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Multi Processor Classification

The document discusses two types of multiprocessor architectures - loosely coupled and tightly coupled. [1] Loosely coupled multiprocessors have independent processors that communicate through message passing, while tightly coupled multiprocessors have processors that share memory and communication networks. [2] Tightly coupled multiprocessors can provide high-speed processing but introduce challenges like memory conflicts and cache coherence issues. [3] The document outlines the key components and communication methods of these two multiprocessor architectures.

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Anik
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
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3K views

Multi Processor Classification

The document discusses two types of multiprocessor architectures - loosely coupled and tightly coupled. [1] Loosely coupled multiprocessors have independent processors that communicate through message passing, while tightly coupled multiprocessors have processors that share memory and communication networks. [2] Tightly coupled multiprocessors can provide high-speed processing but introduce challenges like memory conflicts and cache coherence issues. [3] The document outlines the key components and communication methods of these two multiprocessor architectures.

Uploaded by

Anik
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter-7

Multiprocessor Architectures
Advanced Computer Architecture

1
Introduction
• Key attributes of “multiprocessors”:-
– Single computer that includes multiple processors
– Processors may communicate at various levels
• Message passing or shared memory
• Multiprocessor and Multicomputer systems
– Similar goal, to achieve concurrency
– Multiple computer system consist of several autonomous computers
– Multiprocessor system is controlled by single operating system which
provides mechanism for interactions among processors
• Architectural models
– Tightly coupled multiprocessor
– Loosely coupled multiprocessor

2
Loosely coupled multiprocessor
• Each processor has its own set of I/O devices and memory
where it accesses most of its instructions and data
• Computer Module: Processor, I/O interface and memory
Input/Output
Local memory (I/O)
Processor (LM)
(P)

Channel and
Arbiter Switch
(CAS)

3
Loosely coupled multiprocessor contd.
• Inter-process communicate over different module happens by
exchange of messages, using message transfer system (MTS)
• Distributed system, degree of coupling is loose
• Degree of memory conflicts is less
LM I/O LM I/O

P P

CAS CAS
Computer Module 0 ………….. Computer Module N-1

Message Transfer System (MTS)

4
Loosely coupled multiprocessor contd.
• Inter module communication
– Channel arbiter and switch (CAS)
– Arbiter decide when requests from two or more computer
module collide in accessing a physical segment of MTS
• Message Transfer System (MTS)
– Time based or shared memory
– Important factor that determines performance

5
Tightly coupled multiprocessor
• TCS are used when high speed or real time
processing is desired
• Models:-
– Without private cache
– With private cache

6
Tightly coupled multiprocessor contd.
Interrupt signal
Interconnection network
(ISIN) Input Output
channels
d-1
p-1 . . disks
Processors .. Input/Output . .
.. . .
.. Interconnection network . .
0 (IOPIN) . .
0

Mapped ...... Unmapped Local Memory


Local Memory

Processor Memory
Interconnection network
(PMIN)

Shared Memory Modules


0 ......... l-1 7
Tightly coupled multiprocessor contd.
• Processor Memory Interconnection networks (PMIN)
– Switch which can connect every processor to every memory module
– Typically it is p X l crossbar switch
• Each memory module can process a request from single
processor in one memory cycle
• If two or more processors tries to access same module, then a
conflict occurs which is to be resolved by PMIN
• Methods (to reduce conflicts):-
– Keep l as large as p
– Provide a reserve storage area (Unmapped Local Memory, ULM) for
each processor, reduces inter-PE communication and thereby,
reducing conflicts
• Drawback:-
– Delays in memory reference since it passed through PMIN
8
Tightly coupled multiprocessor contd.
Interrupt signal
Interconnection network
(ISIN) Input Output
channels
d-1
p-1 . . disks
Processors .. Input/Output . .
.. . .
.. Interconnection network . .
0 (IOPIN) . .
Mapped
Local Memory 0
......
Unmapped Local Memory
Private
Caches

Processor Memory
Interconnection network
(PMIN)

Shared Memory Modules


0 ......... l-1 9
Tightly coupled multiprocessor contd.
• Private Caches (PC)
– Helps in reducing delays since memory need not be
accessed if requesting memory word is found in cache
– Traffic through crossbar gets reduced
• Problem: Cache coherence issues
• Memory Map (MM)

– Directs memory references to either ULM or Local Private


Cache

10
Tightly coupled multiprocessor contd.
• Processor types
– Homogeneous, if all processors perform same
function
– Heterogeneous, if processors perform different
functions
Note: Two functionally same processor may differ
along other parameters like I/O, memory size,

etc, i.e. they are asymmetric


• Input/Output asymmetry
– An I/O device is NOT connected to all processors
11

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