Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 51 views

    What Do You Need To Know About Organic Chemistry?

    Uploaded by

    YoAmoNYC
    Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds like those found in living things. [1] The major classes of organic molecules are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. [2] Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, lipids include fats and phospholipids, nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information as DNA and RNA, and proteins are made of amino acids and perform most cellular functions. [3] Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering their activation energies.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    What Do You Need To Know About Organic Chemistry?

    Uploaded by

    YoAmoNYC
    51 views25 pages
    Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds like those found in living things. [1] The major classes of organic molecules are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. [2] Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, lipids include fats and phospholipids, nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information as DNA and RNA, and proteins are made of amino acids and perform most cellular functions. [3] Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering their activation energies.

    Original Title

    Organic Chemistry Review

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds like those found in living things. [1] The major classes of organic molecules are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. [2] Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, lipids include fats and phospholipids, nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information as DNA and RNA, and proteins are made of amino acids and perform most cellular functions. [3] Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering their activation energies.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    51 views25 pages

    What Do You Need To Know About Organic Chemistry?

    Uploaded by

    YoAmoNYC
    Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds like those found in living things. [1] The major classes of organic molecules are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. [2] Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, lipids include fats and phospholipids, nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information as DNA and RNA, and proteins are made of amino acids and perform most cellular functions. [3] Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering their activation energies.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 25

    AIM:

    What do you need to know


    about organic chemistry?
    ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:
    Study of Substances containing
    Carbon; the Chemistry of Life!
    ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

    • All the Major Chemicals in Living


    things Contain Carbon.
    • The major organic chemicals are:
    – Carbohydrates
    – Lipids
    – Nucleic Acids
    – Proteins
    Polymers

    • Monomers Joined
    Together
    • Condensation
    reaction
    • Joins ):Monomers
    together
    • Hydrolysis:
    Breaks
    Monomers Apart
    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are sugars and


    • Identify sugars by their ending in –ose.
    • Metabolism is the break down of food into
    sugar for energy.
    • Basics sugars are called monosaccharides and
    are made of a single monomer of carbon,
    hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
    • Linked sugars are polysaccharides and are
    found in starches and cellulose.
    Carbohydrates, I

    • Monosaccharide
    s
    • √ CH2O
    formula
    • √ Used for
    cellular
    respiration;
    Carbohydrates, II

    • Disaccharides

    • √ 2 Monosaccharides,
    Joined by condensation
    reaction
    • Sucrose (table
    sugar) √ most
    common disaccharide
    Carbohydrates, III
    • Polysaccharides • Polysaccharides
    Storage of energy: Structural:
    • Starch~ glucose monomers Cellulose~ most
    abundant
    • Animals: glycogen organic compound;
    Lipids
    • glycerol and fatty acid
    • Fats, phospholipids, steroids
    • Hydrophobic; H bonds in water exclude fats
    • 3 Fatty Acids to 1 Glycerol
    • Saturated vs. unsaturated fats; single vs. double
    bonds
    Lipids, II
    Phospholipids

    • 2 fatty acids instead


    of 3 (phosphate
    group)
    • ‘Tails’ hydrophobic;
    ‘heads’ hydrophilic
    • Bilayer (double
    layer); cell
    membranes
    Proteins
    • Importance:
    instrumental in nearly everything organisms do;
    50% dry weight of cells
    • Monomer: amino acids (there are 20) ~
    carboxyl (-COOH) group, amino group
    (NH2), H atom, variable group (R)….
    • Three-dimensional shape (conformation)
    • Polypeptides (dehydration reaction):
    peptide bonds join amino acids together
    Carbohydrates
    (and beyond …)

    • Glucose is the preferred energy


    source for the brain. Brain
    function drops off sharply if
    glucose is in short supply.
    • The breakdown of glucose for
    energy can be traced all the way
    through glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle
    and electron transport chain.
    Lipids

    • Lipids include fats, waxes, and steroids.


    • Lipids are non-polar and do not
    dissolve in water.
    • Lipids store energy and are the basis for
    steroid hormone synthesis.
    • Phosphoplipids make up all cell
    membranes.
    Lipids
    (and beyond …)

    • Phospholipids make up all


    cell membranes and play a
    large role in determining
    what gets in and out of the
    cell.
    • Hydrophilic and
    hydrophobic regions give
    phosopholipids their
    unique properties.
    Proteins

    • Proteins are the cell’s molecular


    machinery.
    • Most catalysts are made of protein.
    • Proteins are linked chains of amino
    acids.
    • Proteins are synthesized by the
    ribosome from a code made of RNA.
    Proteins
    (and beyond …)

    • Proteins gain their function from the


    way they fold.
    • Proteins act as catalysts (ENZYMES) by
    lowering activation energy.
    • Hemoglobin transports oxygen to all
    tissues and is made of 4 dimers.
    • Many proteins use minerals such as
    calcium or iron to aid in their function.
    Nucleic Acids

    • Nucleic Acids are polymers


    consisting of many nucleotides
    monomers that serve as a blueprint
    for proteins.
    • There are two types of nucleic acids:
    Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
    Ribonucleic Acids (RNA).
    • DNA gains its function from its
    structure, the double helix.
    Nucleic Acids
    • The helical backbone is made up of
    sugar and phosphates.
    • Each pair (in DNA) is made of one
    of the four nitrogenous bases:
    adenine, guanine, cytosine and
    thymine.
    • In order to maintain the integrity of
    the genome, each base can only pair
    with one other base through
    hydrogen bonding.
    Enzymes

    • Enzymes are proteins that


    catalyze biochemical reactions
    by lowering the activation
    energy of reactions that would
    normally happen anyway.
    • Identify enzymes by the suffix –
    ase: helicase (splits DNA),
    lactase (breaks down lactose),
    polymerase (inhibits HIV).
    Enzymes

    • This reaction
    normally
    happens (black),
    but is catalyzed
    by the enzyme
    (red). Free energy
    change (ΔG) is
    constant, but
    lowers activation
    energy (EA).
    Enzymes
    • Enzymes bind substrates
    (enzyme reactant) into
    active sites (pocket or
    groove on enzyme).
    • While the enzyme and the
    substrate are joined, the
    enzyme catalyzes the
    reaction and converts the
    substrate to the product(s).
    Enzymes

    • The most classic example an


    enzymatic reaction is the hydrolysis
    of sucrose (table sugar) into glucose
    and fructose.
    Enzymes

    • Another look…
    Amino Acids
    • Amino acids are the building blocks
    of proteins.
    • Only twenty amino acids account for
    the amazing variety of proteins.
    • Amino acids are linked by peptide
    bonds.
    • Each amino acid has a carboxyl end
    and an amino end
    Examville Blog: www.examville.net/wordpress

    Follow us at twitter: www.twitter.com/examville

    Became a fan of Examville:


    http://www.facebook.com/pages/Examvillecom/117840882461?v=info

    You might also like