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Image Processing: 15-463: Computational Photography Alexei Efros, CMU, Fall 2005

1. Image processing involves operations that transform digital images by modifying either the range or domain of pixel values. 2. Point processing transforms images by applying functions independently to each pixel, losing all spatial information. Common point processes include negative, log, and power-law transformations for image enhancement. 3. Neighborhood or local processing considers pixels in a neighborhood and can capture spatial information, such as with filtering operations that modify a pixel based on its neighbors. This allows effects like contrast adjustment that point processing cannot achieve.

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42 views

Image Processing: 15-463: Computational Photography Alexei Efros, CMU, Fall 2005

1. Image processing involves operations that transform digital images by modifying either the range or domain of pixel values. 2. Point processing transforms images by applying functions independently to each pixel, losing all spatial information. Common point processes include negative, log, and power-law transformations for image enhancement. 3. Neighborhood or local processing considers pixels in a neighborhood and can capture spatial information, such as with filtering operations that modify a pixel based on its neighbors. This allows effects like contrast adjustment that point processing cannot achieve.

Uploaded by

supriya9900
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Image Processing

15-463: Computational Photography


Some figures from Steve Seitz, and
Gonzalez et al.
Alexei Efros, CMU, Fall 2005
What is an image?
We can think of an image as a function, f,
from R2 to R:
• f( x, y ) gives the intensity at position ( x, y )
• Realistically, we expect the image only to be defined over a
rectangle, with a finite range:
– f: [a,b]x[c,d]  [0,1]

A color image is just three functions pasted together.


We can write this as a “vector-valued” function:
 r ( x, y ) 
f ( x, y )   g ( x, y ) 
 

 b ( x, y ) 

Images as functions
What is a digital image?
We usually operate on digital (discrete)
images:
• Sample the 2D space on a regular grid
• Quantize each sample (round to nearest integer)

If our samples are  apart, we can write this as:


f[i ,j] = Quantize{ f(i , j ) }
The image can now be represented as a matrix
of integer values
Image Processing
An image processing operation typically defines
a new image g in terms of an existing image f.
We can transform either the range of f.

Or the domain of f:

What kinds of operations can each perform?


Image Processing

image filtering: change range of image


g(x) = h(f(x))
f f
h
x x

image warping: change domain of image


g(x) = f(h(x))
f f
h
x x
Image Processing

image filtering: change range of image


g(x) = h(f(x))
f g
h

image warping: change domain of image


g(x) = f(h(x))
f g
h
Point Processing
The simplest kind of range transformations are
these independent of position x,y:
g = t(f)
This is called point processing.

What can they do?


What’s the form of t?

Important: every pixel for himself – spatial


information completely lost!
Basic Point Processing
Negative
Log
Power-law transformations
Image Enhancement
Example: Gamma Correction


sr
e.g . 0.25  0.52.0

1/ 
sr

http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~efros/java/gamma/gamma.html
Contrast Stretching
Image Histograms

Cumulative Histograms

s = T(r)
Histogram Equalization
Neighborhood Processing (filtering)
Q: What happens if I reshuffle all pixels within
the image?

A: It’s histogram won’t change. No point


processing will be affected…

Need spatial information to capture this…


…switch slides

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