing small objects for
everyday use to designing buildings, cities, and the physical surface of the earth.
Revit Architecture provides predefined families of model elements that promote sustainable design, including
water tanks, solar panels, and wind-powered generators. See Loading Families on page 352.

swatch A sample patch of a color or pattern.

When you apply a color scheme to rooms, the floor plan can display a color scheme legend, which indicates
the colors and what they represent. The color scheme legend includes color swatches.

Glossary | 1461
 sweep See wall sweep on page 1470.

symbol A graphic representation of an annotation element or other object. Symbols are sometimes referred
to as tags.
Revit Architecture uses symbols for annotations, moment frames, cantilever connections, and other elements.
For more information, see Symbols on page 1071.
Annotation symbols used in
a set of construction
documents

symbolic line A line that provides information but is not intended to represent actual geometry in an
element. For example, when creating a door family, you might sketch symbolic lines in an elevation view
to represent a door swing. Symbolic lines are visible parallel to the view in which you sketch them.
You can control the visibility of symbolic lines on cut instances. You can also control the visibility of symbolic
lines based on the detail level of the view. See Family Editor Commands on page 377.

system family A Revit family that can be used as a building block for creating families. Revit Architecture
provides system families for floors, walls, ceilings, roofs, drawing sheets, viewports, and other elements. You
cannot delete system families.

T
tag An annotation used to identify elements in a drawing. Tags provide a way to automate the display of
attributes for an element or type. Revit Architecture provides default tags for some types of elements, such

1462 | Glossary
as windows, doors, and rooms. You can change the information displayed in tags, and you can create labels
to add information to tags. You can also control the visibility of tags in each view. For more information,
see Tags on page 1064.
For example, the following floor plan shows a door tag and a room tag.

tangent A line that passes through the same point as a curve, in the same direction as the curve.

tape measure A long, flexible ruler (often made of cloth, plastic, or metal) used for measuring.
In Revit Architecture, you can use the Tape Measure tool to measure between points in a drawing. See
Measuring Elements with the Tape Measure on page 332.

target point The point in the distance at which a camera is aimed or directed. See camera on page 1377.

template A collection of settings that you can use as a starting point for projects, families, views, and more.
See Creating a Custom Project Template on page 437, Family Templates on page 342, and View Templates on
page 498.

temporary dimension A dimension that Revit Architecture displays as you draw or place elements in a
view. Temporary dimensions can help you to position an element in the desired location, or to draw a line
to the desired length or angle. When you finish drawing or placing an element, temporary dimensions no
longer display.
Compare with permanent dimension on page 1434. See also listening dimensions on page 1417. For more
information, see Temporary Dimensions on page 213.
The following image shows temporary dimensions that display as you place a window in a wall.

Glossary | 1463
 tessellation A technique used to manage datasets of polygons and divide them into suitable structures for
rendering. Data is often tessellated into triangles, which is sometimes referred to as triangulation.
When CAD or design software applications export 3D geometry to a file for use in Revit Architecture, they
may use tessellation to approximate a curved surface.

text note An annotation that consists of text and may include a leader line and arrow. You can add text
notes to a detail view, drafting view, or a sheet.
For more information, see Text Notes on page 1027.

tick mark The graphic shape used to represent the end of a dimension, such as an arrow or a slash.
See Changing the Dimension Line Tick Mark on page 236.
A floor plan that uses 2 types of tick marks

title block A template for a sheet. A title block generally includes information about the company, address,
date of the project, and revisions.
For more information, see Title Blocks on page 984.

1464 | Glossary
toolbar A panel of buttons that provides quick access to frequently used functions. The Revit toolbars display
at the top of the Revit window, beneath the menu bar.
For more information, see Toolbars on page 53.
Revit standard toolbar

topographical surface See toposurface.

toposurface Topographical surface. A graphic representation of the terrain of a building site or plot. The
toposurface may include contour lines to represent elevations.
For more information, see Toposurfaces on page 893.

tread The horizontal surface of a step in a set of stairs.

triangulation The process of dividing a shape into triangles to determine its area (as for a room) or to
approximate a curved surface (as for a 3D shape). See also tessellation on page 1464.
For more information, see Creating Room/Area Reports on page 1290 and Toposurfaces on page 893.

trim To shorten selected elements to meet a specified boundary. See Trimming and Extending Elements on
page 316.

True North The direction toward the North Pole.

Drafting conventions dictate that Project North is the top of the view in Revit Architecture. You may want
to orient a view to True North when producing solar studies (to create accurate sunlight and shadow patterns

Glossary | 1465
 for the project), or when linking projects that need to share coordinates. See Orienting Views to True North
on page 1180.

type A subdivision within a family of elements.

For example, the family of Concrete Round Columns is further divided into types such as Concrete Round
18”, Concrete Round 24”, and Concrete Round 30”.
See category on page 1378 for examples of the hierarchy of categories, families, and types of model elements
and annotation elements. For more information, see Building with Elements on page 73 and Creating Your
Own Components (Families) on page 341.

type catalog A list of model elements that belong to a particular family type but that differ in size or other
characteristics. Using type catalogs, you can load only the size you need, rather than loading the entire
family type.
For example, suppose that you want to load detail components for wood framing to use in detail views.
Rather than load the entire Nominal Cut Lumber-Section family, which includes 32 sizes of cut lumber, you
can select the specific sizes that you need.
By using the type catalog to load selected items from a family type, you can reduce project size and limit
the number of items listed in the Type Selector for that family, which, in turn, improves productivity. See
Using Type Catalogs on page 376.
Type catalog for a lumber family

type parameters Settings that control the appearance or behavior of all elements of a particular family type.
Type parameters are also called type properties.
The instance parameters and type parameters of an element combine to establish its element properties.
For more information, see Instance Properties and Type Properties on page 76.

type properties See type parameters.

Type Selector A list on the Options Bar from which you can select a family type for the element being added
or modified.
For more information, see Type Selector on page 61.
Type Selector when adding a wall

U
underlay A project view or imported file that you use to help position elements in the current view.
For example, when you use a section view as an underlay to a detail view, model elements in the detail view
display in half-tone. This allows you to see the difference between the model geometry (from the section
view) and added detail components.

1466 | Glossary
To use a view as the underlay for the current view, set the Underlay parameter in its view properties. See
View Properties on page 210.

Uniformat assembly code A standard classification of building elements and related site work.
During the design phase of a building project, Uniformat assembly codes can be used to define performance
specifications and technical requirements, and to generate cost estimates for the project.
For more information, see Uniformat Assembly Codes on page 754.

unit The basic quantity or amount used as a standard for measuring.

When you install Revit Architecture, you specify whether you want to use imperial units (feet and inches)
or metric units (meters and centimeters). You can also change the type of units used in a project. See Project
Units on page 492 and Creating Custom Dimension Units on page 226.

V
vertex (1) For a 2-dimensional polygon, an intersection of 2 sides.

vertex (2) For a 3-dimensional shape, an intersection of 3 sides. When you blend 2D shapes to create a 3D
shape, you can use vertex connections to control the rate at which one shape is blended to another shape.
See Editing Vertex Connections on page 385.

view See project view on page 1440.

View Control Bar A panel of buttons providing quick access to functions that control the current view. Use
the View Control Bar to change the scale, detail level, model graphics style, shadowing, crop views, and
display of elements or categories in the view.
The View Control Bar is located at the bottom of the Revit drawing area. For more information, see View
Control Bar on page 62.

view depth A horizontal plane that helps to define the view range in a floor plan or reflected ceiling plan.
By default, the view depth is the same as the bottom clip plane. However, you can specify the view depth
to show elements (such as foundation footings) below the bottom clip plane.
You define the view depth in the view range properties, which are accessible from the view properties. See
View Range on page 198.

view list A schedule (list) of all views in a project. The schedule includes the view parameters that you
specify. You can use a view list to manage the views in a project.
For more information, see Using View Lists on page 208.

view properties Settings that control the appearance or behavior of a project view.

Glossary | 1467
 To see or change view properties, right-click a blank area of the view in the drawing area, and click View
Properties. Or right-click a view name in the Project Browser, and click Properties. For more information,
see View Properties on page 210.

view range A set of horizontal planes that control the visibility and display of objects in a view. The horizontal
planes are Top Clip Plane, Cut Plane, Bottom Clip Plane, and View Depth. Elements outside the view range
do not display in the view.
For more information, see View Range on page 198.

view reference A symbol indicating a dependent view to which the primary view is linked. See Duplicate
Dependent Views on page 144 and Navigating Primary and Dependent Views on page 148.

view scale See scale on page 1450.

view template A collection of view properties (such as view scale, discipline, detail level, and visibility
settings) that can be applied to a project view.
For example, you might create one view template for a structural floor plan, and another view template for
an exit floor plan. You can then apply these templates to different floor plans to display information in each
plan according to its purpose. See View Templates on page 498.

view-specific The characteristic of being visible in one project view only.

viewport A user interface mechanism that allows you to manipulate and activate a view that has been placed
on a sheet. When you activate a view through a viewport, you can edit the model directly on the sheet.
For more information, see Sheets on page 968 and Viewports on page 995.

VIZ An Autodesk product. VIZ is a 3D modeling, rendering, and presentation software application that
provides state-of-the-art image creation technologies for communicating and sharing design intent.
Revit Architecture can export 3D models for use in VIZ. See Exporting to 3ds Max on page 1297.

void geometry A 3-dimensional shape that results from removing shapes from solid geometry.
See Void Geometry Tools on page 390.

volumetric geometry A 3-dimensional shape that has measurable volume.

Non-volumetric geometry refers to a 2-dimensional shape.

W
walkthrough A representation of a building model that simulates a person walking through the model
along a defined path.
The following walkthrough view shows the walkthrough path in red. See Walkthrough Views on page 116.

1468 | Glossary
wall join An intersection of 2 or more walls.
In Revit Architecture, you can specify the type of join between walls. For more information, see Wall Joins
on page 580.

wall reveal A decorative cutout in a wall.

For more information, see Wall Reveals on page 599.

Glossary | 1469
 wall sweep A horizontal or vertical projection from a wall, often decorative in nature. Examples of wall
sweeps include baseboards and crown molding.
For more information, see Wall Sweeps on page 593.

web library A collection of predefined project resources that are available on the Internet.
For example, you can access web libraries of templates, detail components, entourage, and families of model
elements and annotation elements. See Opening Files from the Web Library on page 68.

wireframe A model graphics style in which Revit Architecture displays the image of the model with all edges
and lines drawn, but no surfaces.
See Wireframe Model Graphics Style on page 201.

witness line An annotation that indicates the distance between 2 points or elements in a building model.
In Revit Architecture, you can change the points or elements that are used as references for a witness line.
You can also control the gap between the witness line and the element being measured. See Dimension
Witness Lines on page 233.

1470 | Glossary
work plane A planar surface on which you can add sketch lines or other components.
Each view in Revit Architecture is associated with a work plane. In some views (such as plan, 3D, and drafting)
and for views in the Family Editor, the work plane is automatically defined. In other views, such as elevation
and section views, you need to define the plane. The work plane is necessary for sketching operations (such
as creating an extruded roof) and for using tools in particular views (such as Rotate and Mirror in a 3D view).
For more information, see Sketching and Work Planes on page 265.

workset A collection of elements in a workshared project that can be worked on independently. A workset
is typically a discrete functional area, such as interior, exterior, or site. When you enable worksharing, you
can divide a project into worksets, with different team members responsible for each workset.
For more information, see Setting Up Worksets on page 1191.

worksharing A design method in which different team members are responsible for designing different
functional areas of the same project file.
See Working in a Team on page 1189.

X
xref See external reference on page 1396.

Z
z-direction The direction of the third axis (the z-axis) in a 3-dimensional coordinate system.

zoning envelope A set of legal constraints on a building project that defines the volume within which the
building must be contained. These constraints include the maximum height of the building, the percentage
of the lot that the building can cover, and rear and side setbacks.

zoom To change the magnification of a view.

Glossary | 1471
 In a 3D context, primarily when zooming using the 3D SteeringWheels, zoom dollies the camera in and
out. In a 2D context, using zoom from the toolbar, mouse wheel, or the 2D SteeringWheels, zoom moves
up and down perpendicular to the view.
■ To zoom in is to increase the magnification, making the building appear larger.

■ To zoom out is to decrease the magnification, making the building appear smaller.

Zoom commands are available on the View menu, 2d and 3D SteeringWheels, and the View toolbar, shown
below. See Zooming Project Views on page 193.

1472 | Glossary
Glossary

This glossary defines terms that are used in the documentation to describe features and functions that are
unique to Revit Architecture® or that are used in the design industries.

Glossary Terms
Symbols and Numbers
2D view A 2-dimensional (2D) representation of a building model displayed in the Revit interface. For
example, floor plans and elevations are 2D views.
Compare with 3D view on page 1369. See Project Views on page 79.

3D model A 3-dimensional (3D) representation of a building or other design.

See also building information modelling (BIM) on page 1376.

3D view A 3-dimensional (3D) representation of a building model displayed in the Revit interface.
Compare with 2D view on page 1369. For more information, see 3D Views on page 109.

Glossary | 1473
 3ds Max An Autodesk product. 3ds Max is professional 3D animation software that provides animation,
modelling, and workflow functionality for the most complex problems in design visualization and visual
effects.
Revit Architecture can export 3D models for use in 3ds Max. See Exporting to 3ds Max on page 1297.

ACIS A solid modeling technology. An ACIS object is a geometric shape that is defined using this technology.
For example, ACIS represents a cube as a single object (or shape) with 6 sides. Compare with polymesh on
page 1439.

Revit Architecture can import ACIS objects contained in DWG, DXF, and SAT files. See Importing ACIS
Objects on page 1311.
Revit Architecture can export 3D shapes as ACIS solids. See Solids (3D Views Only) on page 1282.

annotation A 2D, view-specific element that you use to document a building or design. For example, symbols,
tags, keynotes, and dimensions are annotations (also referred to as annotation elements). Annotation
elements are always displayed at the same paper size regardless of view scale.
Compare with model element on page 1424 and datum on page 1387. For more information, see Annotating
and Detailing on page 1027.

1474 | Glossary
annotation schedule See note block on page 1429.

architectural column A column that adds architectural interest to a building. You can use architectural
columns to model box-outs around structural columns and for decorative applications.
Compare with structural column on page 1460.
For more information, see Architectural Columns on page 691.

area Usable space that is defined by walls or boundary lines or both. In Revit Architecture, you can perform
an area analysis to define spatial relationships in a building model. See Area Analysis on page 945.

Glossary | 1475
 area scheme A set of spatial relationships in a building. For example, in an office building, you may want
to distinguish between common space (such as lobbies, hallways, rest rooms, and kitchens), office space,
and storage. In an apartment building, you may want to indicate rentable space and non-rentable space.
After creating an area scheme, you can assign area types to individual areas in an area plan. For more
information, see Area Schemes on page 945.

array An arrangement of elements in a building model. For example, in a large office, you can create an
array of desks and chairs. In a structural design, you can create an array of beams or columns.
You can create a linear array, in which the elements are distributed evenly along a line, or a radial array, in
which the elements are distributed evenly along an arc or a circle. See Creating an Array on page 295.
Linear array of columns

1476 | Glossary
Radial array of columns

assembly code See Uniformat assembly code on page 1467.

attach To explicitly join elements (such as walls or columns) to other modeling components.
For example, you can attach walls to floors, ceilings, and roofs. (See Attaching Walls to Other Components
on page 579.) You can attach columns to roofs, floors, ceilings, reference planes, structural framing members,
and other reference levels. (See Attaching Columns on page 692.)
The following image shows a floor attached to the structural layer of a wall.

attached detail group A group of view-specific elements that are associated with a model group. For example,
an attached detail group may be comprised of door tags and window tags. See Editing Elements in Groups
on page 284.

AutoCAD An Autodesk product. AutoCAD enables you to create, visualize, document, and share your ideas,
from conceptual design through drafting and detailing. You can import AutoCAD files for use in Revit
projects, and you can export Revit files for use in AutoCAD projects.

AVI A stand-alone video file that contains an animation.

Glossary | 1477
 Revit Architecture can export solar studies and walkthroughs to AVI files. See Exporting a Solar Study on
page 1185 and Exporting a Walkthrough on page 120.

baluster One of the small posts that make up a railing (for example, for a set of stairs).

beam A horizontal load-bearing element of a structure. Beams are often made of steel, wood, or concrete.
For more information, see Beams on page 768.

bearing wall A wall that supports a vertical load in addition to its own weight.
Compare with non-bearing wall on page 1429. For more information, see Structural Walls on page 839.

BIM See building information modelling (BIM) on page 1376.

blend A combination (blending) of 2 shapes to create a 3D shape. You can create blends using solid geometry
and void geometry.
For example, the 2D shapes below are blended to create the solid extrusion that follows. See Creating Solid
Blends on page 383 and Void Blends on page 391.

1478 | Glossary
brace A diagonal structural element that is connected to beams and columns to help support the building.
For more information, see Braces on page 827.

break control A Revit symbol that you can use to break a section line, break a schedule into multiple sections,
or break a crop region into sections.
In the following elevation view, the blue Z-shaped break controls allow you to break the crop region into
sections.

break line The Z-shaped line used in a drafting view or detail view to obscure parts of the drawing, to focus
the drawing on a particular area. The following drafting view uses break lines above and below the section
to obscure less intricate parts of the door assembly.

Glossary | 1479
 bubble A shape (such as a circle or cloud) that contains identification text for a grid, level, view title, callout,
or annotation.

building information modelling (BIM) A design methodology that maintains a single database of
information about a building design. All information for a building design, from geometry to construction
data, is stored in a project file. This information includes components used to design the model, views of
the project, drawings of the design, and related documentation.
In a Revit project, every drawing sheet, 2D and 3D view, and schedule is a representation of information
from the same underlying building model database. For more information, see What Is a Project? on page
73

Building Maker A conceptual design and modeling environment that takes any overall building form
described conceptually, and maps it to building elements, such as roofs, curtain walls, floors, and walls.
See Massing Studies and Building Maker on page 518.

building model A design created using building information modeling.

building pad A flat surface that is designed to be occupied by buildings and is prepared by grading, excavating,
filling, or a combination of these.
In Revit Architecture, you can add a building pad to a toposurface, and then modify the structure and depth
of the pad. For more information, see Building Pads on page 902.

1480 | Glossary
Buzzsaw An Autodesk product that is an online collaboration service. Using Buzzsaw, you can store, manage,
and share project documents from any Internet connection, thus enhancing team productivity and reducing
costs.
In Revit Architecture, you can use the Publish to Buzzsaw tools to export sheets and views to DWG or DWF
files, and upload these to a Buzzsaw project site in one step. See Publishing to Buzzsaw on page 1304.

CAD See computer-aided design (CAD) on page 1383.

callout A detailed drawing of part of a view. In Revit Architecture, the callout appears in a separate view.
In the callout, you can add annotations and detail, which will not display in the parent view. In the parent
view, the callout area is marked with a callout tag.
The following views show a callout tag in a section view, and the detail view for the callout. For more
information, see Callout Views on page 98.

camera A visualization tool that you use to create a 3D view of a building model. When you place a camera
in a 2D view, you can control the target point, the camera level, and the focal point of the camera.
The following views show a camera positioned in a floor plan view, and the resulting 3D view. See Modifying
the Camera Position in a Perspective 3D View on page 113.

Glossary | 1481
 cantilever Part of an element that extends beyond its vertical support. For example, cantilevered beams
may extend beyond the structural columns that support them, as shown.
See Cantilevers on page 867.

canvas See drawing area on page 1392.

casework Pre-built components, such as cabinets and cupboards for a kitchen or bathroom. Revit Architecture
provides family types for casework.

category A group of elements that you use to model or document a building design. For example, categories
of model elements include walls, windows, columns, and beams. Categories of annotation elements include
dimensions, tags, and text notes.
Categories are organized into families of elements with similar purposes and characteristics. Families are
further organized into types, as shown.

ceiling plan A drawing that shows the design of a ceiling.

For more information, see Ceilings on page 651.

centerline A line that indicates the middle of a dimension or model element (such as a column or a wall).

1482 | Glossary
In Revit Architecture, you can use an element’s centerline to measure, dimension, align, resize, specify
constraints, and perform other functions in a building model.
Measuring from the centerlines of walls

central file A master project file for a model on which multiple team members are working. The model can
be subdivided into functional areas (worksets), such as interior, exterior, and site. The central file stores the
current ownership information for all elements in the project, and acts as the distribution point for publishing
work to the rest of the team. All users work in local copies of the file and periodically save changes to the
central file so that other users can see their work.
For more information, see Working in a Team on page 1189.

chain A linked set of lines or walls. When drawing walls or lines in a building model, you can simplify the
process by drawing a chain. You can also select a chain of lines or walls to manipulate them simultaneously.

clean To resolve joins between 2 or more host elements that share a common face, such as walls and floors.
When a view shows a coarse level of detail, Revit Architecture removes visible lines between the elements.
When a view shows a fine level of detail, Revit Architecture shows precisely how the layers of compound
walls or other structures join together. The cleaned join applies only to the current view.
See Wall Joins on page 580 and Joining Geometry on page 334.
Before joining the roof and the soffit

Glossary | 1483
 After joining the roof and the soffit

clip plane A vertical or horizontal plane that defines a boundary for a view. You can use top, bottom, left,
and right clip planes to define a view. In elevation and section views, you can also use a far clip plane to
define the depth of the view.
See View Range on page 198.
Green dotted lines define the clip
planes for an elevation view

closed loop A sketched line that connects to itself, creating a 2-dimensional shape. A closed loop cannot
contain coincident or intersecting segments.
In Revit Architecture, you sketch closed loops to create floors, ceilings, plan regions, openings in walls and
roofs, solid extrusions, and other parts of a building design. In the following sketch, a closed loop defines
the walls, ceiling, and floor. An open loop defines the roof. See Sketching on page 251.

1484 | Glossary
collinear Passing through or lying on the same straight line.
Sketching a line that is collinear with an existing
wall

color scheme A set of colors and fill patterns used to graphically designate rooms or areas in a floor plan.
You can apply color schemes based on any parameter value for a room or area. For example, if you want to
color rooms by department, set the Department parameter for each room to the desired value, and create a
color scheme based on the values of the Department parameter. You can then add a color scheme legend
to identify the department that each color represents.
For more information, see Color Schemes on page 956.

column A vertical element in a building. Architectural columns add visual interest to a design. (See
Architectural Columns on page 691.) Structural columns are vertical load-bearing elements in a structure.
See Structural Columns on page 755.

Glossary | 1485
 Communication Center A tool that provides quick access to Autodesk resources, including updates,
subscription information, articles and tips, and product support information.

To access Communication Center, click in the lower right corner of the Revit window. For more
information, see Communication Center on page 62.

component A building element that is usually delivered and installed on site, rather than built in place.
(Also referred to as a hosted component.)
For example, windows, doors, and furniture are components. In contrast, walls, floors, and roofs are built
in place; these are called hosts or host elements. See Hosted Components on page 731.

compound wall A wall that consists of multiple vertical layers. Each layer can use a different material (such
as concrete, insulation, and interior finish) and have a different function (such as structure, thermal layer,
and substrate). See Vertically Compound Walls on page 567.

1486 | Glossary
computer-aided design (CAD) The use of computer-based tools that assist engineers, architects, and other
design professionals in their design work.

constraint A parameter that defines a relationship between elements in a building design. For example, you
can specify the top constraint for a wall as Level 2. If Level 2 moves upward, the height of the wall increases
to maintain the relationship.
For more information, see Constraints on page 247.

construction document A document that communicates a building design to builders and contractors, so
they can create the building.
Revit Architecture generates construction documents using the information about the building model stored
in the project file, along with user-added annotation, detailing, and layout information. For more information,
see Preparing Construction Documents on page 967.

Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) An association that provides technical information, standards,
continuing education, and other services to architects, engineers, contractors, and other building professionals.
For more information, go to http://www.csiet.org.

context menu See shortcut menu on page 1455.

contour line An imaginary line that connects points of equal elevation to describe the topography of a
building site.

Glossary | 1487
 See Working with Site Components on page 891.

control A graphical icon in the Revit drawing area that you use to manipulate elements. For example, when
you select a chain of walls, blue circles display. These blue circles are drag controls. You can drag such a
control to change the shape of the walls.

Other controls allows you to flip, lock, rotate, view, and change the shape or size of elements. See Controls
and Shape Handles on page 279.

coping (1) In structural design, the process of cutting a piece of steel from a beam to fit it to a column.
Beam before coping is applied (left) and after coping
is applied (right)

coping (2) In architectural design, a finishing or protective cap for an exterior wall.

1488 | Glossary
core The structural part of a compound wall or other host element. When you use Revit Architecture to
design a compound wall, you specify the layers and materials that compose the core of the wall, as well as
the interior and exterior layers of the wall.
In the following illustration, the core is outlined in green in the wall preview. The layer list is where you
define and change the layers in and around the core.

When aligning or dimensioning the wall, you can choose to measure from the center of the core or from
the interior face or exterior face of the core. See Vertically Compound Walls on page 567 and Dimensioning
to Core in Compound Structures on page 226.

crop To limit the boundaries of a view, omitting parts of the building model from the view.
See also crop region.

crop region A user interface mechanism that defines the boundaries of a view. Elements in the building
model that are outside the crop region do not display in the view or on a sheet on which the view is placed.
In the following floor plan view, the inner, solid red line indicates the model crop region. The outer, dashed
red line indicates the annotation crop region. For more information, see Crop Regions on page 163.

Glossary | 1489
 CSI See Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) on page 1383.

curtain system A building component consisting of panels, curtain grids, and mullions. A curtain system
usually does not have a rectangular shape. (Compare with curtain wall on page 1386).
For more information, see Curtain Systems on page 716.

curtain wall An exterior wall consisting of panels connected by joints or mullions. The panels can be made
of glass, brick, or other materials.
See Curtain Walls, Curtain Grids, and Mullions on page 700.

cut line style A graphic style applied to an element when a view (such as a section view) cuts through the
element, so that you are seeing a representation of its interior surface. (Compare with projection line style
on page 1440.)
For the cut line style of an element, you can specify the line weight, color, and pattern. See Modifying Object
Styles on page 484 and Override Cut Line Styles on page 163.

cut plane A horizontal height at which certain elements in the view are shown in cross-section.

1490 | Glossary
cut volume The amount of material that must be excavated and removed from a site to prepare it for
construction. For example, in the following drawing, the red area indicates the cut volume, and the blue
area indicates the fill volume required to level the site for a building. See Reporting Cut and Fill Volumes
on a Site on page 901.

cutback The calculated adjustment in beam geometry that ensures beam ends meet without overlaying one
another at a join. This is the visible gap seen in a steel beam connection within the Revit project.
See Beam Cutback on page 782.

datum A non-physical item that is used to establish project context. Also called a datum element. Datum
elements include levels, grids, and reference planes.
For example, the following image shows a grid, which is used for the placement of columns and other model
elements. The grid is not a part of the building (such as a wall or a roof) but is used in a view to help design
the building.
Compare with annotation on page 1370 and model element on page 1424. For more information, see Annotating
and Detailing on page 1027.

Glossary | 1491
 datum extent The size of a datum plane (a plane for a level, grid, or reference line). Datum planes are not
visible in all views. If the datum does not intersect a view plane, it will not be visible in that view. You can
resize datum planes so that they are visible only in certain views.
For more information, see Datum Extents and Visibility on page 1048.

decal An image to display on a face of a model element. For example, you can use decals for signs, paintings,
and billboards. In project views, a placeholder indicates the location of a decal. The full decal displays in a
rendered image. The following rendered image shows a decal on the television.
For more information, see Decals on page 1152.

dependent view A copy of a view. Use dependent views when a view of the building model is too large to
display on a single sheet, and you need to divide the model into smaller segments that fit on the sheets.
The dependent view remains synchronous with the primary view and other dependent views. When
view-specific changes (such as view scale and annotations) are made in one view, they are reflected in all
views.
For more information, see Duplicate Dependent Views on page 144.

Design Bar A part of the Revit user interface that contains tools for designing a building model. The Design
Bar appears in the left pane of the Revit window. Click a tab (such as Drafting or Modelling) to see tools for
that design function. Right-click the Design Bar to see a complete list of available tabs, and to show or hide
tabs.
For more information, see Design Bar on page 54.

design option An alternative design for a project. Design options allow a team to develop, evaluate, and
redesign building components within a single project file. You can develop design options to adapt to
changes in product scope, to review other designs, or to show alternatives to a client.
For more information, see Design Options on page 1237.

detail component A 2D element that you can add to a detail view or a drafting view. For example, you may
want to add a metal stud or a shim to a drafting view. Revit Architecture provides over 500 detail component
families, based on 16 CSI divisions. You can also create your own detail components.
See Inserting a Detail Component on page 1083.

1492 | Glossary
detail group A group of view-specific elements, such as text and filled regions. See Editing Elements in
Groups on page 284.

detail level A Revit setting that determines the amount of geometry displayed in a view. Detail level settings
include coarse, medium, and fine, where coarse shows the least detail and fine shows the most detail.
The following image illustrates the 3 detail levels for a desk. For more information, see Detail Level on page
503.

Glossary | 1493
 detail line A line that is used to create a detail drawing. A detail line is visible only in the view in which it
is drawn. (Compare with model line on page 1425.)
You can use detail lines as follows:
■ To detail a view with part of the model visible, such as in a wall section or callout

■ In a drafting view to draw lines with no reference to the model

■ To trace underlay elements

In the following drawing, the arc is a detail line drawn in a drafting view that shows details of the roller
assembly for a sliding door. For more information, see Detail Lines on page 1094.

detail view A view of a model that displays as a callout or section in other views. This type of view typically
represents the model in finer detail than shown in the parent view. It is used to add more information to
specific parts of the model.
A detail view reflects geometry of the building model. If a related part of the building model changes, the
detail view updates to reflect the change. (Compare with drafting view on page 1392.)
For more information, see Detail Views on page 1075.

detailing The process of adding information about parts of a building model. Details show how materials
interconnect, providing information to the builders on how a design should be constructed.
For more information, see Detailing on page 1074.

1494 | Glossary
Roof overhang detail

DGN A file format supported by MicroStation of Bentley Systems, Inc. Revit Architecture can import and
export DGN files. For more information, see Interoperability on page 1273.

dimension A view-specific element that shows the size of an element or shows distances between elements
or points in a building model.
As you place an element, Revit Architecture displays temporary dimensions so that you can place the element
accurately. You can create permanent dimensions and lock them to specify and maintain a particular size
or distance.
For more information, see Dimensions on page 213.

discipline A functional area (such as structural, mechanical, electrical, or architectural), or an area of expertise
(such as architecture, structural engineering, or construction).
In a Revit project, you can assign disciplines to categories and to views. You can then control the visibility
or graphic display of elements in a view based on assigned disciplines. For more information, see Specifying
Element Category Visibility on page 154.
You can also specify project units by discipline and organize the Project Browser by discipline.

display mode See model graphics style on page 1424.

dormer A gabled extension that is built out of a sloped roof to hold a window.
For more information, see Dormers on page 619.

Glossary | 1495
 drafting pattern A symbolic representation of a material in a drawing. (For example, sand is represented
by a stipple pattern.) You can place drafting patterns on flat and cylindrical surfaces, and you can define
them for families. You can also place drafting patterns on cut component surfaces in plan views and section
views.
The following image shows a cross-section of a window in a wall, with different drafting patterns for interior
and exterior layers of the wall. For more information, see Fill Patterns on page 449.

drafting view A project view that shows details not directly associated with the building model. For example,
a drafting view can show how carpet transitions to tile, or details of a roof drain. A drafting view typically
shows construction details that may not be apparent in other views.
A drafting view is saved with the project in which it is created, and it can be included on a sheet. However,
a drafting view does not reflect the actual building model, and it does not update when the model changes.
(Compare with detail view on page 1390.)
The following image shows a drafting view created using the 2D detailing tools in Revit Architecture. (It is
not a 3D view.) For more information, see Drafting Views on page 1079.

drag control A graphical icon in the Revit drawing area that you drag to change the shape or size of an
element in the building model. When you select an element, Revit Architecture displays its drag controls
as blue circles or triangles.
For more information, see Drag Controls on page 279.

draw order The order in which elements display in a view, as if layered on a flat surface. You can move an
element backward or forward in the draw order, or bring it to the front or back of a stack of elements. See
Sorting the Draw Order of Detail Components on page 1096.

drawing area The part of the Revit user interface that displays views, sheets, schedules, and other
representations of the building model. See Using the Revit Interface on page 51.

1496 | Glossary
drawing list A schedule (list) of all drawing sheets in a project. The drawing list functions as a table of
contents for the project. It is typically placed on the first sheet of a construction document set.
For more information, see Drawing Lists on page 1005.

drawing sheet See sheet on page 1454.

DWF Design Web Format, the Autodesk file format for publishing design data. It offers an alternative to
publishing to PDF (Portable Document Format).
DWF files are significantly smaller than the original RVT files, making them easy to send by email or to post
to a web site. Recipients can view DWF files using Autodesk DWF Viewer. See Publishing 2D or 3D DWF on
page 1300.

DWF markups A construction document that has been reviewed and revised or commented on (marked
up). Typically, the reviewer is the project designer, a client, or another building professional.
When you publish construction documents as DWF files, the files can be marked up electronically using a
program such as Autodesk Design Review. You can link the markups back into Revit Architecture to see the
desired changes. See Linking DWF Markup Files on page 1321.

DWG A drawing file format supported by AutoCAD and other CAD applications. Revit Architecture can
import and export DWG files. See Interoperability on page 1273.

DXF Drawing Exchange Format. An open file format that is supported by many CAD applications. A DXF
file is a text file that describes a 2D drawing. The text is not encoded or compressed, so DXF files are generally
large.
Revit Architecture can import and export DXF files. See Interoperability on page 1273.

eave The lower edge of a roof that overhangs an exterior wall.

The following drawing shows the eave of the roof in green. For more information, see Eaves on page 617.

element An individual item in a building model.

Revit Architecture projects use 3 types of elements:
■ Model elements represent the actual 3D geometry of a building. For example, walls, floors, and roofs are
model elements.

Glossary | 1497
 ■ Annotation elements help to document the model. For example, dimensions, text notes, and section
tags are annotation elements.

■ Datum elements are non-physical items that are used to establish project context. For example, levels,
grids, and reference planes are datum elements.

The following drawing includes model elements (walls, doors, planters), annotation elements (dimensions,
text notes), and datum elements (grid lines). For more information, see Building with Elements on page 73.

element borrowing A Revit function for workshared projects. Element borrowing allows you to edit an
element in a workset that you do not own. If another team member is currently editing the workset, that
team member is the owner of the workset and you must place a request to borrow the element. If no one
owns the workset, permission to borrow is automatically granted.
See Borrowing Elements on page 1198.

element properties Parameters or settings that control the appearance or behavior of elements in a project.
Element properties are the combination of instance parameters and type parameters.
To view or change element properties, select the element in the drawing area, and on the Options Bar, click

(Element Properties). For more information, see Element Properties Dialog on page 75.

elevation An orthographic view of a vertical part of a building model. Typically, an elevation provides a
side view of a building. Also called an elevation view.
For more information, see Elevation Views on page 85.

embedded wall A wall that is inserted into another wall of a different type or construction. Embedded walls
are useful, for example, when you need to create a storefront on a building exterior.
The following image shows a curtain wall embedded in a host wall. For more information, see Embedded
Walls on page 566.

1498 | Glossary
end cap An end of a wall that does not join to another wall. The unjoined end of the wall is exposed.
You can specify whether compound wall layers wrap at end caps. For example, the following image shows
a cross-section of a compound wall that uses interior wrapping at the end caps. See Layer Wrapping on page
751.

endpoint The end of a sketched line. See Sketching on page 251.

entourage An architectural term that refers to the landscaping and other environmental features shown in
a rendering of a building. For example, entourage can include plants, trees, people, cars, and signs.
Revit Architecture provides a library of entourage families, and you can create or load additional entourage
into a project. For more information, see Plants and Entourage on page 1139 and Decals on page 1152 .

explode To disassemble an import symbol (which represents imported geometry) into its next highest level
of elements. See Exploding Imported Geometry on page 1322.

Glossary | 1499
 export To convert information from a Revit project to another format, for use with another software
application. For more information, see Export on page 1273.

extend To lengthen selected elements to meet a specified boundary. See Trimming and Extending Elements
on page 316.

exterior The outside of a building, or the outside face of a surface.

external reference An AutoCAD mechanism that allows the architect to reference other drawing files in an
AutoCAD-based project. Also referred to as an xref.
See Implications of Importing vs. Linking for Xrefs on page 1307 and Exploding Imported Geometry on page
1322.

extrusion A method of defining 3D geometry for a building model.

You begin a solid extrusion by sketching 2D shapes on a plane. Revit Architecture then extrudes the sketch
between a start point and an endpoint. See Creating Solid Extrusions on page 386.
You can also create a void extrusion by cutting a shape out of a 3D solid. See Void Extrusions on page 390.

face A surface of a model element or mass.

You can apply paint, materials, and textures to each face of a model element (such as a wall). These details
display when you render an image of the building model. See Applying a Material to an Element on page
338.
You can use mass faces as the basis for creating walls, roofs, curtain systems, and floors in a building model.
The following image shows a mass face that is being used to create a wall. See Creating Building Elements
from Mass Instances on page 543.

1500 | Glossary
family A class of elements in a category. A family groups elements with a common set of parameters
(properties), identical use, and similar graphical representation.
Different elements in a family may have different values for some or all properties, but the set of properties
(their names and meaning) is the same. For example, a family of concrete round columns contains columns
that are all concrete and round, but of different sizes. Each column size is a type within the Concrete Round
Column family.
See category on page 1378 for examples of the hierarchy of categories, families, and types of model elements
and annotation elements. For more information, see Building with Elements on page 73 and Creating Your
Own Components (Families) on page 341.

family type Also referred to as simply a type. See family on page 1397 and type on page 1466.

far clip plane The clip plane that is at the side of the view farthest from the start point of an elevation view,
a section view, a 3D view, or a walkthrough view.
In the following floor plan, the green dotted line opposite the blue line represents the far clip plane for an
elevation. See Changing the Clip Plane in an Elevation View on page 87.

fascia A board (or other covering) used to conceal the exposed ends of roof rafters. The fascia can be plain
or decorative, as in the following illustration (shown in red). For more information, see Fascia on page 622.

Glossary | 1501
 fenestration The stylistic arrangement of windows on the face of a building.

fill pattern A graphic design for surfaces that are cut or shown in projection. You can use fill patterns for
model patterns and drafting patterns.
For more information, see Fill Patterns on page 449.
Floor fill pattern

fill volume The amount of fill (material) required to prepare a site for construction. For example, in the
following drawing, the red area indicates the cut volume, and the blue area indicates the fill volume required
to level the site for a building. See Reporting Cut and Fill Volumes on a Site on page 901.

filled region A 2D, view-specific graphic. You can use filled regions to represent various surfaces, such as
concrete or compacted earth. You can add a filled region to a detail view, a drafting view, or an annotation
family. For each filled region, you can specify a boundary line style and a fill pattern.
For more information, see Filled Region on page 1093.

1502 | Glossary
Filled regions in a drafting view

fillet A drafting term that refers to rounding a square corner, using a radius to define the curve. See Sketching
a Fillet Arc on page 259.

filter A mechanism for eliminating or including the display or selection of elements in a view, based on
their properties. In Revit Architecture, you can use filters in the following ways:
■ To select or deselect elements in a view. See Selecting Elements Using a Filter on page 271.

■ To override the graphic display and control the visibility of elements in a view. See Controlling Visibility
and Graphic Display of Elements Using Filters on page 156.

■ To control the display of elements based on their phase status: new, existing, demolished, or temporary.
See Phase Filters on page 1265.

flange A ridge that projects at right angles from the edge of a beam to provide strength and rigidity.

Glossary | 1503
 flip control A graphical icon in the Revit drawing area that you can use to reverse the position or orientation
of an element in the drawing area.

For example, when you click the flip control for a compound wall, the wall flips over, so its layers reverse.
See Flipping Elements on page 309.
Compound wall with flip control

flip grip Another name for a flip control.

floor area face See mass floor.

floor plan A 2D drawing of a building model that shows the layout of walls and other building components.
In Revit Architecture, a floor plan is also referred to as a floor plan view.
See Plan Views on page 79.

focal point The point in the distance on which a camera is focusing. See camera on page 1377.

footing The base of a foundation that rests directly on the soil. The footing is generally wider than the
foundation to distribute its load and provide additional stability for the building.

1504 | Glossary
footprint The area covered by or required by an object. For example, the footprint of a toaster on your
kitchen counter is the amount of countertop that the toaster covers.
In Revit Architecture, you can create a roof or floor based on the footprint of the walls. You can also sketch
a 2D shape to represent the desired footprint of the walls, roof, floor, or stairway of a building.
In the following image, the pink lines indicate the sketched footprint of a roof for a building. The pink
angles indicate the slope of the roof on each side.

formula A mathematical equation used to determine the dimension of an object or a calculated value for
a schedule. Formulas allow you to create parameters that depend on other parameters for their values. For
example, you can create a width parameter that equals twice the height of an object.
The following type properties include a formula for the sill length of a new window family. See Using
Formulas for Numerical Parameters on page 366.

foundation The structural base of a building that provides stability and rigidity. A wall foundation usually
rests on a footing. A slab foundation may rest directly on prepared ground.
See Wall Foundations on page 849 and Foundation Slabs on page 878.

Glossary | 1505
 frame (1) In an animation, a single image (for example, in a walkthrough animation or a solar study).

frame (2) In a building, a rigid structure built into a wall to hold a door, window, or other component. In
Revit Architecture, you can specify the material and finish for a door frame.
Frame for a new window family

framing elevation An elevation view that shows the structural framing of a building model. You can work
in a framing elevation when adding vertical bracing to the model, or for any task that requires quick work
plane alignment to a grid or to a named reference plane.
See Framing Elevation Views on page 89.

full explode The process of completely disassembling an import symbol (which represents imported geometry)
into Revit elements, including text, curves, lines, and filled regions. (Compare with partial explode on page
1434.)

1506 | Glossary
See Exploding Imported Geometry on page 1322.

gable A triangular area of an exterior wall formed by 2 sloping roofs, from ridge to eaves.
For more information, see Four-Sided Gable Roof on page 633.

gbXML Green building XML, an open schema created to help building designers gather information about
the energy consumption characteristics of building projects.
To perform energy analysis for a building model, you can export a Revit project to gbXML. Using a third-party
application, analyze the resulting gbXML file to calculate the loads for the building model. See Exporting
to gbXML on page 1296 or go to http://www.gbxml.org.

generic annotation Text that documents a building model. Generic annotations are usually related to a
parameter for a model element or type.
You can create generic annotation families and nest them inside host model families, so that the annotations
display in the project. This is useful if you want to include a label with a model family and display that label
in the project. See Adding a Generic Annotation on page 423 and Loading Generic Annotations into Model
Families on page 422.

generic model A family of geometry that does not fit into any of the other, pre-defined categories (such as
columns, roofs, and floors). In a Revit project, an instance of a generic model is a model element.
You can create a generic model as a standard component family, or as an in-place family that is specific to
a project. (See Family Editor Basics on page 341.) Revit Architecture provides templates for various types of
generic model families.

geometry The shape or form of a surface or solid.

girder A beam used as a main horizontal support in a building or bridge. Girders are often made of steel,
wood, or reinforced concrete.

glazing Panes or sheets of glass set into sashes or frames (for example, for windows, doors, or mirrors). See
Adding Sloped Glazing on page 611.

Glossary | 1507
 graded region A sloped area in a topographical surface.
For more information, see Graded Regions on page 898.

grid A series of lines that you can use to help draw or place elements in a building design. Grids are useful
in the design and documentation phases of a project. In Revit Architecture, grids are datum elements.
For more information, see Grids on page 1033.

ground plane A horizontal plane that represents ground level in a building model.
In Revit Architecture, you can specify the ground plane when creating a solar study for 2D and 3D views.
(See Solar Studies on page 1179.)

group A defined set of elements that can be placed as a unit in a building design. Grouping elements is
useful when you need to create entities that represent repeating units or are common to many building
projects (for example, hotel rooms, apartments, or repeating floors).
See Editing Elements in Groups on page 284.

1508 | Glossary
Hotel room elements grouped and repeated

gutter A trough (often made of metal or plastic) along the edge of a roof. A gutter collects water off the eave
and carries it to the down spout.
See Roof Gutters on page 629.

halftone A display color that blends the line color of an element half-way with the background color of the
view. For example, the following image shows some elements in halftone (gray) and others in black.
You can specify the halftone display properties using the Visibility/Graphics dialog. See Visibility and Graphic
Display in Project Views on page 150.

Glossary | 1509
 head (1) For elements that can slope (including roofs, ramps, floors, and ceilings), the upper end of the
slope. For example, in the following illustration, the head is the upper end of the sloped floor.

head (2) In Revit Architecture, the symbol that displays in a drawing to represent a component, such as a
section, callout, elevation, grid, or level. For example, in a floor plan, you can double-click a section head
to go to the section view. (In the following floor plan, the blue symbol is a section head.)

head (3) For windows and doors, the piece that goes across the top of the window or door to create the
rough opening.

head height For windows and doors, a measurement from the floor to the top of the rough opening.

hidden element An element that you hide in a particular view.

See Hiding Elements in a View on page 160 and Showing Hidden Element Lines on page 195.

1510 | Glossary
hidden line A dashed line representing an edge or surface that cannot be seen in a view.
For example, in the following image, 2 bolts go through the stud. The view shows the hidden lines of one
bolt but does not show the hidden lines of the second bolt.
See also hidden line mode on page 1407. For more information, see Show Hidden Lines on page 1095.

hidden line mode A model graphics style in which Revit Architecture hides the lines of elements that are
obscured by other surfaces. (Compare with wireframe on page 1470.)
See Hidden Line Model Graphics Style on page 202.

highlight To move the cursor over an object in the drawing area so that Revit Architecture displays the
object’s outline in a different weight (bold) and color (such as gray instead of black). A description of the
element displays on the status bar at the bottom of the Revit window. After a brief delay, the element
description also displays in a tooltip near the cursor.
This highlighting indicates that the object is ready for selection. Click to select the highlighted object.
See Selecting Elements on page 269.
Wall before and after highlighting

host A model element that can accept (host) other components. For example, a wall is a host for windows
and doors. A roof is a host for skylights and dormers. A host may also be referred to as a host element or a
host component.

Glossary | 1511
 Compare with hosted component on page 1408.

hosted component A model element that can exist in a building model only if sponsored by another (host)
element. Doors, windows, model lines, and components (such as furniture) are hosted components.
For more information, see Hosted Components on page 731.

i-drop An Autodesk feature that allows you to drag and drop content from a web page into a Revit session.
Using i-drop, designers and developers have the power to create web pages that can easily be dragged and
dropped into Autodesk design products that are i-drop enabled.
You can import CAD files into Revit Architecture using i-drop. See Importing CAD Files Using i-drop on
page 1308.

IFC See Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) on page 1409.

imperial The British Imperial System of weights and measures.

When you install Revit Architecture, you specify whether you want to use imperial units (feet and inches)
or metric units (meters and centimeters). You can also change the type of units used in a project. See Project
Units on page 492.

import To bring information from another source into a Revit project. For example, you can import DWG
files created using a CAD application (such as AutoCAD) into Revit Architecture. See Import/Link on page
1306.

import symbol A Revit element that contains all objects (such as blocks and xrefs) from an imported drawing.
When you move the cursor over the imported objects, Revit Architecture shows information about the
import symbol.
You can explode an import symbol to convert it into individual Revit elements. See Exploding Imported
Geometry on page 1322.

imported categories Categories of elements that are derived from an imported drawing. See Exploding
Imported Geometry on page 1322.
You can change the visibility and graphic display of imported categories. See Visibility and Graphic Display
in Project Views on page 150.

in-place family A family of elements that is created within the context of the current project. An in-place
family exists only in the project and cannot be loaded into other projects.
Using in-place families, you can create components that are unique to a project or components that reference
geometry within the project. For example, to create a reception desk that must fit between several other
items in a room, design the desk as an in-place furniture family. In a structural model, you might create an
in-place family for a thickened slab, or a wall extrusion that conforms to a uniquely shaped architectural
wall that it supports. If the original design ever changes, the in-place family changes accordingly.

1512 | Glossary
The following dome roof was created as an in-place family. For more information, see In-Place Families on
page 419.
A dome roof created as an in-place family

Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) A file format developed by the International Alliance for Interoperability
(IAI). IFC provides an interoperability solution between IFC-compatible software applications in the
construction and facilities management industry. The format has established, international standards to
import and export building objects and their properties.
Revit Architecture provides IFC import and export based on the latest IAI IFC data exchange standard. When
you export a Revit building model to IFC format, the information can be used directly by other building
specialists, such as structural and building services engineers.
For more information about Revit Architecture and IFC, see Exporting to Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)
on page 1292 and Importing Industry Foundation Class (IFC) Files on page 1317.
For more information about the IFC file format, go to http://www.iai-international.org.

infill element An insert that fills (patches) a hole in a host element after changes are made during different
phases of a building project. For example, if you remove a window from a wall during a demolition phase,
Revit Architecture fills the hole with an infill element. By default, the infill element has the same properties
as the host element (the wall).
The following illustration shows a demolished window that has become an infill element. See Infill Elements
for Phasing on page 1267.
An infill element replacing a
demolished window

instance An individual occurrence of an element.

For example, when you place a wall in a building model, the wall is an instance of the wall type. If you
change parameters for the wall instance, the changes affect only that wall. If you change parameters for the
wall type, the changes affect all walls (instances) of that type, including existing walls and new walls that
you create in the future.

instance parameters Settings that control the appearance or behavior of an individual element in a project.
The instance parameters and type parameters of an element combine to establish its element properties.
Instance parameters are also called instance properties.

Glossary | 1513
 For more information, see Instance Properties and Type Properties on page 76.

instance properties See instance parameters.

insulation Material that has insulating properties designed to help a building retain heat in winter and
prevent heat gain in summer. In Revit Architecture, you use a detail component to represent insulation in
2D drawings.
For more information, see Insulation on page 1073.

interior The inside of a building, or the inside surface of an object.

interoperability The ability of Revit Architecture to interact with other software applications. Examples of
interoperability include importing files from other applications into a Revit project, and exporting a Revit
project to a file format that can be used by other applications.
For more information, see Interoperability on page 1273.

isolate To display only a certain element or type of element, so that you can work with it in a particular
view without being distracted by other elements in the design.
See Temporarily Hiding or Isolating Elements or Element Categories on page 161.
A roof that has been isolated from the rest of the building model

join The intersection where 2 or more elements share a common face.

join (2) To resolve intersections between elements that share a common face. The level of detail for the view
determines the detail of join geometry that is shown.
The following images show geometry before they are joined (top) and after they are joined (bottom) in a
view with a coarse detail level. See Joining Geometry on page 334.

1514 | Glossary
Before joining geometry

After joining geometry

joist A beam that supports a floor or ceiling. Joists are generally made of wood, steel, or concrete. They are
often set parallel from wall to wall or across or abutting girders.
See Structural Usage of Beams on page 770.

Glossary | 1515
 key schedule A table of information that you create to simplify or automate data entry in other, larger
schedules. A key schedule can reduce the time required to produce a larger schedule and help to generate
accurate cost estimates.
For example, a room schedule for an apartment building might list 100 rooms with the same floor, wall,
and base finishes. In a key schedule you can define Room Style keys, such as Public, Service, and Units. Each
key specifies different floor, wall, and base finishes for its room style. Rather than manually specifying
finishes for all 100 rooms, you can assign a room style to each room. When you create a room schedule,
fields in the schedule automatically update with the appropriate finishes, based on the assigned Room Style
keys.
For more information, see Key Schedules on page 125.
Key schedule listing finishes for different
types of rooms

In a room schedule, assigning a room type to an

individual room

keynote legend A list of keynote numbers and the corresponding keynote text. (See keynoting.)
If you choose to annotate model elements using keynote numbers only, you can use a keynote legend to
provide descriptive text for each keynote number. By using a keynote legend, you avoid cluttering the
drawing with text.
For more information, see Keynote Legend on page 1061.

keynoting A method of annotating drawings to identify building materials, describe assembly instructions,
or provide special instructions or explanations. Keynotes help to standardize information related to the
building design and can help reduce clutter in drawings.
In Revit Architecture, each sheet can display its own keynote legend, or all keynotes for the project can be
documented on one sheet. For more information, see Keynotes on page 1058.

1516 | Glossary
label A text placeholder added to tags or title blocks. You create a label as part of a tag or title block family
while in the Family Editor. When you place the tag or title block in the project, you replace the label with
the actual value for that instance.
For example, the following title block template contains labels that indicate the type of information to be
entered on a sheet. When you create a sheet, the labels are replaced with actual values.

landing A platform between sets of stairs, or the floor at the head or foot of a ramp or a set of stairs.

layer (1) In Revit Architecture, the adjacent materials of a compound structure, such as a wall. You can
define the layers in a compound structure. See Compound Structure on page 748.

layer (2) In AutoCAD, a mechanism for defining, organizing, and controlling the display of drawing objects.
When you export a Revit project to a CAD format, you can create a layer mapping file to map Revit categories
and subcategories to CAD layers. See Exporting Layers on page 1285.

layer mapping file A text file that maps each Revit category or subcategory to a preconfigured layer name
for the CAD software. For example, a Revit door object automatically maps to the A-DOOR layer in AutoCAD.
The layer names are preconfigured in the text file, but you can change them. You use a layer mapping file
when exporting a Revit project to a CAD format. See Exporting Layers on page 1285.

leader A line that connects an annotation to an element or part of the building model in a view. Also referred
to as a leader line.
In Revit Architecture, you can control the line weight, style, and color of the leader, as well as its position,
shape, and arrowhead.

Glossary | 1517
 legend A table that provides descriptions or information about symbols used in drawings.
In Revit Architecture, you can create a legend and include it on multiple sheets. See Legend Views on page
120.
Symbol legend for use on construction documents

level A finite horizontal plane that acts as a reference for level-hosted elements, such as roofs, floors, and
ceilings.
In Revit Architecture, you define a level for each vertical height or story within a building, or other needed
reference of the building (for example, first floor, top of wall, or bottom of foundation). You can add levels
in a section or elevation view.
For more information, see Levels on page 1041.

1518 | Glossary
library A collection of predefined resources that you can use in a Revit project.
For example, you can access libraries of templates, detail components, entourage, materials, and families of
model elements and annotation elements. Revit Architecture provides some libraries. Other libraries are
available on the Internet.
Family categories in the Imperial library

line pattern A series of dashes or dots alternating with blank spaces.

Glossary | 1519
 In the building industry, construction documents often use different line style conventions to convey
information and to differentiate one line from another. For example, dimensions may use thin solid lines,
while callout bubbles use heavy dashed lines.
You can specify the line pattern as part of the line style for many types of lines used in Revit Architecture.
(See line style on page 1416.)
To define line patterns, click Settings menu ➤ Line Patterns. For more information, see Line Patterns on
page 487.

line style A line of a particular pattern, weight, and color, used to indicate different effects. For example, in
the following site plan, a red dashed line indicates the zoning setback.
Revit Architecture predefines several line styles and uses them for default purposes. You can change these
and add your own line styles to suit your needs and preferences. For more information, see Line Styles on
page 485.

line weight The thickness of a line.

You can specify the line weight as part of the line style for model lines, perspective lines, and annotation
lines used in Revit Architecture. (See line style on page 1416.) To define line weights, click Settings menu ➤ Line
Weights.
For more information, see Line Weights on page 486.

1520 | Glossary
Detail of roller assembly
using lines of different
weights

linear Arranged in a line.

For example, when you create a linear array, the elements in the array are arranged along a straight line. See
Creating a Linear Array on page 295.

link To connect a file to a Revit project. When a linked file is updated, the updated information is
automatically made available in the Revit project. Linking avoids the need to re-import updated information
into the project.
In Revit Architecture, you can create a link between projects. You can also link CAD files and DWF markup
files to a Revit project. See Import/Link on page 1306 and Working with Linked Models on page 1213.

listening dimensions A Revit feature that allows you to specify a value for a dimension as you sketch an
element in a view. You specify a start point for the element, start sketching in the desired direction, type
the exact dimension desired, and press ENTER. Revit Architecture draws the element to the specified length.
The following image shows the text box that appears when you start to type a listening dimension. For more
information, see Listening Dimensions on page 233.

load To transfer a file or a collection of information from an outside location into a Revit project.
In Revit Architecture, you can load groups, templates, detail components, entourage, materials, families of
model elements and annotation elements, and other project information.
See also library on page 1415.

Glossary | 1521
 local file A copy of the project file that resides on the computer system of the team member who is working
on the file. When worksharing is used to distribute project work among team members, each member uses
a local file to work on his or her workset (functional area). Team members periodically save their changes
to the central file so that others can see the changes and update their local files with the latest project
information.
For more information, see Working in a Team on page 1189.

location line A vertical plane in a wall that is used for dimensioning. You create a wall by sketching the
location line of the wall in a plan view or a 3D view. You specify what to use for the location line in the
element properties of the wall: the wall centerline, core centerline, interior or exterior wall face, or interior
or exterior face of wall core.
In the following illustration, the green dashed lines indicate the location line of the wall. See Walls on page
561.

lock To secure a dimension or the location of an element so that it cannot be changed. When you select a
locked dimension or element, a lock control displays next to it.
The following drawing shows a locked dimension. See Locking Permanent Dimensions on page 222.

You can also use the Pin Position command to restrict the movement of elements. See Preventing Elements
from Moving on page 311.

mark A unique identifier that you assign to an element in its properties. (Compare with tick mark on page
1464.)
You can include marks in schedules and tag labels. For example, the following site plan shows marks for
individual parking spaces. These marks are also listed in the parking schedule.

1522 | Glossary
markup Comments or revision instructions from someone who reviewed a building design.
When you publish construction documents as DWF files, the files can be marked up electronically using a
program such as Autodesk Design Review. Then the markups can be linked back into Revit Architecture to
display the desired changes. See Linking DWF Markup Files on page 1321.

masking region A defined area that obscures elements in a view. Masking regions are useful when you are
creating a model family from an imported 2D DWG file, and you need the model element to obscure other
elements when placed in a view. You can also use them to hide parts of a drawing.
For more information, see Masking Regions on page 1087.
Masking regions sketched in upper corners

Glossary | 1523
 Unit plan view with upper corners masked

mass A 3-dimensional shape used in the initial design of a building model. See Conceptual Design with
Massing Studies on page 517.

Mass Editor A version of the Family Editor that you use to design mass families or in-place masses. See
Conceptual Design with Massing Studies on page 517.

mass face See face on page 1396.

mass floor An interior horizontal surface in a mass. During the conceptual design stage of a building project,
a mass floor represents a story in the building.
You can divide masses into mass floors to perform various types of analysis on the design. See Analyzing a
Conceptual Design on page 522.

1524 | Glossary
massing study One or more masses in a Revit project. Massing studies allow you to explore design ideas by
using shapes to conceptualize a building model. When your conceptual design is complete, you can add
building elements directly to these shapes.
See Conceptual Design with Massing Studies on page 517.
Massing study used as the basis for a building design

Final building design

matchline A sketch line that indicates where to split a view for a dependent view, as shown. See Duplicate
Dependent Views on page 144.

Glossary | 1525
 material The substance of which an element is made.
In Revit Architecture, the material assigned to an element determines how the element appears in a view or
rendering. Revit Architecture includes several materials in the default project templates, or you can define
your own. You can specify the color (in a shaded view), texture (in a rendered image), surface pattern (in a
projection), and fill pattern (in a cut view).
See Materials on page 459.

material takeoff schedule A list of the subcomponents or materials of any Revit family. Material takeoff
schedules have all the functionality and characteristics of other schedule views, but they allow you to show
more detail about the assembly of a component. Any material that is applied to a component within Revit
Architecture can be scheduled.
For more information, see Material Takeoff Schedules on page 127.

Max See 3ds Max on page 1370.

menu bar A user interface mechanism that provides access to all Revit functions. The functions that are
available from the toolbars, the Design Bar, and many shortcut menus are also available from the menu bar.
The menu bar appears near the top of the Revit window. See Using the Revit Interface on page 51 and Menu
Bar on page 52.

1526 | Glossary
mesh A grid of lines used to approximate a surface (for example, when rendering an image).

metric A standard of measurement that is based on the meter.

When you install Revit Architecture, you specify whether you want to use imperial units (feet and inches)
or metric units (meters and centimeters). You can also change the type of units used in a project. See Project
Units on page 492.

mirror To reverse the position of a selected model element, using a line as the mirror axis.
For example, if you mirror a wall on a reference plane, the wall flips opposite the original wall. You can pick
the mirror axis or draw a temporary axis. Use the Mirror tool to flip a selected element, or to make a copy
of an element and reverse its position in one step.
The following image shows the results of mirroring and copying a door, using the center wall as the mirror
axis. See Mirroring Elements on page 310.

miter A joint at a 45-degree angle, or evenly angled between the joined elements. Mitering can apply to
walls, wall sweeps, railings, floor slabs, roof fascia, curtain wall mullions, and other model elements.
When 2 walls join, you can edit the wall join using a miter joint or other joint styles. See Editing Wall Joins
on page 581.

Glossary | 1527
 model A representation of a building or other design.
See also building information modelling (BIM) on page 1376.

model element An element in a building model that represents actual 3D geometry. For example, walls,
windows, doors, and roofs are model elements.
Compare with annotation on page 1370 and datum on page 1387. See also element on page 1393.
For example, the following image shows only model elements. It does not include annotation elements
(such as dimensions or text notes) or datum elements (such as grid lines or levels). See Building with Elements
on page 73.

model graphics style A method of displaying model elements in views. For example, you can choose to
display a model using wireframe, hidden lines, shading, or shading with edges.
You can specify the model graphics style for a view using the View Control Bar at the bottom of the Revit
window. For more information, see Model Graphic Styles on page 201.

1528 | Glossary
model group A set of model elements that are placed together in a building design. Model groups are useful
when you need to create entities that represent repeating units or are common to many building projects
(such as hotel rooms, apartments, or repeating floors).
Compare with attached detail group on page 1373 and detail group on page 1389.
The following illustration shows a model group (highlighted in red) that has been placed in multiple hotel
rooms. See Editing Elements in Groups on page 284.

model line A model element that exists in 3D space and is visible in all views of a Revit project. You can
use model lines to represent 3D geometry in a building design, such as cords or cables that secure a tarp.
You can sketch straight, curved, arc, circular, fillet, and tangent lines. (Compare with detail line on page 1390
and symbolic line on page 1462.)
The following truss uses a model line to represent the beam stick symbol. For more information, see Model
Lines on page 741.

model pattern A graphic design that is applied to the surface of a model element. Model patterns represent
the actual appearance of an element, such as brick coursing or ceramic tile on a wall. They are fixed with
respect to the model and scale with the model. See Fill Patterns on page 449.

Glossary | 1529
 model text Text used in a building model, such as for signage. You can add model text in a project view
and in the Family Editor for families that can be represented in 3D, such as walls, doors, windows, and
furniture. An instance of model text is a model element.
Model text is not available for families that can only be represented as 2D, such as annotations, detail
components, and profiles. You can specify properties for model text, including font, size, and material.
For more information, see Model Text on page 727.

modelling The process of representing a design.

See also building information modelling (BIM) on page 1376.

moment The amount of rotation at an axis caused by downward force applied to a beam at a distance from
its supporting members.
A moment connection is a connection that is designed to transfer moment and other forces between a beam
and its supporting members.
In Revit Architecture, you can specify moment parameters for a beam, including the moment connection
start and moment connection end.
See Moment Symbols on page 782.

monolithic stairs Stairs that consist of one solid piece of material, such as concrete.

1530 | Glossary
In Revit Architecture, you can specify that stairs are monolithic in the stair type properties. You can also
specify the material for monolithic stairs. See Stair Type Properties on page 671.

mullion In Revit Architecture, a vertical or horizontal strip between panels of a curtain wall or curtain
system.
For more information, see Mullions on page 709.

Glossary | 1531
 nested family A family that consists of instances of other families (subcomponents). The subcomponents
can belong to the same category (for example, various window types) or different categories (for example,
an exterior door and two lighting fixtures). You create nested families using the Family Editor.
The following nested family includes a door, 2 sidelights, and 2 lighting fixtures.
For more information, see Nested Families on page 407. See also shared family on page 1454.

1532 | Glossary
non-bearing wall A wall that supports no additional vertical load except its own weight. Non-bearing walls
can be used to define and divide spaces in Revit Architecture.
Compare with bearing wall on page 1374. For more information, see Structural Walls on page 839.

note block A list of all instances of annotations. Also referred to as an annotation schedule.
Note blocks are useful for listing notes that are applied to elements in a project. For more information, see
Annotation Schedules (Note Blocks) on page 127.
Sample note block

NURB surface Non-uniform rational B-spline. A mathematical model commonly used in computer graphics
for representing and generating curves and surfaces.
In Revit Architecture, you can create roofs and curtain systems on NURB surfaces. See Creating Building
Elements from Mass Instances on page 543.

Glossary | 1533
 object A model element, annotation element, datum element, or imported element in a project.

object style A set of characteristics that define the line weight, line color, line pattern, and material for a
category of model elements, annotation elements, or imported objects in a project.
For more information, see Object Styles on page 484.

ODBC Open Database Connectivity. ODBC is a general export tool that works in conjunction with many
software drivers.
You can export information about model elements in a Revit project to an ODBC database. See Exporting
to ODBC on page 1287.

offset A uniform distance from an element or line, along which the element or line will move, or a new
element or line will be created.
For example, when creating walls, you might specify an offset of 5 meters. When you select an existing wall,
Revit Architecture draws a new wall 5 meters from the selected wall.
The following illustration shows that, when you move the cursor near the outside of a chain of walls, Revit
Architecture draws a preview line to show the offset from the walls. See Moving Elements with the Offset
Tool on page 303.

open loop A sketched line that does not connect to itself. Instead, it leaves an open space between the start
point and endpoint of the line.
In Revit Architecture, you use open loops to sketch a roof by extrusion and to split toposurfaces and faces.
In the following sketch, a closed loop defines the walls, ceiling, and floor. An open loop defines the roof.

1534 | Glossary
Options Bar Part of the Revit interface that provides context-sensitive settings and functions, depending
on the tool currently in use. In the Revit window, the Options Bar is located below the toolbars and above
the drawing area.
See Using the Revit Interface on page 51 and Options Bar on page 61.

orientation The state of being aligned with (or facing the same direction as) a particular item or direction.
For example, in Revit Architecture you can change the orientation of a view to True North, or you can change
the orientation of a compound wall to reverse the order of its layers.

origin A fixed starting point, or the point in a coordinate system where the axes intersect.
In Revit Architecture, you use an origin for many functions, such as positioning a linked project, creating
a custom fill pattern, positioning a group, resizing walls, or sketching lines for a new family.
The origin of each element is defined in the family file for the element. When you place an element in a
project, Revit Architecture uses the origin defined for the selected family type when snapping to snap points
and lines.
Toilet with center origin
(top), and toilet with
offset origin (bottom)

orthogonal At right angles to, or perpendicular to.

Glossary | 1535
 orthographic view A 3D view that shows a building model in which all components are the same size,
regardless of the camera’s distance from them.
Compare with perspective view on page 1435. For more information, see 3D Views on page 109.

paint To apply a material to a surface of a model element. In Revit Architecture, you can paint walls, floors,
roofs, and masses.
In the following image, the wall, door, door frame, and window frame are painted different colors. See
Applying a Material to an Element on page 338.

pan In a 3D context, primarily when using 3D SteeringWheels, pan dollies the camera left and right.
In a 2D context, pan scrolls the view. If you are using pan with an active view on a sheet, pan scrolls the
sheet view, not the active view on the sheet.
See Navigating Views on page 169.

panel In Revit Architecture, a section of a curtain wall or a curtain system. Panels are separated by mullions.
Panels can consist of glass or different types of walls. See Wall Panels in Curtain Walls on page 711.

1536 | Glossary
parallel view A view whose plane is parallel to the plane of another view. (Compare with perpendicular
view on page 1434.)
For example, a Level 1 floor plan is parallel to a Level 2 floor plan. An east elevation view is parallel to a
west elevation view. The following drawing illustrates the parallel planes that are used for the east and west
elevations. For more information, see Propagating Dependent View Configuration on page 149 and Datum
Extents and Visibility on page 1048.

parameter A setting that determines the appearance or behavior of an element, type, or view. Also called a
property.
See Element Properties Dialog on page 75 and View Properties on page 210.

parametric Controlled by parameters.

In a Revit project, parameters define the relationships between elements of the building model. These
relationships are created automatically by Revit Architecture and by you as you create the design. As you
work in drawing and schedule views, Revit Architecture collects information about the building model. The

Glossary | 1537
 Revit parametric change engine automatically coordinates changes in all model views, drawing sheets,
schedules, sections, and plans.
For more information, see What Is a Project? on page 73.

partial explode The process of disassembling an import symbol (which represents imported geometry) into
its next highest level of elements: nested import symbols. A partial explode yields more import symbols,
which, in turn, can be exploded into elements or other import symbols. (Compare with full explode on page
1402.)
See Exploding Imported Geometry on page 1322.

PAT A file format for fill patterns. A pattern file is a text file that contains definitions for model or drafting
patterns in a project. See Custom Pattern Files on page 456.

PDF Portable Document Format. An open file format (originally created by Adobe Systems) that supports
electronic information exchange.
In Revit Architecture, you can print construction documents as PDF files. You can then share the construction
documents with team members, view them online, or print them. See Printing to PDF on page 1024.

permanent dimension A dimension that specifies a particular size for an element or a distance between
elements or points. Permanent dimensions always display in the view in which they are created. (Compare
with temporary dimension on page 1463.)
You can lock permanent dimensions so that they cannot be changed without first unlocking them. You can
also control the placement of the witness lines for dimensions. For more information, see Permanent
Dimensions on page 214.

perpendicular view A view whose plane is at a right angle to the plane of another view. (Compare with
parallel view on page 1433.)
The following image illustrates the perpendicular planes on which a floor plan and an elevation are based.
For more information, see Propagating Dependent View Configuration on page 149 and Datum Extents and
Visibility on page 1048.

1538 | Glossary
perspective view A 3D view of a building model, in which components that are further away appear smaller
than those that are closer. In Revit Architecture, you create a perspective view by placing a camera in a 3D
view. (See camera on page 1377.)
Compare with orthographic view on page 1432. For more information, see 3D Views on page 109.

phase A stage or time period in the construction process of a building project. Typical phases include existing
construction, demolition, remodeling, and new construction.
Revit Architecture tracks the phase in which views or components are created or demolished, and lets you
apply phase-specific filters to views so you can define how the project appears during various stages of work.
The following project views show different phases of construction for one project. See Project Phasing on
page 1263.

Glossary | 1539
 pick box See selection box on page 1451.

pin To restrict the movement of an element using the Pin Position command.
When you pin an element, you cannot move it by dragging or using the Move tool. However, changes in
other attached elements may result in movement of the pinned element. See Preventing Elements from
Moving on page 311.

plan A 2D drawing of a building model that shows the layout of walls, rooms, and other building components.
A floor plan presents a view of the building as though you are looking down on it from above, with the roof
and intervening levels removed. A reflected ceiling plan is a drawing that shows the ceiling in a building
design. See Plan Views on page 79.

1540 | Glossary
plan region Part of a plan view that has a different view range from the overall view. Plan regions are useful
for split level plans or for displaying inserts above or below the cut plane.
For more information, see Plan Region on page 83.

plan view A view of a floor plan or a reflected ceiling plan for a building model.
For more information, see Plan Views on page 79.

planting Vegetation used to create a landscape around a building design. Revit Architecture provides a
library of planting families. You can also create or download additional plants.
For more information, see Plants and Entourage on page 1139.

Glossary | 1541
 poche A fill pattern that represents a cut surface. (pronounced po-shay)
In Revit Architecture, you can specify the coarse poche material to display in 3D views. You can also specify
the poche depth for a cross-section of earth in topography elements. In the following floor plan, the poche
for the walls is a solid fill pattern.

polyline A set of connected straight line segments. Polylines typically define open loops.
See Export Rooms and Areas as Polylines on page 1283.

1542 | Glossary
polymesh A 3D shape consisting of multiple polygons that are joined (meshed) together. For example, a
polymesh cube consists of 6 square surfaces that are joined together to form the cube shape. This is sometimes
referred to as face-based geometry.
Compare with ACIS on page 1370. For more information, see Solids (3D Views Only) on page 1282.

post A vertical support for a railing.

See Controlling Placement of Balusters and Posts on page 683.

primary view The view on which one or more dependent views are based. The dependent views remain
synchronous with the primary view and other dependent views, so that when view-specific changes (such
as view scale and annotations) are made in one view, they are reflected in all views.
See Duplicate Dependent Views on page 144.

profile A series of 2-dimensional lines and arcs that form a closed loop. Use profiles to define cross-sections
for railings, balusters, soffits, cornices, and other sweep-defined objects.
See Profile Families on page 371.
Gutter profile

project A Revit file that contains all information about a building design.
For more information, see What Is a Project? on page 73.

Glossary | 1543
 Project Browser Part of the Revit interface that shows a logical hierarchy for all views, schedules, sheets,
families, groups, and linked Revit models in the current project.
For more information, see Project Browser on page 55.

Project North The top of the view in the drawing area. When producing solar studies, change the view
orientation from Project North to True North to create accurate sunlight and shadow patterns for the project.
See Shared Positioning on page 1230.

project parameters User-defined fields that you add to multiple categories of elements, sheets, or views in
a project. These parameters are specific to the project and cannot be shared with other projects.
For example, you can create a project parameter named Approved By for views. In the properties for each
view, you can enter a value for this parameter to indicate who approved the view.
You can use project parameters in multi-category or single-category schedules. However, you cannot use
project parameters in tags for model elements.
Compare with shared parameters on page 1454. For more information, see Project Parameters on page 447.

project standards The settings used in a project that you want to apply to another project. Project standards
include family types, line weights, materials, view templates, and object styles. See Transferring Project
Standards on page 438.

project template A set of initial conditions for a project. Revit Architecture provides several templates, and
you can create your own templates. Any new project based on a template inherits all families, settings (such
as units, fill patterns, line styles, line weights, and view scales), and geometry from the template. Templates
use the file extension RTE.
See Creating a Custom Project Template on page 437.

project view A representation of a building model. A Revit project file contains a database of information
about a building model, and a project view is one way of looking at that information. Also called a view.
The Project Browser lists the views available for a project. These can include floor plans, ceiling plans,
elevations, sections, detail views, drafting views, 3D views, walkthrough views, legend views, schedules,
renderings, and sheets.
For more information, see Project Views on page 79.

projection line style A graphic style applied to an element when a view displays the element, so that you
are seeing a representation of its exterior surface. (Compare with cut line style on page 1386.)
For the projection line style of an element, you can specify the line weight, color, and fill pattern. See
Modifying Object Styles on page 484.

property A setting that determines the appearance or behavior of an element, type, or view. Also called a
parameter.
For more information, see Element Properties Dialog on page 75 and View Properties on page 210.

property line The boundary of a plot of land or the site for a building project.
For more information, see Property Lines on page 899.

1544 | Glossary
proxy graphics Representations of AutoCAD objects. Revit Architecture supports proxy graphics from
AutoCAD files. Unlike AutoCAD objects, proxy graphics have no intelligence.
See Importing or Linking CAD Formats on page 1307.

purlin A longitudinal structural member in a roof. Purlins support the loads from the roof deck or sheathing.
They are supported by the principal rafters or building walls (or both).
In Revit Architecture, when you use the Beam tool to add beams between joists, the structural usage of the
beams is automatically set to purlin, and their display within the plan view adjusts accordingly. In the
following floor plan, the dotted lines indicate purlins placed along the midpoints of the joists.
See Structural Usage of Beams on page 770.

pushpin A user-placed control that provides a quick way to allow or prevent changes to the position of an
element. After you place a pushpin, you cannot move the element until you unpin it by clicking the pushpin
control. See Preventing Elements from Moving on page 311.

Glossary | 1545
 quantity The number or amount of building materials used in a project. Schedules can calculate the quantities
of individual items or materials needed to complete a project. You can use this information to estimate costs
and plan purchases.
For example, the following window schedule indicates the quantities of each type of window in a building.

radial Arranged along a radius or arc.

In Revit Architecture, when you create a radial array, the elements in the array are arranged along a curve.

rail A hand rail, or a horizontal bar extending between posts in a railing.

See Railings on page 680.

railing A barrier consisting of horizontal rails supported by posts and balusters.

In Revit Architecture, you can add railings as free-standing components to levels, or attach them to host
elements (such as floors, ramps, or stairs). For more information, see Railings on page 680.

1546 | Glossary
Parts of a railing

ramp A sloped floor or passageway.

For more information, see Ramps on page 676 and Sloped Floors on page 643.

RCP view See reflected ceiling plan view on page 1445.

rebar A steel rod or bar used to reinforce concrete. The following detail of a foundation footing shows the
addition of rebar for structural reinforcement.

reference elevation An elevation tag that refers to an existing elevation or drafting view. When you add a
reference elevation to a project, Revit Architecture does not create a new view for it. Instead, the reference
elevation uses an existing elevation, allowing you to indicate different areas that have identical elevations.
You can place a reference elevation in a plan or callout view.
For more information, see Reference Elevation on page 88.

reference label Text displayed in a callout tag when a reference callout is created in the plan view, or text
displayed in a section head when a reference section is created in the plan view.
See Reference Sections on page 96 and Reference Callouts on page 107.

Glossary | 1547
 Reference callout with callout tag

reference line A line used when designing families of model elements or placing elements in a building
model. When you draw a reference line in a view, the line is visible in other, related views.
A straight reference line provides 2 planes to sketch on. One plane is parallel to the work plane of the line
itself, and the second is perpendicular to that plane. Both planes go through the reference line.
The following image shows a selected reference line (and its reference planes) in multiple views. For more
information, see Reference Lines on page 346 and General Rules for Geometry Creation on page 344.

reference plane A 2-dimensional plane used when designing families of model elements or placing elements
in a building model.
See also reference line on page 1444. For more information, see Reference Planes on page 1046.

reference point A point in the current view that you can use for positioning or dimensioning a model
element. When you move the cursor near a reference point, Revit Architecture displays a temporary dimension
between the element being placed and the reference point. To display different reference points, press TAB.
When you are creating a family and you use a reference plane with the Is Reference property turned on, the
reference plane can be used as a reference point for dimensions. For more information, see Is Reference
Values on page 345.

1548 | Glossary
reference section A section tag that refers to an existing section view. When you create a reference section,
Revit Architecture does not create a new view in the project. Instead, the reference section uses an existing
section, allowing you to indicate different areas that have identical sections.
You can place reference sections in plan, elevation, section, drafting, and callout views. Reference sections
can refer to section views, callouts of section views, and drafting views. For more information, see Reference
Sections on page 96.

referencing view The parent view of a callout or section; that is, the view from which a callout or section
originates.
The referencing sheet is the sheet on which the referencing view displays. The referencing detail corresponds
to the detail number assigned to a callout or section in its view properties. Values for referencing sheet and
referencing detail occur in view properties and sheet properties. You can create labels for these values and
include them in callout tags or section tags to create a cross-referencing documentation system for a Revit
project.
See Referencing a Drafting View on page 1082 and Referencing a Callout View on page 1078.

referring view A view in which the annotation symbol for the current view is visible. For example, if you
use the Find Referring Views command for an elevation view, Revit Architecture lists all views in which its
elevation symbol is visible. See Finding Referring Views on page 205.

reflected ceiling plan view A drawing that shows the ceiling in a building design. Also called an RCP view.
When you add a level to a building model, Revit Architecture automatically creates an RCP view for it. See
Plan Views on page 79 and Ceilings on page 651.
RPC view with ceiling grids

rehost To move a component from one host to another. For example, you can use the Rehost command to
move a window from one wall to another wall.

Glossary | 1549
 For more information, see Rehosting on page 747.

rendering The process of generating a photorealistic illustration of a building design. Rendered images are
often used to present building designs to clients. Revit Architecture renders 3D project views with various
effects, such as lights, plants, decals, and people.
For more information, see Rendering on page 1099.

resize To change the size of a model element. For example, in Revit Architecture you can resize a wall or a
foundation to adjust to changing specifications. See Resizing Elements on page 312.

retaining wall A wall that holds back earth (for example, at the edge of a terrace or excavation).
In Revit Architecture, you can specify that a wall type functions as a retaining wall in the type properties.
See Adding Retaining Walls on page 564.
Building with retaining walls (shown in red)

reveal (1) A decorative cutout in a wall. See Wall Reveals on page 599.

1550 | Glossary
reveal (2) To display in a view. After hiding elements, you can reveal (redisplay) them in a view. See Revealing
and Unhiding Hidden Elements on page 160.

revision A change to a construction document or building design. Revit Architecture provides tools (revision
clouds and revision schedules) that enable you to include revision information on sheets.
For more information, see Revisions on page 1008.

revision cloud A graphic (shaped like a cloud) that indicates changes in a construction document. In Revit
Architecture, you can sketch revision clouds in all views except 3D views. The cloud is visible only in the
view in which it is sketched.
For more information, see Revision Clouds on page 1014.

revision schedule A list of changes made to a building design or construction document. A revision schedule
displays in the title block of a sheet. As you add views with revision clouds to sheets, the revision schedule
updates with information about the corresponding revisions.
For more information, see Revision Schedules on Sheets on page 1018.

Glossary | 1551
 revision table See revision schedule.

Revit Architecture An Autodesk product. Revit Architecture is a building design and documentation system
that uses building information modeling to coordinate changes across all aspects of an architecture project.

Revit MEP An Autodesk product. Revit MEP optimizes mechanical/electrical/plumbing (MEP) systems
engineering through data-driven system sizing and design. It provides a building information modelling
design and documentation solution for MEP engineering.

Revit Structure An Autodesk product. Revit Structure integrates a physical model for layout, coordination,
and documentation with an independently editable analytical model for building design and analysis. Using
a single building information model and dynamic linking to third-party analysis applications, Revit Structure
integrates and coordinates structural design and documentation.

revolve Solid geometry that turns (revolves) around an axis. For example, you can use the Revolve tool to
design a dome roof, a column, or door knobs.
See Creating Solid Revolves on page 380 and Void Revolves on page 392.

RFA The file format for a Revit family. (See family on page 1397.)
See Family Editor Basics on page 341.

riser The vertical face of a step in a set of stairs.

room A defined space in a building, used for a specific purpose and separated from other areas by walls,
partitions, or room separation lines.
For more information, see Rooms on page 913.

room separation line A line that you draw in a view to define areas that are used for different purposes,
when a wall between the rooms is not desired. Room separation lines are visible in plan views, 3D views,
and perspective views.
For example, the following floor plan uses room separation lines to distinguish the entry from the kitchen
and dining areas. For more information, see Room Separation Lines on page 918.

1552 | Glossary
room-bounding elements A model element that defines a boundary of a room. For example, walls, partitions,
floors, ceilings, and roofs are room-bounding elements.
Revit Architecture uses room-bounding elements when calculating the area or volume of a room. You can
designate an element as room-bounding by changing the Room Bounding parameter of its element properties.
For example, you can define columns as room-bounding to omit their mass from room volume calculations.
For more information, see Room-Bounding Elements on page 917.

rough opening The framed hole (opening) in a wall into which a manufactured window or door is installed.
In Revit Architecture, you can specify the height and width of the rough opening for a window type or door
type.

RPC Rich Photorealistic Content. The file type for ArchVision realpeople and other objects, which can be
loaded into Revit Architecture as an entourage component family, for use in rendered images. See Plants
and Entourage on page 1139.

RTE The file type for a Revit project template. See Creating a Custom Project Template on page 437.

rule-based filter A filter with user-defined rules that determines the visibility/graphics settings for model
elements in a particular view. For example, you can create a rule-based filter that displays all fire-rated walls
as solid red in a plan view to distinguish them from non-fire-rated walls in the building.
See Controlling Visibility and Graphic Display of Elements Using Filters on page 156.

run A set of stairs or a ramp of a defined length. In Revit Architecture, you can sketch a run to create a ramp
or set of stairs. See Stairs on page 662 and Ramps on page 676.

RVG The file format for a Revit group prior to Revit Architecture 2008.
In Revit Architecture 2008 and later, you can still load Revit groups (RVG files) into a project or a family.
However, new groups can be saved as RVT or RFA files, not RVG files. See Loading Groups on page 287.

RVT The file format for a Revit project.

sash The part of a window that holds the glass panes in place. The sash can be movable or fixed in place. It
usually consists of horizontal and vertical pieces.

Glossary | 1553
 SAT Standard ACIS Text. The file format for ACIS, a solid modeling technology that is supported by many
CAD applications.
Revit Architecture can import and export SAT files. See Importing ACIS Objects on page 1311 and Exporting
to SAT on page 1277.

scale The proportional system used to represent objects in a drawing.

In Revit Architecture, you can assign a different scale to each view. See View Scale on page 194.
Metric view scale

schedule A tabular display of information.

In Revit Architecture, a schedule is extracted from the properties of elements in a project. It is displayed in
a schedule view. Using Revit Architecture, you can create many types of schedules, including quantities,
material takeoffs, annotation schedules, revision schedules, view lists, and drawing lists.
See Schedule Views on page 124.

scope box A user interface mechanism that controls the visibility of datum planes (levels, reference lines,
and grids) in views.
When you add grids, levels, and reference lines to a project, they may display in more views than desired.
For example, when you add grid lines to a plan view, the grid lines display in all plan views of the model.
To limit the appearance of datum planes to certain views, use a scope box.
See Controlling Visibility of Datums Using Scope Boxes on page 1053.

1554 | Glossary
section A representation of a building model as if the model is cut vertically to show interior detail.
See Section Views on page 91.

section box A user interface mechanism that crops the model in a 3D view. Elements in the building model
that are outside the section box do not display in the view or in an exported view.
See Using a Section Box in a 3D View on page 111.

section view See section on page 1451.

select To choose an object in the drawing area.

Many of the controls and tools that you use to modify an element in the drawing area are available only
when an element is selected. In Revit Architecture, a selected element displays in the selection color (red by
default), and controls or handles indicate how the element can be manipulated or modified.
See Selecting Elements on page 269.

selection box A user interface mechanism that you use to select elements within a defined area by dragging
the cursor around them.
To create a selection box, place the cursor near the elements to select, click and hold the left mouse button,
and drag the cursor diagonally across the screen to draw a rectangle around the desired elements. Dragging
from right to left includes elements completely enclosed by the selection box. Dragging from left to right
includes any element that the selection box encloses or touches.

Glossary | 1555
 See Selecting Multiple Elements on page 270.

selection filter A mechanism for determining which elements are selected (for modification or manipulation)
based on their family types or element parameters.
See Selecting Elements Using a Filter on page 271.

separation line See room separation line on page 1448.

setback (1) The distance that a wall sweep or wall reveal is offset from intersecting wall inserts. The setback
value allows you to place sweeps or reveals properly near window or door trims. You can define a default
setback for wall sweeps and wall reveals in their type properties.

setback (2) The legally required distance between the property line and buildings. For example, in the
following site plan, a red dashed line indicates the zoning setback.

setback (3) The distance from the connection point of a primary beam in a join to its edge. This is measured
linearly with a connecting beam's center.
For more information, see Beam Cutback on page 782.

1556 | Glossary
shading A model graphics style in which Revit Architecture shows the image with all surfaces shaded
according to their material color settings and project light locations. A default light source provides
illumination for the shaded elements.
See Shading Model Graphics Style on page 203.

shading with edges A model graphics style in which Revit Architecture shows the image with all surfaces
shaded according to their material color settings and project light locations, and with all non-occluded edges
drawn. A default light source provides illumination for the shaded elements.
See Shading with Edges Model Graphics Style on page 203.

shadow study See solar study on page 1458.

shaft An opening that extends the entire height (or through specified levels) of a building, cutting through
floors, ceilings, and roofs, as appropriate.
For example, the stairwell and elevator shaft in the following section view were created as shafts.
See Cutting Shaft Openings on page 661.

Glossary | 1557
 shape handle A user interface mechanism that you drag to change the shape of an element in the building
model. A shape handle appears in the selection color (red by default).
For more information, see Shape Handles on page 282.

shared coordinates Project coordinates that are used for remembering the mutual positions of multiple
interlinked files. Those interlinked files can be all RVT files, or a combination of RVT, DWG, and DXF files.
See Shared Positioning on page 1230.

shared family A family of model elements that can be used to create subcomponents of a nested family.
When you use shared families to create a nested family, you can select, tag, and schedule the individual
subcomponents in a project. (If subcomponents are not from shared families, Revit Architecture treats an
instance of the nested family as a single item for selecting, tagging, and scheduling.)
See also nested family on page 1428. For more information, see Shared Families on page 410.

shared parameters User-defined fields that you add to families or projects and then share with other families
and projects. They are stored in a file independently of a family file or Revit project; this allows you to access
the file from different families or projects. In addition, shared parameters can be used in tags for model
elements, and they can display in schedules.
Compare with project parameters on page 1440. For more information, see Shared Parameters on page 440.

shear wall A wall composed of braced panels to counter the effects of lateral loads (such as wind and
earthquakes) acting on a structure. See Structural Walls on page 839.

sheet A construction document. Also referred to as a drawing sheet.

1558 | Glossary
In Revit Architecture, you place project views on sheets to create a construction document set. For more
information, see Sheets on page 968.

shortcut menu A menu of context-sensitive commands. A shortcut menu displays when you right-click an
element or view.

silhouette edges The edges of a building design when the model graphics style is Shading with Edges or
Hidden Line.
You can change the line style used for silhouette edges in these modes. See Applying or Removing a Line
Style for a Silhouette Edge on page 205.

sill The horizontal member at the bottom of a door or window frame.

In Revit Architecture, you can specify a default sill height for a window type, or a specific sill height for a
window instance or door instance. The sill height is the measurement from the floor up to the sill.

site The location or defined plot of ground for a building project.

See Working with Site Components on page 891.

site plan The design for the site on which a building is located, including building pads, parking lots,
sidewalks, and landscaping.
See Working with Site Components on page 891.

Glossary | 1559
 sketch (1) To draw a line or shape. Revit Architecture provides several tools and techniques for sketching.
See Sketching on page 251.

sketch (2) A drawing of a 2D shape. The following sketch contains an open loop (the roof) and a closed
loop (the walls, floor, and ceiling).

SKP The file format for projects created using Google® SketchUp, a general purpose modeling and visualization
tool.
You can import SKP files into a Revit project. See Importing SKP Files on page 1309.

slab A section of solid concrete pavement, roof, or floor. Slabs can be used as a combined floor and foundation
system. See Structural Slabs on page 864.

slope An angled surface (such as a roof or ramp), or the angle at which the surface rises.

1560 | Glossary
See Roof Slope on page 615, Sloped Ceilings on page 653, and Ramps on page 676.

slope arrow A user interface mechanism that defines the slope of a roof, floor, or ceiling plane, using a line
in the direction of the slope.
Use a slope arrow when you know the height at the top and bottom of the object’s plane rather than the
slope. For example, slope arrows can be used to adjust a flat roof to satisfy a particular height at a drainage
point. See Roof Slope Arrow on page 616.
Floor plan showing roof sketch with slope
arrows

Roof resulting from the slope arrows

snap (1) To jump to a line or reference point in a drawing.

snap (2) A line or reference point to which Revit Architecture will jump when you are placing a component
or sketching a line.
When you place a model element or sketch a line in a drawing, Revit Architecture displays snap points and
snap lines to assist in aligning elements or lines with existing geometry. Snap points display in the drawing
area as triangles, squares, and diamonds, depending on the snap type. Snap lines display as dashed green
lines in the drawing area.
For example, when you move the cursor over an existing wall to draw a new wall, Revit Architecture displays
a snap line (green dashed line at the center line of the wall) and a snap point (purple triangle at the midpoint
of the wall). Click a snap point or snap line to start drawing the new wall from that location. For more
information, see Snaps on page 493.

soffit The exposed underside of an architectural element.

Glossary | 1561
 On a roof, the soffit is the underside of an overhanging roof eave. See Roof Soffits on page 626.

solar study A photorealistic image of a building model used to evaluate the impact of natural light and
shadows on the buildings and site.
For more information, see Solar Studies on page 1179.

solid geometry A 3-dimensional shape used in a building model.

You can use the Family Editor to create solid geometry shapes to build families of model elements. See Solid
Geometry Tools on page 380.

span direction The orientation of a structural slab.

1562 | Glossary
When you place a slab in the plan view, Revit Architecture creates a span direction component. Rotate the
span direction component to change the orientation of the slab. For more information, see Span Direction
on page 869.

spline A curved line drawn by specifying and positioning a number of points. Revit Architecture uses a
mathematical polynomial function to smoothly join the segments at these points, creating the curved line.
See Best Practices for Sketching a Spline on page 263 and Modifying a Spline on page 743.

split To divide a single object into multiple objects or sections.

In a Revit project, you can split walls, lines, faces, toposurfaces, layers in vertically compound walls, and
schedules using various split tools and commands.

spot coordinate The North/South and East/West coordinates of an individual point with respect to the
shared coordinate system for a group of linked Revit projects.
See Reporting North, South, East, and West Spot Coordinates on page 230.

spot elevation dimension The elevation of a selected point. Use spot elevation dimensions to determine a
point of elevation for ramps, roads, toposurfaces, and stair landings.
For more information, see Spot Dimensions on page 227.

stacked wall A wall that has 2 or more horizontal layers, each consisting of different materials and surfaces.
See Vertically Stacked Walls on page 574.

stair calculator A Revit tool that automates the creation of stairs based on a specified minimum tread depth
and maximum riser height.
For more information, see Stair Calculator on page 667.

stairs A series of steps that allow you to go from one level to another. Also referred to as a staircase.

Glossary | 1563
 start point The beginning of a sketched line. See Sketching on page 251.

status bar Part of the Revit interface that displays information about what is highlighted or selected, or
hints on what to do next. The status bar is located in the lower left corner of the Revit window.
See Using the Revit Interface on page 51 and Status Bar on page 61.

stringer The diagonal support for the treads and risers in a staircase. See stairs on page 1459.

structural column A column that supports a vertical load in addition to its own weight.
Compare with architectural column on page 1371.
For more information, see Structural Columns on page 755.

subcategory For a subcomponent of a family, a property that defines its display (the line weight, line color,
and line pattern). For example, you can assign one subcategory to the wood trim of a window and another
subcategory to the glass.
See Creating a Subcategory on page 395.

subscription Purchased support for Revit Architecture. A subscription provides access to web-based resources,
such as e-learning lessons, extension announcements, and subscription program news. See Subscription
Center on page 14.

1564 | Glossary
substrate Material (such as plywood or gypsum board) that acts as a foundation for another material.

subwall A component wall in a stacked wall. See Vertically Stacked Walls on page 574.

surface pattern The graphic design (fill pattern) used to represent a surface when shown in projection. See
Fill Patterns on page 449.
Surface patterns (left) and cut patterns (right) for a wall

survey Topographical information about a building site, including its location, boundaries, and elevation.
See Property Lines on page 899.

sustainable design The art of planning physical objects so they can be created and maintained in a way
that supports the longevity of natural ecosystems and reserves. It ranges from designing small objects for
everyday use to designing buildings, cities, and the physical surface of the earth.
Revit Architecture provides predefined families of model elements that promote sustainable design, including
water tanks, solar panels, and wind-powered generators. See Loading Families on page 352.

swatch A sample patch of a color or pattern.

When you apply a color scheme to rooms, the floor plan can display a color scheme legend, which indicates
the colors and what they represent. The color scheme legend includes color swatches.

Glossary | 1565
 sweep See wall sweep on page 1470.

symbol A graphic representation of an annotation element or other object. Symbols are sometimes referred
to as tags.
Revit Architecture uses symbols for annotations, moment frames, cantilever connections, and other elements.
For more information, see Symbols on page 1071.
Annotation symbols used in
a set of construction
documents

symbolic line A line that provides information but is not intended to represent actual geometry in an
element. For example, when creating a door family, you might sketch symbolic lines in an elevation view
to represent a door swing. Symbolic lines are visible parallel to the view in which you sketch them.
You can control the visibility of symbolic lines on cut instances. You can also control the visibility of symbolic
lines based on the detail level of the view. See Family Editor Commands on page 377.

system family A Revit family that can be used as a building block for creating families. Revit Architecture
provides system families for floors, walls, ceilings, roofs, drawing sheets, viewports, and other elements. You
cannot delete system families.

tag An annotation used to identify elements in a drawing. Tags provide a way to automate the display of
attributes for an element or type. Revit Architecture provides default tags for some types of elements, such
as windows, doors, and rooms. You can change the information displayed in tags, and you can create labels

1566 | Glossary
to add information to tags. You can also control the visibility of tags in each view. For more information,
see Tags on page 1064.
For example, the following floor plan shows a door tag and a room tag.

tangent A line that passes through the same point as a curve, in the same direction as the curve.

tape measure A long, flexible ruler (often made of cloth, plastic, or metal) used for measuring.
In Revit Architecture, you can use the Tape Measure tool to measure between points in a drawing. See
Measuring Elements with the Tape Measure on page 332.

target point The point in the distance at which a camera is aimed or directed. See camera on page 1377.

template A collection of settings that you can use as a starting point for projects, families, views, and more.
See Creating a Custom Project Template on page 437, Family Templates on page 342, and View Templates on
page 498.

temporary dimension A dimension that Revit Architecture displays as you draw or place elements in a
view. Temporary dimensions can help you to position an element in the desired location, or to draw a line
to the desired length or angle. When you finish drawing or placing an element, temporary dimensions no
longer display.
Compare with permanent dimension on page 1434. See also listening dimensions on page 1417. For more
information, see Temporary Dimensions on page 213.
The following image shows temporary dimensions that display as you place a window in a wall.

Glossary | 1567
 tessellation A technique used to manage datasets of polygons and divide them into suitable structures for
rendering. Data is often tessellated into triangles, which is sometimes referred to as triangulation.
When CAD or design software applications export 3D geometry to a file for use in Revit Architecture, they
may use tessellation to approximate a curved surface.

text note An annotation that consists of text and may include a leader line and arrow. You can add text
notes to a detail view, drafting view, or a sheet.
For more information, see Text Notes on page 1027.

tick mark The graphic shape used to represent the end of a dimension, such as an arrow or a slash.
See Changing the Dimension Line Tick Mark on page 236.
A floor plan that uses 2 types of tick marks

title block A template for a sheet. A title block generally includes information about the company, address,
date of the project, and revisions.
For more information, see Title Blocks on page 984.

1568 | Glossary
toolbar A panel of buttons that provides quick access to frequently used functions. The Revit toolbars display
at the top of the Revit window, beneath the menu bar.
For more information, see Toolbars on page 53.
Revit standard toolbar

topographical surface See toposurface.

toposurface Topographical surface. A graphic representation of the terrain of a building site or plot. The
toposurface may include contour lines to represent elevations.
For more information, see Toposurfaces on page 893.

tread The horizontal surface of a step in a set of stairs.

triangulation The process of dividing a shape into triangles to determine its area (as for a room) or to
approximate a curved surface (as for a 3D shape). See also tessellation on page 1464.
For more information, see Creating Room/Area Reports on page 1290 and Toposurfaces on page 893.

trim To shorten selected elements to meet a specified boundary. See Trimming and Extending Elements on
page 316.

True North The direction toward the North Pole.

Drafting conventions dictate that Project North is the top of the view in Revit Architecture. You may want
to orient a view to True North when producing solar studies (to create accurate sunlight and shadow patterns

Glossary | 1569
 for the project), or when linking projects that need to share coordinates. See Orienting Views to True North
on page 1180.

type A subdivision within a family of elements.

For example, the family of Concrete Round Columns is further divided into types such as Concrete Round
18”, Concrete Round 24”, and Concrete Round 30”.
See category on page 1378 for examples of the hierarchy of categories, families, and types of model elements
and annotation elements. For more information, see Building with Elements on page 73 and Creating Your
Own Components (Families) on page 341.

type catalog A list of model elements that belong to a particular family type but that differ in size or other
characteristics. Using type catalogs, you can load only the size you need, rather than loading the entire
family type.
For example, suppose that you want to load detail components for wood framing to use in detail views.
Rather than load the entire Nominal Cut Lumber-Section family, which includes 32 sizes of cut lumber, you
can select the specific sizes that you need.
By using the type catalog to load selected items from a family type, you can reduce project size and limit
the number of items listed in the Type Selector for that family, which, in turn, improves productivity. See
Using Type Catalogs on page 376.
Type catalog for a lumber family

type parameters Settings that control the appearance or behavior of all elements of a particular family type.
Type parameters are also called type properties.
The instance parameters and type parameters of an element combine to establish its element properties.
For more information, see Instance Properties and Type Properties on page 76.

type properties See type parameters.

Type Selector A list on the Options Bar from which you can select a family type for the element being added
or modified.
For more information, see Type Selector on page 61.
Type Selector when adding a wall

underlay A project view or imported file that you use to help position elements in the current view.
For example, when you use a section view as an underlay to a detail view, model elements in the detail view
display in half-tone. This allows you to see the difference between the model geometry (from the section
view) and added detail components.
To use a view as the underlay for the current view, set the Underlay parameter in its view properties. See
View Properties on page 210.

1570 | Glossary
Uniformat assembly code A standard classification of building elements and related site work.
During the design phase of a building project, Uniformat assembly codes can be used to define performance
specifications and technical requirements, and to generate cost estimates for the project.
For more information, see Uniformat Assembly Codes on page 754.

unit The basic quantity or amount used as a standard for measuring.

When you install Revit Architecture, you specify whether you want to use imperial units (feet and inches)
or metric units (meters and centimeters). You can also change the type of units used in a project. See Project
Units on page 492 and Creating Custom Dimension Units on page 226.

vertex (1) For a 2-dimensional polygon, an intersection of 2 sides.

vertex (2) For a 3-dimensional shape, an intersection of 3 sides. When you blend 2D shapes to create a 3D
shape, you can use vertex connections to control the rate at which one shape is blended to another shape.
See Editing Vertex Connections on page 385.

view See project view on page 1440.

View Control Bar A panel of buttons providing quick access to functions that control the current view. Use
the View Control Bar to change the scale, detail level, model graphics style, shadowing, crop views, and
display of elements or categories in the view.
The View Control Bar is located at the bottom of the Revit drawing area. For more information, see View
Control Bar on page 62.

view depth A horizontal plane that helps to define the view range in a floor plan or reflected ceiling plan.
By default, the view depth is the same as the bottom clip plane. However, you can specify the view depth
to show elements (such as foundation footings) below the bottom clip plane.
You define the view depth in the view range properties, which are accessible from the view properties. See
View Range on page 198.

view list A schedule (list) of all views in a project. The schedule includes the view parameters that you
specify. You can use a view list to manage the views in a project.
For more information, see Using View Lists on page 208.

view properties Settings that control the appearance or behavior of a project view.
To see or change view properties, right-click a blank area of the view in the drawing area, and click View
Properties. Or right-click a view name in the Project Browser, and click Properties. For more information,
see View Properties on page 210.

Glossary | 1571
 view range A set of horizontal planes that control the visibility and display of objects in a view. The horizontal
planes are Top Clip Plane, Cut Plane, Bottom Clip Plane, and View Depth. Elements outside the view range
do not display in the view.
For more information, see View Range on page 198.

view reference A symbol indicating a dependent view to which the primary view is linked. See Duplicate
Dependent Views on page 144 and Navigating Primary and Dependent Views on page 148.

view scale See scale on page 1450.

view template A collection of view properties (such as view scale, discipline, detail level, and visibility
settings) that can be applied to a project view.
For example, you might create one view template for a structural floor plan, and another view template for
an exit floor plan. You can then apply these templates to different floor plans to display information in each
plan according to its purpose. See View Templates on page 498.

view-specific The characteristic of being visible in one project view only.

viewport A user interface mechanism that allows you to manipulate and activate a view that has been placed
on a sheet. When you activate a view through a viewport, you can edit the model directly on the sheet.
For more information, see Sheets on page 968 and Viewports on page 995.

VIZ An Autodesk product. VIZ is a 3D modeling, rendering, and presentation software application that
provides state-of-the-art image creation technologies for communicating and sharing design intent.
Revit Architecture can export 3D models for use in VIZ. See Exporting to 3ds Max on page 1297.

void geometry A 3-dimensional shape that results from removing shapes from solid geometry.
See Void Geometry Tools on page 390.

volumetric geometry A 3-dimensional shape that has measurable volume.

Non-volumetric geometry refers to a 2-dimensional shape.

walkthrough A representation of a building model that simulates a person walking through the model
along a defined path.
The following walkthrough view shows the walkthrough path in red. See Walkthrough Views on page 116.

1572 | Glossary
wall join An intersection of 2 or more walls.
In Revit Architecture, you can specify the type of join between walls. For more information, see Wall Joins
on page 580.

wall reveal A decorative cutout in a wall.

For more information, see Wall Reveals on page 599.

Glossary | 1573
 wall sweep A horizontal or vertical projection from a wall, often decorative in nature. Examples of wall
sweeps include baseboards and crown molding.
For more information, see Wall Sweeps on page 593.

web library A collection of predefined project resources that are available on the Internet.
For example, you can access web libraries of templates, detail components, entourage, and families of model
elements and annotation elements. See Opening Files from the Web Library on page 68.

wireframe A model graphics style in which Revit Architecture displays the image of the model with all edges
and lines drawn, but no surfaces.
See Wireframe Model Graphics Style on page 201.

witness line An annotation that indicates the distance between 2 points or elements in a building model.
In Revit Architecture, you can change the points or elements that are used as references for a witness line.
You can also control the gap between the witness line and the element being measured. See Dimension
Witness Lines on page 233.

1574 | Glossary
work plane A planar surface on which you can add sketch lines or other components.
Each view in Revit Architecture is associated with a work plane. In some views (such as plan, 3D, and drafting)
and for views in the Family Editor, the work plane is automatically defined. In other views, such as elevation
and section views, you need to define the plane. The work plane is necessary for sketching operations (such
as creating an extruded roof) and for using tools in particular views (such as Rotate and Mirror in a 3D view).
For more information, see Sketching and Work Planes on page 265.

workset A collection of elements in a workshared project that can be worked on independently. A workset
is typically a discrete functional area, such as interior, exterior, or site. When you enable worksharing, you
can divide a project into worksets, with different team members responsible for each workset.
For more information, see Setting Up Worksets on page 1191.

worksharing A design method in which different team members are responsible for designing different
functional areas of the same project file.
See Working in a Team on page 1189.

xref See external reference on page 1396.

z-direction The direction of the third axis (the z-axis) in a 3-dimensional coordinate system.

zoning envelope A set of legal constraints on a building project that defines the volume within which the
building must be contained. These constraints include the maximum height of the building, the percentage
of the lot that the building can cover, and rear and side setbacks.

zoom To change the magnification of a view.

Glossary | 1575
 In a 3D context, primarily when zooming using the 3D SteeringWheels, zoom dollies the camera in and
out. In a 2D context, using zoom from the toolbar, mouse wheel, or the 2D SteeringWheels, zoom moves
up and down perpendicular to the view.
■ To zoom in is to increase the magnification, making the building appear larger.

■ To zoom out is to decrease the magnification, making the building appear smaller.

Zoom commands are available on the View menu, 2d and 3D SteeringWheels, and the View toolbar, shown
below. See Zooming Project Views on page 193.

1576 | Glossary
Index
2D datum extents 1051 alpha channel 1170
2D views 1160 alphabetic sequence for revision numbers 1014
rendering 1160 altitude 1182
3 GB switch 15 aluminum 472
3D datum extents 1051 anchor symbol 223
3D model extents 1052 angular dimensions 218, 347
maximizing 1052 animations 1185
3D models 73 solar studies 1185
3D views 110–112, 115, 174, 193, 1158, 1300 annotation crop regions 163, 165–166
modifying viewable portion 111 specifying offset from the model crop region 166
orient to a direction 174 annotation schedules 980
orient to view 174 sheets and 980
properties 115 annotation styles 491–492
publishing to 2D DWF 1300 arrowheads 491
publishing to 3D DWF 1300 dimensions 491
rendering 1158 loaded tags 492
rotating 112 text notes 491
saving 193 annotation symbols 1072
3ds Max 1297–1299 annotation symbol families 1072
before exporting to 1297 new 1072
camera views 1299 annotations 422, 486, 1218
exporting to 1298 displaying in linked Revit models 1218
limiting model geometry 1298 generic 422
performance 1299 line weights 486
preparing for 1298 anti-aliasing 1163, 1175
API 1339–1340, 1342–1344, 1353–1354, 1361, 1364,
1367
A frequently asked questions 1364
abort 283 installing macro support 1342
absolute path 1320 macro differences 1361
ACIS objects 1311 Macro Manager 1344
importing 1311 macro workflow 1340
ACIS solids 1277, 1282 macros 1339
description of 1282 reference documentation 1353
exporting a view to SAT 1277 related information 1367
exporting geometry to 1282 samples on SDK 1353
ACM 1149–1150 Tools menu for macros 1343
local 1150 using SDK samples 1354
networked 1150 apparent load 1119
using 1149 Appearance tab for schedules 136
acquire coordinates 1232 Application Programming Interface. See API
Activate View command 976 application-level macros 1344, 1348, 1350
active options 1241, 1245, 1247 C# examples 1348
Active Option Only 1247 VB.NET examples 1350
determining 1245 arc walls 564–565, 844–845
Add to Design Option Set command 1246 adding 565
Add View command 971 cutting 845
advanced model graphics style 201 cutting openings in 565
Align command 306 resizing 565, 844
align with element 451 arced landings 666

Index | 1577
architectural columns 698 detaching from a model group 291
ArchVision Content Manager 507 attached end leader 1064
file paths 507 audit option 68
location of 507 AutoCAD 1273, 1279, 1308, 1315, 1318
ArchVision Content Manager (ACM) 1141, 1149–1150 entities 1279
local 1150 formats 1273, 1308, 1315
networked 1150 drag-and-drop 1308
realpeople 1141 exporting to 1273
using 1149 fonts 1315
arcs 256–259 importing 1308
fillet 259 linked files 1318
from center and end points 258 overrides 1279
passing through 3 points 257 automatic sketch dimensions 356, 358
sketching 256 effects on geometry 356
tangent 259 visibility 358
area 523, 530–531, 540 automating tasks 1339
area analysis 1258 macros 1339
design options and 1258 automobiles 1142, 1145
areas 911, 922, 939, 945–954, 956, 961, 1094, 1283 AVI file export 120
applying color scheme in linked models 961 AVI files 1185
area plans 946 solar studies 1185
area schemes 945–946 azimuth 1182
area tags 922, 948–950
boundaries 947, 953
color schemes 956
B
creating 948 back clip plane 81
deleting 951–952 cutting by 81
exporting 1283 background 1167
exporting as polylines 939 rendered images and 1167
listing 952 background color 60
moving 951 inverting 60
placing 951 backup files 71
properties 949 backups 70
removing 951 ballast 1119, 1123
schedule 952 loss factor 1123
showing in linked models 953 number of poles 1119
types 953–954 voltage 1119
unplacing 951–952 balusters 683, 685, 688
viewing using filled regions 1094 defining a pattern 683
arrange icons 60 deleting 688
array 295, 299–300, 378 pattern properties 685
changing 300 placement 683
copying 299 stair pattern properties 685
creating 295 base offset 931
deleting members 299 rooms 931
linear 295 baseline dimensions 219
parameterized elements 378 batch print 1025
radial 295 batt insulation 1073
Array command 294 beam angle 1119, 1130, 1132
arrays 1256 beam cutback 782–784, 787
design options and 1256 end join types 784
arrow tick marks 236 examples of 787
arrowheads 491 instance 784
artifacts 1179 symbolic 783
artificial light 1166 beam handles 777
Artificial Lights dialog 1136–1137 beam join editor 790
Assign Layers command 571 beam system pattern 817, 825
Attach Top/Base command 579 beam systems 807, 809, 819, 821
attached detail groups 284, 287, 291 non-planar 819
creating 287

1578 | Index
 tagging 821 modifying 904
beam tags 793, 795 properties 905
beam annotations tool 795 sloping 904
families 793 bump patterns 468, 476
beams 316, 766, 768, 770, 772, 777, 780, 800, 802, 818 Buzzsaw publishing 1304–1305
adding a single beam 772 adding a location 1305
adding by use of grid 772 DWF files 1305
beam handles 777 DWG files 1305
cantilevered 818 By Host View 1219
extending 316 By Linked View 1219
moving 777
properties 802
rotating 777
C
shape handles 780 C# 1348, 1351
spot elevations 800 macro examples 1348, 1351
structural usage 770 CAD formats 1273, 1308, 1315
trimming 316 drag-and-drop 1308
best practices 477, 1103, 1172 exporting to 1273
lighting 1103 fonts 1315
render appearances 477 importing 1308
rendering 1172 calculated fields 128
bind 292 callout bubbles 99, 101, 103
blend cuts 391 Callout command 98, 101, 107
blends 383–385, 387 callout heads 99, 104
creating 383 callout tags 99–104, 106, 196
editing 384 bubbles 101, 103
swept blend 387 changing 102
blurred refractions precision 1163 creating 106
Boolean operations 334–335, 380, 390 heads 104
joining geometry 334 intersecting views and 100
solid geometry tools 380 line style 106
unjoining geometry 335 moving the leader line 103
void geometry tools 390 overview 104
borrowing elements 1199–1200 parts of 99
relinquish 1199 selecting 196
retracting a request 1200 callout views 87, 98–104, 106, 109, 168, 196
bottom-up revision schedules 991 adding 101
bounces 1163, 1173, 1175 changing boundaries of 103
boundaries 663 cut by the far clip plane 87
braces 316, 766, 770, 827, 832 displaying 102
cutting openings in 766 modifying 102
extending 316 opening 102
properties 832 overview 98
structural 827 parts of 99
trimming 316 properties 109
bracing 831 rotating 168
attachments 831 sheets and 101
brass 472 tags 104, 196
bronze 472 types 100
bubbles 1034–1035 visibility of 106
grids 1035 callouts 1254
offsetting 1034 tags 1254
building elements 543 design options 1254
creating from mass instances 543 camera clipping plane 1161
Building Maker 518 rendered images and 1161
building model 73, 1297 cameras 113–115
specifying building type 1297 orienting 113
building pads 902–905 selecting 114
adding 903 turning off 115
cut and fill volume for 902

Index | 1579
cancel 66, 283 color preset 1126
cantilevers 867–868 color temperature 469, 1126
applying 868 dimming lamp color temperature shift 1119
applying at slab creation 867 filter color 469
cars 1140, 1142, 1145, 1151 image files for 476
cartoon sets 969 initial color of light sources 1119, 1126
cascade 60 materials and 463
Cast Reflections property 1148 modifying 514
categories 74, 152, 461 new 514
materials and 461 render appearances and 476
overriding graphic display of 152 render performance and 1174
ceiling plans 80 setting 514
ceilings 651–655 colour. See color
adding 651 colours. See colors.
applying a surface pattern 654 column families 426
automatic, creating 651 columns 135, 142, 691–692, 697–698, 755, 761, 766,
modifying 654 929
properties 655 attaching 692
sketching 652, 655 creating 691
sloped 653 cutting openings in 766
types of 654 headings in schedules 142
central file 1190, 1197, 1209–1210 locking to grid 761
creating 1190 modifying 697
creating a local copy of 1197 moving 697
creating from an existing file 1209 properties 698
moving 1210 rooms and 929
central location 70 structural 755
ceramic materials 468, 472 totals for schedules 135
chained walls and lines 272–274 types of 697
modifying 274 Communication Center 62–63
partial selection 273 privacy 63
selecting 272 compact files 70
chairs 1143, 1146 component families 341
chandeliers 1106–1107, 1110 component legends 980
change hosts 747 sheets and 980
circle shape for light sources 1117 components 306, 746–748, 908
circles 255 adding 746
sketching 255 aligning 306
circumscribed polygons 256 hosts, changing 748
Close command 72 locking to elements 746
close open loops 264 placing 746–747
clouds 1167 site components 908
CMU materials 472 Components command 378, 746
coarse detail level 503 compound structure 748–749, 751–753
coarse-scale cut patterns 697 function, applying 749
coefficient of utilization 1119 layer join cleanup 749
coincident edges 330 layer wrapping 751
line styles 330 layers as references 753
color picker 515 layers, inserting 751
PANTONE 515 materials 749
Windows 515 preview 752
color schemes 911, 956, 958, 960–964 compound walls 753
applying 960–961 joined to columns 753
creating 958 orientation, flipping 753
dialog 958 computation height 926–927
legends 962–964 computers 1143, 1147
modifying 961 conceptual design 522, 529, 542
removing the display of 962 analysis of 522, 529, 542
colors 463, 469, 476, 514, 1119, 1126, 1174 concrete 469
color filters 1119 materials 469

1580 | Index
conditional statements in formulas 368 curtain systems 548, 550, 554, 705, 716–717
connectors 1103 adding faces 554
constraints 247, 249–250, 254, 1217, 1255, 1315 by face 548, 717
applying to sketch lines 254 grid placement 705
design options and 1255 on nurb surfaces 550
dimensions and 247 curtain wall doors 418
equality 247 curtain wall panel family 416–417
for imported geometry 1315 starting 417
in linked models 1217 curtain wall panels 711, 715–716
removing 249 joining 715
visibility 249 merging 715
worksets and 250 reshaping 715
construction documents 967, 1022 tips 716
printing 1022 unjoining 716
contour lines 891, 908–910 curtain wall windows 418
adding 891 curtain walls 566, 700, 702–703, 705, 711, 713, 715,
labels 908–910 718, 720, 1163, 1165
controls 279–281 cleaning joins 713
dimension text 281 corner mullions 718
drag 279 daylight portals 1163, 1165
flip 280 embedded 566
lock 280 grid placement 705
overview 279 mitered mullions 715
rotate 281 non-rectangular 703
spacebar 281 properties 720
view 281 rectangular 702
coordinate system basis 1281 wall panels 711
coordination review 1227 custom parameters 440
copies of linked models 1217 custom project templates 437
copper 472 custom view scale 194
copy 1217–1218 cut and fill volumes 901–902
elements from linked models 1218 for building pads 902
linked models 1217 schedule 902
Copy command 320 viewing 901
Copy to Clipboard command 320 Cut command 304
copy/monitor 1224 cut geometry 393
core layer clean-up options 162 Cut Geometry 566
corner mullions 718–719 cut lines 152
cost 479 cut patterns 152, 463
materials 479 materials and 463
cover sheets 978 cut-outs 469, 472
Create Similar command 324 cutouts in floors and ceilings 436
crop regions 106, 163, 165–166, 168, 972, 1161, 1274 cuts 390–393
callouts and 106 blend 391
exporting and 1274 extrusion 390
modifying 165 revolve 392
rendered images and 1161 sweep 393
setting the size 166 cuttable families 361
sheets and 972 cutting openings in 766
using to rotate a view 168
currency 138
formatting in schedules 138
D
curtain elements 277 dash 485
selecting 277 data source 1288
curtain grids 700, 704–705 database, exporting to 1287
placing 704–705 datum extents 1048–1051, 1053
snapping 704 2D 1051
curtain host 277–278 3D 1051
selecting mullions 278 controls 1051
selecting panels 277

Index | 1581
 model extent controls 1051 deleting 1249
propagating 1053 Design Option Edit mode 1245
resizing 1048, 1051 detailing 1249
view specific extent controls 1051 documenting 1249
visibility in views 1048–1050 duplicating 1248
daylight 1166 editing 1244
daylight portals 1163, 1165, 1168 elements deleted 1260
Deactivate View command 976 elements in 1248
debugging macros 1352 errors 1260
decals 1152–1157 Exclude Options 1247
attributes 1157 groups and 1256
creating 1153 hosted components and 1256, 1260
deleting 1155 incorporating into main model 1251
duplicating 1155 levels and 1255
images for 1157 main model elements and 1246
modifying 1154 Make Primary command 1243, 1245
placing in views 1153 masses and 522
properties 1156–1157 moving elements between 1247
renaming 1155 option conflicts 1261–1262
sharing 1155 Pick to Edit command 1244
decimal degrees 891 primary options 1241
decimal display 493 process overview 1239
dedicated views 1241, 1249, 1251–1252 promoting to primary 1245
creating 1252 referencing elements 1255
deleting 1249, 1251 rooms and 1256–1258
default view templates 500 schedules and 1252
default worksets 1193 secondary options 1241
degrees 891 selecting elements in 1247
Delete command 340 terminology 1240
delete inner segment 335 toolbar 1240
Demolish tool 1270 tooltips 1245, 1248
dependent views 144, 146–150, 977 troubleshooting 1260
creating 146 unsupported elements in 1255
deleting 150 view settings 1253
making independent 150 view tags and 1254
matchlines 147 viewing 1252–1253
navigating 148 main model only 1253
propagating 149 multiple options 1253
sheets and 977 visibility 1252, 1261
depth clipping 81 of design options 1252
design bar 54 of elements 1261
design option sets 1240, 1242–1243, 1246, 1249 Visible in Option parameter 1251, 1254
Add to Design Option Set command 1246 wall joins and 1258
adding design options to 1243 worksets and 1258
creating 1242 detach from central 1206
deleting 1249 detach walls 579
design options522, 1237, 1239–1241, 1243–1249, 1251– detail callouts 100
1258, 1260–1262 Detail Component command 1083
Active Option Only 1247 detail component families 421, 1083
active options 1241, 1245 changing appearance 421
adding 1243 creating 1083
annotating 1249 detail elements 1096
area analysis and 1258 draw order 1096
arrays and 1256 sorting 1096
best practices 1241 detail groups 284, 286, 292
comparing 1253 creating 286
considerations 1255 draw order 292
constraints and 1255 sort order 292
copying 1248 detail level 360, 363, 503–504
dedicated views 1241, 1251–1252 applying 504

1582 | Index
 for family geometry 360 radial 218
scale values 504 spot elevation 227
setting 363, 504 temporary 213, 497
detail levels 195, 360, 1274 temporary to permanent 214
limiting model geometry and 1274 text size 238
when exporting a model 1274 tick marks 236
detail library 1096 type 213
detail lines 1094 units, custom 226
detail views 1075, 1083 unlocking 222
creating 1075 vertical 217
detail components 1083 witness line control 234
detailing tools 1086 dimming lamp color temperature shift 1119
details 1075, 1083, 1085 Dimming parameter 1134
repeating 1085 disallow complex join 589
tracing from view 1075 document-level macros 1344, 1351–1352
DGN files 1277, 1282–1283, 1307 C# examples 1351
exporting to 1277 VB.NET examples 1352
importing 1307 documentation 967
polymeshes, exporting 1282 don't cut geometry 395, 567
templates for export 1283 door schedules 130
diagnostic tool 1332 including room information 130
diffuse reflectance 469 doors 401, 732–734, 1163, 1165
digital cartoon sets 969 adding 733
dimension command 215 daylight portals 1163, 1165
Dimension command 377 families 401
dimension styles 491 properties 734
dimension text 224 tags 734
overriding 224 type of 734
dimension text controls 281 dormers 621
dimension values 224–225 DPI 1166
adding text to 224 rendered images 1166
replacing with text 225 drafting patterns 450
dimensions 66, 122, 213–219, 222–224, 226–227, 233– drafting views 1079–1082
236, 238, 356, 359–360, 454, 497 creating 1080
aligned 215 display 1081
anchor symbol 223 filled regions 1081
angular, placing 218 saving to an external project 1082
arc lengths 219 drag controls 279
arc wall centers 216 drag-and-drop CAD formats 1308
arrow type tick marks 236 draw order 292
automatic sketch 356 detail groups 292
automatic with walls 216 drawing area 60, 64
baseline 219 black background 60
changing values 235 inverting the background color 60
core boundary 226 navigating 64
custom dimension units 226 white background 60
dimension line text 235 drawing indexes. See drawing lists
elements related by constraints 224 drawing lists 1005–1007
entering 66 adding to sheets 1006
families 359–360 creating 1006
horizontal 217 external sheets in 1007
legends 122 omitting sheets from 1006
listening 66, 233 organizing 1007
locking 222 sheet order 1007
model pattern lines 454 drawing sets 967
modifying 235 drawing sheets 992
moving temporary witness lines 233 See also sheets
ordinate 219 drop panels 872
permanent 214 duplicate dependent views 144, 146–150
properties 215, 238 creating 146

Index | 1583
 deleting 150 granting a request 1199
making independent 150 element categories 152
matchlines 147 overriding graphic display of 152
navigating 148 element ID number 1332
propagating 149 finding 1332
DWF 1020 locating 1332
custom sheet size 1020 selecting 1332
printing 1020 element keynote 1061
DWF files 1300–1303, 1305 elements 65, 73–76, 151, 160, 280–281, 284, 300, 304,
2D room and area data export 1300 309, 312, 461–462, 917–918, 1195, 1217, 1228,
exporting 1300 1263, 1267, 1270
importing markup files 1303 adding to worksets 1195
object data 1300–1301 classification of 73
viewing 1301 cutting 304
publishing 1300–1302, 1305 demolishing 1270
2D DWF 1300–1301 editing in groups 284
3D DWF 1300, 1302 flipping 280–281, 309
to Buzzsaw 1305 hidden 160
DWF markup files 1303–1304, 1321–1322 hiding 160
linking 1303, 1321 in linked Revit models 1217
managing 1304 in-fill elements 1267
modifying 1322 interference checking 1228
DWFx 1300 materials and 461–462
DWG files 1091, 1275, 1282, 1305, 1307, 1314 modifying 65
applying masking regions to 1091 moving 300
exporting to 1275 overriding graphic display settings 151
importing 1307 phases and 1263
importing line weights 1314 properties of 75–76
publishing to Buzzsaw 1305 room-bounding 917–918
setting units 1282 scaling 312
units 1282 specifying visibility 151
DXF files 1276, 1307, 1314 elevation reporting 229, 1044
exporting to 1276 elevation tags 196
importing 1307 elevation views 87
importing line weights 1314 cut by the far clip plane 87
elevations 85–88, 196–197
changing clip planes 87
E reference elevations 88
eaves 617–619 tags, hiding 196–197
aligning 619 views 85–86
plumb cut, creating 618 elevator shafts 661
two-cut plumb 618 ellipses 260–262
two-cut square 618 full 260
edges 327 partial 261
line styles 327 resizing 262
edges, silhouette 205 rotating 262
edit 353 sketching 260
loaded families 353 embedded walls 566–567
Edit Cut Profile command 330 curtain walls 566
Edit Joins command 682 separating 567
Edit Label command 359 Emit from Circle Diameter parameter 1119
edit pasted elements 322, 1336 Emit from Line Length parameter 1119
edit witness lines 235 Emit from Rectangle parameters 1119
editable only 1195 Emit from Shape parameter 1117
efficacy 1125, 1177 Emit Shape Visible in Rendering parameter 1119
electrical connectors 1103 enable worksharing 1190
electrical family 435 energy analysis 439, 1296
element borrowing 1198–1200 settings 439
checking a request 1200 energy data 439

1584 | Index
entourage 1139–1140, 1148, 1151–1152, 1178 exterior walls 562–563, 603, 842
creating 1148 properties 603, 842
decals 1152 external references 1307
overview 1140 importing vs. linking 1307
placing in projects 1151 extruded roofs 609–611, 614
troubleshooting problems with 1178 aligning 614
envelopes, zoning 518 editing the work plane 609
EQ symbol 247–248 end point 611
changing to dimension value 248 plan profile 610
equality constraints 247–248 rehosting 609
applying 248 resizing 614
changing to dimension value 248 start point 611
EQ symbol 248 extrusion cuts 390
error messages 1332 extrusions 386–387, 396
ESCAPE key 283 properties 396
Exclude Options 1247
exploding data 1310
SketchUp and 1310
F
export 1185, 1273–1283, 1285, 1287, 1289–1290, 1292, fabric 477
1297–1300, 1304 face-based family 406
3ds Max 1297–1299 faces 155
ACIS solids 1282 applying transparency to 155
AutoCAD formats 1273 families 74, 91, 97, 102, 104, 106, 338, 341–344, 349–
Buzzsaw, exporting to 1304 350, 352–355, 359, 361, 363, 369, 371, 374, 377,
CAD formats 1273 399–400, 405–407, 411, 414–415, 424, 426–427,
coordinate system basis 1281 433, 435–436, 444, 519, 1066, 1075, 1083, 1143,
crop regions and 1274 1294
DGN files 1277 adding a website link 369
DWF 1300 additional 435
DWG files 1275 applying material to surface 338
DXF files 1276 basic templates 342
file names 1278 callout heads 104
geometry 1285 callout tags 102, 106
IFC 1292 column 426
improving performance of 1274 columns 427
layer settings 1279 specifying plan view display 427
defining 1279 creating 341
layers 1279, 1285 creating a shared family 411
and properties 1279 cuttable or non-cuttable 361
limiting model geometry 1274, 1298 defining geometry for 341
linetype scaling 1280 design considerations 343
MicroStation files 1277 design environment 343
ODBC database 1287 detail components 1083
one DWG unit is 1282 dimensioning 359
options 1278 edit loaded families 353
polymesh 1282 electrical 435
room area report 1290 face-based 406
rooms and areas 1283 family editor 377
SAT files 1277 flip control 400
section boxes and 1274 furniture 424
solar study 1185 general rules for geometry 344
views as images 1289 IFC entities for 1294
Export commands 1273, 1285, 1289, 1297 instance parameters 363
Export 3ds Max (FBX) 1297 load from library 352
Export Image 1289 loading shared 414
Export Layers 1285 mass families 519
exposure settings 1168–1169 mechanical 435
exterior light 1166 model patterns 338
exterior surface area 523–525, 533, 540 multiple tags 1066

Index | 1585
 nested 407 family types 74, 76–77, 348–349, 355, 366
new 349 adding 76
plumbing 435 copying between projects 355
profile 371 creating 366
purge unused 436 creating within family editor 349
reloading 352, 354 creating within project 349
RPC families 1143 parameters of 76
scheduling shared 415 previewing 77
section head 433 properties of 76
section heads 97 setting 366
section views 91, 1075 Family Types command 377
shape handles 363 FAQ 1364
shared parameters 399, 444 for macros 1364
standard component families 341 far clip plane 87
strong reference 355 cutting by 87
subcategory 349 far clipping 87
templates 342 fascias 622, 624, 626, 635
tips 350 adding 622
type catalogs 374 flipping 624
vertical 405 horizontal offset 626
weak reference 355 mitering options 624
work plane-based 406 properties 635
working with shared 414 resizing 624
family categories 398–399 segments 624
always vertical 398 vertical offset 626
assigning 398 FBX file format 1297–1298
work plane-based 399 exporting to 1297–1298
Family Category and Parameters command 398 preparing for 1298
family editor 346–348, 377, 400, 403, 409, 411 fbxooprender.exe 1172
commands 377 field angle 1119, 1130, 1132
controlling angular dimensions 347 Field of View mode 167
creating a shared family 411 Fields tab for schedules 128
family type parameter 409 files 67–70, 72, 1273, 1278, 1306
load into projects 400 auditing 68
nested family 409 backup copies of 70
reference line properties 348 closing 72
reference lines 346 default template files 67
wall closure planes 403 exporting 1273, 1278
wall inserts 403 importing 1306
Family Editor 462 linking 1306
materials and 462 opening 68
family elements 378 reducing size of 70
array 378 saving 69
copy 378 fill patterns 449–451, 453
mirror 378 applying 453
family files 287 deleting 453
loading as a group 287 editing 453
family geometry 360, 396 host orientation 451
properties 396 simple, creating 450
family libraries 68 fill volumes 901
family origin 344 filled elevation target 230
family parameter links 421 Filled Region command 1093
family parameters 369, 371, 421 filled regions 1081, 1093–1094
creating 369 creating 1093
linking 421 drafting views 1081
modifying 371 fill pattern category 1094
family subcategory 349 properties, changing 1094
setting 349 resizing 1094
family templates 371 viewing area 1094
fillet arcs 259

1586 | Index
filter color 469 full ellipse 260
Filter tab for schedules 132 furniture 1146
filters 156, 159–160, 1119 furniture families 424–425
applying 159 creating 424
color filters 1119 starting 425
creating 156
deleting 159
modifying 159–160
G
filter criteria 159 gable roofs 633
visibility and graphics settings 160 gbXML 1296–1297
renaming 159 exporting 1296
Find Referring Views command 205 specifying building type 1297
fine detail level 503 specifying zip code 1297
finish bumps 468, 476 gbXML settings 439
flecks in paint 473 generic annotations 422
flip control 400 generic materials 469, 475
flip controls 280 generic models 548, 555
flipped dimension line extension parameter 236 imported geometry for 555
floor area 540 geometry 1285, 1307, 1310, 1315, 1322
floor area faces. See mass floors. constraints when importing 1315
floor plan views 79 exploding 1322
floor plans 1128 exporting 1285
lighting fixtures and 1128 how treated in SketchUp 1310
floors 641–644, 646 intersecting 1285
adding 642 snapping to 1307
editing 643 girders 772
properties 646 glass materials 471
slab edges 644 glazing materials 471
sloped 643 glossiness 469, 475
type of 642 graded region 898
foliage 908, 1139 grand totals in schedules 135
fonts, mapping 1315 graphic display 150, 153
footings 143, 855, 859, 862 overriding 150
continuous footings properties 855, 862 removing overrides 153
isolated 859 graphical user interface 51–52
schedule and quantities 143 gray inactive workset graphics 1203
footprint roofs 607–608, 616 gray scale 1020
arc segments 608 Grid command 1033
creating 607 grids 761, 1033–1035, 1037–1039, 1050, 1053
slope value control 616 adding 1033
Formatting tab for schedules 136 arc 1033, 1050
formulas 128, 315, 366–368 bubbles 1035
abbreviations 367 center segment of 1039
adding 367 changing 1034
conditional statements 368 circular 1033
for family parameters 366 color of 1038
numerical parameters 366 continuous 1038
schedules and 128 customizing grid lines 1037–1039
syntax 367 display, controlling 1053
foundation slab properties 879 gaps in 1038
foundation slabs 878 length, changing 1034
frames 1143, 1147 line weight 1038
picture frames 1143, 1147 locking columns to 761
framing elevation 89 modifying 1034
bracing 89 number, changing 1034
work plane 89 pattern 1038
free end leader 1064 properties 1039
frequently asked questions 1364 visibility in views 1050
about macros 1364 ground plane at level 1182–1184
From Room 130

Index | 1587
groups 284, 286–292, 294, 1256 hosted components 731, 747, 1256, 1260
adding elements 290 changing hosts 747
attached detail groups 284 design options and 1256, 1260
converting to linked models 292 HTML version of project 1290
copying 287
creating 286
deleting 294
I
design options and 1256 i-drop 1308
detail groups 284 IDE 1344, 1348–1355, 1364, 1367
editing externally 291 Application object 1351
excluding elements 290 building macros 1348
loading 287 C# application-level examples 1348
loading a group into a project or family 291 C# document-level examples 1351
model groups 284 creating macros 1344
modifying 289 debugging macros 1352
moving elements to the project view 290 frequently asked questions 1364
origin 289 integrating macros 1355
placing 288 related information 1367
positioning 289 running macros 1349
reloading 287 samples on SDK 1353
removing elements 290 using SDK samples 1354
renaming 291 VB.NET application-level examples 1350
restoring excluded elements 290 VB.NET document-level examples 1352
saving 294 identity data for materials 478–479
specifying height 292 IES files 1102–1103, 1114
swapping out 292 IFC files 1292–1294, 1296, 1317–1318
GUI 51–52 exporting to 1292
GUID 1300 file locations 1296
gutters 629–631, 635 IFC entities for families 1294
adding 630 importing 1317
flipping 631 loading an IFC class mapping file 1317
offsets, changing 631 mapping file 1317
properties 635 overriding categories for imported IFC objects 1318
resizing 631 supported IFC classes 1293
segments 631 illuminance 1125
image files 476, 1157, 1176
H decals 1157
missing 1176
halftone 153 render appearances and 476
haze 1167 image precision 1163, 1175
headings in schedules 142 image size 1166, 1175
Help Viewer tabs 14 render performance and 1175
hemispherical light distribution 1117 images 201–203, 983, 986, 1158, 1289, 1316–1317
hidden elements 160 deleting from a project 1317
Hidden Line command 202 exporting views as 1289
hidden lines 195, 329 hidden lines 202
line styles 329 importing 1316
projection edges and 329 modifying imported 1316
hidden windows, closing 60 raster image management 1317
Hide at Scales Coarser Than parameter 106 rendering 1158
hide elements 160 shading 203
hide ViewCube 171 shading with edges 203
highlights 1169 sheets and 983
horizontal dimensions 217 title blocks and 986
horizontal line splitting 336 wireframe 201
host elements 1256, 1260 import 556–558, 894, 1297, 1306–1309, 1311–1312,
design options and 1256, 1260 1314–1315, 1322
host layers 162 3ds Max 1297
host sweep profiles 373 ACIS objects 1311

1588 | Index
 CAD formats 1308 interference checking 1228
DGN files 1307 interior light 1166
draw order 1315 interior tick marks 236
DWG files 1307 interior wall properties 842
DXF files 1307 interior walls 562–563, 603
fonts 1315 properties 603
full explode 1322 intersecting geometry 1285
line weights 1314 isolated footings 859
massing study 556–558 itemizing instances in schedules 133
options 1312
partial explode 1322
scaling 1314
J
sending to back 1315 join geometry 334, 521
sending to front 1315 joins 580–581, 612, 710
SketchUp (SKP) files 1309 editing 580
suitability of geometry 1306 mullions 710
toposurface 894 roofs 612
using i-drop 1308 wall 581
import/link 1307 joist systems 807, 809–810, 812, 814, 816
external references and 1307 beam direction 816
Import/Link command 1306 boundary location 814
imported file 1323 cutting openings 814
querying objects in layers 1323 defining boundaries 810
imported files 1324–1326 picking supports 810
changing graphic display of 1325–1326 sketching boundaries 812
deleting layers 1325 joists 770, 772
hiding layers 1324 journal files 72, 505
imported geometry 1307, 1315, 1322 jump snaps 494
constraints for 1315
exploding 1322
snapping to 1307 K
imported geometry visibility 363
importing 983, 986, 994 keep readable 451
images 983, 986 Ketiv 351
title blocks 994 key schedules 125
in-fill elements 1267 keyboard accelerators 512
in-place families 419–420, 557 keyboard shortcuts 511, 741
creating 420 customizing 511
editing 420 dimension values 741
importing 557 keynote legends 980
index of refraction 469 sheets and 980
indirect illumination 1163, 1173 keynotes 479, 1058–1064
initial color 1119, 1126 assigning values 1061
initial intensity 1119, 1124–1125, 1133, 1177 compared to tags 1058
inscribed polygons 256 editing keynote files 1063
installation 1, 1342 element 1061
Revit VSTA add-in 1342 file locations 1063
instance parameters 76, 363 file versions 1064
creating 363 filtering 1062
instance properties 76, 243, 246 legends 1061
spot coordinates 246 materials 1061
spot elevation 243 materials and 479
instances 74, 76, 133 placing 1060
parameters of 76 resolving file errors 1064
properties of 76 schedules 1061
schedules and 133 settings 1059
insulation 1073 tag ends 1064
Integrated Development Environment. See IDE types 1061
interface 51–52, 63 user 1061
shortcuts 63 workflow 1059

Index | 1589
keys 1289 moving 1043
keywords 479 non-story 1041
materials and 479 properties 1044
story 1041
visibility, controlling 1053
L library 68, 351
L-corner mullions 719 web library 68
Label command 378 license plates 1145
labeling 359 licensing 4–14
dimensions 359 borrowing 13
labels 428–433 combining files 9
applying to a tag 432 contact information 6
applying to a titleblock 433 distributed license server 4, 10
creating 428 license file, obtaining 6
multi-parameter 429 license file, setting up 7
building 429 license server, configuring 8
properties 431–432 license server, reporting 12
shared 429 LMTools 5
unit formats 430 Network License Activation utility 6
lamp lumen deprecation 1123 Network License Manager 5
Lamp parameter 1119 network licensing client setup 12
lamp tilt loss factor 1123 network server setup 4
landings 664, 666 NLA 6
landscaping 1139 options 4
latitude 1182 redundant license server 4, 11
layer mapping files 1279, 1285 Registration and Authorization office 6
definition of 1285 standalone 4
layers 567, 572, 749, 751–753, 1279, 1285–1286, 1319– subscription awareness 14
1321, 1323–1326 transferring 13
as references 753 light bulbs 477, 1102, 1105
assignment rules 572 light distribution 1117
changing graphic display of 1321, 1325–1326 light groups 1134, 1136–1137, 1139, 1173
custom 1286 adding lights to 1136–1137
deleting 1325 Artificial Lights dialog 1136–1137
exporting 1285 creating 1136
hiding 1324 deleting 1139
join cleanup 749 Light Group Editor 1137
linked files and 1319 removing lights from 1136–1137
properties and 1279 renaming 1139
querying objects in 1323 render performance and 1173
settings 1279 turning on/off 1139
troubleshooting 1320–1321 light loss factors 1119, 1123, 1133
wrapping 751–752 changing 1133
leader arrowheads 1032 defining 1119, 1123
leader lines 99, 103, 1027, 1030 parameters 1123
callout tags and 99, 103 Light Source Definition dialog 1117
legends 120, 122–123, 962–963, 980 light sources 1102, 1105–1106, 1114–1119, 1124–1126,
as palettes 123 1129, 1133–1134, 1139, 1179
color schemes 962–963 brightness 1133
dimensioning 122 changing light source definitions 1115
sheets and 980 defining 1116
Level command 1041 defining geometry of 1117
level lines 1043 dimming 1134
levels 926, 1041–1044, 1053, 1255 displaying in project views 1129
adding 1041 Emit from Shape 1117
changing type 1042 IES files 1114
computation height and 926 initial color 1126
design options and 1255 initial intensity 1124–1125, 1133
modifying 1042 light distribution 1117
lighting fixture with multiple light sources 1106

1590 | Index
 lighting fixture with one light source 1105 deleting 486
overview 1102 in the Family Editor 486
parameters 1118–1119 underlays 329
problems in rendered images 1179 views and 327
symbol length 1119 line weights 486, 1314
symbol size 1119 annotation lines 486
turning on/off 1139 for imported files 1314
lighting fixtures 1101, 1105–1107, 1110, 1114–1119, model lines 486
1126–1129, 1134, 1136, 1139 perspective lines 486
adding to building models 1127 linear array 295
Artificial Lights dialog 1136 lines 66, 193, 195, 254, 303, 316, 335, 398, 741, 743–
building models and 1126 744
chandeliers 1106, 1110 adding 741
changing 1129 arc, resizing 743
changing light source definitions 1115 entering dimensions for 66
creating 1105 extending 316
defining light sources 1116–1117 hidden 195
displaying light sources for 1129 model lines 741
floor plans and 1128 modifying 743
groups of 1134 offsetting chains of 303
IES files 1114 properties 398, 744
linking parameters 1110 sketching 254
modifying 1115, 1129 splitting 335
multiple light sources 1106 subcategories 743
nested families 1106 thin 193
one light source 1105 trimming 316
overview 1101 Lines command 377, 741
parameters 1118–1119 linetype scaling 1280
projects and 1126 linework 205
sharing families 1107 silhouette edges 205
templates 1105 Linework tool 326–330
track lights 1106–1107 Link command 1306
turning on/off 1139 linked elements, scheduling 129
lighting schemes 1166 linked file 1323
lights 1100, 1102–1104, 1134, 1139, 1166, 1168, 1173, querying objects in layers 1323
1179 linked files 1300, 1303–1304, 1318–1321, 1324–1326
adjusting before rendering 1104 AutoCAD files 1318
best practices 1103 changing graphic display of 1321, 1325–1326
dimming 1134 deleting layers 1324–1325
electrical connectors 1103 DWF markups 1303
IES files 1102–1103 exported to 3D DWF 1300
number of 1168 hiding layers 1324
overview 1100 how linking works 1319
photometrics 1102–1103 layers to link 1319
render performance and 1173 linking to a file 1319
rendered images and 1166 linking vs. importing 1319
turning on/off 1139 location of 1320
limit offset 930 preserving graphic overrides 1325
rooms 930 Revit and DWF files 1304
line patterns 487–488 troubleshooting 1320
creating 487 linked models 129, 292, 326, 328, 920, 933–934, 936,
deleting 488 953, 961, 1214–1215, 1217, 1220, 1222
setting 487 color schemes for rooms and areas 961
line shape for light sources 1117 constraints to the host 1217
line styles 106, 152, 326–330, 485–486 converting to groups 292
callout tags and 106 copying 1217
changing in a view 326–330 copying between projects 1217
controlling appearance of 152 elements in 1217
creating 485 hiding nested links 1215
dash 485 including elements in schedules 129

Index | 1591
 line styles 326, 328 running 1349
nesting 1214 samples on SDK 1353
phases and 936 Tools menu 1343
properties 1222 using SDK samples 1354
room boundaries and 920 VB.NET application-level examples 1350
rooms and 933–934 VB.NET document-level examples 1352
showing areas and area boundaries 953 workflow 1340
showing nested links 1215 main model 1240, 1246–1247, 1251, 1253, 1260
spaces and 933–934 elements deleted 1260
visibility and graphic overrides for nested incorporating a design option 1251
links 1220 moving elements to design options 1246
linked Revit models 1213, 1218 selecting elements in 1247
displaying annotations 1218 viewing without design options 1253
linking family parameters 421 Make Primary command 1243, 1245
links 1222 manufacturers 479
managing 1222 materials and 479
listening dimensions 66, 233 mapping file 1285, 1292
LMTools 5 for IFC 1292
Load From Library, Load Family command 352 for layers 1285
loaded tags 492 marked-up DWF 1303–1304
location lines 720 linking 1303
lock controls 280 managing links 1304
locking 974 masking regions 972, 1087–1088, 1091–1093
views on sheets 974 adding 1088, 1091
logos in title blocks 986 in a 2D family 1088
longitude 1182 in a 3D family 1088
loops 264 in a family 1091
closing 264 in a project 1088
LTSCALE 1280 exporting to DWG 1087
luminaire dirt deprecation 1123 properties 1092–1093
luminance 469 sheets and 972
luminous flux 1125 using with imported 2D DWG files 1091
luminous intensity 1125 masonry materials 472
Mass Editor 518–519
mass face 521
M mass family 518–519, 521, 556–558
Macro Manager 1344 creating 519
macros 1339–1340, 1342–1346, 1348–1355, 1361, 1364, importing 556–558
1367 in-place mass family 519
API 1339 loading 521
API differences 1361 placing 521
application level 1344 mass floors 520, 523–530, 540, 542
Application object 1351 analysis 530
C# application-level examples 1348 bottom of mass 525
C# document-level examples 1351 creating 525
common uses 1339 masses and 520
creating first macros 1346 overview 523
debugging 1352 properties 540
document level 1344 schedules 527
file locations 1345 selecting 526
frequently asked questions 1364 tags 528
getting started 1339 top of mass 524
initial steps 1340 troubleshooting 542
installing VSTA 1342 usage 529
integrating in VSTA 1355 mass form 518
Macro Manager 1344 mass instance 518, 520–522, 554
overview 1339 design options 522
reference documentation 1353 floor area of 520
related information 1367 floors. See mass floors
joining 521

1592 | Index
 multiple instances in a project 521 glass 471
parameters of 520 glazing 471
phases of 522 graphics 463
placing 521 identity data 478–479
surface area of 520 keynotes 1061
visibility of 554 keynotes for 479
volume of 520 keywords for 479
worksets and 522 manufacturers 479
masses 522, 530–531, 533, 536, 538, 542 masonry 472
analysis of 522 material class 478–479
area analysis 530–531 metal 472
exterior surface area analysis 533 metallic paint 473
mass floors and 522 mirror 473
perimeter analysis 536 overview 459
troubleshooting 542 paint 473
volume analysis 538 physical data 479–480
massing 517–519, 521, 543–544, 546, 548, 551, 554– plastic 474
558, 560 porcelain 468
adding faces 554 renaming 481
Building Maker 518 render appearances 476, 482
creating building elements from 543 render appearances of 465, 468
curtain systems by face 548 render performance and 1174–1175
design of 555–556 searching for 460, 484
floors by face 546 section cut 891
imported geometry for 555 shaders 468
imported polymeshes 543 sharing with team members 460
imported solids 543 solid glass 471
importing 555–558 stone 474
overlapping mass faces 521 stored in project file 460
printing mass elements 560 surface pattern 463
remaking elements 554 tags 1069
roofs by face 551 transparency 463
selecting hosts 554 vinyl 474
Show Mass mode 519, 554 water 475
studies 517 wood 475
terminology 518 Max 1297
typical uses of 517 mechanical family 435
visibility 554 medium detail level 503
walls by face 544 memory 15
Match command 325 mental ray 468, 1172
matchlines 147–148 menu bar 52
adding 147 MEP connectors 1103
modifying 148 Merge Region command 571
properties 148 merge surfaces 897
Material Browser 459 metallic paint materials 473
material takeoffs 127 MicroStation files 1277, 1308
materials 459–463, 465, 468–469, 471–476, 478–482, exporting to 1277
484, 891, 1061, 1069, 1174–1175 importing 1308
applying to elements 461–462 mid tones 1169
ceramic 468 mid-end wall joins 589
class 478–479 disallowing 589
CMU 472 Mirror command 310
color of 463 mirror materials 473
concrete 469 mirror project 1236
cost of 479 mirror reference labels 108
creating 480 miter join 792
cut pattern 463 miter joins 785
deleting 481 model crop regions 163, 165
display properties 463 model extents 1052
generic 469

Index | 1593
model faces 155 navigating 169, 175, 182
applying transparency to 155 navigation tools 182
model graphics style 201, 1301 SteeringWheels 175
DWF files and 1301 ViewCube 169
model groups 284, 286 navigation 64
creating 286 drawing area 64
model line weights 486 nested families 1106
model lines 254, 741, 744 lighting fixtures 1106
fillet 254 nested family 407–409
joining 254 creating 407
properties 744 family type parameter 409
rounded chain of lines 254 interchangeable subcomponents 409
sketching 254 visibility 408
Model Lines command 377 nested linked models 1214–1215, 1220
model patterns 449, 453–455 hiding 1215
aligning to elements 455 showing 1215
dimensions 454 visibility and graphics overrides 1220
moving 453 network deployment 1
rotating 454 Network License Manager 5
model text 727–729 network license server setup 4
adding 728 New command 67
changing work plane 729 new window 60
editing text 729 non cuttable families 362
modifying properties 729 non-planar beam system 819
moving 729 north 1180
properties 729 note blocks 127, 980
rehosting 729 sheets and 980
shown cut 728 numeric fields, formatting 137
modelspace 1280 numeric sketching 741
modern medium library 351 nurb surfaces 550, 553
accessing 351 curtain systems from 550
applying materials 351 roofs from 553
moment symbols 782
monolithic stairs 671
Move command 302
O
moves with nearby elements 305 object data 1300–1301
moving elements 301 DWF files and 1300
arrow keys 301 exporting 1301
mullions 278, 708–710, 713–714, 718–720 viewing in DWF files 1301
angle of 710 object snaps 496
changing materials 713 object styles 461, 484–485, 1279
corner mullions 718 creating subcategories 484
joins, controlling 710, 714 deleting 485
locking 708 exporting 1279
position of 710 materials and 461
profiles 709 modifying 484
properties 720 renaming 485
selecting 278 ODBC database 1287, 1289
types of 719 exporting to 1287
multi-category schedules 447 primary keys 1289
multi-category tags 446 supported drivers 1287
using in a project 446 table relationships 1289
multi-discipline coordination 1224 office clutter 1143, 1147, 1151
placing in projects 1151
N Offset command 303
Open command 68
named locations 1230 open loops 264
natural light 1166 closing 264
Opening command 377

1594 | Index
openings 591–592, 658–661, 766, 842, 918 Paste Aligned command 321, 1247
ceilings 660 design options and 1247
defining 591, 842 Paste from Clipboard command 321
floors 660 path of linked files 1320
floors, multiple 661 patina 472
in beams 766 pattern files 456
in braces 766 patterns 456, 1174
in columns 766 creating 456
roofs 660 render performance and 1174
room boundaries for 918 PDF 1024–1025
shafts 661 people 1140–1141, 1147, 1151
walls 659 overview 1141
option conflicts 1261–1262 placing in projects 1151
Options Bar 61 properties 1147
Options command 504–506, 508 perforations 469, 472
File Locations tab 506 performance 15
General tab 505 perimeter 523, 536, 540
Graphics tab 505 permanent dimensions 214
Rendering tab 506 perspective lines 486
Spelling tab 508 perspective views 109–110, 115, 193
ordinate dimensions 219 3D 109
Orient command 113 properties 115
orient to a direction 174 saving 193
orient to view 174, 451 phase mapping 936, 1216
orientation 922 phases 522, 934–936, 1216, 1263–1267, 1270
tags 922 combining 1265
orientation in host layers 451 creating 1264
origin 289 demolishing elements 1270
for groups 289 elements and 1263
orthographic 3D views 109 graphic display of elements 1266–1267
overlap 1260 in-fill elements 1267
override snaps 494 linked models and 936
mapping in linked Revit models 1216
masses and 522
P overrides 1266
paint 473 phase filters 1265–1266
flecks 473 applying 1266
material properties 473 creating 1266
metallic paint properties 473 default 1265
Paint command 338 properties 1263
paperspace 1280 rooms and 934–936
parallel dimensions 219 schedules 1264
parameter groups 443 photometrics 1102–1103, 1114, 1117, 1119
deleting 443 photometric web file 1119
renaming 443 photometric web light distribution 1117
parameter links 422 specifying IES files for light sources 1114
creating for model text 422 physical data for materials 479–480
parameter properties 992 physical quantities 492
drawing sheets 992 Pick to Edit command 1244
project information 992 picking paths 381
parameter values 366 picture frames 1143, 1147
parameters 440 Pin command 974
custom 440 sheets and 974
shared 440 Pin Position command 311
parking components 907 plan regions 83–84
partial ellipse 261 plan views 79, 81, 915
paste 1217–1218 cut by the back clip plane 81
elements from linked models 1218 rooms and 915
linked models 1217 plants 908, 1139–1140, 1142, 1146, 1151, 1178
height of 1151

Index | 1595
 overview 1140 using with a building element 372
properties 1146 profiles 373
troubleshooting problems with 1178 host sweep 373
plastic materials 474 Project Browser 55–57, 206, 354
plumb cut eaves 618 changing multiple items 56
plumbing family 435 filtering views 206
poche depth 891 organizing 206
point shape for light sources 1117 reloading a family 354
points file, toposurface from 895 using 57
polygons 256 project files 287
circumscribed 256 loading as a group 287
inscribed 256 project information 439, 975, 992
sketching 256 parameter properties 992
polylines 326, 939, 1283 sheets and 975
exporting rooms and areas 939 title blocks and 992
exporting rooms and areas as 1283 project north 1235
line styles 326 rotate 1235
polymeshes 543, 1282 project parameters 447–448
creating faced-based elements 543 creating 448
description of 1282 project place 1230
exporting solids as 1282 project settings 488
masses and 543 project standards 438
porcelain materials 468 transferring to another project 438
postal code 1297 project templates 437–438, 970
posts 686–688 creating 437
defining a pattern 686 custom 437
deleting 688 saving 437
placement properties 687 settings 438
placing 686 sheets and 970
Press + Drag 301 project units by discipline 492
preview image 70, 77 Project Units command 492
of a project 70 project views 60, 79–80, 85, 91, 109, 116, 120, 124,
of family types 77 144, 150, 163, 167, 193, 206, 209, 1129, 1158,
primary keys 1289 1170, 1252–1253, 1263, 1266, 1290
primary options 1241, 1245, 1252 3D views 109
promoting secondary options 1245 closing hidden views 60
viewing 1252 crop regions 163
primary views 144, 148 dedicating to design options 1252
Print command 1020, 1022, 1024 dependent views 144
Print Preview command 1022 design option settings 1253
print resolution 1159 elevation views 85
Print Setup command 1020 exporting to HTML 1290
printing 560, 1020–1025 legend views 120
batch print 1025 light sources and 1129
construction documents 1022 organization of 206
DWF 1020 phases and 1263, 1266
mass elements 560 plan views 79
PDF 1024–1025 primary views 144
preview 1022 reflected ceiling plans 80
settings 1021 renaming 209
setup 1020 rendering 1158, 1170
sheets 1022 rotating 167
tips 1020 schedule views 124
to a file 1022 section views 91
views 1023 view settings 193
privacy policy 63 visibility and graphic display in 150
profile families 371–372 walkthrough views 116
creating 371 projection edges 329
detail components 371 line styles 329
loading into project 372 segmenting 329

1596 | Index
projection lines 152 text notes 1031
projection patterns 152 toposurfaces 899
projects 67, 73, 492, 504, 1234, 1263, 1281 type properties 76
creating 67 view 210
elements in 73 view range 200
global settings 504 view templates 501
internal coordinates 1281 viewports 997
new 67 wall sweeps 597
phasing 1263 windows 739
physical quantities 492 property lines 891, 899–900
relocating 1234 angle display 891
rotating 1234 converting to table-based 900
starting 73 creating with survey data 900
units, setting 67 exporting 900
properties 75–76, 109, 115, 200, 210, 238, 501, 540, scheduling 899
597, 600, 635, 646, 655, 671, 677, 688, 698, 720, sketching 900
729, 734, 739, 744, 761, 892, 899, 905, 910, 925, tagging 900
939–940, 949–950, 964, 983, 997, 1017, 1031– units 891
1032, 1039, 1044, 1047, 1067, 1077 proxy graphics 1307
3D views 115 PSLTSCALE 1280
architectural columns 698 Publish commands 1299–1302, 1304–1305
area tags 950 2D DWF 1301
areas 949 3D DWF 1302
building pad 905 to Buzzsaw 1304–1305
callout views 109 adding a Buzzsaw location 1305
ceilings 655 DWF 1305
color scheme legends 964 DWG 1305
contour line labels 910 publish coordinates 1232
curtain walls 720 Purge Unused command 436
dimension 238 purlins 770, 772
doors 734
element properties 75
fascias 635
Q
floors 646 quad-corner mullions 719
grids 1039 quality of rendered images 1162–1163
gutters 635 Query tool 1323
instance properties 76
leader arrowheads 1032
levels 1044 R
lines 744
mass floors 540 radial array 295
model text 729 radial dimensions 218
mullions 720 railings 667, 677, 680–682, 688
perspective views 115 adding 681
railings 688 editing joins 682
ramps 677 height and slope 682
reference planes 1047 properties 688
reveals 600 rail structure 681
revision clouds 1017 type of 667, 677, 681
roofs 635 ramps 676–677
room tags 925 adding 676
rooms 939–940 curved 676
section views 1077 editing 677
sheets 983 properties 677
site settings 892 railings 677
slab edges 646 type of 677
slope arrows 635 raster images 1316–1317
stairs 671 deleting from a project 1317
structural columns 761 importing 1316
tags 1067 Raster Images command 1317

Index | 1597
raster quality 1020 searching for 482, 484
realpeople 1141 shaders 468
Recent Files window 68 texture alignment 465, 467
recovery files 71 render performance 1173–1175
rectangle shape for light sources 1117 building model and 1173
rectangles 255 image size/quality and 1175
sketching 255 lighting and 1173
redo 283 materials and 1174–1175
Ref Plane command 377 render appearances and 1174
reference callouts 100, 107–108 render quality 1162–1163, 1172, 1175, 1179
adding 107 advanced settings 1163
labels for 108 best practices 1172
overview 100, 107 custom 1163
reference elevations 88 render performance and 1175
reference labels 99, 108 specifying 1162
reference lines 346 troubleshooting 1179
creating 346 render regions 1161
Reference Other View option 107 render settings 1170–1171
Reference Plane command 1046 rendered images 1159, 1161–1163, 1166–1170, 1177–
reference planes 1046–1047, 1049 1179
adding 1046 adjusting exposure 1168–1169
annotation, hiding 1047 background 1167
properties 1047 black areas in 1177
visibility in views 1049 camera clipping planes and 1161
reference sections 96 color problems 1179
Reference Type 1215 creating 1168
reflectance 469, 471 crop regions and 1161
diffuse 469 exporting 1170
reflected ceiling plan views 80 faded 1177
reflections 1148, 1163, 1175 file size 1159, 1166
Cast Reflections property 1148 gray elements 1178
render performance and 1175 height 1159
render quality setting 1163 light source problems 1179
reflectivity 469 lighting 1166
refraction 469 quality 1162–1163
refractions 1163, 1175 render regions and 1161
blurred refractions precision 1163 saving as project views 1170
render performance and 1175 section boxes and 1161
render quality setting 1163 troubleshooting quality issues 1179
Refresh command 72 view area to render 1161
rehost elements 747 width 1159
relative path 1320 rendering 506, 1099–1100, 1152, 1158–1160, 1162–
relief pattern 472 1163, 1165, 1168, 1172, 1176–1177
relinquish all mine 1206 best practices 1172
relinquish borrowed elements 1199, 1206 daylight portals 1163, 1165
relocate projects 1234 decals 1152
Remake command 554 dialog 1160
Rename command 209 lights 1100
render appearances 465, 467–469, 471–477, 482, 484, options 506
507, 1144–1145, 1174–1175 process 1172, 1176–1177
best practices 477 progress 1168
colors, specifying 476 resolution 1159
file paths 507 settings 1159
image files for 476 speed 1162
library 482 starting 1168
materials and 465 troubleshooting 1176
preview of 465 view properties 1172
properties 468–469, 471–475 warnings 1176
render performance and 1174–1175 workflow 1099
RPC families 1144–1145 Rendering Appearance Source parameter 400

1598 | Index
repeating detail 1085 Revit models 1215
repeating groups 284 linking 1215
repeating units 1213 revolve cuts 392
report shared coordinates 1236 revolved geometry 380–381, 396
Resize command 312 creating 380
resolution 1159, 1175 properties 396
render performance and 1175 tips 381
rendered images 1159 RFA files 287
retaining walls 564 loading as a group 287
Reveal command 573 risers 663
reveals 600 rolling back workshared projects 1208
properties 600 roof inserts 418–419
type of 600 creating 418
reverse reference labels 108 placing 419
review warnings 1334–1335 roofs 553–554, 606–607, 609, 611–614, 616–617, 621–
exporting to file 1335 622, 626, 629, 632–633, 635
selected elements 1334 adding by footprint 607
revision clouds 1011–1012, 1014–1017 adding massing faces 554
adding 1015 aligning 614
assigning revisions to 1015 dormer openings 621
hiding 1017 eaves 617
modifying 1015 extruded 609
numbering 1011–1012 fascias 622
properties 1017 four-sided gable 633
tagging 1016 gutters 629
revision schedules 988, 990–991, 1018 intersecting slope lines 632
adding 988 joining 612
bottom-up 991 modifying 613
height of 990 nurb surfaces and 553
orientation 991 properties 635
rotating 990 resizing 614
sheets and 1018 slope arrow 616
title blocks and 988 slope of 616
top-down 991 sloped glazing 611
revisions 1008–1014, 1016, 1019 soffits 626
alphabetic sequence 1014 type of 613
cloud numbering 1011–1012 unjoining 612
clouds. See revision clouds room area report 1290–1291
combining 1010 Room Bounding parameter 918, 920, 929, 934
deleting 1010 elements 918, 929
entering information 1009 linked models 920
issuing 1019 spaces and 934
locking 1019 Room Separation tool 918–919
merging 1010 rooms 129, 911, 913–922, 924–941, 956, 961, 1256,
numbering 1013–1014 1258, 1261–1262, 1283
process overview 1009 applying color scheme in linked models 961
reorganizing 1011 area of 926
schedules. See revision schedules base offset 931
tags 1009, 1016 boundaries 915–918, 920, 926, 928, 930–932, 934
user-defined sequence 1014 color schemes 956
workflow 1009 columns and 929
Revisions on Sheet dialog 1018 computation height 926–927, 931
Revit files 68–70, 72 creating 913
auditing 68 deleting 936, 938
backup copies of 70 design options and 1256, 1258
closing 72 displaying 915
opening 68 exporting 1283
reducing size of 70 exporting as polylines 939
saving 69 graphics 915–916
height of 930–932

Index | 1599
 interior fill 915 RVT link display settings 1219
limit offset 930
linked models and 920
listing 938
S
moving 914, 937 SAT files 1277, 1282, 1308
naming 913 ACIS solids 1282
openings and 918 exporting to 1277
option conflicts 1261–1262 importing 1308
perimeter of 926 saturation 1169
phases and 934–936 Save As command 69–70
placing 913, 937–938 options 70
plan views and 915 Save command 69
properties 939–940 save options 70
reference lines 915 reminders 70
removing 936 saving to central 1204
room errors 941 default save options 1204
room-bounding elements 917 scale 194
schedule 938 scale factors 312
schedules 913, 924, 935 Scale mode 167
schedules and 129 scales 486–487
section views and 916 adding 486
selecting 914 deleting 487
separation lines 918–919 Schedule command 124
sloped walls and 926 schedules 124–125, 127–129, 132–133, 135, 141–144,
spaces and 933–934 208, 447, 527, 531, 533, 536, 538, 913, 924, 938,
spanning floors or levels 921 952, 1001–1005, 1252, 1264
tags 922, 925, 1258 adding room parameters 129
tags and 924 adding to sheets 1002
troubleshooting 941 adjusting column width 1004
unplacing 936–938 area analysis 531
upgrading 921 areas 952
upper limit 930 calculated fields 128
visibility of 915 column headings, grouping 142
volume 916, 928–929, 932 column totals 135
rotate 1235 creating 124
project north 1235 design options and 1252
Rotate command 308 exporting 144
rotate controls 281 exterior surface area analysis 533
rotate project views 167 footings 143
rotate projects 1234 formatting on sheets 1002
rotating 923, 978, 990 formulas 128
revision schedules 990 grand totals 135
tags 923 grouping 132
views on sheets 978 instance display 133
round-tripping 1303 joining split sections on sheets 1004
rounded chain of lines 254 keys 125
RPC content 507, 1143–1145, 1148–1150 linked models and 129
ArchVision Content Manager 1149–1150 mass floors 527, 531, 533, 536, 538
Cast Reflections property 1148 material takeoffs 127
creating families for 1143 modifying 141
file paths 507 moving sections on sheets 1004
render appearance 1144–1145 multi-category 447
using 1150 multiple sections 1003
RPC files 1141 note blocks 127
ruled curtain systems 717–718 percentages 129
creating 717 perimeter analysis 536
curtain grids, adding 718 phases and 1264
mullions, adding 718 properties tabs 128
RVT files 287 rooms 913, 924, 938
loading as a group 287

1600 | Index
 sections, moving 1004 selecting 526, 914, 1247
shared parameters 447 elements in design options 1247
sheets and 1001 mass floors 526
single-category 447 rooms 914
splitting on sheets 1003 selection 65, 269–270, 272, 276–278
subtotals 135 chain 272
text in cells, editing 141 count of selected elements 270
updating 141 curtain elements 277
usage analysis 531 elements 65, 269
vertical column headings 1005 mullions 278
view lists 208 multiple elements 65, 270
views 142–143 removing elements from 65, 278
volume analysis 538 selection count 270
scope boxes 168, 1053–1055, 1057 shortcuts 65
creating 1054 walls or lines joined at a point 276
datums, applying 1055 sequential tag numbering 1070
rotating 168 settings 488, 1020
visibility of 1057 printing 1020
screen refresh 72 shaded views 463
screen resolution 1159 materials 463
screen savers 1172 shaders 468
SDK 1353–1354, 1362 Shading command 203
macro API samples 1353 Shading with Edges command 203
migrating samples 1362 shadows 203–204, 1169, 1179
reference documentation 1353 defining place on Earth 204
using samples 1354 exposure setting 1169
sealant 469 sunlight source 204
secondary options 1241, 1245, 1252 shafts 661
promoting to primary 1245 shape handles 282, 363, 780
viewing 1252 shared coordinates 230, 1236, 1281
section boxes 111, 1161, 1173, 1274, 1284 reporting 230, 1236
exporting and 1274 shared families 414–415, 1107
limiting model geometry and 1284 lighting fixtures 1107
render performance and 1173 loading 414
rendered images and 1161 scheduling 415
when exporting a model 1284 working with 414
Section command 91, 1075 shared parameters 440–442, 444–445, 447, 992, 1294
section cut material 891 categories 441
section head family 97, 433–435 creating 442
creating 433 defining 442
parameters 434 deleting 444
starting 434 exporting 445
section lines, breaking 93 families 444
section tags 196, 1254 IFC export 1294
design options and 1254 projects 447
section views 87, 91–93, 96–97, 168, 916, 1075, 1077 schedules 447
creating 92 setting up 442
cut by the far clip plane 87 tagging 445
displaying 97 title blocks and 992
in the Family Editor 92 viewing 444
overview 91 shared positioning 1230, 1232, 1236
reference 96 acquiring coordinates 1232
resizing 93 named locations 1230
rooms and 916 publishing coordinates 1232
rotating 168 reporting shared coordinates 1236
symbols 92 sheet indexes. See drawing lists
sections 94 Sheet Issues/Revisions dialog 1009
jogged 94 sheet sets 967
segmented 94 sheet views. See sheets
segmented sweeps 382

Index | 1601
sheet-specific information 975–976, 992 shrubs 1146, 1151
sheets and 975–976 height 1151
title blocks and 992 placing in projects 1151
sheets 101, 168, 209, 968–978, 980–983, 987, 995, 997, properties 1146
1001–1002, 1006–1007, 1022–1023, 1082 SHX fonts 1315
activating views 976 silhouette edges 205
adding 970 Sim labels 108
adding views to 971 single-category schedules 447
aligning views on 973 single-category tags 445
annotation schedules and 980 site components 891, 908
callouts and 101 site settings 891–892
changing title blocks on 987 properties 892
cover sheets 978 sketch lines 233, 254
crop regions and 972 constraining 254
date/time stamp 968 explicitly specifying length 233
deactivating views 976 sketch mode 251
dependent views and 977 sketch-based elements 251
digital cartoon sets 969 sketching 66, 251–252, 254–256, 260, 263, 265, 493–
dividing views across 977 494, 741
drawing lists and 1006 applying constraints 254
external information on 981–983 arcs 256
external sheets in drawing lists 1007 chains 252
hiding parts of views 972 circles 255
images and 983 Design Bar commands 252
legends and 980 ellipses 260
locking views on 974 entering dimensions 66
masking regions and 972 jump snaps 494
modifying views from 976 lines 254
note blocks and 980 modifying 265
numbers, changing 975 numeric 741
omitting from drawing lists 1006 offsetting sketch lines 252
order in a drawing list 1007 options 252
overview 968 polygons 256
printing 1022–1023 radius 252
project templates and 970 rectangles 255
properties 983 snap points 493
renaming 975 splines 263
rotating viewports 168 terminology 251
rotating views on 978 sketching paths 381
saving to an external project 1082 SketchUp 555–558, 1309–1310
schedules on 1001–1002 creating content for use in Revit 1310
spreadsheets and 982 exploding 3D data 1310
table of contents 978 files, importing 1309
time stamp 968 geometric flexing 1310
title blocks for 970 integrating with 1309
title sheets 978 massing studies in 555–558
view lists and 209 SKP files 1309
view references 977 sky 1163, 1167
view titles 997 background 1167
viewports 995 clouds 1167
shortcut menu 52 haze 1167
shortcuts 63–65, 511–512 illumination 1163
changing elements 65 slabs 645–646, 864–865, 870, 872, 874–875, 878, 881,
interface 63 886
keyboard 511–512 adding 865
navigation 64 drop panels 872
selecting elements 65 flipping 645
zooming 64 foundation 878
Show Mass mode 519, 554 modifying 874
offsets 645

1602 | Index
 properties 875 Split Walls and Lines command 335
resizing 645 spot beam angle 1119, 1130, 1132
segments 645 spot coordinates 230–231, 244, 246
shape edit 881, 886 instance properties 246
curved edges 886 placing 231
slab edges 646 type properties 244
sloped 870 spot dimensions 227
structural 864 spot elevation 227–230, 241, 243, 800
Slope Arrow command 616 arrowhead style 230
slopes 608, 611, 616–617, 635, 643, 647, 653, 705 instance properties 243
slope arrows 616–617, 635, 647 placing 228
properties 635, 647 reporting, changing 229
slope value 616 type properties 241
slope-defining arcs 608 spot field angle 1119, 1130, 1132
sloped ceilings 653 spot light distribution 1117
sloped floors 643 spot tilt angle 1119, 1130, 1132
sloped glazing 611, 705 spotlights 1130, 1132
snaps 493–494, 496 aiming 1130
disabling 494 angles for 1132
enabling 494 rotating 1130
keyboard shortcuts 496 spreadsheets 982
setting 493 sheets and 982
temporary overrides 494 square off joins 785
turning on/off 493 stain on wood 475
soffits 626 stainless steel 472
soft shadows 1163, 1173 stairs 662–668, 670–671, 685
Software Development Kit. See SDK arced landings 666
solar studies 1179–1181, 1183–1185 balusters 662, 685
animations 1185 boundaries 663
creating 1180 changing direction 670
exporting 1185 creating 662–664
multi-day 1184 labels for 670
previewing 1185 landings 664
single-day 1183 modifying 668
still solar study settings 1181 monolithic 671
True North 1180 properties 671
views 1179 railings 667–668
Solid Form command 378 risers 663
solid glass materials 471 spiral 665
solid swept blend 387 stair calculator 667–668
solids 387 standalone licensing 4
swept blend 387 standard component families 341
sort order 292 status bar 61, 66
detail group 292 for hints 66
Sorting/Grouping tab for schedules 132 SteeringWheels 175
spacebar 281 StepInto 1352
spaces 933–934 debugging macros 1352
rooms and 933–934 still solar studies 1181–1182
span direction 869 based on azimuth and altitude 1182
spell checker 508 based on location 1182
options 508 settings 1181
Spelling command 1029 stone materials 474
spherical light distribution 1117 storefronts 566
spiral staircases 665 strong reference 355–356
splines 263, 743 overview 355
modifying 743 setting 356
split face 336 structural 488, 771, 807, 814, 828, 889
split level plans 83 beam end pocket seats 771
Split Region command 570 joist systems 807, 814
split surfaces 896 loading braces 828

Index | 1603
 settings 488 T
structural template 889
symbolic representation 488 table of contents 978, 1005
symbols 488 drawing list 1005
structural beams 768, 770–771 title sheet 978
adding 770 tag all not tagged 1067
creating with grids 770 Tag command 1064
tips 771 tag numbering 1070
structural braces 827 tags 492, 528, 734, 738, 922–924, 1016, 1058, 1065–
structural columns 755, 759, 761 1067, 1069–1070, 1254
inside architectural columns 759 aligning 1066
properties 761 applying 1066
structural elements 195 area tags 922
structural families 889 compared to keynotes 1058
loading 889 design options and 1254
structural openings 226 door tags 734
structural slabs 864 doors 1070
structural walls 839–840 labels 1065
creating 840 loading 492
subcategories 395, 461 mass floors 528
assigning to the family 395 material 1069
creating 395 modifying 1069
creating for the family 395 moving 923
materials and 461 multiple 1066
subtotals 135 on placement 923
sun studies 1179 orientation 922
sunlight 1166 properties 1067
sunscreens 477 revision clouds 1016
surface area 540 room tags 922, 924
surface deprecation factor 1123 rooms 1070
surface lines 152 rotating 923
surface patterns 152, 463 specifying default style 492
materials and 463 tag all not tagged 1067
swatches, resizing 963 window tags 738
sweep cuts 393 windows 1070
sweeps 373, 381–383, 387, 397, 573 tangent arcs 259
creating 381 Tape Measure tool 332
cuts wall 573 temperature 1119, 1123, 1126
cuttable 573 color temperature 1126
editing 383 dimming lamp color temperature shift 1119
mechanical duct work 382 loss/gain factor 1123
profile 573 templates 67, 437–438, 1194
profiles with nested detail 373 creating 437
properties 397 custom 437
segmented 382 default project templates 67
setback 573 settings 438
swept blend 387 worksets and 1194
tips 383 Temporary Dimension command 497
swept blend 387 temporary dimensions 213, 498
Symbol command 1071 setting 498
symbol legends 980 temporary files 71
sheets and 980 Temporary Hide/Isolate command 161
symbols 1071–1072 text 224
adding 1071 overriding in dimensions 224
modifying 1072 Text command 378
text files 982
sheets and 982
text notes 1027–1031
adding 1027
editing 1029

1604 | Index
 leaders 1027 trees 908, 1139–1140, 1142, 1146, 1151, 1178
modifying 1028 height 1151
non-wrapping 1027 overview 1140
properties 1031 placing in projects 1151
special characters 1030 properties 1146
wrapping 1027 troubleshooting problems with 1178
texture 465, 467, 476–477 Trim/Extend command 316
alignment 465, 467 troubleshooting 542, 941, 1176, 1260, 1299, 1320–1321
image files for 476 3ds Max export/import 1299
tileable 477 design options 1260
Thin Lines command 193 layers 1320–1321
tick marks 236 linked files 1320
for dimension lines 236 mass floors 542
interior 236 rendering 1176
tile 60 rooms 941
tileable textures 477 true north 1234
tilt angle 1119, 1130, 1132 True North 1180
title blocks 978, 984–988, 992, 994 two-cut plumb eaves 618
adding fields to 992 two-cut square eaves 618
changing on a sheet 987 type catalogs 374–376
creating 985 loading families with 376
images in 986 type mark 734
importing 994 type parameters 76
loading into projects 987 type properties 76, 241, 244
logos in 986 spot coordinates 244
modifying 985 spot elevation 241
overview 984 Type Selector 61
project-specific information 992 types 74, 76–77
revision schedules on 988 adding 76
shared parameters and 992 parameters of 76
sheet-specific information 992 previewing 77
title sheets and 978
title sheets 978
To Room 130
U
toggle ViewCube 171 Unbounded Height parameter 930
toolbars 53, 1240 underlays 329
design options 1240 line styles 329
Tools menu 1343 undo 283
macros 1343 Uniformat assembly codes 754
top-down revision schedules 991 units 1282
toposurfaces 893–899 for DWG export 1282
creating by picking points 894 units for a project 67, 492
from points file 895 setting 67
grading 898 unjoin geometry 335
importing 894 unjoin roofs 612
merging 897 Unlock Objects command 311
properties 899 upgrading 921, 1207
simplifying 895 rooms 921
splitting 896 workshared projects 1207
subregion 896 upper limit 930
track lights 1106–1107 rooms 930
training files 68 usage 529–531, 540
translucency 469, 475 analysis 530–531
transmittance 471 assigning to mass floors 529
transparency 155, 463, 469, 475, 1170 user defined height for revision schedules 990
alpha channel 1170 user interface 51–52, 63
generic materials 469 shortcuts 63
materials and 463 user keynote 1061
trapezoid corner mullions 719 username 505

Index | 1605
V views 80, 83, 89, 109–110, 120, 124, 167, 193, 196, 208–
209, 971–974, 976–978, 1023, 1075, 1078–1079,
V-corner mullions 719 1096, 1170, 1241, 1263, 1266, 1289
variable height for revision schedules 990 3D 110
VB.NET 1350, 1352 activating on sheets 976
macro examples 1350, 1352 changing the names of 209
vector data 1308 creating 80
vegetation 908, 1139 deactivating on sheets 976
vehicles 1142, 1145 dedicated views 1241
vertex connections 385 detail 1075
editing 385 displaying 83
vertical dimensions 217 drafting 1079
vertical families 405 exporting as images 1289
vertically compound walls 567–571 framing elevation 89
commands 568–571 legends 120
accessing 568 managing the properties of 208
Assign Layers 571 orthographic 3D 109
Merge Region 571 perspective 110
Modify 569 phases and 1263, 1266
Split Region 570 printing 1023
sample height 569 reflected ceiling plans 80
vertically stacked walls 574–575, 577–578 renaming 209
defining structure 575 renderings 1170
inserts 578 rotating 167
view callouts 100 saving 193
View Control Bar 62 saving 2D 1096
view controls 281 saving to an external project 1078
view lists 208–209 schedule 124
view properties 1172 selecting 1023
renderings 1172 sheet views. See sheets
View Properties command 210 sheets and 971–974, 977–978
view range 198, 200 view tags 196
view references 148–149, 977 vinyl materials 474
view scale 194 visibility 150–151, 154, 156, 161, 249, 360, 363, 554,
custom 194 1218, 1274
view symbols 205 constraints 249
view tags 196, 1254 controlling with filters 156
design options and 1254 imported geometry 360, 363
view templates 498, 500–501, 1171 limiting model geometry and 1274
applying 500 linked Revit models 1218
creating 498 mass instances and 554
default 500 specifying 150–151, 154
deleting 501 for element categories 154
properties 501 for individual elements 151
render settings 1171 temporary hide/isolate 161
view titles 997–1001 when exporting a model 1274
modifying 998 Visibility/Graphics dialog 150
removing 999 Visible in Option parameter 1250–1251, 1254
sheets and 997 deleting design option sets and 1250
types 999–1001 deleting design options and 1250
ViewCube 169, 171 Visual Studio Tools for Applications. See VSTA
hide 171 Void Form command 378
show 171 void swept blend 387
viewports 168, 995–997, 1001 voids 387
properties 997 swept blend 387
rotating 168 voltage loss/gain factor 1123
types 995–996 volume 520, 523, 538, 540, 928–929, 932, 1258
view title types and 1001 design options and 1258
rooms 928–929, 932

1606 | Index
VSTA 1339–1340, 1342–1344, 1348–1355, 1364, 1367 wall shapes 842, 844
Application object 1351 defining 842
building macros 1348 wall sweeps 593–597
C# application-level examples 1348 adding 593
C# document-level examples 1351 dimensioning to 596
components 1340 profile 594
frequently asked questions 1364 properties 597
installing 1342 resizing 595
integrating macros 1355 returning to wall 594
introduction 1339 segments 595
macro development 1339 type of 595
Macro Manager 1344 Wall Sweeps command 573
reference documentation 1353 walls 216, 303, 316, 335, 544, 561–562, 564, 566–567,
related information 1367 574–575, 577–579, 583, 588, 591–593, 599, 601–
running macros 1349 603, 659, 711, 748, 839, 841–843, 845, 917, 928
samples on SDK 1353 aligning 591
StepInto option 1352 arc walls 564
Tools menu 1343 attaching to components 579
using IDE 1344 automatic dimension with 216
using SDK samples 1354 compound walls 748
VB.NET application-level examples 1350 creating from mass instances 544
VB.NET document-level examples 1352 curtain wall panels 711
workflow 1340 cutouts 591, 842
detaching from components 579
elevations 591
W embedded walls 566
walkthroughs 116–120 extending 316
AVI files 120 exterior properties 842
creating 117 exterior walls 562, 603
displaying 119 fillets, creating automatically 564
editing 118 interior properties 842
exporting 119 interior walls 562, 603
frames 119 layers 928
playing 119 modifying 601, 841
Wall by Face command 544 non-editable joins 588
wall elevations 842 offsetting chains of 303
modifying 842 openings 659
wall foundations 849, 852, 854 order of 583
creating 849 properties 845
doors and windows 854 removing edited elevation 843
end extensions 854 resizing 602
modifying 852 retaining walls 564
wall joins 580–581, 584–586, 588–589, 1258, 1260 reveals 599
cleaning 584 room boundaries and 917, 928
design options and 1258 rounded chain of walls 564
disallowing 588–589 shape of 591–592
editing 580–581 splitting 335, 591
incorrect 1260 structural 839
inserts and 585 sweeps 593
mid-end 586 trimming 316
non-editable walls and 588 type of 601
selecting 581 vertically compound walls 567
wall openings 844 vertically stacked 577–578
wall reveals 599–600 vertically stacked walls 574–575, 577
adding 599 warning messages 1334
moving away from wall 600 water materials 475
profile 600 wattage 1125, 1177
properties 600 weak reference 355–356
type of 600 overview 355
setting 356

Index | 1607
weathering 469 default 1193
web library 68 deleting 1196
white point 1169 design options and 1258
window family 403–404 detach from central 68
creating 403 discarding changes 1206
starting 404 distinguishing active 1203
Window menu 55, 60 editable only option 1195
arrange icons 60 editing 1202
cascade 60 gray inactive elements 1203
close hidden windows 60 making editable 1201
new window 60 masses and 522
Project Browser 55 opening 1201
tile 60 reassigning elements 1195
windows 403, 737–739, 1163, 1165 relinquishing ownership 1206
adding 738 renaming 1196
creating a family 403 templates and 1194
daylight portals 1163, 1165 username 505
properties 739 using 1200
tags 738 visibility of 1203
type of 738 worksharing 505, 1189–1191, 1193, 1196–1199, 1204–
Windows memory 15 1209, 1258
Wireframe command 201 backup files 1208
witness lines 233–235, 238 borrowing elements 1198
adding to existing dimensions 235 central file 1190
deleting 235 closing files without saving to central 1205
gaps 234 default worksets 1193
moving 233–234 design options and 1258
properties 238 detach from central 1206
wood materials 475 editing workshared projects 1197
work plane-based family 406 enabling 1190
work planes 265–268 loading updates 1206
association with elements 267 process overview 1189
changing 268 project rollback 1208
disassociating elements from 268 relinquish borrowed elements 1199
modifying grid spacing 267 saving 1204
orientation 267 terminology 1190
rotating the grid 267 upgrading projects 1207
selecting the grid 267 username 505
setting 265 using workshared files 1196
visibility 266 view history 1209
workflows 1340, 1342 worksets 1191
installing macro support 1342 Worksharing Monitor 1211
macros 1340
workplane-based elements 747
worksets 68, 70, 250, 505, 522, 1191, 1193–1196, 1200–
Z
1203, 1206, 1258 zero tread thickness 671
adding elements to 1195 zinc 472
central location of 70 zip code 1297
changing editable status 1196 zoning envelopes 518
considerations for 1194 Zoom command 64, 193
constraints and 250 line thickness and 193
creating 1194 shortcuts 64

1608 | Index