Solid State Physics: Pre-Requisite
Solid State Physics: Pre-Requisite
Solid State Physics: Pre-Requisite
Pre-requisite:
Quantum Mechanics , Electricity & Magnetism I & II, Heat and Thermodynamics, Statistical Physics.
Objectives:
1. To develop a basic knowledge of crystallography
2. To understand the x-ray diffraction in crystal investigation
3. To understand the binding forces in crystalline material
4. To develop the understanding of lattice dynamics and its uses in derivation of theories of specific heat
5. To understand the behavior of free electrons in metals and Fermi Energy.
Course out lines
Structure of Solids
Lattices and basis, Symmetry operations, Fundamental types of lattice, Position and orientation of planes in
crystals, Simple crystal structures, Atomic potential, space groups and binding forces.
Crystal diffraction and reciprocal lattice:
Diffraction of X-rays, Neutrons and electrons from crystals, Bragg’s law, Reciprocal lattice, Reciprocal
lattice to sc, bcc, fcc, orthorhombic and hexagonal crystals, Laue method, rotating crystal method, Powder
methods, Scattered wave amplitude, Ewald construction and Brillouin zone, Fourier analysis of the basis.
Phonons and Lattice Vibrations:
Lattice heat capacity, classical model, Einstein model, Enumeration of normal models, Density of state
in one, two and three dimensions, Debye model of heat capacity, Comparison with experimental
results, Thermal conductivity and resistivity, Umklapp processes.
Recommended Books:
1. C. Kittle, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7th Ed. By, Kohn Wiley, 1996.
2. N. M. W. Ashcroft and N. D. Mermin, Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976,
3. S. R. Elliott, The Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Wiley, 1998.
4. M.A. Omar, Elementary Solid State Physics, Pearson Education 2000.
5. H.M. Rosenberg, The Solid State, 3rd Edition, Oxford Science Publications 1990.
6. M.A. Wahab, Solid State Physics, Narosa Publishing House, 1999.
7. G. Burns, High Temperature Superconductivity, An Introduction, Academic Press 1992.
Lecture 1
6
Gases
7
Liquids and Liquid Crystals
+ +
-
+ - - -
+ + +
8
Crytals
SOLID MATERIALS
AMORPHOUS
CRYSTALLINE POLYCRYSTALLINE
(Non-crystalline)
Single Crystal
Crystal Structure 10
Crystalline Solid
11
Crystalline Solid
Single Pyrite
Crystal
Amorphous
Solid
Single Crystal
Crystal Structure 12
Polycrystalline Solid
Polycrystalline
Pyrite form
(Grain)
13
Amorphous Solid
14
Departure From Perfect Crystal
15
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
What is crystallography?
16
CRYSTAL LATTICE
18
Crystal Structure
Crystal Structure 19
Recipe of Crystal
20
Crystal Lattice
Crystal Structure 21
A two-dimensional Bravais lattice with
different choices for the basis
Crystal structure
23
Translational Lattice Vectors – 2D
R n = n 1 a + n2 b
r’ = r + u a + v b + w c (1)
25
Unit Cell in 2D
The smallest component of the crystal (group of atoms, ions or
molecules), which when stacked together with pure
translational repetition reproduces the whole crystal.
S S
S S S
b S S S S S
a
S S S S S
26
Unit Cell in 2D
The smallest component of the crystal (group of atoms, ions or
molecules), which when stacked together with pure
translational repetition reproduces the whole crystal.
S
The choice of S
unit cell
is not unique.
b S S
a
27
2D Unit Cell example -(NaCl)
28
Choice of origin is arbitrary - lattice points need not be
atoms - but unit cell size should always be the same.
Crystal Structure 29
This is also a unit cell -
it doesn’t matter if you start from Na or Cl
Crystal Structure 30
- or if you don’t start from an atom
Crystal Structure 31
This is NOT a unit cell even though they are all the same
- empty space is not allowed!
Crystal Structure 32
In 2D, this IS a unit cell
In 3D, it is NOT
Crystal Structure 33
Why can't the blue triangle
be a unit cell?
Crystal Structure 34
Unit Cell in 3D
Crystal Structure 35
Unit Cell in 3D
Crystal Structure 36
Three common Unit Cell in 3D
Crystal Structure 37
UNIT CELL
Crystal Structure 38
Wigner-Seitz Method
Crystal Structure 39
Wigner-Seitz Cell - 3D
Crystal Structure 40
Lattice Sites in Cubic Unit Cell
Crystal Structure 41