Index

• Need of Animals
• Animal Husbandry
• Cattle management/farming
• Poultry farming
• Fish production
• Honey Bee culture
 Need of Animals-Ameya
• Why was there a need for animals?
• Ans. Human being depend for various needs and this
includes food products like eggs, milk, meat and
honey and other products like clothes leather etc on
animals. Earlier humans use to hunt wild animals for
fulfilling their needs. But with the progress in
civilization, advancement of science and invention in
new technologies, humans are trying to develop ways
by which they can increase the quality and quantity of
food and other production from animals.
 Animal Husbandry-Ameya
• Animal husbandry is the farming and management of
animal livestock including cattle, goat, sheep, poultry, and
fish.
•The farming of animals also needs planning to meet their
basic requirement, to maintain health and control the
diseases. However, expanding population and scaling
demands have resulted in the limitation in livestock
breeding. Therefore there is a need to improve these
techniques which could ensure sustained supply of
animals for the rising population without affecting
their existence
 Cattle management/farming-Shubham
• Cattle farming
• Cattle husbandry or cattle farming is carried out primarily for
two reasons –
• milk production by milch animals and
• for agricultural work, such as ploughing, tilling, Irrigation etc, by
draught animals.
• However, they also domesticated for leather production and
meat yield. Indian cattle mainly include cows (Bos indicus) and
buffaloes (Bos bubalis). Cows are adapted to drier regions of the
country, while buffaloes are well adapted to wet areas and river
beds.
 Milk production by cattle Shubham

• Milk is highly nutritious as it contains all major

nutrients, i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, fats minerals
and vitamins. Most of the milk is obtained from cows
and buffaloes. The total milk produced by buffaloes is
much higher and rich in nutrients than that produced
by cows. Milk production, besides other factors, also
depends upon the duration of lactation period, i.e.,
the period of milk production after the birth of
calf. Therefore, the milk production can be increased
by increasing the lactation period
 Breeding in cattle-Shubham and ameya
•Breeding in Cattle: There are many popular breeds of cows and
buffaloes in our country.
•They can be broadly divided into three categories:
•Indigenous breeds (desi breeds- they are
native to India):
Eg. Red Sindhi and Sahiwal (show excellent
resistance to diseases)
•Foreign or Exotic Breeds:
Eg. Jersey, Brown Swiss (Have a long lactation
period)
•Cross Breeds : The breeds chosen for cross breeding have a set of
favourable characters that may become a part of the animal that is
born as a result of cross breeding. Eg. Karan
fries.
 Feeding management - Sonali
Feeding management
•The cattle require two kinds of food during breeding:-
•Maintenance requirement: it contains all the nutrients for the maintenance of
health of cattle. It enables the animals to perform all the basic functions of life,
provides strength and makes them resistance to diseases.
•Milk producing requirement: it contains the specific nutrients required during
lactation period. It thus increases the duration of lactation period and increases
the milk Yield. These food requirements are fulfilled with a specific diet
containing the following components:-
•Roughage: fibre –rich food, such as hay, green fodder, silage and legumes,
eg.,cowpea, berseem, Lucerne.
•Concentrates: nutrients –rich food but low in fibres. It contains carbohydrates,
vitamins and especially high amount of proteins. Eg. Maize, oats, barley, jowar,
gramand their byproducts such as wheat bran, rice bran, gram husk, oil seed
cakes, molasses.
•Feed Additives: These are micro nutrients, hormones etc. that promote health
and milk output of dairy animals
 Disease Management- Sonali

• Disease Management:
A healthy animal has the following features:
• Feeds regularly
• Has a normal posture
Parasites of Cattle:
• External parasites: live on skin and cause skin diseases
• Internal Parasites: Eg. Worms and flukes. Worms effect stomach and
intestine, while flukes infect and damage the liver.
• Infectious Diseases: they can spread to other animals on the farm and, can
sometimes infect humans too. These diseases can be bacterial (Anthrax,
Tuberculosis) or viral (cow pox, footand mouth disease)
• For Prevention against viral and bacterial diseases, Vaccinations must be
given to farm animals
 Poultry farming- saujanya
• Poultry (poult= chicken) is the breeding of fowls for egg
production and meat which are supposed to be the best
sources of proteins and fats. Along with these birds, now-a-
days, other birds such as ducks, geese, pigeons, turkeys
etc., are also reared for increased production of eggs and
meat.
• The birds reared for egg production are called eggers or
layers while those for meat purpose are known as broilers
 Breeds of Hen- saujanya
• Indigenous breeds (desi breeds- they are native to India):Eg. Aseel, Bursa (show
excellent resistance to diseases.
• Foreign or Exotic Breeds:(lay more number of eggs than indigenous breeds and also
give more meat) Eg. White Leghorn, Rhode Island Red
• Cross Breeds : The breeds chosen for cross breeding have a set of favourable characters
that may become a part of the animal that is born as a result of cross breeding. Eg. HH-
260, B-77.

The desirable traits which can be achieved by cross breeding are as follows
• Increased fertility and fecundity (egg laying capacity) of the fowl.
• Increased meat yield.
• Large –sized eggs.
• Low maintenance requirements.
• Less diet requirements.
• Rise in number and quality of chicks.
• Increase in tolerance to high temperature or summer adaptation capacity.
• Reduced size of layers with ability to utilise more fibrous and cheaper diets made by
using agricultural byproducts
 Production of eggs and boilers – Saujanya
and sonali
• The production of eggs and broilers requires special care for nutrition,
shelter and disease
• control. The management and care differs in different phases of their lives.
• Layers: During growing period, they require sufficient space to avoid
overcrowding enabling proper growth.
• During egg laying period, they need enough space and light which
increases the fertility.
• Broilers: When the chickens are grown as broilers, their housing,
nutritional and environmental needs become different from that of the
layers. At this time, they are provided with the conditions which are
favorable for their rapid growth and low mortality. The food provided to
them should be protein –rich with adequate amount of fats and high
amount of vitamin A and K.
 Disease Management -Rhithu
• Poultry birds suffer from a number of viral, fungal
and bacterial diseases. The birds may also be
affected by parasites and nutritional deficiencies.
The birds can be protected from various diseases by
adopting the following measures:
• Proper cleaning and sanitation of their living area,
• Spraying of disinfectants at regular intervals,
• For Prevention against viral and bacterial diseases,
Vaccinations must be given to these birds
 Fish production- Devika
• Fishes are cheap and excellent sources of animal protein. India with a long sea
coastline has big wealth of fish fauna.
Types of fish:
• True finned fish, eg. Catla, rohu etc.
• Shell fish like prawns and molluscs

• Over half of the population in the developing countries obtain at least 40% of its
protein from fish. Broadly speaking, Fish is obtained by two methods:

• Capture Fishing – obtaining fish from natural sources (natural water bodies such
• as oceans, large lakes and rivers.)
• Culture Fishery – Production of fish using scientific methods or fishes obtained
• bby fish farming in small water bodies.

Types of fisheries:
• Fresh water fisheries (also called Inland Fisheries) -In rivers, fresh water lakes etc.
• Marine fisheries: in seas, oceans
 Marine Fisheries - Akhildeep
Marine Fisheries:
• India has an extensive coastline and an exclusive sea zone beyond it.
• Popular marine fish: Pomphret, Mackerel, tuna, sardines and Bombay duck. These fish
are captured from coastal areas.
• Marine fish are caught using fishing nets from boats and large trawlers. Yields are
further increased by locating large schools of fish using satellites and eco-sounders.
• Mariculture: To fulfill the demands of growing population and to sustain the number of
fish in marine waters, mariculture is practiced.
Some marine fish of high economic value are also farmed in sea water. This includes
mullets, bhetki, pearl spots, prawns, mussels, oysters and even sea weed. Oysters not
only provide
food but pearls too. Inland (Fresh Water) Fisheries:
• India has a large number of Inland water resources, eg. Rivers, ponds and lakes. The
mangrove wetlands, brackish water areas in lagoons and estuaries also constitute large
inland water reservoir. Capture fisheries are poor in inland waters, therefore, major fish
production from Inland water is carried out through culture called aqua culture.
• Fish culture is sometimes carried out in paddy fields. These fish are grown in shallow
waters of the paddy fields and can tolerate high temperatures and turbidity. Some such
fish are catla,rohu, murrels etc.
 Composite fish culture -Akhildeep

• Composite fish culture is an extensive fish farming system,

where fishes of different species differing in feeding habit and
habitats are stocked and cultured in the same pond. It is known
as polyculture and mixed fish farming.
• These cultures leads to the efficient utilization of food present
in the pond and thus, increase the yield. Both local and
imported fishes are used in such cultures.
• The advantage of composite fishes culture over single species
culture are as follows:-
• All available microhabitats (living areas) are fully utilized, as
each species occupy different habitat. The different species of
fishes do not harm each other. Instead, they can have beneficial
effects on each other. Different species have different food
habits and thus, don not compete for food. Composite culture
yield variety of fishes and that to, more in number as compare
to the single species culture
 Let us understand this by an example: Rhithu
• Catla is a surface feeder and consumes zooplanktons.
• Rohu is a column feeder in the middle zone and feeds on algae and decaying
plants.
• Mrigal and common carps are bottom feeders feeding on decaying plants.
• Grass carps feeds on weeds and coarse vegetation at the bottom of the sea 
Problem
• One problem associated with such composite culture is that many of these fishes
breed only during monsoon season. Therefore, good quality seeds (Fish seed is fish
eggs) of these fishes may not be available or get mixed with that of other species, if
collected from wild.
• This problem can be solved by breeding of these fishes by hormonal stimulation.
This technique supplies pure and good quality fish seeds in desirable quantities for
the culture.
• When all the above species are stocked together in a pond, each on occupies its
own niche(living area)and feeds upon food different from each other. It increases
the yield of all species of fishes.
 Honey Bee culture- Devika
• Honey is an economically important obtained from the honeybees. It is
widely used hence, bee –keeping is practiced at a large scale. Bee –keeping
requires very low investments making it an additional income generation
activity. Further, this practice is a source of bees-wax which is used in
different medicines and cosmetics.
• Bee –keeping is one of the oldest agricultural pursuits of man. Honey is
mentioned as a medicine in ancient Indian literature. Now, honeybees have
reached the highest degree of domestication. The modern scientific
methods for the production of honey and bees` wax is known as apiculture.

The honeybees used for apiculture are:-

• Apis cerana indica (Indian bee)
• Apis dorsata (grant bee or rock bee)
• Apis florae (little bee)
• Apis mellifera (European and Italian bee)
• Apis adamsoni(African bee)
• Out of these Apis mellifera and Apis cerana indica are the commonly domesticated
species . A. mallifera is more preferred bee as it produces 50 -200kg of honey per hive
per year while A. cerana indica produces only 4.5 -5.0kg of honey. They also breed very
well, in the hive for a long duration and sting less.
• Earlier, the honey was collected by killing the resting bees or making them leave the hive
by using flames. The combs were gathered, cut and squeezed to extract honey. However,
this method is crude and does not produce pure honey. This honey contains dirt, parts of
bee’s body, waxy material, etc. therefore, it has been replaced by better scientific
methods.
• Nowadays, honey bees are reared in artificial hives. This hive is made of wood and has
large chambers. The chambers are partitioned with wax sheets to attract bees. During
extraction of honey, comb sheets are taken out and kept in honey extractor. It throws out
honey by centrifugal force without damaging the comb yielding large amount of honey.
• The quality and taste of honey depends upon the flower visited by them. This in turn
depends on Pasturage.
• Pasturage is the vegetation cover in a particular area. It determines the type and number
of flowers available to the bees for collection of nectar and pollen

Akhildeep and shubham