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    Maxwell-Betti Reciprocal Theorem

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    Talha Mahmood
    This document discusses the Maxwell–Betti Reciprocal Relations in linear elastic systems. It states that for a system with discrete loads F1, F2, etc. producing displacements Δ1, Δ2, etc., the strain energy U is equal to the complementary energy Ū and can be expressed as 1/2(F1Δ1 + F2Δ2 + ...). It also proves that the flexibility matrix fij, relating the load Fi to the displacement Δij due to load Fj, is symmetric according to the Maxwell–Betti Reciprocal Theorem.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Maxwell-Betti Reciprocal Theorem

    Uploaded by

    Talha Mahmood
    2K views1 page
    This document discusses the Maxwell–Betti Reciprocal Relations in linear elastic systems. It states that for a system with discrete loads F1, F2, etc. producing displacements Δ1, Δ2, etc., the strain energy U is equal to the complementary energy Ū and can be expressed as 1/2(F1Δ1 + F2Δ2 + ...). It also proves that the flexibility matrix fij, relating the load Fi to the displacement Δij due to load Fj, is symmetric according to the Maxwell–Betti Reciprocal Theorem.

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    This document discusses the Maxwell–Betti Reciprocal Relations in linear elastic systems. It states that for a system with discrete loads F1, F2, etc. producing displacements Δ1, Δ2, etc., the strain energy U is equal to the complementary energy Ū and can be expressed as 1/2(F1Δ1 + F2Δ2 + ...). It also proves that the flexibility matrix fij, relating the load Fi to the displacement Δij due to load Fj, is symmetric according to the Maxwell–Betti Reciprocal Theorem.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2K views1 page

    Maxwell-Betti Reciprocal Theorem

    Uploaded by

    Talha Mahmood
    This document discusses the Maxwell–Betti Reciprocal Relations in linear elastic systems. It states that for a system with discrete loads F1, F2, etc. producing displacements Δ1, Δ2, etc., the strain energy U is equal to the complementary energy Ū and can be expressed as 1/2(F1Δ1 + F2Δ2 + ...). It also proves that the flexibility matrix fij, relating the load Fi to the displacement Δij due to load Fj, is symmetric according to the Maxwell–Betti Reciprocal Theorem.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 1

    University of California at Berkeley CE 130

    Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Section 2


    J. Lubliner Spring 2007

    Maxwell–Betti Reciprocal Relations


    In a linearly elastic system subject to discrete loads F1 , F2 , . . ., if the conjugate displacements
    are ∆1 , ∆2 , . . ., the strain energy U and the complementary energy Ū are equal to
    U = Ū = 21 (F1 ∆1 + F2 ∆2 + . . .)
    The displacements can, in turn, be decomposed as
    ∆1 = ∆11 + ∆12 + . . . , ∆2 = ∆21 + ∆22 + . . . , etc.,
    where ∆ij is the part of ∆i that is due to the load Fj , and can be expressed as
    ∆ij = fij Fj ,
    fij being the corresponding flexibility coefficient.
    According to the Maxwell–Betti Reciprocal Theorem,
    Fi ∆ij = Fj ∆ji
    (the work done by one load on the displacement due to a second load is equal to the work
    done by the second load on the displacement due to the first), or, equivalently,
    fij = fji
    (the flexibility matrix is symmetric).
    To prove the theorem, it is sufficient to consider a system with only two loads. If only
    F1 is applied first, the displacement ∆1 has the value ∆11 (while ∆2 has the value ∆21 )and
    the strain energy at that stage is 12 F1 ∆11 . Applying F2 (with F1 remaining in place) results
    in the additional displacements ∆12 and ∆22 . The work done by F2 is 21 F2 ∆22 , while the
    additional work done by F1 is F1 ∆12 (note the absence of the factor of one-half, since F1
    remains constant in the process). The final value of the strain energy (or complementary
    energy) is therefore
    U = Ū = 21 F1 ∆11 + 12 F2 ∆22 + F1 ∆12 .
    If the order of application of the loads is reversed, the result is obviously
    U = Ū = 12 F2 ∆22 + 12 F1 ∆11 + F2 ∆21 .
    In a linear elastic system, however, the complementary energy is a function of the loads only
    and is independent of the order in which they are applied. Consequently,
    F1 ∆12 = F2 ∆21 ,
    and the theorem is proved.
    It also follows that the stiffness matrix [kij ] = [fij ]−1 is symmetric.

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