2006 Plumbing Code
2006 Plumbing Code
2006 Plumbing Code
NATIONAL STANDARD
PLUMBING CODE
Published By
PLUMBING-HEATING-COOLING CONTRACTORS—
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION
With the June 1973 revision, the American Society of Plumbing Engineers
joined this effort by co-sponsoring the National Standard Plumbing Code.
ASPE maintained its co-sponsorship status until September, 1980. Upon
ASPE’s withdrawal of co-sponsorship, the Code Committee composition was
changed to include not only members of the contracting and engineering
communities but also members of the inspection community. Contractors,
engineers and inspectors now comprise the National Standard Plumbing Code
Committee.
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NATIONAL STANDARD
PLUMBING CODE
Title:
National Standard Plumbing Code
Scope:
The development of a recommended code of plumbing practice, design, and installation,
including the establishment of performance criteria predicated on the need for protection of
health and safety through proper design, installation, and maintenance of plumbing systems.
This scope excludes the development of specific standards related to the composition,
dimensions, and/or mechanical and physical properties of materials, fixtures, devices, and
equipment used or installed in plumbing systems.
Purpose:
To provide practices and performance criteria for the protection of health and safety through
proper design of plumbing systems.
Exceptions:
In case of practical difficulty, unnecessary hardship or new developments, exceptions to the
literal requirements may be granted by the authority having jurisdiction to permit the use of
other devices or methods, but only when it is clearly evident that equivalent protection is
thereby secured.
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INTRODUCTORY NOTE
The material presented in this Code does not have legal standing unless it is adopted by
reference, or by inclusion, in an act of state, county, or municipal government. Therefore,
administration of the provisions of this Code must be preceded by suitable legislation at the
level of government where it is desired to use this Code.
In some places in this Code, reference is made to “Authority Having Jurisdiction.” The
identity of an Authority Having Jurisdiction will be established by the act which gives legal
standing to the Code provisions.
Meetings for purposes of review and revision are scheduled each year with proper public
notices.
Suggestions and requests for revisions can be made by any interested party and should
be submitted on the special forms provided by the Committee.
Personal appearance before the Committee for a hearing on any Code matter can be had
by interested parties after a request in writing.
In the course of revision, certain outdated sections have been deleted. In order to
maintain consistency and perpetuity of the numbering system, those deleted sections and
numbers have been removed from this printed text, or placed in reserve.
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2006 National Standard Plumbing Code Committee
J. Richard Wagner, PE, Chairman Luis A. Rodriguez, C.P.D. Julie A. Turner
The Poole & Kent Corporation KSI Professional Engineers Staff Liaison
4530 Hollins Ferry Rd P.O. Box 628 Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contrac-
Baltimore, MD 212-27-4670 Farmingdale, NJ 07727 tors–National Association
Phone: (410) 247-2200 Phone: (732) 938.2666 180 S. Washington St.,
Fax: (410) 247-2331 Fax: (732) 938.2661 Falls Church, VA 22046
Dick_Wagner@emcorgroup.com E-mail: lrodriguez@ksi-pe.com (703) 237-8100 or (800) 533-7694
Fax: (703) 237-7442
Charlie Chalk Ronald W. Stiegler e-mail: turner@naphcc.org
E-B-L Engineers, LLC Phoenix Plumbers, Inc. URL: http://www.phccweb.org
8005 Harford Rd 5320-J Enterprise St.
Baltimore, MD 21234-5701 Eldersburg, MD 21784-9313
Phone: (410) 668-8000 Phone: (410) 781-3000
Fax: (410) 668-8001 Fax: (410) 781-6826
cchalk@eblengineers.com phoenixplumbers@erols.com
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Contents
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................ i
INTRODUCTORY NOTE ...................................................................................................................... v
ADMINISTRATION ................................................................................................................................ 1
BASIC PRINCIPLES .............................................................................................................................. 9
CHAPTER 1 —Definitions ........................................................................................................ 13
CHAPTER 2 —General Regulations .......................................................................................... 31
CHAPTER 3 —Materials .......................................................................................................... 39
CHAPTER 4 —Joints and Connections ..................................................................................... 65
CHAPTER 5 —Traps, Cleanouts and Backwater Valves ........................................................... 73
CHAPTER 6 —Interceptors ...................................................................................................... 79
CHAPTER 7 —Plumbing Fixtures, Fixture Fittings and Plumbing Appliances .............................. 85
CHAPTER 8 —Hangers and Supports ................................................................................... 105
CHAPTER 9 —Indirect Waste Piping and Special Wastes ...................................................... 107
CHAPTER 10 —Water Supply and Distribution ....................................................................... 113
CHAPTER 11 —Sanitary Drainage Systems ............................................................................. 137
CHAPTER 12 —Vents and Venting ......................................................................................... 147
CHAPTER 13 —Storm Water Drainage ................................................................................... 161
CHAPTER 14 —Special Requirements for Health Care Facilities .............................................. 171
CHAPTER 15 —Tests and Maintenance .................................................................................. 177
CHAPTER 16 —Regulations Governing Individual Sewage Disposal
Systems for Homes and Other Establishments Where
Public Sewage Systems Are Not Available ................................................... 181
CHAPTER 17 —Potable Water Supply Systems ...................................................................... 195
CHAPTER 18 —Mobile Home & Travel Trailer
Park Plumbing Standards ............................................................................. 201
APPENDIX A —Sizing Storm Drainage Systems ...................................................................... 209
APPENDIX B —Sizing the Building Water Supply System ........................................................ 217
APPENDIX C —Conversions: Customary Units to Metric ........................................................ 253
APPENDIX D —Determining the Minimum Number of Required
Plumbing Fixtures ................................................................................. 255
APPENDIX E —Special Design Plumbing Systems ................................................................... 261
APPENDIX F —Requirements of the Authority Having Jurisdiction .......................................... 269
APPENDIX G —Graywater Recycling Systems ......................................................................... 271
APPENDIX H —Installation of Medical Gas and Vacuum Piping Systems ................................. 275
APPENDIX I —Fixture Unit Value Curves for Water Closets .................................................. 277
APPENDIX J —Sizing Grease Interceptors ............................................................................. 281
APPENDIX K —Flow in Sloping Drains .................................................................................. 283
APPENDIX L —An Acceptable Brazing Procedure for General Plumbing ................................ 287
INDEX —Alphabetical Index ........................................................................................ 295
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Administration
ADM 1.1 TITLE
The regulations contained in the following chapters and sections shall be known as the “National Standard
Plumbing Code" and may be cited as such, and hereinafter referred to as “this Code”.
1.4.8 Appendices
The provisions in the appendices are intended to supplement the requirements of this Code and are considered
to be part of this Code when adopted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction
1.5.1 Alternates
The provisions cited in this Code are not intended to prevent the use of any material or method of installation
when it is determined to meet the intent of this Code and approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction
1.5.5 Retesting
The Authority Having Jurisdiction may require any tests to be repeated if, at any time, there is reason to believe
that any material or method of installation no longer conforms to the requirements on which the original approval
was based.
1.6.2 Deputies
In accordance with the procedures set forth by the jurisdictional authority, the Authority Having Jurisdiction may
appoint such assistants, deputies, inspectors or other designated employees to carry out the administration and
enforcement of this Code.
1.6.7 Liability
The Authority Having Jurisdiction, or any individual duly appointed or authorized by the Authority Having
Jurisdiction to enforce this Code, acting in good faith and without malice, shall not thereby be rendered personally
liable for any damage that may occur to persons or property as a result of any act, or by reason of any act or
omission in the lawful discharge of his duties. Should a suit be brought against the Authority Having Jurisdiction or
duly appointed representative because of such act or omission, it shall be defended by legal counsel provided by
this jurisdiction until final termination of the proceedings.
It shall be unlawful for any individual, partnership, firm or corporation to commence, or cause to commence, any
installation, alteration, repair, replacement, conversion or addition to any plumbing system, or part thereof, regulated
by this Code, except as permitted in Section 1.8.2, without first obtaining a plumbing permit for each separate
building or structure, on forms prepared and provided by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
1.9.2 Plans
Two or more sets of plans shall be submitted with each permit application. The plans shall contain all the
engineering calculations, drawings, diagrams and other data as required for approval. The Authority Having
Jurisdiction may also require that the plans, drawings, diagrams and calculations be designed by an engineer and/or
architect licensed by the state in which the work is to be performed.
Except that the Authority Having Jurisdiction may waive the submission of plans and other data, provided it is
determined that the nature of the work covered by the permit does not require plan review to obtain code compliance.
1.11.2 Exception:
For moved-in or relocated structures, minor installations and repairs, the Authority Having Jurisdiction may
make other such inspections or tests as necessary to assure that the work has been performed and is safe for use
in accordance with the intent of this Code.
Definitions
1.1 GENERAL
For the purpose of this Code, the following terms shall have the meaning indicated in this chapter. No attempt is
made to define ordinary words that are used in accordance with their established dictionary meaning, except
where it is necessary to define their meaning as used in this Code to avoid misunderstanding.
Accessible: access thereto without damaging building surfaces, but that first may require the removal of an
access panel, door or similar obstructions with the use of tools.
Readily accessible: access without requiring the use of tools for removing or moving any panel, door or
similar obstruction.
Adopting Agency (See also “Authority Having Jurisdiction”) The agency, board or authority having the
duty and power to establish the plumbing code that will govern the installation of all plumbing work to be per-
formed in the jurisdictions.
Air Break (drainage system): A piping arrangement in which a drain from a fixture, appliance, or device
discharges into a fixture, receptor, or interceptor at a point below the flood level rim and above the trap seal of the
receptor.
Air Chamber: A pressure surge absorbing device operating through the compressibility of air.
Air Gap (drainage system): The unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the outlet
of the waste pipe and the flood level rim of the receptor into which it is discharging.
Air Gap (water distribution system): The unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between
the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet supplying water to a tank, plumbing fixture or other device and the
flood level rim of the receptor.
Approved: Accepted or acceptable under an applicable standard stated or cited in this Code, or accepted as
suitable for the proposed use under procedures and powers of the Authority Having Jurisdiction as defined in
Section 3.12.
Aspirator: A fitting or device supplied with water or other fluid under positive pressure that passes through an
integral orifice or “constriction” causing a vacuum.
Automatic Flushing Device: A device that automatically flushes a fixture after each use without the need for
manual activation.
Auxiliary Floor Drain: A floor drain that does not receive the discharge from any indirect waste pipe. Auxiliary floor
drains have no DFU loading.
Backflow Connection: Any arrangement whereby backflow can occur.
Backflow (Water Distribution): The flow of water or other liquids, mixtures or substances from any source or
sources into the distribution pipes of a potable water system. Back-siphonage is one type of backflow.
Backpressure Backflow: Backflow caused by a higher pressure in the non-potable system than in the potable
supply system.
Back-siphonage: Backflow caused by a greater negative pressure in the potable system than in the non-potable
supply system.
Bathroom Group: A group of fixtures in a dwelling unit bathroom consisting of one water closet, one or two
lavatories, and either one bathtub, one combination bath/shower or one shower stall. Other fixtures within the
bathing facility shall be counted separately when determining the water supply and drainage fixture unit loads.
Battery of Fixtures: Any group of two or more similar adjacent fixtures that discharge into a common horizontal
waste or soil branch.
Bedpan Steamer: A fixture used for scalding bedpans or urinals by direct application of steam.
Boiler Blow-off Tank: A vessel designed to receive the discharge from a boiler blow-off outlet and to cool the
discharge to a temperature that permits its safe discharge to the drainage system.
Branch: Any part of the piping system other than a riser, main or stack.
Branch Interval: A distance along a soil or waste stack corresponding, in general, to a story height, but in no
case less than 8 feet within which the horizontal branches from one floor or story of a building are connected to
the stack.
Building: A structure having walls and a roof designed and used for the housing, shelter, enclosure, or support
of persons, animals, or property.
Building Classification: The arrangement adopted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction for the designation of
buildings in classes according to occupancy.
Building Drain: The lowest piping in a drainage system that receives the discharge from stacks and horizontal fixture
branches within a building that convey sewage, waste, or other drainage to a building sewer beginning three (3) feet
outside the building wall. Horizontal fixture branches are sized according to Table 11.5.1B until they connect to the
building drain or a branch of the building drain that serves two or more horizontal fixture branches.
Building Drain, Combined: A building drain that conveys both sewage and storm water or other drainage.
Building Drain, Storm: A building drain that conveys storm water or other drainage, but no sewage.
Building Sewer: That part of the drainage system that extends from the end of the building drain and conveys
its discharge to a public sewer, private sewer, individual sewage disposal system or other point of disposal. The
building sewer begins at a point three feet beyond the outside face of the building.
Building Sewer, Combined: A building sewer that conveys both sewage and storm water or other drainage.
Building Sewer, Storm: A building sewer that conveys storm water or other drainage but no sewage.
Building Subdrain: That portion of a drainage system that does not drain by gravity into the building sewer or
building drain.
Building Trap: A device, fitting, or assembly of fittings, installed in the building drain to prevent circulation of air
between the drainage system of the building and the building sewer.
Cesspool: A lined and covered excavation in the ground that receives the discharge of domestic sewage or other
organic wastes from a drainage system, so designed as to retain the organic matter and solids, but permitting the
liquids to seep through the bottom and sides.
Clinical Sink: A sink designed primarily to receive wastes from bedpans, having a flushing rim, intergral trap
with a visible trap seal, and having the same flushing and cleansing characteristics as a water closet.
Code: These regulations, or any emergency rule or regulation that the Authority Having Jurisdiction may lawfully
adopt.
Combination Fixture: A fixture combining one sink and laundry tray, or a two- or three-compartment sink or
laundry tray in one unit.
Combination Waste and Vent System: A designed system of waste piping embodying the horizontal wet
venting of one or more sinks or floor drains by means of a common waste and vent pipe adequately sized to
provide free movement of air above the flow line of the drain.
Conductor: A pipe within a building that conveys stormwater from a roof to its connection to a building storm
drain or other point of disposal.
Contamination:
The impairment of the quality of the potable water that creates an actual hazard to the public health through poisoning
or through the spread of disease by sewage, industrial fluids or waste. (See the definition of “pollution”).
Continuous Waste: A drain from two or more fixtures connected to a single trap.
Critical Level: The marking on a backflow prevention device or vacuum breaker established by the manufac-
turer, and usually stamped on the device by the manufacturer, that determines the minimum elevation above the
flood level rim of the fixture or receptor served at which the device must be installed. When a backflow preven-
tion device does not bear a critical level marking, the bottom of the vacuum breaker, combination valve, or the
bottom of any approved device constitutes the critical level.
Cross Connection: Any connection or arrangement between two otherwise separate piping systems, one of that
contains potable water and the other either water of questionable safety, steam, gas, or chemical, whereby there
may be a flow from one system to the other, the direction of flow depending on the pressure differential between
the two systems (See “Backflow and Back-Siphonage).
Day Care Center: A facility for the care and/or education of children ranging from 2-1/2 years of age to 5 years
of age.
Dead End, Potable Water: A branch line terminating at a developed length of two (2) feet or more from an
active potable water line by means of a plug or cap.
Dead End, Soil, Waste, or Vent: A branch leading from a soil, waste or vent pipe, building drain, or
building sewer line and terminating at a developed length of two (2) feet or more by means of a plug, cap,
or other closed fitting.
Developed Length: The length of a pipe line measured along the center line of the pipe and fittings.
Domestic Sewage: The water-borne wastes derived from ordinary living processes.
Double Check Valve Assembly: A backflow prevention device consisting of two independently acting check
valves, internally force loaded to a normally closed position between two tightly closing shut-off valves, and with
means of testing for tightness.
Drain: Any pipe that carries waste or water-borne wastes in a building drainage system.
Drainage, Sump : A liquid and air-tight tank that receives sewage and/or liquid waste, located below the
elevation of a gravity drainage system, that is emptied by pumping.
Drainage System: All the piping within public or private premises that conveys sewage, rain water, or other
liquid wastes to a point of disposal. It does not include the mains of a public sewer system or private or public
sewage-treatment facilities.
Drainage System, Building Gravity: A drainage system that drains by gravity into the building sewer.
Dwelling Unit, Multiple: A room, or group of rooms, forming a single habitable unit with facilities that are used,
or intended to be used, for living, sleeping, cooking and eating; and whose sewer connections and water supply,
within its own premise, are shared with one or more other dwelling units. Multiple dwelling units include guest
rooms in hotels and motels.
DWV: An acronym for “drain-waste-vent” referring to the combined sanitary drainage and venting systems.
This term is equivalent to “soil-waste-vent” (SWV).
Effective Opening: The minimum cross-sectional area at the point of water supply discharge, measured or
expressed in terms of (1) diameter of a circle, or (2) if the opening is not circular, the diameter of a circle of
equivalent cross-sectional area.
Equivalent Length: The length of straight pipe of a specific diameter that would produce the same frictional
resistances as a particular fitting or line comprised of pipe and fittings.
Existing Plumbing System: An existing plumbing system, or any part thereof, installed prior to the effective
date of this Code.
Existing Work: A plumbing system, or any part thereof, installed prior to the effective date of this Code.
Family: One or more individuals living together and sharing the same facilities.
Fixture Branch, Supply: A branch of the water distribution system supplying one fixture.
Fixture Branch, Drainage: A drain serving one or more fixtures that discharges into another drain.
Fixture Drain: The drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction of that drain with any other drain pipe.
Fixture Unit (Drainage -DFU): An index number that represents the load of a fixture on the drainage system
so that the load of various fixtures in various applications can be combined. The value is based on the volume or
volume rate of drainage discharge from the fixture, the time duration of that discharge, and the average time
between successive uses of the fixture. One DFU was originally equated to a drainage flow rate of one cubic foot
per minute or 7.5 gallons per minute through the fixture outlet.
Fixture Unit (Water Supply - WSFU): An index number that represents the load of a fixture on the water
supply system so that the load of various fixtures in various applications can be combined. The value is based on
the volume rate of supply for the fixture, the time duration of a single supply operation, and the average time
between successive uses of the fixture. Water supply fixture units were originally based on a comparison to a
flushometer valve water closet, which was arbitrarily assigned a value of 10 WSFU.
Flexible Water Connector: A connector under continuous pressure in an accessible location that connects a supply
fitting, faucet, dishwasher, cloths washer, water heater, water treatment unit, or other fixture or equipment to a stop
valve or its water supply branch pipe.
Flood Level Rim: The edge of the receptor or fixture over which water flows if the fixture is flooded.
Flow Pressure: The pressure in the water supply pipe near the faucet or water outlet while the faucet or water
outlet is fully open and flowing.
Flush Pipes and Fittings: The pipe and fittings that connect a flushometer valve or elevated flush tank to a water
closet, urinal, or bed pan washer.
Flushing Type Floor Drain: A floor drain that is equipped with an integral water supply connection, enabling
flushing of the drain receptor and trap.
Flush Valve: A device located at the bottom of a tank for flushing water closets and similar fixtures.
Flushometer Tank: A water closet flush tank that uses an air accumulator vessel to discharge a predetermined
quantity of water into the closet bowl for flushing purposes.
Flushometer Valve: A device that discharges a predetermined quantity of water to fixtures for flushing and is
closed by direct water pressure or other means.
Force Main: A main that delivers waste water under pressure from a sewage ejector or pump to its destina-
tion.
Full-way valve: Full-way valves include gate valves, full port ball valves, and other valves that are identified by their
manufacturer as full port or full bore.
Grease Interceptor: A plumbing appurtenance that is installed in the sanitary drainage system to intercept oily and
greasy wastes from wastewater discharges, typically in commercial kitchens and food processing plants. Such
equipment has the ability to intercept commonly occurring free-floating fats and oils.
Grease Recovery Device (GRD): A plumbing appurtenance that is installed in the sanitary drainage system to
intercept and remove free-floating fats, oils, and grease from wastewater discharges, typically in commercial kitchens
and food processing plants. Such equipment operates on a time or event- controlled basis and has the ability to remove
the entire range of commonly occurring free-floating fats, oils, and grease automatically without intervention from the
user except for maintenance. The removed material is essentially water-free, which allows for recycling of the
removed product.
Grinder Pump: A pump for sewage that shreds or grinds the solids in the sewage that it pumps.
Ground Water: Subsurface water occupying the zone of saturation. (a) confined ground water - a body of ground
water overlaid by material sufficiently impervious to sever free hydraulic connection with overlying ground water. (b)
free ground water - ground water in the zone of saturation extending down to the first impervious barrier.
Half-Bath: A room that contains one water closet and one lavatory within a dwelling unit.
Horizontal Branch Drain: A drain pipe extending laterally from a soil stack, waste stack or building drain with
or without vertical sections or branches, that receives the waste discharged from one or more fixture drains and
conducts the waste to a soil stack, waste stack, or building drain.
Horizontal Pipe: Any pipe or fitting that makes an angle of less than 450 with the horizontal.
Hot Water: Potable water that is heated to a required temperature for its intended use.
Indirect Connection (Waste): The introduction of waste into the drainage system by means of an air gap or air
break.
Indirect Waste Pipe: A waste pipe that does not connect directly with the drainage system, but which dis-
charges into the drainage system through an air break or air gap into a trap, fixture, receptor or interceptor.
Industrial Wastes: Liquid or liquid-borne wastes resulting from the processes employed in industrial and
commercial establishments.
Interceptor: A device designed and installed so as to separate and retain deleterious, hazardous, or undesirable
matter from normal wastes while permitting normal sewage or liquid wastes to discharge into the drainage system
by gravity.
Leaching Well or Pit: A pit or receptor having porous walls that permit the liquid contents to seep into the ground.
Leader: An exterior vertical drainage pipe for conveying storm water from roof or gutter drains.
Load Factor: The percentage of the total connected fixture unit flow that is likely to occur at any point in the
drainage system.
Local Ventilating Pipe: A pipe on the fixture side of the trap through which vapor or foul air is removed from a
fixture.
Macerating Toilet System: A system that collects drainage from a single water closet, lavatory and/or bathtub
located in the same room. It consists of a receiving container, a grinder pump, and associated level controls. The system
pumps shredded or macerated sewage up to a point of discharge
Medical Gas System: The complete system used to convey medical gases for direct application from central
supply systems (bulk tanks, manifolds and medical air compressors) through piping networks with pressure and
operating controls, alarm warning systems, etc., and extending to station outlet valves at use points.
Medical Vacuum Systems: A system consisting of central-vacuum-producing equipment with pressure and
operating controls, shut-off valves, alarm warning systems, gauges and a network of piping extending to and
terminating with suitable station inlets to locations where suction may be required.
Non-Health Hazard: In backflow prevention, an actual or potential threat to the physical properties or potability
of the water supply to the plumbing system, but which would not constitute a health or system hazard.
Non-potable Water: Water not safe for drinking, personal or culinary use.
Nominal Size: A standard expression in inches and fractions thereof to denote equal. Existing in name only and
not in actuality.
Nuisance: Public nuisance at common law or in equity jurisprudence; whatever is dangerous to human life or
detrimental to health; whatever building, structure, or premises is not sufficiently ventilated, sewered, drained,
cleaned, or lighted in reference to its intended or actual use; and whatever renders the air, human food, drink or
water supply unwholesome.
Offset: A combination of elbows or bends that brings one section of the pipe out of line but into a line parallel
with the other section.
Offset, Return: A double offset installed so as to return the pipe to its original alignment.
Person: A natural person, his heirs, executors, administrators or assigns; including a firm, partnership or corpora-
tion, its or their successors or assigns. Singular includes plural; male includes female.
Plenum: An enclosed portion of the building structure, other than an occupiable space being conditioned, that is
designed to allow air movement, and thereby serve as part of an air distribution system.
Plumbing
The practice, materials, and fixtures within or adjacent to any building structure or conveyance, used in the
installation, maintenance, extension, alteration and removal of any piping, plumbing fixtures, plumbing appliances,
and plumbing appurtenances in connection with any of the following:
Plumbing Appliance: Any one of a special class of plumbing fixture that is intended to perform a special
plumbing function. Its operation and/or control may be dependent upon one or more energized components, such
as motors, controls, heating elements, or pressure or temperature-sensing elements. Such fixtures may operate
automatically through one or more of the following actions: a time cycle, a temperature range, a pressure range, a
measured volume or weight; or the fixture may be manually adjusted or controlled by the user or operator.
Plumbing Fixture: A receptacle or device connected to the water distribution system of the premises, and
demands a supply of water there from; or discharges used water, liquid-borne waste materials, or sewage either
directly or indirectly to the drainage system of the premises; or which requires both a water supply connection and
a discharge to the drainage system of the premises. Plumbing appliances as a special class of fixture are further
defined.
Plumbing System: Includes the water supply and distribution pipes, plumbing fixtures and traps; soil, waste and
vent pipes; sanitary and storm drains and building sewers; including their respective connections, devices and
appurtenances to an approved point of disposal.
Pollution "Potable Water": An impairment of the quality of the potable water to a degree that does not create
a hazard to the public health but that does adversely and unreasonably affect the aesthetic qualities of such
potable water for domestic use. (See the definition of “contamination”).
Potable Water: Water free from impurities present in amounts sufficient to cause disease or harmful physiologi-
cal effects and conforming in its bacteriological and chemical quality to the requirements of the Public Health
Service Drinking Water Standards or the regulations of the public health authority having jurisdiction.
Pressure Balancing Valve: A mixing valve that senses incoming hot and cold water pressures and compensates
for fluctuations in either to stabilize its outlet temperature.
Private Sewage Disposal System: A system for disposal of domestic sewage by means of a septic tank or
mechanical treatment, designed for use apart from a public sewer to serve a single establishment or building.
Private Use - Plumbing facilities for the private and restricted use of one or more individuals in dwelling units
(including hotel and motel guest rooms), and other plumbing facilities that are not intended for public use. Refer to
the definition of “Public Use”.
Public Use - Plumbing facilities intended for the unrestricted use of more than one individual (including employ-
ees) in assembly occupancies, business occupancies, public buildings, transportation facilities, schools and other
educational facilities, office buildings, restaurants, bars, other food service facilities, mercantile facilities, manufac-
turing facilities, military facilities, and other plumbing installations that are not intended for private use. Refer to
the definition of “Private Use”.
Private Water Supply: A supply, other than an approved public water supply, that serves one or more buildings.
Public Toilet Room: A toilet room intended to serve the transient public, such as in, but not limited to the
following examples: service stations, train stations, airports, restaurants, and convention halls.
Public Water Main: A water supply pipe for public use controlled by public authority.
Receptor: A fixture or device that receives the discharge from indirect waste pipes.
Reduced Pressure Backflow Preventer Assembly: See Reduced Pressure Zone Backflow Preventer
Assembly
Reduced Pressure Principle Assembly: A reduced pressure zone backflow preventer assembly.
Reduced Pressure Zone Backflow Preventer Assembly: A backflow prevention device consisting of two
independently acting check valves, internally force loaded to a normally closed position and separated by an
intermediate chamber (or zone), in which there is an automatic relief means of venting to atmosphere internally
loaded to a normally open position, and with means for testing for tightness of the checks and opening of the relief
means.
Riser: A water supply pipe that extends vertically one full story or more to convey water to branches or to a
group of fixtures.
Roof Drain: A drain installed to receive water collecting on the surface of a roof and to discharge it into a leader
or a conductor.
Roughing-in: The installation of all parts of the plumbing system that can be completed prior to the installation of
fixtures. This includes drainage, water supply, and vent piping, and the necessary fixture supports, or any fixtures
that are built into the structure.
Sand Filter: A treatment device or structure, constructed above or below the surface of the ground, for removing
solid or colloidal material of a type that cannot be removed by sedimentation, from septic tank effluent.
Sanitary Sewer: A sewer that carries sewage and excludes storm, surface and ground water.
SDR: An abbreviation for “standard dimensional ratio” that relates to a specific ratio of the average specified
outside diameter to the minimum wall thickness for outside controlled diameter plastic pipe.
Septic Tank: A watertight receptacle that receives the discharge of a building sanitary drainage system or part
thereof; and that is designed and constructed so as to separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter through
a period of detention, and allow the liquids to discharge into the soil outside of the tank through a system of open
joint or perforated piping, or a seepage pit.
Sewage: Liquid containing human waste (including fecal matter) and/or animal, vegetable, or chemical waste
matter in suspension or solution.
Sewage Ejector, Pneumatic Type: A unit that uses compressed air to discharge and lift sewage to a gravity sewage
system.
Sewage Pump or Pump-Type Ejector: A non-clog or grinder-type sewage pump or ejector. Sewage pumps and
pump-type ejectors are either the submersible or vertical type.
Shock Arrestor (mechanical device): A device used to absorb the pressure surge (water hammer) that occurs
when water flow is suddenly stopped.
Sink, Commercial: A sink other than for a domestic application. Commercial sinks include, but are not limited to:
1. pot sinks
2. scullery sinks
3. sinks used in photographic or other processes
4. laboratory sinks
Size of Pipe and Tubing: The nominal inside diameter in inches as indicated in the material standards in Table
3.1.3. If outside diameter is used, the size will be followed by “o.d.”.
Size of Pipe and Tubing, Incremental: Where relative size requirements are mentioned, the following schedule
of sizes is recognized, even if all sizes may not be available commercially: 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 3/4, 1, 1-1/4, 1-1/2, 2, 2-1/2,
3, 3-1/2, 4, 4-1/2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24.
Slip Joint: A connection in drainage piping consisting of a compression nut and compression washer that permits
drainage tubing to be inserted into the joint and secured by tightening the compression nut. Slip joints are typically
used in trap connections for lavatories, sinks, and bathtubs. They permit the trap to be removed for cleaning or
replacement, and to provide access to the drainage piping.
Soil Pipe or Soil Stack: Pipes that convey sewage containing fecal matter to the building drain or building sewer.
Special Wastes: Wastes that require special treatment before entry into the normal plumbing system.
Stack: A general term for any vertical line including offsets of soil, waste, vent or inside conductor piping. This
does not include vertical fixture and vent branches that do not extend through the roof or that pass through not
more than two stories before being reconnected to the vent stack or stack vent.
Stack Group: A group of fixtures located adjacent to the stack so that by means of proper fittings, vents may be
reduced to a minimum.
Stack Vent: The extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to the stack.
Stack Venting: A method of venting a fixture or fixtures through the soil or waste stack.
Standpipe (indirect waste receptor): A vertical drain pipe that has an open top inlet that provides an air break
or air gap for indirect waste discharge.
Storm Sewer: A sewer used for conveying rainwater, surface water, condensate, cooling water, or similar liquid
wastes.
Subsoil Drain: A drain that collects subsurface or seepage water and conveys it to a place of disposal.
Suction Line: The inlet pipe to a pump on which a negative pressure may exist under design conditions.
Sump: A tank or pit that receives only liquid wastes, located below the elevation of a gravity discharge, that is
emptied by pumping.
Sump, Drainage (sewage): A liquid and air-tight tank that receives sewage and/or liquid waste, located below
the elevation of a gravity drainage system, that is emptied by pumping.
Sump Pump: A permanently installed mechanical device for removing clear water or liquid waste from a sump.
Supports: Devices for supporting and securing pipe, fixtures and equipment.
Swimming Pool: Any structure, basin, chamber or tank containing a body of water for swimming, diving, or
recreational bathing.
Tempered Water: A mixture of hot and cold water to reach a desired temperature for its intended use.
Thermostatic/Pressure Balancing Valve, Combination: A mixing valve that senses outlet temperature and
incoming hot and cold water pressure and compenstates for fluctuations in incoming hot and cold water tempera-
tures and/or pressures to stabilize its outlet temperatures.
Thermostatic (Temperature Control) Valve: A mixing valve that senses outlet temperature and compensates
for fluctuations in incoming hot or cold water temperatures.
Toilet Facility: A room or combination of interconnected spaces in other than a dwelling that contains one or
more water closets and associated lavatories, with signage to identify its intended use.
Trap Arm: That portion of a fixture drain between a trap and its vent.
Trap Seal: The maximum vertical depth of liquid that a trap will retain, measured between the crown weir and
the top of the dip of the trap.
Vacuum Breaker, Atmospheric Type: A vacuum breaker that is not designed to be subject to static line
pressure.
Vacuum Breaker, Pressure Type: A vacuum breaker designed to operate under conditions of static line
pressure.
Vacuum Breaker, Spill-resistant (SVB): A pressure-type vacuum breaker specifically designed to avoid
spillage during operation, consisting of one check valve force-loaded closed and an air inlet vent valve force-loaded
open to atmosphere, positioned downstream of the check valve, and located between and including two tightly
closing shut-off valves and a means for testing.
Vacuum Relief Valve: A device to admit atmospheric air into a vessel if a vacuum is developed in that vessel.
Vent, Branch: A vent connecting one or more individual vents with a vent stack or stack vent.
Vent, Circuit: A vent that connects to a horizontal drainage branch and vents from two to eight traps or trapped
fixtures connected in a battery.
Vent, Common: A vent connected at the common connection of two fixture drains and serving as a vent for
both fixtures.
Vent, Continuous: A vertical vent that is a continuation of the drain to which it connects.
Vent, Dry: A vent that does not receive the discharge of any sewage or waste.
Vent, Loop: A circuit vent that loops back to connect with a stack vent instead of a vent stack.
Vent, Relief: An auxiliary vent that permits additional circulation of air in or between a drainage and vent
system.
Vent, Sterilizer: A separate pipe or stack, indirectly connected to the building drainage system at the lower
terminal, that receives the vapors from non-pressure sterilizers, or the exhaust vapors from pressure sterilizers, and
conducts the vapors directly to the outer air. Sometimes called vapor, steam, atmosphere or exhaust vent.
Vent, Wet: A vent that receives the discharge of wastes from fixtures other than water closets or kitchen sinks.
Vent, Yoke: A pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack to a vent stack for the purpose of equalizing
the pressures in the stacks.
Vent Stack: A vertical vent pipe that extends through one or more stories and that is intended to provide circula-
tion of air to and from the drainage system.
Vent System: A pipe, or pipes, installed to provide a flow of air to or from a drainage system or to provide a
circulation of air within such system to protect trap seals from siphonage and back pressure.
Vertical Pipe: Any pipe or fitting that makes an angle of 45o or more with the horizontal.
Wall Hung Water Closet: A water closet installed in such a way that no part of it touches the floor.
Waste: Any remaining liquid, or liquid-borne material or residue intended to be discharged to the drainage system
after any activity or process, but not including any such materials that contain animal or human fecal matter.
Waste Stack, Pipe or Piping: Pipes that convey the discharge from fixtures (other than water closets), appli-
ances, areas, or appurtenances, that do not contain fecal matter.
Water Closet, Pressure Assisted: A low consumption water closet with an air accumulator vessel in the tank
that stores water and air under pressure, using the water supply pressure. When flushed, the air produces a high
velocity jet of water and air that forces the contents out of the bowl.
Water Closet, Pump Assisted: A low consumption water closet with a fractional horsepower pump in the tank
that produces a high velocity jet in the trap way that assists the flushing action.
Water Closet, Vacuum Assisted: A low consumption water closet that uses the falling water level in the tank
to induce a vacuum near the outlet of the trap way that assists the flushing action.
Water Distribution Piping: Piping within the building or on the premises that conveys water from the water-
service pipe to the point of use.
Water Service Pipe: The pipe from the water main, or other source of potable water supply, to the water
distribution system of the building served.
Water Supply System: The water service pipe, the water distribution pipes, and the necessary connecting pipes,
fittings, control valves, and appurtenances in or adjacent to the building or premises.
Water Temperature Control Valve: A valve of the pressure balance, thermostatic mixing, or combination
pressure balance/thermostatic mixing type that is designed to control water temperature to reduce the risk of
scalding.
Whirlpool Bathtub: A plumbing appliance consisting of a bathtub fixture that is equipped and fitted with a
circulation piping system, pump, and other appurtenances and is so designed to accept, circulate, and discharge
bathtub water upon each use.
General Regulations
2.1 RESERVED
2.2 RESERVED
2.3 CHANGES IN DIRECTION OF DRAINAGE PIPING
2.3.1 Uses for Drainage Fittings
a. Changes in direction of drainage piping shall be made with long radius drainage fittings. See Table
2.3.1.
EXCEPTION: Short radius drainage fittings shall be permitted in the drain piping for individual fixtures. See
Table 2.3.1.
b. Short radius drainage fittings are those having radius or centerline dimensions that are approximately
equal to or less than their nominal pipe size. The radius or centerline dimensions of long radius drainage
fittings are greater than their nominal pipe size.
c. Long radius drainage fittings shall not be used to connect fixture trap arms to vertical drain and vent
piping. Connections to fixture vents shall be above the top weir of the fixture trap.
2.6.2 Side-fill
The haunch areas adjacent to the pipe between the bottom of the pipe and its horizontal centerline shall be
filled with a clean coarse-grain material such as sand, gravel, or soil. Such side-fill shall be placed by hand,
extending to the sides of the trench, and be compacted to provide lateral support for the pipe.
2.6.5 Tunneling
When pipe is installed in a dug or bored earth tunnel, the space around the pipe between the pipe and the wall
of the tunnel shall be completely filled with packed concrete or grout. When pipe is installed in a jacked-in-
place conduit or sleeve, the space around the pipe between the pipe and the inside of the conduit or sleeve
shall be sealed in an approved manner in accordance with Section 2.12.d.
2.6.9 Supervision
Where excavation, bedding or backfilling are performed by persons other than the installer of the underground
piping, the pipe installer shall supervise the bedding, side-fill, and initial backfill, and shall be responsible for its
conformance to this Code.
2.9.1 Breakage
Pipes passing under or through foundation walls shall be protected from breakage.
2.9.2 Corrosion
Pipe subject to corrosion by passing through or under corrosive fill, such as, but not limited to, cinders, con-
crete, or other corrosive material, shall be protected against external corrosion by protective coating, wrap-
ping, or other means that will resist such corrosion.
2.9.4 Penetration
a. Plastic and copper piping run through framing members to within one inch of the edge of the framing
shall be protected by steel nail plates not less than 18 gauge. Where such piping penetrates top plates or sole
plates of the framing, the nail plate shall extend at least two inches below top plates and two inches above
sole plates.
b. Where plastic and copper piping runs through metal framing members, it shall be protected from
abrasion caused by expansion and contraction of the piping or movement of the framing.
2.10.1 General
No material shall be deposited into a building drainage system or sewer that would or could either obstruct,
damage, or overload such system; that could interfere with the normal operation of sewage treatment pro-
cesses; or that could be hazardous to people or property. This provision shall not prohibit the installation of
special waste systems when approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
2.12 SLEEVES
a. All piping passing through concrete walls, floors, slabs, and masonry walls shall be provided with sleeves
for protection.
EXCEPTION: Sleeves shall not be required for pipes passing through drilled or bored holes. Such holes shall
provide 1/2 inch minimum clearance around the pipe and any thermal insulation.
b. Sleeves shall be sized so there is a minimum of 1/2-inch clearance around the pipe and/or insulation.
c. Piping through concrete or masonry walls shall not be subject to any load from building construction.
d. The annular space between sleeves and pipes shall be filled or tightly caulked with coal tar, asphaltum
compound, lead, or other material found equally effective and approved as such by the Authority Having
Jurisdiction.
e. All penetrations of construction required to have a fire resistance rating shall be protected in accordance
with the applicable building regulations.
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3.2.2 Lead
See Table 3.1.3. Sheet lead shall be not less than the following:
a. Shower pans—not less than 4 pounds per square foot (psf) and be coated with an asphalt paint or
equivalent.
b. Flashings of vent terminals—not less than 3 pounds per square foot (psf).
c. Lead bends and lead traps shall not be less than 1/8" wall thickness.
3.2.3 Plastic
a. Trap and tailpiece fittings— minimum 0.062" wall thickness.
b. Piping— see specific application — Sections 3.4 to 3.11.
c. Shower pans—approved plastic sheeting material.
3.3.3 Fixtures
a. Plumbing fixtures shall be constructed from approved materials having smooth, non-absorbent surfaces
and be free from defects, and except as permitted elsewhere in this Code, shall conform to the standards
cited in Table 3.1.3.
b. Materials for special use fixtures not otherwise covered in this Code shall be constructed of materials
especially suited to the use for which the fixture is intended.
3.3.6 Reserved
3.3.7 Interceptors
Interceptors shall meet the requirements of Chapter 6.
3.4.4 Fittings
Fittings for water supply piping shall be compatible with the pipe material used.
3.5.6 Fittings
Fittings in drainage systems shall be compatible with the pipe used and shall have no ledges, shoulders, or
reductions that can retard or obstruct flow. Threaded fittings shall be the recessed drainage type.
3.6.4 Fittings
Fittings in vent piping shall be compatible with the pipe material used. Where threaded pipe is used, fittings
shall be either the drainage or pressure type, galvanized or black.
3.7.7 Fittings
Fittings in drainage systems shall be compatible with the pipe used and shall have no ledges, shoulders, or
reductions that can retard or obstruct flow. Threaded fittings shall be the recessed drainage type.
3.12.2 Approval
a. The Authority Having Jurisdiction may approve the use of any material or method not expressly con-
forming to the requirements of this Code provided all of the following conditions are met:
1. The material or method is not expressly prohibited by this Code.
2. The material or method is determined to be of such design or quality as to appear suitable for the
proposed use.
3. A record of such approval is kept and shall be available to the public.
3.12.3 Tests
When there is insufficient evidence to verify claims for alternate materials, the Authority Having Jurisdiction
may require tests of compliance as proof of suitability. Such tests shall be made by an approved testing
agency at the expense of the applicant.
1 Hub & Spigot Cast-Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings: ASTM A74-05.
2 Hubless Cast-Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings: CISPI 301-05, ASTM A888-05.
3 Ductile-Iron Pressure Pipe: ASTM A377-03, AWWA C151/A21.51-02.
4 Ductile-Iron and Gray-Iron Fittings (3" and larger): AWWA C110/A21.10-03.
5 Cement-Mortar Lining for Ductile-Iron Pipe and Fittings: AWWA C104/A21.4-03.
6 Steel Pipe, Galvanized, Welded and Seamless: ASTM A53/A53M-04a, ASME B36.1M-
2004
7 Cast-Iron Threaded Drainage Fittings: ASME B16.12-1998.
8 Cast-Iron Threaded Fittings, Classes 125 and 250: ASME B16.4-1998.
9 Malleable-Iron Threaded Fittings, Class 150 and 300: ASME B16.3-1998.
10 Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings, and Locknuts with Pipe Threads: ASME B16.14-1991.
11 Stainless Steel DWV Pipe and Fittings, Types 304 and 316L (3) ASME A112.3.1-1993
1 Anti-siphon Fill Valves (Ballcocks) for Gravity Water Closet Flush Tanks: ASSE 1002-1999, CSA B125.3-05
2 Individual Thermostatic, Pressure Balancing, and Combination Pressure ASSE 1016-2005, ASME
Balancing and Thermostatic Control Valves for Individual Fixture Fittings A112.18.1-2005/CSA B125.1-05
3 Divertors for Plumbing Faucets with Hose Spray, Anti-Siphon Type,
Residential Application: ASSE 1025-1978; CSA B125-01.
4 Plumbing Fixture Fittings: ASME A112.18.1-2005/CSA
B125.1-05
5 Flushometers (Pressurized Flushing Devices): ASSE 1037-1990, CSA B125.3-05
6 Laboratory Faucet Vacuum Breakers: ASSE 1035-2002.
7 Showers, Hand Held: ASME A112.18.1-2005/
CSA B125.1-05
8 Supports for Off-The-Floor Plumbing Fixtures: ASME A112.6.1M-1997 (R2002).
9 Trim for Water Closet Bowls, Tanks, and Urinals (dimensional standards): ASME A112.19.5-1999,
CSA B125.3-05
10 Flexible Water Connectors: ASME A112.18.6-2003.
11 Water Closet Seats, Plastic: ANSI Z124.5-1997.
12 Whirlpool Suction Fittings: ASME A112.19.8-1987 (R1996).
13 Performance Requirements for Backflow Protection Devices and Systems in ASME A112.18.1-2005/CSA
Plumbing Fixture Fittings: B125.1-05
14 Temperature Actuated Flow Reduction (TAFR) Valves for Individual Fixture
Fittings: ASSE 1062-1997.
15 Individual Pressure Balancing In-Line Valves for Individual Fixture Fittings: ASSE 1066-1997.
16 Deck Mounted Bath/Shower Transfer Valves with Integral Backflow Protection: ASME A112.18.7-1999 (R2004)
17 Plumbing Fixture Waste Fittings: ASME A112.18.2-2005/CSA
B125.2-05
18 Thermoplastic Accessible and Replaceable Plastic Tube and Tubular
Fittings; for Waste Connections (1-1/4", 1-1/2"): ASTM F409-02.
19 Dual Flush Devices for Water Closets: ASME A112.19.10 - 2003
20 Plastic Fittings for Connecting Water Closets to the Sanitary Drainage
System: ASME A112.4.3-1999 (R2004)
(1) See application sections of Chapter 3 for limitations on specific piping materials.
(2) Pipe sizes contained in parentheses ( ) are provided for general information on the scope of the referenced standard and are
not intended to limit use.
(3) Alloy shall be marked on pipe and fittings.
NOTES
(1) Lower SDR numbers have heavier wall thicknesses and higher pressure ratings.
(2) Refer also to the manufacturer’s recommendations, instructions and limitations.
Table 3.4.3
PLASTIC HOT AND COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION PIPING (1)
(water pressure rated for not less than 100 psi at 180 deg F and 160 psi at 73 deg F)
NOTES
(1) Refer also to the manufacturer’s recommendations, instructions and limitations.
4.2.1 Caulked
4.2.1.1 Cast-Iron Soil Pipe
Lead caulked joints for cast-iron hub and spigot soil pipe shall be firmly packed with oakum or hemp and filled
with molten lead not less than 1 inch deep and not to extend more than 1/8 inch below the rim of the hub.
No paint, varnish, or other coatings shall be permitted on the jointing material until after the joint has been
tested and approved. Lead shall be run in one pouring and shall be caulked tight.
4.2.2 Threaded
The threads in taper threaded pipe joints shall conform to ASME B.1.20.1.
4.2.3 Wiped
Joints in lead pipe or fittings, or between lead pipe or fittings and brass or copper pipe, ferrules, solder nipples,
or traps, shall be full wiped joints. Wiped joints shall have an exposed surface on each side of a joint not less
than 3/4 inch and at least as thick as the material being jointed. Wall or floor flange lead-wiped joints shall be
made by using a lead ring or flange placed behind the joints at wall or floor. Joints between lead pipe and
cast-iron, steel, or wrought iron shall be made by means of a caulking ferrule, soldering nipple, or bushing.
4.2.4 Soldered
a. Soldered joints in copper water piping shall be made using wrought pressure fittings complying with ASME
B16.22, cast pressure fittings complying with ASME B16.18, or cast copper alloy flanges complying with ASME
B16.24.
NOTE: Short-cup brazing fittings complying with ASME B16.50 and bearing the mark “BZ” shall not be used
where joints are soldered.
b. Soldered joints in copper drain and vent piping shall be made with wrought drainage fittings complying with
ASME B16.29 or cast drainage fittings complying with ASME B16.23.
c. Soldered joints shall be made in accordance with ASTM B828.
d. Solder shall comply with ASTM B32. Flux shall comply with ASTM B813.
e. Solder for joints in potable water piping shall contain not more than 0.2% lead.
4.2.5 Flared
Flared joints for copper water tube shall be made with fittings complying with ASME B16.26. The tube shall
be reamed and then expanded with an approved flaring tool.
a. Copper fittings for water supply and distribution, designed for mechanically crimped (pressed) connections to
ASTM B88 hard drawn copper water tube, shall include an O-ring gasket complying with NSF 61 for potable water.
EXCEPTION: Mechanically crimped (pressed) joints shall be permitted with annealed copper water tube when such
use is included in the fitting manufacturer’s technical data and installation instructions.
b. The fittings shall comply with the material and sizing requirements of ASME B16.22 (wrought copper or copper
alloy fittings) or ASME B16.18 (cast copper alloy fittings).
c. During installation, the tube end shall be deburred and depth-marked to permit visual verification of full insertion
of the tube into the fitting socket.
d. The joint shall be crimped (pressed) using a tool approved by the manufacturer of the fitting.
e. The joints shall be rated by the manufacturer for not less than 200 psig at 180 deg F.
f. The fittings shall be permitted to be installed in concealed locations.
4.2.8 Brazed
4.2.8.1 General
a. Brazed joints in copper tubing shall be made in accordance with accepted industry practice. See Appendix
L for an accepted practice for general plumbing.
b. Brazed joints in medical gas and vacuum piping shall be made in accordance with NFPA 99 or NFPA 99C.
4.2.8.2 Fittings
a. Fittings in copper tubing with brazed joints shall be wrought solder joint fittings complying with ASME
B16.22 or short-cup brazing fittings complying with ASME B16.50. Short-cup brazed joint fittings shall be
clearly marked by the manufacturer to differentiate them from solder-joint fittings and avoid their being used
in piping with soldered joints.
b. Fittings for medical gas and vacuum piping shall be as required by NFPA 99 or NFPA 99C.
a. Mechanically formed tee branches shall be permitted in copper tubing in water distribution systems. The
branch connections shall be formed with appropriate tools and joined by brazing. The branch tube end shall
be notched and dimpled with two sets of double dimples. The first dimples shall act as depth stops to prevent
the branch tube from being inserted beyond the depth of the branch collar. The second dimples shall be
1/4" above the first dimples and provide a visual means of verifying that the branch connection has been
properly fitted. The dimples in the branch tube shall be in line with the run of the main. The joints shall be
brazed in accordance with Section 4.2.8.1 and ASTM F2014.
b. Mechanically former tee branches shall not be permitted in drainage piping.
4.2.12 Reserved
4.2.13 Reserved
4.2.14 Plastic
Joints in plastic piping shall be made with approved fittings by either solvent cement or heat joined connections;
approved couplings consisting of elastomeric sleeves and corrosion resisting metal screw clamps; approved
4.2.15 Slip
Slip joints shall be made using approved packing or gasket material, or approved ground joint brass compres-
sion rings. Ground joint brass connections that allow adjustment of tubing but provide a rigid joint when made
up, shall not be considered as slip joints.
4.2.16 Expansion
Expansion joints shall be of approved type and its material shall conform with the type of piping in which it is
installed.
4.2.19 Bending
Changes in direction in copper water tube shall be permitted to be made by the use of factory or field bends. Field
bends shall be made in accordance with Table 4.2.19. Bends shall be made only with bending equipment and
procedures intended for that purpose. Hard drawn tubing shall not be bent with tubing benders intended for only
annealed (soft) tube. All bends shall be smooth and free from buckling, cracks, and other evidence of mechanical
damage.
4.3.2 Reserved
4.3.3 Reserved
4.3.4 Threaded Pipe to Cast-Iron
Joints between steel or brass and cast-iron pipe shall be either caulked or threaded or shall be made with
approved adapter fittings.
(1) Separate trap required for wash tray and separate trap required for sink compartment with
food waste grinder.
Table 5.4.9
SIZE OF CLEANOUTS
Nominal Nominal
Piping Size (inches) Size of Cleanout (inches)
11/4 11/4
11/2 11/2
2 2
3 3
4&6 4
8&10 6
12&15 8
(1) See Section 5.4.10 for sizes 12" or larger for building sewers.
(2) See Section 5.4.13 for cleanout equivalents.
6.1.2 Design
The size and type of liquid waste treatment equipment shall be based on the maximum volume and rate of
discharge of the plumbing fixtures and equipment being drained. See Appendix J.
6.1.4 Approval
6.1.4.1 General
The type, size, capacity, design, arrangement, construction, and installation of liquid waste treatment
devices shall be as approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
6.1.5 Venting
Liquid waste treatment equipment shall be so designed that they will not become air-bound if tight covers are
used. Equipment shall be properly vented if loss of its trap seal is possible.
b. Grease interceptors that include automatic grease recovery (GRD) shall comply with Section 6.2.1.a and
ASME A112.14.4.
EXCEPTION: A grease interceptor with the required flow control device shall be permitted to serve as a trap
for an individual fixture if the developed length of the drain between the fixture and the interceptor does not
exceed four feet horizontally and 30 inches vertically.
6.2.5 Location
Grease interceptors shall be permitted to be installed within buildings unless otherwise prohibited by the
Authority Having Jurisdiction. Where interceptors or holding tanks are remote from the fixtures served, the
drain piping between the fixtures and the interceptor or holding tank shall be as direct as possible and shall
include provisions for periodic cleaning.
a. Solids interceptors shall be provided where necessary to prevent harmful solid materials from entering the
drainage system on a continuing basis. Such harmful materials include, but are not limited to, aquarium gravel,
barium, ceramic chips, clay, cotton, denture grindings, dental silver, fish scales, gauze, glass particles, hair, jewels,
lint, metal grindings, plaster, plastic grindings, precious metal chips, sediment, small stones, and solid food particles.
b. Solids interceptors shall separate solids by gravity, trapping them in a removable bucket or strainer.
c. Solids interceptors shall be sized according to their drain pipe size or by the required flow rate.
a. Neutralizing or dilution tanks shall be provided where necessary to prevent acidic or alkaline waste from
entering the building drainage system. Such waste shall be neutralized or diluted to levels that are safe for the
piping in the drainage and sewer systems.
b. Vents for neutralizing or dilution tanks shall be constructed of acid-resistant piping and shall be independent
from sanitary system vents.
6.7.1 Laundries
Commercial laundries shall be equipped with one or more lint interceptors having wire baskets or similar
devices, removable for cleaning, that will prevent passage into the drainage system of solids 1/2 inch or larger
in size, strings, rags, buttons, lint, and other materials that would be detrimental to the drainage system.
7.3 INSTALLATION
7.3.1 General
Plumbing fixtures, fixture trim, and plumbing appliances shall be installed in accordance with the requirements
of this Code and the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations.
7.4.1 Compliance
Vitreous china water closets shall comply with ASME A112.19.2M. Plastic water closets shall comply with
ANSI Z124.4.
7.5 URINALS
7.5.1 Compliance
a. Urinals with a non-visible water trap seal and/or strainer shall be equipped with an automatic flushing
device.
b. Vitreous china urinals shall comply with ASME A112.19.2.
c. Plastic urinals, including female urinals, urinals for the physically impaired, and waterless male urinals,
shall comply with ANSI Z124.9.
7.6 LAVATORIES
7.6.1 Compliance
a. Lavatories shall comply with the following standards:
1. Ceramic, non-vitreous; ASME A112.19.9M
2. Enameled cast-iron; ASME A112.19.1M
3. Enameled steel; ASME A112.19.4M
4. Plastic; ANSI Z124.3
5. Stainless steel; ASME A112.19.3M
6. Vitreous china; ASME A112. 19.2M
7.7.1 Compliance
Vitreous china bidets shall comply with ASME A112.19.2M. Bidet faucets shall comply to ASME
A112.18.1.
7.8 BATHTUBS
7.8.1 Compliance
a. Bathtubs shall comply with the following standards:
1. Plastic, cultured marble and other synthetic products or finishes; ANSI Z124.1
2. Enameled cast-iron; ASME A112.19.1
3. Enameled steel; ASME A112.19.4
4. Bathtubs with pressure sealed doors; ASME A112.19.15
7.9.1 General
The requirements of Section 7.8 for bathtubs shall also apply to whirlpool baths. The provisions for wet
venting in Section 12.10 shall also apply to whirlpool baths.
7.9.2 Compliance
Whirlpool bathtubs shall comply with ASME A112.19.7M.
7.9.3 Drainage
The arrangements of circulating piping and pumps shall not be altered in any way that would prevent the
pump and associated piping from draining after each use of the fixture.
7.9.4 Access
One or more removable panels shall be provided where required for access to pumps, heaters, and controls,
as recommended by the fixture manufacturer.
7.10 SHOWERS
7.10.1 Compliance
Plastic shower receptors and stalls shall comply with ANSI Z124.2.
7.11 SINKS
7.11.1 Compliance
a. Sinks shall comply with the following standards:
1. Enameled cast-iron; ASME A112.19.1M
2. Enameled steel; ASME A112.19.4M
3. Stainless steel; ASME A112.19.3M
4. Plastic; ANSI Z124.6.
7.12.1 Compliance
Refrigerated drinking fountains and water coolers shall comply with ARI 1010 and UL 399.
7.13.1 Compliance
Automatic clothes washers shall comply with AHAM HLW-2PR or ASSE 1007, and shall have an air gap
incorporated in the internal tub fill line.
7.14.1 Compliance
Domestic food-waste-grinder units shall comply with UL 430 and either AHAM FWD-1 or ASSE 1008.
7.15.1 Compliance
Domestic dishwashing machines shall comply with UL 749 and either AHAM DW-2PR or ASSE 1006.
Commercial dishwashing machines shall comply with UL 921 and ASSE 1004. The water supply to
dishwashing machines shall be protected from back-siphonage by an integral air gap or other internal means.
7.16.1 Compliance
Floor and trench drains shall comply with ASME A112.6.3 or ASME A112.3.1.
Garbage can washers shall include a removable basket or strainer to prevent large particles of garbage from
entering the drainage system. The water supply connection shall be protected from back-siphonage in accordance
with Chapter 10. Garbage can washers shall be trapped and vented as required for floor drains.
7.18.2 Approval
Special installations requiring water supply and/or drainage shall be submitted to the Authority Having Juris-
diction for approval.
7.19.1 General
Appropriate flushing devices shall be provided for water closets, urinals, clinical sinks, and other fixtures that
depend on trap siphonage to discharge the contents of the fixture.
100
MINIMUM NUMBER OF REQUIRED PLUMBING FIXTURES - Page 1
No. Classification Use Description No. Of Persons Water Closets Lavatories Drinking Bath or Other
Group of Each Sex (Urinals) Water Shower
Facilities
Male Female Male Female
1 Assembly A-1 Theatres and other buildings for the performing arts and 1 - 50 1 1 1 2 1 per 1 service sink
motion pictures usually with fixed seats 51 - 100 add 1 add 1 add 0 add 1 1000 per floor
101 - 200 add 1 add 2 add 1 add 1 people
201 - 300 add 1 add 1 add 0 add 1
ea. add’l. 300
See Notes: 4, 6, 9, 12, 16
over 300 add 1 add 2 add 1 add 2
A-2 Dance halls, nightclubs and for similar purposes. 1 - 25 1 1 1 2 1 per 1 service sink
26 - 50 add 1 add 1 add 1 add 1 200 per floor
51 - 100 add 1 add 2 add 1 add 0 people
ea. add’l. 200
See Notes: 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 13, 16 over 100 add 1 add 2 add 1 add 2
A-3 a) Auditoriums without permanent seating, art galleries, 1 - 50 1 1 1 1 1 per 1 service sink
exhibition halls, museums, lecture halls, libraries, 51 - 100 add 1 add 1 add 0 add 1 1000 per floor
restaurants other than nightclubs, food courts. 101 - 200 add 1 add 2 add 1 add 1 people
201 - 300 add 1 add 1 add 0 add 1
ea. add’l. 300 add 1 add 2 add 1 add 2
b) Places of worship and other religious services. over 300
Churches without assembly halls
1 - 100 2 2 1 2
A-4 a) Arenas, convention halls, outdoor assembly 101 - 200 add 2 add 3 add 1 add 2 1 per 1 service sink
and including grandstands, bleachers, coliseums, 201 - 400 add 2 add 5 add 0 add 1 1000 per floor
A-5 stadiums, amusement park structures, fair and ea. add’l. 200 people
carnival structures, passenger terminals. up to 2,600 add 1 add 2 add 2 add 2
ea. add’l. 300 add 1 add 2 add 2 add 2
See Notes: 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 13, 16
over 2,600
b) Recreational facilities: includes health spas, golf 1 - 40 1 2 1 2 1 per 1 shower per 1 service sink
courses, public swimming pools and similar uses. ea. add’l. 40 75 15 people per floor
over 40 add 1 add 2 add 1 add 2 people over 150 add
See Notes: 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 16 1 per 30
people
No. Classification Use Description No. Of Persons of Water Closet Lavatories Drinki Bath or Other
Group Each Sex (Urinals) ng Shower
Water
Male Female Male Female Faciliti
es
4 Factory and F-1 and Structures in which occupants are engaged in work 1 - 10 1 1 1 1 1 per 1 emergency 1 service
Industrial F-2 fabricating, assembling or processing products or materials. 11 - 25 add 1 add 1 add 0 add 1 75 shower per 10 sink per
26 - 50 add 1 add 1 add 1 add 1 people people when floor
51 - 75 add 1 add 1 add 0 add 1 exposed to 1 emerg.
skin shower
76 - 100 add 1 add 1 add 1 add 2
contamination and eye
See Notes: 4, 6, 9, 12, 16 ea. add’l. 50 over add 2 add 2 add 2 add 2 wash
100
101
Table 7.21.1
102
MINIMUM NUMBER OF REQUIRED PLUMBING FIXTURES - Page 3
No. Classification Use Description No. Of Persons of Water Closets Lavatories Drinking Bath or Other
Group Each Sex (Urinals) Water Shower
Facilities
Male Female Male Female
5 Institutional I-1 Six or more individuals in a supervised environment. 1 - 8 patients 1 1 ½ of required 1 per 1 per 1 service
Group homes. Alcohol and drug centers, convalescent ea. add’l. 8 over 8 add 1 add 1 water closets 100 20 people sink per
facilities, hospital wards. people floor
See Notes: 4, 16
I-2 a) Buildings, with six or more individuals, used for 1 water closet per 1 per patient room 1 per 1 service
medical, surgical, psychiatric, nursing or custodial care. patient room patient sink per
room floor
b) Hospital rooms: private or semi-private.
I-3 Buildings, with six or more persons under some restraint 1 per cell or 1 per 4 1 per cell or 1 per 6 1 service
or security: inmates 1 per 4 inmates inmates sink per
a) Detention centers (short term). floor
b) Prisons, jails and reformatories (long term). 1 per cell or 1 per 8 1 per cell or 1 per 15 1 service
inmates 1 per 8 inmates inmates sink per
See Notes: 4, 14, 16 floor
6 Mercantile M Buildings occupied for display and sales purposes. Retail 1 – 50 1 1 1 1 1 per 1 service
stores, service stations, shops, salesrooms, markets and 51 – 150 add 1 add 1 add 0 add 1 1000 sink per
shopping centers. 151 – 300 add 0 add 1 add 0 add 2 people floor
ea. add’l. 300 add 1 add 2 add 1 add 2
See Notes: 2, 4, 6, 7, 12, 15, 16 over 300
No. Classification Use Description No. Of Persons Water Closets Lavatories Drinking Bath or Other
Group of Each Sex (Urinals) Water Shower
Facilities
Male Female Male Female
7 Residential R-1 a) Hotels, motels. 1 water closet per 1 per guest room 1 per guest 1
R-3 One and two-family dwellings, 1 water closet per unit 1 per unit 1 per unit 1
R-4 Detached one and two-family dwellings kitchen
sink
1
8 Storage S-1 Structures for the storage of goods, warehouses, storehouses 1 water closet per unit 1 per unit 1 per unit service
and freight depots. Moderate hazard. sink per
unit
S-2 Structures for the storage of goods, warehouses, storehouses
and freight depots. Low hazard.
9 Utility and U-1 Accessory buildings: Barns, carports, stables, sheds, No fixtures are
Miscellaneous greenhouses. required
103
Notes for Table 7.21.1:
104
1. This table shall be used unless superseded by the Building Code. For handicap requirements see local, state or national codes. Additional fixtures
may be required where environmental conditions or special activities may be encountered.
2. Drinking fountains are not required in restaurants or other food service establishments if drinking water service is available. Drinking water is not
required for customers where normal occupancy is short term. A kitchen or bar sink may be used for employee water drinking facilities.
3. In food preparation areas, fixture requirements may be dictated by local Health Codes.
4. Wherever both sexes are present in approximately equal numbers, multiple the total census by 50% to determine the number of persons of each sex
to be provided for. This regulation only applies when specific information, that would otherwise affect the fixture count is not provided.
5. Not more than 50% of the required number of water closets may be urinals.
6. In buildings with multiple floors, accessibility to the fixtures shall not exceed one vertical story.
7. Fixtures for public use as required by this section may be met by providing a centrally located facility accessible to several stores. The maximum distance
from entry to any store to this facility shall not exceed 500 feet.
8. In stores with floor areas of 150 sq. ft. or less, the requirements to provide facilities for use by employees may be met by providing central facilities
located accessible to several stores. The maximum distance from entry to any store from this facility shall not exceed 300 feet.
9. Fixtures accessible only to private offices shall not be counted to determine compliance with this section.
10. Multiple dwellings or boarding houses without public laundry rooms shall not require laundry trays.
11. (Reserved)
12. Requirements for employees and customers may be met with a single set of restrooms.
13. If the design number of customers in food handling establishments exceeds 100, separate facilities for employees and customers are required.
14. Water closet and lavatory may be a combination fixture. All showers and lavatories shall have thermostatic control and timing devices.
15. See Section 7.21.4 and Section 7.21.7 for toilet facilities for occupancies with a total floor area of 1,500 square feet or less.
16. In determining the number of required fixtures for numbers of persons that fall in the “each additional (xx) over (xx)” listings, the requirement applies
to fractions of the listed group.
17. Laboratories in higher education facilities shall have safety showers.
18. Warehouse storage area requirements shall be permitted to be met by providing a facility centrally located within the storage area. The maximum
travel distance to the facility shall not exceed 500 feet.
19. Multiple individual self storage areas shall be permitted to be met by fixtures located in the facilities administration building. The administration office
must be accessible during normal business hours.
9.1.1 General
Drains from fixtures, fixture compartments, equipment, appliances, appurtenances, and other devices
requiring protection against contamination from backflow or flooding from the drainage system or other
source shall not be directly connected to any soil, waste, or vent pipe. Such drains shall discharge sepa-
rately through an air gap or, where permitted, an air break.
9.3.1 General
a. Receptors for indirect wastes shall be properly trapped and vented floor drains, floor sinks,
standpipes, open-hub drains, air gap fittings, or other approved fixtures.
b. Receptors shall be of such size, shape, and capacity as required to prevent splashing or flooding by
the discharge from any and all indirect waste pipes served by the receptor.
c. Plumbing fixtures that are used for domestic or culinary purposes shall not be used as receptors for
indirect wastes, except as follows:
EXCEPTIONS:
(1) In a dwelling unit, a kitchen sink trap, or food waste grinder, shall be permitted to receive the
discharge from a dishwasher.
(2) In a dwelling unit, a laundry sink, provided that an air gap is maintained for any potable clear-water
waste, shall be an acceptable receptor for:
a. Air conditioning condensate.
b. Automatic clothes washer.
c. Water treatment unit.
d. Water heater relief valve discharge.
(3) A service sink or mop basin shall be an acceptable receptor for air conditioning condensate and
any infrequent potable clear-water waste if the required air gap is provided for potable clear-water
wastes.
9.3.4 Standpipes
A standpipe, 2-inch minimum pipe size and extending not more than 48 inches nor less than 18 inches
above its trap, shall be permitted to serve as a receptor for a domestic clothes washer. In a dwelling, a
laundry sink shall be permitted to drain into the standpipe.
10.3.1 Buildings
Plumbing fixtures shall be provided with a potable supply of water in the amounts and at the pressures
specified in this Chapter.
10.4.1 General
A potable water supply shall be designed, installed and maintained to prevent contamination from non-potable
liquids, solids or gases by cross connections.
10.4.2 Interconnections
Interconnections between two or more public water supplies shall be permitted only with the approval of the
Authority Having Jurisdiction.
10.4.6 Reserved
10.4.7 Reserved
10.4.8 Used Materials
Materials that have been used for any purpose other than conveying potable water shall not be used for
conveying potable water.
1. Side walls, ribs or similar obstructions do not affect air gaps when spaced from inside edge of the spout opening a distance greater than
three times the diameter of the effective opening for a single wall, or a distance greater than four times the diameter of the effective opening for
two intersecting walls.
2. Vertical walls, ribs, or similar obstructions extending from the water surface to or above the horizontal plane of the spout opening require
a greater air gap when spaced closer to the nearest inside edge of the spout opening than specified in Note 1. above. The effect of three or more
such vertical walls or ribs has not been determined. In such cases, the air gap shall be measured from the top of the wall.
10.8.2 Reserved
10.8.3 Overflows for Water Supply Tanks
Gravity or suction water supply tanks shall be provided with an overflow having a diameter not less than that
shown in Table 10.8.3. The overflow outlet shall discharge above and within not less than 6 inches of a roof
or roof drain, floor or floor drain, or over an open water-supplied fixture. The overflow outlet shall be covered
by a corrosion-resistant screen of not less than 16 x 20 mesh to the inch and by 1/4 inch hardware cloth, or it
shall terminate in a horizontally installed 450 angle-seat check valve. Drainage from overflow pipes shall be
directed so as not to freeze on roof walkways.
Table 10.8.3
SIZES1 OF OVERFLOW PIPES FOR WATER SUPPLY TANKS
Maximum Capacity Diameter of Maximum Capacity Diameter
of Water Supply Line Overflow Pipe of Water Supply Line Overflow Pipe
to Tank (Inches ID) to Tank (Inches ID)
0-13 gpm 1-1/2 356-640 gpm 5
14-55 gpm 2 641-1040 gpm 6
56-100 gpm 2-1/2 over 1040 gpm 8
101-165 gpm 3
166-355 gpm 4
1
Computed by the method of NBS Mono. 31, for vertical pipes flowing not greater than 1/2 full at terminal velocity. (1/3 full for 1-1/2 in.
pipe).
HEAVY-USE ASSEMBLY
TYPE OF FIXTURES OTHER THAN DWELLING UNITS
SERVING 3 OR MORE DWELLING UNITS
INDIVIDUAL DWELLING UNITS
MINIMUM BRANCH PIPE SIZE
BATHROOM GROUPS HAVING 1.6 GPF WATER
CLOSETS OTHER THAN THE FLUSHOMETER
VALVE TYPE
Half-bath or Powder Room 3.5 2.5
1 Bathroom Group 5.0 3.5
1 1/2 Bathrooms 6.0
2 Bathrooms 7.0
2 1/2 Bathrooms 8.0
3 Bathrooms 9.0
Each Additional 1/2 Bath 0.5
Each Additional Bathroom Group 1.0
BATHROOM GROUPS HAVING 3.5 GPF
GRAVITY-TANK WATER CLOSETS
Half-bath or Powder Room 4.0 3.0
1 Bathroom Group 6.0 5.0
1 1/2 Bathrooms 8.0
2 Bathrooms 10.0
2 1/2 Bathrooms 11.0
3 Bathrooms 12.0
1
Each Additional /2 Bath 0.5
Each Additional Bathroom Group 1.0
BATH GROUP (1.6 GPF Flushometer Valve) 6.0 4.0
BATH GROUP (3.5 GPF Flushometer Valve) 8.0 6.0
KITCHEN GROUP (Sink and Dishwasher) 2.0 1.5
LAUNDRY GROUP (Sink and Clothes Washer) 5.0 3.0
HEAVY-USE ASSEMBLY
TYPE OF FIXTURES OTHER THAN DWELLING UNITS
SERVING 3 OR MORE DWELLING UNITS
INDIVIDUAL DWELLING UNITS
MINIMUM BRANCH PIPE SIZE
INDIVIDUAL FIXTURES
1
Bathtub or Combination Bath/Shower /2" 4.0 3.5
1
Bidet /2" 1.0 0.5
1
Clothes Washer, Domestic /2" 4.0 2.5 4.0
1
Dishwasher, Domestic /2" 1.5 1.0 1.5
3
Drinking Fountain or Watercooler /8" 0.5 0.75
1
Hose Bibb /2" 2.5 2.5 2.5
1
Hose Bibb, Each Additional /2" 1.0 1.0 1.0
1
Kitchen Sink, Domestic /2" 1.5 1.0 1.5
1
Laundry Sink /2" 2.0 1.0 2.0
3
Lavatory /8" 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0
1
Service Sink or Mop Basin /2" 3.0
1
Shower /2" 2.0 2.0 2.0
1
Shower, Continuous Use /2" 5.0
3
Urinal, 1.0 GPF /4" 4.0 5.0
3
Urinal, Greater Than 1.0 GPF /4" 5.0 6.0
1
Water Closet, 1.6 GPF Gravity Tank /2" 2.5 2.5 2.5 4.0
1
Water Closet, 1.6 GPF Flushometer Tank /2" 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.5
Water Closet, 1.6 GPF Flushometer Valve 1 5.0 5.0 5.0 8.0
1
Water Closet, 3.5 GPF Gravity Tank /2" 3.0 3.0 5.5 7.0
Water Closet, 3.5 GPF Flushometer Valve 1 7.0 7.0 8.0 10.0
1
Whirlpool Bath or Combination Bath/Shower /2" 4.0 4.0
NOTES:
1. A Bathroom Group, for the purposes of this Table, consists of not more than one water closet, up to two lavatories, and either one bathtub,
one bath/shower combination, or one shower stall. Other fixtures within the bathing facility shall be counted separately to determine the total
water supply fixture unit load.
2. A Half-Bath or Powder Room, for the purposes of this Table, consists of one water closet and one lavatory.
3. For unlisted fixtures, refer to a listed fixture having a similar flow and frequency of use.
4. The listed fixture unit values for Bathroom Groups and Individual Fixtures represent their load on the cold water service. The separate cold
water and hot water fixture unit values for fixtures having both cold and hot water connections shall each be taken as 3/4 of the listed total value
for the individual fixture..
5. When WSFU values are added to determine the demand on the water distribution system or portions thereof, round the sum to the nearest
whole number before referring to Table 10.14.2B for the corresponding gallons per minute (gpm) flow. WSFU values of 0.5 or more should be
rounded up to the next higher whole number (9.5 = 10 WSFU). Values of 0.4 or less should be rounded down to the next lower whole number (9.4
= 9 WSFU).
6. The listed minimum supply branch pipe sizes for individual fixtures are the nominal (I.D.) pipe size in inches.
7. "Other Than Dwelling Units" applies to business, commercial, industrial, and assembly occupancies other than those defined under "Heavy-
Use Assembly." Included are the public and common areas in hotels, motels, and multi-dwelling buildings.
8. "Heavy-Use Assembly" applies to toilet facilities in occupancies that place heavy, but intermittent, time-based demands on the water
supply system, such as' schools, auditoriums, stadiums, race courses, transportation terminals, theaters, and similar occupancies where queuing is
likely to occur during periods of peak use.
9. For fixtures or supply connections likely to impose continuous flow demands, determine their required flow in gallons per minute (gpm) and
add it separately to the demand (in gpm) for the distribution system or portion thereof.
3 3 120 49 74
4 4 140 53 78
5 4.5 22 160 57 83
6 5 23 180 61 87
7 6 24 200 65 91
8 7 25 225 70 95
9 7.5 26 250 75 100
10 8 27 300 85 110
11 8.5 28 400 105 125
12 9 29 500 125 140
13 10 29.5 750 170 175
14 10.5 30 1000 210 210
15 11 31 1250 240 240
16 12 32 1500 270 270
17 12.5 33 1750 300 300
18 13 33.5 2000 325 325
19 13.5 34 2500 380 380
20 14 35 3000 435 435
25 17 38 4000 525 525
30 20 41 5000 600 600
40 25 47 6000 650 650
50 29 51 7000 700 700
60 33 55 8000 730 730
80 39 62 9000 760 760
100 44 68 10,000 790 790
NOTES:
1. This table converts water supply demands in water supply fixture units (WSFU) to required water flow in gallons per minute (GPM)
for the purpose of pipe sizing.
2. This column applies to portions of piping systems where the water closets are the flush tank type (gravity or pressure) or there are no
water closets, and to hot water piping.
3. This column applies to portions of piping systems where the water closets are the flush valve type.
10.15.9.2 Construction
a. Drip pans shall be watertight and constructed of corrosion-resistant materials. Metallic pans shall
be 24 gage minimum. Non-metallic pans shall be .0625-inch minimum thickness. Pans shall be not less
than 1-½" deep and shall be of sufficient size to hold the heater without interfering with drain valves,
burners, controls, and any required access.
b. High impact plastic pans shall be permitted under gas-fired water heaters where the heater is
listed for zero clearance for combustible floors and the application is recommended by the pan manu-
facturer.
10.15.9.3 Drainage
a. Drip pans shall have drain outlets not less than ¾” size, with indirect drain pipes extending to an
approved point of discharge, a suitably located indirect waste receptor, or floor drain, or extend to
within 2 to 6 inches above the adjacent floor.
b. Discharge from a relief valve into a water heater pan shall be prohibited.
Table 10.16.6
SIZE OF DRAINS OR WASTE PIPES RECEIVING RELIEF VALVE DISCHARGE
Minimum Drain or
Discharge Pipe Size Indirect Waste Size
3/4" 2"*
1" 3"
1-1/2" 4"
2" 4"
2-1/2" 6"
10.17.1 General
a. Parallel water distribution systems shall provide individual hot and cold water lines from a manifold to
each fixture served.
b. Manifolds shall be specifically designed and manufactured for parallel water distribution.
c. Manufacturer's of such systems shall provide complete sizing and installation instructions, including any
limitations or restrictions on use.
d. Piping materials shall include coiled plastic or copper tube approved for hot and cold water distribution.
10.17.2 Sizing
See Appendix B for sizing manifolds and distribution lines. Distribution line sizes shall be as recommended by
the system manufacturer to provide the fixture water flow rates listed in Section 10.14.2a. The minimum line
size shall be 3/8” nominal.
10.17.3 Valving
a. Each manifold outlet shall be equipped with a shut-off valve that identifies the fixture being supplied.
Additional shut-off or stop valves at the fixtures shall be provided as required per Section 10.12.4.
EXCEPTION: Additional shut-off or stop valves at the fixtures shall not be required if the manifold is located
within the same room or adjacent closet as the fixtures.
b. Manifolds shall be readily accessible.
10.17.4 Support
a. Tube bundles for manifold systems shall be supported in accordance with Chapter 8 of this Code.
b. Supports at changes in direction shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 10.19
SIZING OF RESIDENTIAL WATER SOFTENERS
1
Required Size of Softener Connection (in.) Number of Bathroom Groups Served
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2
3/4 Up to 2
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
3
1 Up to 4
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
¹ Installation with a kitchen sink and dishwasher, laundry tray and automatic clothes washer.
² An additional water closet and lavatory shall be permitted without an increase in sizing.
³ Over four Bathroom Groups, the softener shall be engineered for the specific installation.
b. Where conditions do not permit building drains and sewers to be laid with slope as great as that specified,
a lesser slope may be permitted by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
HEAVY-USE ASSEMBLY
TYPE OF FIXTURES OTHER THAN DWELLING UNITS
SERVING 3 OR MORE DWELLING UNITS
INDIVIDUAL DWELLING UNITS
BATHROOM GROUPS HAVING 1.6 GPF
GRAVITY-TANK WATER CLOSETS
Half-bath or Powder Room 3.0 2.0
1 Bathroom Group 5.0 3.0
1
1 /2 Bathrooms 6.0
2 Bathrooms 7.0
2 1/2 Bathrooms 8.0
3 Bathrooms 9.0
1
Each Additional /2 Bath 0.5
Each Additional Bathroom Group 1.0
BATHROOM GROUPS HAVING 1.6 GPF
PRESSURE-TANK WATER CLOSETS
Half-bath or Powder Room 3.5 2.5
1 Bathroom Group 5.5 3.5
1 1/2 Bathrooms 6.5
2 Bathrooms 7.5
2 1/2 Bathrooms 8.5
3 Bathrooms 9.5
Each Additional 1/2 Bath 0.5
Each Additional Bathroom Group 1.0
BATHROOM GROUPS HAVING 3.5 GPF
TANK-TYPE WATER CLOSETS
Half-bath or Powder Room 3.0 2.0
1 Bathroom Group 6.0 4.0
1
1 /2 Bathrooms 8.0
2 Bathrooms 10.0
2 1/2 Bathrooms 11.0
3 Bathrooms 12.0
1
Each Additional /2 Bath 0.5
Each Additional Bathroom Group 1.0
BATH GROUP (1.6 GPF Flushometer Valve) 5.0 3.0
BATH GROUP (3.5 GPF Flushometer Valve) 6.0 4.0
HEAVY-USE ASSEMBLY
TYPE OF FIXTURES OTHER THAN DWELLING UNITS
SERVING 3 OR MORE DWELLING UNITS
INDIVIDUAL DWELLING UNITS
INDIVIDUAL FIXTURES
Bathtub or Combination Bath/Shower, 1 1/2" Trap 2.0 2.0
Bidet, 11/4" Trap 1.0 1.0
Clothes Washer, Domestic, 2" Standpipe 3.0 3.0 3.0
Dishwasher, Domestic, with Independent Drain 2.0 2.0 2.0
Drinking Fountain or Watercooler 0.5
Food-Waste-Grinder, Commercial, 2" Min Trap 3.0
Floor Drain, Auxiliary 0.0
Kitchen Sink, Domestic, with One 1 1/2" Trap 2.0 2.0 2.0
Kitchen Sink, Domestic, with Food-Waste-Grinder 2.0 2.0 2.0
Kitchen Sink, Domestic, with Dishwasher 3.0 3.0 3.0
Kitchen Sink, Domestic, with Grinder and Dishwasher 3.0 3.0 3.0
Laundry Sink, One or Two Compartments, 1 1/2" Waste 2.0 2.0 2.0
Laundry Sink, with Discharge from Clothes Washer 2.0 2.0 2.0
Lavatory, 11/4" Waste 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Mop Basin, 3" Trap 3.0
Service Sink, 3" Trap 3.0
Shower Stall, 2" Trap 2.0 2.0 2.0
Showers, Group, per Head (Continuous Use) 5.0
Sink, 11/2" Trap 2.0 2.0 2.0
Sink, 2" Trap 3.0 3.0 3.0
Sink, 3" Trap 5.0
Trap Size, 11/4" (Other) 1.0 1.0 1.0
1
Trap Size, 1 /2" (Other) 2.0 2.0 2.0
Trap Size, 2" (Other) 3.0 3.0 3.0
Trap Size, 3" (Other) 5.0
Trap Size, 4" (Other) 6.0
Urinal, 1.0 GPF 4.0 5.0
Urinal, Greater Than 1.0 GPF 5.0 6.0
1
Wash Fountain, 1 /2" Trap 2.0
Wash Fountain, 2" Trap 3.0
Wash Sink, Each Set of Faucets 2.0
HEAVY-USE ASSEMBLY
TYPE OF FIXTURES OTHER THAN DWELLING UNITS
SERVING 3 OR MORE DWELLING UNITS
INDIVIDUAL DWELLING UNITS
INDIVIDUAL FIXTURES
Water Closet, 1.6 GPF Gravity or Pressure Tank 3.0 3.0 4.0 6.0
Water Closet, 1.6 GPF Flushometer Valve 3.0 3.0 4.0 6.0
Water Closet, 3.5 GPF Gravity Tank 4.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
Water Closet, 3.5 GPF Flushometer Valve 4.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
Whirlpool Bath or Combination Bath/Shower, 1 1/2" Trap 2.0 2.0
1. On-site sewers that serve more than one building may be sized according to the current standards and specifications
of the Authority Having Jurisdiction for the public sewers.
2. See Sections 11.5.6.d, 11.5.6.e, and 11.5.6.f.
Table 11.5.1B
HORIZONTAL FIXTURE BRANCHES AND STACKS
Maximum Number of Drainage Fixture Units (DFU) That May Be Connected To:
11.6.4 Reserved
11.6.5 Horizontal Offsets
a. A stack with an offset of less than 45 degrees from the horizontal shall be sized as follows:
1: The portion of the stack above the offset shall be sized as a regular stack based on the total number of
fixture units above the offset.
2. The offset shall be sized as a uilding drain (See Table 11.5.1A).
3. The portion of the stack below the offset shall be sized as the offset or based on the total number of
fixture units on the entire stack, whichever is the larger.
4. A relief vent shall be provided for the offset is required by Section 12.3.3.
11.7.5 Reserved
11.7.6 Grinder Pump Ejector
a. Grinder pumps shall be permitted to be used when approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction and
installed according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.
b. The rated flow velocity for grinder pump discharge piping shall be not less than 2 feet per second.
c. The size of grinder pump discharge piping shall be:
1. 1-1/4" size for up to 25 gallons per minute.
2. 1-1/2" size for up to 35 gallons per minute.
3. 2" size for up to 65 gallons per minute.
11.8 RESERVED
11.11.1 General
Where suds-producing fixtures on upper floors discharge into a soil or waste stack, suds pressure zones shall
exist as described in Section 11.11.2. Fixture or branch drain connections shall not be made to such stacks in
the suds pressure zones except where relief vents complying with Section 12.15 are provided. Suds-producing
fixtures include kitchen sinks, laundry sinks, automatic clothes washers, dishwashers, and other fixtures that
could discharge sudsy detergents.
11.11.4 Exceptions
The requirements of Sections 11.11 and 12.15 shall not apply to the following:
a. Stacks that are less than three stories in height.
b. Stacks in individual dwellings having their own building sewer.
12.3.2 Relief Vents for Stacks Having Ten or More Branch Intervals
a. Where drainage stacks have ten or more branch intervals, a relief vent shall be provided for each ten
intervals, starting at the top of the stack.
b. The lower end of each relief vent shall connect to the drainage stack as a yoke vent below its tenth
branch interval.
c. The upper end of the relief vent shall connect to the vent stack at an elevation not less than 3 feet
above the floor level served by the branch interval.
12.6.2.1
Where a vent pipe connects to a horizontal fixture drain branch, and conditions require a horizontal
offset in the vent below the flood level rim of the fixture served, the vent shall be taken off so that the
invert of the horizontal portion of the vent pipe is at or above the centerline of the horizontal soil or
waste pipe.
12.6.2.3
Cleanouts shall be provided in the vent piping so that any blockages in the vent piping below the flood
level rim of the fixture served can be cleared into the drainage system.
Table 12.8.1
MAXIMUM LENGTH OF TRAP ARM
Diameter of Trap Length—Trap to Vent Slope—Inches per Foot
Arm (Inches)
11/4 3'6" 1
/4
11/2 5' 1
/4
1
2 8' /4
1
3 10' /4
1
4 12' /8
NOTE: This table has been expanded in the "length" requirements to reflect expanded application of the wet venting principles. Slope shall not
exceed 1/4" per foot.
12.12.1 Reserved
12.12.3 Fixtures without Revents Above Highest Bathtubs and Water Closets
a. Fixtures without revents may be connected to a soil or waste stack above the highest water closet or
bathtub connection if all the following conditions are met:
1. The total load does not exceed 3 dfu's.
2. The soil or waste stack is 3" or larger.
3. The total load on the stack is in accordance with Table 11.5.1B.
4. The waste piping of the fixture above the water closet or bathtub connection is in accordance with
Sections 12.8.1 and 12.12.2.
Table 12.14.2
SIZE AND LENGTH1 OF SUMP VENTS
Diameter of Vent, (inches)
Discharge Capacity 1-1/4 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 4
of Sump Pump
(gpm) Maximum Equivalent Length of Vent, in Feet, (Given Below)
Table 12.15.1
SUDS PRESSURE RELIEF VENTS
Drain Size Relief Vent Size
1
1 /2 2
2 2
3 2
4 3
5 4
6 5
8 6
Table 12.16
SIZE AND LENGTH OF VENTS
Table 12.17.4
PIPE SIZING FOR COMBINATION WASTE AND VENT SYSTEMS
Load slope slope slope slope
1 1 3 1
/8" per ft /4" per ft /8" per ft /2" per ft
3 dfu 4" 2" 2" 2"
12 dfu 4" 4" 3" 3"
20 dfu 5" 4" 4" 4"
180 dfu 5" 5" 4" 4"
218 dfu 6" 5" 5" 5"
390 dfu 8" 8" 5" 5"
480 dfu 8" 8" 6" 6"
700 dfu 8" 8" 6" 6"
840 dfu 10" 8" 8" 8"
1600 dfu 10" 10" 8" 8"
1920 dfu 12" 10" 10" 10"
13.1.4 Reserved
13.1.5 Foundation Drains
a. Foundation drains shall be provided around the perimeter of basements, cellars, crawl spaces or any
building space below grade. The drains shall be positioned either inside or outside of the footings, and shall be
of perforated or open-joint approved drain tile or pipe not less than 3" pipe size. The invert of foundation
drains shall be not less than 2 inches below the underside of the floor slab being protected.
b. Foundation drains shall be laid in a filter bed of gravel, crushed stone, slag, approved 3/4" crushed
recycled glass aggregate, or other approved porous materials. The bottom of the filter bed shall be no higher
than the bottom of the base course beneath the floor slab. There shall be not less than 2 inches of filter bed
beneath the foundation drain. Where foundation drains are located outside of the footings, there shall be at
least 6 inches of filter bed above the top of the pipe.
c. Drainage from foundations shall be discharged to a storm drain, street, alley, approved water course, or
at grade. When discharged at grade, the point of discharge shall be at least 10 feet from any property line and
shall not create a nuisance.
d. Where foundation drains are below the required point of discharge, one or more automatic sump pumps
shall be provided. The pump or pumps shall have adequate capacity to convey all drainage to its point of
discharge. The minimum pump capacity shall be 15 gallons per minute at the required discharge head. Sump
pits shall be sized to accommodate the pump(s), as recommended by the pump manufacturer, but shall be not
less than 15 inches in diameter nor less than 18 inches deep. Sump pits shall be provided with fitted covers.
Pits shall be located to avoid foot traffic where their covers do not have sufficient strength to carry such
13.1.9 Reserved
13.1.10 Roof Drainage
13.2 MATERIALS
See Section 3.7.
13.3.1 General
a. Traps shall be installed in a storm drainage system if it connects to a combined sewer conveying both
sewage and storm water.
EXCEPTION: Traps shall not be required where roof drains, rain leaders, and other inlets are at locations
allowed under Section 12.4.4 for vent terminals.
b. Floor drains or other receptors within a building shall be individually trapped if they are connected to a
storm drainage system, regardless of whether or not the sewer is combined.
c. Traps required under this section shall comply with the requirements of Section 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.3.3, 5.3.5
and 13.3.2. Traps shall have accessible cleanouts or other means of clearing the trap.
13.7 RESERVED
NOTES:
1. Flow capacities are based on stacks flowing 7/24 full.
2. Interpolation between rainfall rates is permitted.
13.9.1 Application
In lieu of sizing the storm drainage system on the basis of actual maximum projected roof areas as previously
described in this Chapter, the roof drainage system, or part thereof may be sized on equivalent or adjusted
maximum projected roof areas that result from controlled flow and storage of storm water on the roof pro-
vided flow control devices are used and subject to the approval of the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
13.9.2 Design
A controlled flow storm water system shall be designed, installed, inspected and certified as an engineered
special design plumbing system as outlined in Appendix E of this Code.
Size of Drain Design Flow Allowable Projected Roof Area at Various Rates of Rainfall per Hour
(inches) of Drain (Square Feet of Roof)
NOTES:
1. Design flows in Table 13.6.2 Part 1 are based on fairly rough pipe with a Manning friction coefficient
“n” = 0.015.
2. The Authority Having Jurisdiction should be consulted for the rainfall rate to be used for a particular location.
Table 13.6.3
SIZE OF ROOF GUTTERS1
Diameter of Maximum Projected Roof Area for Gutters
Gutter 2 1
/ 16 in Slope 3
Inches Sq. Ft. GPM
3 170 7
4 360 15
5 625 26
6 960 40
7 1,380 57
8 1,990 83
10 3,600 150
1. Table 13.6.3 is based upon a maximum rate of rainfall of 4 inches per hour. Where
maximum rates are more or less than 4 inches per hour, the figures for drainage area shall
be adjusted by multiplying by 4 and dividing by the local rate in inches per hour. See
Appendix A.
2. Gutters other than semicircular may be used provided they have an equivalent cross-
sectional area.
3. Capacities given for slope of 1/16 inch per foot shall be used when designing for greater
slopes.
14.1 GENERAL
This Chapter applies to special fixtures and systems that occur in health care facilities and to the special plumbing
requirements in such facilities. Ordinary plumbing in such facilities shall comply with the other applicable Chapters
of this Code.
14.3.1 General
The installation of medical gas and vacuum piping systems shall be in accordance with the requirements of
either NFPA 99 - Standard for Health Care Facilities or NFPA 99C - Gas and Vacuum Systems.
14.8.1 General
a. Clinical sinks and bedpan washers, and flushing-rim service sinks shall be installed in the same manner
as water closets. Where such fixtures have a vent connection on the inlet side of their trap, a local vent shall
be provided in accordance with Section 14.9.
b. Clinical sinks shall not be used as a substitute for non-flushing service sink, nor shall a non-flushing
service sink be utilized to clean bedpans.
c. Vacuum breakers for bedpan washers shall be installed in accordance with Section 14.7.b.
14.9.1 General
Where clinical sinks or bedpan washers have provisions for a local vent, a local vent shall be extended to the
outdoors above the roof. Local vents shall terminate in accordance with Section 12.4. Local vents from
clinical sinks or bedpan washers shall not be connected to vapor vents for sterilizers or to any drainage
system vent.
14.9.2 Material
Local vent piping shall be of a material acceptable for sanitary vents in accordance with Section 3.6.
14.10 STERILIZERS
14.10.1 General
The requirements of this Section apply to sterilizers and bedpan steamers. Such equipment shall be installed in
accordance with this Code and the manufacturer’s instructions.
14.11.1 General
Where sterilizers have provisions for a vapor vent and such a vent is required by their manufacturer, a vapor
vent shall be extended to the outdoors above the roof. Sterilizer vapor vents shall terminate in accordance
with Section 12.4 and shall not be connected to local vents for clinical sinks or bedpan washers or to any
drainage system vent.
14.12.1 General
Provisions for drainage from medical, surgical, dental, and similar central vacuum systems shall be as required
by either NFPA 99 - Health Care Facilities or NFPA 99C - Gas and Vacuum Systems. In addition, drainage
from dental and other vacuum systems that collect fluid waste centrally shall comply with Sections 14.12.2
through 14.12.4.
14.12.2 Positive Pressure Drainage from Air/Waste Separators in Dental Vacuum Systems
a. The waste outlet from an air/waste separator on the discharge side of a vacuum pump or blower shall be
direct-connected to the sanitary drainage system through a deep-seal trap that is conventionally vented within the
plumbing system. The trap vent shall extend vertically to not less than 6 inches above the top of the separator
before making any horizontal turns. The vacuum exhaust air flow from the separator shall be separately vented
to outodoors as required under NFPA 99 and NFPA 99C.
b. The trap and drain branch size shall be at least two pipe sizes larger than the waste pipe from the separator,
but not less than 1-1/2" pipe size. The vent shall be the full size of the trap and drain. The trap seal shall be at least
two times the exhaust backpressure in the separator, but not less than 4 inches deep.
14.12.3 Gravity Drainage from Waste Holding Tanks in Dental Vacuum Systems
a. The drainage from waste holding tanks shall extend from the vacuum check valve on the waste outlet
of the tank and be direct-connected to the sanitary drainage system through a deep-seal trap that is conven-
tionally vented within the plumbing system. In addition, a vent shall be installed between the vacuum check
valve and the drain trap, on the inlet side of the trap, to seal the check valve when the holding tank is operat-
ing under vacuum and collecting waste. This vent shall be connected to the plumbing system vents. Both
vents shall extend vertically to not less than 6 inches above the top of the holding tank before making any
horizontal turns.
14.13 ASPIRATORS
Provisions for aspirators or other water-supplied suction devices shall be installed only with the specific approval of
the Authority Having Jurisdiction. Where aspirators are used for removing body fluids, they shall include a collec-
tion bottle or similar fluid trap. Aspirators shall indirectly discharge to the sanitary drainage system through an air
gap, in accordance with Chapter 9. The potable water supply to an aspirator shall be protected by a vacuum
breaker or equivalent, in accordance with Sections 14.7 and 10.5.3.
15.3.1 General
New plumbing systems and parts of existing systems that have been altered, extended or repaired shall be
tested as prescribed hereinafter to disclose leaks and defects only when required by the Authority Having
Jurisdiction.
15.3.2 Exceptions
a. When required by the Authority Having Jurisdiction, where an existing concealed sewer or drain is reused
as part of a new or renovated drainage system, the line shall be traced to its point of termination and shall be
tested to determine that:
1. It is connected to the proper drainage system, such as sanitary or storm,
2. It will withstand a leak test, and,
3. It is free-flowing and not restricted.
15.8 MAINTENANCE
15.8.1 General
The plumbing and drainage systems shall be maintained at all times in compliance with the provisions of this
Code.
15.8.2 Exception
Existing plumbing installed under prior regulations or lack thereof, may remain unchanged unless immediate
hazards to health, life, or property are evident.
16.1.1 General
In the absence of State or other local laws governing the installation, use and maintenance of private sewer
disposal systems, the provisions of this Chapter shall apply.
16.1.6 Responsibility
The installing contractor is responsible for compliance with these regulations.
16.1.9 Reserved
16.2 RESERVED
16.3.1 Design
The design of the individual sewage disposal system must take into consideration location with respect to
wells or other sources of water supply, topography, water table, soil characteristics, area available, and
maximum occupancy of the building.
16.3.4 Discharge
The system shall consist of a septic tank discharging into either a subsurface disposal field or one or more
seepage pits or into a combination of both, if found adequate as such and approved by the Authority Having
Jurisdiction.
16.3.5 Backflow
Plumbing fixtures connected to a private sewage disposal system that are subject to backflow, shall be
protected by a backwater valve or a sewage ejector.
16.3.6 Reserved
16.4.1 Reserved
16.4.2 Reserved
16.4.3 Minimum Distances
The minimum distances that shall be observed in locating the various components of the disposal system shall
be as given in Table 16.4.3.
16.4.4 General
All sewage disposal systems shall conform with the following general principles regarding site:
16.4.4.1 Location
Sewage disposal system shall be located at the lowest point on the premises consistent with the general
layout topography and surroundings, including abutting lots. Locations at a higher elevation through
employment of a forced system may be used with the specific approval of the Authority Having
Jurisdiction.
16.4.4.2 Watersheds
Sewage disposal facilities shall not be located on any watershed for a public water supply system.
1 25 13 9
2 30 15 10
3 35 18 12
5 42 21 14
10 59 30 20
15 74 37 25
20 91 46 31
25 105 53 35
30 125 63 42
1 32
2 40
3 45
5 56
10 75
15 96
20 108
25 139
30 167
Table 16.6.1
CAPACITY OF SEPTIC TANKS
Multiple Other uses; Minimum
Single family dwellings units or maximum septic tank
dwelling-number apartments-one fixture capacity in
of bedrooms bedroom each units served gallons
1-3 20 1000
4 2 units 25 1200
5 or 6 3 33 1500
7 or 8 4 45 2000
5 55 2250
6 60 2500
7 70 2750
8 80 3000
9 90 3250
10 100 3500
Extra bedroom: 150 gallons each.
Extra dwelling units over 10: 250 gallons each.
Extra fixture units over 100: 25 gallons per fixture unit.
________________________________________________________________________________
16.6.5.3 Coatings
Metal tanks shall be coated inside and out with an approved coating.
16.6.5.4 Baffles
The inlet and outlet baffles shall be at least 12 inches in diameter at the point opposite the opening in
the tank.
16.6.5.9 Manhole
There shall be a 24 x 24-inch manhole held in position by four 3/8" bolts securely welded in place.
16.6.5.10 Partition
There shall be a supporting partition welded in the center of these tanks as per drawings.
16.6.6.2 Tops
The tops shall have a 24-inch manhole with handle to remove same, or be cast in three or four sections
cemented in place.
16.6.6.7 Watertight
The tank shall be watertight.
16.6.8 Limitation
No septic tank shall serve more than one property unless authorized by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
16.6.9 Effluent
The effluent from all septic tanks shall be disposed of underground by subsurface irrigation or seepage pits or
both.
16.7.2 Connection
Each lateral line shall be connected separately to the distribution box and shall not be subdivided.
16.7.4 Watertight
The distribution box shall be of watertight construction arranged to receive the septic tank effluent and with
an outlet or connecting line serving each trench or seepage pit.
16.7.5 Baffle
A baffle at least 6 inches high and 12 inches long shall rest on the bottom of the box and be placed at right
angles to the direction of the incoming tank effluent and 12 inches in front of it.
16.7.6 Reserved
16.7.7 Inspection
The sides of the box shall extend to within a short distance of the ground surface to permit inspection, and
shall have a concrete marker at grade.
16.8.1 Use
Seepage pits may be used either to supplement the subsurface disposal field or in lieu of such field where
conditions favor the operation of seepage pits, as may be found necessary and approved by the Authority
Having Jurisdiction.
16.8.4 Excavation
The excavation for a seepage pit shall be greater in diameter than the outside diameter of the vertical
sidewalls to allow for the footing.
16.8.6 Construction
Seepage pits shall be constructed with the bottom being open with an outer ring, or footing, to support the
sidewalls.
16.8.7 Sidewalls
The sidewalls shall be made of pre-cast concrete, stone, concrete or cinder blocks, or brick laid in cement
mortar for strength, with openings at sufficient intervals to permit the septic tank effluent to pass out through
the wall to the surrounding porous soil.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 16.8.11
DESIGN OF SEEPAGE PIT COVERS
Pit Pit Wall Cover Cover Reinforcing Steel Req'd in
Diameter Thickness Thickness Weight Two Perpendicular
Directions
5ft. 4" 5" 1230 lb #5 @ 101/2" c/c
6ft. 8" 5" 1770 lb #5 @ 9" c/c
8ft. 8" 6" 3780 lb #5 @ 71/2" c/c
10ft. 8" 8" 7850 lb #5 @ 61/2" c/c
16.9.1 General
Absorption trenches shall be designed and constructed on the basis of the required effective percolation area.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 16.9.3
SIZE AND SPACING FOR DISPOSAL FIELDS
____________________________________________________________________________________
Width of Recommended Effective
trench at depth of Spacing tile absorption area
bottom trench lines1 per lineal ft. of
(in.) (in.) (ft.) trench (sq. ft.)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
18 18 to 30 6.0 1.5
24 18 to 30 6.0 2.0
30 18 to 36 7.6 2.5
36 24 to 36 9.0 3.0
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. A greater spacing is desirable where available area permits.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
16.9.6 Grade
The trench bottom shall be uniformly graded to slope from a minimum of 2 inches to a maximum of 4 inches
per 100 feet.
16.10 RESERVED
16.12.1.1 General
A sand filter shall consist of a bed of clean, graded sand on which septic tank effluent is distributed by
means of a siphon and pipe, with the effluent percolating through the bed to a series of underdrains
through which it passes to the point of disposal.
16.12.1.4 Siphon
The siphon shall be of a commercial type and shall discharge the effluent to the sand filter intermit-
tently. The siphon shall be omitted if a pump is used to lift the septic tank effluent to the sand filter.
16.12.1.6 Underdrains
Four-inch diameter vitrified clay pipe in 2-foot lengths laid with 1/2 inch open joints or unglazed farm
tile in 1-foot lengths laid with open joints, with the top half of each joint covered with 4-inch wide strips
of tar paper, burlap, or copper screen, or perforated bituminized-fiber pipe or other approved material
shall be used for the underdrains.
17.1.1 Jurisdiction
The regulations in this chapter apply to any water system where plumbing fixtures are installed for human
occupancy.
17.1.2 Pumps
Pumps shall be installed only in wells, springs and cisterns that comply with the rules and regulations as
determined by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
17.5.6 Covers
Atmospheric storage tanks shall be provided with a cover as required in Section 10.8.
17.6 PUMPS
17.6.2 Installation
Pumps shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
17.7.1 Tailpipe
30 feet of tailpipe shall be installed below the jet on deep well installation.
17.7.2 Switches
Low pressure cut-off switch and/or water level cut-off switch shall be installed.
17.8 CONTROLS
a. The following controls are required on all pump installations:
1. Pressure switch
2. Thermal overload switch
3. Pressure relief valve on positive displacement pumps
4. Low water cut-off switch where the pump capacity exceeds the source of water.
17.9.2.2 Installation
Installation shall be by threaded, welded or compression-gasketed connection to cutoff casing or
attachment to the exterior wall of the casing and shall be watertight.
17.9.3.2 Installation
The bell base of the pump shall be bolted with a gasket to a flange that is securely attached to the
casing or pipe sleeve.
17.10 VENTS
17.10.1 Size
All vent piping shall be of adequate size to allow equalization of air pressure in the well and shall not be less
than one-half inch in diameter.
17.11.1 General
Lubrication of bearings of power driven pumps shall be with water or oil that will not adversely affect the
quality of the water to be pumped.
17.14.1 Watertight
A separate structure housing the water supply and pumping equipment shall have an impervious floor and
rain-tight walls and roof.
17.15.1 Restriction
There shall be no cross-connection between an individual water supply system and other individual or public
water supply system.
17.15.2 Limitations
No water supply shall serve more than one property unless authorized by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
18.1 DEFINITIONS
Service Buildings
A building housing toilet, laundry and any other such facilities as may be required.
Sewer Connection
Sewer connection is that portion of the drainage piping that extends as a single terminal under the trailer
coach for connection with the trailer park drainage system.
Trailer Coach
Any camp-car, trailer, or other vehicle with or without motive power, designed and constructed to travel on
the public thoroughfares in accordance with provisions of the Vehicle Code and designed or used for human
habitation.
Trailer Park
Any area or tract of land where space is rented or held-out for rent, or occupied by two or more trailer
coaches.
Trailer Site
That area set out by boundaries on which one trailer can be located.
18.2 STANDARDS
18.2.1 General
Plumbing systems hereafter installed in trailer home parks shall conform to the provisions set forth in the
preceding chapters of this Code, where applicable, and also to the provisions set forth in this Chapter. Trailer
home park plumbing and drainage systems shall, in addition, conform to all other applicable Authority Having
Jurisdiction regulations.
18.2.2.4 Conformance
Trailer park plumbing system shall be designed and installed in accordance with the requirements of this
Code and shall, in addition, conform to all other pertinent local ordinances and State regulations.
18.2.3 Materials
Materials shall conform to the approved standards set forth in other sections of this Code.
18.3 SEWER
18.3.2 Alternate
The trailer park drainage system may be installed by the use of a combination waste and vent drainage system
(see Section 12.17), which shall consist of an installation of waste piping, as hereinafter provided in this
Section, in which the traps for one or more trailer connection fixtures are not separately or independently
vented, but which is vented through the waste piping of such size to secure free circulation of air therein.
18.3.5.1 Location
Traps shall be located with reference to the immediate boundary lines of the designated space or area
within each trailer site that will actually be occupied by the trailer. Each such trap shall be located in the
rear third-quarter section along the left boundary line of the trailer parking area not less than one foot or
more than three feet from the road side of the trailer and shall be a minimum of five feet from the rear
boundary of the trailer site. This location may be varied by permission of the Authority Having Jurisdic-
tion when unusual conditions are encountered.
18.3.6 Restriction
No vertical pipe shall be used in a special waste and vent system, except the vent pipe, and the connection to
the trailer connection fixture.
18.3.8 Cleanouts
Cleanouts shall be provided as required by Chapter 5 of this Code, except cleanouts shall be provided in the
vent stacks one foot above grade.
18.3.10 Slope
The grade on sewers shall provide a minimum velocity of two feet per second when the pipe is flowing half
full.
18.3.11 Discharge
The discharge of the park drainage system shall be connected to a public sewer. Where a public sewer is not
available within 300 feet for use, an individual sewage disposal system of a type that is acceptable and
approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction shall be installed.
18.4 VENTING
18.4.1 Location
Each wet-vented drainage system shall be provided with a vent not more than 15 feet downstream from its
upper trap, and long mains shall be provided with additional relief vents at intervals of not more than 100 feet
thereafter. The minimum size of each vent serving a wet-vented system shall be as set forth in Table 18.4.1.
Table 18.4.1
VENT SIZING
Size of Wet-Vented Drain Minimum Size of Vent
3" 2"
4" 3"
5" 4"
6" 5"
18.4.2 Reserved
18.4.3 Reserved
18.4.4 Reserved
18.4.5 Vent Connections
All vent intersections shall be taken off above the center line of the horizontal pipe. All vent stacks shall be
supported by a four-inch by four-inch redwood post, set in at least two feet of concrete extending at least
four inches above the ground, or supported by another approved method.
18.5.1 Conformance
Each trailer park water distribution system shall conform to the requirements of Chapter 10 of this Code and
shall be so designed and maintained as to provide a residual pressure of not less than 20 psi at each trailer site
under normal operating conditions. (See Table 10.14.3.)
18.6 RESERVED
18.7 TESTING
Installations shall be tested and inspected as required by this Code.
Table 18.8.1.3
FACILITIES REQUIRED
Sites Water Closets Showers Lavatories
2-25 1 1 1
26-70 2 2 2
18.8.2 Exclusivity
Each toilet facility shall be for the exclusive use of the occupants of the trailer sites in the trailer park.
18.8.3 Showers
In every auto and trailer park, shower bathing facilities with hot and cold running water shall be installed in
separate compartments. Every compartment shall be provided with a self-closing door or otherwise equipped
with a waterproof draw curtain.
18.9 MAINTENANCE
All required devices or safeguards shall be maintained in good working order. The owner, operator, or lessee of
the trailer park, or his designated agent shall be responsible for the maintenance.
Sizing Storm
Drainage Systems
1. Rainfall rates in Hawaiian Islands vary from 1.5 in/hr to 8.0 in/hr depending on location and elevation. Consult local data.
0.5 6 13 19 25 32 38
1 17 35 53 71 89 107
1.5 31 64 97 130 163 196
2 98 149 200 251 302
2.5 136 207 278 349 420
3 177 271 364 458 551
3.5 339 457 575 693
4 412 556 700 844
NOTES:
1. Table A.5 is based on discharge over a rectangular weir with end contractions.
2. Head is depth of water above bottom of scupper opening.
3. Height of scupper opening should be 2 times the design head.
4. Coordinate the allowable head of water with the structural design of the roof.
Proper design of the water-distributing system in a building is necessary to avoid excessive installed cost and in
order that the various fixtures may function properly under normal conditions. The instantaneous flow of either hot
or cold water in any building is variable, depending on the type of structure, usage, occupancy, and time of day.
The correct design results in piping, water heating, and storage facilities of sufficient capacity to meet the probable
peak demand without wasteful excess in either piping or maintenance cost.
For additional information on this subject, the reader is referred to:
National Bureau of Standards Building Materials and Structures Report BMS 65 (1940), Methods of Estimating
Loads in Plumbing Systems, by R. B. Hunter
National Bureau of Standards Building Materials and Structures Report BMS 79 (1941), Water-Distributing
Systems for Buildings, by R. B. Hunter
New York State Division of Housing and Community Renewal Building Codes Bureau Technical Report No. 1,
(1964), A Simplified Method for Checking Sizes of Building Water Supply Systems, by Louis S. Nielsen.
B.2.1 General
The information necessary for sizing the building water supply system is described in B.2.2 through B.2.9.
Correct sizing is contingent upon accuracy and reliability of the information applied. Thus, such information
should be obtained from responsible parties and appropriate local authorities recognized as sources of the
necessary information.
B.2.7 Elevations
The relative elevations of the source of water supply and the highest water supply outlets to be supplied in the
building must be determined. In the case of a public main, the elevation of the point where the water service
connection is to be made to the public main should be obtained from the local water authority. It has the most
authoritative record of elevations of the various parts of the public system, and such elevations are generally
referred to a datum as the reference level, usually related to curb levels established for streets.
Elevation of the curb level directly in front of the building should be obtained from building plans, as such
information is required to be shown on the building site plans. Elevations of each floor on which fixtures are to
be supplied also may be determined from the building plans.
More recent faucets, however, are equipped with flow limiting devices that control the discharge rate at a nearly
constant value over a large range of pressures.
Where necessary, it is recommended that means to control the rate of supply should be provided in the fixture
supply pipe (or otherwise) wherever the available pressure at an outlet is more than twice the minimum pressure
required for satisfactory supply. For this purpose, individual regulating valves, variable orifice flow control devices,
or fixed orifices may be provided. They should be designed or adjusted to control the rate of supply to be equal to
or less than the maximum rates set by law.
Table B.3
MAXIMUM DEMAND AT INDIVIDUAL WATER OUTLETS
Type of Outlet Maximum Demand, (gpm)
Metering lavatory faucet 0.25 gal/cycle
Self-closing lavatory faucet 0.5
Drinking fountain jet 0.75
Ordinary lavatory faucet 2.5
Shower head, 1/2" 2.5
Laundry faucet, 1/2" 2.5
Ballcock in water closet flush tank 3.0
Dishwashing machine (domestic) 4.0
Laundry machine (8 or 16 lbs.) 4.0
Sink faucet, 3/8" or 1/2" 4.5
Bath faucet, 1/2" 5.0
Hose bibb or sillcock (1/2") 5.0
Sink faucet, 3/4" 6.0
1/2" flush valve (15 psi flow pressure) 15.0
1" flush valve (15 psi flow pressure) 27.0
1" flush valve (25 psi flow pressure) 35.0
B.4 RESERVED
Note that the concept of maximum probable demand is one of probability. We are saying, in effect, that
the calculated flow rate at any point in a water piping system will not be exceeded more than, say, 0.1% of
the time. For most systems designed by the method described herein, the design flow rates are never
reached. Therefore, the method gives a conservative approach that still does not result in wasteful oversizing.
Peak demand in building water supply systems serving multiple fixtures cannot be determined exactly. The
demand imposed on a system by intermittently used fixtures is related to the number, type, time between uses,
and probable number of simultaneous uses of the fixtures installed in the building. In the standard method,
fixtures using water intermittently under several conditions of service are assigned specific load values in
terms of water supply fixture units. The water supply fixture unit (WSFU) is a factor so chosen that the load-
producing effects of different kinds of fixtures under their conditions of service can be expressed approxi-
mately as multiples of that factor. WSFUs for two or more fixtures can then be added to determine their
combined effect on the water supply system.
Values assigned to different kinds of fixtures and different types of occupancies are shown in Table B.5.2.
The total WSFUs represent the fixture’s demand on the domestic water service to the building. For fixtures
having both hot and cold water supplies, the values for separate hot and cold water demands are taken as
being three-quarters (3/4) of the total value assigned to the fixture in each case, rounded to the nearest tenth
of a WSFU. As an example, since the value assigned to a kitchen sink in an individual dwelling unit is 1.5
WSFU, the separate demands on the hot and cold water piping thereto are taken as being 1.1 WSFU.
Another consideration, added in 1994, is the nature of the application of the plumbing fixture. Table B.5.2
includes columns for Individual Dwelling Units, More Than 3 Dwelling Units, Other Than Dwelling Units, and
Heavy-Use Assembly. The concept behind these added classifications is that the maximum probable demand
created by plumbing fixtures varies depending on the type of occupancy in which they are installed.
1. National Bureau of Standards Building Materials and Structures Report BMS 6, Methods of Estimating Loads in Plumbing Systems, by R. B. Hunter.
NOTES:
1. The “total” WSFU values for fixtures represent their load on the water service. The separate cold water and hot water supply fixture units for fixtures having both hot and
cold connections are each taken as ¾ of the listed total value for the individual fixture.
2. The fixture branch pipe sizes in Table B.5.2 are the minimum allowable. Larger sizes may be necessary if the water supply pressure at the fixture will be too low due to the
available building supply pressure or the length of the fixture branch and other pressure losses in the distribution system.
3. The WSFU values for 3.5 GPF water closets also apply to water closets having flushing volumes greater than 3.5 gallons.
4. Gravity tank water closets include the pump assisted and vacuum assisted types.
223
Table B.5.3-BATHROOM GROUPS HAVING 1.6 GPF WATER CLOSETS OTHER THAN THE FLUSHOMETER
VALAVE TYPE
224
Totals In Each Group
Individual In 3 or More
Dwelling Units Dwelling Units
BATHROOM GROUPS HAVING 1.6 GPF WATER
Total Cold Hot Total Cold Hot
CLOSETS² OTHER THAN THE FLUSHOMETER
WSFU WSFU WSFU WSFU WSFU WSFU
VALVE TYPE
Half-Bath or Powder Room 3.5 3.3 0.8 2.5 2.5 0.4
1 Bathroom Group 5.0 5.0 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.0
1-1/2 Bathrooms 6.0 6.0 4.5
2 Bathrooms 7.0 7.0 7.0
2-1/2 Bathrooms 8.0 8.0 8.0
3 Bathrooms 9.0 9.0 9.0
Each Additional ½ Bath 0.5 0.5 0.5
Each Additional Bathroom Group 1.0 1.0 1.0
BATHROOM GROUPS HAVING 3.5 GPF³ Total Cold Hot Total Cold Hot
GRAVITY-TANK WATER CLOSETS WSFU WSFU WSFU WSFU WSFU WSFU
Bath Group with 1.6 GPF Flushometer Valve 6.0 6.0 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.0
Bath Group with 3.5 GPF³ Flushometer Valve 8.0 8.0 3.8 6.0 6.0 3.0
Kitchen Group (Sink and Dishwasher) 2.0 1.1 2.0 1.5 0.8 1.5
Laundry Group (Sink and Clothes Washer) 5.0 4.5 4.5 3.0 2.6 2.6
NOTES: 1. The “Total WSFU” values for fixture groups represent their load on the water service. The separate cold and hot water supply fixture units for the group are each taken
as ¾ of the WSFU values for the individual fixtures in the group according to Table B.5.2, but not greater than the “Total WSFU” for the group in Table B.5.3, except that
the hot WSFU for groups having 3.5 GPF water closets are the same as those having 1.6 GPF water closets.
2. The WSFU values for 1.6 GPF water closets other than the flushometer valve type apply to gravity tanks, flushometer tanks (pressure assisted), pump assisted tanks,
and vacuum assisted tanks.
Note in the table that the maximum probable demand corresponding to a given number of water supply fixture
units is generally much higher for a system in which water closets are flushed by means of direct-supply
flushometer valves than for a system in which the water closets are flushed by other types of flushing de-
vices. The difference in maximum probable demand between the two systems diminishes as the total number
of fixture units of load rises. At 1,000 water supply fixture units, the maximum probable demand in both types
of systems is the same, 210 gpm.
Where a part of the system does not supply flushometer water closets, such as in the case with hot water
supply piping and some cold water supply branches, the maximum probable demand corresponding to a given
number of water supply fixture units may be determined from the values given for a system in which water
closets are flushed by flush tanks.
Note that some continuous-flow outlets may be controlled to be used only during low-flow periods in the
system. Such time-controlled loads should not be added to the maximum probable demand for intermittently
used fixtures, since they will not occur at the same times. In such cases, it will be necessary to consider both
situations and size the piping for the worse case.
3 3 120 49 74
4 4 140 53 78
5 4.5 22 160 57 83
6 5 23 180 61 87
7 6 24 200 65 91
8 7 25 225 70 95
9 7.5 26 250 75 100
10 8 27 300 85 110
11 8.5 28 400 105 125
12 9 29 500 125 140
13 10 29.5 750 170 175
14 10.5 30 1000 210 210
15 11 31 1250 240 240
16 12 32 1500 270 270
17 12.5 33 1750 300 300
18 13 33.5 2000 325 325
19 13.5 34 2500 380 380
20 14 35 3000 435 435
25 17 38 4000 525 525
30 20 41 5000 600 600
40 25 47 6000 650 650
50 29 51 7000 700 700
60 33 55 8000 730 730
80 39 62 9000 760 760
100 44 68 10,000 790 790
NOTES: 1. This table converts water supply demands in water supply fixture units (WSFU) to required water flow in gallons per minute
(GPM) for the purpose of pipe sizing.
2. This column applies to the following portions of piping systems:
(a). Hot water piping;
(b). Cold water piping that serves no water closets; and
(c). Cold water piping that serves water closets other than flush valve type.
3. This column applies to portions of piping systems where the water closets are the flush valve type.
Note that this velocity is too great for systems where the flow is continuous, as in the case of recirculated hot
water piping. The continuous flow rate for hot water with modest chemical content should be limited to not
more than 2 fps for such continuous systems. That is, verify that the flow rate in the system as a result of the
circulation pump only does not exceed 2 fps at any point.
It is also recommended that maximum velocity be limited to 4 fps in water supply piping that supply a
quick-closing device, such as a solenoid valve, pneumatic valve, or a quick-closing valve or faucet of the self-
closing, push-pull, push-button, or other similar type. This limitation is necessary in order to avoid excessive
and damaging shock pressures in the piping and equipment when flow is suddenly shut off. Plumbing equip-
ment and systems are not designed to withstand the very high shock pressures that may occur as the result of
sudden cessation of high velocity flow in piping. (Also see Section 10.14.1)
To control erosion/corrosion effects in copper water tube, and copper and brass pipe, pipe manufacturers’
recommendations are as follows:
(1) Where the water supply has a pH value higher than 6.9 and a positive scale-forming tendency, such as
may be shown by a positive Langelier Index, peak velocity should be limited to 8 fps;
(2) Where the water supply has a pH value lower than 6.9 and may be classified as aggressively corro-
sive, or where the water supply has been softened to zero hardness by passage through a water softener,
peak velocity should be limited to 4 fps; and
(3) The velocity in copper tube conveying hot water at up to 140oF should be limited to 5 fps because of
the accelerated corrosion rate with hot water. Velocities should be limited to 2 - 3 fps for temperatures
above 140o F.
Note that the above values apply to velocities at maximum probable demand. For continous flow circulating
systems, do not exceed 2 fps flow rate for the flow produced by the circulator.
B.7.1 Application
A simplified method for sizing building water supply systems in accordance with the maximum probable
demand load, in terms of water supply fixture units, has been found to constitute a complete and proper
method for adequately sizing the water supply systems of a specific category of buildings. In this category are
The pressure loss data in the B.7.3 tables is based on friction for straight pipe and tube and does not include
allowances for fittings, valves, and appurtenances. The equivalent length of the piping can be determined by
adding the equivalent length of fittings and valves in Tables B.9.7.A, B, C, D, and E. If the exact layout of the
piping systems cannot be determined, allowances for fittings and valves range up to 50% of the pipe length for
smooth bore piping such as copper and solvent cement joint plastic piping and up to 75% of the pipe length for
steel and plastic piping with threaded joints.
In Tables B.7.3.A through B.7.3.G, the columns headed “WSFU (tanks)” apply to piping that serves water closets
having gravity or pressure-type flush tanks and no fixtures that are flushed by flushometer valves. The columns
headed “WSFU (valves)” apply to piping that serves fixtures that are flushed by flushometer valves.
B.8.1 Example
A three-story, nine-family multiple dwelling fronts on a public street and is supplied by direct street pressure
from a public main in which the certified minimum pressure is 50 psi. The building has a full basement and
three above-grade stories, each of which is 10’ in height from floor to floor. The first floor is 2’ above the
curb level in front of the building. The public water main is located under the street: 5’ out from and 4’
below the curb.
On each of the above-grade stories there are three dwelling units. Each dwelling unit has a sink and dish-
washer, tank-type water closet, lavatory, and bathtub/shower combination.
The basement contains two automatic clothes washing machines, two service sinks, and a restroom with a
flush-tank water closet and lavatory.
Two lawn faucets are installed, one on the front of the building and one in the rear.
Hot water is to be supplied from a central storage-tank water heater.
The water supply to the building will be metered at the water service entry point to the building.
An isometric drawing of the water piping layout is shown in Figure B.8.1.
B.8.2 Solution
1. All information necessary to develop the design must be obtained from appropriate sources.
2. After the information is known, the isometric drawing (Figure B.8.1) is marked up with general water
supply information, and the mains, risers, and branches are suitably identified.
3. The water supply fixture unit loads are marked on the drawing next to each section of the system.
These values are obtained from Tables B.5.2 and B.5.3. Many designers use parentheses marks for WSFU
to distinguish them from gpm values.
4. The maximum probable demand in gpm is marked on the drawing for each section next to the WSFU
values. These values are obtained from Table B.5.4, using the columns for flush-tank systems.
5. Where sections of the piping serve more than one hose bibb, each additional hose bibb adds a demand
of 1.0 WSFU to the piping. Wherever a section of piping serves a single hose bibb, it adds a demand of 2.5
WSFU.
234
PIPING
Copper water tube, Type L
wrought fittings and lead-free solder
VELOCITY LIMITATIONS
8 fps
WATER SERVICE PIPE SIZING
except 4 fps for branches with quick-closing valves
and 5 fps for hot water up to 140 deg F Fixtures Qty WSFU Total
Bathroom Groups (1.6 tank-type WC) (1) 9 3.5 31.5
LENGTH OF RUN TO FARTHEST OUTLET Kitchen Groups (sink + dishwasher) (1) 9 1.5 13.5
Main - A 50 ft Clothes Washers (2) 2 4.0 8.0
A-B 12 ft Service Sinks (2) 2 3.0 6.0
B-C 8 ft Half Bath (2) 1 3.5 3.5
C-D 10 ft
Hose Bibb (2) 1 2.5 2.5
D-E 8 ft
Hose Bibb (each additional) (2) 1 1.0 1.0
E-F 8 ft
F-G 10 ft TOTAL WSFU 66.0
G-H 4 ft DEMAND (GPM) 34.8
H-I 10 ft (1) Fixtures in 3 or more dwellings
I-J 10 ft (2) Fixtures in other than dwelling units.
J-K 10 ft
Total = 140 ft plus fitting allowance
If this calculation had shown that the pressure drop was excessive at "K", it would be necessary to examine the design for sections of the Basic
Design Circuit that had the highest pressure drops and then increasse those segment pipe sizes.
The sum of all friction losses due to flow through pipe, valves, and fittings is found to be 17.9 psi, whereas the
amount of excess pressure available for such friction loss is 19.4 psi. Thus, the sizes determined on the basis
of velocity limitations exclusively are proven adequate. Checking of friction loss in this case is performed
following steps 8 through 15 of the Detailed Sizing Method for Building of Any Height presented in Section
B.10. The calculations are shown on Figure B.8.2.
Where water is supplied by direct pressure from a public main, to calculate the static pressure at the highest
outlet, deduct from the certified minimum pressure available in the public main the amount of static pressure
loss corresponding to the height at which the outlet is located above the public main (i.e., deduct 0.433 psi
pressure for each foot of rise in elevation from the public main to the highest outlet).
This circuit is called the Basic Design Circuit (BDC) for sizing the main water lines and risers.
In most systems, the BDC will be found to be the run of cold water supply piping extending from the source
of supply to the domestic hot water vessel plus the run of hot water supply piping extending to the highest and
most remote hot water outlet on the system. However, in systems supplied directly from the public main and
having flushometer-valve water closets at the topmost floor, the BDC may be found to be the run of cold
water supply piping extending from the public main to the highest and most remote flushometer valve on the
system.
5/8" 20 gpm
3/4" 30 gpm
1" 50 gpm
1-1/2" 100 gpm
2" 160 gpm
3" 300 gpm
Also, the standard establishes the maximum pressure loss corresponding to these maximum capacities as
follows:
15 psi for the 5/8", 3/4" and 1" meter sizes
20 psi for the 1-1/2", 2", 3", 4" and 6" sizes.
B.9.6 Uniform Pipe Friction Loss
To facilitate calculation of appropriate pipe sizes corresponding to the permissible friction loss in pipe, valves,
As a general finding, it has been shown by experience that the equivalent length to be allowed for fittings and
valves as a result of such calculations is approximately fifty percent of the developed length of the BDC in
the case of copper water tube systems, and approximately seventy-five percent for standard threaded pipe
systems.
For new work, with the range of materials now available, select a piping material that will not be affected by
the water characteristics at the site.
Table B.9.7.A
EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF PIPE FOR FRICTION LOSS IN THREADED FITTINGS & VALVES
Fitting or Valve Equivalent Feet of Pipe for Various Pipe Sizes
1/2" 3/4" 1" 1-1/4" 1-1/2" 2" 2-1/2" 3" 4" 5" 6"
45 deg Elbow 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.8 3.3 4.1 5.4 6.7 8.1
90 deg Elbow, std 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.5 4.0 5.2 6.2 7.7 10.1 12.6 15.2
Tee, run 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.3 2.7 3.5 4.1 5.1 6.7 8.4 10.1
Tee, Branch 3.1 4.1 5.3 6.9 8.1 10.3 12.3 15.3 20.1 25.2 30.3
Gate Valve 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.7 3.4 4.0
Globe Valve 17.6 23.3 29.7 39.1 45.6 58.6 70.0 86.9 114 143 172
Angle Valve 7.8 10.3 13.1 17.3 20.1 25.8 30.9 38.4 50.3 63.1 75.8
Butterfly Valve 7.8 9.3 11.5 15.1 18.9 22.7
Swing Check Valve 5.2 6.9 8.7 11.5 13.4 17.2 20.6 25.5 33.6 42.1 50.5
NOTES FOR TABLE B.9.7.A
1) Equivalent lengths for valves are based on the valves being wide open.
Table B.9.7.C
EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF PIPE FOR FRICTION LOSS IN SCHEDULE 40 CPVC FITTINGS
Fitting Equivalent Feet of Pipe for Various Pipe Sizes
1/2" 3/4" 1" 1-1/4" 1-1/2" 2" 2-1/2" 3" 4" 5" 6"
45 deg Elbow 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.7 3.3 4.1 5.3 6.7 8.0
90 deg Elbow 1.5 2.0 2.6 3.4 4.0 5.1 6.1 7.6 10.0 12.5 15.1
Tee, Run 1.0 1.4 1.7 2.3 2.7 3.4 4.1 5.1 6.7 8.4 10.1
Tee, Branch 3.0 4.1 5.2 6.8 8.0 10.2 12.2 15.2 20.0 25.1 30.2
Table B.9.7.D
EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF PIPE FOR FRICTION LOSS IN SCHEDULE 80 CPVC FITTINGS
Fitting Equivalent Feet of Pipe for Various Pipe Sizes
1/2" 3/4" 1" 1-1/4" 1-1/2" 2" 2-1/2" 3" 4" 5" 6"
45 deg Elbow 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.7 2.0 2.6 3.1 3.8 5.0 6.4 7.6
90 deg Elbow 1.3 1.8 2.3 3.1 3.7 4.8 5.7 7.2 9.5 11.9 14.3
Tee, Run 0.9 1.2 1.6 2.1 2.5 3.2 3.8 4.8 6.3 7.9 9.5
Tee, Branch 2.6 3.6 4.7 6.3 7.4 9.6 11.5 14.3 18.9 23.8 28.5
Table B.9.7.E
EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF PIPE
FOR FRICTION LOSS IN CPVC SDR 11 CTS TUBING FITTINGS
Fitting Equivalent Feet of Pipe for Various Pipe Sizes
1/2" CTS 3/4" CTS 1" CTS 1-1/4" CTS 1-1/2" CTS 2" CTS
45 deg Elbow 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.8
90 deg Elbow 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.5 4.0 5.2
Tee, Run 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.3 2.7 3.5
Tee, Branch 3.1 4.1 5.3 6.9 8.1 10.3
B.11.1 Example
A seven-story building is supplied by direct street pressure from a public water main in which the minimum
available pressure is 60 psi. The highest fixture supplied is 64'-8" above the public main, and requires 12 psi
flow pressure at the fixture for satisfactory supply conditions.
The water supply is to be metered by a meter through which flow at the maximum probable demand rate will
produce a pressure drop of 5.6 psi. Copper tubing, Type L, is to be used for the entire system. Quality of the
water supply is known to be noncorrosive to copper tubing in the water district, and is recognized as being
non-scaling in characteristic.
The entire system has been initially sized in accordance with the simplified method based solely on velocity
limitations. Applying these sizes, the total equivalent length of piping from the public main to the highest and
most remote fixture outlet has been calculated to be 600'.
B.11.2 Solution
Steps 1-7. The first seven steps of the details sizing method have already been performed. These steps
constitute the simplified sizing method based solely on velocity limitations established as the design basis. All
that remains is to perform steps 8 through 15 of the detailed sizing method that relate to sizing in accordance
with the frictional limitation that must be observed for this particular system, and with allowances that may be
necessary in view of the water characteristics.
Step 8. Assuming conditions of no-flow in the system, the amount of excess pressure available at the
topmost fixture in excess of the minimum required at the fixture for satisfactory supply conditions is deter-
mined as follows:
____________________________________________________________________________________
Table B.11.2
TYPE L COPPER TUBING, FOR "FAIRLY SMOOTH" CONDITION
Nominal Pipe Flow Rates Corresponding to Friction
Size Loss of 2.4 psi/100'
(in) (gpm)
1/2 1.4
3/4 3.9
1 7.5
1-1/4 14.0
1-1/2 21.0
2 47.0
2-1/2 78.0
3 130.0
4 270.0
B.12 MANIFOLD TYPE PARALLEL WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
B. 12.1 Manifolds
The total water supply demand for the dwelling shall be determined in accordance with Section 10.14 and
Appendix B.5. Manifolds shall be sized according to Table B.12.1 based on the total supply demand.
Conversions:
Customary Units to Metric
EXAMPLE A
Since the given population is based on egress requirements, the population for plumbing purposes can be 2/3 of
that value (Section 7.21.2.b). The ratio of male and female occupants can be assumed to be 50% each (Section
7.21.2.c).
The minimum required number of plumbing fixtures is determined from Table 7.21.1 under
No. 1 Assembly, Use Group A-3
The number of males and females are greater than the numerical groups listed in Table 7.21.1. To determine the
total number of fixtures required, calculate the number of fixtures required by the listed numerical groups and then
determine how many additional groups of 300 there are over the first 300.
The listed numerical groups account for the first 300 males
The number of additional groups of 300 = (953 - 300) divided by 300 per group = 2.18 = 3 groups
The listed numerical groups account for the first 300 females.
The number of additional groups of 300 = (953 - 300) divided by 300 per group = 2.18 = 3 groups
Male Lavatories
first 50 males (1-50) = 1 lavatory
next 100 males (51-150) = add 0 lavatories
next 150 males (151-300) = add 0 lavatories
add 1 for each additional group of 300 over 300 (or parts thereof)
Female Lavatories
first 50 females (1-50) = 1 lavatory
next 100 females (51-150) = add 1 lavatory
next 150 females (151-300) = add 0 lavatories
add 2 for each additional group of 300 over 300 (or parts thereof)
Service Sinks
Table 7.21.1 requires a minimum of 1 per floor.
The minimum required number of plumbing fixtures is determined from Table 7.21.1 under
No. 2 Business, Use Group B
The number of males and females are greater than the numerical groups listed in Table 7.21.1. To determine the
total number of fixtures required, calculate the number of fixtures required by the listed numerical groups and then
determine how many additional groups of 60 there are over the first 75.
Male Lavatories
first 15 males (1-15) = 1 lavatory
next 25 males (16-40) = add 0 lavatories
next 35 males (40-75) = add 1 lavatory
add 1 for each additional group of 60 over 75 (or parts thereof)
Female Lavatories
first 15 females (1-15) = 1 lavatory
next 25 females (16-40) = add 2 lavatories
next 35 females (41-75) = add 1 lavatories
add 2 for each additional group of 60 over 75 (or parts thereof)
Service Sinks
Table 7.21.1 requires a minimum of 1 per floor.
Special Design
Plumbing Systems
E.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
E.1.1 Special design plumbing systems shall include all systems that vary in detail from the requirements of
this Code.
E.1.2 The provisions of this Appendix shall control the design, installation, and inspection of special design
plumbing systems.
E.1.3 Special design plumbing systems shall conform to the Basic Principles of this Code.
E.1.4 Special design plumbing systems shall be designed by a registered design professional who is licensed to
practice in the particular jurisdiction.
E.2.1 Plans, specifications, computations, and other related data for special design plumbing systems,
prepared by the registered design professional, shall be submitted to the Authority Having Jurisdiction for
review and approval prior to installation.
E
E.2.2 The design plans shall indicate that the plumbing system (or portions thereof) is a special design
system.
E.3.1 Special design plumbing systems shall be installed according to established, tested and approved criteria,
including manufacturer’s instructions.
E.3.2 The installation shall comply with Chapter 2 - General Regulations and other applicable requirements
of this Code.
E.4.2 The complete installation and performance of the special design plumbing system shall be certified
by the registered design professional as complying with the requirements of the special design.
E.5.1.2 Fixtures
Gravity type fixtures used in vacuum drainage systems shall comply with Chapter 7 of this Code.
E.5.1.6 Materials
Vacuum drainage pipe, fittings and valve materials shall be as recommended by the vacuum drainage
system manufacturer and as permitted by this Code.
E.6.1 Compliance
a. One-pipe sanitary drainage systems employing aerator and deaerator stack fittings shall be permitted to be
installed in accordance with (1) the fitting manufacturer’s current piping design manual and technical bulletins,
and (2) the applicable requirements of this Code.
b. The requirements of this Code shall supercede the fitting manufacturer’s piping design manual with regard
to acceptable piping materials, drainage fixture unit (DFU) values, and minimum drainage pipe sizes.
c. Complete detailed layout drawings shall be prepared prior to the installation of such a sanitary drainage
system.
Stack Size
Maximum Connected Drainage Fixture Units
(inches)
Stacks Less than 75 Stacks 75 Feet to Less than 160 Stacks 160 Feet or
Feet in Height Feet in Height Greater in Height
3 24 (2) NP NP
4 225 24 NP
5 480 225 24
6 1015 480 225
8 2320 1015 480
10 4500 2320 1015
12 8100 4500 2320
15 13,600 8100 4500
1. NP = not permitted
2. Not more than two (2) water closets are permitted on a 3" stack.
E.8.1 Definition
Air admittance valve: A one-way valve designed to allow air to enter the plumbing drainage system when negative
pressures develop in the system. The device closes by gravity, without springs or other mechanical means, and
seals the vent terminal at zero differential pressure (no flow conditions) and also under positive internal pressure.
The purposes of an air admittance valve are (1) to provide a method of allowing air to enter the plumbing drainage
system without the need for a vent extended outdoors to open air, and (2) to prevent sewer gases from escaping
into the building.
E.8.2.1 Branch, circuit, common, continuous, and individual vents shall be permitted to terminate with a
connection to an individual or branch type air admittance valve complying with ASSE 1051. Individual and branch
type air admittance valves shall only vent fixtures that are on the same floor level and connect to a horizontal
branch drain.
E.8.2.2 Vent stacks and stack vents shall be permitted to terminate at a stack type air admittance valve
complying with ASSE 1050.
EXCEPTIONS
(1) Vent stacks and stack vents serving drainage stacks that exceed six (6) branch intervals in height.
(2) Vent stacks and stack vents that serve relief vents in Section E.8.3.
E.8.2.3 Air admittance valves shall not be permitted in the following applications:
a. vents for special waste drainage systems (Sections 9.4.1 and 9.4.2).
b. vents for sewage pump or ejector sump pits.
c. vents for pneumatic sewage ejectors.
d. suds pressure zone venting.
e. relief vents required by Section E.8.3.1.
E.8.3.1 A relief vent shall be provided where a horizontal branch drain that is vented by one or more air
admittance valves connects to a drainage stack more than four (4) branch intervals from the top of the stack. The
relief vent shall connect vertically to the horizontal branch drain between the drainage stack and the most
downstream fixture drain connection on the horizontal branch drain. Relief vents shall extend from the horizontal
branch drain to a vent stack, stack vent, or other vent that terminates outdoors in open air.
E.8.3.2 Relief vents shall be the full size of the horizontal branch drain that they serve, up to 3" maximum required
size.
E.8.3.3 Relief vents shall be permitted to vent fixtures other than those on the horizontal branch drain being
relieved.
E.8.4 Installation
E.8.4.1 Air admittance valves shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and Section
E.8.
E.8.4.2 Air admittance valves shall connect to fixture trap arms within the maximum allowable trap arm lengths
in Table 12.8.1.
E.8.4.3 Individual and branch type air admittance valves shall be installed at least 4 inches above the top of the
trap arm or horizontal branch drain that they serve.
E.8.4.4 Stack type air admittance valves shall be installed at least 6 inches above the flood level rim of the highest
fixture served by the valve.
E.8.4.5 Air admittance valves shall be installed in accessible locations having free movement of air to enter the
valve.
E.8.4.6 Air admittance valves shall not be installed in HVAC supply or return air plenums or other areas subject
to other than atmospheric pressure.
E.8.4.7 Air admittance valves installed in insulated attic or ceiling spaces shall be installed in free air at least six
inches above the insulation.
E.8.4.8 Air admittance valves shall be the same size as the vent pipe to which they are connected.
E.8.4.9 Air admittance valves shall not be installed until all required leak tests of the drainage and vent piping
are successfully completed.
In each plumbing drainage system vented by one or more air admittance valves, at least one vent shall extend
outdoors to open air.
E.8.6.1 ASSE 1050-2002 Stack Air Admittance Valves for Sanitary Drainage Systems.
E.8.6.2 ASSE 1051-2002 Individual and Branch Type Air Admittance Valves for Plumbing Drainage Systems.
Requirements of the
Authority Having Jurisdiction
F.1 GENERAL
This Code does not include specific requirements in certain cases where local practices may vary from one
jurisdiction to another. This appendix lists those sections of this Code where the Authority Having Jurisdiction must
establish requirements. Adopting agencies should review the sections listed under Appendix F.2 and establish
appropriate regulations or policies.
F.2 REFERENCES
1.7.2 Penalties
1.9.8 Permit Expiration
1.10.2 Plan Review Fees
1.10.3 Plan Review Expiration
1.10.5 Refunding of Fees
1.11.5 Requests for Inspection
2.16.1: Minimum earth cover for water service pipe.
2.16.2: Minimum earth cover for building sewers.
2.19.1: Distance for required connections to public water supplies and sewers.
2.19.2: Standards and requirements for private water and sewage disposal systems.
5.3.4: Need for building traps.
5.4.10.c: Manhole construction standards.
6.1.7: Point of discharge for effluent from liquid waste treatment equipment.
7.16.6: Sloping floors to floor drains.
9.4.3.c: Points of discharge for air conditioning condensate.
10.9.2: Disinfecting water piping.
11.7.6: Use of grinder pumps.
11.7.10: Use of macerating toilet systems.
15.3.1: Testing new plumbing work. F
15.3.2: Testing existing sewers and drains.
16.1: State or local requirements for private sewage disposal systems.
Chapter 18: Regulations of the AHJ for mobile home and travel trailer parks.
Graywater Recycling
Systems
G.2 DEFINITIONS
Biological Treatment: A method of wastewater treatment in which bacterial or biochemical action is
intensified as a means of producing an oxidized wastewater.
Black Water: Used untreated water that is flushed down toilets and urinals. This water cannot be directly
reused.
Effluent: Partially or completely treated liquid waste discharge from a wastewater treatment system.
Graywater: Used untreated water generated by clothes washing machines, showers, bathtubs and lavatories.
It shall not include water from kitchen sinks or dishwashers.
Reclaimed Water: Effluent from a wastewater treatment facility that has been subjected to extensive
treatment in order to remove organic material, heavy metals, and harmful pathogens (such as bacteria,
viruses, and protozoa). Reclaimed water is non-potable.
Septic Tank: A water-tight receptacle that receives the discharge of a building sanitary drainage system or
part thereof, and is designed and constructed so as to separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter
through a period of detention, and allow the liquids to discharge into the soil outside of the tank through a
system of open joint or perforated piping, or a seepage pit.
Wastewater: The combination of liquid and water-carried pollutants from residences, commercial buildings,
industrial plants, and institutions.
G.10 TESTING
All applicable sections of this appendix shall conform to the body of this Code. Installation of the graywater
system shall conform in all aspects to the manufacturers recommended installation procedures.
Systems shall be tested and comply with the Authority Having Jurisdiction. Piping, valves, and fittings shall be
tested in compliance with Chapter 15 of this Code.
G.11 MAINTENANCE
The graywater system shall be maintained in accordance with the manufacturers recommended maintenance
instructions.
Nothing in this Appendix shall preclude the Authority Having Jurisdiction from requiring additional maintenance
procedures.
INSTALLATION OF
MEDICAL GAS
AND VACUUM PIPING
SYSTEMS
Chart I.1(a)
Chart I.1(b)
Chart I.1(c)
Chart I.2(a)
Chart I.2(b)
Sizing Grease
Interceptors
Waste waters that are not grease laden and do not require separation shall not be discharged into any grease
interceptor.
1. Determine the cubic content of the fixture, equipment or sink compartment that will produce the grease
laden waste water that will require separation. Length x Width x Depth
6. Select trap size based on calculated drainage rate and flow rate.
Flow In
Sloping Drains
The minimum flow velocity to achieve scouring in horizontal sanitary drain lines is two (2) feet per second.
For this reason. based on Table K-2 for smooth pipe. drains that are 2 inches and smaller must be sloped at
not less than 1/4 inch per foot. Drains that are 3" size and larger can be sloped at 1/8 inch per foot.
Even at 1/4" per foot slope, the uniform velocity in drains that are 1-1/4", 1-1/2", and 2" size is less than 2 feet
per second. Either the slope should be increased or the length of such drains should be kept to a minimum so
that the entrance velocity will provide scouring for the short distance involved.
Tables K-I and K-2 are based on the Manning Formula for 1/2 full pipe. For full flow, multiply the flow by
2.00 and the velocity by 1.00. For 1/4 full flow, multiply the flow by 0.274 and the velocity by 0.701. For 3/4
full flow, multiply the flow by 1.82 and the velocity by 1.13.
In Table K-l, which is based on fairly rough pipe with “n” = 0.015, for smoother pipe, multiply the flow and velocity
by 0.015 and divide by the “n” value of the smoother pipe.
Horizontal sanitary drain and waste pipes are sized to be one-half (1/2) full under design loads. Horizontal
storm drains are sized to run full under design loads.
Table 11.5.1A “Building Drains and Sewers” and the horizontal piping in Table 11.5.1B “Horizontal Fixture
Branches and Stacks” is based on Table K-2 for smooth pipe.
Table 13.6.2 “Size of Horizontal Storm Drains” is based on Table K-I for fairly rough pipe, adjusted for full flow.
1/16 in./ft. slope 1/8 in./ft. slope 1/4 in./ft. slope 1/2 in./ft. slope
Actual inside
pipe - inches gpm fps gpm fps gpm fps gpm fps
Actual inside 1/16 in./ft. slope 1/8 in./ft. slope 1/4 in./ft. slope 1/2 in./ft. slope
pipe - inches gpm fps gpm fps gpm fps gpm fps
An Acceptable Brazing
Procedure for General
Plumbing
Introduction
Strong, leak-tight brazed connections for copper tube may be made by brazing with filler metals which melt at
temperatures in the range between 1100 F and 1500 F, as listed in Table 12. Brazing filler metals are sometimes
referred to as “hard solders” or “silver solders.” These confusing terms should be avoided.
The temperature at which a filler metal starts to melt on heating is the solidus temperature; the liquidus tempera-
ture is the higher temperature at which the filler metal is completely melted. The liquidus temperature is the
minimum temperature at which brazing will take place.
The difference between solidus and liquidus is the melting range and may be of importance when selecting a filler
metal. It indicates the width of the working range for the alloy and the speed with which the a1loy will become
fully solid after brazing. Filler metals with narrow ranges, with or without silver, solidify more quickly and, there-
fore, require more careful application of heat. The melting ranges of common brazing metals are shown in Figure
8a.
Brazing filler metals suitable for joining copper tube are of two classes:
(1) alloys that contain phosphorus (the BCuP series) and
(2) alloys containing a high silver content (the BAg series)
The two classes differ in their melting, fluxing and flowing characteristics and this should be considered in selec-
tion of a filler metal. (See Table 12.) For joining copper tube, any of these filler metals will provide the necessary
strength when used with standard solder-type fittings or commercially available short-cup brazing fittings.
Fluxes
The fluxes used for brazing copper joints are different in composition from soldering fluxes. The two types cannot
be used interchangeably.
Brazing fluxes are water based, whereas most soldering fluxes are petroleum based. Similar to soldering fluxes,
brazing fluxes dissolve and remove residual oxides from the metal surface, protect the metal from re-oxidation
during heating and promote wetting of the surfaces to be joined by the brazing filler metal.
Fluxes also provide the craftsman with an indication of temperature. If the outside of the fitting and the heat-
affected area of the tube are covered with flux (in addition to the end of the tube and the cup), oxidation will be
prevented and the appearance of the joint will be greatly improved.
The fluxes best suited for brazing copper and copper alloy tube should meet AWS Classification FB3-A or FB3-C
as listed in Table 4.1 of the AWS Brazing Handbook. Figure 9, illustrates the need for brazing flux with different
types of copper and copper-alloy tube, fittings and filler metals when brazing.
Assemble the joint by inserting the tube into the socket hard against the stop and turn if possible. The assembly
should be firmly supported so that it will remain in alignment during the brazing operation.
Step one: Apply heat to the parts to be joined, preferably with an oxy-fuel flame. Air-fuel is sometimes used on
smaller sizes. A neutral flame should be used. Heat the tube first, beginning about one inch from the edge of the
fitting, sweeping the flame around the tube in short strokes at right angles to the axis of the tube.
It is very important that the flame be in motion continuously and not remain on anyone point long enough to
damage the tube. The flux may be used as a guide as to how long to heat the tube; continue heating the tube until
the flux becomes quiet and transparent like clear water. The behavior of flux during the brazing cycle is described
in Figure 8b.
Step two: Switch the flame to the fitting at the base of the cup. Heat uniformly, sweeping the flame from the
fitting to the tube until the flux on the fitting becomes quiet. Avoid excessive heating of cast fittings.
Step three: When the flux appears liquid and transparent on both the tube and fitting, start sweeping the flame
back and forth along the axis of the joint to maintain heat on the parts to be joined, especially toward the base of
the cup of the fitting. The flame must be kept moving to avoid melting the tube or fitting.
Step four: Apply the brazing filler metal at a point where the tube enters the socket of the fitting. When the
proper temperature is reached, the filler metal will flow readily into the space between the tube and fitting socket,
drawn in by the natural force of capillary action.
Keep the flame away from the filler metal itself as it is fed into the joint. The temperature of the tube and fitting
at the joint should be high enough to melt the filler metal.
Keep both the fitting and tube heated by moving the flame back and forth from one to the other as the filler metal
is drawn into the joint.
When the joint is properly made, a continuous fillet of filler metal will be visible completely around the joint. Stop
feeding as soon as you see that fillet. Table 11 is a guide to estimating how much filler metal will be consumed.
For 1-inch tube and larger it may be difficult to bring the whole joint up to heat at one time. It frequently will be
found desirable to use a multiple-orifice torch tip to maintain a proper temperature over large areas. A mild
preheating of the whole fitting is recommended for larger sizes. Heating then can proceed as outlined in the steps
above.
When brazing horizontal joints, it is preferable to first apply the filler metal at the bottom, then the two sides, and
finally the top, making sure the operations overlap. On vertical joints it is immaterial where the start is made. If
the opening of the socket is pointing down, care should be taken to avoid overheating the tube, as this may
Removing Residue
After the brazed joint has cooled the flux residue should be removed with a clean cloth, brush or swab using
warm water. Remove all flux residue to avoid the risk of the hardened flux temporarily retaining pressure and
masking an imperfectly brazed joint. Wrought fittings may be cooled more readily than cast fittings, but all fittings
should be allowed to cool naturally before wetting.
If the filler metal fails to flow or has a tendency to ball up, it indicates oxidation on the metal surfaces or insuffi-
cient heat on the parts to be joined. If the tube or fitting start to oxidize during heating there is too little flux. If the
filler metal does not enter the joint and tends to flow over the outside of either member of the joint, it indicates that
one member is overheated or the other is under heated.
Testing
Test all completed assemblies for joint integrity. Follow the testing procedure prescribed by applicable codes
governing the intended service.
8a. 8b.
1 3 1/ 2 1 3/ 4 1 5/ 8 7
/8 .32
1 1/ 4 4 1/ 2 2 1/ 4 2 1 1/ 4 .42
1 1/ 2 – 3 2 5/ 8 1 1/ 2 .56
2 – 4 3/ 4 4 3/ 8 2 1/ 2 .90
1 1 7 3
2 /2 – 6 /2 5 /8 3 /8 1.22
3 – 8 5/ 8 7 7/ 8 4 1/ 2 1.64
Footnote 1
The amount of filler material indicated is based on an average two-thirds penetration of the cup and with no provision
for a fillet. For estimating purposes, actual consumption may be two to three times the amounts indicated in this table,
depending on the size of the joints, method of application and level of workmanship.
NOTE:
1090 inches of 1/16 inch wire = 1 pound
534 inches of 1/8 inch x .050-inch wire = 1 pound
484 inches of 3/32 inch wire = 1 pound
268 inches of 1/8 inch wire = 1 pound