1 Flow Over Notches 1. Introduction. 2°Types of Notches. 3. Discharge over a Rectangular Notch. 4. Discharge over a Triangular Notch. _ 5. Advantages of a Trinagular Notch over a Rectangular Notch. 6. Discharge over a | Trapezoidal Notch. 7. Discharge over a Stepped Notch. 8. Time of Emprying a Tank over a Rectangular Notch. 9. Time of Emptying a Tank over a Triangular Notch. 10. Effect on the Discharge over a Notch, due” to an Error in the Measurement of Head. 11. Effect on the Discharge over a Rectangular Notch, due to an Evrorin the Méasurement of Head. 12. Effect on the Discharge over a Triangular Notch due 10 an Error in the Measurement of Head. er een RASA 11-1 Introduction ‘A notch may be defined as-an opening in one side of a tank or a reservo with the upstream liquid level below the top edge of the opening as shown in Fig. 11-1. Since the top edge of the notch above the liquid level serves no purpose, therefore a notch may have only the bottom edge and sides. ‘The bottom edge, over which the liquid flows, is known as sill or crest of the notch and the sheet of liquid flowing over a notch (or a weir) is known as nappe or vein. A notch is, usually, made of a metallic plate and is used to measure the discharge of liquids. ‘11-2. Types of Notches Fig. 11-1. A Notch? — There are many types of notches, depending upon their shapes. But the following are imp from the subject point of view : 4 1, Rectangular notch, 2.° Triangular notch, 3. Trapezoidal notch, and : : 4. Stepped notch. In this chapter, we shall discuss the discharge or the phenomenon associated with di cover all thése notches one-by-one. 3 11-3 Discharge over a Rectangular Notch Consider a rectangular notch in one side of a tank over which water is flowing as s Fig. 11-2. ‘ ' Let ; H_ = Height of water above sill of the notch,” b = Width or length of the notch, and ¢,Flow Over Notches 195 Fig. 11-2. Rectangular notch, Let us consider a horizontal strip of water of thickness dh at a depth of 4 from the water level ss shown in Fig. 11-2. - ., Area of the strip = b.dh —. We know that the theoretical velocity of water through the strip ae. = /2gh +++ (ii) snd discharge through the strip, : dq = C, x Area of strip x Theoretical velocity =C,. bdh J2gh + iii) The total discharge, over the whole notch, may be found out by integrating the above equation within the limits 0 and H. H = Q if Cy.b.dh J2gh oO a = Cy.b.dh 2g J h'? dh 0 4 1? = Cy.b 2g > 2 bo = cub a [wryt 2 wren b 2g (Hy? Note : Sometimes, the limits of integration, in the above equation, are from H, to HY, (ce, the liquid lvel is ata height of H, above the top of the notch and H, above the bottom of the notch, instead of 0 ta H. Then the discharge over such a notch will be given by the equation : a - = 2 Cd.b Je (43°? 42%) Example 11-1. 4 rectangular notch 0.5 metres wide has a constant head of 400 mm. Find the discharge over the notch in litres per second, if the coefficient of discharge for the notch is 0-62. Solution. Given : b = 0-5 m; H = 400 mm = 0-4 mand C, = 0-62. ‘We know that the discharge over the rectangular notch, Q= z Ca.b f2g (HY? mis196 Flow Over Notches 2 - e-3 0:62 * 0:5 f2x9-81 (0-4)? m’/s = 0-915 x 0-253 = 0-231 m/s = 231 litres/s Ans. Example 11-2. 4 rectangular notch has a discharge of 21-5 cubic metres per minute, when the head of water is half the length of the notch. Find the length of the notch. Assume Cy = 0-6. Solution. Given : Q = 21-5 m/min = 21-5/60 = 0-358 m/s; H = b/2 = 0-5 b and C,.= 0-6. 7 We know that the discharge over the rectangular notch (Q), 2 0-358 = Cy .b J2g (HY? an - = 0-6 x b 2x9 81 G) = 0-626 b*? A p82 = 0-358/0:626=0:572 or b= 08m Ans. 11-4 Discharge over a Triangular No‘ch A triangular notch is also called a V-notch. Consider a triangular notch, in one side of the tank, over which water is flowing as shown in Fig. 11:3. Let H = Height of the liquid above : the apex of the notch, ® = Angle of the notch, and C, = Coefficient of discharge. From the geometry of the figure, we find that the width of the notch at the water surface : = 2H tan > Notch 0 ‘Area of the strip = 2 (H=A) tan >. dh 2 Fig. 11-3. Triangular notch We know that the theoretical velocity of water through the strip = 2h and discharge over the notch, dq = C, * Area of strip * Theoretical velocity 8 =C,*2(H-W) tan 5 dh y2eh By ” ‘The total discharge, over the whole notch, may be found out by integrating the above equi within the limits 0 and H. H : 8 o- Jou.2-) tan 5 dh aah ° = 2C, \28 tan $ (H-h) fh dh tz ots = 8 FE iia 2 yi = 2C, 2K tan 5 [can'? - ny?) ahFlow Over Noiches 197 oe] HA? 45 @ = 2C, V2@ tan > 7 2 25 = 3 Cy J2g tan $ x A? Cor. If @ = 90°, C,= 0-6 and g = 9:81 m/s?, then Q =1-417 H? 11-5 Advantages of a Triangular Notch over a Rectangular Notch Following are the advantages of a triangular notch over a rectangular notch : 1, Only one reading i.e., head (H) is required to be taken for the measurement of discharge in a given triangular notch. 2. If, in a triangular notch the angle of the notch ie, @ = 90°, the formula becomes very simple (i.e., Q = 1.417 H°2) to remember. 3. A traingular notch givés more accurate results for low discharges than a rectangular notch, 4. The same triangular notch can measure a wide range of flows accurately. Example 11-3. 4 right-angled V-notch was used to measure the discharge of a centrifugal pump. If the depth of water at V-notch is 200 mm, calculate the discharge over the notch in litres per minute. Assume coefficient of discharge as 0-62. Solution. Given 6 = 90°; H = 200 mm = 0.2 m and C, = 0-62. We know that the discharge over the triangular noch, 0 = 2c, fi an xn” if, ax 0-62 x J2* 9-81 tan 45°x (0-2)>? m/s = 1-465 x 0-018 = 0-026 m/s = 26 litres/s = 1560 litres/min Ans. Example 11-4. During an experiment in a laboratory, 280 litres of water flowing over a right-angled notch was collected in one minute. If the head of water over the sill is 100 mm, calculate the coefficient of discharge of the notch. : Solution. Given : Q = 280 litres/min = 0-28 m/min = 0.0047 m'/s and H = 100 mm = 0-1 m. We know that the discharge over the triangular notch (Q), ; 0.0047 = * C, ¥2g tan $ x Ho? : -3c, 2 981 tan 45° x (0-15? =0 0075C, 3 C, = 0.0047 / 0.0075 = 0-627 Ans. Example 11:5. 4 rectangular channel of 1-5 metre width is used to carry 0-2 cubic metre of ver The rate of flow is measured by placing a 90° V-notch weir. If the maximum depth of water is 10 exceed 1-2 metres, find the positiori of the apex of the notch from. the bed of the channel. ibume C, = 0.6. eS Solution. Given : ‘Width of rectangi r notch (b) = 1-5 m; Q=0:2 m'/s; @ = 90° and C,=0.6. Let H = Height of water above the apex of notch.