Chapter Ii
Chapter Ii
Chapter Ii
This chapter presents the review of literature that relates to the topic of the
research. They are the basic concept of phonology, English pronunciation, drilling
technique, the purpose of teaching pronunciation, the factors influencing students’
pronunciation ability, Text to Speech (TTS) software in language learning, teaching
pronunciation by using “Talk Any” software, the importance of educational software
in the teaching and learning process and the action hypotheses. The topic will be
presented in turn.
1. Initiation Process
The initiation process or airstream mechanism is the process when the air is
expelled from the lungs then it goes through the trachea to the oral/nasal
cavity. In English, speech sounds are the result of “a pulmonic egressive air
stream” (Giegerich, 1992). Ambercrombie in Dr. Photini Coutsougera‟s
journal (2004) says that the airstream provided the action of some organs of
speech that makes audible the movements of other organs. In the same
journal, other expert, Catford (1994: 4) states that the airstream mechanism is
the movements of organs during the organic phase act upon the air contained
within the vocal tract. They compress the air, or dilate it, and they set it
moving in various ways – in rapid puffs, in sudden bursts, in a smooth flow,
in a rough, eddying, turbulent stream, and so on.” There are 3 airstream
mechanisms used in world languages: pulmonic (involving lungs), velaric
(involving velum and tongue) and glottalic (involving glottis and larynx).
3. Oro-Nasal Process
After it has gone through the larynx and the pharynx, the air can go into the
nasal or the oral cavity. Giegerich (1995:3-5) thinks that the air stream can go
either into the nasal or oral activity after having passed the larynx and the
back of the throat (pharynx). This process called oro-nasal process. The
velum is the part responsible for that selection. Through the oro-nasal process,
nasal consonants (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/) can be differentiated to other sounds.
According to the tongue position (Kusuma, 1990:18), the English vowels can be put
in a chart as follows:
Close u:
HIGH i:
Half Close i ʊ
ɜ:
MID e ɔ:
Half Open ə ɔ
LOW æ ʌ
Open ɑ:
(Picture 2.1 Adopted from Kusuma, 1990:18)
c) Contact between the tongue and the roof of the mouth: whether the tip of the
tongue or the back of the tongue is touching a part of the roof of the mouth.
Apart from what kind of instructions should be given to the students, the
teacher should start with pronouncing the words where the sound is at the beginning
of the word, then move on to words where it occurs at the end, then to middle
position (Kenworthy, 1987:70-71). It is usually easier for the students to produce a
new sound in first position. This kind of exercises should also involve self correction
to individual learners where their problems lie and how to repairs them. Besides that,
along with recognition practice, such activity may be an essential part of any
language teaching as they make pronunciation an active element of the learning
process and focus learners on the language they are producing (Dalton, 1997:2).
2.3.1 The Role of Text To Speech (Talk Any) Software as a Media Teaching
According to Khalifa, et al. (2000:2), the appropriate way to use the computer
is as a tool for learning, and the software as a support for the educational programs.
As media in teaching pronunciation, this software has some roles in classroom. First,
a kind of media is able to reduce time of delivering material (Wiharjo, 2007:5). As
result, this media can save a lot of time of the teacher in teaching and learning process
in classroom. Second, the media of software is able to make the classroom to be more
interesting and motivating. Furthermore, Wiharjo (2007:5) states that software can
improve not only attention and concentration of the students but also to improve
motivation of the students’ interest. The abilities of this software are able to imitate
the real foreign speakers’ sound with several characters styles and we can adjust the
speed of voices. The variation of media can help the teacher to drill the students’
pronunciation and also motivate them to build their interest in learning pronunciation.
The roles described above indicate that presentation software is very useful
for both teacher and students in teaching and learning process in classroom.
By using this software, the students not only motivated but also they could be more
active to learn. The “Talk Any” interfaces could be displayed as follow:
(Picture 2.2 The screenshot of “Talk Any”)
1) The personality button, it has twenty different sound, start from male, female,
woman, child robot voices and so on.
2) The pitch button, it has function to adjust the level of voice it will be
automatically adjusted when we choose the personality voice.
3) The speed button, it is used to adjust the tempo of voice, increasing the
number of speed will make the voice faster and if it is decreased the speed of
voice getting slower.
4) The Pitch quality button is to show the natural voice human, the flat voice and
sing voice.
5) The vocal effort button is to show the effect of voice like normal human
voices, human breathy and human whispered sound.
6) The last is the talk it! and Stop Talking button is to start and stop the sound’s
produce.
2.6 The Effect of “Talk Any” as the Media on the Students’ Pronunciation
Ability
Pronunciation is one of the English components that should be taught
seriously. To speak or communicate fluently, the students should have good mastery
in pronunciation. To get the ease in teaching pronunciation, the software as the media
is implemented in the teaching. (Sigafoos, 2007:115) states that, the existence of
computer technology grows sophisticated also has very important roles in teaching
and learning process at various levels. It means that the educational software can help
the educators to develop students’ motivation and enthusiasm in learning process. It is
supported by Khalifa et al. (2000:2) who says that the appropriate way to use the
computer is as a tool for learning, and the software as a support for the educational
programs.
Based on the statements above, the use of technology/software computer in
this case “Talk Any” as the media to assist the teacher and the students to get the ease
in mastering the pronunciation, encourage students to imitate the real voice of native,
motivating and hopefully the students are more enjoyable and interested in practicing
pronunciation to make their good communication in English.