The Scarlet Letter

Nathaniel Hawthorne

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The Scarlet Letter

EDITOR’S NOTE
Nathaniel Hawthorne was already a man of forty-six,
and a tale writer of some twenty-four years’ standing,
when ‘The Scarlet Letter’ appeared. He was born at
Salem, Mass., on July 4th, 1804, son of a sea-captain. He
led there a shy and rather sombre life; of few artistic
encouragements, yet not wholly uncongenial, his moody,
intensely meditative temperament being considered. Its
colours and shadows are marvelously reflected in his
‘Twice-Told Tales’ and other short stories, the product of
his first literary period. Even his college days at Bowdoin
did not quite break through his acquired and inherited
reserve; but beneath it all, his faculty of divining men and
women was exercised with almost uncanny prescience and
subtlety. ‘The Scarlet Letter,’ which explains as much of
this unique imaginative art, as is to be gathered from
reading his highest single achievement, yet needs to be
ranged with his other writings, early and late, to have its
last effect. In the year that saw it published, he began ‘The
House of the Seven Gables,’ a later romance or prose-
tragedy of the Puritan-American community as he had
himself known it - defrauded of art and the joy of life,

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The Scarlet Letter

‘starving for symbols’ as Emerson has it. Nathaniel

Hawthorne died at Plymouth, New Hampshire, on May
18th, 1864.
The following is the table of his romances, stories, and
other works:
Fanshawe, published anonymously, 1826; Twice-Told
Tales, 1st Series, 1837; 2nd Series, 1842; Grandfather’s
Chair, a history for youth, 1845: Famous Old People
(Grandfather’s Chair), 1841 Liberty Tree: with the last
words of Grandfather’s Chair, 1842; Biographical Stories
for Children, 1842; Mosses from an Old Manse, 1846;
The Scarlet Letter, 1850; The House of the Seven Gables,
1851: True Stories from History and Biography (the
whole History of Grandfather’s Chair), 1851 A Wonder
Book for Girls and Boys, 1851; The Snow Image and
other Tales, 1851: The Blithedale Romance, 1852; Life of
Franklin Pierce, 1852; Tanglewood Tales (2nd Series of
the Wonder Book), 1853; A Rill from the Town-Pump,
with remarks, by Telba, 1857; The Marble Faun; or, The
Romance of Monte Beni (4 EDITOR’S NOTE)
(published in England under the title of ‘Transformation’),
1860, Our Old Home, 1863; Dolliver Romance (1st Part
in ‘Atlantic Monthly’), 1864; in 3 Parts, 1876; Pansie, a
fragment, Hawthorne’ last literary effort, 1864; American

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Note-Books, 1868; English Note Books, edited by Sophia

Hawthorne, 1870; French and Italian Note Books, 1871;
Septimius Felton; or, the Elixir of Life (from the ‘Atlantic
Monthly’), 1872; Doctor Grimshawe’s Secret, with
Preface and Notes by Julian Hawthorne, 1882.
Tales of the White Hills, Legends of New England,
Legends of the Province House, 1877, contain tales which
had already been printed in book form in ‘Twice-Told
Tales’ and the ‘Mosses’ ‘Sketched and Studies,’ 1883.
Hawthorne’s contributions to magazines were
numerous, and most of his tales appeared first in
periodicals, chiefly in ‘The Token,’ 1831-1838, ‘New
England Magazine,’ 1834,1835; ‘Knickerbocker,’ 1837-
1839; ‘Democratic Review,’ 1838-1846; ‘Atlantic
Monthly,’ 1860-1872 (scenes from the Dolliver Romance,
Septimius Felton, and passages from Hawthorne’s Note-
Books).
Works: in 24 volumes, 1879; in 12 volumes, with
introductory notes by Lathrop, Riverside Edition, 1883.
Biography, etc. ; A. H. Japp (pseud. H. A. Page),
Memoir of N. Hawthorne, 1872; J. T. Field’s ‘Yesterdays
with Authors,’ 1873 G. P. Lathrop, ‘A Study of
Hawthorne,’ 1876; Henry James English Men of Letters,
1879; Julian Hawthorne, ‘Nathaniel Hawthorne and his

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wife,’ 1885; Moncure D. Conway, Life of Nathaniel

Hawthorne, 1891; Analytical Index of Hawthorne’s
Works, by E. M. O’Connor 1882.

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THE CUSTOM-HOUSE
INTRODUCTORY TO ‘THE
SCARLET LETTER"
It is a little remarkable, that—though disinclined to talk
overmuch of myself and my affairs at the fireside, and to
my personal friends—an autobiographical impulse should
twice in my life have taken possession of me, in addressing
the public. The first time was three or four years since,
when I favoured the reader—inexcusably, and for no
earthly reason that either the indulgent reader or the
intrusive author could imagine—with a description of my
way of life in the deep quietude of an Old Manse. And
now—because, beyond my deserts, I was happy enough to
find a listener or two on the former occasion—I again
seize the public by the button, and talk of my three years’
experience in a Custom-House. The example of the
famous ‘P. P. , Clerk of this Parish,’ was never more
faithfully followed. The truth seems to be, however, that
when he casts his leaves forth upon the wind, the author
addresses, not the many who will fling aside his volume,
or never take it up, but the few who will understand him
better than most of his schoolmates or lifemates. Some

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authors, indeed, do far more than this, and indulge

themselves in such confidential depths of revelation as
could fittingly be addressed only and exclusively to the
one heart and mind of perfect sympathy; as if the printed
book, thrown at large on the wide world, were certain to
find out the divided segment of the writer’s own nature,
and complete his circle of existence by bringing him into
communion with it. It is scarcely decorous, however, to
speak all, even where we speak impersonally. But, as
thoughts are frozen and utterance benumbed, unless the
speaker stand in some true relation with his audience, it
may be pardonable to imagine that a friend, a kind and
apprehensive, though not the closest friend, is listening to
our talk; and then, a native reserve being thawed by this
genial consciousness, we may prate of the circumstances
that lie around us, and even of ourself, but still keep the
inmost Me behind its veil. To this extent, and within these
limits, an author, methinks, may be autobiographical,
without violating either the reader’s rights or his own.
It will be seen, likewise, that this Custom-House sketch
has a certain propriety, of a kind always recognised in
literature, as explaining how a large portion of the
following pages came into my possession, and as offering
proofs of the authenticity of a narrative therein contained.

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This, in fact—a desire to put myself in my true position as

editor, or very little more, of the most prolix among the
tales that make up my volume—this, and no other, is my
true reason for assuming a personal relation with the
public. In accomplishing the main purpose, it has appeared
allowable, by a few extra touches, to give a faint
representation of a mode of life not heretofore described,
together with some of the characters that move in it,
among whom the author happened to make one.
In my native town of Salem, at the head of what, half a
century ago, in the days of old King Derby, was a bustling
wharf—but which is now burdened with decayed wooden
warehouses, and exhibits few or no symptoms of
commercial life; except, perhaps, a bark or brig, half-way
down its melancholy length, discharging hides; or, nearer
at hand, a Nova Scotia schooner, pitching out her cargo of
firewood—at the head, I say, of this dilapidated wharf,
which the tide often overflows, and along which, at the
base and in the rear of the row of buildings, the track of
many languid years is seen in a border of unthrifty grass—
here, with a view from its front windows adown this not
very enlivening prospect, and thence across the harbour,
stands a spacious edifice of brick. From the loftiest point of
its roof, during precisely three and a half hours of each

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forenoon, floats or droops, in breeze or calm, the banner

of the republic; but with the thirteen stripes turned
vertically, instead of horizontally, and thus indicating that a
civil, and not a military, post of Uncle Sam’s government
is here established. Its front is ornamented with a portico
of half-a-dozen wooden pillars, supporting a balcony,
beneath which a flight of wide granite steps descends
towards the street Over the entrance hovers an enormous
specimen of the American eagle, with outspread wings, a
shield before her breast, and, if I recollect aright, a bunch
of intermingled thunder- bolts and barbed arrows in each
claw. With the customary infirmity of temper that
characterizes this unhappy fowl, she appears by the
fierceness of her beak and eye, and the general truculency
of her attitude, to threaten mischief to the inoffensive
community; and especially to warn all citizens careful of
their safety against intruding on the premises which she
overshadows with her wings. Nevertheless, vixenly as she
looks, many people are seeking at this very moment to
shelter themselves under the wing of the federal eagle;
imagining, I presume, that her bosom has all the softness
and snugness of an eiderdown pillow. But she has no great
tenderness even in her best of moods, and, sooner or
later—oftener soon than late—is apt to fling off her

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nestlings with a scratch of her claw, a dab of her beak, or a

rankling wound from her barbed arrows.
The pavement round about the above-described
edifice—which we may as well name at once as the
Custom-House of the port—has grass enough growing in
its chinks to show that it has not, of late days, been worn
by any multitudinous resort of business. In some months
of the year, however, there often chances a forenoon
when affairs move onward with a livelier tread. Such
occasions might remind the elderly citizen of that period,
before the last war with England, when Salem was a port
by itself; not scorned, as she is now, by her own merchants
and ship-owners, who permit her wharves to crumble to
ruin while their ventures go to swell, needlessly and
imperceptibly, the mighty flood of commerce at New
York or Boston. On some such morning, when three or
four vessels happen to have arrived at once usually from
Africa or South America—or to be on the verge of their
departure thitherward, there is a sound of frequent feet
passing briskly up and down the granite steps. Here, before
his own wife has greeted him, you may greet the sea-
flushed ship-master, just in port, with his vessel’s papers
under his arm in a tarnished tin box. Here, too, comes his
owner, cheerful, sombre, gracious or in the sulks,

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accordingly as his scheme of the now accomplished

voyage has been realized in merchandise that will readily
be turned to gold, or has buried him under a bulk of
incommodities such as nobody will care to rid him of.
Here, likewise—the germ of the wrinkle-browed, grizzly-
bearded, careworn merchant—we have the smart young
clerk, who gets the taste of traffic as a wolf-cub does of
blood, and already sends adventures in his master’s ships,
when he had better be sailing mimic boats upon a mill-
pond. Another figure in the scene is the outward-bound
sailor, in quest of a protection; or the recently arrived one,
pale and feeble, seeking a passport to the hospital. Nor
must we forget the captains of the rusty little schooners
that bring firewood from the British provinces; a rough-
looking set of tarpaulins, without the alertness of the
Yankee aspect, but contributing an item of no slight
importance to our decaying trade.
Cluster all these individuals together, as they sometimes
were, with other miscellaneous ones to diversify the
group, and, for the time being, it made the Custom-
House a stirring scene. More frequently, however, on
ascending the steps, you would discern — in the entry if it
were summer time, or in their appropriate rooms if wintry
or inclement weathers row of venerable figures, sitting in

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old-fashioned chairs, which were tipped on their hind legs

back against the wall. Oftentimes they were asleep, but
occasionally might be heard talking together, ill voices
between a speech and a snore, and with that lack of energy
that distinguishes the occupants of alms-houses, and all
other human beings who depend for subsistence on
charity, on monopolized labour, or anything else but their
own independent exertions. These old gentlemen—seated,
like Matthew at the receipt of custom, but not very liable
to be summoned thence, like him, for apostolic errands—
were Custom-House officers.
Furthermore, on the left hand as you enter the front
door, is a certain room or office, about fifteen feet square,
and of a lofty height, with two of its arched windows
commanding a view of the aforesaid dilapidated wharf,
and the third looking across a narrow lane, and along a
portion of Derby Street. All three give glimpses of the
shops of grocers, block-makers, slop-sellers, and ship-
chandlers, around the doors of which are generally to be
seen, laughing and gossiping, clusters of old salts, and such
other wharf-rats as haunt the Wapping of a seaport. The
room itself is cobwebbed, and dingy with old paint; its
floor is strewn with grey sand, in a fashion that has
elsewhere fallen into long disuse; and it is easy to

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conclude, from the general slovenliness of the place, that

this is a sanctuary into which womankind, with her tools
of magic, the broom and mop, has very infrequent access.
In the way of furniture, there is a stove with a voluminous
funnel; an old pine desk with a three-legged stool beside
it; two or three wooden-bottom chairs, exceedingly
decrepit and infirm; and—not to forget the library—on
some shelves, a score or two of volumes of the Acts of
Congress, and a bulky Digest of the Revenue laws. A tin
pipe ascends through the ceiling, and forms a medium of
vocal communication with other parts of be edifice. And
here, some six months ago—pacing from corner to corner,
or lounging on the long-legged tool, with his elbow on
the desk, and his eyes wandering up and down the
columns of the morning newspaper—you might have
recognised, honoured reader, the same individual who
welcomed you into his cheery little study, where the
sunshine glimmered so pleasantly through the willow
branches on the western side of the Old Manse. But now,
should you go thither to seek him, you would inquire in
vain for the Locofoco Surveyor. The besom of reform
hath swept him out of office, and a worthier successor
wears his dignity and pockets his emoluments.

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This old town of Salem—my native place, though I

have dwelt much away from it both in boyhood and
maturer years—possesses, or did possess, a hold on my
affection, the force of which I have never realized during
my seasons of actual residence here. Indeed, so far as its
physical aspect is concerned, with its flat, unvaried surface,
covered chiefly with wooden houses, few or none of
which pretend to architectural beauty—its irregularity,
which is neither picturesque nor quaint, but only tame—
its long and lazy street, lounging wearisomely through the
whole extent of the peninsula, with Gallows Hill and New
Guinea at one end, and a view of the alms-house at the
other—such being the features of my native town, it
would be quite as reasonable to form a sentimental
attachment to a disarranged checker-board. And yet,
though invariably happiest elsewhere, there is within me a
feeling for Old Salem, which, in lack of a better phrase, I
must be content to call affection. The sentiment is
probably assignable to the deep and aged roots which my
family has stuck into the soil. It is now nearly two
centuries and a quarter since the original Briton, the
earliest emigrant of my name, made his appearance in the
wild and forest—bordered settlement which has since
become a city. And here his descendants have been born

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The Scarlet Letter

and died, and have mingled their earthly substance with

the soil, until no small portion of it must necessarily be
akin to the mortal frame wherewith, for a little while, I
walk the streets. In part, therefore, the attachment which I
speak of is the mere sensuous sympathy of dust for dust.
Few of my countrymen can know what it is; nor, as
frequent transplantation is perhaps better for the stock,
need they consider it desirable to know.
But the sentiment has likewise its moral quality. The
figure of that first ancestor, invested by family tradition
with a dim and dusky grandeur, was present to my boyish
imagination as far back as I can remember. It still haunts
me, and induces a sort of home-feeling with the past,
which I scarcely claim in reference to the present phase of
the town. I seem to have a stronger claim to a residence
here on account of this grave, bearded, sable-cloaked, and
steeple-crowned progenitor-who came so early, with his
Bible and his sword, and trode the unworn street with
such a stately port, and made so large a figure, as a man of
war and peace—a stronger claim than for myself, whose
name is seldom heard and my face hardly known. He was
a soldier, legislator, judge; he was a ruler in the Church;
he had all the Puritanic traits, both good and evil. He was
likewise a bitter persecutor; as witness the Quakers, who

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have remembered him in their histories, and relate an

incident of his hard severity towards a woman of their
sect, which will last longer, it is to be feared, than any
record of his better deeds, although these were many. His
son, too, inherited the persecuting spirit, and made himself
so conspicuous in the martyrdom of the witches, that their
blood may fairly be said to have left a stain upon him. So
deep a stain, indeed, that his dry old bones, in the
Charter-street burial-ground, must still retain it, if they
have not crumbled utterly to dust I know not whether
these ancestors of mine bethought themselves to repent,
and ask pardon of Heaven for their cruelties; or whether
they are now groaning under the heavy consequences of
them in another state of being. At all events, I, the present
writer, as their representative, hereby take shame upon
myself for their sakes, and pray that any curse incurred by
them—as I have heard, and as the dreary and
unprosperous condition of the race, for many a long year
back, would argue to exist—may be now and henceforth
removed.
Doubtless, however, either of these stern and black-
browed Puritans would have thought it quite a sufficient
retribution for his sins that, after so long a lapse of years,
the old trunk of the family tree, with so much venerable

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moss upon it, should have borne, as its topmost bough, an

idler like myself. No aim that I have ever cherished would
they recognise as laudable; no success of mine—if my life,
beyond its domestic scope, had ever been brightened by
success—would they deem otherwise than worthless, if
not positively disgraceful. ‘What is he?’ murmurs one grey
shadow of my forefathers to the other. ‘A writer of story
books! What kind of business in life—what mode of
glorifying God, or being serviceable to mankind in his day
and generation—may that be? Why, the degenerate fellow
might as well have been a fiddler!’ Such are the
compliments bandied between my great grandsires and
myself, across the gulf of time And yet, let them scorn me
as they will, strong traits of their nature have intertwined
themselves with mine.
Planted deep, in the town’s earliest infancy and
childhood, by these two earnest and energetic men, the
race has ever since subsisted here; always, too, in
respectability; never, so far as I have known, disgraced by a
single unworthy member; but seldom or never, on the
other hand, after the first two generations, performing any
memorable deed, or so much as putting forward a claim to
public notice. Gradually, they have sunk almost out of
sight; as old houses, here and there about the streets, get

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covered half-way to the eaves by the accumulation of new

soil. From father to son, for above a hundred years, they
followed the sea; a grey-headed shipmaster, in each
generation, retiring from the quarter-deck to the
homestead, while a boy of fourteen took the hereditary
place before the mast, confronting the salt spray and the
gale which had blustered against his sire and grandsire.
The boy, also in due time, passed from the forecastle to
the cabin, spent a tempestuous manhood, and returned
from his world-wanderings, to grow old, and die, and
mingle his dust with the natal earth. This long connexion
of a family with one spot, as its place of birth and burial,
creates a kindred between the human being and the
locality, quite independent of any charm in the scenery or
moral circumstances that surround him. It is not love but
instinct. The new inhabitant—who came himself from a
foreign land, or whose father or grandfather came—has
little claim to be called a Salemite; he has no conception of
the oyster—like tenacity with which an old settler, over
whom his third century is creeping, clings to the spot
where his successive generations have been embedded. It
is no matter that the place is joyless for him; that he is
weary of the old wooden houses, the mud and dust, the
dead level of site and sentiment, the chill east wind, and

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the chillest of social atmospheres;—all these, and whatever

faults besides he may see or imagine, are nothing to the
purpose. The spell survives, and just as powerfully as if the
natal spot were an earthly paradise. So has it been in my
case. I felt it almost as a destiny to make Salem my home;
so that the mould of features and cast of character which
had all along been familiar here—ever, as one
representative of the race lay down in the grave, another
assuming, as it were, his sentry-march along the main
street—might still in my little day be seen and recognised
in the old town. Nevertheless, this very sentiment is an
evidence that the connexion, which has become an
unhealthy one, should at least be severed. Human nature
will not flourish, any more than a potato, if it be planted
and re-planted, for too long a series of generations, in the
same worn-out soil. My children have had other birth-
places, and, so far as their fortunes may be within my
control, shall strike their roots into accustomed earth.
On emerging from the Old Manse, it was chiefly this
strange, indolent, unjoyous attachment for my native town
that brought me to fill a place in Uncle Sam’s brick
edifice, when I might as well, or better, have gone
somewhere else. My doom was on me, It was not the first
time, nor the second, that I had gone away—as it seemed,

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permanently—but yet returned, like the bad halfpenny, or

as if Salem were for me the inevitable centre of the
universe. So, one fine morning I ascended the flight of
granite steps, with the President’s commission in my
pocket, and was introduced to the corps of gentlemen
who were to aid me in my weighty responsibility as chief
executive officer of the Custom-House.
I doubt greatly—or, rather, I do not doubt at all—
whether any public functionary of the United States,
either in the civil or military line, has ever had such a
patriarchal body of veterans under his orders as myself.
The whereabouts of the Oldest Inhabitant was at once
settled when I looked at them. For upwards of twenty
years before this epoch, the independent position of the
Collector had kept the Salem Custom-House out of the
whirlpool of political vicissitude, which makes the tenure
of office generally so fragile. A soldier—New England’s
most distinguished soldier—he stood firmly on the
pedestal of his gallant services; and, himself secure in the
wise liberality of the successive administrations through
which he had held office, he had been the safety of his
subordinates in many an hour of danger and heart-quake
General Miller was radically conservative; a man over
whose kindly nature habit had no slight influence;

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attaching himself strongly to familiar faces, and with

difficulty moved to change, even when change might have
brought unquestionable improvement. Thus, on taking
charge of my department, I found few but aged men.
They were ancient sea-captains, for the most part, who,
after being tossed on every sea, and standing up sturdily
against life’s tempestuous blast, had finally drifted into this
quiet nook, where, with little to disturb them, except the
periodical terrors of a Presidential election, they one and
all acquired a new lease of existence. Though by no means
less liable than their fellow-men to age and infirmity, they
had evidently some talisman or other that kept death at
bay. Two or three of their number, as I was assured, being
gouty and rheumatic, or perhaps bed-ridden, never
dreamed of making their appearance at the Custom-House
during a large part of the year; but, after a torpid winter,
would creep out into the warm sunshine of May or June,
go lazily about what they termed duty, and, at their own
leisure and convenience, betake themselves to bed again. I
must plead guilty to the charge of abbreviating the official
breath of more than one of these venerable servants of the
republic. They were allowed, on my representation, to
rest from their arduous labours, and soon afterwards—as if
their sole principle of life had been zeal for their country’s

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service—as I verily believe it was—withdrew to a better

world. It is a pious consolation to me that, through my
interference, a sufficient space was allowed them for
repentance of the evil and corrupt practices into which, as
a matter of course, every Custom-House officer must be
supposed to fall. Neither the front nor the back entrance
of the Custom-House opens on the road to Paradise.
The greater part of my officers were Whigs. It was well
for their venerable brotherhood that the new Surveyor
was not a politician, and though a faithful Democrat in
principle, neither received nor held his office with any
reference to political services. Had it been otherwise—had
an active politician been put into this influential post, to
assume the easy task of making head against a Whig
Collector, whose infirmities withheld him from the
personal administration of his office—hardly a man of the
old corps would have drawn the breath of official life
within a month after the exterminating angel had come up
the Custom-House steps. According to the received code
in such matters, it would have been nothing short of duty,
in a politician, to bring every one of those white heads
under the axe of the guillotine. It was plain enough to
discern that the old fellows dreaded some such discourtesy
at my hands. It pained, and at the same time amused me,

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to behold the terrors that attended my advent, to see a

furrowed cheek, weather-beaten by half a century of
storm, turn ashy pale at the glance of so harmless an
individual as myself; to detect, as one or another addressed
me, the tremor of a voice which, in long-past days, had
been wont to bellow through a speaking-trumpet,
hoarsely enough to frighten Boreas himself to silence.
They knew, these excellent old persons, that, by all
established rule—and, as regarded some of them, weighed
by their own lack of efficiency for business—they ought to
have given place to younger men, more orthodox in
politics, and altogether fitter than themselves to serve our
common Uncle. I knew it, too, but could never quite find
in my heart to act upon the knowledge. Much and
deservedly to my own discredit, therefore, and
considerably to the detriment of my official conscience,
they continued, during my incumbency, to creep about
the wharves, and loiter up and down the Custom-House
steps. They spent a good deal of time, also, asleep in their
accustomed corners, with their chairs tilted back against
the walls; awaking, however, once or twice in the
forenoon, to bore one another with the several thousandth
repetition of old sea-stories and mouldy jokes, that had
grown to be passwords and countersigns among them.

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The discovery was soon made, I imagine, that the new

Surveyor had no great harm in him. So, with lightsome
hearts and the happy consciousness of being usefully
employed—in their own behalf at least, if not for our
beloved country—these good old gentlemen went
through the various formalities of office. Sagaciously under
their spectacles, did they peep into the holds of vessels
Mighty was their fuss about little matters, and marvellous,
sometimes, the obtuseness that allowed greater ones to slip
between their fingers Whenever such a mischance
occurred—when a waggon-load of valuable merchandise
had been smuggled ashore, at noonday, perhaps, and
directly beneath their unsuspicious noses—nothing could
exceed the vigilance and alacrity with which they
proceeded to lock, and double-lock, and secure with tape
and sealing—wax, all the avenues of the delinquent vessel.
Instead of a reprimand for their previous negligence, the
case seemed rather to require an eulogium on their
praiseworthy caution after the mischief had happened; a
grateful recognition of the promptitude of their zeal the
moment that there was no longer any remedy.
Unless people are more than commonly disagreeable, it
is my foolish habit to contract a kindness for them. The
better part of my companion’s character, if it have a better

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part, is that which usually comes uppermost in my regard,

and forms the type whereby I recognise the man. As most
of these old Custom-House officers had good traits, and as
my position in reference to them, being paternal and
protective, was favourable to the growth of friendly
sentiments, I soon grew to like them all. It was pleasant in
the summer forenoons—when the fervent heat, that
almost liquefied the rest of the human family, merely
communicated a genial warmth to their half torpid
systems—it was pleasant to hear them chatting in the back
entry, a row of them all tipped against the wall, as usual;
while the frozen witticisms of past generations were
thawed out, and came bubbling with laughter from their
lips. Externally, the jollity of aged men has much in
common with the mirth of children; the intellect, any
more than a deep sense of humour, has little to do with
the matter; it is, with both, a gleam that plays upon the
surface, and imparts a sunny and cheery aspect alike to the
green branch and grey, mouldering trunk. In one case,
however, it is real sunshine; in the other, it more
resembles the phosphorescent glow of decaying wood. It
would be sad injustice, the reader must understand, to
represent all my excellent old friends as in their dotage. In
the first place, my coadjutors were not invariably old;

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there were men among them in their strength and prime,

of marked ability and energy, and altogether superior to
the sluggish and dependent mode of life on which their
evil stars had cast them. Then, moreover, the white locks
of age were sometimes found to be the thatch of an
intellectual tenement in good repair. But, as respects the
majority of my corps of veterans, there will be no wrong
done if I characterize them generally as a set of wearisome
old souls, who had gathered nothing worth preservation
from their varied experience of life. They seemed to have
flung away all the golden grain of practical wisdom, which
they had enjoyed so many opportunities of harvesting, and
most carefully to have stored their memory with the
husks. They spoke with far more interest and unction of
their morning’s breakfast, or yesterday’s, to-day’s, or
tomorrow’s dinner, than of the shipwreck of forty or fifty
years ago, and all the world’s wonders which they had
witnessed with their youthful eyes.
The father of the Custom-House—the patriarch, not
only of this little squad of officials, but, I am bold to say, of
the respectable body of tide-waiters all over the United
States—was a certain permanent Inspector. He might truly
be termed a legitimate son of the revenue system, dyed in
the wool, or rather born in the purple; since his sire, a

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Revolutionary colonel, and formerly collector of the port,

had created an office for him, and appointed him to fill it,
at a period of the early ages which few living men can
now remember. This Inspector, when I first knew him,
was a man of fourscore years, or thereabouts, and certainly
one of the most wonderful specimens of winter-green that
you would be likely to discover in a lifetime’s search.
With his florid cheek, his compact figure smartly arrayed
in a bright-buttoned blue coat, his brisk and vigorous step,
and his hale and hearty aspect, altogether he seemed—not
young, indeed—but a kind of new contrivance of Mother
Nature in the shape of man, whom age and infirmity had
no business to touch. His voice and laugh, which
perpetually re-echoed through the Custom-House, had
nothing of the tremulous quaver and cackle of an old
man’s utterance; they came strutting out of his lungs, like
the crow of a cock, or the blast of a clarion. Looking at
him merely as an animal—and there was very little else to
look at—he was a most satisfactory object, from the
thorough healthfulness and wholesomeness of his system,
and his capacity, at that extreme age, to enjoy all, or nearly
all, the delights which he had ever aimed at or conceived
of. The careless security of his life in the Custom-House,
on a regular income, and with but slight and infrequent

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apprehensions of removal, had no doubt contributed to

make time pass lightly over him. The original and more
potent causes, however, lay in the rare perfection of his
animal nature, the moderate proportion of intellect, and
the very trifling admixture of moral and spiritual
ingredients; these latter qualities, indeed, being in barely
enough measure to keep the old gentleman from walking
on all-fours. He possessed no power of thought no depth
of feeling, no troublesome sensibilities: nothing, in short,
but a few commonplace instincts, which, aided by the
cheerful temper which grew inevitably out of his physical
well-being, did duty very respectably, and to general
acceptance, in lieu of a heart. He had been the husband of
three wives, all long since dead; the father of twenty
children, most of whom, at every age of childhood or
maturity, had likewise returned to dust. Here, one would
suppose, might have been sorrow enough to imbue the
sunniest disposition through and through with a sable
tinge. Not so with our old Inspector One brief sigh
sufficed to carry off the entire burden of these dismal
reminiscences. The next moment he was as ready for sport
as any unbreeched infant: far readier than the Collector’s
junior clerk, who at nineteen years was much the elder
and graver man of the two.

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I used to watch and study this patriarchal personage

with, I think, livelier curiosity than any other form of
humanity there presented to my notice. He was, in truth,
a rare phenomenon; so perfect, in one point of view; so
shallow, so delusive, so impalpable such an absolute
nonentity, in every other. My conclusion was that he had
no soul, no heart, no mind; nothing, as I have already said,
but instincts; and yet, withal, so cunningly had the few
materials of his character been put together that there was
no painful perception of deficiency, but, on my part, an
entire contentment with what I found in him. It might be
difficult—and it was so—to conceive how he should exist
hereafter, so earthly and sensuous did he seem; but surely
his existence here, admitting that it was to terminate with
his last breath, had been not unkindly given; with no
higher moral responsibilities than the beasts of the field,
but with a larger scope of enjoyment than theirs, and with
all their blessed immunity from the dreariness and
duskiness of age.
One point in which he had vastly the advantage over
his four-footed brethren was his ability to recollect the
good dinners which it had made no small portion of the
happiness of his life to eat. His gourmandism was a highly
agreeable trait; and to hear him talk of roast meat was as

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appetizing as a pickle or an oyster. As he possessed no

higher attribute, and neither sacrificed nor vitiated any
spiritual endowment by devoting all his energies and
ingenuities to subserve the delight and profit of his maw, it
always pleased and satisfied me to hear him expatiate on
fish, poultry, and butcher’s meat, and the most eligible
methods of preparing them for the table. His
reminiscences of good cheer, however ancient the date of
the actual banquet, seemed to bring the savour of pig or
turkey under one’s very nostrils. There were flavours on
his palate that had lingered there not less than sixty or
seventy years, and were still apparently as fresh as that of
the mutton chop which he had just devoured for his
breakfast. I have heard him smack his lips over dinners,
every guest at which, except himself, had long been food
for worms. It was marvellous to observe how the ghosts of
bygone meals were continually rising up before him—not
in anger or retribution, but as if grateful for his former
appreciation, and seeking to repudiate an endless series of
enjoyment. at once shadowy and sensual, A tender loin of
beef, a hind-quarter of veal, a spare-rib of pork, a
particular chicken, or a remarkably praiseworthy turkey,
which had perhaps adorned his board in the days of the
elder Adams, would be remembered; while all the

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subsequent experience of our race, and all the events that

brightened or darkened his individual career, had gone
over him with as little permanent effect as the passing
breeze. The chief tragic event of the old man’s life, so far
as I could judge, was his mishap with a certain goose,
which lived and died some twenty or forty years ago: a
goose of most promising figure, but which, at table,
proved so inveterately tough, that the carving-knife would
make no impression on its carcase, and it could only be
divided with an axe and handsaw.
But it is time to quit this sketch; on which, however, I
should be glad to dwell at considerably more length,
because of all men whom I have ever known, this
individual was fittest to be a Custom-House officer. Most
persons, owing to causes which I may not have space to
hint at, suffer moral detriment from this peculiar mode of
life. The old Inspector was incapable of it; and, were he to
continue in office to tile end of time, would be just as
good as he was then, and sit down to dinner with just as
good an appetite.
There is one likeness, without which my gallery of
Custom-House portraits would be strangely incomplete,
but which my comparatively few opportunities for
observation enable me to sketch only in the merest

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outline. It is that of the Collector, our gallant old General,

who, after his brilliant military service, subsequently to
which he had ruled over a wild Western territory, had
come hither, twenty years before, to spend the decline of
his varied and honourable life.
The brave soldier had already numbered, nearly or
quite, his three-score years and ten, and was pursuing the
remainder of his earthly march, burdened with infirmities
which even the martial music of his own spirit-stirring
recollections could do little towards lightening. The step
was palsied now, that had been foremost in the charge. It
was only with the assistance of a servant, and by leaning
his hand heavily on the iron balustrade, that he could
slowly and painfully ascend the Custom-House steps, and,
with a toilsome progress across the floor, attain his
customary chair beside the fireplace. There he used to sit,
gazing with a somewhat dim serenity of aspect at the
figures that came and went, amid the rustle of papers, the
administering of oaths, the discussion of business, and the
casual talk of the office; all which sounds and
circumstances seemed but indistinctly to impress his senses,
and hardly to make their way into his inner sphere of
contemplation. His countenance, in this repose, was mild
and kindly. If his notice was sought, an expression of

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courtesy and interest gleamed out upon his features,

proving that there was light within him, and that it was
only the outward medium of the intellectual lamp that
obstructed the rays in their passage. The closer you
penetrated to the substance of his mind, the sounder it
appeared. When no longer called upon to speak or
listen—either of which operations cost him an evident
effort—his face would briefly subside into its former not
uncheerful quietude. It was not painful to behold this
look; for, though dim, it had not the imbecility of
decaying age. The framework of his nature, originally
strong and massive, was not yet crumpled into ruin.
To observe and define his character, however, under
such disadvantages, was as difficult a task as to trace out
and build up anew, in imagination, an old fortress, like
Ticonderoga, from a view of its grey and broken ruins.
Here and there, perchance, the walls may remain almost
complete; but elsewhere may be only a shapeless mound,
cumbrous with its very strength, and overgrown, through
long years of peace and neglect, with grass and alien
weeds.
Nevertheless, looking at the old warrior with
affection—for, slight as was the communication between
us, my feeling towards him, like that of all bipeds and

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quadrupeds who knew him, might not improperly be

termed so,—I could discern the main points of his portrait.
It was marked with the noble and heroic qualities which
showed it to be not a mere accident, but of good right,
that he had won a distinguished name. His spirit could
never, I conceive, have been characterized by an uneasy
activity; it must, at any period of his life, have required an
impulse to set him in motion; but once stirred up, with
obstacles to overcome, and an adequate object to be
attained, it was not in the man to give out or fail. The heat
that had formerly pervaded his nature, and which was not
yet extinct, was never of the kind that flashes and flickers
in a blaze; but rather a deep red glow, as of iron in a
furnace. Weight, solidity, firmness—this was the
expression of his repose, even in such decay as had crept
untimely over him at the period of which I speak. But I
could imagine, even then, that, under some excitement
which should go deeply into his consciousness—roused by
a trumpets real, loud enough to awaken all of his energies
that were not dead, but only slumbering—he was yet
capable of flinging off his infirmities like a sick man’s
gown, dropping the staff of age to seize a battle-sword,
and starting up once more a warrior. And, in so intense a
moment his demeanour would have still been calm. Such

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an exhibition, however, was but to be pictured in fancy;

not to be anticipated, nor desired. What I saw in him—as
evidently as the indestructible ramparts of Old
Ticonderoga, already cited as the most appropriate
simile—was the features of stubborn and ponderous
endurance, which might well have amounted to obstinacy
in his earlier days; of integrity, that, like most of his other
endowments, lay in a somewhat heavy mass, and was just
as unmalleable or unmanageable as a ton of iron ore; and
of benevolence which, fiercely as he led the bayonets on at
Chippewa or Fort Erie, I take to be of quite as genuine a
stamp as what actuates any or all the polemical
philanthropists of the age. He had slain men with his own
hand, for aught I know—certainly, they had fallen like
blades of grass at the sweep of the scythe before the charge
to which his spirit imparted its triumphant energy—but,
be that as it might, there was never in his heart so much
cruelty as would have brushed the down off a butterfly’s
wing. I have not known the man to whose innate
kindliness I would more confidently make an appeal.
Many characteristics—and those, too, which contribute
not the least forcibly to impart resemblance in a sketch—
must have vanished, or been obscured, before I met the
General. All merely graceful attributes are usually the most

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evanescent; nor does nature adorn the human ruin with

blossoms of new beauty, that have their roots and proper
nutriment only in the chinks and crevices of decay, as she
sows wall-flowers over the ruined fortress of Ticonderoga.
Still, even in respect of grace and beauty, there were
points well worth noting. A ray of humour, now and
then, would make its way through the veil of dim
obstruction, and glimmer pleasantly upon our faces. A trait
of native elegance, seldom seen in the masculine character
after childhood or early youth, was shown in the General’s
fondness for the sight and fragrance of flowers. An old
soldier might be supposed to prize only the bloody laurel
on his brow; but here was one who seemed to have a
young girl’s appreciation of the floral tribe.
There, beside the fireplace, the brave old General used
to sit; while the Surveyor—though seldom, when it could
be avoided, taking upon himself the difficult task of
engaging him in conversation—was fond of standing at a
distance, and watching his quiet and almost slumberous
countenance. He seemed away from us, although we saw
him but a few yards off; remote, though we passed close
beside his chair; unattainable, though we might have
stretched forth our hands and touched his own. It might
be that he lived a more real life within his thoughts than

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amid the unappropriate environment of the Collector’s

office. The evolutions of the parade; the tumult of the
battle; the flourish of old heroic music, heard thirty years
before—such scenes and sounds, perhaps, were all alive
before his intellectual sense. Meanwhile, the merchants
and ship-masters, the spruce clerks and uncouth sailors,
entered and departed; the bustle of his commercial and
Custom-House life kept up its little murmur round about
him; and neither with the men nor their affairs did the
General appear to sustain the most distant relation. He was
as much out of place as an old sword—now rusty, but
which had flashed once in the battle’s front, and showed
still a bright gleam along its blade—would have been
among the inkstands, paper-folders, and mahogany rulers
on the Deputy Collector’s desk.
There was one thing that much aided me in renewing
and re-creating the stalwart soldier of the Niagara
frontier—the man of true and simple energy. It was the
recollection of those memorable words of his—‘I’ll try,
Sir’—spoken on the very verge of a desperate and heroic
enterprise, and breathing the soul and spirit of New
England hardihood, comprehending all perils, and
encountering all. If, in our country, valour were rewarded
by heraldic honour, this phrase—which it seems so easy to

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speak, but which only he, with such a task of danger and
glory before him, has ever spoken—would be the best and
fittest of all mottoes for the General’s shield of arms. It
contributes greatly towards a man’s moral and intellectual
health to be brought into habits of companionship with
individuals unlike himself, who care little for his pursuits,
and whose sphere and abilities he must go out of himself
to appreciate. The accidents of my life have often afforded
me this advantage, but never with more fulness and variety
than during my continuance in office. There was one
man, especially, the observation of whose character gave
me a new idea of talent. His gifts were emphatically those
of a man of business; prompt, acute, clear-minded; with an
eye that saw through all perplexities, and a faculty of
arrangement that made them vanish as by the waving of an
enchanter’s wand. Bred up from boyhood in the Custom-
House, it was his proper field of activity; and the many
intricacies of business, so harassing to the interloper,
presented themselves before him with the regularity of a
perfectly comprehended system. In my contemplation, he
stood as the ideal of his class. He was, indeed, the
Custom-House in himself; or, at all events, the mainspring
that kept its variously revolving wheels in motion; for, in
an institution like this, where its officers are appointed to

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subserve their own profit and convenience, and seldom

with a leading reference to their fitness for the duty to be
performed, they must perforce seek elsewhere the
dexterity which is not in them. Thus, by an inevitable
necessity, as a magnet attracts steel-filings, so did our man
of business draw to himself the difficulties which
everybody met with. With an easy condescension, and
kind forbearance towards our stupidity—which, to his
order of mind, must have seemed little short of crime—
would he forth-with, by the merest touch of his finger,
make the incomprehensible as clear as daylight. The
merchants valued him not less than we, his esoteric
friends. His integrity was perfect; it was a law of nature
with him, rather than a choice or a principle; nor can it be
otherwise than the main condition of an intellect so
remarkably clear and accurate as his to be honest and
regular in the administration of affairs. A stain on his
conscience, as to anything that came within the range of
his vocation, would trouble such a man very much in the
same way, though to a far greater degree, than an error in
the balance of an account, or an ink-blot on the fair page
of a book of record. Here, in a word—and it is a rare
instance in my life—I had met with a person thoroughly
adapted to the situation which he held.

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Such were some of the people with whom I now

found myself connected. I took it in good part, at the
hands of Providence, that I was thrown into a position so
little akin to my past habits; and set myself seriously to
gather from it whatever profit was to be had. After my
fellowship of toil and impracticable schemes with the
dreamy brethren of Brook Farm; after living for three
years within the subtle influence of an intellect like
Emerson’s; after those wild, free days on the Assabeth,
indulging fantastic speculations, beside our fire of fallen
boughs, with Ellery Channing; after talking with Thoreau
about pine-trees and Indian relics in his hermitage at
Walden; after growing fastidious by sympathy with the
classic refinement of Hillard’s culture; after becoming
imbued with poetic sentiment at Longfellow’s
hearthstone—it was time, at length, that I should exercise
other faculties of my nature, and nourish myself with food
for which I had hitherto had little appetite. Even the old
Inspector was desirable, as a change of diet, to a man who
had known Alcott. I looked upon it as an evidence, in
some measure, of a system naturally well balanced, and
lacking no essential part of a thorough organization, that,
with such associates to remember, I could mingle at once

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with men of altogether different qualities, and never

murmur at the change.
Literature, its exertions and objects, were now of little
moment in my regard. I cared not at this period for books;
they were apart from me. Nature—except it were human
nature—the nature that is developed in earth and sky, was,
in one sense, hidden from me; and all the imaginative
delight wherewith it had been spiritualized passed away
out of my mind. A gift, a faculty, if it had not been
departed, was suspended and inanimate within me. There
would have been something sad, unutterably dreary, in all
this, had I not been conscious that it lay at my own option
to recall whatever was valuable in the past. It might be
true, indeed, that this was a life which could not, with
impunity, be lived too long; else, it might make me
permanently other than I had been, without transforming
me into any shape which it would be worth my while to
take. But I never considered it as other than a transitory
life. There was always a prophetic instinct, a low whisper
in my ear, that within no long period, and whenever a
new change of custom should be essential to my good,
change would come.
Meanwhile, there I was, a Surveyor of the Revenue
and, so far as I have been able to understand, as good a

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Surveyor as need be. A man of thought, fancy, and

sensibility (had he ten times the Surveyor’s proportion of
those qualities), may, at any time, be a man of affairs, if he
will only choose to give himself the trouble. My fellow-
officers, and the merchants and sea-captains with whom
my official duties brought me into any manner of
connection, viewed me in no other light, and probably
knew me in no other character. None of them, I presume,
had ever read a page of my inditing, or would have cared
a fig the more for me if they had read them all; nor would
it have mended the matter, in the least, had those same
unprofitable pages been written with a pen like that of
Burns or of Chaucer, each of whom was a Custom-House
officer in his day, as well as I. It is a good lesson—though
it may often be a hard one—for a man who has dreamed
of literary fame, and of making for himself a rank among
the world’s dignitaries by such means, to step aside out of
the narrow circle in which his claims are recognized and
to find how utterly devoid of significance, beyond that
circle, is all that he achieves, and all he aims at. I know not
that I especially needed the lesson, either in the way of
warning or rebuke; but at any rate, I learned it thoroughly:
nor, it gives me pleasure to reflect, did the truth, as it
came home to my perception, ever cost me a pang, or

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require to be thrown off in a sigh. In the way of literary

talk, it is true, the Naval Officer—an excellent fellow,
who came into the office with me, and went out only a
little later—would often engage me in a discussion about
one or the other of his favourite topics, Napoleon or
Shakespeare. The Collector’s junior clerk, too a young
gentleman who, it was whispered occasionally covered a
sheet of Uncle Sam’s letter paper with what (at the
distance of a few yards) looked very much like poetry—
used now and then to speak to me of books, as matters
with which I might possibly be conversant. This was my
all of lettered intercourse; and it was quite sufficient for
my necessities.
No longer seeking or caring that my name should be
blasoned abroad on title-pages, I smiled to think that it
had now another kind of vogue. The Custom-House
marker imprinted it, with a stencil and black paint, on
pepper-bags, and baskets of anatto, and cigar-boxes, and
bales of all kinds of dutiable merchandise, in testimony
that these commodities had paid the impost, and gone
regularly through the office. Borne on such queer vehicle
of fame, a knowledge of my existence, so far as a name
conveys it, was carried where it had never been before,
and, I hope, will never go again.

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But the past was not dead. Once in a great while, the
thoughts that had seemed so vital and so active, yet had
been put to rest so quietly, revived again. One of the most
remarkable occasions, when the habit of bygone days
awoke in me, was that which brings it within the law of
literary propriety to offer the public the sketch which I am
now writing.
In the second storey of the Custom-House there is a
large room, in which the brick-work and naked rafters
have never been covered with panelling and plaster. The
edifice—originally projected on a scale adapted to the old
commercial enterprise of the port, and with an idea of
subsequent prosperity destined never to be realized—
contains far more space than its occupants know what to
do with. This airy hall, therefore, over the Collector’s
apartments, remains unfinished to this day, and, in spite of
the aged cobwebs that festoon its dusky beams, appears still
to await the labour of the carpenter and mason. At one
end of the room, in a recess, were a number of barrels
piled one upon another, containing bundles of official
documents. Large quantities of similar rubbish lay
lumbering the floor. It was sorrowful to think how many
days, and weeks, and months, and years of toil had been
wasted on these musty papers, which were now only an

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encumbrance on earth, and were hidden away in this

forgotten corner, never more to be glanced at by human
eyes. But then, what reams of other manuscripts—filled,
not with the dulness of official formalities, but with the
thought of inventive brains and the rich effusion of deep
hearts—had gone equally to oblivion; and that, moreover,
without serving a purpose in their day, as these heaped-up
papers had, and—saddest of all—without purchasing for
their writers the comfortable livelihood which the clerks
of the Custom-House had gained by these worthless
scratchings of the pen. Yet not altogether worthless,
perhaps, as materials of local history. Here, no doubt,
statistics of the former commerce of Salem might be
discovered, and memorials of her princely merchants—old
King Derby—old Billy Gray—old Simon Forrester—and
many another magnate in his day, whose powdered head,
however, was scarcely in the tomb before his mountain
pile of wealth began to dwindle. The founders of the
greater part of the families which now compose the
aristocracy of Salem might here be traced, from the petty
and obscure beginnings of their traffic, at periods generally
much posterior to the Revolution, upward to what their
children look upon as long-established rank,

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Prior to the Revolution there is a dearth of records; the

earlier documents and archives of the Custom-House
having, probably, been carried off to Halifax, when all the
king’s officials accompanied the British army in its flight
from Boston. It has often been a matter of regret with me;
for, going back, perhaps, to the days of the Protectorate,
those papers must have contained many references to
forgotten or remembered men, and to antique customs,
which would have affected me with the same pleasure as
when I used to pick up Indian arrow-heads in the field
near the Old Manse.
But, one idle and rainy day, it was my fortune to make
a discovery of some little interest. Poking and burrowing
into the heaped-up rubbish in the corner, unfolding one
and another document, and reading the names of vessels
that had long ago foundered at sea or rotted at the
wharves, and those of merchants never heard of now on
‘Change, nor very readily decipherable on their mossy
tombstones; glancing at such matters with the saddened,
weary, half-reluctant interest which we bestow on the
corpse of dead activity—and exerting my fancy, sluggish
with little use, to raise up from these dry bones an image
of the old towns brighter aspect, when India was a new
region, and only Salem knew the way thither—I chanced

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to lay my hand on a small package, carefully done up in a

piece of ancient yellow parchment. This envelope had the
air of an official record of some period long past, when
clerks engrossed their stiff and formal chirography on more
substantial materials than at present. There was something
about it that quickened an instinctive curiosity, and made
me undo the faded red tape that tied up the package, with
the sense that a treasure would here be brought to light.
Unbending the rigid folds of the parchment cover, I found
it to be a commission, under the hand and seal of
Governor Shirley, in favour of one Jonathan Pine, as
Surveyor of His Majesty’s Customs for the Port of Salem,
in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. I remembered to
have read (probably in Felt’s ‘Annals’) a notice of the
decease of Mr. Surveyor Pue, about fourscore years ago;
and likewise, in a newspaper of recent times, an account of
the digging up of his remains in the little graveyard of St.
Peter’s Church, during the renewal of that edifice.
Nothing, if I rightly call to mind, was left of my respected
predecessor, save an imperfect skeleton, and some
fragments of apparel, and a wig of majestic frizzle, which,
unlike the head that it once adorned, was in very
satisfactory preservation. But, on examining the papers
which the parchment commission served to envelop, I

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found more traces of Mr. Pue’s mental part, and the

internal operations of his head, than the frizzled wig had
contained of the venerable skull itself.
They were documents, in short, not official, but of a
private nature, or, at least, written in his private capacity,
and apparently with his own hand. I could account for
their being included in the heap of Custom-House lumber
only by the fact that Mr. Pine’s death had happened
suddenly, and that these papers, which he probably kept in
his official desk, had never come to the knowledge of his
heirs, or were supposed to relate to the business of the
revenue. On the transfer of the archives to Halifax, this
package, proving to be of no public concern, was left
behind, and had remained ever since unopened.
The ancient Surveyor—being little molested, suppose,
at that early day with business pertaining to his office—
seems to have devoted some of his many leisure hours to
researches as a local antiquarian, and other inquisitions of a
similar nature. These supplied material for petty activity to
a mind that would otherwise have been eaten up with
rust.
A portion of his facts, by-the-by, did me good service
in the preparation of the article entitled ‘MAIN
STREET,’ included in the present volume. The

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remainder may perhaps be applied to purposes equally

valuable hereafter, or not impossibly may be worked up,
so far as they go, into a regular history of Salem, should
my veneration for the natal soil ever impel me to so pious
a task. Meanwhile, they shall be at the command of any
gentleman, inclined and competent, to take the
unprofitable labour off my hands. As a final disposition I
contemplate depositing them with the Essex Historical
Society. But the object that most drew my attention to the
mysterious package was a certain affair of fine red cloth,
much worn and faded, There were traces about it of gold
embroidery, which, however, was greatly frayed and
defaced, so that none, or very little, of the glitter was left.
It had been wrought, as was easy to perceive, with
wonderful skill of needlework; and the stitch (as I am
assured by ladies conversant with such mysteries) gives
evidence of a now forgotten art, not to be discovered even
by the process of picking out the threads. This rag of
scarlet cloth—for time, and wear, and a sacrilegious moth
had reduced it to little other than a rag—on careful
examination, assumed the shape of a letter.
It was the capital letter A. By an accurate measurement,
each limb proved to be precisely three inches and a quarter
in length. It had been intended, there could be no doubt,

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as an ornamental article of dress; but how it was to be

worn, or what rank, honour, and dignity, in by-past times,
were signified by it, was a riddle which (so evanescent are
the fashions of the world in these particulars) I saw little
hope of solving. And yet it strangely interested me. My
eyes fastened themselves upon the old scarlet letter, and
would not be turned aside. Certainly there was some deep
meaning in it most worthy of interpretation, and which, as
it were, streamed forth from the mystic symbol, subtly
communicating itself to my sensibilities, but evading the
analysis of my mind.
When thus perplexed—and cogitating, among other
hypotheses, whether the letter might not have been one of
those decorations which the white men used to contrive
in order to take the eyes of Indians—I happened to place
it on my breast. It seemed to me—the reader may smile,
but must not doubt my word—it seemed to me, then, that
I experienced a sensation not altogether physical, yet
almost so, as of burning heat, and as if the letter were not
of red cloth, but red-hot iron. I shuddered, and
involuntarily let it fall upon the floor.
In the absorbing contemplation of the scarlet letter, I
had hitherto neglected to examine a small roll of dingy
paper, around which it had been twisted. This I now

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opened, and had the satisfaction to find recorded by the

old Surveyor’s pen, a reasonably complete explanation of
the whole affair. There were several foolscap sheets,
containing many particulars respecting the life and
conversation of one Hester Prynne, who appeared to have
been rather a noteworthy personage in the view of our
ancestors. She had flourished during the period between
the early days of Massachusetts and the close of the
seventeenth century. Aged persons, alive in the time of
Mr. Surveyor Pue, and from whose oral testimony he had
made up his narrative, remembered her, in their youth, as
a very old, but not decrepit woman, of a stately and
solemn aspect. It had been her habit, from an almost
immemorial date, to go about the country as a kind of
voluntary nurse, and doing whatever miscellaneous good
she might; taking upon herself, likewise, to give advice in
all matters, especially those of the heart, by which
means—as a person of such propensities inevitably must—
she gained from many people the reverence due to an
angel, but, I should imagine, was looked upon by others as
an intruder and a nuisance. Prying further into the
manuscript, I found the record of other doings and
sufferings of this singular woman, for most of which the
reader is referred to the story entitled ‘THE SCARLET

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LETTER"; and it should be borne carefully in mind that

the main facts of that story are authorized and
authenticated by the document of Mr. Surveyor Pue. The
original papers, together with the scarlet letter itself—a
most curious relic—are still in my possession, and shall be
freely exhibited to whomsoever, induced by the great
interest of the narrative, may desire a sight of them I must
not be understood affirming that, in the dressing up of the
tale, and imagining the motives and modes of passion that
influenced the characters who figure in it, I have
invariably confined myself within the limits of the old
Surveyor’s half-a-dozen sheets of foolscap. On the
contrary, I have allowed myself, as to such points, nearly,
or altogether, as much license as if the facts had been
entirely of my own invention. What I contend for is the
authenticity of the outline.
This incident recalled my mind, in some degree, to its
old track. There seemed to be here the groundwork of a
tale. It impressed me as if the ancient Surveyor, in his garb
of a hundred years gone by, and wearing his immortal
wig—which was buried with him, but did not perish in
the grave—had bet me in the deserted chamber of the
Custom-House. In his port was the dignity of one who
had borne His Majesty’s commission, and who was

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therefore illuminated by a ray of the splendour that shone

so dazzlingly about the throne. How unlike alas the
hangdog look of a republican official, who, as the servant
of the people, feels himself less than the least, and below
the lowest of his masters. With his own ghostly hand, the
obscurely seen, but majestic, figure had imparted to me
the scarlet symbol and the little roll of explanatory
manuscript. With his own ghostly voice he had exhorted
me, on the sacred consideration of my filial duty and
reverence towards him—who might reasonably regard
himself as my official ancestor—to bring his mouldy and
moth-eaten lucubrations before the public. ‘Do this,’ said
the ghost of Mr. Surveyor Pue, emphatically nodding the
head that looked so imposing within its memorable wig;
‘do this, and the profit shall be all your own. You will
shortly need it; for it is not in your days as it was in mine,
when a man’s office was a life-lease, and oftentimes an
heirloom. But I charge you, in this matter of old Mistress
Prynne, give to your predecessor’s memory the credit
which will be rightfully due’ And I said to the ghost of
Mr. Surveyor Pue—‘I will".
On Hester Prynne’s story, therefore, I bestowed much
thought. It was the subject of my meditations for many an
hour, while pacing to and fro across my room, or

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traversing, with a hundredfold repetition, the long extent

from the front door of the Custom-House to the side
entrance, and back again. Great were the weariness and
annoyance of the old Inspector and the Weighers and
Gaugers, whose slumbers were disturbed by the
unmercifully lengthened tramp of my passing and
returning footsteps. Remembering their own former
habits, they used to say that the Surveyor was walking the
quarter-deck. They probably fancied that my sole object—
and, indeed, the sole object for which a sane man could
ever put himself into voluntary motion—was to get an
appetite for dinner. And, to say the truth, an appetite,
sharpened by the east wind that generally blew along the
passage, was the only valuable result of so much
indefatigable exercise. So little adapted is the atmosphere
of a Custom-house to the delicate harvest of fancy and
sensibility, that, had I remained there through ten
Presidencies yet to come, I doubt whether the tale of ‘The
Scarlet Letter’ would ever have been brought before the
public eye. My imagination was a tarnished mirror. It
would not reflect, or only with miserable dimness, the
figures with which I did my best to people it. The
characters of the narrative would not be warmed and
rendered malleable by any heat that I could kindle at my

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intellectual forge. They would take neither the glow of

passion nor the tenderness of sentiment, but retained all
the rigidity of dead corpses, and stared me in the face with
a fixed and ghastly grin of contemptuous defiance. ‘What
have you to do with us?’ that expression seemed to say.
‘The little power you might have once possessed over the
tribe of unrealities is gone You have bartered it for a
pittance of the public gold. Go then, and earn your wages’
In short, the almost torpid creatures of my own fancy
twitted me with imbecility, and not without fair occasion.
It was not merely during the three hours and a half
which Uncle Sam claimed as his share of my daily life that
this wretched numbness held possession of me. It went
with me on my sea-shore walks and rambles into the
country, whenever—which was seldom and reluctantly—I
bestirred myself to seek that invigorating charm of Nature
which used to give me such freshness and activity of
thought, the moment that I stepped across the threshold of
the Old Manse. The same torpor, as regarded the capacity
for intellectual effort, accompanied me home, and
weighed upon me in the chamber which I most absurdly
termed my study. Nor did it quit me when, late at night, I
sat in the deserted parlour, lighted only by the glimmering
coal-fire and the moon, striving to picture forth imaginary

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scenes, which, the next day, might flow out on the

brightening page in many-hued description.
If the imaginative faculty refused to act at such an hour,
it might well be deemed a hopeless case. Moonlight, in a
familiar room, falling so white upon the carpet, and
showing all its figures so distinctly—making every object
so minutely visible, yet so unlike a morning or noontide
visibility—is a medium the most suitable for a romance-
writer to get acquainted with his illusive guests. There is
the little domestic scenery of the well-known apartment;
the chairs, with each its separate individuality; the centre-
table, sustaining a work-basket, a volume or two, and an
extinguished lamp; the sofa; the book-case; the picture on
the wall—all these details, so completely seen, are so
spiritualised by the unusual light, that they seem to lose
their actual substance, and become things of intellect.
Nothing is too small or too trifling to undergo this change,
and acquire dignity thereby. A child’s shoe; the doll,
seated in her little wicker carriage; the hobby-horse—
whatever, in a word, has been used or played with during
the day is now invested with a quality of strangeness and
remoteness, though still almost as vividly present as by
daylight. Thus, therefore, the floor of our familiar room
has become a neutral territory, somewhere between the

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real world and fairy-land, where the Actual and the

Imaginary may meet, and each imbue itself with the
nature of the other. Ghosts might enter here without
affrighting us. It would be too much in keeping with the
scene to excite surprise, were we to look about us and
discover a form, beloved, but gone hence, now sitting
quietly in a streak of this magic moonshine, with an aspect
that would make us doubt whether it had returned from
afar, or had never once stirred from our fireside.
The somewhat dim coal fire has an essential Influence
in producing the effect which I would describe. It throws
its unobtrusive tinge throughout the room, with a faint
ruddiness upon the walls and ceiling, and a reflected gleam
upon the polish of the furniture. This warmer light
mingles itself with the cold spirituality of the moon-
beams, and communicates, as it were, a heart and
sensibilities of human tenderness to the forms which fancy
summons tip. It converts them from snow-images into
men and women. Glancing at the looking-glass, we
behold—deep within its haunted verge—the smouldering
glow of the half-extinguished anthracite, the white moon-
beams on the floor, and a repetition of all the gleam and
shadow of the picture, with one remove further from the
actual, and nearer to the imaginative. Then, at such an

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hour, and with this scene before him, if a man, sitting all
alone, cannot dream strange things, and make them look
like truth, he need never try to write romances.
But, for myself, during the whole of my Custom-
House experience, moonlight and sunshine, and the glow
of firelight, were just alike in my regard; and neither of
them was of one whit more avail than the twinkle of a
tallow-candle. An entire class of susceptibilities, and a gift
connected with them—of no great richness or value, but
the best I had—was gone from me.
It is my belief, however, that had I attempted a
different order of composition, my faculties would not
have been found so pointless and inefficacious. I might, for
instance, have contented myself with writing out the
narratives of a veteran shipmaster, one of the Inspectors,
whom I should be most ungrateful not to mention, since
scarcely a day passed that he did not stir me to laughter
and admiration by his marvelous gifts as a story-teller.
Could I have preserved the picturesque force of his style,
and the humourous colouring which nature taught him
how to throw over his descriptions, the result, I honestly
believe, would have been something new in literature. Or
I might readily have found a more serious task. It was a
folly, with the materiality of this daily life pressing so

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intrusively upon me, to attempt to fling myself back into

another age, or to insist on creating the semblance of a
world out of airy matter, when, at every moment, the
impalpable beauty of my soap-bubble was broken by the
rude contact of some actual circumstance. The wiser effort
would have been to diffuse thought and imagination
through the opaque substance of to-day, and thus to make
it a bright transparency; to spiritualise the burden that
began to weigh so heavily; to seek, resolutely, the true and
indestructible value that lay hidden in the petty and
wearisome incidents, and ordinary characters with which I
was now conversant. The fault was mine. The page of life
that was spread out before me seemed dull and
commonplace only because I had not fathomed its deeper
import. A better book than I shall ever write was there;
leaf after leaf presenting itself to me, just as it was written
out by the reality of the flitting hour, and vanishing as fast
as written, only because my brain wanted the insight, and
my hand the cunning, to transcribe it. At some future day,
it may be, I shall remember a few scattered fragments and
broken paragraphs, and write them down, and find the
letters turn to gold upon the page.
These perceptions had come too late. At the Instant, I
was only conscious that what would have been a pleasure

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once was now a hopeless toil. There was no occasion to

make much moan about this state of affairs. I had ceased to
be a writer of tolerably poor tales and essays, and had
become a tolerably good Surveyor of the Customs. That
was all. But, nevertheless, it is anything but agreeable to be
haunted by a suspicion that one’s intellect is dwindling
away, or exhaling, without your consciousness, like ether
out of a phial; so that, at every glance, you find a smaller
and less volatile residuum. Of the fact there could be no
doubt and, examining myself and others, I was led to
conclusions, in reference to the effect of public office on
the character, not very favourable to the mode of life in
question. In some other form, perhaps, I may hereafter
develop these effects. Suffice it here to say that a Custom-
House officer of long continuance can hardly be a very
praiseworthy or respectable personage, for many reasons;
one of them, the tenure by which he holds his situation,
and another, the very nature of his business, which—
though, I trust, an honest one—is of such a sort that he
does not share in the united effort of mankind.
An effect—which I believe to be observable, more or
less, in every individual who has occupied the position—
is, that while he leans on the mighty arm of the Republic,
his own proper strength, departs from him. He loses, in an

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extent proportioned to the weakness or force of his

original nature, the capability of self-support. If he
possesses an unusual share of native energy, or the
enervating magic of place do not operate too long upon
him, his forfeited powers may be redeemable. The ejected
officer—fortunate in the unkindly shove that sends him
forth betimes, to struggle amid a struggling world—may
return to himself, and become all that he has ever been.
But this seldom happens. He usually keeps his ground just
long enough for his own ruin, and is then thrust out, with
sinews all unstrung, to totter along the difficult footpath of
life as he best may. Conscious of his own infirmity—that
his tempered steel and elasticity are lost—he for ever
afterwards looks wistfully about him in quest of support
external to himself. His pervading and continual hope—a
hallucination, which, in the face of all discouragement,
and making light of impossibilities, haunts him while he
lives, and, I fancy, like the convulsive throes of the
cholera, torments him for a brief space after death—is, that
finally, and in no long time, by some happy coincidence
of circumstances, he shall be restored to office. This faith,
more than anything else, steals the pith and availability out
of whatever enterprise he may dream of undertaking. Why
should he toil and moil, and be at so much trouble to pick

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himself up out of the mud, when, in a little while hence,

the strong arm of his Uncle will raise and support him?
Why should he work for his living here, or go to dig gold
in California, when he is so soon to be made happy, at
monthly intervals, with a little pile of glittering coin out of
his Uncle’s pocket? It is sadly curious to observe how
slight a taste of office suffices to infect a poor fellow with
this singular disease. Uncle Sam’s gold—meaning no
disrespect to the worthy old gentleman—has, in this
respect, a quality of enchantment like that of the devil’s
wages. Whoever touches it should look well to himself, or
he may find the bargain to go hard against him, involving,
if not his soul, yet many of its better attributes; its sturdy
force, its courage and constancy, its truth, its self-reliance,
and all that gives the emphasis to manly character.
Here was a fine prospect in the distance. Not that the
Surveyor brought the lesson home to himself, or admitted
that he could be so utterly undone, either by continuance
in office or ejectment. Yet my reflections were not the
most comfortable. I began to grow melancholy and
restless; continually prying into my mind, to discover
which of its poor properties were gone, and what degree
of detriment had already accrued to the remainder. I
endeavoured to calculate how much longer I could stay in

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the Custom-House, and yet go forth a man. To confess

the truth, it was my greatest apprehension—as it would
never be a measure of policy to turn out so quiet an
individual as myself; and it being hardly in the nature of a
public officer to resign—it was my chief trouble,
therefore, that I was likely to grow grey and decrepit in
the Surveyorship, and become much such another animal
as the old Inspector. Might it not, in the tedious lapse of
official life that lay before me, finally be with me as it was
with this venerable friend—to make the dinner-hour the
nucleus of the day, and to spend the rest of it, as an old
dog spends it, asleep in the sunshine or in the shade? A
dreary look-forward, this, for a man who felt it to be the
best definition of happiness to live throughout the whole
range of his faculties and sensibilities But, all this while, I
was giving myself very unnecessary alarm. Providence had
meditated better things for me than I could possibly
imagine for myself.
A remarkable event of the third year of my
Surveyorship—to adopt the tone of ‘P. P. ‘—was the
election of General Taylor to the Presidency. It is essential,
in order to a complete estimate of the advantages of
official life, to view the incumbent at the in-coming of a
hostile administration. His position is then one of the most

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singularly irksome, and, in every contingency,

disagreeable, that a wretched mortal can possibly occupy;
with seldom an alternative of good on either hand,
although what presents itself to him as the worst event
may very probably be the best. But it is a strange
experience, to a man of pride and sensibility, to know that
his interests are within the control of individuals who
neither love nor understand him, and by whom, since one
or the other must needs happen, he would rather be
injured than obliged. Strange, too, for one who has kept
his calmness throughout the contest, to observe the
bloodthirstiness that is developed in the hour of triumph,
and to be conscious that he is himself among its objects!
There are few uglier traits of human nature than this
tendency—which I now witnessed in men no worse than
their neighbours—to grow cruel, merely because they
possessed the power of inflicting harm. If the guillotine, as
applied to office-holders, were a literal fact, instead of one
of the most apt of metaphors, it is my sincere belief that
the active members of the victorious party were
sufficiently excited to have chopped off all our heads, and
have thanked Heaven for the opportunity! It appears to
me—who have been a calm and curious observer, as well
in victory as defeat—that this fierce and bitter spirit of

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malice and revenge has never distinguished the many

triumphs of my own party as it now did that of the Whigs.
The Democrats take the offices, as a general rule, because
they need them, and because the practice of many years
has made it the law of political warfare, which unless a
different system be proclaimed, it was weakness and
cowardice to murmur at. But the long habit of victory has
made them generous. They know how to spare when they
see occasion; and when they strike, the axe may be sharp
indeed, but its edge is seldom poisoned with ill-will; nor is
it their custom ignominiously to kick the head which they
have just struck off.
In short, unpleasant as was my predicament, at best, I
saw much reason to congratulate myself that I was on the
losing side rather than the triumphant one. If, heretofore, l
had been none of the warmest of partisans I began now, at
this season of peril and adversity, to be pretty acutely
sensible with which party my predilections lay; nor was it
without something like regret and shame that, according
to a reasonable calculation of chances, I saw my own
prospect of retaining office to be better than those of my
democratic brethren. But who can see an inch into
futurity beyond his nose? My own head was the first that
fell

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The moment when a man’s head drops off is seldom or

never, I am inclined to think, precisely the most agreeable
of his life. Nevertheless, like the greater part of our
misfortunes, even so serious a contingency brings its
remedy and consolation with it, if the sufferer will but
make the best rather than the worst, of the accident which
has befallen him. In my particular case the consolatory
topics were close at hand, and, indeed, had suggested
themselves to my meditations a considerable time before it
was requisite to use them. In view of my previous
weariness of office, and vague thoughts of resignation, my
fortune somewhat resembled that of a person who should
entertain an idea of committing suicide, and although
beyond his hopes, meet with the good hap to be
murdered. In the Custom-House, as before in the Old
Manse, I had spent three years—a term long enough to
rest a weary brain: long enough to break off old
intellectual habits, and make room for new ones: long
enough, and too long, to have lived in an unnatural state,
doing what was really of no advantage nor delight to any
human being, and withholding myself from toil that
would, at least, have stilled an unquiet impulse in me.
Then, moreover, as regarded his unceremonious
ejectment, the late Surveyor was not altogether ill-pleased

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to be recognised by the Whigs as an enemy; since his

inactivity in political affairs—his tendency to roam, at will,
in that broad and quiet field where all mankind may meet,
rather than confine himself to those narrow paths where
brethren of the same household must diverge from one
another—had sometimes made it questionable with his
brother Democrats whether he was a friend. Now, after he
had won the crown of martyrdom (though with no longer
a head to wear it on), the point might be looked upon as
settled. Finally, little heroic as he was, it seemed more
decorous to be overthrown in the downfall of the party
with which he had been content to stand than to remain a
forlorn survivor, when so many worthier men were
falling: and at last, after subsisting for four years on the
mercy of a hostile administration, to be compelled then to
define his position anew, and claim the yet more
humiliating mercy of a friendly one.
Meanwhile, the press had taken up my affair, and kept
me for a week or two careering through the public prints,
in my decapitated state, like Irving’s Headless Horseman,
ghastly and grim, and longing to be buried, as a political
dead man ought. So much for my figurative self. The real
human being all this time, with his head safely on his
shoulders, had brought himself to the comfortable

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conclusion that everything was for the best; and making an

investment in ink, paper, and steel pens, had opened his
long-disused writing desk, and was again a literary man.
Now it was that the lucubrations of my ancient
predecessor, Mr. Surveyor Pue, came into play. Rusty
through long idleness, some little space was requisite
before my intellectual machinery could be brought to
work upon the tale with an effect in any degree
satisfactory. Even yet, though my thoughts were ultimately
much absorbed in the task, it wears, to my eye, a stern and
sombre aspect: too much ungladdened by genial sunshine;
too little relieved by the tender and familiar influences
which soften almost every scene of nature and real life,
and undoubtedly should soften every picture of them. This
uncaptivating effect is perhaps due to the period of hardly
accomplished revolution, and still seething turmoil, in
which the story shaped itself. It is no indication, however,
of a lack of cheerfulness in the writer’s mind: for he was
happier while straying through the gloom of these sunless
fantasies than at any time since he had quitted the Old
Manse. Some of the briefer articles, which contribute to
make up the volume, have likewise been written since my
involuntary withdrawal from the toils and honours of
public life, and the remainder are gleaned from annuals

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and magazines, of such antique date, that they have gone

round the circle, and come back to novelty again. Keeping
up the metaphor of the political guillotine, the whole may
be considered as the POSTHUMOUS PAPERS OF A
DECAPITATED SURVEYOR: and the sketch which I
am now bringing to a close, if too autobiographical for a
modest person to publish in his lifetime, will readily be
excused in a gentleman who writes from beyond the
grave. Peace be with all the world My blessing on my
friends My forgiveness to my enemies For I am in the
realm of quiet
The life of the Custom—House lies like a dream
behind me. The old Inspector—who, by-the-bye, l regret
to say, was overthrown and killed by a horse some time
ago, else he would certainly have lived for ever—he, and
all those other venerable personages who sat with him at
the receipt of custom, are but shadows in my view: white-
headed and wrinkled images, which my fancy used to
sport with, and has now flung aside for ever. The
merchants— Pingree, Phillips, Shepard, Upton, Kimball,
Bertram, Hunt—these and many other names, which had
such classic familiarity for my ear six months ago,—these
men of traffic, who seemed to occupy so important a
position in the world—how little time has it required to

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disconnect me from them all, not merely in act, but

recollection It is with an effort that
I recall the figures and appellations of these few. Soon,
likewise, my old native town will loom upon me through
the haze of memory, a mist brooding over and around it;
as if it were no portion of the real earth, but an overgrown
village in cloud-land, with only imaginary inhabitants to
people its wooden houses and walk its homely lanes, and
the unpicturesque prolixity of its main street. Henceforth
it ceases to be a reality of my life; I am a citizen of
somewhere else. My good townspeople will not much
regret me, for—though it has been as dear an object as
any, in my literary efforts, to be of some importance in
their eyes, and to win myself a pleasant memory in this
abode and burial-place of so many of my forefathers—
there has never been, for me, the genial atmosphere which
a literary man requires in order to ripen the best harvest of
his mind. I shall do better amongst other faces; and these
familiar ones, it need hardly be said, will do just as well
without me.
It may be, however—oh, transporting and triumphant
thought I—that the great-grandchildren of the present
race may sometimes think kindly of the scribbler of
bygone days, when the antiquary of days to come, among

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the sites memorable in the town’s history, shall point out

the locality of THE TOWN PUMP.

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I. THE PRISON DOOR

A throng of bearded men, in sad-coloured garments
and grey steeple-crowned hats, inter-mixed with women,
some wearing hoods, and others bareheaded, was
assembled in front of a wooden edifice, the door of which
was heavily timbered with oak, and studded with iron
spikes.
The founders of a new colony, whatever Utopia of
human virtue and happiness they might originally project,
have invariably recognised it among their earliest practical
necessities to allot a portion of the virgin soil as a
cemetery, and another portion as the site of a prison. In
accordance with this rule it may safely be assumed that the
forefathers of Boston had built the first prison-house
somewhere in the Vicinity of Cornhill, almost as
seasonably as they marked out the first burial-ground, on
Isaac Johnson’s lot, and round about his grave, which
subsequently became the nucleus of all the congregated
sepulchres in the old churchyard of King’s Chapel. Certain
it is that, some fifteen or twenty years after the settlement
of the town, the wooden jail was already marked with
weather-stains and other indications of age, which gave a

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yet darker aspect to its beetle-browed and gloomy front.

The rust on the ponderous iron-work of its oaken door
looked more antique than anything else in the New
World. Like all that pertains to crime, it seemed never to
have known a youthful era. Before this ugly edifice, and
between it and the wheel-track of the street, was a grass-
plot, much overgrown with burdock, pig-weed, apple-
pern, and such unsightly vegetation, which evidently
found something congenial in the soil that had so early
borne the black flower of civilised society, a prison. But
on one side of the portal, and rooted almost at the
threshold, was a wild rose-bush, covered, in this month of
June, with its delicate gems, which might be imagined to
offer their fragrance and fragile beauty to the prisoner as
he went in, and to the condemned criminal as he came
forth to his doom, in token that the deep heart of Nature
could pity and be kind to him.
This rose-bush, by a strange chance, has been kept alive
in history; but whether it had merely survived out of the
stern old wilderness, so long after the fall of the gigantic
pines and oaks that originally overshadowed it, or
whether, as there is far authority for believing, it had
sprung up under the footsteps of the sainted Ann
Hutchinson as she entered the prison-door, we shall not

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take upon us to determine. Finding it so directly on the

threshold of our narrative, which is now about to issue
from that inauspicious portal, we could hardly do
otherwise than pluck one of its flowers, and present it to
the reader. It may serve, let us hope, to symbolise some
sweet moral blossom that may be found along the track, or
relieve the darkening close of a tale of human frailty and
sorrow

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The Scarlet Letter

II. THE MARKET-PLACE

The grass-plot before the jail, in Prison Lane, on a
certain summer morning, not less than two centuries ago,
was occupied by a pretty large number of the inhabitants
of Boston, all with their eyes intently fastened on the iron-
clamped oaken door. Amongst any other population, or at
a later period in the history of New England, the grim
rigidity that petrified the bearded physiognomies of these
good people would have augured some awful business in
hand. It could have betokened nothing short of the
anticipated execution of some rioted culprit, on whom the
sentence of a legal tribunal had but confirmed the verdict
of public sentiment. But, in that early severity of the
Puritan character, an inference of this kind could not so
indubitably be drawn. It might be that a sluggish bond-
servant, or an undutiful child, whom his parents had given
over to the civil authority, was to be corrected at the
whipping-post. It might be that an Antinomian, a Quaker,
or other heterodox religionist, was to be scourged out of
the town, or an idle or vagrant Indian, whom the white
man’s firewater had made riotous about the streets, was to
be driven with stripes into the shadow of the forest. It

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might be, too, that a witch, like old Mistress Hibbins, the
bitter-tempered widow of the magistrate, was to die upon
the gallows. In either case, there was very much the same
solemnity of demeanour on the part of the spectators, as
befitted a people among whom religion and law were
almost identical, and in whose character both were so
thoroughly interfused, that the mildest and severest acts of
public discipline were alike made venerable and awful.
Meagre, indeed, and cold, was the sympathy that a
transgressor might look for, from such bystanders, at the
scaffold. On the other hand, a penalty which, in our days,
would infer a degree of mocking infamy and ridicule,
might then be invested with almost as stern a dignity as the
punishment of death itself.
It was a circumstance to be noted on the summer
morning when our story begins its course, that the
women, of whom there were several in the crowd,
appeared to take a peculiar interest in whatever penal
infliction might be expected to ensue. The age had not so
much refinement, that any sense of impropriety restrained
the wearers of petticoat and farthingale from stepping forth
into the public ways, and wedging their not unsubstantial
persons, if occasion were, into the throng nearest to the
scaffold at an execution. Morally, as well as materially,

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there was a coarser fibre in those wives and maidens of old

English birth and breeding than in their fair descendants,
separated from them by a series of six or seven generations;
for, throughout that chain of ancestry, every successive
mother had transmitted to her child a fainter bloom, a
more delicate and briefer beauty, and a slighter physical
frame, if not character of less force and solidity than her
own. The women who were now standing about the
prison-door stood within less than half a century of the
period when the man-like Elizabeth had been the not
altogether unsuitable representative of the sex. They were
her countrywomen: and the beef and ale of their native
land, with a moral diet not a whit more refined, entered
largely into their composition. The bright morning sun,
therefore, shone on broad shoulders and well-developed
busts, and on round and ruddy cheeks, that had ripened in
the far-off island, and had hardly yet grown paler or
thinner in the atmosphere of New England. There was,
moreover, a boldness and rotundity of speech among these
matrons, as most of them seemed to be, that would startle
us at the present day, whether in respect to its purport or
its volume of tone.
‘Goodwives,’ said a hard-featured dame of fifty, ‘I’ll tell
ye a piece of my mind. It would be greatly for the public

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behoof if we women, being of mature age and church-

members in good repute, should have the handling of such
malefactresses as this Hester Prynne. What think ye,
gossips? If the hussy stood up for judgment before us five,
that are now here in a knot together, would she come off
with such a sentence as the worshipful magistrates have
awarded? Marry, I trow not"
‘People say,’ said another, ‘that the Reverend Master
Dimmesdale, her godly pastor, takes it very grievously to
heart that such a scandal should have come upon his
congregation. ‘
‘The magistrates are God-fearing gentlemen, but
merciful overmuch—that is a truth,’ added a third
autumnal matron. ‘At the very least, they should have put
the brand of a hot iron on Hester Prynne’s forehead.
Madame Hester would have winced at that, I warrant me.
But she—the naughty baggage— little will she care what
they put upon the bodice of her gown Why, look you,
she may cover it with a brooch, or such like. heathenish
adornment, and so walk the streets as brave as ever"
‘Ah, but,’ interposed, more softly, a young wife,
holding a child by the hand, ‘let her cover the mark as she
will, the pang of it will be always in her heart. ‘

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‘What do we talk of marks and brands, whether on the

bodice of her gown or the flesh of her forehead?’ cried
another female, the ugliest as well as the most pitiless of
these self-constituted judges. ‘This woman has brought
shame upon us all, and ought to die; Is there not law for
it? Truly there is, both in the Scripture and the statute-
book. Then let the magistrates, who have made it of no
effect, thank themselves if their own wives and daughters
go astray"
‘Mercy on us, goodwife’ exclaimed a man in the
crowd, ‘is there no virtue in woman, save what springs
from a wholesome fear of the gallows? That is the hardest
word yet! Hush now, gossips for the lock is turning in the
prison-door, and here comes Mistress Prynne herself. ‘
The door of the jail being flung open from within
there appeared, in the first place, like a black shadow
emerging into sunshine, the grim and gristly presence of
the town-beadle, with a sword by his side, and his staff of
office in his hand. This personage prefigured and
represented in his aspect the whole dismal severity of the
Puritanic code of law, which it was his business to
administer in its final and closest application to the
offender. Stretching forth the official staff in his left hand,
he laid his right upon the shoulder of a young woman,

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whom he thus drew forward, until, on the threshold of

the prison-door, she repelled him, by an action marked
with natural dignity and force of character, and stepped
into the open air as if by her own free will. She bore in
her arms a child, a baby of some three months old, who
winked and turned aside its little face from the too vivid
light of day; because its existence, heretofore, had brought
it acquaintance only with the grey twilight of a dungeon,
or other darksome apartment of the prison.
When the young woman—the mother of this child—
stood fully revealed before the crowd, it seemed to be her
first impulse to clasp the infant closely to her bosom; not
so much by an impulse of motherly affection, as that she
might thereby conceal a certain token, which was
wrought or fastened into her dress. In a moment,
however, wisely judging that one token of her shame
would but poorly serve to hide another, she took the baby
on her arm, and with a burning blush, and yet a haughty
smile, and a glance that would not be abashed, looked
around at her townspeople and neighbours. On the breast
of her gown, in fine red cloth, surrounded with an
elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold
thread, appeared the letter A. It was so artistically done,
and with so much fertility and gorgeous luxuriance of

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fancy, that it had all the effect of a last and fitting

decoration to the apparel which she wore, and which was
of a splendour in accordance with the taste of the age, but
greatly beyond what was allowed by the sumptuary
regulations of the colony.
The young woman was tall, with a figure of perfect
elegance on a large scale. She had dark and abundant hair,
so glossy that it threw off the sunshine with a gleam; and a
face which, besides being beautiful from regularity of
feature and richness of complexion, had the impressiveness
belonging to a marked brow and deep black eyes. She was
ladylike, too, after the manner of the feminine gentility of
those days; characterised by a certain state and dignity,
rather than by the delicate, evanescent, and indescribable
grace which is now recognised as its indication. And never
had Hester Prynne appeared more ladylike, in the antique
interpretation of the term, than as she issued from the
prison. Those who had before known her, and had
expected to behold her dimmed and obscured by a
disastrous cloud, were astonished, and even startled, to
perceive how her beauty shone out, and made a halo of
the misfortune and ignominy in which she was enveloped.
It may be true that, to a sensitive observer, there was some
thing exquisitely painful in it. Her attire, which indeed,

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she had wrought for the occasion in prison, and had

modelled much after her own fancy, seemed to express the
attitude of her spirit, the desperate recklessness of her
mood, by its wild and picturesque peculiarity. But the
point which drew all eyes, and, as it were, transfigured the
wearer—so that both men and women who had been
familiarly acquainted with Hester Prynne were now
impressed as if they beheld her for the first time—was that
SCARLET LETTER, so fantastically embroidered and
illuminated upon her bosom. It had the effect of a spell,
taking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity,
and enclosing her in a sphere by herself.
‘She hath good skill at her needle, that’s certain,’
remarked one of her female spectators; ‘but did ever a
woman, before this brazen hussy, contrive such a way of
showing it? Why, gossips, what is it but to laugh in the
faces of our godly magistrates, and make a pride out of
what they, worthy gentlemen, meant for a punishment?’
‘It were well,’ muttered the most iron-visaged of the
old dames, ‘if we stripped Madame Hester’s rich gown off
her dainty shoulders; and as for the red letter which she
hath stitched so curiously, I’ll bestow a rag of mine own
rheumatic flannel to make a fitter one!’

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‘Oh, peace, neighbours—peace!’ whispered their

youngest companion; ‘do not let her hear you! Not a
stitch in that embroidered letter but she has felt it in her
heart. ‘
The grim beadle now made a gesture with his staff.
‘Make way, good people—make way, in the King’s
name!’ cried he. ‘Open a passage; and I promise ye,
Mistress Prynne shall be set where man, woman, and child
may have a fair sight of her brave apparel from this time
till an hour past meridian. A blessing on the righteous
colony of the Massachusetts, where iniquity is dragged out
into the sunshine! Come along, Madame Hester, and show
your scarlet letter in the market-place!’
A lane was forthwith opened through the crowd of
spectators. Preceded by the beadle, and attended by an
irregular procession of stern-browed men and unkindly
visaged women, Hester Prynne set forth towards the place
appointed for her punishment. A crowd of eager and
curious schoolboys, understanding little of the matter in
hand, except that it gave them a half-holiday, ran before
her progress, turning their heads continually to stare into
her face and at the winking baby in her arms, and at the
ignominious letter on her breast. It was no great distance,
in those days, from the prison door to the market-place.

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Measured by the prisoner’s experience, however, it might

be reckoned a journey of some length; for haughty as her
demeanour was, she perchance underwent an agony from
every footstep of those that thronged to see her, as if her
heart had been flung into the street for them all to spurn
and trample upon. In our nature, however, there is a
provision, alike marvellous and merciful, that the sufferer
should never know the intensity of what he endures by its
present torture, but chiefly by the pang that rankles after
it. With almost a serene deportment, therefore, Hester
Prynne passed through this portion of her ordeal, and
came to a sort of scaffold, at the western extremity of the
market-place. It stood nearly beneath the eaves of Boston’s
earliest church, and appeared to be a fixture there.
In fact, this scaffold constituted a portion of a penal
machine, which now, for two or three generations past,
has been merely historical and traditionary among us, but
was held, in the old time, to be as effectual an agent, in
the promotion of good citizenship, as ever was the
guillotine among the terrorists of France. It was, in short,
the platform of the pillory; and above it rose the
framework of that instrument of discipline, so fashioned as
to confine the human head in its tight grasp, and thus hold
it up to the public gaze. The very ideal of ignominy was

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embodied and made manifest in this contrivance of wood

and iron. There can be no outrage, methinks, against our
common nature—whatever be the delinquencies of the
individual—no outrage more flagrant than to forbid the
culprit to hide his face for shame; as it was the essence of
this punishment to do. In Hester Prynne’s instance,
however, as not unfrequently in other cases, her sentence
bore that she should stand a certain time upon the
platform, but without undergoing that gripe about the
neck and confinement of the head, the proneness to which
was the most devilish characteristic of this ugly engine.
Knowing well her part, she ascended a flight of wooden
steps, and was thus displayed to the surrounding multitude,
at about the height of a man’s shoulders above the street.
Had there been a Papist among the crowd of Puritans,
he might have seen in this beautiful woman, so
picturesque in her attire and mien, and with the infant at
her bosom, an object to remind him of the image of
Divine Maternity, which so many illustrious painters have
vied with one another to represent; something which
should remind him, indeed, but only by contrast, of that
sacred image of sinless motherhood, whose infant was to
redeem the world. Here, there was the taint of deepest sin
in the most sacred quality of human life, working such

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effect, that the world was only the darker for this woman’s
beauty, and the more lost for the infant that she had
borne.
The scene was not without a mixture of awe, such as
must always invest the spectacle of guilt and shame in a
fellow-creature, before society shall have grown corrupt
enough to smile, instead of shuddering at it. The witnesses
of Hester Prynne’s disgrace had not yet passed beyond
their simplicity. They were stern enough to look upon her
death, had that been the sentence, without a murmur at its
severity, but had none of the heartlessness of another social
state, which would find only a theme for jest in an
exhibition like the present. Even had there been a
disposition to turn the matter into ridicule, it must have
been repressed and overpowered by the solemn presence
of men no less dignified than the governor, and several of
his counsellors, a judge, a general, and the ministers of the
town, all of whom sat or stood in a balcony of the
meeting-house, looking down upon the platform. When
such personages could constitute a part of the spectacle,
without risking the majesty, or reverence of rank and
office, it was safely to be inferred that the infliction of a
legal sentence would have an earnest and effectual
meaning. Accordingly, the crowd was sombre and grave.

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The Scarlet Letter

The unhappy culprit sustained herself as best a woman

might, under the heavy weight of a thousand unrelenting
eyes, all fastened upon her, and concentrated at her
bosom. It was almost intolerable to be borne. Of an
impulsive and passionate nature, she had fortified herself to
encounter the stings and venomous stabs of public
contumely, wreaking itself in every variety of insult; but
there was a quality so much more terrible in the solemn
mood of the popular mind, that she longed rather to
behold all those rigid countenances contorted with
scornful merriment, and herself the object. Had a roar of
laughter burst from the multitude—each man, each
woman, each little shrill-voiced child, contributing their
individual parts—Hester Prynne might have repaid them
all with a bitter and disdainful smile. But, under the leaden
infliction which it was her doom to endure, she felt, at
moments, as if she must needs shriek out with the full
power of her lungs, and cast herself from the scaffold
down upon the ground, or else go mad at once.
Yet there were intervals when the whole scene, in
which she was the most conspicuous object, seemed to
vanish from her eyes, or, at least, glimmered indistinctly
before them, like a mass of imperfectly shaped and spectral
images. Her mind, and especially her memory, was

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preternaturally active, and kept bringing up other scenes

than this roughly hewn street of a little town, on the edge
of the western wilderness: other faces than were lowering
upon her from beneath the brims of those steeple-
crowned hats. Reminiscences, the most trifling and
immaterial, passages of infancy and school-days, sports,
childish quarrels, and the little domestic traits of her
maiden years, came swarming back upon her,
intermingled with recollections of whatever was gravest in
her subsequent life; one picture precisely as vivid as
another; as if all were of similar importance, or all alike a
play. Possibly, it was an instinctive device of her spirit to
relieve itself by the exhibition of these phantasmagoric
forms, from the cruel weight and hardness of the reality.
Be that as it might, the scaffold of the pillory was a
point of view that revealed to Hester Prynne the entire
track along which she had been treading, since her happy
infancy. Standing on that miserable eminence, she saw
again her native village, in Old England, and her paternal
home: a decayed house of grey stone, with a poverty-
stricken aspect, but retaining a half obliterated shield of
arms over the portal, in token of antique gentility. She saw
her father’s face, with its bold brow, and reverend white
beard that flowed over the old-fashioned Elizabethan ruff;

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her mother’s, too, with the look of heedful and anxious

love which it always wore in her remembrance, and
which, even since her death, had so often laid the
impediment of a gentle remonstrance in her daughter’s
pathway. She saw her own face, glowing with girlish
beauty, and illuminating all the interior of the dusky
mirror in which she had been wont to gaze at it. There
she beheld another countenance, of a man well stricken in
years, a pale, thin, scholar-like visage, with eyes dim and
bleared by the lamp-light that had served them to pore
over many ponderous books. Yet those same bleared
optics had a strange, penetrating power, when it was their
owner’s purpose to read the human soul. This figure of
the study and the cloister, as Hester Prynne’s womanly
fancy failed not to recall, was slightly deformed, with the
left shoulder a trifle higher than the right. Next rose
before her in memory’s picture-gallery, the intricate and
narrow thoroughfares, the tall, grey houses, the huge
cathedrals, and the public edifices, ancient in date and
quaint in architecture, of a continental city; where new
life had awaited her, still in connexion with the misshapen
scholar: a new life, but feeding itself on time-worn
materials, like a tuft of green moss on a crumbling wall.
Lastly, in lieu of these shifting scenes, came back the rude

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market-place of the Puritan, settlement, with all the

townspeople assembled, and levelling their stern regards at
Hester Prynne—yes, at herself—who stood on the scaffold
of the pillory, an infant on her arm, and the letter A, in
scarlet, fantastically embroidered with gold thread, upon
her bosom.
Could it be true? She clutched the child so fiercely to
her breast that it sent forth a cry; she turned her eyes
downward at the scarlet letter, and even touched it with
her finger, to assure herself that the infant and the shame
were real. Yes these were her realities—all else had
vanished!

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III. THE RECOGNITION

From this intense consciousness of being the object of
severe and universal observation, the wearer of the scarlet
letter was at length relieved, by discerning, on the
outskirts of the crowd, a figure which irresistibly took
possession of her thoughts. An Indian in his native garb
was standing there; but the red men were not so
infrequent visitors of the English settlements that one of
them would have attracted any notice from Hester Prynne
at such a time; much less would he have excluded all other
objects and ideas from her mind. By the Indian’s side, and
evidently sustaining a companionship with him, stood a
white man, clad in a strange disarray of civilized and
savage costume.
He was small in stature, with a furrowed visage, which
as yet could hardly be termed aged. There was a
remarkable intelligence in his features, as of a person who
had so cultivated his mental part that it could not fail to
mould the physical to itself and become manifest by
unmistakable tokens. Although, by a seemingly careless
arrangement of his heterogeneous garb, he had
endeavoured to conceal or abate the peculiarity, it was

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sufficiently evident to Hester Prynne that one of this man’s

shoulders rose higher than the other. Again, at the first
instant of perceiving that thin visage, and the slight
deformity of the figure, she pressed her infant to her
bosom with so convulsive a force that the poor babe
uttered another cry of pain. But the mother did not seem
to hear it,
At his arrival in the market-place, and some time before
she saw him, the stranger had bent his eyes on Hester
Prynne. It was carelessly at first, like a man chiefly
accustomed to look inward, and to whom external matters
are of little value and import, unless they bear relation to
something within his mind. Very soon, however, his look
became keen and penetrative. A writhing horror twisted
itself across his features, like a snake gliding swiftly over
them, and making one little pause, with all its wreathed
intervolutions in open sight. His face darkened with some
powerful emotion, which, nevertheless, he so
instantaneously controlled by an effort of his will, that,
save at a single moment, its expression might have passed
for calmness. After a brief space, the convulsion grew
almost imperceptible, and finally subsided into the depths
of his nature. When he found the eyes of Hester Prynne
fastened on his own, and saw that she appeared to

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recognize him, he slowly and calmly raised his finger,

made a gesture with it in the air, and laid it on his lips.
Then touching the shoulder of a townsman who stood
near to him, he addressed him in a formal and courteous
manner:
‘I pray you, good Sir,’ said he, ‘who is this woman? —
and wherefore is she here set up to public shame?’
‘You must needs be a stranger in this region, friend,’
answered the townsman, looking curiously at the
questioner and his savage companion, ‘else you would
surely have heard of Mistress Hester Prynne and her evil
doings. She hath raised a great scandal, I promise you, in
godly Master Dimmesdale’s church. ‘
‘You say truly,’ replied the other; ‘I am a stranger, and
have been a wanderer, sorely against my will. I have met
with grievous mishaps by sea and land, and have been long
held in bonds among the heathen-folk to the southward;
and am now brought hither by this Indian to be redeemed
out of my captivity. Will it please you, therefore, to tell
me of Hester Prynne’s—have I her name rightly? —of this
woman’s offences, and what has brought her to yonder
scaffold?’
‘Truly, friend; and methinks it must gladden your
heart, after your troubles and sojourn in the wilderness,’

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said the townsman, ‘to find yourself at length in a land

where iniquity is searched out and punished in the sight of
rulers and people, as here in our godly New England.
Yonder woman, Sir, you must know, was the wife of a
certain learned man, English by birth, but who had long
ago dwelt in Amsterdam, whence some good time agone
he was minded to cross over and cast in his lot with us of
the Massachusetts. To this purpose he sent his wife before
him, remaining himself to look after some necessary affairs.
Marry, good Sir, in some two years, or less, that the
woman has been a dweller here in Boston, no tidings have
come of this learned gentleman, Master Prynne; and his
young wife, look you, being left to her own
misguidance—‘
‘Ah!—aha!—I conceive you,’ said the stranger with a
bitter smile. ‘So learned a man as you speak of should have
learned this too in his books. And who, by your favour,
Sir, may be the father of yonder babe—it is some three or
four months old, I should judge—which Mistress Prynne
is holding in her arms?’
‘Of a truth, friend, that matter remaineth a riddle; and
the Daniel who shall expound it is yet a-wanting,’
answered the townsman. ‘Madame Hester absolutely
refuseth to speak, and the magistrates have laid their heads

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together in vain. Peradventure the guilty one stands

looking on at this sad spectacle, unknown of man, and
forgetting that God sees him. ‘
‘The learned man,’ observed the stranger with another
smile, ‘should come himself to look into the mystery. ‘
‘It behoves him well if he be still in life,’ responded the
townsman. ‘Now, good Sir, our Massachusetts magistracy,
bethinking themselves that this woman is youthful and
fair, and doubtless was strongly tempted to her fall, and
that, moreover, as is most likely, her husband may be at
the bottom of the sea, they have not been bold to put in
force the extremity of our righteous law against her. The
penalty thereof is death. But in their great mercy and
tenderness of heart they have doomed Mistress Prynne to
stand only a space of three hours on the platform of the
pillory, and then and thereafter, for the remainder of her
natural life to wear a mark of shame upon her bosom. ‘
‘A wise sentence,’ remarked the stranger, gravely,
bowing his head. ‘Thus she will be a living sermon against
sin, until the ignominious letter be engraved upon her
tombstone. It irks me, nevertheless, that the partner of her
iniquity should not at least, stand on the scaffold by her
side. But he will be known—he will be known!—he will
be known!’

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He bowed courteously to the communicative

townsman, and whispering a few words to his Indian
attendant, they both made their way through the crowd.
While this passed, Hester Prynne had been standing on
her pedestal, still with a fixed gaze towards the stranger—
so fixed a gaze that, at moments of intense absorption, all
other objects in the visible world seemed to vanish,
leaving only him and her. Such an interview, perhaps,
would have been more terrible than even to meet him as
she now did, with the hot mid-day sun burning down
upon her face, and lighting up its shame; with the scarlet
token of infamy on her breast; with the sin-born infant in
her arms; with a whole people, drawn forth as to a festival,
staring at the features that should have been seen only in
the quiet gleam of the fireside, in the happy shadow of a
home, or beneath a matronly veil at church. Dreadful as it
was, she was conscious of a shelter in the presence of these
thousand witnesses. It was better to stand thus, with so
many betwixt him and her, than to greet him face to
face—they two alone. She fled for refuge, as it were, to
the public exposure, and dreaded the moment when its
protection should be withdrawn from her. Involved in
these thoughts, she scarcely heard a voice behind her until

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it had repeated her name more than once, in a loud and

solemn tone, audible to the whole multitude.
‘Hearken unto me, Hester Prynne!’ said the voice.
It has already been noticed that directly over the
platform on which Hester Prynne stood was a kind of
balcony, or open gallery, appended to the meeting-house.
It was the place whence proclamations were wont to be
made, amidst an assemblage of the magistracy, with all the
ceremonial that attended such public observances in those
days. Here, to witness the scene which we are describing,
sat Governor Bellingham himself with four sergeants about
his chair, bearing halberds, as a guard of honour. He wore
a dark feather in his hat, a border of embroidery on his
cloak, and a black velvet tunic beneath—a gentleman
advanced in years, with a hard experience written in his
wrinkles. He was not ill-fitted to be the head and
representative of a community which owed its origin and
progress, and its present state of development, not to the
impulses of youth, but to the stern and tempered energies
of manhood and the sombre sagacity of age; accomplishing
so much, precisely because it imagined and hoped so little.
The other eminent characters by whom the chief ruler was
surrounded were distinguished by a dignity of mien,
belonging to a period when the forms of authority were

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felt to possess the sacredness of Divine institutions. They

were, doubtless, good men, just and sage. But, out of the
whole human family, it would not have been easy to select
the same number of wise and virtuous persons, who
should he less capable of sitting in judgment on an erring
woman’s heart, and disentangling its mesh of good and
evil, than the sages of rigid aspect towards whom Hester
Prynne now turned her face. She seemed conscious,
indeed, that whatever sympathy she might expect lay in
the larger and warmer heart of the multitude; for, as she
lifted her eyes towards the balcony, the unhappy woman
grew pale, and trembled.
The voice which had called her attention was that of
the reverend and famous John Wilson, the eldest
clergyman of Boston, a great scholar, like most of his
contemporaries in the profession, and withal a man of kind
and genial spirit. This last attribute, however, had been less
carefully developed than his intellectual gifts, and was, in
truth, rather a matter of shame than self-congratulation
with him. There he stood, with a border of grizzled locks
beneath his skull-cap, while his grey eyes, accustomed to
the shaded light of his study, were winking, like those of
Hester’s infant, in the unadulterated sunshine. He looked
like the darkly engraved portraits which we see prefixed to

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old volumes of sermons, and had no more right than one

of those portraits would have to step forth, as he now did,
and meddle with a question of human guilt, passion, and
anguish.
‘Hester Prynne,’ said the clergyman, ‘I have striven
with my young brother here, under whose preaching of
the Word you have been privileged to sit’—here Mr.
Wilson laid his hand on the shoulder of a pale young man
beside him—‘I have sought, I say, to persuade this godly
youth, that he should deal with you, here in the face of
Heaven, and before these wise and upright rulers, and in
hearing of all the people, as touching the vileness and
blackness of your sin. Knowing your natural temper better
than I, he could the better judge what arguments to use,
whether of tenderness or terror, such as might prevail over
your hardness and obstinacy, insomuch that you should no
longer hide the name of him who tempted you to this
grievous fall. But he opposes to me—with a young man’s
over-softness, albeit wise beyond his years—that it were
wronging the very nature of woman to force her to lay
open her heart’s secrets in such broad daylight, and in
presence of so great a multitude. Truly, as I sought to
convince him, the shame lay in the commission of the sin,
and not in the showing of it forth. What say you to it,

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once again, brother Dimmesdale? Must it be thou, or I,

that shall deal with this poor sinner’s soul?’
There was a murmur among the dignified and reverend
occupants of the balcony; and Governor Bellingham gave
expression to its purport, speaking in an authoritative
voice, although tempered with respect towards the
youthful clergyman whom he addressed:
‘Good Master Dimmesdale,’ said he, ‘the responsibility
of this woman’s soul lies greatly with you. It behoves you;
therefore, to exhort her to repentance and to confession,
as a proof and consequence thereof. ‘
The directness of this appeal drew the eyes of the
whole crowd upon the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale—
young clergyman, who had come from one of the great
English universities, bringing all the learning of the age
into our wild forest land. His eloquence and religious
fervour had already given the earnest of high eminence in
his profession. He was a person of very striking aspect,
with a white, lofty, and impending brow; large, brown,
melancholy eyes, and a mouth which, unless when he
forcibly compressed it, was apt to be tremulous, expressing
both nervous sensibility and a vast power of self restraint.
Notwithstanding his high native gifts and scholar-like
attainments, there was an air about this young minister—

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an apprehensive, a startled, a half-frightened look—as of a

being who felt himself quite astray, and at a loss in the
pathway of human existence, and could only be at ease in
some seclusion of his own. Therefore, so far as his duties
would permit, he trod in the shadowy by-paths, and thus
kept himself simple and childlike, coming forth, when
occasion was, with a freshness, and fragrance, and dewy
purity of thought, which, as many people said, affected
them like tile speech of an angel.
Such was the young man whom the Reverend Mr.
Wilson and the Governor had introduced so openly to the
public notice, bidding him speak, in the hearing of all
men, to that mystery of a woman’s soul, so sacred even in
its pollution. The trying nature of his position drove the
blood from his cheek, and made his lips tremulous.
‘Speak to the woman, my brother,’ said Mr. Wilson. ‘It
is of moment to her soul, and, therefore, as the worshipful
Governor says, momentous to thine own, ill whose charge
hers is. Exhort her to confess the truth!’
The Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale bent his head, silent
prayer, as it seemed, and then came forward.
‘Hester Prynne,’ said he, leaning over the balcony and
looking down steadfastly into her eyes, ‘thou hearest what
this good man says, and seest the accountability under

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which I labour. If thou feelest it to be for thy soul’s peace,

and that thy earthly punishment will thereby be made
more effectual to salvation, I charge thee to speak out the
name of thy fellow-sinner and fellow-sufferer! Be not
silent from any mistaken pity and tenderness for him; for,
believe me, Hester, though he were to step down from a
high place, and stand there beside thee, on thy pedestal of
shame, yet better were it so than to hide a guilty heart
through life. What can thy silence do for him, except it
tempt him—yea, compel him, as it were—to add
hypocrisy to sin? Heaven hath granted thee an open
ignominy, that thereby thou mayest work out an open
triumph over the evil within thee and the sorrow without.
Take heed how thou deniest to him—who, perchance,
hath not the courage to grasp it for himself—the bitter,
but wholesome, cup that is now presented to thy lips!’
The young pastor’s voice was tremulously sweet, rich,
deep, and broken. The feeling that it so evidently
manifested, rather than the direct purport of the words,
caused it to vibrate within all hearts, and brought the
listeners into one accord of sympathy. Even the poor baby
at Hester’s bosom was affected by the same influence, for
it directed its hitherto vacant gaze towards Mr.
Dimmesdale, and held up its little arms with a half-pleased,

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half-plaintive murmur. So powerful seemed the minister’s

appeal that the people could not believe but that Hester
Prynne would speak out the guilty name, or else that the
guilty one himself in whatever high or lowly place he
stood, would be drawn forth by an inward and inevitable
necessity, and compelled to ascend the scaffold.
Hester shook her head.
‘Woman, transgress not beyond the limits of Heaven’s
mercy!’ cried the Reverend Mr. Wilson, more harshly
than before. ‘That little babe hath been gifted with a
voice, to second and confirm the counsel which thou hast
heard. Speak out the name! That, and thy repentance, may
avail to take the scarlet letter off thy breast. ‘
‘Never,’ replied Hester Prynne, looking, not at Mr.
Wilson, but into the deep and troubled eyes of the
younger clergyman. ‘It is too deeply branded. Ye cannot
take it off. And would that I might endure his agony as
well as mine!’
‘Speak, woman!’ said another voice, coldly and sternly,
proceeding from the crowd about the scaffold, ‘Speak; and
give your child a father!’
‘I will not speak!’ answered Hester, turning pale as
death, but responding to this voice, which she too surely

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recognised. ‘And my child must seek a heavenly father; she

shall never know an earthly one!’
‘She will not speak!’ murmured Mr. Dimmesdale, who,
leaning over the balcony, with his hand upon his heart,
had awaited the result of his appeal. He now drew back
with a long respiration. ‘Wondrous strength arid
generosity of a woman’s heart! She will not speak!’
Discerning the impracticable state of the poor culprit’s
mind, the elder clergyman, who had carefully prepared
himself for the occasion, addressed to the multitude a
discourse on sin, in all its branches, but with continual
reference to the ignominious letter. So forcibly did he
dwell upon this symbol, for the hour or more during
which is periods were rolling over the people’s heads, that
it assumed new terrors in their imagination, and seemed to
derive its scarlet hue from the flames of the infernal pit.
Hester Prynne, meanwhile, kept her place upon the
pedestal of shame, with glazed eyes, and an air of weary
indifference. She had borne that morning all that nature
could endure; and as her temperament was not of the
order that escapes from too intense suffering by a swoon,
her spirit could only shelter itself beneath a stony crust of
insensibility, while the faculties of animal life remained
entire. In this state, the voice of the preacher thundered

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remorselessly, but unavailingly, upon her ears. The infant,

during the latter portion of her ordeal, pierced the air with
its wailings and screams; she strove to hush it
mechanically, but seemed scarcely to sympathise with its
trouble. With the same hard demeanour, she was led back
to prison, and vanished from the public gaze within its
iron-clamped portal. It was whispered by those who
peered after her that the scarlet letter threw a lurid gleam
along the dark passage-way of the interior.

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IV. THE INTERVIEW

After her return to the prison, Hester Prynne was
found to be in a state of nervous excitement, that
demanded constant watchfulness, lest she should perpetrate
violence on herself, or do some half-frenzied mischief to
the poor babe. As night approached, it proving impossible
to quell her insubordination by rebuke or threats of
punishment, Master Brackett, the jailer, thought fit to
introduce a physician. He described him as a man of skill
in all Christian modes of physical science, and likewise
familiar with whatever the savage people could teach in
respect to medicinal herbs and roots that grew in the
forest. To say the truth, there was much need of
professional assistance, not merely for Hester herself, but
still more urgently for the child—who, drawing its
sustenance from the maternal bosom, seemed to have
drank in with it all the turmoil, the anguish and despair,
which pervaded the mother’s system. It now writhed in
convulsions of pain, and was a forcible type, in its little
frame, of the moral agony which Hester Prynne had borne
throughout the day.

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Closely following the jailer into the dismal apartment,

appeared that individual, of singular aspect whose presence
in the crowd had been of such deep interest to the wearer
of the scarlet letter. He was lodged in the prison, not as
suspected of any offence, but as the most convenient and
suitable mode of disposing of him, until the magistrates
should have conferred with the Indian sagamores
respecting his ransom. His name was announced as Roger
Chillingworth. The jailer, after ushering him into the
room, remained a moment, marvelling at the comparative
quiet that followed his entrance; for Hester Prynne had
immediately become as still as death, although the child
continued to moan.
‘Prithee, friend, leave me alone with my patient,’ said
the practitioner. ‘Trust me, good jailer, you shall briefly
have peace in your house; and, I promise you, Mistress
Prynne shall hereafter be more amenable to just authority
than you may have found her heretofore. ‘
‘Nay, if your worship can accomplish that,’ answered
Master Brackett, ‘I shall own you for a man of skill,
indeed! Verily, the woman hath been like a possessed one;
and there lacks little that I should take in hand, to drive
Satan out of her with stripes. ‘

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The stranger had entered the room with the

characteristic quietude of the profession to which he
announced himself as belonging. Nor did his demeanour
change when the withdrawal of the prison keeper left him
face to face with the woman, whose absorbed notice of
him, in the crowd, had intimated so close a relation
between himself and her. His first care was given to the
child, whose cries, indeed, as she lay writhing on the
trundle-bed, made it of peremptory necessity to postpone
all other business to the task of soothing her. He examined
the infant carefully, and then proceeded to unclasp a
leathern case, which he took from beneath his dress. It
appeared to contain medical preparations, one of which he
mingled with a cup of water.
‘My old studies in alchemy,’ observed he, ‘and my
sojourn, for above a year past, among a people well versed
in the kindly properties of simples, have made a better
physician of me than many that claim the medical degree.
Here, woman! The child is yours—she is none of mine—
neither will she recognise my voice or aspect as a father’s.
Administer this draught, therefore, with thine own hand.’
Hester repelled the offered medicine, at the same time
gazing with strongly marked apprehension into his face.

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‘Wouldst thou avenge thyself on the innocent babe?’

whispered she.
‘Foolish woman!’ responded the physician, half coldly,
half soothingly. ‘What should ail me to harm this
misbegotten and miserable babe? The medicine is potent
for good, and were it my child—yea, mine own, as well as
thine! I could do no better for it.’
As she still hesitated, being, in fact, in no reasonable
state of mind, he took the infant in his arms, and himself
administered the draught. It soon proved its efficacy, and
redeemed the leech’s pledge. The moans of the little
patient subsided; its convulsive tossings gradually ceased;
and in a few moments, as is the custom of young children
after relief from pain, it sank into a profound and dewy
slumber. The physician, as he had a fair right to be
termed, next bestowed his attention on the mother. With
calm and intent scrutiny, he felt her pulse, looked into her
eyes—a gaze that made her heart shrink and shudder,
because so familiar, and yet so strange and cold—and,
finally, satisfied with his investigation, proceeded to
mingle another draught.
‘I know not Lethe nor Nepenthe,’ remarked he; ‘but I
have learned many new secrets in the wilderness, and here
is one of them—a recipe that an Indian taught me, in

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requital of some lessons of my own, that were as old as

Paracelsus. Drink it! It may be less soothing than a sinless
conscience. That I cannot give thee. But it will calm the
swell and heaving of thy passion, like oil thrown on the
waves of a tempestuous sea.’
He presented the cup to Hester, who received it with a
slow, earnest look into his face; not precisely a look of
fear, yet full of doubt and questioning as to what his
purposes might be. She looked also at her slumbering
child.
‘I have thought of death,’ said she—‘have wished for
it—would even have prayed for it, were it fit that such as I
should pray for anything. Yet, if death be in this cup, I bid
thee think again, ere thou beholdest me quaff it. See! it is
even now at my lips.’
‘Drink, then,’ replied he, still with the same cold
composure. ‘Dost thou know me so little, Hester Prynne?
Are my purposes wont to be so shallow? Even if I imagine
a scheme of vengeance, what could I do better for my
object than to let thee live—than to give thee medicines
against all harm and peril of life—so that this burning
shame may still blaze upon thy bosom?’ As he spoke, he
laid his long fore-finger on the scarlet letter, which
forthwith seemed to scorch into Hester’s breast, as if it ad

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been red hot. He noticed her involuntary gesture, and

smiled. ‘Live, therefore, and bear about thy doom with
thee, in the eyes of men and women—in the eyes of him
whom thou didst call thy husband—in the eyes of yonder
child! And, that thou mayest live, take off this draught.’
Without further expostulation or delay, Hester Prynne
drained the cup, and, at the motion of the man of skill,
seated herself on the bed, where the child was sleeping;
while he drew the only chair which the room afforded,
and took his own seat beside her. She could not but
tremble at these preparations; for she felt that—having
now done all that humanity, or principle, or, if so it were,
a refined cruelty, impelled him to do for the relief of
physical suffering—he was next to treat with her as the
man whom she had most deeply and irreparably injured.
‘Hester,’ said he, ‘I ask not wherefore, nor how thou
hast fallen into the pit, or say, rather, thou hast ascended to
the pedestal of infamy on which I found thee. The reason
is not far to seek. It was my folly, and thy weakness. I—a
man of thought—the book-worm of great libraries—a
man already in decay, having given my best years to feed
the hungry dream of knowledge—what had I to do with
youth and beauty like thine own? Misshapen from my
birth-hour, how could I delude myself with the idea that

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intellectual gifts might veil physical deformity in a young

girl’s fantasy? Men call me wise. If sages were ever wise in
their own behoof, I might have foreseen all this. I might
have known that, as I came out of the vast and dismal
forest, and entered this settlement of Christian men, the
very first object to meet my eyes would be thyself, Hester
Prynne, standing up, a statue of ignominy, before the
people. Nay, from the moment when we came down the
old church-steps together, a married pair, I might have
beheld the bale-fire of that scarlet letter blazing at the end
of our path!’
‘Thou knowest,’ said Hester—for, depressed as she was,
she could not endure this last quiet stab at the token of her
shame—‘thou knowest that I was frank with thee. I felt no
love, nor feigned any.’
‘True,’ replied he. ‘It was my folly! I have said it. But,
up to that epoch of my life, I had lived in vain. The world
had been so cheerless! My heart was a habitation large
enough for many guests, but lonely and chill, and without
a household fire. I longed to kindle one! It seemed not so
wild a dream—old as I was, and sombre as I was, and
misshapen as I was—that the simple bliss, which is
scattered far and wide, for all mankind to gather up, might
yet be mine. And so, Hester, I drew thee into my heart,

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into its innermost chamber, and sought to warm thee by

the warmth which thy presence made there!’
‘I have greatly wronged thee,’ murmured Hester.
‘We have wronged each other,’ answered he. ‘Mine
was the first wrong, when I betrayed thy budding youth
into a false and unnatural relation with my decay.
Therefore, as a man who has not thought and
philosophised in vain, I seek no vengeance, plot no evil
against thee. Between thee and me, the scale hangs fairly
balanced. But, Hester, the man lives who has wronged us
both! Who is he?’
‘Ask me not?’ replied Hester Prynne, looking firmly
into his face. ‘That thou shalt never know!’
‘Never, sayest thou?’ rejoined he, with a smile of dark
and self-relying intelligence. ‘Never know him! Believe
me, Hester, there are few things whether in the outward
world, or, to a certain depth, in the invisible sphere of
thought—few things hidden from the man who devotes
himself earnestly and unreservedly to the solution of a
mystery. Thou mayest cover up thy secret from the prying
multitude. Thou mayest conceal it, too, from the ministers
and magistrates, even as thou didst this day, when they
sought to wrench the name out of thy heart, and give thee
a partner on thy pedestal. But, as for me, I come to the

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inquest with other senses than they possess. I shall seek this
man, as I have sought truth in books: as I have sought gold
in alchemy. There is a sympathy that will make me
conscious of him. I shall see him tremble. I shall feel
myself shudder, suddenly and unawares. Sooner or later,
he must needs be mine.’
The eyes of the wrinkled scholar glowed so intensely
upon her, that Hester Prynne clasped her hand over her
heart, dreading lest he should read the secret there at once.
‘Thou wilt not reveal his name? Not the less he is
mine,’ resumed he, with a look of confidence, as if destiny
were at one with him. ‘He bears no letter of infamy
wrought into his garment, as thou dost, but I shall read it
on his heart . Yet fear not for him! Think not that I shall
interfere with Heaven’s own method of retribution, or, to
my own loss, betray him to the gripe of human law.
Neither do thou imagine that I shall contrive aught against
his life; no, nor against his fame, if as I judge, he be a man
of fair repute. Let him live! Let him hide himself in
outward honour, if he may! Not the less he shall be mine!’
‘Thy acts are like mercy,’ said Hester, bewildered and
appalled; ‘but thy words interpret thee as a terror!’
‘One thing, thou that wast my wife, I would enjoin
upon thee,’ continued the scholar. ‘Thou hast kept the

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secret of thy paramour. Keep, likewise, mine! There are

none in this land that know me. Breathe not to any
human soul that thou didst ever call me husband! Here, on
this wild outskirt of the earth, I shall pitch my tent; for,
elsewhere a wanderer, and isolated from human interests, I
find here a woman, a man, a child, amongst whom and
myself there exist the closest ligaments. No matter
whether of love or hate: no matter whether of right or
wrong! Thou and thine, Hester Prynne, belong to me. My
home is where thou art and where he is. But betray me
not!’
‘Wherefore dost thou desire it?’ inquired Hester,
shrinking, she hardly knew why, from this secret bond.
‘Why not announce thyself openly, and cast me off at
once?’
‘It may be,’ he replied, ‘because I will not encounter
the dishonour that besmirches the husband of a faithless
woman. It may be for other reasons. Enough, it is my
purpose to live and die unknown. Let, therefore, thy
husband be to the world as one already dead, and of
whom no tidings shall ever come. Recognise me not, by
word, by sign, by look! Breathe not the secret, above all,
to the man thou wottest of. Shouldst thou fail me in this,

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beware! His fame, his position, his life will be in my

hands. Beware!’
‘I will keep thy secret, as I have his,’ said Hester.
‘Swear it!’ rejoined he.
And she took the oath.
‘And now, Mistress Prynne,’ said old Roger
Chillingworth, as he was hereafter to be named, ‘I leave
thee alone: alone with thy infant and the scarlet letter!
How is it, Hester? Doth thy sentence bind thee to wear
the token in thy sleep? Art thou not afraid of nightmares
and hideous dreams?’
‘Why dost thou smile so at me?’ inquired Hester,
troubled at the expression of his eyes. ‘Art thou like the
Black Man that haunts the forest round about us? Hast
thou enticed me into a bond that will prove the ruin of
my soul?’
‘Not thy soul,’ he answered, with another smile. ‘No,
not thine!’

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V. HESTER AT HER NEEDLE

Hester Prynne’s term of confinement was now at an
end. Her prison-door was thrown open, and she came
forth into the sunshine, which, falling on all alike, seemed,
to her sick and morbid heart, as if meant for no other
purpose than to reveal the scarlet letter on her breast.
Perhaps there was a more real torture in her first
unattended footsteps from the threshold of the prison than
even in the procession and spectacle that have been
described, where she was made the common infamy, at
which all mankind was summoned to point its finger.
Then, she was supported by an unnatural tension of the
nerves, and by all the combative energy of her character,
which enabled her to convert the scene into a kind of
lurid triumph. It was, moreover, a separate and insulated
event, to occur but once in her lifetime, and to meet
which, therefore, reckless of economy, she might call up
the vital strength that would have sufficed for many quiet
years. The very law that condemned her—a giant of stem
featured but with vigour to support, as well as to
annihilate, in his iron arm—had held her up through the
terrible ordeal of her ignominy. But now, with this

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unattended walk from her prison door, began the daily

custom; and she must either sustain and carry it forward by
the ordinary resources of her nature, or sink beneath it.
She could no longer borrow from the future to help her
through the present grief. Tomorrow would bring its own
trial with it; so would the next day, and so would the
next: each its own trial, and yet the very same that was
now so unutterably grievous to be borne. The days of the
far-off future would toil onward, still with the same
burden for her to take up, and bear along with her, but
never to fling down; for the accumulating days and added
years would pile up their misery upon the heap of shame.
Throughout them all, giving up her individuality, she
would become the general symbol at which the preacher
and moralist might point, and in which they might vivify
and embody their images of woman’s frailty and sinful
passion. Thus the young and pure would be taught to look
at her, with the scarlet letter flaming on her breast—at her,
the child of honourable parents—at her, the mother of a
babe that would hereafter be a woman—at her, who had
once been innocent—as the figure, the body, the reality of
sin. And over her grave, the infamy that she must carry
thither would be her only monument.

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It may seem marvellous that, with the world before

her—kept by no restrictive clause of her condemnation
within the limits of the Puritan settlement, so remote and
so obscure—free to return to her birth-place, or to any
other European land, and there hide her character and
identity under a new exterior, as completely as if emerging
into another state of being—and having also the passes of
the dark, inscrutable forest open to her, where the
wildness of her nature might assimilate itself with a people
whose customs and life were alien from the law that had
condemned her—it may seem marvellous that this woman
should still call that place her home, where, and where
only, she must needs be the type of shame. But there is a
fatality, a feeling so irresistible and inevitable that it has the
force of doom, which almost invariably compels human
beings to linger around and haunt, ghost-like, the spot
where some great and marked event has given the colour
to their lifetime; and, still the more irresistibly, the darker
the tinge that saddens it. Her sin, her ignominy, were the
roots which she had struck into the soil. It was as if a new
birth, with stronger assimilations than the first, had
converted the forest-land, still so uncongenial to every
other pilgrim and wanderer, into Hester Prynne’s wild and
dreary, but life-long home. All other scenes of earth—

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even that village of rural England, where happy infancy

and stainless maidenhood seemed yet to be in her mother’s
keeping, like garments put off long ago—were foreign to
her, in comparison. The chain that bound her here was of
iron links, and galling to her inmost soul, but could never
be broken.
It might be, too—doubtless it was so, although she hid
the secret from herself, and grew pale whenever it
struggled out of her heart, like a serpent from its hole—it
might be that another feeling kept her within the scene
and pathway that had been so fatal. There dwelt, there
trode, the feet of one with whom she deemed herself
connected in a union that, unrecognised on earth, would
bring them together before the bar of final judgment, and
make that their marriage-altar, for a joint futurity of
endless retribution. Over and over again, the tempter of
souls had thrust this idea upon Hester’s contemplation, and
laughed at the passionate an desperate joy with which she
seized, and then strove to cast it from her. She barely
looked the idea in the face, and hastened to bar it in its
dungeon. What she compelled herself to believe—what,
finally, she reasoned upon as her motive for continuing a
resident of New England—was half a truth, and half a self-
delusion. Here, she said to herself had been the scene of

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her guilt, and here should be the scene of her earthly

punishment; and so, perchance, the torture of her daily
shame would at length purge her soul, and work out
another purity than that which she had lost: more saint-
like, because the result of martyrdom.
Hester Prynne, therefore, did not flee. On the outskirts
of the town, within the verge of the peninsula, but not in
close vicinity to any other habitation, there was a small
thatched cottage. It had been built by an earlier settler, and
abandoned, because the soil about it was too sterile for
cultivation, while its comparative remoteness put it out of
the sphere of that social activity which already marked the
habits of the emigrants. It stood on the shore, looking
across a basin of the sea at the forest-covered hills, towards
the west. A clump of scrubby trees, such as alone grew on
the peninsula, did not so much conceal the cottage from
view, as seem to denote that here was some object which
would fain have been, or at least ought to be, concealed.
In this little lonesome dwelling, with some slender means
that she possessed, and by the licence of the magistrates,
who still kept an inquisitorial watch over her, Hester
established herself, with her infant child. A mystic shadow
of suspicion immediately attached itself to the spot.
Children, too young to comprehend wherefore this

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woman should be shut out from the sphere of human

charities, would creep nigh enough to behold her plying
her needle at the cottage-window, or standing in the
doorway, or labouring in her little garden, or coming forth
along the pathway that led townward, and, discerning the
scarlet letter on her breast, would scamper off with a
strange contagious fear.
Lonely as was Hester’s situation, and without a friend
on earth who dared to show himself, she, however,
incurred no risk of want. She possessed an art that sufficed,
even in a land that afforded comparatively little scope for
its exercise, to supply food for her thriving infant and
herself. It was the art, then, as now, almost the only one
within a woman’s grasp—of needle-work. She bore on
her breast, in the curiously embroidered letter, a specimen
of her delicate and imaginative skill, of which the dames of
a court might gladly have availed themselves, to add the
richer and more spiritual adornment of human ingenuity
to their fabrics of silk and gold. Here, indeed, in the sable
simplicity that generally characterised the Puritanic modes
of dress, there might be an infrequent call for the finer
productions of her handiwork. Yet the taste of the age,
demanding whatever was elaborate in compositions of this
kind, did not fail to extend its influence over our stern

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progenitors, who had cast behind them so many fashions

which it might seem harder to dispense with.
Public ceremonies, such as ordinations, the installation
of magistrates, and all that could give majesty to the forms
in which a new government manifested itself to the
people, were, as a matter of policy, marked by a stately
and well-conducted ceremonial, and a sombre, but yet a
studied magnificence. Deep ruffs, painfully wrought bands,
and gorgeously embroidered gloves, were all deemed
necessary to the official state of men assuming the reins of
power, and were readily allowed to individuals dignified
by rank or wealth, even while sumptuary laws forbade
these and similar extravagances to the plebeian order. In
the array of funerals, too—whether for the apparel of the
dead body, or to typify, by manifold emblematic devices
of sable cloth and snowy lawn, the sorrow of the
survivors—there was a frequent and characteristic demand
for such labour as Hester Prynne could supply. Baby-
linen—for babies then wore robes of state—afforded still
another possibility of toil and emolument.
By degrees, not very slowly, her handiwork became
what would now be termed the fashion. Whether from
commiseration for a woman of so miserable a destiny; or
from the morbid curiosity that gives a fictitious value even

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to common or worthless things; or by whatever other

intangible circumstance was then, as now, sufficient to
bestow, on some persons, what others might seek in vain;
or because Hester really filled a gap which must otherwise
have remained vacant; it is certain that she had ready and
fairly equited employment for as many hours as she saw fit
to occupy with her needle. Vanity, it may be, chose to
mortify itself, by putting on, for ceremonials of pomp and
state, the garments that had been wrought by her sinful
hands. Her needle-work was seen on the ruff of the
Governor; military men wore it on their scarfs, and the
minister on his band; it decked the baby’s little cap; it was
shut up, to be mildewed and moulder away, in the coffins
of the dead. But it is not recorded that, in a single
instance, her skill was called in to embroider the white veil
which was to cover the pure blushes of a bride. The
exception indicated the ever relentless vigour with which
society frowned upon her sin.
Hester sought not to acquire anything beyond a
subsistence, of the plainest and most ascetic description, for
herself, and a simple abundance for her child. Her own
dress was of the coarsest materials and the most sombre
hue, with only that one ornament—the scarlet letter—
which it was her doom to wear. The child’s attire, on the

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other hand, was distinguished by a fanciful, or, we may

rather say, a fantastic ingenuity, which served, indeed, to
heighten the airy charm that early began to develop itself
in the little girl, but which appeared to have also a deeper
meaning. We may speak further of it hereafter. Except for
that small expenditure in the decoration of her infant,
Hester bestowed all her superfluous means in charity, on
wretches less miserable than herself, and who not
unfrequently insulted the hand that fed them. Much of the
time, which she might readily have applied to the better
efforts of her art, she employed in making coarse garments
for the poor. It is probable that there was an idea of
penance in this mode of occupation, and that she offered
up a real sacrifice of enjoyment in devoting so many hours
to such rude handiwork. She had in her nature a rich,
voluptuous, Oriental characteristic—a taste for the
gorgeously beautiful, which, save in the exquisite
productions of her needle, found nothing else, in all the
possibilities of her life, to exercise itself upon. Women
derive a pleasure, incomprehensible to the other sex, from
the delicate toil of the needle. To Hester Prynne it might
have been a mode of expressing, and therefore soothing,
the passion of her life. Like all other joys, she rejected it as
sin. This morbid meddling of conscience with an

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immaterial matter betokened, it is to be feared, no genuine

and steadfast penitence, but something doubtful,
something that might be deeply wrong beneath.
In this matter, Hester Prynne came to have a part to
perform in the world. With her native energy of character
and rare capacity, it could not entirely cast her off,
although it had set a mark upon her, more intolerable to a
woman’s heart than that which branded the brow of Cain.
In all her intercourse with society, however, there was
nothing that made her feel as if she belonged to it. Every
gesture, every word, and even the silence of those with
whom she came in contact, implied, and often expressed,
that she was banished, and as much alone as if she
inhabited another sphere, or communicated with the
common nature by other organs and senses than the rest of
human kind. She stood apart from moral interests, yet
close beside them, like a ghost that revisits the familiar
fireside, and can no longer make itself seen or felt; no
more smile with the household joy, nor mourn with the
kindred sorrow; or, should it succeed in manifesting its
forbidden sympathy, awakening only terror and horrible
repugnance. These emotions, in fact, and its bitterest scorn
besides, seemed to be the sole portion that she retained in
the universal heart. It was not an age of delicacy; and her

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position, although she understood it well, and was in little

danger of forgetting it, was often brought before her vivid
self-perception, like a new anguish, by the rudest touch
upon the tenderest spot. The poor, as we have already
said, whom she sought out to be the objects of her
bounty, often reviled the hand that was stretched forth to
succour them. Dames of elevated rank, likewise, whose
doors she entered in the way of her occupation, were
accustomed to distil drops of bitterness into her heart;
sometimes through that alchemy of quiet malice, by which
women can concoct a subtle poison from ordinary trifles;
and sometimes, also, by a coarser expression, that fell upon
the sufferer’s defenceless breast like a rough blow upon an
ulcerated wound. Hester had schooled herself long and
well; and she never responded to these attacks, save by a
flush of crimson that rose irrepressibly over her pale cheek,
and again subsided into the depths of her bosom. She was
patient—a martyr, indeed but she forebore to pray for
enemies, lest, in spite of her forgiving aspirations, the
words of the blessing should stubbornly twist themselves
into a curse.
Continually, and in a thousand other ways, did she feel
the innumerable throbs of anguish that had been so
cunningly contrived for her by the undying, the ever-

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active sentence of the Puritan tribunal. Clergymen paused

in the streets, to address words of exhortation, that
brought a crowd, with its mingled grin and frown, around
the poor, sinful woman. If she entered a church, trusting
to share the Sabbath smile of the Universal Father, it was
often her mishap to find herself the text of the discourse.
She grew to have a dread of children; for they had
imbibed from their parents a vague idea of something
horrible in this dreary woman gliding silently through the
town, with never any companion but one only child.
Therefore, first allowing her to pass, they pursued her at a
distance with shrill cries, and the utterances of a word that
had no distinct purport to their own minds, but was none
the less terrible to her, as proceeding from lips that
babbled it unconsciously. It seemed to argue so wide a
diffusion of her shame, that all nature knew of it; it could
have caused her no deeper pang had the leaves of the trees
whispered the dark story among themselves—had the
summer breeze murmured about it—had the wintry blast
shrieked it aloud! Another peculiar torture was felt in the
gaze of a new eye. When strangers looked curiously at the
scarlet letter and none ever failed to do so—they branded
it afresh in Hester’s soul; so that, oftentimes, she could
scarcely refrain, yet always did refrain, from covering the

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symbol with her hand. But then, again, an accustomed eye

had likewise its own anguish to inflict. Its cool stare of
familiarity was intolerable. From first to last, in short,
Hester Prynne had always this dreadful agony in feeling a
human eye upon the token; the spot never grew callous; it
seemed, on the contrary, to grow more sensitive with
daily torture.
But sometimes, once in many days, or perchance in
many months, she felt an eye—a human eye—upon the
ignominious brand, that seemed to give a momentary
relief, as if half of her agony were shared. The next instant,
back it all rushed again, with still a deeper throb of pain;
for, in that brief interval, she had sinned anew. (Had
Hester sinned alone?)
Her imagination was somewhat affected, and, had she
been of a softer moral and intellectual fibre would have
been still more so, by the strange and solitary anguish of
her life. Walking to and fro, with those lonely footsteps, in
the little world with which she was outwardly connected,
it now and then appeared to Hester—if altogether fancy, it
was nevertheless too potent to be resisted—she felt or
fancied, then, that the scarlet letter had endowed her with
a new sense. She shuddered to believe, yet could not help
believing, that it gave her a sympathetic knowledge of the

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hidden sin in other hearts. She was terror- stricken by the

revelations that were thus made. What were they? Could
they be other than the insidious whispers of the bad angel,
who would fain have persuaded the struggling woman, as
yet only half his victim, that the outward guise of purity
was but a lie, and that, if truth were everywhere to be
shown, a scarlet letter would blaze forth on many a bosom
besides Hester Prynne’s? Or, must she receive those
intimations—so obscure, yet so distinct—as truth? In all
her miserable experience, there was nothing else so awful
and so loathsome as this sense. It perplexed, as well as
shocked her, by the irreverent inopportuneness of the
occasions that brought it into vivid action. Sometimes the
red infamy upon her breast would give a sympathetic
throb, as she passed near a venerable minister or
magistrate, the model of piety and justice, to whom that
age of antique reverence looked up, as to a mortal man in
fellowship with angels. ‘What evil thing is at hand?’ would
Hester say to herself. Lifting her reluctant eyes, there
would be nothing human within the scope of view, save
the form of this earthly saint! Again a mystic sisterhood
would contumaciously assert itself, as she met the
sanctified frown of some matron, who, according to the
rumour of all tongues, had kept cold snow within her

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bosom throughout life. That unsunned snow in the

matron’s bosom, and the burning shame on Hester
Prynne’s—what had the two in common? Or, once more,
the electric thrill would give her warning—‘Behold
Hester, here is a companion!’ and, looking up, she would
detect the eyes of a young maiden glancing at the scarlet
letter, shyly and aside, and quickly averted, with a faint,
chill crimson in her cheeks as if her purity were somewhat
sullied by that momentary glance. O Fiend, whose
talisman was that fatal symbol, wouldst thou leave nothing,
whether in youth or age, for this poor sinner to revere?—
such loss of faith is ever one of the saddest results of sin.
Be it accepted as a proof that all was not corrupt in this
poor victim of her own frailty, and man’s hard law, that
Hester Prynne yet struggled to believe that no fellow-
mortal was guilty like herself.
The vulgar, who, in those dreary old times, were
always contributing a grotesque horror to what interested
their imaginations, had a story about the scarlet letter
which we might readily work up into a terrific legend.
They averred that the symbol was not mere scarlet cloth,
tinged in an earthly dye-pot, but was red-hot with infernal
fire, and could be seen glowing all alight whenever Hester
Prynne walked abroad in the night-time. And we must

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needs say it seared Hester’s bosom so deeply, that perhaps

there was more truth in the rumour than our modern
incredulity may be inclined to admit.

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VI. PEARL
We have as yet hardly spoken of the infant that little
creature, whose innocent life had sprung, by the
inscrutable decree of Providence, a lovely and immortal
flower, out of the rank luxuriance of a guilty passion.
How strange it seemed to the sad woman, as she watched
the growth, and the beauty that became every day more
brilliant, and the intelligence that threw its quivering
sunshine over the tiny features of this child! Her Pearl—
for so had Hester called her; not as a name expressive of
her aspect, which had nothing of the calm, white,
unimpassioned lustre that would be indicated by the
comparison. But she named the infant ‘Pearl,’ as being of
great price—purchased with all she had—her mother’s
only treasure! How strange, indeed! Man had marked this
woman’s sin by a scarlet letter, which had such potent and
disastrous efficacy that no human sympathy could reach
her, save it were sinful like herself. God, as a direct
consequence of the sin which man thus punished, had
given her a lovely child, whose place was on that same
dishonoured bosom, to connect her parent for ever with
the race and descent of mortals, and to be finally a blessed

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soul in heaven! Yet these thoughts affected Hester Prynne

less with hope than apprehension. She knew that her deed
had been evil; she could have no faith, therefore, that its
result would be good. Day after day she looked fearfully
into the child’s expanding nature, ever dreading to detect
some dark and wild peculiarity that should correspond
with the guiltiness to which she owed her being.
Certainly there was no physical defect. By its perfect
shape, its vigour, and its natural dexterity in the use of all
its untried limbs, the infant was worthy to have been
brought forth in Eden: worthy to have been left there to
be the plaything of the angels after the world’s first parents
were driven out. The child had a native grace which does
not invariably co-exist with faultless beauty; its attire,
however simple, always impressed the beholder as if it
were the very garb that precisely became it best. But little
Pearl was not clad in rustic weeds. Her mother, with a
morbid purpose that may be better understood hereafter,
had bought the richest tissues that could be procured, and
allowed her imaginative faculty its full play in the
arrangement and decoration of the dresses which the child
wore before the public eye. So magnificent was the small
figure when thus arrayed, and such was the splendour of
Pearl’s own proper beauty, shining through the gorgeous

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robes which might have extinguished a paler loveliness,

that there was an absolute circle of radiance around her on
the darksome cottage floor. And yet a russet gown, torn
and soiled with the child’s rude play, made a picture of her
just as perfect. Pearl’s aspect was imbued with a spell of
infinite variety; in this one child there were many
children, comprehending the full scope between the wild-
flower prettiness of a peasant-baby, and the pomp, in little,
of an infant princess. Throughout all, however, there was
a trait of passion, a certain depth of hue, which she never
lost; and if in any of her changes, she had grown fainter or
paler, she would have ceased to be herself—it would have
been no longer Pearl!
This outward mutability indicated, and did not more
than fairly express, the various properties of her inner life.
Her nature appeared to possess depth, too, as well as
variety; but—or else Hester’s fears deceived her—it lacked
reference and adaptation to the world into which she was
born. The child could not be made amenable to rules. In
giving her existence a great law had been broken; and the
result was a being whose elements were perhaps beautiful
and brilliant, but all in disorder, or with an order peculiar
to themselves, amidst which the point of variety and
arrangement was difficult or impossible to be discovered.

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Hester could only account for the child’s character—and

even then most vaguely and imperfectly—by recalling
what she herself had been during that momentous period
while Pearl was imbibing her soul from the spiritual
world, and her bodily frame from its material of earth. The
mother’s impassioned state had been the medium through
which were transmitted to the unborn infant the rays of its
moral life; and, however white and clear originally, they
had taken the deep stains of crimson and gold, the fiery
lustre, the black shadow, and the untempered light of the
intervening substance. Above all, the warfare of Hester’s
spirit at that epoch was perpetuated in Pearl. She could
recognize her wild, desperate, defiant mood, the flightiness
of her temper, and even some of the very cloud-shapes of
gloom and despondency that had brooded in her heart.
They were now illuminated by the morning radiance of a
young child’s disposition, but, later in the day of earthly
existence, might be prolific of the storm and whirlwind.
The discipline of the family in those days was of a far
more rigid kind than now. The frown, the harsh rebuke,
the frequent application of the rod, enjoined by Scriptural
authority, were used, not merely in the way of
punishment for actual offences, but as a wholesome
regimen for the growth and promotion of all childish

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virtues. Hester Prynne, nevertheless, the loving mother of

this one child, ran little risk of erring on the side of undue
severity. Mindful, however, of her own errors and
misfortunes, she early sought to impose a tender but strict
control over the infant immortality that was committed to
her charge. But the task was beyond her skill. after testing
both smiles and frowns, and proving that neither mode of
treatment possessed any calculable influence, Hester was
ultimately compelled to stand aside and permit the child to
be swayed by her own impulses. Physical compulsion or
restraint was effectual, of course, while it lasted. As to any
other kind of discipline, whether addressed to her mind or
heart, little Pearl might or might not be within its reach,
in accordance with the caprice that ruled the moment.
Her mother, while Pearl was yet an infant, grew
acquainted with a certain peculiar look, that warned her
when it would be labour thrown away to insist, persuade
or plead.
It was a look so intelligent, yet inexplicable, perverse,
sometimes so malicious, but generally accompanied by a
wild flow of spirits, that Hester could not help questioning
at such moments whether Pearl was a human child. She
seemed rather an airy sprite, which, after playing its
fantastic sports for a little while upon the cottage floor,

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would flit away with a mocking smile. Whenever that

look appeared in her wild, bright, deeply black eyes, it
invested her with a strange remoteness and intangibility: it
was as if she were hovering in the air, and might vanish,
like a glimmering light that comes we know not whence
and goes we know not whither. Beholding it, Hester was
constrained to rush towards the child—to pursue the little
elf in the flight which she invariably began—to snatch her
to her bosom with a close pressure and earnest kisses—not
so much from overflowing love as to assure herself that
Pearl was flesh and blood, and not utterly delusive. But
Pearl’s laugh, when she was caught, though full of
merriment and music, made her mother more doubtful
than before.
Heart-smitten at this bewildering and baffling spell, that
so often came between herself and her sole treasure,
whom she had bought so dear, and who was all her world,
Hester sometimes burst into passionate tears. Then,
perhaps—for there was no foreseeing how it might affect
her—Pearl would frown, and clench her little fist, and
harden her small features into a stern, unsympathising look
of discontent. Not seldom she would laugh anew, and
louder than before, like a thing incapable and unintelligent
of human sorrow. Or—but this more rarely happened—

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she would be convulsed with rage of grief and sob out her
love for her mother in broken words, and seem intent on
proving that she had a heart by breaking it. Yet Hester was
hardly safe in confiding herself to that gusty tenderness: it
passed as suddenly as it came. Brooding over all these
matters, the mother felt like one who has evoked a spirit,
but, by some irregularity in the process of conjuration, has
failed to win the master-word that should control this new
and incomprehensible intelligence. Her only real comfort
was when the child lay in the placidity of sleep. Then she
was sure of her, and tasted hours of quiet, sad, delicious
happiness; until—perhaps with that perverse expression
glimmering from beneath her opening lids—little Pearl
awoke!
How soon—with what strange rapidity, indeed did
Pearl arrive at an age that was capable of social intercourse
beyond the mother’s ever-ready smile and nonsense-
words! And then what a happiness would it have been
could Hester Prynne have heard her clear, bird-like voice
mingling with the uproar of other childish voices, and
have distinguished and unravelled her own darling’s tones,
amid all the entangled outcry of a group of sportive
children. But this could never be. Pearl was a born outcast
of the infantile world. An imp of evil, emblem and

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product of sin, she had no right among christened infants.

Nothing was more remarkable than the instinct, as it
seemed, with which the child comprehended her
loneliness: the destiny that had drawn an inviolable circle
round about her: the whole peculiarity, in short, of her
position in respect to other children. Never since her
release from prison had Hester met the public gaze
without her. In all her walks about the town, Pearl, too,
was there: first as the babe in arms, and afterwards as the
little girl, small companion of her mother, holding a
forefinger with her whole grasp, and tripping along at the
rate of three or four footsteps to one of Hester’s. She saw
the children of the settlement on the grassy margin of the
street, or at the domestic thresholds, disporting themselves
in such grim fashions as the Puritanic nurture would
permit! playing at going to church, perchance, or at
scourging Quakers, or taking scalps in a sham fight with
the Indians, or scaring one another with freaks of imitative
witchcraft. Pearl saw, and gazed intently, but never sought
to make acquaintance. If spoken to, she would not speak
again. If the children gathered about her, as they
sometimes did, Pearl would grow positively terrible in her
puny wrath, snatching up stones to fling at them, with
shrill, incoherent exclamations, that made her mother

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tremble, because they had so much the sound of a witch’s

anathemas in some unknown tongue.
The truth was, that the little Puritans, being of the most
intolerant brood that ever lived, had got a vague idea of
something outlandish, unearthly, or at variance with
ordinary fashions, in the mother and child, and therefore
scorned them in their hearts, and not unfrequently reviled
them with their tongues. Pearl felt the sentiment, and
requited it with the bitterest hatred that can be supposed
to rankle in a childish bosom. These outbreaks of a fierce
temper had a kind of value, and even comfort for the
mother; because there was at least an intelligible
earnestness in the mood, instead of the fitful caprice that
so often thwarted her in the child’s manifestations. It
appalled her, nevertheless, to discern here, again, a
shadowy reflection of the evil that had existed in herself.
All this enmity and passion had Pearl inherited, by
inalienable right, out of Hester’s heart. Mother and
daughter stood together in the same circle of seclusion
from human society; and in the nature of the child seemed
to be perpetuated those unquiet elements that had
distracted Hester Prynne before Pearl’s birth, but had since
begun to be soothed away by the softening influences of
maternity.

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At home, within and around her mother’s cottage,

Pearl wanted not a wide and various circle of
acquaintance. The spell of life went forth from her ever-
creative spirit, and communicated itself to a thousand
objects, as a torch kindles a flame wherever it may be
applied. The unlikeliest materials—a stick, a bunch of rags,
a flower—were the puppets of Pearl’s witchcraft, and,
without undergoing any outward change, became
spiritually adapted to whatever drama occupied the stage
of her inner world. Her one baby-voice served a
multitude of imaginary personages, old and young, to talk
withal. The pine-trees, aged, black, and solemn, and
flinging groans and other melancholy utterances on the
breeze, needed little transformation to figure as Puritan
elders the ugliest weeds of the garden were their children,
whom Pearl smote down and uprooted most unmercifully.
It was wonderful, the vast variety of forms into which she
threw her intellect, with no continuity, indeed, but
darting up and dancing, always in a state of preternatural
activity—soon sinking down, as if exhausted by so rapid
and feverish a tide of life—and succeeded by other shapes
of a similar wild energy. It was like nothing so much as
the phantasmagoric play of the northern lights. In the
mere exercise of the fancy, however, and the sportiveness

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of a growing mind, there might be a little more than was

observable in other children of bright faculties; except as
Pearl, in the dearth of human playmates, was thrown more
upon the visionary throng which she created. The
singularity lay in the hostile feelings with which the child
regarded all these offsprings of her own heart and mind.
She never created a friend, but seemed always to be
sowing broadcast the dragon’s teeth, whence sprung a
harvest of armed enemies, against whom she rushed to
battle. It was inexpressibly sad—then what depth of
sorrow to a mother, who felt in her own heart the cause—
to observe, in one so young, this constant recognition of
an adverse world, and so fierce a training of the energies
that were to make good her cause in the contest that must
ensue.
Gazing at Pearl, Hester Prynne often dropped her work
upon her knees, and cried out with an agony which she
would fain have hidden, but which made utterance for
itself betwixt speech and a groan—‘O Father in Heaven—
if Thou art still my Father—what is this being which I
have brought into the world?’ And Pearl, overhearing the
ejaculation, or aware through some more subtile channel,
of those throbs of anguish, would turn her vivid and

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beautiful little face upon her mother, smile with sprite-like

intelligence, and resume her play.
One peculiarity of the child’s deportment remains yet
to be told. The very first thing which she had noticed in
her life, was—what?—not the mother’s smile, responding
to it, as other babies do, by that faint, embryo smile of the
little mouth, remembered so doubtfully afterwards, and
with such fond discussion whether it were indeed a smile.
By no means! But that first object of which Pearl seemed
to become aware was—shall we say it?—the scarlet letter
on Hester’s bosom! One day, as her mother stooped over
the cradle, the infant’s eyes had been caught by the
glimmering of the gold embroidery about the letter; and
putting up her little hand she grasped at it, smiling, not
doubtfully, but with a decided gleam, that gave her face
the look of a much older child. Then, gasping for breath,
did Hester Prynne clutch the fatal token, instinctively
endeavouring to tear it away, so infinite was the torture
inflicted by the intelligent touch of Pearl’s baby-hand.
Again, as if her mother’s agonised gesture were meant
only to make sport for her, did little Pearl look into her
eyes, and smile. From that epoch, except when the child
was asleep, Hester had never felt a moment’s safety: not a
moment’s calm enjoyment of her. Weeks, it is true, would

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sometimes elapse, during which Pearl’s gaze might never

once be fixed upon the scarlet letter; but then, again, it
would come at unawares, like the stroke of sudden death,
and always with that peculiar smile and odd expression of
the eyes.
Once this freakish, elvish cast came into the child’s eyes
while Hester was looking at her own image in them, as
mothers are fond of doing; and suddenly for women in
solitude, and with troubled hearts, are pestered with
unaccountable delusions she fancied that she beheld, not
her own miniature portrait, but another face in the small
black mirror of Pearl’s eye. It was a face, fiend-like, full of
smiling malice, yet bearing the semblance of features that
she had known full well, though seldom with a smile, and
never with malice in them. It was as if an evil spirit
possessed the child, and had just then peeped forth in
mockery. Many a time afterwards had Hester been
tortured, though less vividly, by the same illusion.
In the afternoon of a certain summer’s day, after Pearl
grew big enough to run about, she amused herself with
gathering handfuls of wild flowers, and flinging them, one
by one, at her mother’s bosom; dancing up and down like
a little elf whenever she hit the scarlet letter. Hester’s first
motion had been to cover her bosom with her clasped

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hands. But whether from pride or resignation, or a feeling

that her penance might best be wrought out by this
unutterable pain, she resisted the impulse, and sat erect,
pale as death, looking sadly into little Pearl’s wild eyes.
Still came the battery of flowers, almost invariably hitting
the mark, and covering the mother’s breast with hurts for
which she could find no balm in this world, nor knew
how to seek it in another. At last, her shot being all
expended, the child stood still and gazed at Hester, with
that little laughing image of a fiend peeping out—or,
whether it peeped or no, her mother so imagined it—
from the unsearchable abyss of her black eyes.
‘Child, what art thou?’ cried the mother.
‘Oh, I am your little Pearl!’ answered the child.
But while she said it, Pearl laughed, and began to dance
up and down with the humoursome gesticulation of a
little imp, whose next freak might be to fly up the
chimney.
‘Art thou my child, in very truth?’ asked Hester.
Nor did she put the question altogether idly, but, for
the moment, with a portion of genuine earnestness; for,
such was Pearl’s wonderful intelligence, that her mother
half doubted whether she were not acquainted with the

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secret spell of her existence, and might not now reveal

herself.
‘Yes; I am little Pearl!’ repeated the child, continuing
her antics.
‘Thou art not my child! Thou art no Pearl of mine!’
said the mother half playfully; for it was often the case that
a sportive impulse came over her in the midst of her
deepest suffering. ‘Tell me, then, what thou art, and who
sent thee hither?’
‘Tell me, mother!’ said the child, seriously, coming up
to Hester, and pressing herself close to her knees. ‘Do
thou tell me!’
‘Thy Heavenly Father sent thee!’ answered Hester
Prynne.
But she said it with a hesitation that did not escape the
acuteness of the child. Whether moved only by her
ordinary freakishness, or because an evil spirit prompted
her, she put up her small forefinger and touched the scarlet
letter.
‘He did not send me!’ cried she, positively. ‘I have no
Heavenly Father!’
‘Hush, Pearl, hush! Thou must not talk so!’ answered
the mother. suppressing a groan. ‘He sent us all into the
world. He sent even me, thy mother. Then, much more

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thee! Or, if not, thou strange and elfish child, whence

didst thou come?’
‘Tell me! Tell me!’ repeated Pearl, no longer seriously,
but laughing and capering about the floor. ‘It is thou that
must tell me!’
But Hester could not resolve the query, using herself in
a dismal labyrinth of doubt. She remembered—betwixt a
smile and a shudder—the talk of the neighbouring
townspeople, who, seeking vainly elsewhere for the child’s
paternity, and observing some of her odd attributes, had
given out that poor little Pearl was a demon offspring:
such as, ever since old Catholic times, had occasionally
been seen on earth, through the agency of their mother’s
sin, and to promote some foul and wicked purpose.
Luther, according to the scandal of his monkish enemies,
was a brat of that hellish breed; nor was Pearl the only
child to whom this inauspicious origin was assigned
among the New England Puritans.

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VII. THE GOVERNOR’S HALL

Hester Prynne went one day to the mansion of
Governor Bellingham, with a pair of gloves which she had
fringed and embroidered to his order, and which were to
be worn on some great occasion of state; for, though the
chances of a popular election had caused this former ruler
to descend a step or two from the highest rank, he still
held an honourable and influential place among the
colonial magistracy.
Another and far more important reason than the
delivery of a pair of embroidered gloves, impelled Hester,
at this time, to seek an interview with a personage of so
much power and activity in the affairs of the settlement. It
had reached her ears that there was a design on the part of
some of the leading inhabitants, cherishing the more rigid
order of principles in religion and government, to deprive
her of her child. On the supposition that Pearl, as already
hinted, was of demon origin, these good people not
unreasonably argued that a Christian interest in the
mother’s soul required them to remove such a stumbling-
block from her path. If the child, on the other hand, were
really capable of moral and religious growth, and possessed

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the elements of ultimate salvation, then, surely, it would

enjoy all the fairer prospect of these advantages by being
transferred to wiser and better guardianship than Hester
Prynne’s. Among those who promoted the design,
Governor Bellingham was said to be one of the most busy.
It may appear singular, and, indeed, not a little ludicrous,
that an affair of this kind, which in later days would have
been referred to no higher jurisdiction than that of the
select men of the town, should then have been a question
publicly discussed, and on which statesmen of eminence
took sides. At that epoch of pristine simplicity, however,
matters of even slighter public interest, and of far less
intrinsic weight than the welfare of Hester and her child,
were strangely mixed up with the deliberations of
legislators and acts of state. The period was hardly, if at all,
earlier than that of our story, when a dispute concerning
the right of property in a pig not only caused a fierce and
bitter contest in the legislative body of the colony, but
resulted in an important modification of the framework
itself of the legislature.
Full of concern, therefore—but so conscious of her
own right that it seemed scarcely an unequal match
between the public on the one side, and a lonely woman,
backed by the sympathies of nature, on the other—Hester

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Prynne set forth from her solitary cottage. Little Pearl, of

course, was her companion. She was now of an age to run
lightly along by her mother’s side, and, constantly in
motion from morn till sunset, could have accomplished a
much longer journey than that before her. Often,
nevertheless, more from caprice than necessity, she
demanded to be taken up in arms; but was soon as
imperious to be let down again, and frisked onward before
Hester on the grassy pathway, with many a harmless trip
and tumble. We have spoken of Pearl’s rich and luxuriant
beauty—a beauty that shone with deep and vivid tints, a
bright complexion, eyes possessing intensity both of depth
and glow, and hair already of a deep, glossy brown, and
which, in after years, would be nearly akin to black. There
was fire in her and throughout her: she seemed the
unpremeditated offshoot of a passionate moment. Her
mother, in contriving the child’s garb, had allowed the
gorgeous tendencies of her imagination their full play,
arraying her in a crimson velvet tunic of a peculiar cut,
abundantly embroidered in fantasies and flourishes of gold
thread. So much strength of colouring, which must have
given a wan and pallid aspect to cheeks of a fainter bloom,
was admirably adapted to Pearl’s beauty, and made her the

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very brightest little jet of flame that ever danced upon the
earth.
But it was a remarkable attribute of this garb, and
indeed, of the child’s whole appearance, that it irresistibly
and inevitably reminded the beholder of the token which
Hester Prynne was doomed to wear upon her bosom. It
was the scarlet letter in another form: the scarlet letter
endowed with life! The mother herself—as if the red
ignominy were so deeply scorched into her brain that all
her conceptions assumed its form—had carefully wrought
out the similitude, lavishing many hours of morbid
ingenuity to create an analogy between the object of her
affection and the emblem of her guilt and torture. But, in
truth, Pearl was the one as well as the other; and only in
consequence of that identity had Hester contrived so
perfectly to represent the scarlet letter in her appearance.
As the two wayfarers came within the precincts of the
town, the children of the Puritans looked up from their
player what passed for play with those sombre little
urchins—and spoke gravely one to another
‘Behold, verily, there is the woman of the scarlet letter:
and of a truth, moreover, there is the likeness of the scarlet
letter running along by her side! Come, therefore, and let
us fling mud at them!’

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But Pearl, who was a dauntless child, after frowning,

stamping her foot, and shaking her little hand with a
variety of threatening gestures, suddenly made a rush at
the knot of her enemies, and put them all to flight. She
resembled, in her fierce pursuit of them, an infant
pestilence—the scarlet fever, or some such half-fledged
angel of judgment—whose mission was to punish the sins
of the rising generation. She screamed and shouted, too,
with a terrific volume of sound, which, doubtless, caused
the hearts of the fugitives to quake within them. The
victory accomplished, Pearl returned quietly to her
mother, and looked up, smiling, into her face. Without
further adventure, they reached the dwelling of Governor
Bellingham. This was a large wooden house, built in a
fashion of which there are specimens still extant in the
streets of our older towns now moss—grown, crumbling
to decay, and melancholy at heart with the many
sorrowful or joyful occurrences, remembered or forgotten,
that have happened and passed away within their dusky
chambers. Then, however, there was the freshness of the
passing year on its exterior, and the cheerfulness, gleaming
forth from the sunny windows, of a human habitation,
into which death had never entered. It had, indeed, a very
cheery aspect, the walls being overspread with a kind of

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stucco, in which fragments of broken glass were plentifully

intermixed; so that, when the sunshine fell aslant-wise
over the front of the edifice, it glittered and sparkled as if
diamonds had been flung against it by the double handful.
The brilliancy might have be fitted Aladdin’s palace rather
than the mansion of a grave old Puritan ruler. It was
further decorated with strange and seemingly cabalistic
figures and diagrams, suitable to the quaint taste of the age
which had been drawn in the stucco, when newly laid on,
and had now grown hard and durable, for the admiration
of after times.
Pearl, looking at this bright wonder of a house began to
caper and dance, and imperatively required that the whole
breadth of sunshine should be stripped off its front, and
given her to play with.
‘No, my little Pearl!’ said her mother; ‘thou must
gather thine own sunshine. I have none to give thee!’
They approached the door, which was of an arched
form, and flanked on each side by a narrow tower or
projection of the edifice, in both of which were lattice-
windows, the wooden shutters to close over them at need.
Lifting the iron hammer that hung at the portal, Hester
Prynne gave a summons, which was answered by one of
the Governor’s bond servant—a free-born Englishman,

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but now a seven years’ slave. During that term he was to

be the property of his master, and as much a commodity
of bargain and sale as an ox, or a joint-stool. The serf wore
the customary garb of serving-men at that period, and
long before, in the old hereditary halls of England.
‘Is the worshipful Governor Bellingham within?’
Inquired Hester.
‘Yea, forsooth,’ replied the bond-servant, staring with
wide-open eyes at the scarlet letter, which, being a new-
comer in the country, he had never before seen. ‘Yea, his
honourable worship is within. But he hath a godly
minister or two with him, and likewise a leech. Ye may
not see his worship now.’
‘Nevertheless, I will enter,’ answered Hester Prynne;
and the bond-servant, perhaps judging from the decision
of her air, and the glittering symbol in her bosom, that she
was a great lady in the land, offered no opposition.
So the mother and little Pearl were admitted into the
hall of entrance. With many variations, suggested by the
nature of his building materials, diversity of climate, and a
different mode of social life, Governor Bellingham had
planned his new habitation after the residences of
gentlemen of fair estate in his native land. Here, then, was
a wide and reasonably lofty hall, extending through the

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whole depth of the house, and forming a medium of

general communication, more or less directly, with all the
other apartments. At one extremity, this spacious room
was lighted by the windows of the two towers, which
formed a small recess on either side of the portal. At the
other end, though partly muffled by a curtain, it was more
powerfully illuminated by one of those embowed hall
windows which we read of in old books, and which was
provided with a deep and cushion seat. Here, on the
cushion, lay a folio tome, probably of the Chronicles of
England, or other such substantial literature; even as, in
our own days, we scatter gilded volumes on the centre
table, to be turned over by the casual guest. The furniture
of the hall consisted of some ponderous chairs, the backs
of which were elaborately carved with wreaths of oaken
flowers; and likewise a table in the same taste, the whole
being of the Elizabethan age, or perhaps earlier, and
heirlooms, transferred hither from the Governor’s paternal
home. On the table—in token that the sentiment of old
English hospitality had not been left behind—stood a large
pewter tankard, at the bottom of which, had Hester or
Pearl peeped into it, they might have seen the frothy
remnant of a recent draught of ale.

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On the wall hung a row of portraits, representing the

forefathers of the Bellingham lineage, some with armour
on their breasts, and others with stately ruffs and robes of
peace. All were characterised by the sternness and severity
which old portraits so invariably put on, as if they were
the ghosts, rather than the pictures, of departed worthies,
and were gazing with harsh and intolerant criticism at the
pursuits and enjoyments of living men.
At about the centre of the oaken panels that lined the
hall was suspended a suit of mail, not, like the pictures, an
ancestral relic, but of the most modern date; for it had
been manufactured by a skilful armourer in London, the
same year in which Governor Bellingham came over to
New England. There was a steel head-piece, a cuirass, a
gorget and greaves, with a pair of gauntlets and a sword
hanging beneath; all, and especially the helmet and
breastplate, so highly burnished as to glow with white
radiance, and scatter an illumination everywhere about
upon the floor. This bright panoply was not meant for
mere idle show, but had been worn by the Governor on
many a solemn muster and draining field, and had
glittered, moreover, at the head of a regiment in the
Pequod war. For, though bred a lawyer, and accustomed
to speak of Bacon, Coke, Noye, and Finch, as his

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professional associates, the exigenties of this new country

had transformed Governor Bellingham into a soldier, as
well as a statesman and ruler.
Little Pearl, who was as greatly pleased with the
gleaming armour as she had been with the glittering
frontispiece of the house, spent some time looking into
the polished mirror of the breastplate.
‘Mother,’ cried she, ‘I see you here. Look! look!’
Hester looked by way of humouring the child; and she
saw that, owing to the peculiar effect of this convex
mirror, the scarlet letter was represented in exaggerated
and gigantic proportions, so as to be greatly the most
prominent feature of her appearance. In truth, she seemed
absolutely hidden behind it. Pearl pointed upwards also, at
a similar picture in the head-piece; smiling at her mother,
with the elfish intelligence that was so familiar an
expression on her small physiognomy. That look of
naughty merriment was likewise reflected in the mirror,
with so much breadth and intensity of effect, that it made
Hester Prynne feel as if it could not be the image of her
own child, but of an imp who was seeking to mould itself
into Pearl’s shape.
‘Come along, Pearl,’ said she, drawing her away,
‘Come and look into this fair garden. It may be we shall

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see flowers there; more beautiful ones than we find in the

woods.’
Pearl accordingly ran to the bow-window, at the
further end of the hall, and looked along the vista of a
garden walk, carpeted with closely-shaven grass, and
bordered with some rude and immature attempt at
shrubbery. But the proprietor appeared already to have
relinquished as hopeless, the effort to perpetuate on this
side of the Atlantic, in a hard soil, and amid the close
struggle for subsistence, the native English taste for
ornamental gardening. Cabbages grew in plain sight; and a
pumpkin-vine, rooted at some distance, had run across the
intervening space, and deposited one of its gigantic
products directly beneath the hall window, as if to warn
the Governor that this great lump of vegetable gold was as
rich an ornament as New England earth would offer him.
There were a few rose-bushes, however, and a number of
apple-trees, probably the descendants of those planted by
the Reverend Mr. Blackstone, the first settler of the
peninsula; that half mythological personage who rides
through our early annals, seated on the back of a bull.
Pearl, seeing the rose-bushes, began to cry for a red
rose, and would not be pacified.

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‘Hush, child—hush!’ said her mother, earnestly. ‘Do

not cry, dear little Pearl! I hear voices in the garden. The
Governor is coming, and gentlemen along with him.’
In fact, adown the vista of the garden avenue, a number
of persons were seen approaching towards the house.
Pearl, in utter scorn of her mother’s attempt to quiet her,
gave an eldritch scream, and then became silent, not from
any motion of obedience, but because the quick and
mobile curiosity of her disposition was excited by the
appearance of those new personages.

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VIII. THE ELF-CHILD AND

THE MINISTER
Governor Bellingham, in a loose gown and easy cap—
such as elderly gentlemen loved to endue themselves with,
in their domestic privacy—walked foremost, and appeared
to be showing off his estate, and expatiating on his
projected improvements. The wide circumference of an
elaborate ruff, beneath his grey beard, in the antiquated
fashion of King James’s reign, caused his head to look not
a little like that of John the Baptist in a charger. The
impression made by his aspect, so rigid and severe, and
frost-bitten with more than autumnal age, was hardly in
keeping with the appliances of worldly enjoyment
wherewith he had evidently done his utmost to surround
himself. But it is an error to suppose that our great
forefathers—though accustomed to speak and think of
human existence as a state merely of trial and warfare, and
though unfeignedly prepared to sacrifice goods and life at
the behest of duty—made it a matter of conscience to
reject such means of comfort, or even luxury, as lay fairly
within their grasp. This creed was never taught, for
instance, by the venerable pastor, John Wilson, whose

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beard, white as a snow-drift, was seen over Governor

Bellingham’s shoulders, while its wearer suggested that
pears and peaches might yet be naturalised in the New
England climate, and that purple grapes might possibly be
compelled to flourish against the sunny garden-wall. The
old clergyman, nurtured at the rich bosom of the English
Church, had a long established and legitimate taste for all
good and comfortable things, and however stern he might
show himself in the pulpit, or in his public reproof of such
transgressions as that of Hester Prynne, still, the genial
benevolence of his private life had won him warmer
affection than was accorded to any of his professional
contemporaries.
Behind the Governor and Mr. Wilson came two other
guests—one, the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, whom
the reader may remember as having taken a brief and
reluctant part in the scene of Hester Prynne’s disgrace;
and, in close companionship with him, old Roger
Chillingworth, a person of great skill in physic, who for
two or three years past had been settled in the town. It
was understood that this learned man was the physician as
well as friend of the young minister, whose health had
severely suffered of late by his too unreserved self-sacrifice
to the labours and duties of the pastoral relation.

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The Governor, in advance of his visitors, ascended one

or two steps, and, throwing open the leaves of the great
hall window, found himself close to little Pearl. The
shadow of the curtain fell on Hester Prynne, and partially
concealed her.
‘What have we here?’ said Governor Bellingham,
looking with surprise at the scarlet little figure before him.
‘I profess, I have never seen the like since my days of
vanity, in old King James’s time, when I was wont to
esteem it a high favour to be admitted to a court mask!
There used to be a swarm of these small apparitions in
holiday time, and we called them children of the Lord of
Misrule. But how gat such a guest into my hall?’
‘Ay, indeed!’ cried good old Mr. Wilson. ‘What little
bird of scarlet plumage may this be? Methinks I have seen
just such figures when the sun has been shining through a
richly painted window, and tracing out the golden and
crimson images across the floor. But that was in the old
land. Prithee, young one, who art thou, and what has ailed
thy mother to bedizen thee in this strange fashion? Art
thou a Christian child—ha? Dost know thy catechism? Or
art thou one of those naughty elfs or fairies whom we
thought to have left behind us, with other relics of
Papistry, in merry old England?’

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‘I am mother’s child,’ answered the scarlet vision, ‘and

my name is Pearl!’
‘Pearl?—Ruby, rather—or Coral!—or Red Rose, at
the very least, judging from thy hue!’ responded the old
minister, putting forth his hand in a vain attempt to pat
little Pearl on the cheek. ‘But where is this mother of
thine? Ah! I see,’ he added; and, turning to Governor
Bellingham, whispered, ‘This is the selfsame child of
whom we have held speech together; and behold here the
unhappy woman, Hester Prynne, her mother!’
‘Sayest thou so?’ cried the Governor. ‘Nay, we might
have judged that such a child’s mother must needs be a
scarlet woman, and a worthy type of her of Babylon! But
she comes at a good time, and we will look into this
matter forthwith.’
Governor Bellingham stepped through the window
into the hall, followed by his three guests.
‘Hester Prynne,’ said he, fixing his naturally stern
regard on the wearer of the scarlet letter, ‘there hath been
much question concerning thee of late. The point hath
been weightily discussed, whether we, that are of
authority and influence, do well discharge our consciences
by trusting an immortal soul, such as there is in yonder
child, to the guidance of one who hath stumbled and

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fallen amid the pitfalls of this world. Speak thou, the

child’s own mother! Were it not, thinkest thou, for thy
little one’s temporal and eternal welfare that she be taken
out of thy charge, and clad soberly, and disciplined strictly,
and instructed in the truths of heaven and earth? What
canst thou do for the child in this kind?’
‘I can teach my little Pearl what I have learned from
this!’ answered Hester Prynne, laying her finger on the red
token.
‘Woman, it is thy badge of shame!’ replied the stern
magistrate. ‘It is because of the stain which that letter
indicates that we would transfer thy child to other hands. ‘
‘Nevertheless,’ said the mother, calmly, though
growing more pale, ‘this badge hath taught me—it daily
teaches me—it is teaching me at this moment—lessons
whereof my child may be the wiser and better, albeit they
can profit nothing to myself.’
‘We will judge warily,’ said Bellingham, ‘and look well
what we are about to do. Good Master Wilson, I pray
you, examine this Pearl—since that is her name—and see
whether she hath had such Christian nurture as befits a
child of her age.’
The old minister seated himself in an arm-chair and
made an effort to draw Pearl betwixt his knees. But the

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child, unaccustomed to the touch or familiarity of any but

her mother, escaped through the open window, and stood
on the upper step, looking like a wild tropical bird of rich
plumage, ready to take flight into the upper air. Mr.
Wilson, not a little astonished at this outbreak—for he was
a grandfatherly sort of personage, and usually a vast
favourite with children—essayed, however, to proceed
with the examination.
‘Pearl,’ said he, with great solemnity, ‘thou must take
heed to instruction, that so, in due season, thou mayest
wear in thy bosom the pearl of great price. Canst thou tell
me, my child, who made thee?’
Now Pearl knew well enough who made her, for
Hester Prynne, the daughter of a pious home, very soon
after her talk with the child about her Heavenly Father,
had begun to inform her of those truths which the human
spirit, at whatever stage of immaturity, imbibes with such
eager interest. Pearl, therefore—so large were the
attainments of her three years’ lifetime—could have borne
a fair examination in the New England Primer, or the first
column of the Westminster Catechisms, although
unacquainted with the outward form of either of those
celebrated works. But that perversity, which all children
have more or less of, and of which little Pearl had a

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tenfold portion, now, at the most inopportune moment,

took thorough possession of her, and closed her lips, or
impelled her to speak words amiss. After putting her finger
in her mouth, with many ungracious refusals to answer
good Mr. Wilson’s question, the child finally announced
that she had not been made at all, but had been plucked
by her mother off the bush of wild roses that grew by the
prison-door.
This phantasy was probably suggested by the near
proximity of the Governor’s red roses, as Pearl stood
outside of the window, together with her recollection of
the prison rose-bush, which she had passed in coming
hither.
Old Roger Chillingworth, with a smile on his face,
whispered something in the young clergyman’s ear. Hester
Prynne looked at the man of skill, and even then, with her
fate hanging in the balance, was startled to perceive what a
change had come over his features—how much uglier
they were, how his dark complexion seemed to have
grown duskier, and his figure more misshapen—since the
days when she had familiarly known him. She met his eyes
for an instant, but was immediately constrained to give all
her attention to the scene now going forward.

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‘This is awful!’ cried the Governor, slowly recovering

from the astonishment into which Pearl’s response had
thrown him. ‘Here is a child of three years old, and she
cannot tell who made her! Without question, she is
equally in the dark as to her soul, its present depravity, and
future destiny! Methinks, gentlemen, we need inquire no
further.’
Hester caught hold of Pearl, and drew her forcibly into
her arms, confronting the old Puritan magistrate with
almost a fierce expression. Alone in the world, cast off by
it, and with this sole treasure to keep her heart alive, she
felt that she possessed indefeasible rights against the world,
and was ready to defend them to the death.
‘God gave me the child!’ cried she. ‘He gave her in
requital of all things else which ye had taken from me. She
is my happiness—she is my torture, none the less! Pearl
keeps me here in life! Pearl punishes me, too! See ye not,
she is the scarlet letter, only capable of being loved, and so
endowed with a millionfold the power of retribution for
my sin? Ye shall not take her! I will die first!’
‘My poor woman,’ said the not unkind old minister,
‘the child shall be well cared for—far better than thou
canst do for it.’

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‘God gave her into my keeping!’ repeated Hester

Prynne, raising her voice almost to a shriek. ‘I will not
give her up!’ And here by a sudden impulse, she turned to
the young clergyman, Mr. Dimmesdale, at whom, up to
this moment, she had seemed hardly so much as once to
direct her eyes. ‘Speak thou for me!’ cried she. ‘Thou wast
my pastor, and hadst charge of my soul, and knowest me
better than these men can. I will not lose the child! Speak
for me! Thou knowest—for thou hast sympathies which
these men lack—thou knowest what is in my heart, and
what are a mother’s rights, and how much the stronger
they are when that mother has but her child and the
scarlet letter! Look thou to it! I will not lose the child!
Look to it!’
At this wild and singular appeal, which indicated that
Hester Prynne’s situation had provoked her to little less
than madness, the young minister at once came forward,
pale, and holding his hand over his heart, as was his
custom whenever his peculiarly nervous temperament was
thrown into agitation. He looked now more careworn and
emaciated than as we described him at the scene of
Hester’s public ignominy; and whether it were his failing
health, or whatever the cause might be, his large dark eyes

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had a world of pain in their troubled and melancholy

depth.
‘There is truth in what she says,’ began the minister,
with a voice sweet, tremulous, but powerful, insomuch
that the hall re-echoed and the hollow armour rang with
it—‘truth in what Hester says, and in the feeling which
inspires her! God gave her the child, and gave her, too, an
instinctive knowledge of its nature and requirements—
both seemingly so peculiar—which no other mortal being
can possess. And, moreover, is there not a quality of awful
sacredness in the relation between this mother and this
child?’
‘Ay—how is that, good Master Dimmesdale?’
interrupted the Governor. ‘Make that plain, I pray you!’
‘It must be even so,’ resumed the minister. ‘For, if we
deem it otherwise, do we not hereby say that the
Heavenly Father, the creator of all flesh, hath lightly
recognised a deed of sin, and made of no account the
distinction between unhallowed lust and holy love? This
child of its father’s guilt and its mother’s shame has come
from the hand of God, to work in many ways upon her
heart, who pleads so earnestly and with such bitterness of
spirit the right to keep her. It was meant for a blessing—
for the one blessing of her life! It was meant, doubtless, the

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mother herself hath told us, for a retribution, too; a torture

to be felt at many an unthought-of moment; a pang, a
sting, an ever-recurring agony, in the midst of a troubled
joy! Hath she not expressed this thought in the garb of the
poor child, so forcibly reminding us of that red symbol
which sears her bosom?’
‘Well said again!’ cried good Mr. Wilson. ‘I feared the
woman had no better thought than to make a
mountebank of her child!’
‘Oh, not so!—not so!’ continued Mr. Dimmesdale.
‘She recognises, believe me, the solemn miracle which
God hath wrought in the existence of that child. And may
she feel, too—what, methinks, is the very truth—that this
boon was meant, above all things else, to keep the
mother’s soul alive, and to preserve her from blacker
depths of sin into which Satan might else have sought to
plunge her! Therefore it is good for this poor, sinful
woman, that she hath an infant immortality, a being
capable of eternal joy or sorrow, confided to her care—to
be trained up by her to righteousness, to remind her, at
every moment, of her fall, but yet to teach her, as if it
were by the Creator’s sacred pledge, that, if she bring the
child to heaven, the child also will bring its parents thither!
Herein is the sinful mother happier than the sinful father.

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For Hester Prynne’s sake, then, and no less for the poor
child’s sake, let us leave them as Providence hath seen fit
to place them!’
‘You speak, my friend, with a strange earnestness,’ said
old Roger Chillingworth, smiling at him.
‘And there is a weighty import in what my young
brother hath spoken,’ added the Rev. Mr. Wilson.
‘What say you, worshipful Master Bellingham? Hath he
not pleaded well for the poor woman?’
‘Indeed hath he,’ answered the magistrate; ‘and hath
adduced such arguments, that we will even leave the
matter as it now stands; so long, at least, as there shall be
no further scandal in the woman. Care must be had
nevertheless, to put the child to due and stated
examination in the catechism, at thy hands or Master
Dimmesdale’s. Moreover, at a proper season, the tithing-
men must take heed that she go both to school and to
meeting.’
The young minister, on ceasing to speak had
withdrawn a few steps from the group, and stood with his
face partially concealed in the heavy folds of the window-
curtain; while the shadow of his figure, which the sunlight
cast upon the floor, was tremulous with the vehemence of
his appeal. Pearl, that wild and flighty little elf stole softly

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towards him, and taking his hand in the grasp of both her
own, laid her cheek against it; a caress so tender, and
withal so unobtrusive, that her mother, who was looking
on, asked herself—‘Is that my Pearl?’ Yet she knew that
there was love in the child’s heart, although it mostly
revealed itself in passion, and hardly twice in her lifetime
had been softened by such gentleness as now. The
minister—for, save the long-sought regards of woman,
nothing is sweeter than these marks of childish preference,
accorded spontaneously by a spiritual instinct, and
therefore seeming to imply in us something truly worthy
to be loved—the minister looked round, laid his hand on
the child’s head, hesitated an instant, and then kissed her
brow. Little Pearl’s unwonted mood of sentiment lasted
no longer; she laughed, and went capering down the hall
so airily, that old Mr. Wilson raised a question whether
even her tiptoes touched the floor.
‘The little baggage hath witchcraft in her, I profess,’
said he to Mr. Dimmesdale. ‘She needs no old woman’s
broomstick to fly withal!’
‘A strange child!’ remarked old Roger Chillingworth.
‘It is easy to see the mother’s part in her. Would it be
beyond a philosopher’s research, think ye, gentlemen, to

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analyse that child’s nature, and, from it make a mould, to

give a shrewd guess at the father?’
‘Nay; it would be sinful, in such a question, to follow
the clue of profane philosophy,’ said Mr. Wilson. ‘Better
to fast and pray upon it; and still better, it may be, to leave
the mystery as we find it, unless Providence reveal it of its
own accord Thereby, every good Christian man hath a
title to show a father’s kindness towards the poor, deserted
babe.’
The affair being so satisfactorily concluded, Hester
Prynne, with Pearl, departed from the house. As they
descended the steps, it is averred that the lattice of a
chamber-window was thrown open, and forth into the
sunny day was thrust the face of Mistress Hibbins,
Governor Bellingham’s bitter-tempered sister, and the
same who, a few years later, was executed as a witch.
‘Hist, hist!’ said she, while her ill-omened physiognomy
seemed to cast a shadow over the cheerful newness of the
house. ‘Wilt thou go with us to-night? There will be a
merry company in the forest; and I well-nigh promised
the Black Man that comely Hester Prynne should make
one.’
‘Make my excuse to him, so please you!’ answered
Hester, with a triumphant smile. ‘I must tarry at home,

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and keep watch over my little Pearl. Had they taken her
from me, I would willingly have gone with thee into the
forest, and signed my name in the Black Man’s book too,
and that with mine own blood!’
‘We shall have thee there anon!’ said the witch-lady,
frowning, as she drew back her head.
But here—if we suppose this interview betwixt
Mistress Hibbins and Hester Prynne to be authentic, and
not a parable—was already an illustration of the young
minister’s argument against sundering the relation of a
fallen mother to the offspring of her frailty. Even thus
early had the child saved her from Satan’s snare.

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IX. THE LEECH

Under the appellation of Roger Chillingworth, the
reader will remember, was hidden another name, which its
former wearer had resolved should never more be spoken.
It has been related, how, in the crowd that witnessed
Hester Prynne’s ignominious exposure, stood a man,
elderly, travel-worn, who, just emerging from the perilous
wilderness, beheld the woman, in whom he hoped to find
embodied the warmth and cheerfulness of home, set up as
a type of sin before the people. Her matronly fame was
trodden under all men’s feet. Infamy was babbling around
her in the public market-place. For her kindred, should
the tidings ever reach them, and for the companions of her
unspotted life, there remained nothing but the contagion
of her dishonour; which would not fail to be distributed in
strict accordance arid proportion with the intimacy and
sacredness of their previous relationship. Then why—since
the choice was with himself—should the individual,
whose connexion with the fallen woman had been the
most intimate and sacred of them all, come forward to
vindicate his claim to an inheritance so little desirable? He
resolved not to be pilloried beside her on her pedestal of

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shame. Unknown to all but Hester Prynne, and possessing

the lock and key of her silence, he chose to withdraw his
name from the roll of mankind, and, as regarded his
former ties and interest, to vanish out of life as completely
as if he indeed lay at the bottom of the ocean, whither
rumour had long ago consigned him. This purpose once
effected, new interests would immediately spring up, and
likewise a new purpose; dark, it is true, if not guilty, but
of force enough to engage the full strength of his faculties.
In pursuance of this resolve, he took up his residence in
the Puritan town as Roger Chillingworth, without other
introduction than the learning and intelligence of which
he possessed more than a common measure. As his studies,
at a previous period of his life, had made him extensively
acquainted with the medical science of the day, it was as a
physician that he presented himself and as such was
cordially received. Skilful men, of the medical and
chirurgical profession, were of rare occurrence in the
colony. They seldom, it would appear, partook of the
religious zeal that brought other emigrants across the
Atlantic. In their researches into the human frame, it may
be that the higher and more subtle faculties of such men
were materialised, and that they lost the spiritual view of
existence amid the intricacies of that wondrous

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mechanism, which seemed to involve art enough to

comprise all of life within itself. At all events, the health of
the good town of Boston, so far as medicine had aught to
do with it, had hitherto lain in the guardianship of an aged
deacon and apothecary, whose piety and godly
deportment were stronger testimonials in his favour than
any that he could have produced in the shape of a
diploma. The only surgeon was one who combined the
occasional exercise of that noble art with the daily and
habitual flourish of a razor. To such a professional body
Roger Chillingworth was a brilliant acquisition. He soon
manifested his familiarity with the ponderous and
imposing machinery of antique physic; in which every
remedy contained a multitude of far-fetched and
heterogeneous ingredients, as elaborately compounded as
if the proposed result had been the Elixir of Life. In his
Indian captivity, moreover, he had gained much
knowledge of the properties of native herbs and roots; nor
did he conceal from his patients that these simple
medicines, Nature’s boon to the untutored savage, had
quite as large a share of his own confidence as the
European Pharmacopoeia, which so many learned doctors
had spent centuries in elaborating.

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This learned stranger was exemplary as regarded at least

the outward forms of a religious life; and early after his
arrival, had chosen for his spiritual guide the Reverend
Mr. Dimmesdale. The young divine, whose scholar-like
renown still lived in Oxford, was considered by his more
fervent admirers as little less than a heavenly ordained
apostle, destined, should he live and labour for the
ordinary term of life, to do as great deeds, for the now
feeble New England Church, as the early Fathers had
achieved for the infancy of the Christian faith. About this
period, however, the health of Mr. Dimmesdale had
evidently begun to fail. By those best acquainted with his
habits, the paleness of the young minister’s cheek was
accounted for by his too earnest devotion to study, his
scrupulous fulfilment of parochial duty, and more than all,
to the fasts and vigils of which he made a frequent
practice, in order to keep the grossness of this earthly state
from clogging and obscuring his spiritual lamp. Some
declared, that if Mr. Dimmesdale were really going to die,
it was cause enough that the world was not worthy to be
any longer trodden by his feet. He himself, on the other
hand, with characteristic humility, avowed his belief that if
Providence should see fit to remove him, it would be
because of his own unworthiness to perform its humblest

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mission here on earth. With all this difference of opinion

as to the cause of his decline, there could be no question
of the fact. His form grew emaciated; his voice, though
still rich and sweet, had a certain melancholy prophecy of
decay in it; he was often observed, on any slight alarm or
other sudden accident, to put his hand over his heart with
first a flush and then a paleness, indicative of pain.
Such was the young clergyman’s condition, and so
imminent the prospect that his dawning light would be
extinguished, all untimely, when Roger Chillingworth
made his advent to the town. His first entry on the scene,
few people could tell whence, dropping down as it were
out of the sky or starting from the nether earth, had an
aspect of mystery, which was easily heightened to the
miraculous. He was now known to be a man of skill; it
was observed that he gathered herbs and the blossoms of
wild-flowers, and dug up roots and plucked off twigs from
the forest-trees like one acquainted with hidden virtues in
what was valueless to common eyes. He was heard to
speak of Sir Kenelm Digby and other famous men—
whose scientific attainments were esteemed hardly less
than supernatural—as having been his correspondents or
associates. Why, with such rank in the learned world, had
he come hither? What, could he, whose sphere was in

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great cities, be seeking in the wilderness? In answer to this

query, a rumour gained ground—and however absurd,
was entertained by some very sensible people—that
Heaven had wrought an absolute miracle, by transporting
an eminent Doctor of Physic from a German university
bodily through the air and setting him down at the door
of Mr. Dimmesdale’s study! Individuals of wiser faith,
indeed, who knew that Heaven promotes its purposes
without aiming at the stage-effect of what is called
miraculous interposition, were inclined to see a
providential hand in Roger Chillingworth’s so opportune
arrival.
This idea was countenanced by the strong interest
which the physician ever manifested in the young
clergyman; he attached himself to him as a parishioner,
and sought to win a friendly regard and confidence from
his naturally reserved sensibility. He expressed great alarm
at his pastor’s state of health, but was anxious to attempt
the cure, and, if early undertaken, seemed not despondent
of a favourable result. The elders, the deacons, the
motherly dames, and the young and fair maidens of Mr.
Dimmesdale’s flock, were alike importunate that he should
make trial of the physician’s frankly offered skill. Mr.
Dimmesdale gently repelled their entreaties.

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‘I need no medicine,’ said he.

But how could the young minister say so, when, with
every successive Sabbath, his cheek was paler and thinner,
and his voice more tremulous than before—when it had
now become a constant habit, rather than a casual gesture,
to press his hand over his heart? Was he weary of his
labours? Did he wish to die? These questions were
solemnly propounded to Mr. Dimmesdale by the elder
ministers of Boston, and the deacons of his church, who,
to use their own phrase, ‘dealt with him,’ on the sin of
rejecting the aid which Providence so manifestly held out.
He listened in silence, and finally promised to confer with
the physician.
‘Were it God’s will,’ said the Reverend Mr.
Dimmesdale, when, in fulfilment of this pledge, he
requested old Roger Chillingworth’s professional advice,
‘I could be well content that my labours, and my sorrows,
and my sins, and my pains, should shortly end with me,
and what is earthly of them be buried in my grave, and the
spiritual go with me to my eternal state, rather than that
you should put your skill to the proof in my behalf.’
‘Ah,’ replied Roger Chillingworth, with that quietness,
which, whether imposed or natural, marked all his
deportment, ‘it is thus that a young clergyman is apt to

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speak. Youthful men, not having taken a deep root, give

up their hold of life so easily! And saintly men, who walk
with God on earth, would fain be away, to walk with him
on the golden pavements of the New Jerusalem.’
‘Nay,’ rejoined the young minister, putting his hand to
his heart, with a flush of pain flitting over his brow, ‘were
I worthier to walk there, I could be better content to toil
here.’
‘Good men ever interpret themselves too meanly,’ said
the physician.
In this manner, the mysterious old Roger
Chillingworth became the medical adviser of the
Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale. As not only the disease
interested the physician, but he was strongly moved to
look into the character and qualities of the patient, these
two men, so different in age, came gradually to spend
much time together. For the sake of the minister’s health,
and to enable the leech to gather plants with healing balm
in them, they took long walks on the sea-shore, or in the
forest; mingling various walks with the splash and murmur
of the waves, and the solemn wind-anthem among the
tree-tops. Often, likewise, one was the guest of the other
in his place of study and retirement There was a
fascination for the minister in the company of the man of

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science, in whom he recognised an intellectual cultivation

of no moderate depth or scope; together with a range and
freedom of ideas, that he would have vainly looked for
among the members of his own profession. In truth, he
was startled, if not shocked, to find this attribute in the
physician. Mr. Dimmesdale was a true priest, a true
religionist, with the reverential sentiment largely
developed, and an order of mind that impelled itself
powerfully along the track of a creed, and wore its passage
continually deeper with the lapse of time. In no state of
society would he have been what is called a man of liberal
views; it would always be essential to his peace to feel the
pressure of a faith about him, supporting, while it confined
him within its iron framework. Not the less, however,
though with a tremulous enjoyment, did he feel the
occasional relief of looking at the universe through the
medium of another kind of intellect than those with
which he habitually held converse. It was as if a window
were thrown open, admitting a freer atmosphere into the
close and stifled study, where his life was wasting itself
away, amid lamp-light, or obstructed day-beams, and the
musty fragrance, be it sensual or moral, that exhales from
books. But the air was too fresh and chill to be long
breathed with comfort. So the minister, and the physician

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with him, withdrew again within the limits of what their

Church defined as orthodox.
Thus Roger Chillingworth scrutinised his patient
carefully, both as he saw him in his ordinary life, keeping
an accustomed pathway in the range of thoughts familiar
to him, and as he appeared when thrown amidst other
moral scenery, the novelty of which might call out
something new to the surface of his character. He deemed
it essential, it would seem, to know the man, before
attempting to do him good. Wherever there is a heart and
an intellect, the diseases of the physical frame are tinged
with the peculiarities of these. In Arthur Dimmesdale,
thought and imagination were so active, and sensibility so
intense, that the bodily infirmity would be likely to have
its groundwork there. So Roger Chillingworth—the man
of skill, the kind and friendly physician—strove to go deep
into his patient’s bosom, delving among his principles,
prying into his recollections, and probing everything with
a cautious touch, like a treasure-seeker in a dark cavern.
Few secrets can escape an investigator, who has
opportunity and licence to undertake such a quest, and
skill to follow it up. A man burdened with a secret should
especially avoid the intimacy of his physician. If the latter
possess native sagacity, and a nameless something more let

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us call it intuition; if he show no intrusive egotism, nor

disagreeable prominent characteristics of his own; if he
have the power, which must be born with him, to bring
his mind into such affinity with his patient’s, that this last
shall unawares have spoken what he imagines himself only
to have thought if such revelations be received without
tumult, and acknowledged not so often by an uttered
sympathy as by silence, an inarticulate breath, and here and
there a word to indicate that all is understood; if to these
qualifications of a confidant be joined the advantages
afforded by his recognised character as a physician;—then,
at some inevitable moment, will the soul of the sufferer be
dissolved, and flow forth in a dark but transparent stream,
bringing all its mysteries into the daylight.
Roger Chillingworth possessed all, or most, of the
attributes above enumerated. Nevertheless, time went on;
a kind of intimacy, as we have said, grew up between
these two cultivated minds, which had as wide a field as
the whole sphere of human thought and study to meet
upon; they discussed every topic of ethics and religion, of
public affairs, and private character; they talked much, on
both sides, of matters that seemed personal to themselves;
and yet no secret, such as the physician fancied must exist
there, ever stole out of the minister’s consciousness into

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his companion’s ear. The latter had his suspicions, indeed,

that even the nature of Mr. Dimmesdale’s bodily disease
had never fairly been revealed to him. It was a strange
reserve!
After a time, at a hint from Roger Chillingworth, the
friends of Mr. Dimmesdale effected an arrangement by
which the two were lodged in the same house; so that
every ebb and flow of the minister’s life-tide might pass
under the eye of his anxious and attached physician. There
was much joy throughout the town when this greatly
desirable object was attained. It was held to be the best
possible measure for the young clergyman’s welfare;
unless, indeed, as often urged by such as felt authorised to
do so, he had selected some one of the many blooming
damsels, spiritually devoted to him, to become his devoted
wife. This latter step, however, there was no present
prospect that Arthur Dimmesdale would be prevailed
upon to take; he rejected all suggestions of the kind, as if
priestly celibacy were one of his articles of Church
discipline. Doomed by his own choice, therefore, as Mr.
Dimmesdale so evidently was, to eat his unsavoury morsel
always at another’s board, and endure the life-long chill
which must be his lot who seeks to warm himself only at
another’s fireside, it truly seemed that this sagacious,

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experienced, benevolent old physician, with his concord

of paternal and reverential love for the young pastor, was
the very man, of all mankind, to be constantly within
reach of his voice.
The new abode of the two friends was with a pious
widow, of good social rank, who dwelt in a house
covering pretty nearly the site on which the venerable
structure of King’s Chapel has since been built. It had the
graveyard, originally Isaac Johnson’s home-field, on one
side, and so was well adapted to call up serious reflections,
suited to their respective employments, in both minister
and man of physic. The motherly care of the good widow
assigned to Mr. Dimmesdale a front apartment, with a
sunny exposure, and heavy window-curtains, to create a
noontide shadow when desirable. The walls were hung
round with tapestry, said to be from the Gobelin looms,
and, at all events, representing the Scriptural story of
David and Bathsheba, and Nathan the Prophet, in colours
still unfaded, but which made the fair woman of the scene
almost as grimly picturesque as the woe-denouncing seer.
Here the pale clergyman piled up his library, rich with
parchment-bound folios of the Fathers, and the lore of
Rabbis, and monkish erudition, of which the Protestant
divines, even while they vilified and decried that class of

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writers, were yet constrained often to avail themselves. On

the other side of the house, old Roger Chillingworth
arranged his study and laboratory: not such as a modern
man of science would reckon even tolerably complete, but
provided with a distilling apparatus and the means of
compounding drugs and chemicals, which the practised
alchemist knew well how to turn to purpose. With such
commodiousness of situation, these two learned persons sat
themselves down, each in his own domain, yet familiarly
passing from one apartment to the other, and bestowing a
mutual and not incurious inspection into one another’s
business.
And the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale’s best
discerning friends, as we have intimated, very reasonably
imagined that the hand of Providence had done all this for
the purpose—besought in so many public and domestic
and secret prayers—of restoring the young minister to
health. But, it must now be said, another portion of the
community had latterly begun to take its own view of the
relation betwixt Mr. Dimmesdale and the mysterious old
physician. When an uninstructed multitude attempts to see
with its eyes, it is exceedingly apt to be deceived. When,
however, it forms its judgment, as it usually does, on the
intuitions of its great and warm heart, the conclusions thus

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attained are often so profound and so unerring as to

possess the character of truth supernaturally revealed. The
people, in the case of which we speak, could justify its
prejudice against Roger Chillingworth by no fact or
argument worthy of serious refutation. There was an aged
handicraftsman, it is true, who had been a citizen of
London at the period of Sir Thomas Overbury’s murder,
now some thirty years agone; he testified to having seen
the physician, under some other name, which the narrator
of the story had now forgotten, in company with Dr.
Forman, the famous old conjurer, who was implicated in
the affair of Overbury. Two or three individuals hinted
that the man of skill, during his Indian captivity, had
enlarged his medical attainments by joining in the
incantations of the savage priests, who were universally
acknowledged to be powerful enchanters, often
performing seemingly miraculous cures by their skill in the
black art. A large number—and many of these were
persons of such sober sense and practical observation that
their opinions would have been valuable in other
matters—affirmed that Roger Chillingworth’s aspect had
undergone a remarkable change while he had dwelt in
town, and especially since his abode with Mr.
Dimmesdale. At first, his expression had been calm,

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meditative, scholar-like. Now there was something ugly

and evil in his face, which they had not previously
noticed, and which grew still the more obvious to sight
the oftener they looked upon him. According to the
vulgar idea, the fire in his laboratory had been brought
from the lower regions, and was fed with infernal fuel; and
so, as might be expected, his visage was getting sooty with
the smoke.
To sum up the matter, it grew to be a widely diffused
opinion that the Rev. Arthur Dimmesdale, like many
other personages of special sanctity, in all ages of the
Christian world, was haunted either by Satan himself or
Satan’s emissary, in the guise of old Roger Chillingworth.
This diabolical agent had the Divine permission, for a
season, to burrow into the clergyman’s intimacy, and plot
against his soul. No sensible man, it was confessed, could
doubt on which side the victory would turn. The people
looked, with an unshaken hope, to see the minister come
forth out of the conflict transfigured with the glory which
he would unquestionably win. Meanwhile, nevertheless, it
was sad to think of the perchance mortal agony through
which he must struggle towards his triumph.

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Alas! to judge from the gloom and terror in the depth

of the poor minister’s eyes, the battle was a sore one, and
the victory anything but secure.

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X. THE LEECH AND HIS

PATIENT
Old Roger Chillingworth, throughout life, had been
calm in temperament, kindly, though not of warm
affections, but ever, and in all his relations with the world,
a pure and upright man. He had begun an investigation, as
he imagined, with the severe and equal integrity of a
judge, desirous only of truth, even as if the question
involved no more than the air-drawn lines and figures of a
geometrical problem, instead of human passions, and
wrongs inflicted on himself. But, as he proceeded, a
terrible fascination, a kind of fierce, though still calm,
necessity, seized the old man within its gripe, and never
set him free again until he had done all its bidding. He
now dug into the poor clergyman’s heart, like a miner
searching for gold; or, rather, like a sexton delving into a
grave, possibly in quest of a jewel that had been buried on
the dead man’s bosom, but likely to find nothing save
mortality and corruption. Alas, for his own soul, if these
were what he sought!
Sometimes a light glimmered out of the physician’s
eyes, burning blue and ominous, like the reflection of a

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furnace, or, let us say, like one of those gleams of ghastly

fire that darted from Bunyan’s awful doorway in the
hillside, and quivered on the pilgrim’s face. The soil where
this dark miner was working had perchance shown
indications that encouraged him.
‘This man,’ said he, at one such moment, to himself,
‘pure as they deem him—all spiritual as he seems—hath
inherited a strong animal nature from his father or his
mother. Let us dig a little further in the direction of this
vein!’
Then after long search into the minister’s dim interior,
and turning over many precious materials, in the shape of
high aspirations for the welfare of his race, warm love of
souls, pure sentiments, natural piety, strengthened by
thought and study, and illuminated by revelation—all of
which invaluable gold was perhaps no better than rubbish
to the seeker—he would turn back, discouraged, and
begin his quest towards another point. He groped along as
stealthily, with as cautious a tread, and as wary an outlook,
as a thief entering a chamber where a man lies only half
asleep—or, it may be, broad awake—with purpose to steal
the very treasure which this man guards as the apple of his
eye. In spite of his premeditated carefulness, the floor
would now and then creak; his garments would rustle; the

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shadow of his presence, in a forbidden proximity, would

be thrown across his victim. In other words, Mr.
Dimmesdale, whose sensibility of nerve often produced
the effect of spiritual intuition, would become vaguely
aware that something inimical to his peace had thrust itself
into relation with him. But Old Roger Chillingworth,
too, had perceptions that were almost intuitive; and when
the minister threw his startled eyes towards him, there the
physician sat; his kind, watchful, sympathising, but never
intrusive friend.
Yet Mr. Dimmesdale would perhaps have seen this
individual’s character more perfectly, if a certain
morbidness, to which sick hearts are liable, had not
rendered him suspicious of all mankind. Trusting no man
as his friend, he could not recognize his enemy when the
latter actually appeared. He therefore still kept up a
familiar intercourse with him, daily receiving the old
physician in his study, or visiting the laboratory, and, for
recreation’s sake, watching the processes by which weeds
were converted into drugs of potency.
One day, leaning his forehead on his hand, and his
elbow on the sill of the open window, that looked
towards the grave-yard, he talked with Roger

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Chillingworth, while the old man was examining a bundle

of unsightly plants.
‘Where,’ asked he, with a look askance at them—for it
was the clergyman’s peculiarity that he seldom, now-a-
days, looked straight forth at any object, whether human
or inanimate, ‘where, my kind doctor, did you gather
those herbs, with such a dark, flabby leaf?’
‘Even in the graveyard here at hand,’ answered the
physician, continuing his employment. ‘They are new to
me. I found them growing on a grave, which bore no
tombstone, no other memorial of the dead man, save these
ugly weeds, that have taken upon themselves to keep him
in remembrance. They grew out of his heart, and typify, it
may be, some hideous secret that was buried with him,
and which he had done better to confess during his
lifetime.’
‘Perchance,’ said Mr. Dimmesdale, ‘he earnestly desired
it, but could not.’
‘And wherefore?’ rejoined the physician.
‘Wherefore not; since all the powers of nature call so
earnestly for the confession of sin, that these black weeds
have sprung up out of a buried heart, to make manifest, an
outspoken crime?’

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‘That, good sir, is but a phantasy of yours,’ replied the

minister. ‘There can be, if I forbode aright, no power,
short of the Divine mercy, to disclose, whether by uttered
words, or by type or emblem, the secrets that may be
buried in the human heart. The heart, making itself guilty
of such secrets, must perforce hold them, until the day
when all hidden things shall be revealed. Nor have I so
read or interpreted Holy Writ, as to understand that the
disclosure of human thoughts and deeds, then to be made,
is intended as a part of the retribution. That, surely, were a
shallow view of it. No; these revelations, unless I greatly
err, are meant merely to promote the intellectual
satisfaction of all intelligent beings, who will stand waiting,
on that day, to see the dark problem of this life made
plain. A knowledge of men’s hearts will be needful to the
completest solution of that problem. And, I conceive
moreover, that the hearts holding such miserable secrets as
you speak of, will yield them up, at that last day, not with
reluctance, but with a joy unutterable.’
‘Then why not reveal it here?’ asked Roger
Chillingworth, glancing quietly aside at the minister.
‘Why should not the guilty ones sooner avail themselves
of this unutterable solace?’

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‘They mostly do,’ said the clergyman, griping hard at

his breast, as if afflicted with an importunate throb of pain.
‘Many, many a poor soul hath given its confidence to me,
not only on the death-bed, but while strong in life, and
fair in reputation. And ever, after such an outpouring, oh,
what a relief have I witnessed in those sinful brethren!
even as in one who at last draws free air, after a long
stifling with his own polluted breath. How can it be
otherwise? Why should a wretched man—guilty, we will
say, of murder—prefer to keep the dead corpse buried in
his own heart, rather than fling it forth at once, and let the
universe take care of it!’
‘Yet some men bury their secrets thus,’ observed the
calm physician.
‘True; there are such men,’ answered Mr. Dimmesdale.
‘But not to suggest more obvious reasons, it may be that
they are kept silent by the very constitution of their
nature. Or—can we not suppose it?—guilty as they may
be, retaining, nevertheless, a zeal for God’s glory and
man’s welfare, they shrink from displaying themselves
black and filthy in the view of men; because,
thenceforward, no good can be achieved by them; no evil
of the past be redeemed by better service. So, to their own
unutterable torment, they go about among their fellow-

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creatures, looking pure as new-fallen snow, while their

hearts are all speckled and spotted with iniquity of which
they cannot rid themselves.’
‘These men deceive themselves,’ said Roger
Chillingworth, with somewhat more emphasis than usual,
and making a slight gesture with his forefinger. ‘They fear
to take up the shame that rightfully belongs to them. Their
love for man, their zeal for God’s service—these holy
impulses may or may not coexist in their hearts with the
evil inmates to which their guilt has unbarred the door,
and which must needs propagate a hellish breed within
them. But, if they seek to glorify God, let them not lift
heavenward their unclean hands! If they would serve their
fellowmen, let them do it by making manifest the power
and reality of conscience, in constraining them to
penitential self-abasement! Would thou have me to
believe, O wise and pious friend, that a false show can be
better—can be more for God’s glory, or man’ welfare—
than God’s own truth? Trust me, such men deceive
themselves!’
‘It may be so,’ said the young clergyman, indifferently,
as waiving a discussion that he considered irrelevant or
unseasonable. He had a ready faculty, indeed, of escaping
from any topic that agitated his too sensitive and nervous

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temperament.—‘But, now, I would ask of my well-skilled

physician, whether, in good sooth, he deems me to have
profited by his kindly care of this weak frame of mine?’
Before Roger Chillingworth could answer, they heard
the clear, wild laughter of a young child’s voice,
proceeding from the adjacent burial-ground. Looking
instinctively from the open window—for it was summer-
time—the minister beheld Hester Prynne and little Pearl
passing along the footpath that traversed the enclosure.
Pearl looked as beautiful as the day, but was in one of
those moods of perverse merriment which, whenever they
occurred, seemed to remove her entirely out of the sphere
of sympathy or human contact. She now skipped
irreverently from one grave to another; until coming to
the broad, flat, armorial tombstone of a departed worthy—
perhaps of Isaac Johnson himself—she began to dance
upon it. In reply to her mother’s command and entreaty
that she would behave more decorously, little Pearl paused
to gather the prickly burrs from a tall burdock which grew
beside the tomb. Taking a handful of these, she arranged
them along the lines of the scarlet letter that decorated the
maternal bosom, to which the burrs, as their nature was,
tenaciously adhered. Hester did not pluck them off.

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Roger Chillingworth had by this time approached the

window and smiled grimly down.
‘There is no law, nor reverence for authority, no regard
for human ordinances or opinions, right or wrong, mixed
up with that child’s composition,’ remarked he, as much
to himself as to his companion. ‘I saw her, the other day,
bespatter the Governor himself with water at the cattle-
trough in Spring Lane. What, in heaven’s name, is she? Is
the imp altogether evil? Hath she affections? Hath she any
discoverable principle of being?’
‘None, save the freedom of a broken law,’ answered
Mr. Dimmesdale, in a quiet way, as if he had been
discussing the point within himself, ‘Whether capable of
good, I know not.’
The child probably overheard their voices, for, looking
up to the window with a bright, but naughty smile of
mirth and intelligence, she threw one of the prickly burrs
at the Rev. Mr. Dimmesdale. The sensitive clergyman
shrank, with nervous dread, from the light missile.
Detecting his emotion, Pearl clapped her little hands in the
most extravagant ecstacy. Hester Prynne, likewise, had
involuntarily looked up, and all these four persons, old and
young, regarded one another in silence, till the child
laughed aloud, and shouted—‘Come away, mother! Come

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away, or yonder old black man will catch you! He hath

got hold of the minister already. Come away, mother or
he will catch you! But he cannot catch little Pearl!’
So she drew her mother away, skipping, dancing, and
frisking fantastically among the hillocks of the dead people,
like a creature that had nothing in common with a bygone
and buried generation, nor owned herself akin to it. It was
as if she had been made afresh out of new elements, and
must perforce be permitted to live her own life, and be a
law unto herself without her eccentricities being reckoned
to her for a crime.
‘There goes a woman,’ resumed Roger Chillingworth,
after a pause, ‘who, be her demerits what they may, hath
none of that mystery of hidden sinfulness which you deem
so grievous to be borne. Is Hester Prynne the less
miserable, think you, for that scarlet letter on her breast?’
‘I do verily believe it,’ answered the clergyman.
‘Nevertheless, I cannot answer for her. There was a look
of pain in her face which I would gladly have been spared
the sight of. But still, methinks, it must needs be better for
the sufferer to be free to show his pain, as this poor
woman Hester is, than to cover it up in his heart.’

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There was another pause, and the physician began

anew to examine and arrange the plants which he had
gathered.
‘You inquired of me, a little time agone,’ said he, at
length, ‘my judgment as touching your health.’
‘I did,’ answered the clergyman, ‘and would gladly
learn it. Speak frankly, I pray you, be it for life or death.’
‘Freely then, and plainly,’ said the physician, still busy
with his plants, but keeping a wary eye on Mr.
Dimmesdale, ‘the disorder is a strange one; not so much in
itself nor as outwardly manifested,—in so far, at least as the
symptoms have been laid open to my observation.
Looking daily at you, my good sir, and watching the
tokens of your aspect now for months gone by, I should
deem you a man sore sick, it may be, yet not so sick but
that an instructed and watchful physician might well hope
to cure you. But I know not what to say, the disease is
what I seem to know, yet know it not.’
‘You speak in riddles, learned sir,’ said the pale
minister, glancing aside out of the window.
‘Then, to speak more plainly,’ continued the physician,
‘and I crave pardon, sir, should it seem to require pardon,
for this needful plainness of my speech. Let me ask as your
friend, as one having charge, under Providence, of your

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life and physical well being, hath all the operations of this
disorder been fairly laid open and recounted to me?’
‘How can you question it?’ asked the minister. ‘Surely
it were child’s play to call in a physician and then hide the
sore!’
‘You would tell me, then, that I know all?’ said Roger
Chillingworth, deliberately, and fixing an eye, bright with
intense and concentrated intelligence, on the minister’s
face. ‘Be it so! But again! He to whom only the outward
and physical evil is laid open, knoweth, oftentimes, but
half the evil which he is called upon to cure. A bodily
disease, which we look upon as whole and entire within
itself, may, after all, be but a symptom of some ailment in
the spiritual part. Your pardon once again, good sir, if my
speech give the shadow of offence. You, sir, of all men
whom I have known, are he whose body is the closest
conjoined, and imbued, and identified, so to speak, with
the spirit whereof it is the instrument.’
‘Then I need ask no further,’ said the clergyman,
somewhat hastily rising from his chair. ‘You deal not, I
take it, in medicine for the soul!’
‘Thus, a sickness,’ continued Roger Chillingworth,
going on, in an unaltered tone, without heeding the
interruption, but standing up and confronting the

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emaciated and white-cheeked minister, with his low, dark,

and misshapen figure,—‘a sickness, a sore place, if we may
so call it, in your spirit hath immediately its appropriate
manifestation in your bodily frame. Would you, therefore,
that your physician heal the bodily evil? How may this be
unless you first lay open to him the wound or trouble in
your soul?’
‘No, not to thee! not to an earthly physician!’ cried Mr.
Dimmesdale, passionately, and turning his eyes, full and
bright, and with a kind of fierceness, on old Roger
Chillingworth. ‘Not to thee! But, if it be the soul’s disease,
then do I commit myself to the one Physician of the soul!
He, if it stand with His good pleasure, can cure, or he can
kill. Let Him do with me as, in His justice and wisdom,
He shall see good. But who art thou, that meddlest in this
matter? that dares thrust himself between the sufferer and
his God?’
With a frantic gesture he rushed out of the room.
‘It is as well to have made this step,’ said Roger
Chillingworth to himself, looking after the minister, with
a grave smile. ‘There is nothing lost. We shall be friends
again anon. But see, now, how passion takes hold upon
this man, and hurrieth him out of himself! As with one
passion so with another. He hath done a wild thing ere

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now, this pious Master Dimmesdale, in the hot passion of

his heart. ‘
It proved not difficult to re-establish the intimacy of
the two companions, on the same footing and in the same
degree as heretofore. The young clergyman, after a few
hours of privacy, was sensible that the disorder of his
nerves had hurried him into an unseemly outbreak of
temper, which there had been nothing in the physician’s
words to excuse or palliate. He marvelled, indeed, at the
violence with which he had thrust back the kind old man,
when merely proffering the advice which it was his duty
to bestow, and which the minister himself had expressly
sought. With these remorseful feelings, he lost no time in
making the amplest apologies, and besought his friend still
to continue the care which, if not successful in restoring
him to health, had, in all probability, been the means of
prolonging his feeble existence to that hour. Roger
Chillingworth readily assented, and went on with his
medical supervision of the minister; doing his best for him,
in all good faith, but always quitting the patient’s
apartment, at the close of the professional interview, with
a mysterious and puzzled smile upon his lips. This
expression was invisible in Mr. Dimmesdale’s presence,

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but grew strongly evident as the physician crossed the

threshold.
‘A rare case,’ he muttered. ‘I must needs look deeper
into it. A strange sympathy betwixt soul and body! Were it
only for the art’s sake, I must search this matter to the
bottom.’
It came to pass, not long after the scene above
recorded, that the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale, noon-day,
and entirely unawares, fell into a deep, deep slumber,
sitting in his chair, with a large black-letter volume open
before him on the table. It must have been a work of vast
ability in the somniferous school of literature. The
profound depth of the minister’s repose was the more
remarkable, inasmuch as he was one of those persons
whose sleep ordinarily is as light as fitful, and as easily
scared away, as a small bird hopping on a twig. To such an
unwonted remoteness, however, had his spirit now
withdrawn into itself that he stirred not in his chair when
old Roger Chillingworth, without any extraordinary
precaution, came into the room. The physician advanced
directly in front of his patient, laid his hand upon his
bosom, and thrust aside the vestment, that hitherto had
always covered it even from the professional eye.

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Then, indeed, Mr. Dimmesdale shuddered, and slightly

stirred.
After a brief pause, the physician turned away.
But with what a wild look of wonder, joy, and honor!
With what a ghastly rapture, as it were, too mighty to be
expressed only by the eye and features, and therefore
bursting forth through the whole ugliness of his figure,
and making itself even riotously manifest by the
extravagant gestures with which he threw up his arms
towards the ceiling, and stamped his foot upon the floor!
Had a man seen old Roger Chillingworth, at that moment
of his ecstasy, he would have had no need to ask how
Satan comports himself when a precious human soul is lost
to heaven, and won into his kingdom.
But what distinguished the physician’s ecstasy from
Satan’s was the trait of wonder in it!

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XI. THE INTERIOR OF A

HEART
After the incident last described, the intercourse
between the clergyman and the physician, though
externally the same, was really of another character than it
had previously been. The intellect of Roger Chillingworth
had now a sufficiently plain path before it. It was not,
indeed, precisely that which he had laid out for himself to
tread. Calm, gentle, passionless, as he appeared, there was
yet, we fear, a quiet depth of malice, hitherto latent, but
active now, in this unfortunate old man, which led him to
imagine a more intimate revenge than any mortal had ever
wreaked upon an enemy. To make himself the one trusted
friend, to whom should be confided all the fear, the
remorse, the agony, the ineffectual repentance, the
backward rush of sinful thoughts, expelled in vain! All that
guilty sorrow, hidden from the world, whose great heart
would have pitied and forgiven, to be revealed to him, the
Pitiless—to him, the Unforgiving! All that dark treasure to
be lavished on the very man, to whom nothing else could
so adequately pay the debt of vengeance!

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The clergyman’s shy and sensitive reserve had balked

this scheme Roger Chillingworth, however, was inclined
to be hardly, if at all, less satisfied with the aspect of affairs,
which Providence—using the avenger and his victim for
its own purposes, and, perchance, pardoning, where it
seemed most to punish—had substituted for his black
devices A revelation, he could almost say, had been
granted to him. It mattered little for his object, whether
celestial or from what other region. By its aid, in all the
subsequent relations betwixt him and Mr. Dimmesdale,
not merely the external presence, but the very inmost soul
of the latter, seemed to be brought out before his eyes, so
that he could see and comprehend its every movement.
He became, thenceforth, not a spectator only, but a chief
actor in the poor minister’s interior world. He could play
upon him as he chose. Would he arouse him with a throb
of agony? The victim was for ever on the rack; it needed
only to know the spring that controlled the engine: and
the physician knew it well. Would he startle him with
sudden fear? As at the waving of a magician’s wand, up
rose a grisly phantom—up rose a thousand phantoms—in
many shapes, of death, or more awful shame, all flocking
round about the clergyman, and pointing with their
fingers at his breast!

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All this was accomplished with a subtlety so perfect,

that the minister, though he had constantly a dim
perception of some evil influence watching over him,
could never gain a knowledge of its actual nature. True,
he looked doubtfully, fearfully—even, at times, with
horror and the bitterness of hatred—at the deformed
figure of the old physician. His gestures, his gait, his
grizzled beard, his slightest and most indifferent acts, the
very fashion of his garments, were odious in the
clergyman’s sight; a token implicitly to be relied on of a
deeper antipathy in the breast of the latter than he was
willing to acknowledge to himself. For, as it was
impossible to assign a reason for such distrust and
abhorrence, so Mr. Dimmesdale, conscious that the poison
of one morbid spot was infecting his heart’s entire
substance, attributed all his presentiments to no other
cause. He took himself to task for his bad sympathies in
reference to Roger Chillingworth, disregarded the lesson
that he should have drawn from them, and did his best to
root them out. Unable to accomplish this, he nevertheless,
as a matter of principle, continued his habits of social
familiarity with the old man, and thus gave him constant
opportunities for perfecting the purpose to which—poor

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forlorn creature that he was, and more wretched than his

victim—the avenger had devoted himself.
While thus suffering under bodily disease, and gnawed
and tortured by some black trouble of the soul, and given
over to the machinations of his deadliest enemy, the
Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale had achieved a brilliant
popularity in his sacred office. He won it indeed, in great
part, by his sorrows. His intellectual gifts, his moral
perceptions, his power of experiencing and
communicating emotion, were kept in a state of
preternatural activity by the prick and anguish of his daily
life. His fame, though still on its upward slope, already
overshadowed the soberer reputations of his fellow-
clergymen, eminent as several of them were. There are
scholars among them, who had spent more years in
acquiring abstruse lore, connected with the divine
profession, than Mr. Dimmesdale had lived; and who
might well, therefore, be more profoundly versed in such
solid and valuable attainments than their youthful brother.
There were men, too, of a sturdier texture of mind than
his, and endowed with a far greater share of shrewd, hard
iron, or granite understanding; which, duly mingled with
a fair proportion of doctrinal ingredient, constitutes a
highly respectable, efficacious, and unamiable variety of

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the clerical species. There were others again, true saintly

fathers, whose faculties had been elaborated by weary toil
among their books, and by patient thought, and
etherealised, moreover, by spiritual communications with
the better world, into which their purity of life had almost
introduced these holy personages, with their garments of
mortality still clinging to them. All that they lacked was,
the gift that descended upon the chosen disciples at
Pentecost, in tongues of flame; symbolising, it would
seem, not the power of speech in foreign and unknown
languages, but that of addressing the whole human
brotherhood in the heart’s native language. These fathers,
otherwise so apostolic, lacked Heaven’s last and rarest
attestation of their office, the Tongue of Flame. They
would have vainly sought—had they ever dreamed of
seeking—to express the highest truths through the
humblest medium of familiar words and images. Their
voices came down, afar and indistinctly, from the upper
heights where they habitually dwelt.
Not improbably, it was to this latter class of men that
Mr. Dimmesdale, by many of his traits of character,
naturally belonged. To the high mountain peaks of faith
and sanctity he would have climbed, had not the tendency
been thwarted by the burden, whatever it might be, of

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crime or anguish, beneath which it was his doom to totter.

It kept him down on a level with the lowest; him, the
man of ethereal attributes, whose voice the angels might
else have listened to and answered! But this very burden it
was that gave him sympathies so intimate with the sinful
brotherhood of mankind; so that his heart vibrated in
unison with theirs, and received their pain into itself and
sent its own throb of pain through a thousand other hearts,
in gushes of sad, persuasive eloquence. Oftenest
persuasive, but sometimes terrible! The people knew not
the power that moved them thus. They deemed the
young clergyman a miracle of holiness. They fancied him
the mouth-piece of Heaven’s messages of wisdom, and
rebuke, and love. In their eyes, the very ground on which
he trod was sanctified. The virgins of his church grew pale
around him, victims of a passion so imbued with religious
sentiment, that they imagined it to be all religion, and
brought it openly, in their white bosoms, as their most
acceptable sacrifice before the altar. The aged members of
his flock, beholding Mr. Dimmesdale’s frame so feeble,
while they were themselves so rugged in their infirmity,
believed that he would go heavenward before them, and
enjoined it upon their children that their old bones should
be buried close to their young pastor’s holy grave. And all

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this time, perchance, when poor Mr. Dimmesdale was

thinking of his grave, he questioned with himself whether
the grass would ever grow on it, because an accursed thing
must there be buried!
It is inconceivable, the agony with which this public
veneration tortured him. It was his genuine impulse to
adore the truth, and to reckon all things shadow-like, and
utterly devoid of weight or value, that had not its divine
essence as the life within their life. Then what was he?—a
substance?—or the dimmest of all shadows? He longed to
speak out from his own pulpit at the full height of his
voice, and tell the people what he was. ‘I, whom you
behold in these black garments of the priesthood—I, who
ascend the sacred desk, and turn my pale face heavenward,
taking upon myself to hold communion in your behalf
with the Most High Omniscience—I, in whose daily life
you discern the sanctity of Enoch—I, whose footsteps, as
you suppose, leave a gleam along my earthly track,
whereby the Pilgrims that shall come after me may be
guided to the regions of the blest—I, who have laid the
hand of baptism upon your children—I, who have
breathed the parting prayer over your dying friends, to
whom the Amen sounded faintly from a world which they

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had quitted—I, your pastor, whom you so reverence and

trust, am utterly a pollution and a lie!’
More than once, Mr. Dimmesdale had gone into the
pulpit, with a purpose never to come down its steps until
he should have spoken words like the above. More than
once he had cleared his throat, and drawn in the long,
deep, and tremulous breath, which, when sent forth again,
would come burdened with the black secret of his soul.
More than once—nay, more than a hundred times—he
had actually spoken! Spoken! But how? He had told his
hearers that he was altogether vile, a viler companion of
the vilest, the worst of sinners, an abomination, a thing of
unimaginable iniquity, and that the only wonder was that
they did not see his wretched body shrivelled up before
their eyes by the burning wrath of the Almighty! Could
there be plainer speech than this? Would not the people
start up in their seats, by a simultaneous impulse, and tear
him down out of the pulpit which he defiled? Not so,
indeed! They heard it all, and did but reverence him the
more. They little guessed what deadly purport lurked in
those self-condemning words. ‘The godly youth!’ said
they among themselves. ‘The saint on earth! Alas! if he
discern such sinfulness in his own white soul, what horrid
spectacle would he behold in thine or mine!’ The minister

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well knew—subtle, but remorseful hypocrite that he

was!—the light in which his vague confession would be
viewed. He had striven to put a cheat upon himself by
making the avowal of a guilty conscience, but had gained
only one other sin, and a self-acknowledged shame,
without the momentary relief of being self-deceived. He
had spoken the very truth, and transformed it into the
veriest falsehood. And yet, by the constitution of his
nature, he loved the truth, and loathed the lie, as few men
ever did. Therefore, above all things else, he loathed his
miserable self!
His inward trouble drove him to practices more in
accordance with the old, corrupted faith of Rome than
with the better light of the church in which he had been
born and bred. In Mr. Dimmesdale’s secret closet, under
lock and key, there was a bloody scourge. Oftentimes, this
Protestant and Puritan divine had plied it on his own
shoulders, laughing bitterly at himself the while, and
smiting so much the more pitilessly because of that bitter
laugh. It was his custom, too, as it has been that of many
other pious Puritans, to fast—not however, like them, in
order to purify the body, and render it the fitter medium
of celestial illumination—but rigorously, and until his
knees trembled beneath him, as an act of penance. He

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kept vigils, likewise, night after night, sometimes in utter

darkness, sometimes with a glimmering lamp, and
sometimes, viewing his own face in a looking-glass, by the
most powerful light which he could throw upon it. He
thus typified the constant introspection wherewith he
tortured, but could not purify himself. In these lengthened
vigils, his brain often reeled, and visions seemed to flit
before him; perhaps seen doubtfully, and by a faint light of
their own, in the remote dimness of the chamber, or more
vividly and close beside him, within the looking-glass.
Now it was a herd of diabolic shapes, that grinned and
mocked at the pale minister, and beckoned him away with
them; now a group of shining angels, who flew upward
heavily, as sorrow-laden, but grew more ethereal as they
rose. Now came the dead friends of his youth, and his
white-bearded father, with a saint-like frown, and his
mother turning her face away as she passed by Ghost of a
mother—thinnest fantasy of a mother—methinks she
might yet have thrown a pitying glance towards her son!
And now, through the chamber which these spectral
thoughts had made so ghastly, glided Hester Prynne
leading along little Pearl, in her scarlet garb, and pointing
her forefinger, first at the scarlet letter on her bosom, and
then at the clergyman’s own breast.

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None of these visions ever quite deluded him. At any

moment, by an effort of his will, he could discern
substances through their misty lack of substance, and
convince himself that they were not solid in their nature,
like yonder table of carved oak, or that big, square,
leather-bound and brazen-clasped volume of divinity. But,
for all that, they were, in one sense, the truest and most
substantial things which the poor minister now dealt with.
It is the unspeakable misery of a life so false as his, that it
steals the pith and substance out of whatever realities there
are around us, and which were meant by Heaven to be
the spirit’s joy and nutriment. To the untrue man, the
whole universe is false—it is impalpable—it shrinks to
nothing within his grasp. And he himself in so far as he
shows himself in a false light, becomes a shadow, or,
indeed, ceases to exist. The only truth that continued to
give Mr. Dimmesdale a real existence on this earth was the
anguish in his inmost soul, and the undissembled
expression of it in his aspect. Had he once found power to
smile, and wear a face of gaiety, there would have been no
such man!
On one of those ugly nights, which we have faintly
hinted at, but forborne to picture forth, the minister
started from his chair. A new thought had struck him.

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There might be a moment’s peace in it. Attiring himself

with as much care as if it had been for public worship, and
precisely in the same manner, he stole softly down the
staircase, undid the door, and issued forth.

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XII. THE MINISTER’S VIGIL

Walking in the shadow of a dream, as it were, and
perhaps actually under the influence of a species of
somnambulism, Mr. Dimmesdale reached the spot where,
now so long since, Hester Prynne had lived through her
first hours of public ignominy. The same platform or
scaffold, black and weather-stained with the storm or
sunshine of seven long years, and foot-worn, too, with the
tread of many culprits who had since ascended it,
remained standing beneath the balcony of the meeting-
house. The minister went up the steps.
It was an obscure night in early May. An unwearied
pall of cloud muffled the whole expanse of sky from
zenith to horizon. If the same multitude which had stood
as eye-witnesses while Hester Prynne sustained her
punishment could now have been summoned forth, they
would have discerned no face above the platform nor
hardly the outline of a human shape, in the dark grey of
the midnight. But the town was all asleep. There was no
peril of discovery. The minister might stand there, if it so
pleased him, until morning should redden in the east,
without other risk than that the dank and chill night air

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would creep into his frame, and stiffen his joints with
rheumatism, and clog his throat with catarrh and cough;
thereby defrauding the expectant audience of to-morrow’s
prayer and sermon. No eye could see him, save that ever-
wakeful one which had seen him in his closet, wielding
the bloody scourge. Why, then, had he come hither? Was
it but the mockery of penitence? A mockery, indeed, but
in which his soul trifled with itself! A mockery at which
angels blushed and wept, while fiends rejoiced with
jeering laughter! He had been driven hither by the impulse
of that Remorse which dogged him everywhere, and
whose own sister and closely linked companion was that
Cowardice which invariably drew him back, with her
tremulous gripe, just when the other impulse had hurried
him to the verge of a disclosure. Poor, miserable man!
what right had infirmity like his to burden itself with
crime? Crime is for the iron-nerved, who have their
choice either to endure it, or, if it press too hard, to exert
their fierce and savage strength for a good purpose, and
fling it off at once! This feeble and most sensitive of spirits
could do neither, yet continually did one thing or another,
which intertwined, in the same inextricable knot, the
agony of heaven-defying guilt and vain repentance.

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And thus, while standing on the scaffold, in this vain

show of expiation, Mr. Dimmesdale was overcome with a
great horror of mind, as if the universe were gazing at a
scarlet token on his naked breast, right over his heart. On
that spot, in very truth, there was, and there had long
been, the gnawing and poisonous tooth of bodily pain.
Without any effort of his will, or power to restrain
himself, he shrieked aloud: an outcry that went pealing
through the night, and was beaten back from one house to
another, and reverberated from the hills in the
background; as if a company of devils, detecting so much
misery and terror in it, had made a plaything of the sound,
and were bandying it to and fro.
‘It is done!’ muttered the minister, covering his face
with his hands. ‘The whole town will awake and hurry
forth, and find me here!’
But it was not so. The shriek had perhaps sounded with
a far greater power, to his own startled ears, than it
actually possessed. The town did not awake; or, if it did,
the drowsy slumberers mistook the cry either for
something frightful in a dream, or for the noise of witches,
whose voices, at that period, were often heard to pass over
the settlements or lonely cottages, as they rode with Satan
through the air. The clergyman, therefore, hearing no

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symptoms of disturbance, uncovered his eyes and looked

about him. At one of the chamber-windows of Governor
Bellingham’s mansion, which stood at some distance, on
the line of another street, he beheld the appearance of the
old magistrate himself with a lamp in his hand a white
night-cap on his head, and a long white gown enveloping
his figure. He looked like a ghost evoked unseasonably
from the grave. The cry had evidently startled him. At
another window of the same house, moreover appeared
old Mistress Hibbins, the Governor’s sister, also with a
lamp, which even thus far off revealed the expression of
her sour and discontented face. She thrust forth her head
from the lattice, and looked anxiously upward Beyond the
shadow of a doubt, this venerable witch-lady had heard
Mr. Dimmesdale’s outcry, and interpreted it, with its
multitudinous echoes and reverberations, as the clamour of
the fiends and night-hags, with whom she was well
known to make excursions in the forest.
Detecting the gleam of Governor Bellingham’s lamp,
the old lady quickly extinguished her own, and vanished.
Possibly, she went up among the clouds. The minister saw
nothing further of her motions. The magistrate, after a
wary observation of the darkness—into which,

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nevertheless, he could see but little further than he might

into a mill-stone—retired from the window.
The minister grew comparatively calm. His eyes,
however, were soon greeted by a little glimmering light,
which, at first a long way off was approaching up the
street. It threw a gleam of recognition, on here a post, and
there a garden fence, and here a latticed window-pane,
and there a pump, with its full trough of water, and here
again an arched door of oak, with an iron knocker, and a
rough log for the door-step. The Reverend Mr.
Dimmesdale noted all these minute particulars, even while
firmly convinced that the doom of his existence was
stealing onward, in the footsteps which he now heard; and
that the gleam of the lantern would fall upon him in a few
moments more, and reveal his long-hidden secret. As the
light drew nearer, be beheld, within its illuminated circle,
his brother clergyman—or, to speak more accurately, his
professional father, as well as highly valued friend—the
Reverend Mr. Wilson, who, as Mr. Dimmesdale now
conjectured, had been praying at the bedside of some
dying man. And so he had. The good old minister came
freshly from the death-chamber of Governor Winthrop,
who had passed from earth to heaven within that very
hour. And now surrounded, like the saint-like personage

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of olden times, with a radiant halo, that glorified him amid

this gloomy night of sin—as if the departed Governor had
left him an inheritance of his glory, or as if he had caught
upon himself the distant shine of the celestial city, while
looking thitherward to see the triumphant pilgrim pass
within its gates—now, in short, good Father Wilson was
moving homeward, aiding his footsteps with a lighted
lantern! The glimmer of this luminary suggested the above
conceits to Mr. Dimmesdale, who smiled—nay, almost
laughed at them—and then wondered if he was going
mad.
As the Reverend Mr. Wilson passed beside the scaffold,
closely muffling his Geneva cloak about him with one
arm, and holding the lantern before his breast with the
other, the minister could hardly restrain himself from
speaking—
‘A good evening to you, venerable Father Wilson.
Come up hither, I pray you, and pass a pleasant hour with
me!’
Good Heavens! Had Mr. Dimmesdale actually spoken?
For one instant he believed that these words had passed his
lips. But they were uttered only within his imagination.
The venerable Father Wilson continued to step slowly
onward, looking carefully at the muddy pathway before

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his feet, and never once turning his head towards the
guilty platform. When the light of the glimmering lantern
had faded quite away, the minister discovered, by the
faintness which came over him, that the last few moments
had been a crisis of terrible anxiety, although his mind had
made an involuntary effort to relieve itself by a kind of
lurid playfulness.
Shortly afterwards, the like grisly sense of the humorous
again stole in among the solemn phantoms of his thought.
He felt his limbs growing stiff with the unaccustomed
chilliness of the night, and doubted whether he should be
able to descend the steps of the scaffold. Morning would
break and find him there The neighbourhood would
begin to rouse itself. The earliest riser, coming forth in the
dim twilight, would perceive a vaguely-defined figure
aloft on the place of shame; and half-crazed betwixt alarm
and curiosity, would go knocking from door to door,
summoning all the people to behold the ghost—as he
needs must think it—of some defunct transgressor. A
dusky tumult would flap its wings from one house to
another. Then—the morning light still waxing stronger—
old patriarchs would rise up in great haste, each in his
flannel gown, and matronly dames, without pausing to put
off their night-gear. The whole tribe of decorous

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personages, who had never heretofore been seen with a

single hair of their heads awry, would start into public
view with the disorder of a nightmare in their aspects. Old
Governor Bellingham would come grimly forth, with his
King James’ ruff fastened askew, and Mistress Hibbins,
with some twigs of the forest clinging to her skirts, and
looking sourer than ever, as having hardly got a wink of
sleep after her night ride; and good Father Wilson too,
after spending half the night at a death-bed, and liking ill
to be disturbed, thus early, out of his dreams about the
glorified saints. Hither, likewise, would come the elders
and deacons of Mr. Dimmesdale’s church, and the young
virgins who so idolized their minister, and had made a
shrine for him in their white bosoms, which now, by-the-
bye, in their hurry and confusion, they would scantly have
given themselves time to cover with their kerchiefs. All
people, in a word, would come stumbling over their
thresholds, and turning up their amazed and horror-
stricken visages around the scaffold. Whom would they
discern there, with the red eastern light upon his brow?
Whom, but the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, half-
frozen to death, overwhelmed with shame, and standing
where Hester Prynne had stood!

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Carried away by the grotesque horror of this picture,

the minister, unawares, and to his own infinite alarm,
burst into a great peal of laughter. It was immediately
responded to by a light, airy, childish laugh, in which,
with a thrill of the heart—but he knew not whether of
exquisite pain, or pleasure as acute—he recognised the
tones of little Pearl.
‘Pearl! Little Pearl!’ cried he, after a moment’s pause;
then, suppressing his voice—‘Hester! Hester Prynne! Are
you there?’
‘Yes; it is Hester Prynne!’ she replied, in a tone of
surprise; and the minister heard her footsteps approaching
from the side-walk, along which she had been passing. ‘It
is I, and my little Pearl.’
‘Whence come you, Hester?’ asked the minister. ‘What
sent you hither?’
‘I have been watching at a death-bed,’ answered Hester
Prynne ‘at Governor Winthrop’s death-bed, and have
taken his measure for a robe, and am now going
homeward to my dwelling.’
‘Come up hither, Hester, thou and Little Pearl,’ said
the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale. ‘Ye have both been here
before, but I was not with you. Come up hither once
again, and we will stand all three together.’

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She silently ascended the steps, and stood on the

platform, holding little Pearl by the hand. The minister felt
for the child’s other hand, and took it. The moment that
he did so, there came what seemed a tumultuous rush of
new life, other life than his own pouring like a torrent
into his heart, and hurrying through all his veins, as if the
mother and the child were communicating their vital
warmth to his half-torpid system. The three formed an
electric chain.
‘Minister!’ whispered little Pearl.
‘What wouldst thou say, child?’ asked Mr. Dimmesdale.
‘‘Wilt thou stand here with mother and me, to-morrow
noontide?’ inquired Pearl.
‘Nay; not so, my little Pearl,’ answered the minister;
for, with the new energy of the moment, all the dread of
public exposure, that had so long been the anguish of his
life, had returned upon him; and he was already trembling
at the conjunction in which—with a strange joy,
nevertheless—he now found himself—‘not so, my child. I
shall, indeed, stand with thy mother and thee one other
day, but not to-morrow.’
Pearl laughed, and attempted to pull away her hand.
But the minister held it fast.
‘A moment longer, my child!’ said he.

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‘But wilt thou promise,’ asked Pearl, ‘to take my hand,

and mother’s hand, to-morrow noontide?’
‘Not then, Pearl,’ said the minister; ‘but another time.’
‘And what other time?’ persisted the child.
‘At the great judgment day,’ whispered the minister;
and, strangely enough, the sense that he was a professional
teacher of the truth impelled him to answer the child so.
‘Then, and there, before the judgment-seat, thy mother,
and thou, and I must stand together. But the daylight of
this world shall not see our meeting!’’
Pearl laughed again.
But before Mr. Dimmesdale had done speaking, a light
gleamed far and wide over all the muffled sky. It was
doubtless caused by one of those meteors, which the
night-watcher may so often observe burning out to waste,
in the vacant regions of the atmosphere. So powerful was
its radiance, that it thoroughly illuminated the dense
medium of cloud betwixt the sky and earth. The great
vault brightened, like the dome of an immense lamp. It
showed the familiar scene of the street with the
distinctness of mid-day, but also with the awfulness that is
always imparted to familiar objects by an unaccustomed
light The wooden houses, with their jutting storeys and
quaint gable-peaks; the doorsteps and thresholds with the

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early grass springing up about them; the garden-plots,

black with freshly-turned earth; the wheel-track, little
worn, and even in the market-place margined with green
on either side—all were visible, but with a singularity of
aspect that seemed to give another moral interpretation to
the things of this world than they had ever borne before.
And there stood the minister, with his hand over his heart;
and Hester Prynne, with the embroidered letter
glimmering on her bosom; and little Pearl, herself a
symbol, and the connecting link between those two. They
stood in the noon of that strange and solemn splendour, as
if it were the light that is to reveal all secrets, and the
daybreak that shall unite all who belong to one another.
There was witchcraft in little Pearl’s eyes; and her face,
as she glanced upward at the minister, wore that naughty
smile which made its expression frequently so elvish. She
withdrew her hand from Mr. Dimmesdale’s, and pointed
across the street. But he clasped both his hands over his
breast, and cast his eyes towards the zenith.
Nothing was more common, in those days, than to
interpret all meteoric appearances, and other natural
phenomena that occured with less regularity than the rise
and set of sun and moon, as so many revelations from a
supernatural source. Thus, a blazing spear, a sword of

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flame, a bow, or a sheaf of arrows seen in the midnight

sky, prefigured Indian warfare. Pestilence was known to
have been foreboded by a shower of crimson light. We
doubt whether any marked event, for good or evil, ever
befell New England, from its settlement down to
revolutionary times, of which the inhabitants had not been
previously warned by some spectacle of its nature. Not
seldom, it had been seen by multitudes. Oftener, however,
its credibility rested on the faith of some lonely eye-
witness, who beheld the wonder through the coloured,
magnifying, and distorted medium of his imagination, and
shaped it more distinctly in his after-thought. It was,
indeed, a majestic idea that the destiny of nations should
be revealed, in these awful hieroglyphics, on the cope of
heaven. A scroll so wide might not be deemed too
expensive for Providence to write a people’s doom upon.
The belief was a favourite one with our forefathers, as
betokening that their infant commonwealth was under a
celestial guardianship of peculiar intimacy and strictness.
But what shall we say, when an individual discovers a
revelation addressed to himself alone, on the same vast
sheet of record. In such a case, it could only be the
symptom of a highly disordered mental state, when a man,
rendered morbidly self-contemplative by long, intense,

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and secret pain, had extended his egotism over the whole
expanse of nature, until the firmament itself should appear
no more than a fitting page for his soul’s history and fate.
We impute it, therefore, solely to the disease in his
own eye and heart that the minister, looking upward to
the zenith, beheld there the appearance of an immense
letter—the letter A—marked out in lines of dull red light.
Not but the meteor may have shown itself at that point,
burning duskily through a veil of cloud, but with no such
shape as his guilty imagination gave it, or, at least, with so
little definiteness, that another’s guilt might have seen
another symbol in it.
There was a singular circumstance that characterised
Mr. Dimmesdale’s psychological state at this moment. All
the time that he gazed upward to the zenith, he was,
nevertheless, perfectly aware that little Pearl was hinting
her finger towards old Roger Chillingworth, who stood at
no great distance from the scaffold. The minister appeared
to see him, with the same glance that discerned the
miraculous letter. To his feature as to all other objects, the
meteoric light imparted a new expression; or it might well
be that the physician was not careful then, as at all other
times, to hide the malevolence with which he looked
upon his victim. Certainly, if the meteor kindled up the

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sky, and disclosed the earth, with an awfulness that

admonished Hester Prynne and the clergyman of the day
of judgment, then might Roger Chillingworth have passed
with them for the arch-fiend, standing there with a smile
and scowl, to claim his own. So vivid was the expression,
or so intense the minister’s perception of it, that it seemed
still to remain painted on the darkness after the meteor had
vanished, with an effect as if the street and all things else
were at once annihilated.
‘Who is that man, Hester?’ gasped Mr. Dimmesdale,
overcome with terror. ‘I shiver at him! Dost thou know
the man? I hate him, Hester!’
She remembered her oath, and was silent.
‘I tell thee, my soul shivers at him!’ muttered the
minister again. ‘Who is he? Who is he? Canst thou do
nothing for me? I have a nameless horror of the man!’
‘Minister,’ said little Pearl, ‘I can tell thee who he is!’
‘Quickly, then, child!’ said the minister, bending his ear
close to her lips. ‘Quickly, and as low as thou canst
whisper.’
Pearl mumbled something into his ear that sounded,
indeed, like human language, but was only such gibberish
as children may be heard amusing themselves with by the
hour together. At all events, if it involved any secret

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information in regard to old Roger Chillingworth, it was

in a tongue unknown to the erudite clergyman, and did
but increase the bewilderment of his mind. The elvish
child then laughed aloud.
‘Dost thou mock me now?’ said the minister.
‘Thou wast not bold!—thou wast not true!’ answered
the child. ‘Thou wouldst not promise to take my hand,
and mother’s hand, to-morrow noon-tide!’
‘Worthy sir,’ answered the physician, who had now
advanced to the foot of the platform—‘pious Master
Dimmesdale! can this be you? Well, well, indeed! We
men of study, whose heads are in our books, have need to
be straitly looked after! We dream in our waking
moments, and walk in our sleep. Come, good sir, and my
dear friend, I pray you let me lead you home!’
‘How knewest thou that I was here?’ asked the
minister, fearfully.
‘Verily, and in good faith,’ answered Roger
Chillingworth, ‘I knew nothing of the matter. I had spent
the better part of the night at the bedside of the worshipful
Governor Winthrop, doing what my poor skill might to
give him ease. He, going home to a better world, I,
likewise, was on my way homeward, when this light
shone out. Come with me, I beseech you, Reverend sir,

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else you will be poorly able to do Sabbath duty to-

morrow. Aha! see now how they trouble the brain—these
books!—these books! You should study less, good sir, and
take a little pastime, or these night whimsies will grow
upon you.’
‘I will go home with you,’ said Mr. Dimmesdale.
With a chill despondency, like one awakening, all
nerveless, from an ugly dream, he yielded himself to the
physician, and was led away.
The next day, however, being the Sabbath, he
preached a discourse which was held to be the richest and
most powerful, and the most replete with heavenly
influences, that had ever proceeded from his lips. Souls, it
is said, more souls than one, were brought to the truth by
the efficacy of that sermon, and vowed within themselves
to cherish a holy gratitude towards Mr. Dimmesdale
throughout the long hereafter. But as he came down the
pulpit steps, the grey-bearded sexton met him, holding up
a black glove, which the minister recognised as his own.
‘It was found,’ said the Sexton, ‘this morning on the
scaffold where evil-doers are set up to public shame. Satan
dropped it there, I take it, intending a scurrilous jest
against your reverence. But, indeed, he was blind and

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foolish, as he ever and always is. A pure hand needs no

glove to cover it!’
‘Thank you, my good friend,’ said the minister,
gravely, but startled at heart; for so confused was his
remembrance, that he had almost brought himself to look
at the events of the past night as visionary.
‘Yes, it seems to be my glove, indeed!’
‘And, since Satan saw fit to steal it, your reverence must
needs handle him without gloves henceforward,’ remarked
the old sexton, grimly smiling. ‘But did your reverence
hear of the portent that was seen last night? a great red
letter in the sky—the letter A, which we interpret to stand
for Angel. For, as our good Governor Winthrop was made
an angel this past night, it was doubtless held fit that there
should be some notice thereof!’
‘No,’ answered the minister; ‘I had not heard of it.’

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XIII. ANOTHER VIEW OF

HESTER
In her late singular interview with Mr. Dimmesdale,
Hester Prynne was shocked at the condition to which she
found the clergyman reduced. His nerve seemed
absolutely destroyed. His moral force was abased into
more than childish weakness. It grovelled helpless on the
ground, even while his intellectual faculties retained their
pristine strength, or had perhaps acquired a morbid
energy, which disease only could have given them. With
her knowledge of a train of circumstances hidden from all
others, she could readily infer that, besides the legitimate
action of his own conscience, a terrible machinery had
been brought to bear, and was still operating, on Mr.
Dimmesdale’s well-being and repose. Knowing what this
poor fallen man had once been, her whole soul was
moved by the shuddering terror with which he had
appealed to her—the outcast woman—for support against
his instinctively discovered enemy. She decided,
moreover, that he had a right to her utmost aid. Little
accustomed, in her long seclusion from society, to measure
her ideas of right and wrong by any standard external to

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herself, Hester saw—or seemed to see—that there lay a

responsibility upon her in reference to the clergyman,
which she owned to no other, nor to the whole world
besides. The links that united her to the rest of
humankind—links of flowers, or silk, or gold, or whatever
the material—had all been broken. Here was the iron link
of mutual crime, which neither he nor she could break.
Like all other ties, it brought along with it its obligations.
Hester Prynne did not now occupy precisely the same
position in which we beheld her during the earlier periods
of her ignominy. Years had come and gone. Pearl was
now seven years old. Her mother, with the scarlet letter
on her breast, glittering in its fantastic embroidery, had
long been a familiar object to the townspeople. As is apt to
be the case when a person stands out in any prominence
before the community, and, at the same time, interferes
neither with public nor individual interests and
convenience, a species of general regard had ultimately
grown up in reference to Hester Prynne. It is to the credit
of human nature that, except where its selfishness is
brought into play, it loves more readily than it hates.
Hatred, by a gradual and quiet process, will even be
transformed to love, unless the change be impeded by a
continually new irritation of the original feeling of

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hostility. In this matter of Hester Prynne there was neither

irritation nor irksomeness. She never battled with the
public, but submitted uncomplainingly to its worst usage;
she made no claim upon it in requital for what she
suffered; she did not weigh upon its sympathies. Then,
also, the blameless purity of her life during all these years
in which she had been set apart to infamy was reckoned
largely in her favour. With nothing now to lose, in the
sight of mankind, and with no hope, and seemingly no
wish, of gaining anything, it could only be a genuine
regard for virtue that had brought back the poor wanderer
to its paths.
It was perceived, too, that while Hester never put
forward even the humblest title to share in the world’s
privileges—further than to breathe the common air and
earn daily bread for little Pearl and herself by the faithful
labour of her hands—she was quick to acknowledge her
sisterhood with the race of man whenever benefits were to
be conferred. None so ready as she to give of her little
substance to every demand of poverty, even though the
bitter-hearted pauper threw back a gibe in requital of the
food brought regularly to his door, or the garments
wrought for him by the fingers that could have
embroidered a monarch’s robe. None so self-devoted as

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Hester when pestilence stalked through the town. In all

seasons of calamity, indeed, whether general or of
individuals, the outcast of society at once found her place.
She came, not as a guest, but as a rightful inmate, into the
household that was darkened by trouble, as if its gloomy
twilight were a medium in which she was entitled to hold
intercourse with her fellow-creature There glimmered the
embroidered letter, with comfort in its unearthly ray.
Elsewhere the token of sin, it was the taper of the sick
chamber. It had even thrown its gleam, in the sufferer’s
bard extremity, across the verge of time. It had shown him
where to set his foot, while the light of earth was fast
becoming dim, and ere the light of futurity could reach
him. In such emergencies Hester’s nature showed itself
warm and rich—a well-spring of human tenderness,
unfailing to every real demand, and inexhaustible by the
largest. Her breast, with its badge of shame, was but the
softer pillow for the head that needed one. She was self-
ordained a Sister of Mercy, or, we may rather say, the
world’s heavy hand had so ordained her, when neither the
world nor she looked forward to this result. The letter was
the symbol of her calling. Such helpfulness was found in
her—so much power to do, and power to sympathise—
that many people refused to interpret the scarlet A by its

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original signification. They said that it meant Abel, so

strong was Hester Prynne, with a woman’s strength.
It was only the darkened house that could contain her.
When sunshine came again, she was not there. Her
shadow had faded across the threshold. The helpful inmate
had departed, without one backward glance to gather up
the meed of gratitude, if any were in the hearts of those
whom she had served so zealously. Meeting them in the
street, she never raised her head to receive their greeting.
If they were resolute to accost her, she laid her finger on
the scarlet letter, and passed on. This might be pride, but
was so like humility, that it produced all the softening
influence of the latter quality on the public mind. The
public is despotic in its temper; it is capable of denying
common justice when too strenuously demanded as a
right; but quite as frequently it awards more than justice,
when the appeal is made, as despots love to have it made,
entirely to its generosity. Interpreting Hester Prynne’s
deportment as an appeal of this nature, society was
inclined to show its former victim a more benign
countenance than she cared to be favoured with, or,
perchance, than she deserved.
The rulers, and the wise and learned men of the
community, were longer in acknowledging the influence

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of Hester’s good qualities than the people. The prejudices

which they shared in common with the latter were
fortified in themselves by an iron frame-work of
reasoning, that made it a far tougher labour to expel them.
Day by day, nevertheless, their sour and rigid wrinkles
were relaxing into something which, in the due course of
years, might grow to be an expression of almost
benevolence. Thus it was with the men of rank, on whom
their eminent position imposed the guardianship of the
public morals. Individuals in private life, meanwhile, had
quite forgiven Hester Prynne for her frailty; nay, more,
they had begun to look upon the scarlet letter as the
token, not of that one sin for which she had borne so long
and dreary a penance, but of her many good deeds since.
‘Do you see that woman with the embroidered badge?’
they would say to strangers. ‘It is our Hester—the town’s
own Hester—who is so kind to the poor, so helpful to the
sick, so comfortable to the afflicted!’ Then, it is true, the
propensity of human nature to tell the very worst of itself,
when embodied in the person of another, would constrain
them to whisper the black scandal of bygone years. It was
none the less a fact, however, that in the eyes of the very
men who spoke thus, the scarlet letter had the effect of the
cross on a nun’s bosom. It imparted to the wearer a kind

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of sacredness, which enabled her to walk securely amid all

peril. Had she fallen among thieves, it would have kept
her safe. It was reported, and believed by many, that an
Indian had drawn his arrow against the badge, and that the
missile struck it, and fell harmless to the ground.
The effect of the symbol—or rather, of the position in
respect to society that was indicated by it—on the mind of
Hester Prynne herself was powerful and peculiar. All the
light and graceful foliage of her character had been
withered up by this red-hot brand, and had long ago fallen
away, leaving a bare and harsh outline, which might have
been repulsive had she possessed friends or companions to
be repelled by it. Even the attractiveness of her person had
undergone a similar change. It might be partly owing to
the studied austerity of her dress, and partly to the lack of
demonstration in her manners. It was a sad transformation,
too, that her rich and luxuriant hair had either been cut
off, or was so completely hidden by a cap, that not a
shining lock of it ever once gushed into the sunshine. It
was due in part to all these causes, but still more to
something else, that there seemed to be no longer
anything in Hester’s face for Love to dwell upon; nothing
in Hester’s form, though majestic and statue like, that
Passion would ever dream of clasping in its embrace;

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nothing in Hester’s bosom to make it ever again the

pillow of Affection. Some attribute had departed from her,
the permanence of which had been essential to keep her a
woman. Such is frequently the fate, and such the stern
development, of the feminine character and person, when
the woman has encountered, and lived through, an
experience of peculiar severity. If she be all tenderness, she
will die. If she survive, the tenderness will either be
crushed out of her, or—and the outward semblance is the
same—crushed so deeply into her heart that it can never
show itself more. The latter is perhaps the truest theory.
She who has once been a woman, and ceased to be so,
might at any moment become a woman again, if there
were only the magic touch to effect the transformation.
We shall see whether Hester Prynne were ever afterwards
so touched and so transfigured.
Much of the marble coldness of Hester’s impression
was to be attributed to the circumstance that her life had
turned, in a great measure, from passion and feeling to
thought. Standing alone in the world—alone, as to any
dependence on society, and with little Pearl to be guided
and protected—alone, and hopeless of retrieving her
position, even had she not scorned to consider it
desirable—she cast away the fragment a broken chain. The

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world’s law was no law for her mind. It was an age in

which the human intellect, newly emancipated, had taken
a more active and a wider range than for many centuries
before. Men of the sword had overthrown nobles and
kings. Men bolder than these had overthrown and
rearranged—not actually, but within the sphere of theory,
which was their most real abode—the whole system of
ancient prejudice, wherewith was linked much of ancient
principle. Hester Prynne imbibed this spirit. She assumed a
freedom of speculation, then common enough on the
other side of the Atlantic, but which our forefathers, had
they known it, would have held to be a deadlier crime
than that stigmatised by the scarlet letter. In her lonesome
cottage, by the seashore, thoughts visited her such as dared
to enter no other dwelling in New England; shadowy
guests, that would have been as perilous as demons to their
entertainer, could they have been seen so much as
knocking at her door.
It is remarkable that persons who speculate the most
boldly often conform with the most perfect quietude to
the external regulations of society. The thought suffices
them, without investing itself in the flesh and blood of
action. So it seemed to be with Hester. Yet, had little
Pearl never come to her from the spiritual world, it might

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have been far otherwise. Then she might have come down
to us in history, hand in hand with Ann Hutchinson, as
the foundress of a religious sect. She might, in one of her
phases, have been a prophetess. She might, and not
improbably would, have suffered death from the stern
tribunals of the period, for attempting to undermine the
foundations of the Puritan establishment. But, in the
education of her child, the mother’s enthusiasm thought
had something to wreak itself upon. Providence, in the
person of this little girl, had assigned to Hester’s charge,
the germ and blossom of womanhood, to be cherished and
developed amid a host of difficulties. Everything was
against her. The world was hostile. The child’s own nature
had something wrong in it which continually betokened
that she had been born amiss—the effluence of her
mother’s lawless passion—and often impelled Hester to
ask, in bitterness of heart, whether it were for ill or good
that the poor little creature had been born at all.
Indeed, the same dark question often rose into her
mind with reference to the whole race of womanhood.
Was existence worth accepting even to the happiest
among them? As concerned her own individual existence,
she had long ago decided in the negative, and dismissed
the point as settled. A tendency to speculation, though it

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may keep women quiet, as it does man, yet makes her sad.
She discerns, it may be, such a hopeless task before her. As
a first step, the whole system of society is to be torn down
and built up anew. Then the very nature of the opposite
sex, or its long hereditary habit, which has become like
nature, is to be essentially modified before woman can be
allowed to assume what seems a fair and suitable position.
Finally, all other difficulties being obviated, woman cannot
take advantage of these preliminary reforms until she
herself shall have undergone a still mightier change, in
which, perhaps, the ethereal essence, wherein she has her
truest life, will be found to have evaporated. A woman
never overcomes these problems by any exercise of
thought. They are not to be solved, or only in one way. If
her heart chance to come uppermost, they vanish. Thus
Hester Prynne, whose heart had lost its regular and healthy
throb, wandered without a clue in the dark labyrinth of
mind; now turned aside by an insurmountable precipice;
now starting back from a deep chasm. There was wild and
ghastly scenery all around her, and a home and comfort
nowhere. At times a fearful doubt strove to possess her
soul, whether it were not better to send Pearl at once to
Heaven, and go herself to such futurity as Eternal Justice
should provide.

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The scarlet letter had not done its office. Now,

however, her interview with the Reverend Mr.
Dimmesdale, on the night of his vigil, had given her a
new theme of reflection, and held up to her an object that
appeared worthy of any exertion and sacrifice for its
attainment. She had witnessed the intense misery beneath
which the minister struggled, or, to speak more accurately,
had ceased to struggle. She saw that he stood on the verge
of lunacy, if he had not already stepped across it. It was
impossible to doubt that, whatever painful efficacy there
might be in the secret sting of remorse, a deadlier venom
had been infused into it by the hand that proffered relief.
A secret enemy had been continually by his side, under
the semblance of a friend and helper, and had availed
himself of the opportunities thus afforded for tampering
with the delicate springs of Mr. Dimmesdale’s nature.
Hester could not but ask herself whether there had not
originally been a defect of truth, courage, and loyalty on
her own part, in allowing the minister to be thrown into
position where so much evil was to be foreboded and
nothing auspicious to be hoped. Her only justification lay
in the fact that she had been able to discern no method of
rescuing him from a blacker ruin than had overwhelmed
herself except by acquiescing in Roger Chillingworth’s

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scheme of disguise. Under that impulse she had made her

choice, and had chosen, as it now appeared, the more
wretched alternative of the two. She determined to
redeem her error so far as it might yet be possible.
Strengthened by years of hard and solemn trial, she felt
herself no longer so inadequate to cope with Roger
Chillingworth as on that night, abased by sin and half-
maddened by the ignominy that was still new, when they
had talked together in the prison-chamber. She had
climbed her way since then to a higher point. The old
man, on the other hand, had brought himself nearer to her
level, or, perhaps, below it, by the revenge which he had
stooped for.
In fine, Hester Prynne resolved to meet her former
husband, and do what might be in her power for the
rescue of the victim on whom he had so evidently set his
gripe. The occasion was not long to seek. One afternoon,
walking with Pearl in a retired part of the peninsula, she
beheld the old physician with a basket on one arm and a
staff in the other hand, stooping along the ground in quest
of roots and herbs to concoct his medicine withal.

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XIV. HESTER AND THE

PHYSICIAN
Hester bade little Pearl run down to the margin of the
water, and play with the shells and tangled sea-weed, until
she should have talked awhile with yonder gatherer of
herbs. So the child flew away like a bird, and, making bare
her small white feet went pattering along the moist margin
of the sea. Here and there she came to a full stop, ad
peeped curiously into a pool, left by the retiring tide as a
mirror for Pearl to see her face in. Forth peeped at her,
out of the pool, with dark, glistening curls around her
head, and an elf-smile in her eyes, the image of a little
maid whom Pearl, having no other playmate, invited to
take her hand and run a race with her. But the visionary
little maid on her part, beckoned likewise, as if to say—
‘This is a better place; come thou into the pool.’ And
Pearl, stepping in mid-leg deep, beheld her own white
feet at the bottom; while, out of a still lower depth, came
the gleam of a kind of fragmentary smile, floating to and
fro in the agitated water.

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Meanwhile her mother had accosted the physician. ‘I

would speak a word with you,’ said she—‘a word that
concerns us much.’
‘Aha! and is it Mistress Hester that has a word for old
Roger Chillingworth?’ answered he, raising himself from
his stooping posture. ‘With all my heart! Why, mistress, I
hear good tidings of you on all hands! No longer ago than
yester-eve, a magistrate, a wise and godly man, was
discoursing of your affairs, Mistress Hester, and whispered
me that there had been question concerning you in the
council. It was debated whether or no, with safety to the
commonweal, yonder scarlet letter might be taken off
your bosom. On my life, Hester, I made my intreaty to
the worshipful magistrate that it might be done forthwith.’
‘It lies not in the pleasure of the magistrates to take off
the badge,’ calmly replied Hester. ‘Were I worthy to be
quit of it, it would fall away of its own nature, or be
transformed into something that should speak a different
purport.’
‘Nay, then, wear it, if it suit you better,’ rejoined he,
‘A woman must needs follow her own fancy touching the
adornment of her person. The letter is gaily embroidered,
and shows right bravely on your bosom!’

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All this while Hester had been looking steadily at the

old man, and was shocked, as well as wonder-smitten, to
discern what a change had been wrought upon him within
the past seven years. It was not so much that he had grown
older; for though the traces of advancing life were visible
he bore his age well, and seemed to retain a wiry vigour
and alertness. But the former aspect of an intellectual and
studious man, calm and quiet, which was what she best
remembered in him, had altogether vanished, and been
succeeded by a eager, searching, almost fierce, yet carefully
guarded look. It seemed to be his wish and purpose to
mask this expression with a smile, but the latter played
him false, and flickered over his visage so derisively that
the spectator could see his blackness all the better for it.
Ever and anon, too, there came a glare of red light out of
his eyes, as if the old man’s soul were on fire and kept on
smouldering duskily within his breast, until by some casual
puff of passion it was blown into a momentary flame. This
he repressed as speedily as possible, and strove to look as if
nothing of the kind had happened.
In a word, old Roger Chillingworth was a striking
evidence of man’s faculty of transforming himself into a
devil, if he will only, for a reasonable space of time,
undertake a devil’s office. This unhappy person had

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effected such a transformation by devoting himself for

seven years to the constant analysis of a heart full of
torture, and deriving his enjoyment thence, and adding
fuel to those fiery tortures which he analysed and gloated
over.
The scarlet letter burned on Hester Prynne’s bosom.
Here was another ruin, the responsibility of which came
partly home to her.
‘What see you in my face,’ asked the physician, ‘that
you look at it so earnestly?’
‘Something that would make me weep, if there were
any tears bitter enough for it,’ answered she. ‘But let it
pass! It is of yonder miserable man that I would speak.’
‘And what of him?’ cried Roger Chillingworth,
eagerly, as if he loved the topic, and were glad of an
opportunity to discuss it with the only person of whom he
could make a confidant. ‘Not to hide the truth, Mistress
Hester, my thoughts happen just now to be busy with the
gentleman. So speak freely and I will make answer.’
‘When we last spake together,’ said Hester, ‘now seven
years ago, it was your pleasure to extort a promise of
secrecy as touching the former relation betwixt yourself
and me. As the life and good fame of yonder man were in
your hands there seemed no choice to me, save to be

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silent in accordance with your behest. Yet it was not

without heavy misgivings that I thus bound myself, for,
having cast off all duty towards other human beings, there
remained a duty towards him, and something whispered
me that I was betraying it in pledging myself to keep your
counsel. Since that day no man is so near to him as you.
You tread behind his every footstep. You are beside him,
sleeping and waking. You search his thoughts. You
burrow and rankle in his heart! Your clutch is on his life,
and you cause him to die daily a living death, and still he
knows you not. In permitting this I have surely acted a
false part by the only man to whom the power was left me
to be true!’
‘What choice had you?’ asked Roger Chillingworth.
‘My finger, pointed at this man, would have hurled him
from his pulpit into a dungeon, thence, peradventure, to
the gallows!’
‘It had been better so!’ said Hester Prynne.
‘What evil have I done the man?’ asked Roger
Chillingworth again. ‘I tell thee, Hester Prynne, the
richest fee that ever physician earned from monarch could
not have bought such care as I have wasted on this
miserable priest! But for my aid his life would have burned
away in torments within the first two years after the

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perpetration of his crime and thine. For, Hester, his spirit

lacked the strength that could have borne up, as thine has,
beneath a burden like thy scarlet letter. Oh, I could reveal
a goodly secret! But enough. What art can do, I have
exhausted on him. That he now breathes and creeps about
on earth is owing all to me!’
‘Better he had died at once!’ said Hester Prynne.
‘Yea, woman, thou sayest truly!’ cried old Roger
Chillingworth, letting the lurid fire of his heart blaze out
before her eyes. ‘Better had he died at once! Never did
mortal suffer what this man has suffered. And all, all, in the
sight of his worst enemy! He has been conscious of me.
He has felt an influence dwelling always upon him like a
curse. He knew, by some spiritual sense—for the Creator
never made another being so sensitive as this—he knew
that no friendly hand was pulling at his heartstrings, and
that an eye was looking curiously into him, which sought
only evil, and found it. But he knew not that the eye and
hand were mine! With the superstition common to his
brotherhood, he fancied himself given over to a fiend, to
be tortured with frightful dreams and desperate thoughts,
the sting of remorse and despair of pardon, as a foretaste of
what awaits him beyond the grave. But it was the constant
shadow of my presence, the closest propinquity of the man

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whom he had most vilely wronged, and who had grown

to exist only by this perpetual poison of the direst revenge!
Yea, indeed, he did not err, there was a fiend at his elbow!
A mortal man, with once a human heart, has become a
fiend for his especial torment.’
The unfortunate physician, while uttering these words,
lifted his hands with a look of horror, as if he had beheld
some frightful shape, which he could not recognise,
usurping the place of his own image in a glass. It was one
of those moments—which sometimes occur only at the
interval of years—when a man’s moral aspect is faithfully
revealed to his mind’s eye. Not improbably he had never
before viewed himself as he did now.
‘Hast thou not tortured him enough?’ said Hester,
noticing the old man’s look. ‘Has he not paid
thee all?’
‘No, no! He has but increased the debt!’ answered the
physician, and as he proceeded, his manner lost its fiercer
characteristics, and subsided into gloom. ‘Dost thou
remember me, Hester, as I was nine years agone? Even
then I was in the autumn of my days, nor was it the early
autumn. But all my life had been made up of earnest,
studious, thoughtful, quiet years, bestowed faithfully for
the increase of mine own knowledge, and faithfully, too,

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though this latter object was but casual to the other—

faithfully for the advancement of human welfare. No life
had been more peaceful and innocent than mine; few lives
so rich with benefits conferred. Dost thou remember me?
Was I not, though you might deem me cold, nevertheless
a man thoughtful for others, craving little for himself—
kind, true, just and of constant, if not warm affections?
Was I not all this?’
‘All this, and more,’ said Hester.
‘And what am I now?’ demanded he, looking into her
face, and permitting the whole evil within him to be
written on his features. ‘I have already told thee what I
am—a fiend! Who made me so?’
‘It was myself,’ cried Hester, shuddering. ‘It was I, not
less than he. Why hast thou not avenged thyself on me?’
‘I have left thee to the scarlet letter,’ replied Roger
Chillingworth. ‘If that has not avenged me, I can do no
more!’
He laid his finger on it with a smile.
‘It has avenged thee,’ answered Hester Prynne.
‘I judged no less,’ said the physician. ‘And now what
wouldst thou with me touching this man?’
‘I must reveal the secret,’ answered Hester, firmly. ‘He
must discern thee in thy true character. What may be the

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result I know not. But this long debt of confidence, due

from me to him, whose bane and ruin I have been, shall at
length be paid. So far as concerns the overthrow or
preservation of his fair fame and his earthly state, and
perchance his life, he is in my hands. Nor do I—whom
the scarlet letter has disciplined to truth, though it be the
truth of red-hot iron entering into the soul—nor do I
perceive such advantage in his living any longer a life of
ghastly emptiness, that I shall stoop to implore thy mercy.
Do with him as thou wilt! There is no good for him, no
good for me, no good for thee. There is no good for little
Pearl. There is no path to guide us out of this dismal
maze.’
‘Woman, I could well-nigh pity thee,’ said Roger
Chillingworth, unable to restrain a thrill of admiration too,
for there was a quality almost majestic in the despair which
she expressed. ‘Thou hadst great elements. Peradventure,
hadst thou met earlier with a better love than mine, this
evil had not been. I pity thee, for the good that has been
wasted in thy nature.’
‘And I thee,’ answered Hester Prynne, ‘for the hatred
that has transformed a wise and just man to a fiend! Wilt
thou yet purge it out of thee, and be once more human? If
not for his sake, then doubly for thine own! Forgive, and

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leave his further retribution to the Power that claims it! I

said, but now, that there could be no good event for him,
or thee, or me, who are here wandering together in this
gloomy maze of evil, and stumbling at every step over the
guilt wherewith we have strewn our path. It is not so!
There might be good for thee, and thee alone, since thou
hast been deeply wronged and hast it at thy will to pardon.
Wilt thou give up that only privilege? Wilt thou reject
that priceless benefit?’
‘Peace, Hester—peace!’ replied the old man, with
gloomy sternness—‘it is not granted me to pardon. I have
no such power as thou tellest me of. My old faith, long
forgotten, comes back to me, and explains all that we do,
and all we suffer. By thy first step awry, thou didst plant
the germ of evil; but since that moment it has all been a
dark necessity. Ye that have wronged me are not sinful,
save in a kind of typical illusion; neither am I fiend-like,
who have snatched a fiend’s office from his hands. It is our
fate. Let the black flower blossom as it may! Now, go thy
ways, and deal as thou wilt with yonder man.’
He waved his hand, and betook himself again to his
employment of gathering herbs.

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XV. HESTER AND PEARL

So Roger Chillingworth—a deformed old figure with a
face that haunted men’s memories longer than they
liked—took leave of Hester Prynne, and went stooping
away along the earth. He gathered here and there a herb,
or grubbed up a root and put it into the basket on his arm.
His gray beard almost touched the ground as he crept
onward. Hester gazed after him a little while, looking with
a half fantastic curiosity to see whether the tender grass of
early spring would not be blighted beneath him and show
the wavering track of his footsteps, sere and brown, across
its cheerful verdure. She wondered what sort of herbs they
were which the old man was so sedulous to gather. Would
not the earth, quickened to an evil purpose by the
sympathy of his eye, greet him with poisonous shrubs of
species hitherto unknown, that would start up under his
fingers? Or might it suffice him that every wholesome
growth should be converted into something deleterious
and malignant at his touch? Did the sun, which shone so
brightly everywhere else, really fall upon him? Or was
there, as it rather seemed, a circle of ominous shadow
moving along with his deformity whichever way he

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turned himself? And whither was he now going? Would

he not suddenly sink into the earth, leaving a barren and
blasted spot, where, in due course of time, would be seen
deadly nightshade, dogwood, henbane, and whatever else
of vegetable wickedness the climate could produce, all
flourishing with hideous luxuriance? Or would he spread
bat’s wings and flee away, looking so much the uglier the
higher he rose towards heaven?
‘Be it sin or no,’ said Hester Prynne, bitterly, as still she
gazed after him, ‘I hate the man!’
She upbraided herself for the sentiment, but could not
overcome or lessen it. Attempting to do so, she thought of
those long-past days in a distant land, when he used to
emerge at eventide from the seclusion of his study and sit
down in the firelight of their home, and in the light of her
nuptial smile. He needed to bask himself in that smile, he
said, in order that the chill of so many lonely hours among
his books might be taken off the scholar’s heart. Such
scenes had once appeared not otherwise than happy, but
now, as viewed through the dismal medium of her
subsequent life, they classed themselves among her ugliest
remembrances. She marvelled how such scenes could have
been! She marvelled how she could ever have been
wrought upon to marry him! She deemed in her crime

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most to be repented of, that she had ever endured and

reciprocated the lukewarm grasp of his hand, and had
suffered the smile of her lips and eyes to mingle and melt
into his own. And it seemed a fouler offence committed
by Roger Chillingworth than any which had since been
done him, that, in the time when her heart knew no
better, he had persuaded her to fancy herself happy by his
side.
‘Yes, I hate him!’ repeated Hester more bitterly than
before. ‘He betrayed me! He has done me worse wrong
than I did him!’
Let men tremble to win the hand of woman, unless
they win along with it the utmost passion of her heart!
Else it may be their miserable fortune, as it was Roger
Chillingworth’s, when some mightier touch than their
own may have awakened all her sensibilities, to be
reproached even for the calm content, the marble image of
happiness, which they will have imposed upon her as the
warm reality. But Hester ought long ago to have done
with this injustice. What did it betoken? Had seven long
years, under the torture of the scarlet letter, inflicted so
much of misery and wrought out no repentance?
The emotion of that brief space, while she stood gazing
after the crooked figure of old Roger Chillingworth,

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threw a dark light on Hester’s state of mind, revealing

much that she might not otherwise have acknowledged to
herself.
He being gone, she summoned back her child.
‘Pearl! Little Pearl! Where are you?’
Pearl, whose activity of spirit never flagged, had been at
no loss for amusement while her mother talked with the
old gatherer of herbs. At first, as already told, she had
flirted fancifully with her own image in a pool of water,
beckoning the phantom forth, and—as it declined to
venture—seeking a passage for herself into its sphere of
impalpable earth and unattainable sky. Soon finding,
however, that either she or the image was unreal, she
turned elsewhere for better pastime. She made little boats
out of birch-bark, and freighted them with snailshells, and
sent out more ventures on the mighty deep than any
merchant in New England; but the larger part of them
foundered near the shore. She seized a live horse-shoe by
the tail, and made prize of several five-fingers, and laid out
a jelly-fish to melt in the warm sun. Then she took up the
white foam that streaked the line of the advancing tide,
and threw it upon the breeze, scampering after it with
winged footsteps to catch the great snowflakes ere they
fell. Perceiving a flock of beach-birds that fed and fluttered

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along the shore, the naughty child picked up her apron

full of pebbles, and, creeping from rock to rock after these
small sea-fowl, displayed remarkable dexterity in pelting
them. One little gray bird, with a white breast, Pearl was
almost sure had been hit by a pebble, and fluttered away
with a broken wing. But then the elf-child sighed, and
gave up her sport, because it grieved her to have done
harm to a little being that was as wild as the sea-breeze, or
as wild as Pearl herself.
Her final employment was to gather seaweed of various
kinds, and make herself a scarf or mantle, and a head-dress,
and thus assume the aspect of a little mermaid. She
inherited her mother’s gift for devising drapery and
costume. As the last touch to her mermaid’s garb, Pearl
took some eel-grass and imitated, as best she could, on her
own bosom the decoration with which she was so familiar
on her mother’s. A letter—the letter A—but freshly green
instead of scarlet. The child bent her chin upon her breast,
and contemplated this device with strange interest, even as
if the one only thing for which she had been sent into the
world was to make out its hidden import.
‘I wonder if mother will ask me what it means?’
thought Pearl.

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Just then she heard her mother’s voice, and, flitting

along as lightly as one of the little sea-birds, appeared
before Hester Prynne dancing, laughing, and pointing her
finger to the ornament upon her bosom.
‘My little Pearl,’ said Hester, after a moment’s silence,
‘the green letter, and on thy childish bosom, has no
purport. But dost thou know, my child, what this letter
means which thy mother is doomed to wear?’
‘Yes, mother,’ said the child. ‘It is the great letter A.
Thou hast taught me in the horn-book. ‘
Hester looked steadily into her little face; but though
there was that singular expression which she had so often
remarked in her black eyes, she could not satisfy herself
whether Pearl really attached any meaning to the symbol.
She felt a morbid desire to ascertain the point.
‘Dost thou know, child, wherefore thy mother wears
this letter?’
‘Truly do I!’ answered Pearl, looking brightly into her
mother’s face. ‘It is for the same reason that the minister
keeps his hand over his heart!’
‘And what reason is that?’ asked Hester, half smiling at
the absurd incongruity of the child’s observation; but on
second thoughts turning pale.
‘What has the letter to do with any heart save mine?’

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‘Nay, mother, I have told all I know,’ said Pearl, more

seriously than she was wont to speak. ‘Ask yonder old man
whom thou hast been talking with,—it may be he can tell.
But in good earnest now, mother dear, what does this
scarlet letter mean?—and why dost thou wear it on thy
bosom?—and why does the minister keep his hand over
his heart?’
She took her mother’s hand in both her own, and
gazed into her eyes with an earnestness that was seldom
seen in her wild and capricious character. The thought
occurred to Hester, that the child might really be seeking
to approach her with childlike confidence, and doing what
she could, and as intelligently as she knew how, to
establish a meeting-point of sympathy. It showed Pearl in
an unwonted aspect. Heretofore, the mother, while loving
her child with the intensity of a sole affection, had
schooled herself to hope for little other return than the
waywardness of an April breeze, which spends its time in
airy sport, and has its gusts of inexplicable passion, and is
petulant in its best of moods, and chills oftener than
caresses you, when you take it to your bosom; in requital
of which misdemeanours it will sometimes, of its own
vague purpose, kiss your cheek with a kind of doubtful
tenderness, and play gently with your hair, and then be

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gone about its other idle business, leaving a dreamy

pleasure at your heart. And this, moreover, was a mother’s
estimate of the child’s disposition. Any other observer
might have seen few but unamiable traits, and have given
them a far darker colouring. But now the idea came
strongly into Hester’s mind, that Pearl, with her
remarkable precocity and acuteness, might already have
approached the age when she could have been made a
friend, and intrusted with as much of her mother’s sorrows
as could be imparted, without irreverence either to the
parent or the child. In the little chaos of Pearl’s character
there might be seen emerging and could have been from
the very first—the steadfast principles of an unflinching
courage—an uncontrollable will—sturdy pride, which
might be disciplined into self-respect—and a bitter scorn
of many things which, when examined, might be found to
have the taint of falsehood in them. She possessed
affections, too, though hitherto acrid and disagreeable, as
are the richest flavours of unripe fruit. With all these
sterling attributes, thought Hester, the evil which she
inherited from her mother must be great indeed, if a noble
woman do not grow out of this elfish child.
Pearl’s inevitable tendency to hover about the enigma
of the scarlet letter seemed an innate quality of her being.

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From the earliest epoch of her conscious life, she had

entered upon this as her appointed mission. Hester had
often fancied that Providence had a design of justice and
retribution, in endowing the child with this marked
propensity; but never, until now, had she bethought
herself to ask, whether, linked with that design, there
might not likewise be a purpose of mercy and
beneficence. If little Pearl were entertained with faith and
trust, as a spirit messenger no less than an earthly child,
might it not be her errand to soothe away the sorrow that
lay cold in her mother’s heart, and converted it into a
tomb?—and to help her to overcome the passion, once so
wild, and even yet neither dead nor asleep, but only
imprisoned within the same tomb-like heart?
Such were some of the thoughts that now stirred in
Hester’s mind, with as much vivacity of impression as if
they had actually been whispered into her ear. And there
was little Pearl, all this while, holding her mother’s hand
in both her own, and turning her face upward, while she
put these searching questions, once and again, and still a
third time.
‘What does the letter mean, mother? and why dost
thou wear it? and why does the minister keep his hand
over his heart?’

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‘What shall I say?’ thought Hester to herself. ‘No! if this

be the price of the child’s sympathy, I cannot pay it. ‘
Then she spoke aloud—
‘Silly Pearl,’ said she, ‘what questions are these? There
are many things in this world that a child must not ask
about. What know I of the minister’s heart? And as for the
scarlet letter, I wear it for the sake of its gold thread.’
In all the seven bygone years, Hester Prynne had never
before been false to the symbol on her bosom. It may be
that it was the talisman of a stern and severe, but yet a
guardian spirit, who now forsook her; as recognising that,
in spite of his strict watch over her heart, some new evil
had crept into it, or some old one had never been
expelled. As for little Pearl, the earnestness soon passed out
of her face.
But the child did not see fit to let the matter drop.
Two or three times, as her mother and she went
homeward, and as often at supper-time, and while Hester
was putting her to bed, and once after she seemed to be
fairly asleep, Pearl looked up, with mischief gleaming in
her black eyes.
‘Mother,’ said she, ‘what does the scarlet letter mean?’
And the next morning, the first indication the child
gave of being awake was by popping up her head from the

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pillow, and making that other enquiry, which she had so

unaccountably connected with her investigations about
the scarlet letter—
‘Mother!—Mother!—Why does the minister keep his
hand over his heart?’
‘Hold thy tongue, naughty child!’ answered her
mother, with an asperity that she had never permitted to
herself before. ‘Do not tease me; else I shall put thee into
the dark closet!’

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XVI. A FOREST WALK

Hester Prynne remained constant in her resolve to
make known to Mr. Dimmesdale, at whatever risk of
present pain or ulterior consequences, the true character of
the man who had crept into his intimacy. For several days,
however, she vainly sought an opportunity of addressing
him in some of the meditative walks which she knew him
to be in the habit of taking along the shores of the
Peninsula, or on the wooded hills of the neighbouring
country. There would have been no scandal, indeed, nor
peril to the holy whiteness of the clergyman’s good fame,
had she visited him in his own study, where many a
penitent, ere now, had confessed sins of perhaps as deep a
dye as the one betokened by the scarlet letter. But, partly
that she dreaded the secret or undisguised interference of
old Roger Chillingworth, and partly that her conscious
heart imparted suspicion where none could have been felt,
and partly that both the minister and she would need the
whole wide world to breathe in, while they talked
together—for all these reasons Hester never thought of
meeting him in any narrower privacy than beneath the
open sky.

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At last, while attending a sick chamber, whither the

Rev. Mr. Dimmesdale had been summoned to make a
prayer, she learnt that he had gone, the day before, to visit
the Apostle Eliot, among his Indian converts. He would
probably return by a certain hour in the afternoon of the
morrow. Betimes, therefore, the next day, Hester took
little Pearl—who was necessarily the companion of all her
mother’s expeditions, however inconvenient her
presence—and set forth.
The road, after the two wayfarers had crossed from the
Peninsula to the mainland, was no other than a foot-path.
It straggled onward into the mystery of the primeval
forest. This hemmed it in so narrowly, and stood so black
and dense on either side, and disclosed such imperfect
glimpses of the sky above, that, to Hester’s mind, it
imaged not amiss the moral wilderness in which she had so
long been wandering. The day was chill and sombre.
Overhead was a gray expanse of cloud, slightly stirred,
however, by a breeze; so that a gleam of flickering
sunshine might now and then be seen at its solitary play
along the path. This flitting cheerfulness was always at the
further extremity of some long vista through the forest.
The sportive sunlight—feebly sportive, at best, in the
predominant pensiveness of the day and scene—withdrew

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itself as they came nigh, and left the spots where it had
danced the drearier, because they had hoped to find them
bright.
‘Mother,’ said little Pearl, ‘the sunshine does not love
you. It runs away and hides itself, because it is afraid of
something on your bosom. Now, see! There it is, playing
a good way off. Stand you here, and let me run and catch
it. I am but a child. It will not flee from me—for I wear
nothing on my bosom yet!’
‘Nor ever will, my child, I hope,’ said Hester.
‘And why not, mother?’ asked Pearl, stopping short,
just at the beginning of her race. ‘Will not it come of its
own accord when I am a woman grown?’
‘Run away, child,’ answered her mother, ‘and catch the
sunshine. It will soon be gone ‘
Pearl set forth at a great pace, and as Hester smiled to
perceive, did actually catch the sunshine, and stood
laughing in the midst of it, all brightened by its splendour,
and scintillating with the vivacity excited by rapid motion.
The light lingered about the lonely child, as if glad of such
a playmate, until her mother had drawn almost nigh
enough to step into the magic circle too.
‘It will go now,’ said Pearl, shaking her head.

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‘See!’ answered Hester, smiling; ‘now I can stretch out

my hand and grasp some of it.’
As she attempted to do so, the sunshine vanished; or, to
judge from the bright expression that was dancing on
Pearl’s features, her mother could have fancied that the
child had absorbed it into herself, and would give it forth
again, with a gleam about her path, as they should plunge
into some gloomier shade. There was no other attribute
that so much impressed her with a sense of new and
untransmitted vigour in Pearl’s nature, as this never failing
vivacity of spirits: she had not the disease of sadness, which
almost all children, in these latter days, inherit, with the
scrofula, from the troubles of their ancestors. Perhaps this,
too, was a disease, and but the reflex of the wild energy
with which Hester had fought against her sorrows before
Pearl’s birth. It was certainly a doubtful charm, imparting a
hard, metallic lustre to the child’s character. She wanted—
what some people want throughout life—a grief that
should deeply touch her, and thus humanise and make her
capable of sympathy. But there was time enough yet for
little Pearl.
‘Come, my child!’ said Hester, looking about her from
the spot where Pearl had stood still in the sunshine—‘we

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will sit down a little way within the wood, and rest
ourselves.’
‘I am not aweary, mother,’ replied the little girl. ‘But
you may sit down, if you will tell me a story meanwhile.’
‘A story, child!’ said Hester. ‘And about what?’
‘Oh, a story about the Black Man,’ answered Pearl,
taking hold of her mother’s gown, and looking up, half
earnestly, half mischievously, into her face.
‘How he haunts this forest, and carries a book with him
a big, heavy book, with iron clasps; and how this ugly
Black Man offers his book and an iron pen to everybody
that meets him here among the trees; and they are to write
their names with their own blood; and then he sets his
mark on their bosoms. Didst thou ever meet the Black
Man, mother?’
‘And who told you this story, Pearl,’ asked her mother,
recognising a common superstition of the period.
‘It was the old dame in the chimney corner, at the
house where you watched last night,’ said the child. ‘But
she fancied me asleep while she was talking of it. She said
that a thousand and a thousand people had met him here,
and had written in his book, and have his mark on them.
And that ugly tempered lady, old Mistress Hibbins, was
one. And, mother, the old dame said that this scarlet letter

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was the Black Man’s mark on thee, and that it glows like a
red flame when thou meetest him at midnight, here in the
dark wood. Is it true, mother? And dost thou go to meet
him in the nighttime?’
‘Didst thou ever awake and find thy mother gone?’
asked Hester. ‘Not that I remember,’ said the child. ‘If
thou fearest to leave me in our cottage, thou mightest take
me along with thee. I would very gladly go! But, mother,
tell me now! Is there such a Black Man? And didst thou
ever meet him? And is this his mark?’
‘Wilt thou let me be at peace, if I once tell thee?’ asked
her mother.
‘Yes, if thou tellest me all,’ answered Pearl.
‘Once in my life I met the Black Man!’ said her
mother. This scarlet letter is his mark!’
Thus conversing, they entered sufficiently deep into the
wood to secure themselves from the observation of any
casual passenger along the forest track. Here they sat down
on a luxuriant heap of moss; which at some epoch of the
preceding century, had been a gigantic pine, with its roots
and trunk in the darksome shade, and its head aloft in the
upper atmosphere It was a little dell where they had seated
themselves, with a leaf-strewn bank rising gently on either
side, and a brook flowing through the midst, over a bed of

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fallen and drowned leaves. The trees impending over it

had flung down great branches from time to time, which
choked up the current, and compelled it to form eddies
and black depths at some points; while, in its swifter and
livelier passages there appeared a channel-way of pebbles,
and brown, sparkling sand. Letting the eyes follow along
the course of the stream, they could catch the reflected
light from its water, at some short distance within the
forest, but soon lost all traces of it amid the bewilderment
of tree-trunks and underbush, and here and there a huge
rock covered over with gray lichens. All these giant trees
and boulders of granite seemed intent on making a
mystery of the course of this small brook; fearing, perhaps,
that, with its never-ceasing loquacity, it should whisper
tales out of the heart of the old forest whence it flowed, or
mirror its revelations on the smooth surface of a pool.
Continually, indeed, as it stole onward, the streamlet kept
up a babble, kind, quiet, soothing, but melancholy, like
the voice of a young child that was spending its infancy
without playfulness, and knew not how to be merry
among sad acquaintance and events of sombre hue.
‘Oh, brook! Oh, foolish and tiresome little brook!’
cried Pearl, after listening awhile to its talk, ‘Why art thou

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so sad? Pluck up a spirit, and do not be all the time sighing

and murmuring!’
But the brook, in the course of its little lifetime among
the forest trees, had gone through so solemn an experience
that it could not help talking about it, and seemed to have
nothing else to say. Pearl resembled the brook, inasmuch
as the current of her life gushed from a well-spring as
mysterious, and had flowed through scenes shadowed as
heavily with gloom. But, unlike the little stream, she
danced and sparkled, and prattled airily along her course.
‘What does this sad little brook say, mother? inquired
she.
‘If thou hadst a sorrow of thine own, the brook might
tell thee of it,’ answered her mother, ‘even as it is telling
me of mine. But now, Pearl, I hear a footstep along the
path, and the noise of one putting aside the branches. I
would have thee betake thyself to play, and leave me to
speak with him that comes yonder.’
‘Is it the Black Man?’ asked Pearl.
‘Wilt thou go and play, child?’ repeated her mother,
‘But do not stray far into the wood. And take heed that
thou come at my first call.’

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‘Yes, mother,’ answered Pearl, ‘But if it be the Black

Man, wilt thou not let me stay a moment, and look at
him, with his big book under his arm?’
‘Go, silly child!’ said her mother impatiently. ‘It is no
Black Man! Thou canst see him now, through the trees. It
is the minister!’
‘And so it is!’ said the child. ‘And, mother, he has his
hand over his heart! Is it because, when the minister wrote
his name in the book, the Black Man set his mark in that
place? But why does he not wear it outside his bosom, as
thou dost, mother?’
‘Go now, child, and thou shalt tease me as thou wilt
another time,’ cried Hester Prynne. ‘But do not stray far.
Keep where thou canst hear the babble of the brook.’
The child went singing away, following up the current
of the brook, and striving to mingle a more lightsome
cadence with its melancholy voice. But the little stream
would not be comforted, and still kept telling its
unintelligible secret of some very mournful mystery that
had happened—or making a prophetic lamentation about
something that was yet to happen—within the verge of
the dismal forest. So Pearl, who had enough of shadow in
her own little life, chose to break off all acquaintance with
this repining brook. She set herself, therefore, to gathering

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violets and wood-anemones, and some scarlet columbines

that she found growing in the crevice of a high rock.
When her elf-child had departed, Hester Prynne made
a step or two towards the track that led through the forest,
but still remained under the deep shadow of the trees. She
beheld the minister advancing along the path entirely
alone, and leaning on a staff which he had cut by the
wayside. He looked haggard and feeble, and betrayed a
nerveless despondency in his air, which had never so
remarkably characterised him in his walks about the
settlement, nor in any other situation where he deemed
himself liable to notice. Here it was wofully visible, in this
intense seclusion of the forest, which of itself would have
been a heavy trial to the spirits. There was a listlessness in
his gait, as if he saw no reason for taking one step further,
nor felt any desire to do so, but would have been glad,
could he be glad of anything, to fling himself down at the
root of the nearest tree, and lie there passive for evermore.
The leaves might bestrew him, and the soil gradually
accumulate and form a little hillock over his frame, no
matter whether there were life in it or no. Death was too
definite an object to be wished for or avoided.
To Hester’s eye, the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale
exhibited no symptom of positive and vivacious suffering,

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except that, as little Pearl had remarked, he kept his hand

over his heart.

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XVII. THE PASTOR AND HIS

PARISHIONER
Slowly as the minister walked, he had almost gone by
before Hester Prynne could gather voice enough to attract
his observation. At length she succeeded.
‘Arthur Dimmesdale!’ she said, faintly at first, then
louder, but hoarsely—‘Arthur Dimmesdale!’
‘Who speaks?’ answered the minister. Gathering himself
quickly up, he stood more erect, like a man taken by
surprise in a mood to which he was reluctant to have
witnesses. Throwing his eyes anxiously in the direction of
the voice, he indistinctly beheld a form under the trees,
clad in garments so sombre, and so little relieved from the
gray twilight into which the clouded sky and the heavy
foliage had darkened the noontide, that he knew not
whether it were a woman or a shadow. It may be that his
pathway through life was haunted thus by a spectre that
had stolen out from among his thoughts.
He made a step nigher, and discovered the scarlet letter.
‘Hester! Hester Prynne!’, said he; ‘is it thou? Art thou
in life?’

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‘Even so.’ she answered. ‘In such life as has been mine
these seven years past! And thou, Arthur Dimmesdale, dost
thou yet live?’
It was no wonder that they thus questioned one
another’s actual and bodily existence, and even doubted of
their own. So strangely did they meet in the dim wood
that it was like the first encounter in the world beyond the
grave of two spirits who had been intimately connected in
their former life, but now stood coldly shuddering in
mutual dread, as not yet familiar with their state, nor
wonted to the companionship of disembodied beings.
Each a ghost, and awe-stricken at the other ghost. They
were awe-stricken likewise at themselves, because the
crisis flung back to them their consciousness, and revealed
to each heart its history and experience, as life never does,
except at such breathless epochs. The soul beheld its
features in the mirror of the passing moment. It was with
fear, and tremulously, and, as it were, by a slow, reluctant
necessity, that Arthur Dimmesdale put forth his hand, chill
as death, and touched the chill hand of Hester Prynne.
The grasp, cold as it was, took away what was dreariest in
the interview. They now felt themselves, at least,
inhabitants of the same sphere.

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Without a word more spoken—neither he nor she

assuming the guidance, but with an unexpressed consent—
they glided back into the shadow of the woods whence
Hester had emerged, and sat down on the heap of moss
where she and Pearl had before been sitting. When they
found voice to speak, it was at first only to utter remarks
and inquiries such as any two acquaintances might have
made, about the gloomy sky, the threatening storm, and,
next, the health of each. Thus they went onward, not
boldly, but step by step, into the themes that were
brooding deepest in their hearts. So long estranged by fate
and circumstances, they needed something slight and
casual to run before and throw open the doors of
intercourse, so that their real thoughts might be led across
the threshold.
After awhile, the minister fixed his eyes on Hester
Prynne’s.
‘Hester,’ said he, ‘hast thou found peace?’
She smiled drearily, looking down upon her bosom.
‘Hast thou?’ she asked.
‘None—nothing but despair!’ he answered. ‘What else
could I look for, being what I am, and leading such a life
as mine? Were I an atheist—a man devoid of
conscience—a wretch with coarse and brutal instincts—I

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might have found peace long ere now. Nay, I never

should have lost it. But, as matters stand with my soul,
whatever of good capacity there originally was in me, all
of God’s gifts that were the choicest have become the
ministers of spiritual torment. Hester, I am most
miserable!’
‘The people reverence thee,’ said Hester. ‘And surely
thou workest good among them! Doth this bring thee no
comfort?’
‘More misery, Hester!—Only the more misery!’
answered the clergyman with a bitter smile. ‘As concerns
the good which I may appear to do, I have no faith in it.
It must needs be a delusion. What can a ruined soul like
mine effect towards the redemption of other souls?—or a
polluted soul towards their purification? And as for the
people’s reverence, would that it were turned to scorn and
hatred! Canst thou deem it, Hester, a consolation that I
must stand up in my pulpit, and meet so many eyes turned
upward to my face, as if the light of heaven were beaming
from it!—must see my flock hungry for the truth, and
listening to my words as if a tongue of Pentecost were
speaking!—and then look inward, and discern the black
reality of what they idolise? I have laughed, in bitterness

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and agony of heart, at the contrast between what I seem

and what I am! And Satan laughs at it!’
‘You wrong yourself in this,’ said Hester gently.
‘You have deeply and sorely repented. Your sin is left
behind you in the days long past. Your present life is not
less holy, in very truth, than it seems in people’s eyes. Is
there no reality in the penitence thus sealed and witnessed
by good works? And wherefore should it not bring you
peace?’
‘No, Hester—no!’ replied the clergyman. ‘There is no
substance in it] It is cold and dead, and can do nothing for
me! Of penance, I have had enough! Of penitence, there
has been none! Else, I should long ago have thrown off
these garments of mock holiness, and have shown myself
to mankind as they will see me at the judgment-seat.
Happy are you, Hester, that wear the scarlet letter openly
upon your bosom! Mine burns in secret! Thou little
knowest what a relief it is, after the torment of a seven
years’ cheat, to look into an eye that recognises me for
what I am! Had I one friend—or were it my worst
enemy!—to whom, when sickened with the praises of all
other men, I could daily betake myself, and known as the
vilest of all sinners, methinks my soul might keep itself

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alive thereby. Even thus much of truth would save me!

But now, it is all falsehood!—all emptiness!—all death!’
Hester Prynne looked into his face, but hesitated to
speak. Yet, uttering his long-restrained emotions so
vehemently as he did, his words here offered her the very
point of circumstances in which to interpose what she
came to say. She conquered her fears, and spoke:
‘Such a friend as thou hast even now wished for,’ said
she, ‘with whom to weep over thy sin, thou hast in me,
the partner of it!’ Again she hesitated, but brought out the
words with an effort ‘Thou hast long had such an enemy,
and dwellest with him, under the same roof!’
The minister started to his feet, gasping for breath, and
clutching at his heart, as if he would have torn it out of his
bosom.
‘Ha! What sayest thou?’ cried he. ‘An enemy! And
under mine own roof! What mean you?’
Hester Prynne was now fully sensible of the deep injury
for which she was responsible to this unhappy man, in
permitting him to lie for so many years, or, indeed, for a
single moment, at the mercy of one whose purposes could
not be other than malevolent. The very contiguity of his
enemy, beneath whatever mask the latter might conceal
himself, was enough to disturb the magnetic sphere of a

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being so sensitive as Arthur Dimmesdale. There had been

a period when Hester was less alive to this consideration;
or, perhaps, in the misanthropy of her own trouble, she
left the minister to bear what she might picture to herself
as a more tolerable doom. But of late, since the night of
his vigil, all her sympathies towards him had been both
softened and invigorated. She now read his heart more
accurately. She doubted not that the continual presence of
Roger Chillingworth—the secret poison of his malignity,
infecting all the air about him—and his authorised
interference, as a physician, with the minister’s physical
and spiritual infirmities—that these bad opportunities had
been turned to a cruel purpose. By means of them, the
sufferer’s conscience had been kept in an irritated state, the
tendency of which was, not to cure by wholesome pain,
but to disorganize and corrupt his spiritual being. Its result,
on earth, could hardly fail to be insanity, and hereafter,
that eternal alienation from the Good and True, of which
madness is perhaps the earthly type.
Such was the ruin to which she had brought the man,
once—nay, why should we not speak it?—still so
passionately loved! Hester felt that the sacrifice of the
clergyman’s good name, and death itself, as she had already
told Roger Chillingworth, would have been infinitely

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The Scarlet Letter

preferable to the alternative which she had taken upon

herself to choose. And now, rather than have had this
grievous wrong to confess, she would gladly have laid
down on the forest leaves, and died there, at Arthur
Dimmesdale’s feet.
‘Oh, Arthur!’ cried she, ‘forgive me! In all things else, I
have striven to be true! Truth was the one virtue which I
might have held fast, and did hold fast, through all
extremity; save when thy good—thy life—thy fame—
were put in question! Then I consented to a deception.
But a lie is never good, even though death threaten on the
other side! Dost thou not see what I would say? That old
man!—the physician!—he whom they call Roger
Chillingworth!—he was my husband!’
The minister looked at her for an instant, with all that
violence of passion, which—intermixed in more shapes
than one with his higher, purer, softer qualities—was, in
fact, the portion of him which the devil claimed, and
through which he sought to win the rest. Never was there
a blacker or a fiercer frown than Hester now encountered.
For the brief space that it lasted, it was a dark
transfiguration. But his character had been so much
enfeebled by suffering, that even its lower energies were

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incapable of more than a temporary struggle. He sank

down on the ground, and buried his face in his hands.
‘I might have known it,’ murmured he—‘I did know
it! Was not the secret told me, in the natural recoil of my
heart at the first sight of him, and as often as I have seen
him since? Why did I not understand? Oh, Hester Prynne,
thou little, little knowest all the horror of this thing! And
the shame!—the indelicacy!—the horrible ugliness of this
exposure of a sick and guilty heart to the very eye that
would gloat over it! Woman, woman, thou art
accountable for this!—I cannot forgive thee!’
‘Thou shalt forgive me!’ cried Hester, flinging herself
on the fallen leaves beside him. ‘Let God punish! Thou
shalt forgive!’
With sudden and desperate tenderness she threw her
arms around him, and pressed his head against her bosom,
little caring though his cheek rested on the scarlet letter.
He would have released himself, but strove in vain to do
so. Hester would not set him free, lest he should look her
sternly in the face. All the world had frowned on her—for
seven long years had it frowned upon this lonely
woman—and still she bore it all, nor ever once turned
away her firm, sad eyes. Heaven, likewise, had frowned
upon her, and she had not died. But the frown of this

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pale, weak, sinful, and sorrow-stricken man was what

Hester could not bear, and live!
‘Wilt thou yet forgive me?’ she repeated, over and over
again. ‘Wilt thou not frown? Wilt thou forgive?’
‘I do forgive you, Hester,’ replied the minister at
length, with a deep utterance, out of an abyss of sadness,
but no anger. ‘I freely forgive you now. May God forgive
us both. We are not, Hester, the worst sinners in the
world. There is one worse than even the polluted priest!
That old man’s revenge has been blacker than my sin. He
has violated, in cold blood, the sanctity of a human heart.
Thou and I, Hester, never did so!’
‘Never, never!’ whispered she. ‘What we did had a
consecration of its own. We felt it so! We said so to each
other. Hast thou forgotten it?’
‘Hush, Hester!’ said Arthur Dimmesdale, rising from
the ground. ‘No; I have not forgotten!’
They sat down again, side by side, and hand clasped in
hand, on the mossy trunk of the fallen tree. Life had never
brought them a gloomier hour; it was the point whither
their pathway had so long been tending, and darkening
ever, as it stole along—and yet it unclosed a charm that
made them linger upon it, and claim another, and another,
and, after all, another moment. The forest was obscure

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around them, and creaked with a blast that was passing

through it. The boughs were tossing heavily above their
heads; while one solemn old tree groaned dolefully to
another, as if telling the sad story of the pair that sat
beneath, or constrained to forbode evil to come.
And yet they lingered. How dreary looked the forest-
track that led backward to the settlement, where Hester
Prynne must take up again the burden of her ignominy
and the minister the hollow mockery of his good name!
So they lingered an instant longer. No golden light had
ever been so precious as the gloom of this dark forest.
Here seen only by his eyes, the scarlet letter need not burn
into the bosom of the fallen woman! Here seen only by
her eyes, Arthur Dimmesdale, false to God and man,
might be, for one moment true!
He started at a thought that suddenly occurred to him.
‘Hester!’ cried he, ‘here is a new horror! Roger
Chillingworth knows your purpose to reveal his true
character. Will he continue, then, to keep our secret?
What will now be the course of his revenge?’
‘There is a strange secrecy in his nature,’ replied Hester,
thoughtfully; ‘and it has grown upon him by the hidden
practices of his revenge. I deem it not likely that he will

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betray the secret. He will doubtless seek other means of

satiating his dark passion.’
‘And I! —how am I to live longer, breathing the same
air with this deadly enemy?’ exclaimed Arthur
Dimmesdale, shrinking within himself, and pressing his
hand nervously against his heart—a gesture that had grown
involuntary with him. ‘Think for me, Hester! Thou art
strong. Resolve for me!’
‘Thou must dwell no longer with this man,’ said
Hester, slowly and firmly. ‘Thy heart must be no longer
under his evil eye!’
‘It were far worse than death!’ replied the minister. ‘But
how to avoid it? What choice remains to me? Shall I lie
down again on these withered leaves, where I cast myself
when thou didst tell me what he was? Must I sink down
there, and die at once?’
‘Alas! what a ruin has befallen thee!’ said Hester, with
the tears gushing into her eyes. ‘Wilt thou die for very
weakness? There is no other cause!’
‘The judgment of God is on me,’ answered the
conscience-stricken priest. ‘It is too mighty for me to
struggle with!’
‘Heaven would show mercy,’ rejoined Hester, ‘hadst
thou but the strength to take advantage of it. ‘

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‘Be thou strong for me!’ answered he. ‘Advise me what

to do.’
‘Is the world, then, so narrow?’ exclaimed Hester
Prynne, fixing her deep eyes on the minister’s, and
instinctively exercising a magnetic power over a spirit so
shattered and subdued that it could hardly hold itself erect.
‘Doth the universe lie within the compass of yonder town,
which only a little time ago was but a leaf-strewn desert, as
lonely as this around us? Whither leads yonder forest-
track? Backward to the settlement, thou sayest! Yes; but,
onward, too! Deeper it goes, and deeper into the
wilderness, less plainly to be seen at every step; until some
few miles hence the yellow leaves will show no vestige of
the white man’s tread. There thou art free! So brief a
journey would bring thee from a world where thou hast
been most wretched, to one where thou mayest still be
happy! Is there not shade enough in all this boundless
forest to hide thy heart from the gaze of Roger
Chillingworth?’
‘Yes, Hester; but only under the fallen leaves!’ replied
the minister, with a sad smile.
‘Then there is the broad pathway of the sea!’ continued
Hester. ‘It brought thee hither. If thou so choose, it will
bear thee back again. In our native land, whether in some

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remote rural village, or in vast London—or, surely, in

Germany, in France, in pleasant Italy—thou wouldst be
beyond his power and knowledge! And what hast thou to
do with all these iron men, and their opinions? They have
kept thy better part in bondage too long already!’
‘It cannot be!’ answered the minister, listening as if he
were called upon to realise a dream. ‘I am powerless to go.
Wretched and sinful as I am, I have had no other thought
than to drag on my earthly existence in the sphere where
Providence hath placed me. Lost as my own soul is, I
would still do what I may for other human souls! I dare
not quit my post, though an unfaithful sentinel, whose
sure reward is death and dishonour, when his dreary watch
shall come to an end!’
‘Thou art crushed under this seven years’ weight of
misery,’ replied Hester, fervently resolved to buoy him up
with her own energy. ‘But thou shalt leave it all behind
thee! It shall not cumber thy steps, as thou treadest along
the forest-path: neither shalt thou freight the ship with it,
if thou prefer to cross the sea. Leave this wreck and ruin
here where it hath happened. Meddle no more with it!
Begin all anew! Hast thou exhausted possibility in the
failure of this one trial? Not so! The future is yet full of
trial and success. There is happiness to be enjoyed! There

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is good to be done! Exchange this false life of thine for a

true one. Be, if thy spirit summon thee to such a mission,
the teacher and apostle of the red men. Or, as is more thy
nature, be a scholar and a sage among the wisest and the
most renowned of the cultivated world. Preach! Write!
Act! Do anything, save to lie down and die! Give up this
name of Arthur Dimmesdale, and make thyself another,
and a high one, such as thou canst wear without fear or
shame. Why shouldst thou tarry so much as one other day
in the torments that have so gnawed into thy life? that
have made thee feeble to will and to do? that will leave
thee powerless even to repent? Up, and away!’
‘Oh, Hester!’ cried Arthur Dimmesdale, in whose eyes
a fitful light, kindled by her enthusiasm, flashed up and
died away, ‘thou tellest of running a race to a man whose
knees are tottering beneath him! I must die here! There is
not the strength or courage left me to venture into the
wide, strange, difficult world alone!’
It was the last expression of the despondency of a
broken spirit. He lacked energy to grasp the better fortune
that seemed within his reach.
He repeated the word—‘Alone, Hester!’
‘Thou shall not go alone!’ answered she, in a deep
whisper. Then, all was spoken!

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XVIII. A FLOOD OF SUNSHINE

Arthur Dimmesdale gazed into Hester’s face with a
look in which hope and joy shone out, indeed, but with
fear betwixt them, and a kind of horror at her boldness,
who had spoken what he vaguely hinted at, but dared not
speak.
But Hester Prynne, with a mind of native courage and
activity, and for so long a period not merely estranged, but
outlawed from society, had habituated herself to such
latitude of speculation as was altogether foreign to the
clergyman. She had wandered, without rule or guidance,
in a moral wilderness, as vast, as intricate, and shadowy as
the untamed forest, amid the gloom of which they were
now holding a colloquy that was to decide their fate. Her
intellect and heart had their home, as it were, in desert
places, where she roamed as freely as the wild Indian in his
woods. For years past she had looked from this estranged
point of view at human institutions, and whatever priests
or legislators had established; criticising all with hardly
more reverence than the Indian would feel for the clerical
band, the judicial robe, the pillory, the gallows, the
fireside, or the church. The tendency of her fate and

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fortunes had been to set her free. The scarlet letter was her
passport into regions where other women dared not tread.
Shame, Despair, Solitude! These had been her teachers—
stern and wild ones—and they had made her strong, but
taught her much amiss.
The minister, on the other hand, had never gone
through an experience calculated to lead him beyond the
scope of generally received laws; although, in a single
instance, he had so fearfully transgressed one of the most
sacred of them. But this had been a sin of passion, not of
principle, nor even purpose. Since that wretched epoch,
he had watched with morbid zeal and minuteness, not his
acts—for those it was easy to arrange—but each breath of
emotion, and his every thought. At the head of the social
system, as the clergymen of that day stood, he was only
the more trammelled by its regulations, its principles, and
even its prejudices. As a priest, the framework of his order
inevitably hemmed him in. As a man who had once
sinned, but who kept his conscience all alive and painfully
sensitive by the fretting of an unhealed wound, he might
have been supposed safer within the line of virtue than if
he had never sinned at all.
Thus we seem to see that, as regarded Hester Prynne,
the whole seven years of outlaw and ignominy had been

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little other than a preparation for this very hour. But

Arthur Dimmesdale! Were such a man once more to fall,
what plea could be urged in extenuation of his crime?
None; unless it avail him somewhat that he was broker,
down by long and exquisite suffering; that his mind was
darkened and confused by the very remorse which
harrowed it; that, between fleeing as an avowed criminal,
and remaining as a hypocrite, conscience might find it
hard to strike the balance; that it was human to avoid the
peril of death and infamy, and the inscrutable
machinations of an enemy; that, finally, to this poor
pilgrim, on his dreary and desert path, faint, sick,
miserable, there appeared a glimpse of human affection
and sympathy, a new life, and a true one, in exchange for
the heavy doom which he was now expiating. And be the
stern and sad truth spoken, that the breach which guilt has
once made into the human soul is never, in this mortal
state, repaired. It may be watched and guarded, so that the
enemy shall not force his way again into the citadel, and
might even in his subsequent assaults, select some other
avenue, in preference to that where he had formerly
succeeded. But there is still the ruined wall, and near it the
stealthy tread of the foe that would win over again his
unforgotten triumph.

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The struggle, if there were one, need not be described.

Let it suffice that the clergyman resolved to flee, and not
alone.
‘If in all these past seven years,’ thought he, ‘I could
recall one instant of peace or hope, 1 would yet endure,
for the sake of that earnest of Heaven’s mercy. But now—
since I am irrevocably doomed—wherefore should I not
snatch the solace allowed to the condemned culprit before
his execution? Or, if this be the path to a better life, as
Hester would persuade me, I surely give up no fairer
prospect by pursuing it! Neither can I any longer live
without her companionship; so powerful is she to
sustain—so tender to soothe! O Thou to whom I dare not
lift mine eyes, wilt Thou yet pardon me?’
‘Thou wilt go!’ said Hester calmly, as he met her
glance.
The decision once made, a glow of strange enjoyment
threw its flickering brightness over the trouble of his
breast. It was the exhilarating effect—upon a prisoner just
escaped from the dungeon of his own heart—of breathing
the wild, free atmosphere of an unredeemed,
unchristianised, lawless region His spirit rose, as it were,
with a bound, and attained a nearer prospect of the sky,
than throughout all the misery which had kept him

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grovelling on the earth. Of a deeply religious

temperament, there was inevitably a tinge of the
devotional in his mood.
‘Do I feel joy again?’ cried he, wondering at himself.
‘Methought the germ of it was dead in me! Oh, Hester,
thou art my better angel! I seem to have flung myself—
sick, sin-stained, and sorrow-blackened—down upon
these forest leaves, and to have risen up all made anew,
and with new powers to glorify Him that hath been
merciful! This is already the better life! Why did we not
find it sooner?’
‘Let us not look back,’ answered Hester Prynne. ‘The
past is gone! Wherefore should we linger upon it now?
See! With this symbol I undo it all, and make it as if it had
never been!’
So speaking, she undid the clasp that fastened the scarlet
letter, and, taking it from her bosom, threw it to a distance
among the withered leaves. The mystic token alighted on
the hither verge of the stream. With a hand’s-breadth
further flight, it would have fallen into the water, and have
give, the little brook another woe to carry onward, besides
the unintelligible tale which it still kept murmuring about.
But there lay the embroidered letter, glittering like a lost
jewel, which some ill-fated wanderer might pick up, and

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thenceforth be haunted by strange phantoms of guilt,

sinkings of the heart, and unaccountable misfortune.
The stigma gone, Hester heaved a long, deep sigh, in
which the burden of shame and anguish departed from her
spirit. O exquisite relief! She had not known the weight
until she felt the freedom! By another impulse, she took
off the formal cap that confined her hair, and down it fell
upon her shoulders, dark and rich, with at once a shadow
and a light in its abundance, and imparting the charm of
softness to her features. There played around her mouth,
and beamed out of her eyes, a radiant and tender smile,
that seemed gushing from the very heart of womanhood.
A crimson flush was glowing on her cheek, that had been
long so pale. Her sex, her youth, and the whole richness
of her beauty, came back from what men call the
irrevocable past, and clustered themselves with her maiden
hope, and a happiness before unknown, within the magic
circle of this hour. And, as if the gloom of the earth and
sky had been but the effluence of these two mortal hearts,
it vanished with their sorrow. All at once, as with a sudden
smile of heaven, forth burst the sunshine, pouring a very
flood into the obscure forest, gladdening each green leaf,
transmuting the yellow fallen ones to gold, and gleaming
adown the gray trunks of the solemn trees. The objects

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that had made a shadow hitherto, embodied the brightness

now. The course of the little brook might be traced by its
merry gleam afar into the wood’s heart of mystery, which
had become a mystery of joy.
Such was the sympathy of Nature—that wild, heathen
Nature of the forest, never subjugated by human law, nor
illumined by higher truth—with the bliss of these two
spirits! Love, whether newly-born, or aroused from a
death-like slumber, must always create a sunshine, filling
the heart so full of radiance, that it overflows upon the
outward world. Had the forest still kept its gloom, it
would have been bright in Hester’s eyes, and bright in
Arthur Dimmesdale’s!
Hester looked at him with a thrill of another joy.
‘Thou must know Pearl!’ said she. ‘Our little Pearl!
Thou hast seen her—yes, I know it!—but thou wilt see
her now with other eyes. She is a strange child! I hardly
comprehend her! But thou wilt love her dearly, as I do,
and wilt advise me how to deal with her!’
‘Dost thou think the child will be glad to know me?’
asked the minister, somewhat uneasily. ‘I have long shrunk
from children, because they often show a distrust—a
backwardness to be familiar with me. I have even been
afraid of little Pearl!’

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‘Ah, that was sad!’ answered the mother. ‘But she will
love thee dearly, and thou her. She is not far off. I will call
her. Pearl! Pearl!’
‘I see the child,’ observed the minister. ‘Yonder she is,
standing in a streak of sunshine, a good way off, on the
other side of the brook. So thou thinkest the child will
love me?’
Hester smiled, and again called to Pearl, who was
visible at some distance, as the minister had described her,
like a bright-apparelled vision in a sunbeam, which fell
down upon her through an arch of boughs. The ray
quivered to and fro, making her figure dim or distinct—
now like a real child, now like a child’s spirit—as the
splendour went and came again. She heard her mother’s
voice, and approached slowly through the forest.
Pearl had not found the hour pass wearisomely while
her mother sat talking with the clergyman. The great black
forest—stern as it showed itself to those who brought the
guilt and troubles of the world into its bosom—became
the playmate of the lonely infant, as well as it knew how.
Sombre as it was, it put on the kindest of its moods to
welcome her. It offered her the partridge-berries, the
growth of the preceding autumn, but ripening only in the
spring, and now red as drops of blood upon the withered

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leaves. These Pearl gathered, and was pleased with their

wild flavour. The small denizens of the wilderness hardly
took pains to move out of her path. A partridge, indeed,
with a brood of ten behind her, ran forward threateningly,
but soon repented of her fierceness, and clucked to her
young ones not to be afraid. A pigeon, alone on a low
branch, allowed Pearl to come beneath, and uttered a
sound as much of greeting as alarm. A squirrel, from the
lofty depths of his domestic tree, chattered either in anger
or merriment—for the squirrel is such a choleric and
humorous little personage, that it is hard to distinguish
between his moods—so he chattered at the child, and
flung down a nut upon her head. It was a last year’s nut,
and already gnawed by his sharp tooth. A fox, startled
from his sleep by her light footstep on the leaves, looked
inquisitively at Pearl, as doubting whether it were better to
steal off, or renew his nap on the same spot. A wolf, it is
said—but here the tale has surely lapsed into the
improbable—came up and smelt of Pearl’s robe, and
offered his savage head to be patted by her hand. The
truth seems to be, however, that the mother-forest, and
these wild things which it nourished, all recognised a
kindred wilderness in the human child.

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And she was gentler here than in the grassy-margined

streets of the settlement, or in her mother’s cottage. The
Bowers appeared to know it, and one and another
whispered as she passed, ‘Adorn thyself with me, thou
beautiful child, adorn thyself with me!’ —and, to please
them, Pearl gathered the violets, and anemones, and
columbines, and some twigs of the freshest green, which
the old trees held down before her eyes. With these she
decorated her hair and her young waist, and became a
nymph child, or an infant dryad, or whatever else was in
closest sympathy with the antique wood. In such guise had
Pearl adorned herself, when she heard her mother’s voice,
and came slowly back.
Slowly—for she saw the clergyman!

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XIX. THE CHILD AT THE

BROOKSIDE
‘Thou will love her dearly,’ repeated Hester Prynne, as
she and the minister sat watching little Pearl. ‘Dost thou
not think her beautiful? And see with what natural skill
she has made those simple flowers adorn her! Had she
gathered pearls, and diamonds, and rubies in the wood,
they could not have become her better! She is a splendid
child! But I know whose brow she has!’
‘Dost thou know, Hester,’ said Arthur Dimmesdale,
with an unquiet smile, ‘that this dear child, tripping about
always at thy side, hath caused me many an alarm?
Methought—oh, Hester, what a thought is that, and how
terrible to dread it!—that my own features were partly
repeated in her face, and so strikingly that the world might
see them! But she is mostly thine!’
‘No, no! Not mostly!’ answered the mother, with a
tender smile. ‘A little longer, and thou needest not to be
afraid to trace whose child she is. But how strangely
beautiful she looks with those wild flowers in her hair! It is
as if one of the fairies, whom we left in dear old England,
had decked her out to meet us.’

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It was with a feeling which neither of them had ever

before experienced, that they sat and watched Pearl’s slow
advance. In her was visible the tie that united them. She
had been offered to the world, these seven past years, as
the living hieroglyphic, in which was revealed the secret
they so darkly sought to hide—all written in this symbol—
all plainly manifest—had there been a prophet or magician
skilled to read the character of flame! And Pearl was the
oneness of their being. Be the foregone evil what it might,
how could they doubt that their earthly lives and future
destinies were conjoined when they beheld at once the
material union, and the spiritual idea, in whom they met,
and were to dwell immortally together; thoughts like
these—and perhaps other thoughts, which they did not
acknowledge or define—threw an awe about the child as
she came onward.
‘Let her see nothing strange—no passion or eagerness—
in thy way of accosting her,’ whispered Hester. ‘Our Pearl
is a fitful and fantastic little elf sometimes. Especially she is
generally intolerant of emotion, when she does not fully
comprehend the why and wherefore. But the child hath
strong affections! She loves me, and will love thee!’
‘Thou canst not think,’ said the minister, glancing aside
at Hester Prynne, ‘how my heart dreads this interview,

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and yearns for it! But, in truth, as I already told thee,

children are not readily won to be familiar with me. They
will not climb my knee, nor prattle in my ear, nor answer
to my smile, but stand apart, and eye me strangely. Even
little babes, when I take them in my arms, weep bitterly.
Yet Pearl, twice in her little lifetime, hath been kind to
me! The first time—thou knowest it well! The last was
when thou ledst her with thee to the house of yonder
stern old Governor.’
‘And thou didst plead so bravely in her behalf and
mine!’ answered the mother. ‘I remember it; and so shall
little Pearl. Fear nothing. She may be strange and shy at
first, but will soon learn to love thee!’
By this time Pearl had reached the margin of the brook,
and stood on the further side, gazing silently at Hester and
the clergyman, who still sat together on the mossy tree-
trunk waiting to receive her. Just where she had paused,
the brook chanced to form a pool so smooth and quiet
that it reflected a perfect image of her little figure, with all
the brilliant picturesqueness of her beauty, in its
adornment of flowers and wreathed foliage, but more
refined and spiritualized than the reality. This image, so
nearly identical with the living Pearl, seemed to
communicate somewhat of its own shadowy and

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intangible quality to the child herself. It was strange, the

way in which Pearl stood, looking so steadfastly at them
through the dim medium of the forest gloom, herself,
meanwhile, all glorified with a ray of sunshine, that was
attracted thitherward as by a certain sympathy. In the
brook beneath stood another child—another and the
same—with likewise its ray of golden light. Hester felt
herself, in some indistinct and tantalizing manner,
estranged from Pearl, as if the child, in her lonely ramble
through the forest, had strayed out of the sphere in which
she and her mother dwelt together, and was now vainly
seeking to return to it.
There were both truth and error in the impression; the
child and mother were estranged, but through Hester’s
fault, not Pearl’s. Since the latter rambled from her side,
another inmate had been admitted within the circle of the
mother’s feelings, and so modified the aspect of them all,
that Pearl, the returning wanderer, could not find her
wonted place, and hardly knew where she was.
‘I have a strange fancy,’ observed the sensitive minister,
‘that this brook is the boundary between two worlds, and
that thou canst never meet thy Pearl again. Or is she an
elfish spirit, who, as the legends of our childhood taught

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us, is forbidden to cross a running stream? Pray hasten her,

for this delay has already imparted a tremor to my nerves.’
‘Come, dearest child!’ said Hester encouragingly, and
stretching out both her arms. ‘How slow thou art! When
hast thou been so sluggish before now? Here is a friend of
mine, who must be thy friend also. Thou wilt have twice
as much love henceforward as thy mother alone could
give thee! Leap across the brook and come to us. Thou
canst leap like a young deer!’
Pearl, without responding in any manner to these
honey-sweet expressions, remained on the other side of
the brook. Now she fixed her bright wild eyes on her
mother, now on the minister, and now included them
both in the same glance, as if to detect and explain to
herself the relation which they bore to one another. For
some unaccountable reason, as Arthur Dimmesdale felt the
child’s eyes upon himself, his hand—with that gesture so
habitual as to have become involuntary—stole over his
heart. At length, assuming a singular air of authority, Pearl
stretched out her hand, with the small forefinger extended,
and pointing evidently towards her mother’s breast. And
beneath, in the mirror of the brook, there was the flower-
girdled and sunny image of little Pearl, pointing her small
forefinger too.

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‘Thou strange child! why dost thou not come to me?’

exclaimed Hester.
Pearl still pointed with her forefinger, and a frown
gathered on her brow—the more impressive from the
childish, the almost baby-like aspect of the features that
conveyed it. As her mother still kept beckoning to her,
and arraying her face in a holiday suit of unaccustomed
smiles, the child stamped her foot with a yet more
imperious look and gesture. In the brook, again, was the
fantastic beauty of the image, with its reflected frown, its
pointed finger, and imperious gesture, giving emphasis to
the aspect of little Pearl.
‘Hasten, Pearl, or I shall be angry with thee!’ cried
Hester Prynne, who, however, inured to such behaviour
on the elf-child’s part at other seasons, was naturally
anxious for a more seemly deportment now. ‘Leap across
the brook, naughty child, and run hither! Else I must
come to thee!’
But Pearl, not a whit startled at her mother’s threats any
more than mollified by her entreaties, now suddenly burst
into a fit of passion, gesticulating violently, and throwing
her small figure into the most extravagant contortions She
accompanied this wild outbreak with piercing shrieks,
which the woods reverberated on all sides, so that, alone as

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The Scarlet Letter

she was in her childish and unreasonable wrath, it seemed

as if a hidden multitude were lending her their sympathy
and encouragement. Seen in the brook once more was the
shadowy wrath of Pearl’s image, crowned and girdled with
flowers, but stamping its foot, wildly gesticulating, and, in
the midst of all, still pointing its small forefinger at Hester’s
bosom.
‘I see what ails the child,’ whispered Hester to the
clergyman, and turning pale in spite of a strong effort to
conceal her trouble and annoyance, ‘Children will not
abide any, the slightest, change in the accustomed aspect
of things that are daily before their eyes. Pearl misses
something that she has always seen me wear!’
‘I pray you,’ answered the minister, ‘if thou hast any
means of pacifying the child, do it forthwith! Save it were
the cankered wrath of an old witch like Mistress Hibbins,’
added he, attempting to smile, ‘I know nothing that I
would not sooner encounter than this passion in a child.
In Pearl’s young beauty, as in the wrinkled witch, it has a
preternatural effect. Pacify her if thou lovest me!’
Hester turned again towards Pearl with a crimson blush
upon her cheek, a conscious glance aside clergyman, and
then a heavy sigh, while, even before she had time to
speak, the blush yielded to a deadly pallor.

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‘Pearl,’ said she sadly, ‘look down at thy feet! There!—

before thee!—on the hither side of the brook!’
The child turned her eyes to the point indicated, and
there lay the scarlet letter so close upon the margin of the
stream that the gold embroidery was reflected in it.
‘Bring it hither!’ said Hester.
‘Come thou and take it up!’ answered Pearl.
‘Was ever such a child!’ observed Hester aside to the
minister. ‘Oh, I have much to tell thee about her! But, in
very truth, she is right as regards this hateful token. I must
bear its torture yet a little longer—only a few days
longer—until we shall have left this region, and look back
hither as to a land which we have dreamed of. The forest
cannot hide it! The mid-ocean shall take it from my hand,
and swallow it up for ever!’
With these words she advanced to the margin of the
brook, took up the scarlet letter, and fastened it again into
her bosom. Hopefully, but a moment ago, as Hester had
spoken of drowning it in the deep sea, there was a sense of
inevitable doom upon her as she thus received back this
deadly symbol from the hand of fate. She had flung it into
infinite space! she had drawn an hour’s free breath! and
here again was the scarlet misery glittering on the old spot!
So it ever is, whether thus typified or no, that an evil deed

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invests itself with the character of doom. Hester next

gathered up the heavy tresses of her hair and confined
them beneath her cap. As if there were a withering spell in
the sad letter, her beauty, the warmth and richness of her
womanhood, departed like fading sunshine, and a gray
shadow seemed to fall across her.
When the dreary change was wrought, she extended
her hand to Pearl.
‘Dost thou know thy mother now, child?’, asked she,
reproachfully, but with a subdued tone. ‘Wilt thou come
across the brook, and own thy mother, now that she has
her shame upon her—now that she is sad?’
‘Yes; now I will!’ answered the child, bounding across
the brook, and clasping Hester in her arms ‘Now thou art
my mother indeed! and I am thy little Pearl!’
In a mood of tenderness that was not usual with her,
she drew down her mother’s head, and kissed her brow
and both her cheeks. But then—by a kind of necessity that
always impelled this child to alloy whatever comfort she
might chance to give with a throb of anguish—Pearl put
up her mouth and kissed the scarlet letter, too
‘That was not kind!’ said Hester. ‘When thou hast
shown me a little love, thou mockest me!’
‘Why doth the minister sit yonder?’ asked Pearl.

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‘He waits to welcome thee,’ replied her mother.

‘Come thou, and entreat his blessing! He loves thee, my
little Pearl, and loves thy mother, too. Wilt thou not love
him? Come he longs to greet thee!’
‘Doth he love us?’ said Pearl, looking up with acute
intelligence into her mother’s face. ‘Will he go back with
us, hand in hand, we three together, into the town?’
‘Not now, my child,’ answered Hester. ‘But in days to
come he will walk hand in hand with us. We will have a
home and fireside of our own; and thou shalt sit upon his
knee; and he will teach thee many things, and love thee
dearly. Thou wilt love him—wilt thou not?’
‘And will he always keep his hand over his heart?’
inquired Pearl.
‘Foolish child, what a question is that!’ exclaimed her
mother. ‘Come, and ask his blessing!’
But, whether influenced by the jealousy that seems
instinctive with every petted child towards a dangerous
rival, or from whatever caprice of her freakish nature,
Pearl would show no favour to the clergyman. It was only
by an exertion of force that her mother brought her up to
him, hanging back, and manifesting her reluctance by odd
grimaces; of which, ever since her babyhood, she had
possessed a singular variety, and could transform her

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mobile physiognomy into a series of different aspects, with

a new mischief in them, each and all. The minister—
painfully embarrassed, but hoping that a kiss might prove a
talisman to admit him into the child’s kindlier regards—
bent forward, and impressed one on her brow. Hereupon,
Pearl broke away from her mother, and, running to the
brook, stooped over it, and bathed her forehead, until the
unwelcome kiss was quite washed off and diffused through
a long lapse of the gliding water. She then remained apart,
silently watching Hester and the clergyman; while they
talked together and made such arrangements as were
suggested by their new position and the purposes soon to
be fulfilled.
And now this fateful interview had come to a close.
The dell was to be left in solitude among its dark, old
trees, which, with their multitudinous tongues, would
whisper long of what had passed there, and no mortal be
the wiser. And the melancholy brook would add this other
tale to the mystery with which its little heart was already
overburdened, and whereof it still kept up a murmuring
babble, with not a whit more cheerfulness of tone than for
ages heretofore.

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XX. THE MINISTER IN A

MAZE
As the minister departed, in advance of Hester Prynne
and little Pearl, he threw a backward glance, half expecting
that he should discover only some faintly traced features or
outline of the mother and the child, slowly fading into the
twilight of the woods. So great a vicissitude in his life
could not at once be received as real. But there was
Hester, clad in her gray robe, still standing beside the tree-
trunk, which some blast had overthrown a long antiquity
ago, and which time had ever since been covering with
moss, so that these two fated ones, with earth’s heaviest
burden on them, might there sit down together, and find a
single hour’s rest and solace. And there was Pearl, too,
lightly dancing from the margin of the brook—now that
the intrusive third person was gone—and taking her old
place by her mother’s side. So the minister had not fallen
asleep and dreamed!
In order to free his mind from this indistinctness and
duplicity of impression, which vexed it with a strange
disquietude, he recalled and more thoroughly defined the
plans which Hester and himself had sketched for their

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departure. It had been determined between them that the

Old World, with its crowds and cities, offered them a
more eligible shelter and concealment than the wilds of
New England or all America, with its alternatives of an
Indian wigwam, or the few settlements of Europeans
scattered thinly along the sea-board. Not to speak of the
clergyman’s health, so inadequate to sustain the hardships
of a forest life, his native gifts, his culture, and his entire
development would secure him a home only in the midst
of civilization and refinement; the higher the state the
more delicately adapted to it the man. In futherance of this
choice, it so happened that a ship lay in the harbour; one
of those unquestionable cruisers, frequent at that day,
which, without being absolutely outlaws of the deep, yet
roamed over its surface with a remarkable irresponsibility
of character. This vessel had recently arrived from the
Spanish Main, and within three days’ time would sail for
Bristol. Hester Prynne—whose vocation, as a self-enlisted
Sister of Charity, had brought her acquainted with the
captain and crew—could take upon herself to secure the
passage of two individuals and a child with all the secrecy
which circumstances rendered more than desirable.
The minister had inquired of Hester, with no little
interest, the precise time at which the vessel might be

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expected to depart. It would probably be on the fourth

day from the present. ‘This is most fortunate!’ he had then
said to himself. Now, why the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale
considered it so very fortunate we hesitate to reveal.
Nevertheless—to hold nothing back from the reader—it
was because, on the third day from the present, he was to
preach the Election Sermon; and, as such an occasion
formed an honourable epoch in the life of a New England
Clergyman, he could not have chanced upon a more
suitable mode and time of terminating his professional
career. ‘At least, they shall say of me,’ thought this
exemplary man, ‘that I leave no public duty unperformed
or ill-performed!’ Sad, indeed, that an introspection so
profound and acute as this poor minister’s should be so
miserably deceived! We have had, and may still have,
worse things to tell of him; but none, we apprehend, so
pitiably weak; no evidence, at once so slight and
irrefragable, of a subtle disease that had long since begun
to eat into the real substance of his character. No man, for
any considerable period, can wear one face to himself and
another to the multitude, without finally getting
bewildered as to which may be the true.
The excitement of Mr. Dimmesdale’s feelings as he
returned from his interview with Hester, lent him

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unaccustomed physical energy, and hurried him townward

at a rapid pace. The pathway among the woods seemed
wilder, more uncouth with its rude natural obstacles, and
less trodden by the foot of man, than he remembered it on
his outward journey. But he leaped across the plashy
places, thrust himself through the clinging underbush,
climbed the ascent, plunged into the hollow, and
overcame, in short, all the difficulties of the track, with an
unweariable activity that astonished him. He could not but
recall how feebly, and with what frequent pauses for
breath he had toiled over the same ground, only two days
before. As he drew near the town, he took an impression
of change from the series of familiar objects that presented
themselves. It seemed not yesterday, not one, not two, but
many days, or even years ago, since he had quitted them.
There, indeed, was each former trace of the street, as he
remembered it, and all the peculiarities of the houses, with
the due multitude of gable-peaks, and a weather-cock at
every point where his memory suggested one. Not the
less, however, came this importunately obtrusive sense of
change. The same was true as regarded the acquaintances
whom he met, and all the well-known shapes of human
life, about the little town. They looked neither older nor
younger now; the beards of the aged were no whiter, nor

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could the creeping babe of yesterday walk on his feet to-

day; it was impossible to describe in what respect they
differed from the individuals on whom he had so recently
bestowed a parting glance; and yet the minister’s deepest
sense seemed to inform him of their mutability. A similar
impression struck him most remarkably a he passed under
the walls of his own church. The edifice had so very
strange, and yet so familiar an aspect, that Mr.
Dimmesdale’s mind vibrated between two ideas; either
that he had seen it only in a dream hitherto, or that he was
merely dreaming about it now.
This phenomenon, in the various shapes which it
assumed, indicated no external change, but so sudden and
important a change in the spectator of the familiar scene,
that the intervening space of a single day had operated on
his consciousness like the lapse of years. The minister’s
own will, and Hester’s will, and the fate that grew
between them, had wrought this transformation. It was
the same town as heretofore, but the same minister
returned not from the forest. He might have said to the
friends who greeted him—‘I am not the man for whom
you take me! I left him yonder in the forest, withdrawn
into a secret dell, by a mossy tree trunk, and near a
melancholy brook! Go, seek your minister, and see if his

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emaciated figure, his thin cheek, his white, heavy, pain-

wrinkled brow, be not flung down there, like a cast-off
garment!’ His friends, no doubt, would still have insisted
with him—‘Thou art thyself the man!’ but the error
would have been their own, not his. Before Mr.
Dimmesdale reached home, his inner man gave him other
evidences of a revolution in the sphere of thought and
feeling. In truth, nothing short of a total change of dynasty
and moral code, in that interior kingdom, was adequate to
account for the impulses now communicated to the
unfortunate and startled minister. At every step he was
incited to do some strange, wild, wicked thing or other,
with a sense that it would be at once involuntary and
intentional, in spite of himself, yet growing out of a
profounder self than that which opposed the impulse. For
instance, he met one of his own deacons. The good old
man addressed him with the paternal affection and
patriarchal privilege which his venerable age, his upright
and holy character, and his station in the church, entitled
him to use and, conjoined with this, the deep, almost
worshipping respect, which the minister’s professional and
private claims alike demanded. Never was there a more
beautiful example of how the majesty of age and wisdom
may comport with the obeisance and respect enjoined

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upon it, as from a lower social rank, and inferior order of

endowment, towards a higher. Now, during a
conversation of some two or three moments between the
Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale and this excellent and hoary-
bearded deacon, it was only by the most careful self-
control that the former could refrain from uttering certain
blasphemous suggestions that rose into his mind,
respecting the communion-supper. He absolutely
trembled and turned pale as ashes, lest his tongue should
wag itself in utterance of these horrible matters, and plead
his own consent for so doing, without his having fairly
given it. And, even with this terror in his heart, he could
hardly avoid laughing, to imagine how the sanctified old
patriarchal deacon would have been petrified by his
minister’s impiety.
Again, another incident of the same nature. Hurrying
along the street, the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale
encountered the eldest female member of his church, a
most pious and exemplary old dame, poor, widowed,
lonely, and with a heart as full of reminiscences about her
dead husband and children, and her dead friends of long
ago, as a burial-ground is full of storied gravestones. Yet all
this, which would else have been such heavy sorrow, was
made almost a solemn joy to her devout old soul, by

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religious consolations and the truths of Scripture,

wherewith she had fed herself continually for more than
thirty years. And since Mr. Dimmesdale had taken her in
charge, the good grandam’s chief earthly comfort—which,
unless it had been likewise a heavenly comfort, could have
been none at all—was to meet her pastor, whether
casually, or of set purpose, and be refreshed with a word of
warm, fragrant, heaven-breathing Gospel truth, from his
beloved lips, into her dulled, but rapturously attentive ear.
But, on this occasion, up to the moment of putting his lips
to the old woman’s ear, Mr. Dimmesdale, as the great
enemy of souls would have it, could recall no text of
Scripture, nor aught else, except a brief, pithy, and, as it
then appeared to him, unanswerable argument against the
immortality of the human soul. The instilment thereof
into her mind would probably have caused this aged sister
to drop down dead, at once, as by the effect of an
intensely poisonous infusion. What he really did whisper,
the minister could never afterwards recollect. There was,
perhaps, a fortunate disorder in his utterance, which failed
to impart any distinct idea to the good widows
comprehension, or which Providence interpreted after a
method of its own. Assuredly, as the minister looked back,
he beheld an expression of divine gratitude and ecstasy

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that seemed like the shine of the celestial city on her face,
so wrinkled and ashy pale.
Again, a third instance. After parting from the old
church member, he met the youngest sister of them all. It
was a maiden newly-won—and won by the Reverend
Mr. Dimmesdale’s own sermon, on the Sabbath after his
vigil—to barter the transitory pleasures of the world for
the heavenly hope that was to assume brighter substance as
life grew dark around her, and which would gild the utter
gloom with final glory. She was fair and pure as a lily that
had bloomed in Paradise. The minister knew well that he
was himself enshrined within the stainless sanctity of her
heart, which hung its snowy curtains about his image,
imparting to religion the warmth of love, and to love a
religious purity. Satan, that afternoon, had surely led the
poor young girl away from her mother’s side, and thrown
her into the pathway of this sorely tempted, or—shall we
not rather say?—this lost and desperate man. As she drew
nigh, the arch-fiend whispered him to condense into small
compass, and drop into her tender bosom a germ of evil
that would be sure to blossom darkly soon, and bear black
fruit betimes. Such was his sense of power over this virgin
soul, trusting him as she did, that the minister felt potent
to blight all the field of innocence with but one wicked

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look, and develop all its opposite with but a word. So—
with a mightier struggle than he had yet sustained—he
held his Geneva cloak before his face, and hurried onward,
making no sign of recognition, and leaving the young
sister to digest his rudeness as she might. She ransacked her
conscience—which was full of harmless little matters, like
her pocket or her work-bag—and took herself to task,
poor thing! for a thousand imaginary faults, and went
about her household duties with swollen eyelids the next
morning.
Before the minister had time to celebrate his victory
over this last temptation, he was conscious of another
impulse, more ludicrous, and almost as horrible. It was—
we blush to tell it—it was to stop short in the road, and
teach some very wicked words to a knot of little Puritan
children who were playing there, and had but just begun
to talk. Denying himself this freak, as unworthy of his
cloth, he met a drunken seaman, one of the ship’s crew
from the Spanish Main. And here, since he had so
valiantly forborne all other wickedness, poor Mr.
Dimmesdale longed at least to shake hands with the tarry
black-guard, and recreate himself with a few improper
jests, such as dissolute sailors so abound with, and a volley
of good, round, solid, satisfactory, and heaven-defying

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oaths! It was not so much a better principle, as partly his

natural good taste, and still more his buckramed habit of
clerical decorum, that carried him safely through the latter
crisis.
‘What is it that haunts and tempts me thus?’ cried the
minister to himself, at length, pausing in the street, and
striking his hand against his forehead.
‘Am I mad? or am I given over utterly to the fiend?
Did I make a contract with him in the forest, and sign it
with my blood? And does he now summon me to its
fulfilment, by suggesting the performance of every
wickedness which his most foul imagination can
conceive?’
At the moment when the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale
thus communed with himself, and struck his forehead with
his hand, old Mistress Hibbins, the reputed witch-lady, is
said to have been passing by. She made a very grand
appearance, having on a high head-dress, a rich gown of
velvet, and a ruff done up with the famous yellow starch,
of which Anne Turner, her especial friend, had taught her
the secret, before this last good lady had been hanged for
Sir Thomas Overbury’s murder. Whether the witch had
read the minister’s thoughts or no, she came to a full stop,
looked shrewdly into his face, smiled craftily, and—

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though little given to converse with clergymen—began a

conversation.
‘So, reverend sir, you have made a visit into the forest,’
observed the witch-lady, nodding her high head-dress at
him. ‘The next time I pray you to allow me only a fair
warning, and I shall be proud to bear you company.
Without taking overmuch upon myself my good word
will go far towards gaining any strange gentleman a fair
reception from yonder potentate you wot of.’
‘I profess, madam,’ answered the clergyman, with a
grave obeisance, such as the lady’s rank demanded, and his
own good breeding made imperative—‘I profess, on my
conscience and character, that I am utterly bewildered as
touching the purport of your words! I went not into the
forest to seek a potentate, neither do I, at any future time,
design a visit thither, with a view to gaining the favour of
such personage. My one sufficient object was to greet that
pious friend of mine, the Apostle Eliot, and rejoice with
him over the many precious souls he hath won from
heathendom!’
‘Ha, ha, ha!’ cackled the old witch-lady, still nodding
her high head-dress at the minister. ‘Well, well! we must
needs talk thus in the daytime! You carry it off like an old

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hand! But at midnight, and in the forest, we shall have

other talk together!’
She passed on with her aged stateliness, but often
turning back her head and smiling at him, like one willing
to recognise a secret intimacy of connexion.
‘Have I then sold myself,’ thought the minister, ‘to the
fiend whom, if men say true, this yellow-starched and
velveted old hag has chosen for her prince and master?’
The wretched minister! He had made a bargain very
like it! Tempted by a dream of happiness, he had yielded
himself with deliberate choice, as he had never done
before, to what he knew was deadly sin. And the
infectious poison of that sin had been thus rapidly diffused
throughout his moral system. It had stupefied all blessed
impulses, and awakened into vivid life the whole
brotherhood of bad ones. Scorn, bitterness, unprovoked
malignity, gratuitous desire of ill, ridicule of whatever was
good and holy, all awoke to tempt, even while they
frightened him. And his encounter with old Mistress
Hibbins, if it were a real incident, did but show its
sympathy and fellowship with wicked mortals, and the
world of perverted spirits.
He had by this time reached his dwelling on the edge
of the burial ground, and, hastening up the stairs, took

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refuge in his study. The minister was glad to have reached

this shelter, without first betraying himself to the world by
any of those strange and wicked eccentricities to which he
had been continually impelled while passing through the
streets. He entered the accustomed room, and looked
around him on its books, its windows, its fireplace, and
the tapestried comfort of the walls, with the same
perception of strangeness that had haunted him
throughout his walk from the forest dell into the town and
thitherward. Here he had studied and written; here gone
through fast and vigil, and come forth half alive; here
striven to pray; here borne a hundred thousand agonies!
There was the Bible, in its rich old Hebrew, with Moses
and the Prophets speaking to him, and God’s voice
through all.
There on the table, with the inky pen beside it, was an
unfinished sermon, with a sentence broken in the midst,
where his thoughts had ceased to gush out upon the page
two days before. He knew that it was himself, the thin and
white-cheeked minister, who had done and suffered these
things, and written thus far into the Election Sermon! But
he seemed to stand apart, and eye this former self with
scornful pitying, but half-envious curiosity. That self was
gone. Another man had returned out of the forest—a

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wiser one—with a knowledge of hidden mysteries which

the simplicity of the former never could have reached. A
bitter kind of knowledge that!
While occupied with these reflections, a knock came at
the door of the study, and the minister said, ‘Come in!’—
not wholly devoid of an idea that he might behold an evil
spirit. And so he did! It was old Roger Chillingworth that
entered. The minister stood white and speechless, with
one hand on the Hebrew Scriptures, and the other spread
upon his breast.
‘Welcome home, reverend sir,’ said the physician ‘And
how found you that godly man, the Apostle Eliot? But
methinks, dear sir, you look pale, as if the travel through
the wilderness had been too sore for you. Will not my aid
be requisite to put you in heart and strength to preach
your Election Sermon?’
‘Nay, I think not so,’ rejoined the Reverend Mr.
Dimmesdale. ‘My journey, and the sight of the holy
Apostle yonder, and the free air which I have breathed
have done me good, after so long confinement in my
study. I think to need no more of your drugs, my kind
physician, good though they be, and administered by a
friendly hand.’

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All this time Roger Chillingworth was looking at the

minister with the grave and intent regard of a physician
towards his patient. But, in spite of this outward show, the
latter was almost convinced of the old man’s knowledge,
or, at least, his confident suspicion, with respect to his
own interview with Hester Prynne. The physician knew
then that in the minister’s regard he was no longer a
trusted friend, but his bitterest enemy. So much being
known, it would appear natural that a part of it should he
expressed. It is singular, however, how long a time often
passes before words embody things; and with what
security two persons, who choose to avoid a certain
subject, may approach its very verge, and retire without
disturbing it. Thus the minister felt no apprehension that
Roger Chillingworth would touch, in express words,
upon the real position which they sustained towards one
another. Yet did the physician, in his dark way, creep
frightfully near the secret.
‘Were it not better,’ said he, ‘that you use my poor skill
tonight? Verily, dear sir, we must take pains to make you
strong and vigorous for this occasion of the Election
discourse. The people look for great things from you,
apprehending that another year may come about and find
their pastor gone.’

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‘Yes, to another world,’ replied the minister with pious

resignation. ‘Heaven grant it be a better one; for, in good
sooth, I hardly think to tarry with my flock through the
flitting seasons of another year! But touching your
medicine, kind sir, in my present frame of body I need it
not.’
‘I joy to hear it,’ answered the physician. ‘It may be
that my remedies, so long administered in vain, begin now
to take due effect. Happy man were I, and well deserving
of New England’s gratitude, could I achieve this cure!’
‘I thank you from my heart, most watchful friend,’ said
the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale with a solemn smile. ‘I
thank you, and can but requite your good deeds with my
prayers.’
‘A good man’s prayers are golden recompense!’
rejoined old Roger Chillingworth, as he took his leave.
‘Yea, they are the current gold coin of the New Jerusalem,
with the King’s own mint mark on them!’
Left alone, the minister summoned a servant of the
house, and requested food, which, being set before him,
he ate with ravenous appetite. Then flinging the already
written pages of the Election Sermon into the fire, he
forthwith began another, which he wrote with such an
impulsive flow of thought and emotion, that he fancied

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himself inspired; and only wondered that Heaven should

see fit to transmit the grand and solemn music of its oracles
through so foul an organ pipe as he. However, leaving
that mystery to solve itself, or go unsolved for ever, he
drove his task onward with earnest haste and ecstasy.
Thus the night fled away, as if it were a winged steed,
and he careering on it; morning came, and peeped,
blushing, through the curtains; and at last sunrise threw a
golden beam into the study, and laid it right across the
minister’s bedazzled eyes. There he was, with the pen still
between his fingers, and a vast, immeasurable tract of
written space behind him!

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XXI. THE NEW ENGLAND

HOLIDAY
Betimes in the morning of the day on which the new
Governor was to receive his office at the hands of the
people, Hester Prynne and little Pearl came into the
market-place. It was already thronged with the craftsmen
and other plebeian inhabitants of the town, in considerable
numbers, among whom, likewise, were many rough
figures, whose attire of deer-skins marked them as
belonging to some of the forest settlements, which
surrounded the little metropolis of the colony.
On this public holiday, as on all other occasions for
seven years past, Hester was clad in a garment of coarse
gray cloth. Not more by its hue than by some
indescribable peculiarity in its fashion, it had the effect of
making her fade personally out of sight and outline; while
again the scarlet letter brought her back from this twilight
indistinctness, and revealed her under the moral aspect of
its own illumination. Her face, so long familiar to the
townspeople, showed the marble quietude which they
were accustomed to behold there. It was like a mask; or,
rather like the frozen calmness of a dead woman’s features;

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owing this dreary resemblance to the fact that Hester was

actually dead, in respect to any claim of sympathy, and had
departed out of the world with which she still seemed to
mingle.
It might be, on this one day, that there was an
expression unseen before, nor, indeed, vivid enough to be
detected now; unless some preternaturally gifted observer
should have first read the heart, and have afterwards
sought a corresponding development in the countenance
and mien. Such a spiritual sneer might have conceived,
that, after sustaining the gaze of the multitude through
several miserable years as a necessity, a penance, and
something which it was a stern religion to endure, she
now, for one last time more, encountered it freely and
voluntarily, in order to convert what had so long been
agony into a kind of triumph. ‘Look your last on the
scarlet letter and its wearer!’—the people’s victim and
lifelong bond-slave, as they fancied her, might say to
them. ‘Yet a little while, and she will be beyond your
reach! A few hours longer and the deep, mysterious ocean
will quench and hide for ever the symbol which ye have
caused to burn on her bosom!’ Nor were it an
inconsistency too improbable to be assigned to human
nature, should we suppose a feeling of regret in Hester’s

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mind, at the moment when she was about to win her

freedom from the pain which had been thus deeply
incorporated with her being. Might there not be an
irresistible desire to quaff a last, long, breathless draught of
the cup of wormwood and aloes, with which nearly all her
years of womanhood had been perpetually flavoured. The
wine of life, henceforth to be presented to her lips, must
be indeed rich, delicious, and exhilarating, in its chased
and golden beaker, or else leave an inevitable and weary
languor, after the lees of bitterness wherewith she had
been drugged, as with a cordial of intensest potency.
Pearl was decked out with airy gaiety. It would have
been impossible to guess that this bright and sunny
apparition owed its existence to the shape of gloomy gray;
or that a fancy, at once so gorgeous and so delicate as must
have been requisite to contrive the child’s apparel, was the
same that had achieved a task perhaps more difficult, in
imparting so distinct a peculiarity to Hester’s simple robe.
The dress, so proper was it to little Pearl, seemed an
effluence, or inevitable development and outward
manifestation of her character, no more to be separated
from her than the many-hued brilliancy from a butterfly’s
wing, or the painted glory from the leaf of a bright flower.
As with these, so with the child; her garb was all of one

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idea with her nature. On this eventful day, moreover,

there was a certain singular inquietude and excitement in
her mood, resembling nothing so much as the shimmer of
a diamond, that sparkles and flashes with the varied
throbbings of the breast on which it is displayed. Children
have always a sympathy in the agitations of those
connected with them: always, especially, a sense of any
trouble or impending revolution, of whatever kind, in
domestic circumstances; and therefore Pearl, who was the
gem on her mother’s unquiet bosom, betrayed, by the
very dance of her spirits, the emotions which none could
detect in the marble passiveness of Hester’s brow.
This effervescence made her flit with a bird-like
movement, rather than walk by her mother’s side.
She broke continually into shouts of a wild,
inarticulate, and sometimes piercing music. When they
reached the market-place, she became still more restless,
on perceiving the stir and bustle that enlivened the spot;
for it was usually more like the broad and lonesome green
before a village meeting-house, than the centre of a town’s
business
‘Why, what is this, mother?’ cried she. ‘Wherefore
have all the people left their work to-day? Is it a play-day
for the whole world? See, there is the blacksmith! He has

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washed his sooty face, and put on his Sabbath-day clothes,

and looks as if he would gladly be merry, if any kind body
would only teach him how! And there is Master Brackett,
the old jailer, nodding and smiling at me. Why does he do
so, mother?’
‘He remembers thee a little babe, my child,’ answered
Hester.
‘He should not nod and smile at me, for all that—the
black, grim, ugly-eyed old man!’ said Pearl.
‘He may nod at thee, if he will; for thou art clad in
gray, and wearest the scarlet letter. But see, mother, how
many faces of strange people, and Indians among them,
and sailors! What have they all come to do, here in the
market-place?’
‘They wait to see the procession pass,’ said Hester. ‘For
the Governor and the magistrates are to go by, and the
ministers, and all the great people and good people, with
the music and the soldiers marching before them. ‘
‘And will the minister be there?’ asked Pearl. ‘And will
he hold out both his hands to me, as when thou led’st me
to him from the brook-side?’
‘He will be there, child,’ answered her mother, ‘but he
will not greet thee to-day, nor must thou greet him. ‘

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‘What a strange, sad man is he!’ said the child, as if

speaking partly to herself. ‘In the dark nighttime he calls us
to him, and holds thy hand and mine, as when we stood
with him on the scaffold yonder! And in the deep forest,
where only the old trees can hear, and the strip of sky see
it, he talks with thee, sitting on a heap of moss! And he
kisses my forehead, too, so that the little brook would
hardly wash it off! But, here, in the sunny day, and among
all the people, he knows us not; nor must we know him!
A strange, sad man is he, with his hand always over his
heart!’
‘Be quiet, Pearl—thou understandest not these things,’
said her mother. ‘Think not now of the minister, but look
about thee, and see how cheery is everybody’s face to-day.
The children have come from their schools, and the
grown people from their workshops and their fields, on
purpose to be happy, for, to-day, a new man is beginning
to rule over them; and so—as has been the custom of
mankind ever since a nation was first gathered—they make
merry and rejoice: as if a good and golden year were at
length to pass over the poor old world!’
It was as Hester said, in regard to the unwonted jollity
that brightened the faces of the people. Into this festal
season of the year—as it already was, and continued to be

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during the greater part of two centuries—the Puritans

compressed whatever mirth and public joy they deemed
allowable to human infirmity; thereby so far dispelling the
customary cloud, that, for the space of a single holiday,
they appeared scarcely more grave than most other
communities at a period of general affliction.
But we perhaps exaggerate the gray or sable tinge,
which undoubtedly characterized the mood and manners
of the age. The persons now in the market-place of
Boston had not been born to an inheritance of Puritanic
gloom. They were native Englishmen, whose fathers had
lived in the sunny richness of the Elizabethan epoch; a
time when the life of England, viewed as one great mass,
would appear to have been as stately, magnificent, and
joyous, as the world has ever witnessed. Had they
followed their hereditary taste, the New England settlers
would have illustrated all events of public importance by
bonfires, banquets, pageantries, and processions. Nor
would it have been impracticable, in the observance of
majestic ceremonies, to combine mirthful recreation with
solemnity, and give, as it were, a grotesque and brilliant
embroidery to the great robe of state, which a nation, at
such festivals, puts on. There was some shadow of an
attempt of this kind in the mode of celebrating the day on

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which the political year of the colony commenced. The

dim reflection of a remembered splendour, a colourless
and manifold diluted repetition of what they had beheld in
proud old London—we will not say at a royal coronation,
but at a Lord Mayor’s show—might be traced in the
customs which our forefathers instituted, with reference to
the annual installation of magistrates. The fathers and
founders of the commonwealth—the statesman, the priest,
and the soldier—seemed it a duty then to assume the
outward state and majesty, which, in accordance with
antique style, was looked upon as the proper garb of
public and social eminence. All came forth to move in
procession before the people’s eye, and thus impart a
needed dignity to the simple framework of a government
so newly constructed.
Then, too, the people were countenanced, if not
encouraged, in relaxing the severe and close application to
their various modes of rugged industry, which at all other
times, seemed of the same piece and material with their
religion. Here, it is true, were none of the appliances
which popular merriment would so readily have found in
the England of Elizabeth’s time, or that of James—no rude
shows of a theatrical kind; no minstrel, with his harp and
legendary ballad, nor gleeman with an ape dancing to his

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music; no juggler, with his tricks of mimic witchcraft; no

Merry Andrew, to stir up the multitude with jests, perhaps
a hundred years old, but still effective, by their appeals to
the very broadest sources of mirthful sympathy. All such
professors of the several branches of jocularity would have
been sternly repressed, not only by the rigid discipline of
law, but by the general sentiment which give law its
vitality. Not the less, however, the great, honest face of
the people smiled—grimly, perhaps, but widely too. Nor
were sports wanting, such as the colonists had witnessed,
and shared in, long ago, at the country fairs and on the
village-greens of England; and which it was thought well
to keep alive on this new soil, for the sake of the courage
and manliness that were essential in them. Wrestling
matches, in the different fashions of Cornwall and
Devonshire, were seen here and there about the market-
place; in one corner, there was a friendly bout at
quarterstaff; and—what attracted most interest of all—on
the platform of the pillory, already so noted in our pages,
two masters of defence were commencing an exhibition
with the buckler and broadsword. But, much to the
disappointment of the crowd, this latter business was
broken off by the interposition of the town beadle, who

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had no idea of permitting the majesty of the law to be

violated by such an abuse of one of its consecrated places.
It may not be too much to affirm, on the whole, (the
people being then in the first stages of joyless deportment,
and the offspring of sires who had known how to be
merry, in their day), that they would compare favourably,
in point of holiday keeping, with their descendants, even
at so long an interval as ourselves. Their immediate
posterity, the generation next to the early emigrants, wore
the blackest shade of Puritanism, and so darkened the
national visage with it, that all the subsequent years have
not sufficed to clear it up. We have yet to learn again the
forgotten art of gaiety.
The picture of human life in the market-place, though
its general tint was the sad gray, brown, or black of the
English emigrants, was yet enlivened by some diversity of
hue. A party of Indians—in their savage finery of curiously
embroidered deerskin robes, wampum-belts, red and
yellow ochre, and feathers, and armed with the bow and
arrow and stone-headed spear—stood apart with
countenances of inflexible gravity, beyond what even the
Puritan aspect could attain. Nor, wild as were these
painted barbarians, were they the wildest feature of the
scene. This distinction could more justly be claimed by

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some mariners—a part of the crew of the vessel from the

Spanish Main—who had come ashore to see the humours
of Election Day. They were rough-looking desperadoes,
with sun-blackened faces, and an immensity of beard; their
wide short trousers were confined about the waist by belts,
often clasped with a rough plate of gold, and sustaining
always a long knife, and in some instances, a sword. From
beneath their broad-brimmed hats of palm-leaf, gleamed
eyes which, even in good-nature and merriment, had a
kind of animal ferocity. They transgressed without fear or
scruple, the rules of behaviour that were binding on all
others: smoking tobacco under the beadle’s very nose,
although each whiff would have cost a townsman a
shilling; and quaffing at their pleasure, draughts of wine or
aqua-vitae from pocket flasks, which they freely tendered
to the gaping crowd around them. It remarkably
characterised the incomplete morality of the age, rigid as
we call it, that a licence was allowed the seafaring class,
not merely for their freaks on shore, but for far more
desperate deeds on their proper element. The sailor of that
day would go near to be arraigned as a pirate in our own.
There could be little doubt, for instance, that this very
ship’s crew, though no unfavourable specimens of the
nautical brotherhood, had been guilty, as we should phrase

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it, of depredations on the Spanish commerce, such as

would have perilled all their necks in a modern court of
justice.
But the sea in those old times heaved, swelled, and
foamed very much at its own will, or subject only to the
tempestuous wind, with hardly any attempts at regulation
by human law. The buccaneer on the wave might
relinquish his calling and become at once if he chose, a
man of probity and piety on land; nor, even in the full
career of his reckless life, was he regarded as a personage
with whom it was disreputable to traffic or casually
associate. Thus the Puritan elders in their black cloaks,
starched bands, and steeple-crowned hats, smiled not
unbenignantly at the clamour and rude deportment of
these jolly seafaring men; and it excited neither surprise
nor animadversion when so reputable a citizen as old
Roger Chillingworth, the physician, was seen to enter the
market-place in close and familiar talk with the
commander of the questionable vessel.
The latter was by far the most showy and gallant figure,
so far as apparel went, anywhere to be seen among the
multitude. He wore a profusion of ribbons on his garment,
and gold lace on his hat, which was also encircled by a
gold chain, and surmounted with a feather. There was a

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sword at his side and a sword-cut on his forehead, which,

by the arrangement of his hair, he seemed anxious rather
to display than hide. A landsman could hardly have worn
this garb and shown this face, and worn and shown them
both with such a galliard air, without undergoing stern
question before a magistrate, and probably incurring a fine
or imprisonment, or perhaps an exhibition in the stocks.
As regarded the shipmaster, however, all was looked upon
as pertaining to the character, as to a fish his glistening
scales.
After parting from the physician, the commander of the
Bristol ship strolled idly through the market-place; until
happening to approach the spot where Hester Prynne was
standing, he appeared to recognise, and did not hesitate to
address her. As was usually the case wherever Hester
stood, a small vacant area—a sort of magic circle—had
formed itself about her, into which, though the people
were elbowing one another at a little distance, none
ventured or felt disposed to intrude. It was a forcible type
of the moral solitude in which the scarlet letter enveloped
its fated wearer; partly by her own reserve, and partly by
the instinctive, though no longer so unkindly, withdrawal
of her fellow-creatures. Now, if never before, it answered
a good purpose by enabling Hester and the seaman to

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speak together without risk of being overheard; and so

changed was Hester Prynne’s repute before the public,
that the matron in town, most eminent for rigid morality,
could not have held such intercourse with less result of
scandal than herself.
‘So, mistress,’ said the mariner, ‘I must bid the steward
make ready one more berth than you bargained for! No
fear of scurvy or ship fever this voyage. What with the
ship’s surgeon and this other doctor, our only danger will
be from drug or pill; more by token, as there is a lot of
apothecary’s stuff aboard, which I traded for with a
Spanish vessel.’
‘What mean you?’ inquired Hester, startled more than
she permitted to appear. ‘Have you another passenger?’
‘Why, know you not,’ cried the shipmaster, ‘that this
physician here—Chillingworth he calls himself—is minded
to try my cabin-fare with you? Ay, ay, you must have
known it; for he tells me he is of your party, and a close
friend to the gentleman you spoke of—he that is in peril
from these sour old Puritan rulers.’
‘They know each other well, indeed,’ replied Hester,
with a mien of calmness, though in the utmost
consternation. ‘They have long dwelt together.’

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Nothing further passed between the mariner and Hester

Prynne. But at that instant she beheld old Roger
Chillingworth himself, standing in the remotest comer of
the market-place and smiling on her; a smile which—
across the wide and bustling square, and through all the
talk and laughter, and various thoughts, moods, and
interests of the crowd—conveyed secret and fearful
meaning.

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XXII. THE PROCESSION

Before Hester Prynne could call together her thoughts,
and consider what was practicable to be done in this new
and startling aspect of affairs, the sound of military music
was heard approaching along a contiguous street. It
denoted the advance of the procession of magistrates and
citizens on its way towards the meeting-house: where, in
compliance with a custom thus early established, and ever
since observed, the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale was to
deliver an Election Sermon.
Soon the head of the procession showed itself, with a
slow and stately march, turning a corner, and making its
way across the market-place. First came the music. It
comprised a variety of instruments, perhaps imperfectly
adapted to one another, and played with no great skill; but
yet attaining the great object for which the harmony of
drum and clarion addresses itself to the multitude—that of
imparting a higher and more heroic air to the scene of life
that passes before the eye. Little Pearl at first clapped her
hands, but then lost for an instant the restless agitation that
had kept her in a continual effervescence throughout the
morning; she gazed silently, and seemed to be borne

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upward like a floating sea-bird on the long heaves and

swells of sound. But she was brought back to her former
mood by the shimmer of the sunshine on the weapons and
bright armour of the military company, which followed
after the music, and formed the honorary escort of the
procession. This body of soldiery—which still sustains a
corporate existence, and marches down from past ages
with an ancient and honourable fame—was composed of
no mercenary materials. Its ranks were filled with
gentlemen who felt the stirrings of martial impulse, and
sought to establish a kind of College of Arms, where, as in
an association of Knights Templars, they might learn the
science, and, so far as peaceful exercise would teach them,
the practices of war. The high estimation then placed
upon the military character might be seen in the lofty port
of each individual member of the company. Some of
them, indeed, by their services in the Low Countries and
on other fields of European warfare, had fairly won their
title to assume the name and pomp of soldiership. The
entire array, moreover, clad in burnished steel, and with
plumage nodding over their bright morions, had a
brilliancy of effect which no modern display can aspire to
equal.

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And yet the men of civil eminence, who came

immediately behind the military escort, were better worth
a thoughtful observer’s eye. Even in outward demeanour
they showed a stamp of majesty that made the warrior’s
haughty stride look vulgar, if not absurd. It was an age
when what we call talent had far less consideration than
now, but the massive materials which produce stability and
dignity of character a great deal more. The people
possessed by hereditary right the quality of reverence,
which, in their descendants, if it survive at all, exists in
smaller proportion, and with a vastly diminished force in
the selection and estimate of public men. The change may
be for good or ill, and is partly, perhaps, for both. In that
old day the English settler on these rude shores—having
left king, nobles, and all degrees of awful rank behind,
while still the faculty and necessity of reverence was strong
in him—bestowed it on the white hair and venerable
brow of age—on long-tried integrity—on solid wisdom
and sad-coloured experience—on endowments of that
grave and weighty order which gave the idea of
permanence, and comes under the general definition of
respectability. These primitive statesmen, therefore—
Bradstreet, Endicott, Dudley, Bellingham, and their
compeers—who were elevated to power by the early

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choice of the people, seem to have been not often

brilliant, but distinguished by a ponderous sobriety, rather
than activity of intellect. They had fortitude and self-
reliance, and in time of difficulty or peril stood up for the
welfare of the state like a line of cliffs against a
tempestuous tide. The traits of character here indicated
were well represented in the square cast of countenance
and large physical development of the new colonial
magistrates. So far as a demeanour of natural authority was
concerned, the mother country need not have been
ashamed to see these foremost men of an actual democracy
adopted into the House of Peers, or make the Privy
Council of the Sovereign.
Next in order to the magistrates came the young and
eminently distinguished divine, from whose lips the
religious discourse of the anniversary was expected. His
was the profession at that era in which intellectual ability
displayed itself far more than in political life; for—leaving
a higher motive out of the question it offered inducements
powerful enough in the almost worshipping respect of the
community, to win the most aspiring ambition into its
service. Even political power—as in the case of Increase
Mather—was within the grasp of a successful priest.

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It was the observation of those who beheld him now,

that never, since Mr. Dimmesdale first set his foot on the
New England shore, had he exhibited such energy as was
seen in the gait and air with which he kept his pace in the
procession. There was no feebleness of step as at other
times; his frame was not bent, nor did his hand rest
ominously upon his heart. Yet, if the clergyman were
rightly viewed, his strength seemed not of the body. It
might be spiritual and imparted to him by angelical
ministrations. It might be the exhilaration of that potent
cordial which is distilled only in the furnace-glow of
earnest and long-continued thought. Or perchance his
sensitive temperament was invigorated by the loud and
piercing music that swelled heaven-ward, and uplifted him
on its ascending wave. Nevertheless, so abstracted was his
look, it might be questioned whether Mr. Dimmesdale
ever heard the music. There was his body, moving
onward, and with an unaccustomed force. But where was
his mind? Far and deep in its own region, busying itself,
with preternatural activity, to marshal a procession of
stately thoughts that were soon to issue thence; and so he
saw nothing, heard nothing, knew nothing of what was
around him; but the spiritual element took up the feeble
frame and carried it along, unconscious of the burden, and

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converting it to spirit like itself. Men of uncommon

intellect, who have grown morbid, possess this occasional
power of mighty effort, into which they throw the life of
many days and then are lifeless for as many more.
Hester Prynne, gazing steadfastly at the clergyman, felt
a dreary influence come over her, but wherefore or
whence she knew not, unless that he seemed so remote
from her own sphere, and utterly beyond her reach. One
glance of recognition she had imagined must needs pass
between them. She thought of the dim forest, with its
little dell of solitude, and love, and anguish, and the mossy
tree-trunk, where, sitting hand-in-hand, they had mingled
their sad and passionate talk with the melancholy murmur
of the brook. How deeply had they known each other
then! And was this the man? She hardly knew him now!
He, moving proudly past, enveloped as it were, in the rich
music, with the procession of majestic and venerable
fathers; he, so unattainable in his worldly position, and still
more so in that far vista of his unsympathizing thoughts,
through which she now beheld him! Her spirit sank with
the idea that all must have been a delusion, and that,
vividly as she had dreamed it, there could be no real bond
betwixt the clergyman and herself. And thus much of
woman was there in Hester, that she could scarcely forgive

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him—least of all now, when the heavy footstep of their

approaching Fate might be heard, nearer, nearer, nearer!—
for being able so completely to withdraw himself from
their mutual world—while she groped darkly, and
stretched forth her cold hands, and found him not.
Pearl either saw and responded to her mother’s feelings,
or herself felt the remoteness and intangibility that had
fallen around the minister. While the procession passed,
the child was uneasy, fluttering up and down, like a bird
on the point of taking flight. When the whole had gone
by, she looked up into Hester’s face—
‘Mother,’ said she, ‘was that the same minister that
kissed me by the brook?’
‘Hold thy peace, dear little Pearl!’ whispered her
mother. ‘We must not always talk in the marketplace of
what happens to us in the forest.’
‘I could not be sure that it was he—so strange he
looked,’ continued the child. ‘Else I would have run to
him, and bid him kiss me now, before all the people, even
as he did yonder among the dark old trees. What would
the minister have said, mother? Would he have clapped
his hand over his heart, and scowled on me, and bid me
begone?’

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‘What should he say, Pearl,’ answered Hester, ‘save that

it was no time to kiss, and that kisses are not to be given in
the market-place? Well for thee, foolish child, that thou
didst not speak to him!’
Another shade of the same sentiment, in reference to
Mr. Dimmesdale, was expressed by a person whose
eccentricities—insanity, as we should term it—led her to
do what few of the townspeople would have ventured
on—to begin a conversation with the wearer of the scarlet
letter in public. It was Mistress Hibbins, who, arrayed in
great magnificence, with a triple ruff, a broidered
stomacher, a gown of rich velvet, and a gold-headed cane,
had come forth to see the procession. As this ancient lady
had the renown (which subsequently cost her no less a
price than her life) of being a principal actor in all the
works of necromancy that were continually going
forward, the crowd gave way before her, and seemed to
fear the touch of her garment, as if it carried the plague
among its gorgeous folds. Seen in conjunction with Hester
Prynne—kindly as so many now felt towards the latter—
the dread inspired by Mistress Hibbins had doubled, and
caused a general movement from that part of the market-
place in which the two women stood.

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‘Now, what mortal imagination could conceive it?’

whispered the old lady confidentially to Hester. ‘Yonder
divine man! That saint on earth, as the people uphold him
to be, and as—I must needs say—he really looks! Who,
now, that saw him pass in the procession, would think
how little while it is since he went forth out of his study—
chewing a Hebrew text of Scripture in his mouth, I
warrant—to take an airing in the forest! Aha! we know
what that means, Hester Prynne! But truly, forsooth, I find
it hard to believe him the same man. Many a church
member saw I, walking behind the music, that has danced
in the same measure with me, when Somebody was
fiddler, and, it might be, an Indian powwow or a Lapland
wizard changing hands with us! That is but a trifle, when a
woman knows the world. But this minister. Couldst thou
surely tell, Hester, whether he was the same man that
encountered thee on the forest path?’
‘Madam, I know not of what you speak,’ answered
Hester Prynne, feeling Mistress Hibbins to be of infirm
mind; yet strangely startled and awe-stricken by the
confidence with which she affirmed a personal connexion
between so many persons (herself among them) and the
Evil One. ‘It is not for me to talk lightly of a learned and

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pious minister of the Word, like the Reverend Mr.

Dimmesdale.’
‘Fie, woman—fie!’ cried the old lady, shaking her
finger at Hester. ‘Dost thou think I have been to the forest
so many times, and have yet no skill to judge who else has
been there? Yea, though no leaf of the wild garlands
which they wore while they danced be left in their hair! I
know thee, Hester, for I behold the token. We may all see
it in the sunshine! and it glows like a red flame in the dark.
Thou wearest it openly, so there need be no question
about that. But this minister! Let me tell thee in thine ear!
When the Black Man sees one of his own servants, signed
and sealed, so shy of owning to the bond as is the
Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale, he hath a way of ordering
matters so that the mark shall be disclosed, in open
daylight, to the eyes of all the world! What is that the
minister seeks to hide, with his hand always over his heart?
Ha, Hester Prynne?’
‘What is it, good Mistress Hibbins?’ eagerly asked little
Pearl. ‘Hast thou seen it?’
‘No matter, darling!’ responded Mistress Hibbins,
making Pearl a profound reverence. ‘Thou thyself wilt see
it, one time or another. They say, child, thou art of the
lineage of the Prince of Air! Wilt thou ride with me some

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fine night to see thy father? Then thou shalt know

wherefore the minister keeps his hand over his heart!’
Laughing so shrilly that all the market-place could hear
her, the weird old gentlewoman took her departure.
By this time the preliminary prayer had been offered in
the meeting-house, and the accents of the Reverend Mr.
Dimmesdale were heard commencing his discourse. An
irresistible feeling kept Hester near the spot. As the sacred
edifice was too much thronged to admit another auditor,
she took up her position close beside the scaffold of the
pillory. It was in sufficient proximity to bring the whole
sermon to her ears, in the shape of an indistinct but varied
murmur and flow of the minister’s very peculiar voice.
This vocal organ was in itself a rich endowment,
insomuch that a listener, comprehending nothing of the
language in which the preacher spoke, might still have
been swayed to and fro by the mere tone and cadence.
Like all other music, it breathed passion and pathos, and
emotions high or tender, in a tongue native to the human
heart, wherever educated. Muffled as the sound was by its
passage through the church walls, Hester Prynne listened
with such intenseness, and sympathized so intimately, that
the sermon had throughout a meaning for her, entirely
apart from its indistinguishable words. These, perhaps, if

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more distinctly heard, might have been only a grosser

medium, and have clogged the spiritual sense. Now she
caught the low undertone, as of the wind sinking down to
repose itself; then ascended with it, as it rose through
progressive gradations of sweetness and power, until its
volume seemed to envelop her with an atmosphere of awe
and solemn grandeur. And yet, majestic as the voice
sometimes became, there was for ever in it an essential
character of plaintiveness. A loud or low expression of
anguish—the whisper, or the shriek, as it might be
conceived, of suffering humanity, that touched a sensibility
in every bosom! At times this deep strain of pathos was all
that could be heard, and scarcely heard sighing amid a
desolate silence. But even when the minister’s voice grew
high and commanding—when it gushed irrepressibly
upward—when it assumed its utmost breadth and power,
so overfilling the church as to burst its way through the
solid walls, and diffuse itself in the open air—still, if the
auditor listened intently, and for the purpose, he could
detect the same cry of pain. What was it? The complaint
of a human heart, sorrow-laden, perchance guilty, telling
its secret, whether of guilt or sorrow, to the great heart of
mankind; beseeching its sympathy or forgiveness,—at
every moment,—in each accent,—and never in vain! It

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was this profound and continual undertone that gave the

clergyman his most appropriate power.
During all this time, Hester stood, statue-like, at the
foot of the scaffold. If the minister’s voice had not kept
her there, there would, nevertheless, have been an
inevitable magnetism in that spot, whence she dated the
first hour of her life of ignominy. There was a sense
within her—too ill-defined to be made a thought, but
weighing heavily on her mind—that her whole orb of life,
both before and after, was connected with this spot, as
with the one point that gave it unity.
Little Pearl, meanwhile, had quitted her mother’s side,
and was playing at her own will about the market-place.
She made the sombre crowd cheerful by her erratic and
glistening ray, even as a bird of bright plumage illuminates
a whole tree of dusky foliage by darting to and fro, half
seen and half concealed amid the twilight of the clustering
leaves. She had an undulating, but oftentimes a sharp and
irregular movement. It indicated the restless vivacity of her
spirit, which to-day was doubly indefatigable in its tip-toe
dance, because it was played upon and vibrated with her
mother’s disquietude. Whenever Pearl saw anything to
excite her ever active and wandering curiosity, she flew
thitherward, and, as we might say, seized upon that man

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or thing as her own property, so far as she desired it, but

without yielding the minutest degree of control over her
motions in requital. The Puritans looked on, and, if they
smiled, were none the less inclined to pronounce the child
a demon offspring, from the indescribable charm of beauty
and eccentricity that shone through her little figure, and
sparkled with its activity. She ran and looked the wild
Indian in the face, and he grew conscious of a nature
wilder than his own. Thence, with native audacity, but
still with a reserve as characteristic, she flew into the midst
of a group of mariners, the swarthy-cheeked wild men of
the ocean, as the Indians were of the land; and they gazed
wonderingly and admiringly at Pearl, as if a flake of the
sea-foam had taken the shape of a little maid, and were
gifted with a soul of the sea-fire, that flashes beneath the
prow in the night-time.
One of these seafaring men the shipmaster, indeed,
who had spoken to Hester Prynne was so smitten with
Pearl’s aspect, that he attempted to lay hands upon her,
with purpose to snatch a kiss. Finding it as impossible to
touch her as to catch a humming-bird in the air, he took
from his hat the gold chain that was twisted about it, and
threw it to the child. Pearl immediately twined it around
her neck and waist with such happy skill, that, once seen

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there, it became a part of her, and it was difficult to

imagine her without it.
‘Thy mother is yonder woman with the scarlet letter,’
said the seaman, ‘Wilt thou carry her a message from me?’
‘If the message pleases me, I will,’ answered Pearl.
‘Then tell her,’ rejoined he, ‘that I spake again with the
black-a-visaged, hump shouldered old doctor, and he
engages to bring his friend, the gentleman she wots of,
aboard with him. So let thy mother take no thought, save
for herself and thee. Wilt thou tell her this, thou witch-
baby?’
‘Mistress Hibbins says my father is the Prince of the
Air!’ cried Pearl, with a naughty smile. ‘If thou callest me
that ill-name, I shall tell him of thee, and he will chase thy
ship with a tempest!’
Pursuing a zigzag course across the marketplace, the
child returned to her mother, and communicated what the
mariner had said. Hester’s strong, calm steadfastly-
enduring spirit almost sank, at last, on beholding this dark
and grim countenance of an inevitable doom, which at the
moment when a passage seemed to open for the minister
and herself out of their labyrinth of misery—showed itself
with an unrelenting smile, right in the midst of their path.

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With her mind harassed by the terrible perplexity in

which the shipmaster’s intelligence involved her, she was
also subjected to another trial. There were many people
present from the country round about, who had often
heard of the scarlet letter, and to whom it had been made
terrific by a hundred false or exaggerated rumours, but
who had never beheld it with their own bodily eyes.
These, after exhausting other modes of amusement, now
thronged about Hester Prynne with rude and boorish
intrusiveness. Unscrupulous as it was, however, it could
not bring them nearer than a circuit of several yards. At
that distance they accordingly stood, fixed there by the
centrifugal force of the repugnance which the mystic
symbol inspired. The whole gang of sailors, likewise,
observing the press of spectators, and learning the purport
of the scarlet letter, came and thrust their sunburnt and
desperado-looking faces into the ring. Even the Indians
were affected by a sort of cold shadow of the white man’s
curiosity and, gliding through the crowd, fastened their
snake-like black eyes on Hester’s bosom, conceiving,
perhaps, that the wearer of this brilliantly embroidered
badge must needs be a personage of high dignity among
her people. Lastly, the inhabitants of the town (their own
interest in this worn-out subject languidly reviving itself,

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by sympathy with what they saw others feel) lounged idly

to the same quarter, and tormented Hester Prynne,
perhaps more than all the rest, with their cool, well-
acquainted gaze at her familiar shame. Hester saw and
recognized the selfsame faces of that group of matrons,
who had awaited her forthcoming from the prison-door
seven years ago; all save one, the youngest and only
compassionate among them, whose burial-robe she had
since made. At the final hour, when she was so soon to
fling aside the burning letter, it had strangely become the
centre of more remark and excitement, and was thus made
to sear her breast more painfully, than at any time since
the first day she put it on.
While Hester stood in that magic circle of ignominy,
where the cunning cruelty of her sentence seemed to have
fixed her for ever, the admirable preacher was looking
down from the sacred pulpit upon an audience whose very
inmost spirits had yielded to his control. The sainted
minister in the church! The woman of the scarlet letter in
the marketplace! What imagination would have been
irreverent enough to surmise that the same scorching
stigma was on them both!

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XXIII. THE REVELATION OF

THE SCARLET LETTER
The eloquent voice, on which the souls of the listening
audience had been borne aloft as on the swelling waves of
the sea, at length came to a pause. There was a momentary
silence, profound as what should follow the utterance of
oracles. Then ensued a murmur and half-hushed tumult, as
if the auditors, released from the high spell that had
transported them into the region of another’s mind, were
returning into themselves, with all their awe and wonder
still heavy on them. In a moment more the crowd began
to gush forth from the doors of the church. Now that
there was an end, they needed more breath, more fit to
support the gross and earthly life into which they relapsed,
than that atmosphere which the preacher had converted
into words of flame, and had burdened with the rich
fragrance of his thought.
In the open air their rapture broke into speech. The
street and the market-place absolutely babbled, from side
to side, with applauses of the minister. His hearers could
not rest until they had told one another of what each
knew better than he could tell or hear.

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According to their united testimony, never had man

spoken in so wise, so high, and so holy a spirit, as he that
spake this day; nor had inspiration ever breathed through
mortal lips more evidently than it did through his. Its
influence could be seen, as it were, descending upon him,
and possessing him, and continually lifting him out of the
written discourse that lay before him, and filling him with
ideas that must have been as marvellous to himself as to his
audience. His subject, it appeared, had been the relation
between the Deity and the communities of mankind, with
a special reference to the New England which they were
here planting in the wilderness. And, as he drew towards
the close, a spirit as of prophecy had come upon him,
constraining him to its purpose as mightily as the old
prophets of Israel were constrained, only with this
difference, that, whereas the Jewish seers had denounced
judgments and ruin on their country, it was his mission to
foretell a high and glorious destiny for the newly gathered
people of the Lord. But, throughout it all, and through the
whole discourse, there had been a certain deep, sad
undertone of pathos, which could not be interpreted
otherwise than as the natural regret of one soon to pass
away. Yes; their minister whom they so loved—and who
so loved them all, that he could not depart heavenward

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without a sigh—had the foreboding of untimely death

upon him, and would soon leave them in their tears. This
idea of his transitory stay on earth gave the last emphasis to
the effect which the preacher had produced; it was if an
angel, in his passage to the skies, had shaken his bright
wings over the people for an instant—at once a shadow
and a splendour—and had shed down a shower of golden
truths upon them.
Thus, there had come to the Reverend Mr.
Dimmesdale—as to most men, in their various spheres,
though seldom recognised until they see it far behind
them—an epoch of life more brilliant and full of triumph
than any previous one, or than any which could hereafter
be. He stood, at this moment, on the very proudest
eminence of superiority, to which the gifts or intellect,
rich lore, prevailing eloquence, and a reputation of whitest
sanctity, could exalt a clergyman in New England’s earliest
days, when the professional character was of itself a lofty
pedestal. Such was the position which the minister
occupied, as he bowed his head forward on the cushions
of the pulpit at the close of his Election Sermon.
Meanwhile Hester Prynne was standing beside the scaffold
of the pillory, with the scarlet letter still burning on her
breast!

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Now was heard again the clamour of the music, and

the measured tramp of the military escort issuing from the
church door. The procession was to be marshalled thence
to the town hall, where a solemn banquet would complete
the ceremonies of the day.
Once more, therefore, the train of venerable and
majestic fathers were seen moving through a broad
pathway of the people, who drew back reverently, on
either side, as the Governor and magistrates, the old and
wise men, the holy ministers, and all that were eminent
and renowned, advanced into the midst of them. When
they were fairly in the marketplace, their presence was
greeted by a shout. This—though doubtless it might
acquire additional force and volume from the child-like
loyalty which the age awarded to its rulers—was felt to be
an irrepressible outburst of enthusiasm kindled in the
auditors by that high strain of eloquence which was yet
reverberating in their ears. Each felt the impulse in
himself, and in the same breath, caught it from his
neighbour. Within the church, it had hardly been kept
down; beneath the sky it pealed upward to the zenith.
There were human beings enough, and enough of highly
wrought and symphonious feeling to produce that more
impressive sound than the organ tones of the blast, or the

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thunder, or the roar of the sea; even that mighty swell of

many voices, blended into one great voice by the universal
impulse which makes likewise one vast heart out of the
many. Never, from the soil of New England had gone up
such a shout! Never, on New England soil had stood the
man so honoured by his mortal brethren as the preacher!
How fared it with him, then? Were there not the
brilliant particles of a halo in the air about his head? So
etherealised by spirit as he was, and so apotheosised by
worshipping admirers, did his footsteps, in the procession,
really tread upon the dust of earth?
As the ranks of military men and civil fathers moved
onward, all eyes were turned towards the point where the
minister was seen to approach among them. The shout
died into a murmur, as one portion of the crowd after
another obtained a glimpse of him. How feeble and pale
he looked, amid all his triumph! The energy—or say,
rather, the inspiration which had held him up, until he
should have delivered the sacred message that had brought
its own strength along with it from heaven—was
withdrawn, now that it had so faithfully performed its
office. The glow, which they had just before beheld
burning on his cheek, was extinguished, like a flame that
sinks down hopelessly among the late decaying embers. It

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seemed hardly the face of a man alive, with such a death-

like hue: it was hardly a man with life in him, that tottered
on his path so nervously, yet tottered, and did not fall!
One of his clerical brethren—it was the venerable John
Wilson—observing the state in which Mr. Dimmesdale
was left by the retiring wave of intellect and sensibility,
stepped forward hastily to offer his support. The minister
tremulously, but decidedly, repelled the old man’s arm.
He still walked onward, if that movement could be so
described, which rather resembled the wavering effort of
an infant, with its mother’s arms in view, outstretched to
tempt him forward. And now, almost imperceptible as
were the latter steps of his progress, he had come opposite
the well-remembered and weather-darkened scaffold,
where, long since, with all that dreary lapse of time
between, Hester Prynne had encountered the world’s
ignominious stare. There stood Hester, holding little Pearl
by the hand! And there was the scarlet letter on her breast!
The minister here made a pause; although the music still
played the stately and rejoicing march to which the
procession moved. It summoned him onward—inward to
the festival!—but here he made a pause.
Bellingham, for the last few moments, had kept an
anxious eye upon him. He now left his own place in the

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procession, and advanced to give assistance judging, from

Mr. Dimmesdale’s aspect that he must otherwise inevitably
fall. But there was something in the latter’s expression that
warned back the magistrate, although a man not readily
obeying the vague intimations that pass from one spirit to
another. The crowd, meanwhile, looked on with awe and
wonder. This earthly faintness, was, in their view, only
another phase of the minister’s celestial strength; nor
would it have seemed a miracle too high to be wrought
for one so holy, had he ascended before their eyes, waxing
dimmer and brighter, and fading at last into the light of
heaven!
He turned towards the scaffold, and stretched forth his
arms.
‘Hester,’ said he, ‘come hither! Come, my little Pearl!’
It was a ghastly look with which he regarded them; but
there was something at once tender and strangely
triumphant in it. The child, with the bird-like motion,
which was one of her characteristics, flew to him, and
clasped her arms about his knees. Hester Prynne—slowly,
as if impelled by inevitable fate, and against her strongest
will—likewise drew near, but paused before she reached
him. At this instant old Roger Chillingworth thrust
himself through the crowd—or, perhaps, so dark,

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disturbed, and evil was his look, he rose up out of some

nether region—to snatch back his victim from what he
sought to do! Be that as it might, the old man rushed
forward, and caught the minister by the arm.
‘Madman, hold! what is your purpose?’ whispered he.
‘Wave back that woman! Cast off this child All shall be
well! Do not blacken your fame, and perish in dishonour!
I can yet save you! Would you bring infamy on your
sacred profession?’
‘Ha, tempter! Methinks thou art too late!’ answered the
minister, encountering his eye, fearfully, but firmly. ‘Thy
power is not what it was! With God’s help, I shall escape
thee now!’
He again extended his hand to the woman of the scarlet
letter.
‘Hester Prynne,’ cried he, with a piercing earnestness,
‘in the name of Him, so terrible and so merciful, who
gives me grace, at this last moment, to do what—for my
own heavy sin and miserable agony—I withheld myself
from doing seven years ago, come hither now, and twine
thy strength about me! Thy strength, Hester; but let it be
guided by the will which God hath granted me! This
wretched and wronged old man is opposing it with all his

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might!—with all his own might, and the fiend’s! Come,

Hester—come! Support me up yonder scaffold.’
The crowd was in a tumult. The men of rank and
dignity, who stood more immediately around the
clergyman, were so taken by surprise, and so perplexed as
to the purport of what they saw—unable to receive the
explanation which most readily presented itself, or to
imagine any other—that they remained silent and inactive
spectators of the judgement which Providence seemed
about to work. They beheld the minister, leaning on
Hester’s shoulder, and supported by her arm around him,
approach the scaffold, and ascend its steps; while still the
little hand of the sin-born child was clasped in his. Old
Roger Chillingworth followed, as one intimately
connected with the drama of guilt and sorrow in which
they had all been actors, and well entitled, therefore to be
present at its closing scene.
‘Hadst thou sought the whole earth over,’ said he
looking darkly at the clergyman, ‘there was no one place
so secret—no high place nor lowly place, where thou
couldst have escaped me—save on this very scaffold!’
‘Thanks be to Him who hath led me hither!’ answered
the minister.

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Yet he trembled, and turned to Hester, with an

expression of doubt and anxiety in his eyes, not the less
evidently betrayed, that there was a feeble smile upon his
lips.
‘Is not this better,’ murmured he, ‘than what we
dreamed of in the forest?’
‘I know not! I know not!’ she hurriedly replied ‘Better?
Yea; so we may both die, and little Pearl die with us!’
‘For thee and Pearl, be it as God shall order,’ said the
minister; ‘and God is merciful! Let me now do the will
which He hath made plain before my sight. For, Hester, I
am a dying man. So let me make haste to take my shame
upon me!’
Partly supported by Hester Prynne, and holding one
hand of little Pearl’s, the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale
turned to the dignified and venerable rulers; to the holy
ministers, who were his brethren; to the people, whose
great heart was thoroughly appalled yet overflowing with
tearful sympathy, as knowing that some deep life-matter—
which, if full of sin, was full of anguish and repentance
likewise—was now to be laid open to them. The sun, but
little past its meridian, shone down upon the clergyman,
and gave a distinctness to his figure, as he stood out from

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all the earth, to put in his plea of guilty at the bar of

Eternal Justice.
‘People of New England!’ cried he, with a voice that
rose over them, high, solemn, and majestic—yet had
always a tremor through it, and sometimes a shriek,
struggling up out of a fathomless depth of remorse and
woe—‘ye, that have loved me!—ye, that have deemed me
holy!—behold me here, the one sinner of the world! At
last—at last!—I stand upon the spot where, seven years
since, I should have stood, here, with this woman, whose
arm, more than the little strength wherewith I have crept
hitherward, sustains me at this dreadful moment, from
grovelling down upon my face! Lo, the scarlet letter which
Hester wears! Ye have all shuddered at it! Wherever her
walk hath been—wherever, so miserably burdened, she
may have hoped to find repose—it hath cast a lurid gleam
of awe and horrible repugnance round about her. But
there stood one in the midst of you, at whose brand of sin
and infamy ye have not shuddered!’
It seemed, at this point, as if the minister must leave the
remainder of his secret undisclosed. But he fought back
the bodily weakness—and, still more, the faintness of
heart—that was striving for the mastery with him. He

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threw off all assistance, and stepped passionately forward a

pace before the woman and the children.
‘It was on him!’ he continued, with a kind of
fierceness; so determined was he to speak out tile whole.
‘God’s eye beheld it! The angels were for ever pointing at
it! (The Devil knew it well, and fretted it continually with
the touch of his burning finger!) But he hid it cunningly
from men, and walked among you with the mien of a
spirit, mournful, because so pure in a sinful world! —and
sad, because he missed his heavenly kindred! Now, at the
death-hour, he stands up before you! He bids you look
again at Hester’s scarlet letter! He tells you, that, with all
its mysterious horror, it is but the shadow of what he bears
on his own breast, and that even this, his own red stigma,
is no more than the type of what has seared his inmost
heart! Stand any here that question God’s judgment on a
sinner! Behold! Behold, a dreadful witness of it!’
With a convulsive motion, he tore away the ministerial
band from before his breast. It was revealed! But it were
irreverent to describe that revelation. For an instant, the
gaze of the horror-stricken multitude was concentrated on
the ghastly miracle; while the minister stood, with a flush
of triumph in his face, as one who, in the crisis of acutest
pain, had won a victory. Then, down he sank upon the

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scaffold! Hester partly raised him, and supported his head

against her bosom. Old Roger Chillingworth knelt down
beside him, with a blank, dull countenance, out of which
the life seemed to have departed,
‘Thou hast escaped me!’ he repeated more than once.
‘Thou hast escaped me!’
‘May God forgive thee!’ said the minister. ‘Thou, too,
hast deeply sinned!’
He withdrew his dying eyes from the old man, and
fixed them on the woman and the child.
‘My little Pearl,’ said he, feebly and there was a sweet
and gentle smile over his face, as of a spirit sinking into
deep repose; nay, now that the burden was removed, it
seemed almost as if he would be sportive with the child—
‘dear little Pearl, wilt thou kiss me now? Thou wouldst
not, yonder, in the forest! But now thou wilt?’
Pearl kissed his lips. A spell was broken. The great
scene of grief, in which the wild infant bore a part had
developed all her sympathies; and as her tears fell upon her
father’s cheek, they were the pledge that she would grow
up amid human joy and sorrow, nor forever do battle with
the world, but be a woman in it. Towards her mother,
too, Pearl’s errand as a messenger of anguish was fulfilled.
‘Hester,’ said the clergyman, ‘farewell!’

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‘Shall we not meet again?’ whispered she, bending her

face down close to his. ‘Shall we not spend our immortal
life together? Surely, surely, we have ransomed one
another, with all this woe! Thou lookest far into eternity,
with those bright dying eyes! Then tell me what thou
seest!’
‘Hush, Hester—hush!’ said he, with tremulous
solemnity. ‘The law we broke I—the sin here awfully
revealed!—let these alone be in thy thoughts! I fear! I fear!
It may be, that, when we forgot our God—when we
violated our reverence each for the other’s soul—it was
thenceforth vain to hope that we could meet hereafter, in
an everlasting and pure reunion. God knows; and He is
merciful! He hath proved his mercy, most of all, in my
afflictions. By giving me this burning torture to bear upon
my breast! By sending yonder dark and terrible old man,
to keep the torture always at red-heat! By bringing me
hither, to die this death of triumphant ignominy before
the people! Had either of these agonies been wanting, I
had been lost for ever! Praised be His name! His will be
done! Farewell!’
That final word came forth with the minister’s expiring
breath. The multitude, silent till then, broke out in a
strange, deep voice of awe and wonder, which could not

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as yet find utterance, save in this murmur that rolled so

heavily after the departed spirit.

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XXIV. CONCLUSION
After many days, when time sufficed for the people to
arrange their thoughts in reference to the foregoing scene,
there was more than one account of what had been
witnessed on the scaffold.
Most of the spectators testified to having seen, on the
breast of the unhappy minister, a SCARLET LETTER—
the very semblance of that worn by Hester Prynne—
imprinted in the flesh. As regarded its origin there were
various explanations, all of which must necessarily have
been conjectural. Some affirmed that the Reverend Mr.
Dimmesdale, on the very day when Hester Prynne first
wore her ignominious badge, had begun a course of
penance—which he afterwards, in so many futile methods,
followed out—by inflicting a hideous torture on himself.
Others contended that the stigma had not been produced
until a long time subsequent, when old Roger
Chillingworth, being a potent necromancer, had caused it
to appear, through the agency of magic and poisonous
drugs. Others, again and those best able to appreciate the
minister’s peculiar sensibility, and the wonderful operation
of his spirit upon the body—whispered their belief, that

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the awful symbol was the effect of the ever-active tooth of

remorse, gnawing from the inmost heart outwardly, and at
last manifesting Heaven’s dreadful judgment by the visible
presence of the letter. The reader may choose among these
theories. We have thrown all the light we could acquire
upon the portent, and would gladly, now that it has done
its office, erase its deep print out of our own brain, where
long meditation has fixed it in very undesirable
distinctness.
It is singular, nevertheless, that certain persons, who
were spectators of the whole scene, and professed never
once to have removed their eyes from the Reverend Mr.
Dimmesdale, denied that there was any mark whatever on
his breast, more than on a new-born infant’s. Neither, by
their report, had his dying words acknowledged, nor even
remotely implied, any—the slightest—connexion on his
part, with the guilt for which Hester Prynne had so long
worn the scarlet letter. According to these highly-
respectable witnesses, the minister, conscious that he was
dying—conscious, also, that the reverence of the
multitude placed him already among saints and angels—
had desired, by yielding up his breath in the arms of that
fallen woman, to express to the world how utterly
nugatory is the choicest of man’s own righteousness. After

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The Scarlet Letter

exhausting life in his efforts for mankind’s spiritual good,

he had made the manner of his death a parable, in order to
impress on his admirers the mighty and mournful lesson,
that, in the view of Infinite Purity, we are sinners all alike.
It was to teach them, that the holiest amongst us has but
attained so far above his fellows as to discern more clearly
the Mercy which looks down, and repudiate more utterly
the phantom of human merit, which would look
aspiringly upward. Without disputing a truth so
momentous, we must be allowed to consider this version
of Mr. Dimmesdale’s story as only an instance of that
stubborn fidelity with which a man’s friends—and
especially a clergyman’s—will sometimes uphold his
character, when proofs, clear as the mid-day sunshine on
the scarlet letter, establish him a false and sin-stained
creature of the dust.
The authority which we have chiefly followed—a
manuscript of old date, drawn up from the verbal
testimony of individuals, some of whom had known
Hester Prynne, while others had heard the tale from
contemporary witnesses fully confirms the view taken in
the foregoing pages. Among many morals which press
upon us from the poor minister’s miserable experience, we
put only this into a sentence:—‘Be true! Be true! Be true!

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Show freely to the world, if not your worst, yet some trait
whereby the worst may be inferred!’
Nothing was more remarkable than the change which
took place, almost immediately after Mr. Dimmesdale’s
death, in the appearance and demeanour of the old man
known as Roger Chillingworth. All his strength and
energy—all his vital and intellectual force—seemed at
once to desert him, insomuch that he positively withered
up, shrivelled away and almost vanished from mortal sight,
like an uprooted weed that lies wilting in the sun. This
unhappy man had made the very principle of his life to
consist in the pursuit and systematic exercise revenge; and
when, by its completest triumph consummation that evil
principle was left with no further material to support it—
when, in short, there was no more Devil’s work on earth
for him to do, it only remained for the unhumanised
mortal to betake himself whither his master would find
him tasks enough, and pay him his wages duly. But, to all
these shadowy beings, so long our near acquaintances—as
well Roger Chillingworth as his companions we would
fain be merciful. It is a curious subject of observation and
inquiry, whether hatred and love be not the same thing at
bottom. Each, in its utmost development, supposes a high
degree of intimacy and heart-knowledge; each renders one

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individual dependent for the food of his affections and

spiritual fife upon another: each leaves the passionate
lover, or the no less passionate hater, forlorn and desolate
by the withdrawal of his subject. Philosophically
considered, therefore, the two passions seem essentially the
same, except that one happens to be seen in a celestial
radiance, and the other in a dusky and lurid glow. In the
spiritual world, the old physician and the minister—
mutual victims as they have been—may, unawares, have
found their earthly stock of hatred and antipathy
transmuted into golden love.
Leaving this discussion apart, we have a matter of
business to communicate to the reader. At old Roger
Chillingworth’s decease, (which took place within the
year), and by his last will and testament, of which
Governor Bellingham and the Reverend Mr. Wilson were
executors, he bequeathed a very considerable amount of
property, both here and in England to little Pearl, the
daughter of Hester Prynne.
So Pearl—the elf child—the demon offspring, as some
people up to that epoch persisted in considering her—
became the richest heiress of her day in the New World.
Not improbably this circumstance wrought a very material
change in the public estimation; and had the mother and

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child remained here, little Pearl at a marriageable period of

life might have mingled her wild blood with the lineage of
the devoutest Puritan among them all. But, in no long
time after the physician’s death, the wearer of the scarlet
letter disappeared, and Pearl along with her. For many
years, though a vague report would now and then find its
way across the sea—like a shapeless piece of driftwood
tossed ashore with the initials of a name upon it—yet no
tidings of them unquestionably authentic were received.
The story of the scarlet letter grew into a legend. Its spell,
however, was still potent, and kept the scaffold awful
where the poor minister had died, and likewise the cottage
by the sea-shore where Hester Prynne had dwelt. Near
this latter spot, one afternoon some children were at play,
when they beheld a tall woman in a gray robe approach
the cottage-door. In all those years it had never once been
opened; but either she unlocked it or the decaying wood
and iron yielded to her hand, or she glided shadow-like
through these impediments—and, at all events, went in.
On the threshold she paused—turned partly round—
for perchance the idea of entering alone and all so
changed, the home of so intense a former life, was more
dreary and desolate than even she could bear. But her

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hesitation was only for an instant, though long enough to

display a scarlet letter on her breast.
And Hester Prynne had returned, and taken up her
long-forsaken shame! But where was little Pearl? If still
alive she must now have been in the flush and bloom of
early womanhood. None knew—nor ever learned with
the fulness of perfect certainty—whether the elf-child had
gone thus untimely to a maiden grave; or whether her
wild, rich nature had been softened and subdued and made
capable of a woman’s gentle happiness. But through the
remainder of Hester’s life there were indications that the
recluse of the scarlet letter was the object of love and
interest with some inhabitant of another land. Letters
came, with armorial seals upon them, though of bearings
unknown to English heraldry. In the cottage there were
articles of comfort and luxury such as Hester never cared
to use, but which only wealth could have purchased and
affection have imagined for her. There were trifles too,
little ornaments, beautiful tokens of a continual
remembrance, that must have been wrought by delicate
fingers at the impulse of a fond heart. And once Hester
was seen embroidering a baby-garment with such a lavish
richness of golden fancy as would have raised a public

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tumult had any infant thus apparelled, been shown to our

sober-hued community.
In fine, the gossips of that day believed—and Mr.
Surveyor Pue, who made investigations a century later,
believed—and one of his recent successors in office,
moreover, faithfully believes—that Pearl was not only
alive, but married, and happy, and mindful of her mother;
and that she would most joyfully have entertained that sad
and lonely mother at her fireside.
But there was a more real life for Hester Prynne, here,
in New England, that in that unknown region where Pearl
had found a home. Here had been her sin; here, her
sorrow; and here was yet to be her penitence. She had
returned, therefore, and resumed of her own free will, for
not the sternest magistrate of that iron period would have
imposed it—resumed the symbol of which we have related
so dark a tale. Never afterwards did it quit her bosom.
But, in the lapse of the toilsome, thoughtful, and self-
devoted years that made up Hester’s life, the scarlet letter
ceased to be a stigma which attracted the world’s scorn
and bitterness, and became a type of something to be
sorrowed over, and looked upon with awe, yet with
reverence too. And, as Hester Prynne had no selfish ends,
nor lived in any measure for her own profit and

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enjoyment, people brought all their sorrows and

perplexities, and besought her counsel, as one who had
herself gone through a mighty trouble. Women, more
especially—in the continually recurring trials of wounded,
wasted, wronged, misplaced, or erring and sinful passion—
or with the dreary burden of a heart unyielded, because
unvalued and unsought came to Hester’s cottage,
demanding why they were so wretched, and what the
remedy! Hester comforted and counselled them, as best
she might. She assured them, too, of her firm belief that, at
some brighter period, when the world should have grown
ripe for it, in Heaven’s own time, a new truth would be
revealed, in order to establish the whole relation between
man and woman on a surer ground of mutual happiness.
Earlier in life, Hester had vainly imagined that she herself
might be the destined prophetess, but had long since
recognised the impossibility that any mission of divine and
mysterious truth should be confided to a woman stained
with sin, bowed down with shame, or even burdened
with a life-long sorrow. The angel and apostle of the
coming revelation must be a woman, indeed, but lofty,
pure, and beautiful, and wise; moreover, not through
dusky grief, but the ethereal medium of joy; and showing

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how sacred love should make us happy, by the truest test

of a life successful to such an end.
So said Hester Prynne, and glanced her sad eyes
downward at the scarlet letter. And, after many, many
years, a new grave was delved, near an old and sunken
one, in that burial-ground beside which King’s Chapel has
since been built. It was near that old and sunken grave, yet
with a space between, as if the dust of the two sleepers had
no right to mingle. Yet one tomb-stone served for both.
All around, there were monuments carved with armorial
bearings; and on this simple slab of slate—as the curious
investigator may still discern, and perplex himself with the
purport—there appeared the semblance of an engraved
escutcheon. It bore a device, a herald’s wording of which
may serve for a motto and brief description of our now
concluded legend; so sombre is it, and relieved only by
one ever-glowing point of light gloomier than the
shadow: —
‘ON A FIELD, SABLE, THE LETTER A, GULES"

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