Introduction to Computers

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What Is A Computer?

A computer is an electronic device, operating

under the control of instructions (software)
stored in its own memory unit, that can
accept data (input), manipulate data
(process), and produce information (output)
from the processing. Generally, the term is
used to describe a collection of devices that
function together as a system.

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 Devices that comprise a computer system
Monitor Speaker
(output) (output) System unit
(processor, memory…)

Printer
(output)

Storage devices
(CD-RW, Floppy,
Hard disk, zip,…)
Mouse
(input)
Scanner Keyboard
(input)
(input)

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What Does A Computer Do?

Computers can perform four general

operations, which comprise the information
processing cycle.

 Input
 Process
 Output
 Storage

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 Data and Information
 All computer processing requires data, which is a collection of
raw facts, figures and symbols, such as numbers, words,
images, video and sound, given to the computer during the
input phase.
 Computers manipulate data to create information.
Information is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful.
 During the output Phase, the information that has been created
is put into some form, such as a printed report.
 The information can also be put in computer storage for future
use.

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 Why Is A Computer So Powerful?
 The ability to perform the information
processing cycle with amazing speed.
 Reliability (low failure rate).
 Accuracy.
 Ability to store huge amounts of data and
information.
 Ability to communicate with other computers.

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 How Does a Computer Know
what to do?
 It must be given a detailed list of instructions,
called a compute program or software,
that tells it exactly what to do.
 Before processing a specific job, the
computer program corresponding to that job
must be stored in memory.
 Once the program is stored in memory the
compute can start the operation by executing
the program instructions one after the other.
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 What Are The Primary
Components Of A Computer ?
 Input devices.
 Central Processing Unit
(containing the control
unit and the
arithmetic/logic unit).
 Memory.
 Output devices.
 Storage devices.

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Input Devices
 Keyboard.
 Mouse.

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 The Keyboard
The most commonly used input device is the
keyboard on which data is entered by
manually keying in or typing certain keys. A
keyboard typically has 101 or 105 keys.

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The Mouse
Is a pointing device which is used to control
the movement of a mouse pointer on the
screen to make selections from the screen. A
mouse has one to five buttons. The bottom of
the mouse is flat and contains a mechanism
that detects movement of the mouse.

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The Central processing Unit
The central processing unit (CPU) contains
electronic circuits that cause processing to
occur. The CPU interprets instructions to the
computer, performs the logical and arithmetic
processing operations, and causes the input
and output operations to occur. It is
considered the “brain” of the computer.

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Memory
Memory also called Random Access Memory
or RAM (temporary memory) is the main
memory of the computer. It consists of
electronic components that store data
including numbers, letters of the alphabet,
graphics and sound. Any information stored
in RAM is lost when the computer is turned
off.

Read Only Memory or ROM is memory that is

etched on a chip that has start-up directions
for your computer. It is permanent memory.
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Amount Of RAM In Computers
The amount of memory in computers is
typically measured in kilobytes or megabytes.
One kilobyte (K or KB) equals approximately
1,000 memory locations and one megabyte
(M or MB) equals approximately one million
locations A memory location, or byte, usually
stores one character.
Therefore, a computer with 8 MB of memory
can store approximately 8 million characters.
One megabyte can hold approximately 500
pages of text information.

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Output Devices
Output devices make the information
resulting from the processing available for
use. The two output devices more commonly
used are the printer and the computer
screen.

The printer produces a hard copy of your

output, and the computer screen produces a
soft copy of your output.

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Storage Devices
Auxiliary storage devices are used to store
data when they are not being used in
memory. The most common types of auxiliary
storage used on personal computers are
floppy disks, hard disks and CD-ROM drives.

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Floppy Disks
A floppy disk is a portable, inexpensive
storage medium that consists of a thin,
circular, flexible plastic disk with a magnetic
coating enclosed in a square-shaped plastic
shell.

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 Structure Of Floppy Disks
 Initially Floppy disks were 8-inches wide, they then
shrank to 5.25 inches, and today the most widely
used folly disks are 3.5 inches wide and can typically
store 1.44 megabytes of data.
 A folly disk is a magnetic disk, which means that it
used magnetic patterns to store data.
 Data in floppy disks can be read from and written to.
 Formatting is the process of preparing a disk for
reading and writing.
 A track is a narrow recording band that forms a full
circle on the surface of the disk.

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 The disk’s storage locations are divided into pie-
shaped sections called sectors.
 A sectors is capable of holding 512 bytes of data.
 A typical floppy stores data on both sides and has 80
tracks on each side with 18 sectors per track.

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 Hard Disks
 Another form of auxiliary storage is a hard disk. A
hard disk consists of one or more rigid metal plates
coated with a metal oxide material that allows data
to be magnetically recorded on the surface of the
platters.
 The hard disk platters spin at a high rate of speed,
typically 5400 to 7200 revolutions per minute (RPM).
 Storage capacites of hard disks for personal
computers range from 10 GB to 120 GB (one billion
bytes are called a gigabyte).

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 Compact Discs
 A compact disk (CD), also called an optical disc, is a
flat round, portable storage medium that is usually
4.75 inch in diameter.
 A CD-ROM (read only memory), is a compact disc
that used the same laser technology as audio CDs for
recording music. In addition it can contain other
types of data such as text, graphics, and video.
 The capacity of a CD-ROM is 650 MB of data.

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Computer Software
Computer software is the key to
productive use of computers.
Software can be categorized into
two types:

 Operating system software

 Application software.

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Operating System Software

Operating system software tells the computer

how to perform the functions of loading,
storing and executing an application and how
to transfer data.
Today, many computers use an operating
system that has a graphical user interface
(GUI) that provides visual clues such as icon
symbols to help the user. Microsoft
Windows 98 is a widely used graphical
operating system. DOS (Disk Operating
System) is an older but still widely used
operating system that is text-based. 23
Application Software
Application Software consists of programs
that tell a computer how to produce
information. Some of the more commonly
used packages are:

 Word processing
 Electronic spreadsheet

 Database

 Presentation graphics

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 Word Processing

 Word Processing software is used to create and print

documents. A key advantage of word processing
software is that users easily can make changes in
documents.

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 Electronic Spreadsheets

 Electronic spreadsheet software allows the user to

add, subtract, and perform user-defined calculations
on rows and columns of numbers. These numbers
can be changed and the spreadsheet quickly
recalculates the new results.

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 Database Software

 Allows the user to enter, retrieve, and update data in

an organized and efficient manner, with flexible
inquiry and reporting capabilities.

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 Presentation Graphics

 Presentation graphic software allows the user to

create documents called slides to be used in making
the presentations. Using special projection devices,
the slides display as they appear on the computer
screen.

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