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Note 2

This document discusses the fundamentals of diffusion and extraction. It explains Fick's laws of diffusion, which state that the rate of diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient across a surface (first law) and that the concentration over time is equal to the diffusion coefficient times the second derivative of the concentration with respect to distance (second law). Equations are provided for calculating flux, diffusion coefficient, and mean square displacement over time for diffusion. Diffusion combined with chemical reactions is also discussed.

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bananafish88
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40 views

Note 2

This document discusses the fundamentals of diffusion and extraction. It explains Fick's laws of diffusion, which state that the rate of diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient across a surface (first law) and that the concentration over time is equal to the diffusion coefficient times the second derivative of the concentration with respect to distance (second law). Equations are provided for calculating flux, diffusion coefficient, and mean square displacement over time for diffusion. Diffusion combined with chemical reactions is also discussed.

Uploaded by

bananafish88
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Part 2

Fundamentals of Diffusion and Extraction


Explanation of Diffusion: A.E. FICK (1829-1901)
Physiology research using physics.
Diffusion is a random process.
linear concentration gradient A
n (x)
n1 n 2
x 2 δx
n1> n2 n - number of molecules per volume
N1= n1Aδx # of molecules in volume 1
N2= n2Aδx # of molecules in volume 2

# of crossing in δt across the barrier


1
right to left 2 n2 Aδx
1
left to right n1 Aδx
2
rate of transfer:
dN 1 1 1
= ( n1 Aδx − n2 Aδx) ⋅
dt 2 2 δt
dN (n1 − n2 ) Aδx
=
dt 2δt
and
dn dn
n1 − n2 = − ⋅ δx ; is gradient of
dx dx concentration
P2/S2
dN (δx) 2 dn : A ·NA
= −A
dt 2δt dx NA - Avogadro’s number
dN 1 (δx) 2 dC
⋅ =− n
dt AN A 2δt dx C=
NA
J D
J - flux : number of moles per unit area per unit time
D - diffusion coefficient in m2 /s
∂C
J = −D Fick’s first law of diffusion
∂x
D = f (C )
Integral form of diffusion coefficient definition:
<x2> = 2Dt δx 2
= D⇒ x
2
= 2 Dt
2δt
where
<x2> - mean square displacement
in x direction in time t
exp. :
D = 10 −9 m 2 / s t = 10 −6 s
<x >= 2 ⋅ 10 − m x rms = 45 ⋅ 10 −9 m
2 15 2

Diffusion

Sharp Injection Output xms x


P2/S3
3 - DIMENSIONS
< r 2 >=< x 2 > + < y 2 > + < z 2 >
t
rrms = x rms ⋅ 3 = 78 ⋅10 −9 m

Second Fick’s law


∂J
J ( x) → → J ( x + dx) = J ( x) + ( )dx
∂x
∂C J ( x) − J ( x − dx) ∂J
= =−
∂t dx ∂x
from the first Fick’s law:
∂J ∂ 2C
= −D 2
∂x ∂x
therefore:
∂C ∂ 2C
=D 2
∂t ∂x
kF
Diffusion and chemical reaction: A + B C
kB
∂ CC ∂ 2 CC
=D + k F C A C B − k B CC
∂t ∂x 2

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