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  • IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN: Draft Standard

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    The document summarizes the key aspects of the IEEE 802.11 draft standard for wireless local area networks (WLANs). It describes the standard's use of frequency hopping spread spectrum and direct sequence spread spectrum techniques. It also outlines the standard's media access control protocol, physical layer specifications, security features, and theoretical maximum throughput calculations. The presentation was intended to describe the relationship between 802.11 and other LANs.

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    The document summarizes the key aspects of the IEEE 802.11 draft standard for wireless local area networks (WLANs). It describes the standard's use of frequency hopping spread spectrum and direct sequence spread spectrum techniques. It also outlines the standard's media access control protocol, physical layer specifications, security features, and theoretical maximum throughput calculations. The presentation was intended to describe the relationship between 802.11 and other LANs.

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    79 views23 pages

    IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN: Draft Standard

    Uploaded by

    swapankumar62
    The document summarizes the key aspects of the IEEE 802.11 draft standard for wireless local area networks (WLANs). It describes the standard's use of frequency hopping spread spectrum and direct sequence spread spectrum techniques. It also outlines the standard's media access control protocol, physical layer specifications, security features, and theoretical maximum throughput calculations. The presentation was intended to describe the relationship between 802.11 and other LANs.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 23

    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN


    draft Standard

    Keith B. Amundsen
    Wireless Solutions
    508-470-9483
    keith_b_amundsen@raytheon.com
    October 24, 1996
    Worcester Polytechnic Institute

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    Introduction

    • IEEE 802.11 Draft 5.0 is a draft standard for Wireless Local Area
    Network (WLAN) communication.

    • This tutorial is intended to describe the relationship between


    802.11 and other LANs, and to describe some of the details of its
    operation.

    • It is assumed that the audience is familiar with serial data


    communications, the use of LANs and has some knowledge of
    radios.

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    Agenda

    • Glossary of 802.11 Wireless Terms


    • Overview
    • 802.11 Media Access Control (MAC)
    • Frequency Hopping and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
    Techniques
    • 802.11 Physical Layer (PHY)
    • Security
    • Performance
    • Inter Access Point Protocol
    • Implementation Support
    • Raytheon Implementation

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    Glossary of 802.11 Wireless Terms

    • Station (STA): A computer or device with a wireless network


    interface.
    • Access Point (AP): Device used to bridge the wireless-wired
    boundary, or to increase distance as a wireless packet repeater.
    • Ad Hoc Network: A temporary one made up of stations in mutual
    range.
    • Infrastructure Network: One with one or more Access Points.
    • Channel: A radio frequency band, or Infrared, used for shared
    communication.
    • Basic Service Set (BSS): A set of stations communicating
    wirelessly on the same channel in the same area, Ad Hoc or
    Infrastructure.
    • Extended Service Set (ESS): A set BSSs and wired LANs with
    Access Points that appear as a single logical BSS.

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    Glossary of 802.11 Wireless Terms, cont.

    • BSSID & ESSID: Data fields identifying a stations BSS & ESS.
    • Clear Channel Assessment (CCA): A station function used to
    determine when it is OK to transmit.
    • Association: A function that maps a station to an Access Point.
    • MAC Service Data Unit (MSDU): Data Frame passed between user
    & MAC.
    • MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU): Data Frame passed between
    MAC & PHY.
    • PLCP Packet (PLCP_PDU): Data Packet passed from PHY to PHY
    over the Wireless Medium.

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    Overview, IEEE 802, and 802.11 Working Group

    • IEEE Project 802 charter:


    – Local & Metropolitan Area Networks
    – 1Mb/s to 100Mb/s and higher
    – 2 lower layers of 7 Layer OSI Reference Model
    • IEEE 802.11 Working Group scope:
    – Wireless connectivity for fixed, portable and moving stations
    within a limited area
    – Appear to higher layers (LLC) the same as existing 802
    standards
    • Transparent support of mobility (mobility across router
    ports is being address by a higher layer committee)

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    Overview, IEEE 802.11 Committee

    • Committee formed in 1990


    – Wide attendance
    • Multiple Physical Layers
    – Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
    – Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
    – Infrared
    • 2.4GHz Industrial, Scientific & Medical shared unlicensed band
    – 2.4 to 2.4835GHz with FCC transmitted power limits
    • 2Mb/s & 1Mb/s data transfer
    • 50 to 200 feet radius wireless coverage
    • Draft 5.0 Letter Ballot passed and forwarded to Sponsor Ballot
    – Published Standard anticipated 1997
    • Next 802.11 - November 11-14, Vancouver, BC
    – Chairman - Victor Hayes, v.hayes@ieee.org

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    Overview, 802.11 Architecture

    ESS

    Existing
    Wired LAN
    AP AP
    STA BSS STA STA BSS STA
    Infrastructure
    Network

    STA STA
    Ad Hoc BSS BSS Ad Hoc
    Network Network
    STA STA

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    Overview, Wired vs. Wireless LANs

    • 802.3 (Ethernet) uses CSMA/CD, Carrier Sense Multiple Access


    with 100% Collision Detect for reliable data transfer

    • 802.11 has CSMA/CA (Collision Avoidance)


    – Large differences in signal strengths
    – Collisions can only be inferred afterward
    • Transmitters fail to get a response
    • Receivers see corrupted data through a CRC error

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    802.11 Media Access Control

    • Carrier Sense: Listen before talking


    • Handshaking to infer collisions
    – DATA-ACK packets
    • Collision Avoidance
    – RTS-CTS-DATA-ACK to request the medium
    – Duration information in each packet
    – Random Backoff after collision is determined
    – Net Allocation Vector (NAV) to reserve bandwidth
    – Hidden Nodes use CTS duration information

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    802.11 Media Access Control, cont.

    • Fragmentation
    – Bit Error Rate (BER) goes up with distance and decreases the
    probability of successfully transmitting long frames
    – MSDUs given to MAC can be broken up into smaller MPDUs
    given to PHY, each with a sequence number for reassembly
    • Can increase range by allowing operation at higher BER
    • Lessens the impact of collisions
    • Trade overhead for overhead of RTS-CTS
    • Less impact from Hidden Nodes

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    802.11 Media Access Control, cont

    • Beacons used convey network parameters such as hop sequence


    • Probe Requests and Responses used to join a network
    • Power Savings Mode
    – Frames stored at Access Point or Stations for sleeping
    Stations
    – Traffic Indication Map (TIM) in Frames alerts awaking Stations

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    Frequency Hopping and Direct Sequence Spread


    Spectrum Techniques
    • Spread Spectrum used to avoid interference from licensed and
    other non-licensed users, and from noise, e.g., microwave ovens
    • Frequency Hopping (FHSS)
    – Using one of 78 hop sequences, hop to a new 1MHz channel
    (out of the total of 79 channels) at least every 400milliseconds
    • Requires hop acquisition and synchronization
    • Hops away from interference
    • Direct Sequence (DSSS)
    – Using one of 11 overlapping channels, multiply the data by an
    11-bit number to spread the 1M-symbol/sec data over 11MHz
    • Requires RF linearity over 11MHz
    • Spreading yields processing gain at receiver
    • Less immune to interference

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    802.11 Physical Layer

    • Preamble Sync, 16-bit Start Frame Delimiter, PLCP Header including


    16-bit Header CRC, MPDU, 32-bit CRC
    • FHSS
    – 2 & 4GFSK
    – Data Whitening for Bias Suppression
    • 32/33 bit stuffing and block inversion
    • 7-bit LFSR scrambler
    – 80-bit Preamble Sync pattern
    – 32-bit Header
    • DSSS
    – DBPSK & DQPSK
    – Data Scrambling using 8-bit LFSR
    – 128-bit Preamble Sync pattern
    – 48-bit Header

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    802.11 Physical Layer, cont.

    • Antenna Diversity
    – Multipath fading a signal can inhibit reception
    – Multiple antennas can significantly minimize
    – Spacial Separation of Orthoganality
    – Choose Antenna during Preamble Sync pattern
    • Presence of Preamble Sync pattern
    • Presence of energy
    • RSSI - Received Signal Strength Indication
    • Combination of both
    • Clear Channel Assessment
    – Require reliable indication that channel is in use to defer
    transmission
    – Use same mechanisms as for Antenna Diversity
    – Use NAV information

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    Security

    • Authentication: A function that determines whether a Station is


    allowed to participate in network communication
    – Open System (null authentication) & Shared Key
    • WEP - Wired Equivalent Privacy
    • Encryption of data
    • ESSID offers casual separation of traffic

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks
    Performance, Theoretical Maximum Throughput

    • Throughput numbers in Mbits/sec:


    – Assumes 100ms beacon interval, RTS, CTS used, no collision
    – Slide courtesy of Matt Fischer, AMD

    1 Mbit/sec 2 Mbit/sec

    MSDU size DS FH (400ms DS FH (400ms


    (bytes) hop time) hop time)

    128 0.364 0.364 0.517 0.474

    512 0.694 0.679 1.163 1.088

    512 0.503 0.512 0.781 0.759


    (frag size = 128)
    2304 0.906 0.860 1.720 1.624

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    Inter Access Point Protocol

    • Not covered in draft standard


    • Aironet & Lucent presented to 802.11 in July
    – Desired for secure environments
    – Desired for wireless infrastructure Distribution Systems that
    have no wired backbone
    • Full discussion at 802.11 in November

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    Implementation Support

    • Advanced Micro Devices Am79C930 PCnetTM-Mobile Controller


    • OKI Semiconductor MSM7712 Wireless LAN Controller
    • Raytheon GaAs RF MMICs

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks
    AMD Am79C930 PCnetTM-Mobile
    • MAC Soft -> 80188 based architecture
    • IEEE 802.11 MAC Firmware provided by AMD
    • PHY independent
    – Programmable interface supports all PHY types
    • Device Driver software available
    – NDIS3, NDIS2, ODI
    • 144 pin TQFP package
    • PCMCIA & ISA Plug & Play interfaces
    • 5 & 3 volt functionality
    • 1 & 2 Mbit/sec data rates, with dynamic rate switching
    capability
    • Evaluation software & HW available
    • Cyrus Namazi: 408 749 3415

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    OKI MSM7712 Wireless LAN Controller

    • Support for IEEE 802.11 draft standards


    • Suitable for low-cost stations and access points
    • PCMCIA compliant (v2.1) interface supporting 16-bit transfers
    • On-chip radio modem for high-throughput data transfers
    • Interface to radio providing antenna select, power control, and
    synthesizer programming
    • Processor interface support for 80C86, 80C186, V33 & V53A
    • Multi-port memory control for local simplified shared memory
    • EEPROM interface to download configuration data and provide non-
    volatile card parameter storage
    • Low-power mode for low power battery applications
    • 5V external and 3.3V core operation
    • 144-pin LQFP suitable for PCMCIA Type II cards
    • Scott Gardner: 408-737-6357

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    Raytheon GaAs RF MMICs

    • RMCS2410-10
    – 2.4GHz Upconverter / Downconverter
    – 28-pin flat pack

    • RMMS2410-10
    – 2.4GHz Power Amplifier
    – 2.4GHz Low Noise Amplifier
    – 28-pin flat pack

    Microelectronics
    THE SECOND IEEE WORKSHOP ON Wireless Local Area Networks

    Raytheon Implementation

    • PC Card (Station)
    – Custom ASIC
    • MAC
    • PCMCIA Interface
    • Radio Modem
    – Microprocessor
    – Memory
    – Dual Antenna
    • Access Point
    – Microprocessor
    – Ethernet Interface
    – PCMCIA Interface
    – Memory

    Microelectronics

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