Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education For Timor-Leste: Implementation Plan
Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education For Timor-Leste: Implementation Plan
Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education For Timor-Leste: Implementation Plan
Mother-
Tongue
1. Regarding the overall approach to multilingualism, it is acknowledged that full use of the L1 according to additive
multilingualism may not be possible in the early stages, due to the fact that linguistic development, teacher training
and materials will be ongoing. Flexibility in the early stages of implementation is encouraged, while maintaining the
ultimate goal of multilingualism and multiliteracy for all learners.
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1. Overall actions to be undertaken in 2011
All of the activities described here are based on the premise that the LanguageinEducation
Working Group (WG) and its subcommittees will continue to oversee and propose
activities, and that the Ministry of Education (ME) will provide ongoing finance and support
to the LanguageinEducation Advisor (LEA) who is tasked with coordinating and facilitating
the proposed activities, advising the Ministry of Education on staged implementation of this
language policy and liaising with the appropriate Ministry departments at the central and
district levels, as well as with relevant international and nongovernmental organizations and
donors. This advisor will ensure, for example, that all stakeholders involved in policymaking,
curriculum development and teacher training are aware of and planning for this language
policy. in addition, this advisor will monitor implementation of the demonstration schools.
The following overall actions are proposed for 2011:
Education Policy: Using both internal communication channels (memos, school circulars)
and the national media, the ME (with support of the WG) should introduce the principles of
mother tonguebased MLE to teachers, principals, communities, students and their families.
Further, the ME should authorize the use of local languages learners’ mother tongues) at
the preprimary and primary levels, while encouraging the use of Tetun as L2. This will also
apply to the Basic Education Equivalency program.
Demonstration Schools: Local languages should be introduced at the preprimary level in
three districts (possibly Lautem, Oecusse and Manatuto, working in Fataluku, Baikeno and
Galoli). The plan is to find willing preprimaries that are linked to primary schools, two per
district, and begin implementing either midyear 2011 or at the beginning of 2012
(depending on language/materials conditions) so that by 2013 there could be mother tongue
teaching in grade 1 as well as continuation and expansion of the program in preprimaries in
each district. This action requires research and discussion in each district, proposal writing
and investigation of possible funding sources. It is recommended that ME establishes a
MoU with a national and an international research institution to work and guide the action
research.
Basic Education Teacher Training: A language and learning module including principles
of mother tonguebased MLE should be integrated into all preservice and inservice
teacher training, including the Bacharelato. Basic training curriculum and materials for use
in preschool to grade 4 should be written in Tetun, and all other basic training, curriculum
and materials should be bilingual (Tetun and Portuguese).It is an urgent priority that all
teachers receive Tetun language training as part of all preservice and inservice training.
PrePrimary Teacher Training and Competency Framework: Update and finalise the
“Competency Framework for PrePrimary Teachers in TimorLeste” based on the
recommendations of this policy; and in collaboration with UNICEF, national NGOs,
Secretariat of State for Vocational Training & Employment (SEFOPE/INDMO) and a
reputable foreign tertiary institution develop a series of training modules as part of an
internationally accredited certificate or diploma course to be delivered to pre and inservice
preprimary teachers.
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Curriculum and Competency Revision: A team will work with the LEA to evaluate the
current basic education curriculum for grades 1 through 9 as well as the teacher
competency frameworks in light of the new languageineducation policy supporting
mother tonguebased MLE. Recommendations will be made for necessary reform.
Note that for the demonstration schools, practicing teachers will be recruited to teach
through their mother tongues at the preprimary and then the lower primary levels in a
phasedin process. Where existing teachers do not speak the language of their pupils,
teaching assistants (TAs) will be recruited from the local community to provide oral L1
explanations, working closely with their partner teachers. See Appendix A for more
information.
2. Midterm goals (By 2015)
1. Periodic formal reviews of multilingual education (MLE) in the demonstration schools
are undertaken (after 1 and 3 years) and the results widely disseminated.
2. The LanguageinEducation Advisor supports the Ministry of Education, and in
particular the National Directorate for PreSchool Education, with the implementation
and monitoring of the demonstration schools program and ensures that central
leadership receives regular progress reports.
3. Tetun curriculum and text book development and teacher training is enhanced
nationally.
4. Expansion of mother tonguebased MLE is proposed wherever conditions allow (e.g.
willingness of schools/communities and availability of materials in the appropriate
languages). Tetunbased MLE is proposed wherever local languages are not yet
available.
3. Longterm goals (By 2020)
1. L1based or Tetunbased MLE is expanded in areas around the demonstration
schools during or following demonstration in the first cycle of basic education.
2. Plans are made to extend L1 instruction as a subject and as a medium of instruction
(using bilingual methods) in the second cycle of basic education.
3. Teacher training and materials development are expanded to use as many Timorese
languages as possible.
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4. Detailed Implementation Plan
(2011—2013)
4.1. Development of local languages & local language materials
The first consideration is to prepare learners’ mother tongues for educational use. Some
local languages already have some written tradition, while others are at the beginning
stages. The following table describes some initial actions that will facilitate the use of
local languages for beginning literacy and learning. The basic for most actions will be
the voluntary organization of a Council for the Promotion of Mother Tongue (CPMT) for
each local language, consisting of leaders and elders, men and women representing the
interest of the linguistic community and willingness to work with linguists and educators
to develop their languages through education.
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Activity Proposal Responsible Time Frame
Type
2011 2012 2013
Research Investigate preexisting written forms and INL, SecCult focul points x
materials in all Timorese languages and each CPMT
Assess basic needs/incentives of focal points WG committee and x
SecCult
Assess basic needs/incentives of Councils for WG committee and x
Promotion of Mother Tongues SecCult
Assess capacity of INL to accompany linguistic INL, SIL International x
development, determine training, logistical, ad
min and personnel needs
Explore local publishing capacity and determine SecCult, INL, SIL Int’l x x x
how local publishers can be
developed/supported
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Midterm goals:
1. INL has a larger cadre of qualified linguists with improved capacity and support so
that they can provide technical support to the language councils. International and
crossborder cooperation with relevant linguists and language community leaders is
established.
2. Tetun orthography, grammar and terminology development is well developed.
3. Major Timorese languages have harmonised forms, agreed orthographies and
additional linguistic resources (dictionaries, etc).
4. Story books and graded reading materials are developed in the larger Timorese
mother tongues; some content materials are also developed for L1 medium of
instruction at the primary level.
5. Greater numbers of teachers from each linguistic community are trained and
qualified so that there is less reliance on TAs. Willing TAs are able to train and
become qualified teachers.
Longterm goals:
1. INL is a fully functioning linguistic and sociolinguistic research center with
international and local research partnerships.
2. Tetun orthography and terminology is highly developed and widely disseminated.
3. Most Timorese languages have harmonised forms, agreed orthographies and
additional linguistic resources (dictionaries, etc).
4. Story books and graded reading materials are developed in most Timorese mother
tongues, and progress is made in developing L1 content materials as well as
bilingual materials for upper primary.
5. There are sufficient numbers of qualified teachers who speak the relevant mother
tongues, and TAs are no longer needed. Willing TAs have become qualified
teachers.
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4.2 Teacher professional development
Another immediate consideration is the level of teacher preparation for using mother
tongues and Tetun in preprimary and Basic Education. While the needs may seem
great, experience in other countries has shown that raising the speaking, literacy and
teaching capacity of teachers who are already L1 speakers of the language is much
more efficient than raising their capacity in a language they do not speak with facility
(i.e. an L2 or L3). Additional information concerning the content and means of
professional development for teachers is found in Appendix A.
Midterm goals:
1. Clear policy is established for teacher training in the appropriate and systematic
teaching of mother tongues, Tetun and Portuguese, as well as additional
languages.
2. All teachers receive training in Tetun language, its orthography, grammar and
methodology.
3. Teachers in demonstration schools give constructive feedback on training to
improve future training in multilingual education.
4. About 50% of preprimary and primary teachers (Cycle 1 and 2) are trained and
placed depending on their qualifications, including their language repertoires.
5. Some specialised teachers of Portuguese are trained and teaching Portuguese as
a subject at the primary level (Cycle 1 and 2).
Longterm goals:
1. All teachers are appropriately trained and placed depending on their qualifications,
including their language repertoires.
2. The practice of specialising teachers in Portuguese language teaching continues,
and specialised teachers of English and Indonesian are also trained to teach their
languages as electives beginning at the 3rd Cycle and secondary level.
Activity Proposal Responsible Time Frame
Type
2011 2012 2013
Research Investigate teacher language repertoires LEA coordinates with x
(countrywide sample or microsample, self Instituto Nacional de
reports triangulated with proficiency test re Formação de Docentes e
sults) Profissionais da Educação
(INFORDOPE) and NGOs
working in teacher training
Assess basic needs/incentives of teachers LEA, WG committee plus x x
above stakeholders
Assess basic needs/incentives of district ed LEA, WG committee plus x x
ucation staff above stakeholders
Determine which district preprimary/primary LEA, ME x
schools have teachers who are interested in
and willing to work in DEMO schools
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Activity Proposal Responsible Time Frame
Type
2011 2012 2013
Poilcy Countrywide, prioritize Tetun language training LEA, WG committee with x
and MLE teaching methodology for ongoing INFORDOPE, ME and
inservice trainings in 2011 NGOs in teacher training
Determine with ME how district staff in chosen LEA, WG committee with x
areas will support DEMO schools ME
Establish basic job descriptions for mother LEA, WG committee with x
tonguebased MLE teachers and for TAs ME, CPMTs and teachers
and TAs themselves
Determine with ME how the accredited ME, LEA x
preprimary level teacher training course should
be adapted to include L1s (NQF Level 3 or 4)
Determine with ME how MLE teachers and TAs LEA, WG committee with x
will be qualified, how their additional training will ME, CPMT and teachers
be recognized, what incentives will be given, and TAs themselves
and what career options they will have
Determine with ME how preprimary and LEA, WG committee with x x
primary teachers (Cycle 1) will be recruited ME
(affirmative action based on language
proficiency) and placed in the future to allow for
L1based teaching
Determine with ME and INFORDOPE how Te LEA, WG committee with x x
tun can be used in assessing candidates for ME
teacher training (possibly through bi or
multlingual assessment)
Determine with ME how Tetun will be brought in LEA, WG committee with x x
as a medium of instruction for preservice INFORDOPE
training for preprimary and primary teachers
Determine with INFORDOPE how multilingual LEA, WG committee with x x
education methodology will be incorporated into INFORDOPE
preservice training for all primary teachers
Determine with ME how specialist language LEA, WG committee with x x
teachers in Portuguese, English and Bahasa ME and DEMO schools
Indonesia can be trained and placed into a new
basic school organization
Capacity Begin capacity building in MLE methodology SIL Int’l, international x x
Building/ and advocacy for trainers, INL, Working Group MLE specialists
Practice and ME staff who will be involved in preparing
DEMO school staff
Beginning with teachers, principals and district Trainers prepared above, x x x
staff in the selected areas, begin capacity with support from
building in MLE methodology and L1 specialists, plus INL and
literacy/pedagogical language CPMT for L1 proficiency
training
Identify and train specialist language teachers in Existing trainers (with x x x
Portuguese to teach Portuguese as an L3 some methodology
(subject) in DEMO schools. direction from
international specialists?)
Organize schoolbased support for demo LEA, trainers x x x
teachers involving periodic school visits from
district and national staff
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4.3 Curriculum Development
Midterm goals:
1. Multilingual curriculum is developed and serves as the basis for materials
development.
2. Different approaches to multilingual curriculum (i.e. competencies taught in
different languages based on linguistic conditions) documented and developing
continuously.
3. Learners are assessed bi/multilingually in preprimary and lower primary levels.
Longterm goals:
1. More additive approaches to multilingual education are reflected in the
curriculum as languages and teaching skills develop.
2. Learners are assessed bi/multilingually throughout the education system.
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4.4 Advocacy and Public Awareness
The LEA with support from a Working Group public awareness committee should work
with the ME and relevant agencies to produce and disseminate informational materials
through a variety of media, focusing on the communities in which demonstration schools
will be initiated and expanding to the general public. Materials should highlight the
following:
that mother tonguebased MLE is an option that will help improve school re
sults as well as make the learning of national and official languages easier
that other countries (by name) have adopted mother tonguebased methodolo
gies with good results
that the goals are multilingualism and multiliteracy as well as improved and
more
enjoyable learning
that public opinion will be invited based on experiences in local demonstration
schools
that national curriculum guidelines will always be followed
Midterm goals:
1. Multilingual education is understood and discussed widely among stakeholders from
grassroots to centre.
2. Discussion begins concerning adoption an overall language policy for TimorLeste.
Longterm goals:
1. An overall language policy for TimorLeste is adopted.
2. Education and training resources are linked to the policy to ensure its
implementation.
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Activity Proposal Responsible Time Frame
Type
2011 2012 2013
Discuss MLE with focus groups representing different
Research LEA, WG committee x
segments of society to establish the main points of with university
agreement and concern researcher
Policy Determine which messages should be addressed to LEA, WG committee x
the general public and to parents concerning the ben with ME
efits, goals and processes of MLE
Practice Develop multilingual brochures, flyers and other LEA, WG x x x
materials to raise public awareness of MLE and of the committee, ME with
demonstration schools (suggest special Tshirts and Alola andUNICEF
Plan and implement dissemination of awareness LEA, WG committee x x
materials in demonstration areas and nationally
Conduct awareness and consensus meetings with LEA, WG committee
demonstration school community members
Produce press releases at key moments in the LEA, WG committee x x x
startup and continuation of the demonstration,
trainings and other MLErelated events
Produce a short audio recording with interviews of x
key stakeholders describing MLE and the benefits
work with local and national radio to air
Produce short followup recordings each year with x x
updates on the demonstration
Produce a short video with interviews of key LEA, WG x
stakeholders describing MLE and the benefits; work committee, CPMTs,
with local media to air as often as possible ME with Alola and
UNICEF
Produce short followup videos each year showing LEA, WG x x
actual MLE grades with updates on the demo committee, CPMTs,
ME with UNICEF
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4.5 Research and Development
As mentioned above, demonstration schools will form the basis for initiating and
establishing mother tonguebased MLE, beginning with preprimary education with the
intention of expanding into linked primary schools. While it may not be possible to use
all of the L1s for reading, writing and content learning through mid to late primary
schooling due to varying levels of language and materials development, the ADDITIVE
MLE approach and intention should always be clear: promoting oral and written L1 for
as long as possible while teaching Tetun and Portuguese as L2 and L3. Flexibility is
encouraged, and the focus is on learning from the experiences of the demo schools.
Some structures may be built into the demonstration school project so that action
research as well as traditional research and data collection will feed into a monitoring
and evaluation system at the Ministry of Education. It would be helpful if university
researchers could be linked in an ongoing process of raising Monitoring & Evaluation
capacity, developing research capabilities and documenting the activities of the
demonstration schools.
Midterm goals:
1. Research funding is in place for various projects focusing on the demo schools.
2. National and international partnerships are established, integrating government
structures like ME and INL with university and NGO input to build capacity.
3. Monitoring and evaluation procedures are developed and adopted.
4. Research results are shared to improve practice and inform future efforts in MLE.
Longterm goals:
1. Research projects continue to be funded and to feed data back into MLE programs.
2. National research capacity as well as capacity in Monitoring & Evaluation is raised.
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Activity Proposal Responsible Time Frame
Type
2011 2012 2013
Research Once demonstration schools are established, collect LEA, WG commit x
baseline data on schools, teachers and learners tee, ME with
university
researchers
Demo school teachers conduct ongoing action ME with univ x x x
research, meeting with each other and with district researcher support
education staff, reporting to LEA and ME
Researchers visit demo schools on ongoing basis, LEA, university x x x
feeding back teacher input to organizers and researchers
collecting qualitative data to document
implementation
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Content and means of teacher professional APPENDIX A
development
The content of teacher professional development for MLE should include:
L1 literacy and pedagogical vocabulary
Tetun literacy and pedagogical vocabulary
Language teaching methodology (for first, second and additional languages)
Bilingual methodology for content teaching
Pedagogical justification of mother tonguebased MLE
Put another way, teachers should be given access to the following:
Knowledge: Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills vs. Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency
(Cummins), Silent Period (Krashen), role of errors, code switching, relationship between language ac
quisition and learning, bi/multilingualism
Skills: teaching initial and continuing literacy in the L1, language development across the curriculum,
assessing student learning, participatory learning techniques, scaffolding learner understanding, using
a range of strategies, individualising teaching, designing and adapting materials to the level of the
learners
Attitudes: respect for learners’ (and all others’) languages and cultures, respect for individual differ
ences,
positive attitude towards multilingualism, cooperative attitude toward learners’ families
Empowerment: confidence combined with knowledge, skills and attitudes to advocate for mother
tonguebased multilingual education
In terms of the DEMONSTRATION SCHOOL teachers, it is recommended that:
Both experienced teachers and new teachers be selected and trained to use the L1
School principals and district focal points be included in all training offered
Teachers be given continuous pedagogical training and support
The L1 be used for as much as possible of the training; OR if Tetun is used for the training, that group
and individual work be done in the L1
Action research methods be taught to teachers so that they can make adjustments as needed in their
own practices (as well as reporting back to the LC)
Important points regarding Teaching Assistants (TAs)
Rationale and benefits of using TAs:
Where there are not yet enough qualified teachers who have the same mother tongue as their pupils,
paraprofessional TAs can help teachers explain content and give instructions in the community lan
guage.
TAs should be selected by the community and/or by the LC; they help bring the local culture and expe
riences into the classroom.
TAs are usually highly motivated to advocate for learners. They may be volunteers or receive sti
pends; they may be family members of pupils.
TAs trained with their teacher partners tend to collaborate effectively.
Cautions about TAs:
TAs are meant to be a temporary measure where there are not yet enough qualified teachers from the
appropriate language group. This is because the unequal power relationship between teachers and
TAs
maintains the local language in an inferior position.
It is best if there is a career path for TAs who wish to improve their qualifications; for example, accord
ing to the new National Competency Framework they might take a Level 3 or 4 certificate course.
TAs and teachers have to find their own ways to work together to support learners; those who have
difficulty might be encouraged to observe other partnerships that are working well.
TAs should not be required to have high proficiency in L2 and L3, but they need to have enough
bi/multilingualism to interpret for learners into the L1.
COSTING FOR DEMONSTRATION SCHOOLS – APPENDIX B
July to December 2011
12 school sites
TOTAL COST 13,420
(1) Funds already committed from UNICEF/MoE and Govt of ACT (Canberra)
MULTILINGUAL EDUCATION FOR TIMORLESTE
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN