MUSTARD OIL

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Consumption of edible oil is substantial throughout the country. All Indian households use it
everyday. Various types of edible oils are available in the country for eg. groundnut,
cottonseed, rapeseed, sunflower, mustard etc. Edible oils are made from respective oil seeds
by extraction process and there are some national as well as regional brands. The North-East
region of the country consumes mustard oil in large quantity. Therefore, Assam is the
preferred location.

2.0 PRODUCT
2.1 Applications
Edible oil is an integral part of the Indian palate since long. India is perhaps the largest
producer and consumer of different types of edible oils. Preference for the type of edible oil
differs from state to state, e.g. People from western India prefer groundnut or cottonseed oil
whereas North-East states like mustard oil. Hence this note is confined to mustard oil.

2.2 Compliances and quality standards

Compliance with PFA Act is necessary whereas registration under AGMARK is advisable.
BIS has specified quality standards vide 546 IS 546:1975.

3.0 MARKET POTENTIAL

Due to peculiar food habits and preparation methods, Indians use large quantities of edible
oils every day. With growing population, demand is increasing every year and the country is
importing semi-processed edible oils since long. Mustard oil is preferred as a cooking medium
by the people of North-East region including Assam. As per one estimate, there are more
than 100 oil mills in Assam but even then mustard seeds are sold to other states and
51
 mustard oil produced in other states is sold in Assam in ample quantity. Thus, good quality
mustard oil produced locally can be sold in the market.

4.0 MANUFACTURING PROCESS

The process of manufacture is well established and conventional. To begin with, dry mustard
seeds are fed to Table Ghani or oil extractor wherein about 90% of the oil is extracted.
Further processing in expeller results in additional extraction of oil. Liquid oil and solid
portion is then separated in filters. The solid portion known as oil cake is sold as cattle feed.
Edible oil is packed either in tins, jars or food grade plastic pouches. The oil contents depend
upon quality of seeds but the average recovery of oil from seeds is in the range of 30% to
34%.

5.0 CAPITAL INPUTS

5.1 Land and Building
Around 200 sq.mtrs. of plot with built-up area of 100 sq.mtrs. is sufficient. The cost of land
could be Rs. 0.50 lac whereas the built up area would cost Rs.1.75 lacs. The construction cost
is taken on a lower side as this will be a typical Ghani and will not require RCC slab on the
entire building. Thus, total cost of land and building shall be in the region of Rs.2.25 lacs.

5.2 Machinery
Keeping in mind, the demand potential and economic viability of the project, it is advisable to
install machinery to produce 72 tonnes of mustard oil every year at 100% capacity. In this
industry, plant is operated for about 210-220 days per year due to seasonal availability of oil
seeds. To have this rated production capacity, following machines are needed:

Item Qty. Price (Rs.)

Table Ghani 1 60,000
Oil Expellers 2 70,000
Filter Press 1 55,000
Other Support Equipments, electric
motor and testing facilities -- 40,000
Total 2,25,000

5.3 Miscellaneous Assets

Assets like storage tanks, packing tables, furniture, storage racks etc. are likely to cost
Rs.50,000/-.

5.4 Utilities
Power requirement would be 25 HP and water shall be required for potable and sanitation
purposes. The annual cost under this head at 100% activity level is estimated to be
Rs.60,000/-.

52
 5.5 Raw Material
The all important raw material shall be mustard seeds. The average recovery of oil is
considered to be 30%. Hence to produce 72 tonnes of edible oil per year at 100% capacity
utilisation, mustard seeds to the extent of 240 tonnes shall be required. In view of production
of mustard seeds in excess of 75,000 tonnes every year, no difficulty is envisaged in
procurement. Other materials in small quantities like additives and purifying agents shall be
available easily. Packing materials like tins, jars or plastic pouches shall be required for
which prior arrangement is advisable.

6.0 MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS

Particulars Nos. Monthly Total Monthly
Salary (Rs.) Salary (Rs.)
Skilled Worker 2 1,800 3,600
Semi-skilled Workers 2 1,500 3,000
Helpers 2 1,200 2,400
Salesman 1 2,500 2,500
Total 11,500

7.0 TENTATIVE IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

Activity Period (in months)
Application and sanction of loan 2
Site selection and commencement of civil work 1
Completion of civil work and placement of
orders for machinery 4
Erection, installation and trial runs 1

8.0 DETAILS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

8.1 Building
Particulars Area (Sq.Mtrs) Total Cost (Rs.)
Land 200 50,000
Building 100 1,75,000

8.2 Plant and Machinery

The total cost under this head is estimated to be Rs. 2.25 lacs as narrated before.

8.3 Miscellaneous Assets

The total expenditure is likely to be Rs. 50,000 as explained earlier.

8.4 Preliminary & Pre-operative Expenses

A provision of Rs .40,000/- is adequate towards expenditure like establishment charges,
interest during implementation of the project, trial run expenses, etc.

53
 8.5 Working Capital Requirement
At 60% capacity utilisation in the first year, the working capital needs would be as under:
(Rs. in lacs)
Particulars Period Margin Total Bank Promoters
Stock of Raw and PM ½ Month 30% 0.91 0.61 0.30
Stock of Finished Goods ½ Month 25% 1.20 0.90 0.30
Receivables ½ Month 25% 1.25 0.95 0.30
Working Expenses 1 Month 100% 0.20 -- 0.20
Total 3.56 2.46 1.10

8.6 Cost of the Project and Means of Financing (Rs. in lacs)

Item Amount
Land and Building 2.25
Plant and Machinery 2.25
Miscellaneous Assets 0.50
P&P Expenses 0.40
Contingencies @ 10% on Land & Building and
Plant and Machinery 0.45
Working Capital Margin 1.10
Total 6.95
Means of Finance
Promoters' Contribution 2.10
Loan from Bank/FI 4.85
Total 6.95
Debt Equity Ratio 2.31 : 1
Promoters' Contribution 30%

Financial assistance in the form of grant is available from the Ministry of Food Processing
Industries, Govt. of India, towards expenditure on technical civil works and plant and
machinery for eligible projects subject to certain terms and conditions.

9.0 PROFITABILITY CALCULATIONS

9.1 Production Capacity and Build-up
Production capacity at 100% would be 72 tonnes of mustard oil considering working of about
220-230 days every year. It is assumed that the plant would be operated at 60% and 75%
respectively during first 2 years.

54
9.2 Sales Revenue at 100% (Rs. in lacs)
Product Qty. Selling Price Sales
(Tonnes) (Rs)
Mustard Oil 72 65,000 46.80
De-oiled Cake 80 5,000 4.00
Total 50.80

9.3 Raw Materials Required at 100% (Rs. in lacs)

Product Qty. Rate per Value
(Tonnes) Ton
Mustard Seeds 240 13,000 31.20
Others -- -- 1.50
Packing Materials -- -- 3.60
Total 36.30

9.4 Utilities
The annual expenditure at 100% activity level is assumed to be Rs.60,000/-.

9.5 Interest
Interest on term loan of Rs. 4.85 lacs is calculated @ 12% considering repayment in 5 years
inclusive of a moratorium period of 1 year. Interest on working capital assistance from bank
is taken at 14% per annum.

9.6 Depreciation
It is computed on WDV basis and rates assumed are 10% on building and 20% on machinery
and miscellaneous assets.

55
10.0 PROJECTED PROFITABILITY
(Rs. in lacs)
No. Particulars 1st Year 2nd Year
A Installed Capacity ---- 72 Tonnes ----
Capacity Utilisation 60% 75%
Sales Realisation 30.48 38.10
B Cost of Production
Raw and Packing Materials 21.78 27.22
Utilities 0.36 0.45
Salaries 1.38 1.55
Stores & Spares 0.21 0.30
Repairs & Maintenance 0.30 0.42
Selling Expenses @ 7.5% 2.29 2.86
Administrative Expenses 0.24 0.36
Total 26.56 33.16
C Profit before Interest & Depreciation 3.92 4.94
Interest on Term Loan 0.55 0.41
Interest on Working Capital 0.34 0.43
Depreciation 0.68 0.55
Net Profit 2.35 3.55
Income-tax @ 20% 0.45 0.70
Profit after Tax 1.90 2.85
Cash Accruals 2.58 3.40
Repayment of Term Loan -- 1.15

11.0 BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS (Rs. in lacs)

No Particulars Amount
[A] Sales 30.48
[B] Variable Costs
Raw and Packing Materials 21.78
Utilities (70%) 0.25
Salaries (70%) 0.97
Stores & Spares 0.21
Selling Expenses (80%) 1.83
Admn Expenses (50%) 0.12
Interest on WC 0.34 25.50
[C] Contribution [A] - [B] 4.98
[D] Fixed Costs 2.63
[E] Break-Even Point (D ÷ C) 53%

56
12.0 [A] LEVERAGES

Financial Leverage
= EBIT/EBT
= 3.24 ÷ 2.35
= 1.38

Operating Leverage
= Contribution/EBT
= 4.98 ÷ 2.35
= 2.12

Degree of Total Leverage

= FL/OL
= 1.38 ÷ 2.12
= 0.65

[B] Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR)

(Rs. in lacs)
Particulars 1st Yr 2nd Yr 3rd Yr 4th Yr 5th Yr
Cash Accruals 2.58 3.40 3.61 3.86 4.12
Interest on TL 0.55 0.41 0.30 0.17 0.08
Total [A] 3.13 3.81 3.91 4.03 4.20
Interest on TL 0.55 0.41 0.30 0.17 0.08
Repayment of TL -- 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.25
Total [B] 0.55 1.61 1.50 1.37 1.33
DSCR [A] ÷ [B] 5.69 2.36 2.60 2.94 3.15
Average DSCR ------------------------------------ 3.34 -------------------------------------

57
 [C] Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
Cost of the project is Rs. 6.95 lacs.
(Rs. in lacs)
Year Cash 24% 28% 32%
Accruals
1 2.58 2.08 2.02 1.96
2 3.40 2.21 2.07 1.95
3 3.61 1.89 1.72 1.57
4 3.86 1.63 1.44 1.27
5 4.12 1.40 1.20 1.03
17.57 9.21 8.45 7.78

The IRR is around 34%.

The above stated machines are easily available locally. Other suppliers are
1. Industrial Equipments, Guwahati
2. Archana Machinery Stores, Guwahati
3. Eastend Engg. Company, 173/1, Goplarai Thakur Rd., Kolkata-700035
Tel No. 25773416/6324
4. Sadanand Aprotech Pv. Ltd. ,B-34 Mini nagar, Dahisar(E), Mumbai-400068.
Tel No. 28114536

58