.

Experiment :C-2
1. Measurement of the phase difference between V
R

and V
C

in an RC circuit from Lissajous

figures.
2. Study of the frequency response of
(a) Phase shift between V
in

and V
C

and, (b) Peak charge value of the capacitor in an RC circuit.

Submitted to Mr.Golam Dastegir Al-Quaderi and
Dr. Ratan Chandra Gosh

Submitted by Muhammed Mehedi Hassan Group A ;Batch-09 Second

Year, RollSH 236 Student of Physics Department, Uinversity of Dhaka.
Date Date ofexperiment of submission April May 10,2011. 19,2011.
1

Experiment :C-2
1. Measurement of the phase difference between V
R

and V
C

in an RC circuit from Lissajous figures.

2. Study of the frequency response of
(a) Phase shift between V
in

and, (b) Peak charge value of the capacitor in an RC circuit.

Theory : if two simultaneous simple harmonic motions are applied at right angles to each other, a
Lissajous figure is obtained. If the signals have the same frequency with a constsnt phase difference
between them, the resulting figure is an ellipse in general. It is obvious that the ellipse will be confined
within a rectangular space with lengths A
x

and V
C

and A
y

, the amplitudes of the waves. However, the shape of the ellipse and and its
orientations depends on the ratio between the amplitudes as well as phase difference . Patterns for
different typical values of are shown below.
Figure 2.1 Shape of Lissajous figures for various phase differences
Let the two waves be,
x=A
x

cos t (1)
y=A
y

cos(t + ) (2)
Equation (1) cost= A x
x

Equation (2)
Ay
y

=costcossintsin=cos tcos


1 cos2 t sin
2

Now equation (1) and (2) can be combined like this:

yA
y

=
Ax
x

cos

1(
Ax
x

)2 sin (3)
sin2 =
A2 x2
x

+
A2 y2
y

A
2xy
x

cos (4)
The phase angle can be obtained from the following considerations.In general the equation (4)
represents an inclined ellipse as shown in figure 2.2.
ab
Figure 2.2 .
At x = 0 , sin2 =
A
y

y2 A2 y Hence |sin|=
A |y|
y

=
2A 2|y|
y

=
PQ RS
=BA

Considering the absolute value,

|| = sin1
BA
(5)
Thus || can be found by measuring A and B [fig 2.2.a] or, A and B [fig 2.2.b]
For a circle or vertical When a sinusoidal voltage ellipse source B=A, applied
and || =sin1 1 = 2
V
in

= V cos t (6)
In the following circuit:V
in

=V
R

+V
C

Which , in terms of the charge q(t) on the capacitor at time t, becomes

V cos t =
dq(t) dt
q(t) C
(7)
It can be shown that
q(t) = Qcos(t + ) (8)
Equation (3) clearly show that V
R

R+

Apparatus :
leads V
C

by an angle of /2
An oscilloscope. signal generator, a resistor, a capacitor and a circuit board.
Figure 2.3 Circuit diagram to determine the phase difference between V
R

&V
C

Figure 2.4 Circuit diagram to determine the phase difference between V

C

&V
in

.
4

& Table-1.Determination of Phase difference between V

R

V
C

Frequency
Type of Figure A (Hz) B (div) (div) B A
|| Degree = sin1 B A
Mean|| Degree
250
Vertical Ellipse

2.1 2.1 1 90
300 2.1 2.1 1 90
400 2.1 2.1 1 90
500 2.3 2.3 1 90
600 2.3 2.3 1 90
700
Near Circle

2.3 2.3 1 90
800 2.5 2.5 1 90
900 2.7 2.7 1 90
1000 2.9 2.9 1 90
1100
Horizontal Ellipse

1.0 1.0 1 90 90
1200 1.2 1.2 1 90
1300 1.3 1.3 1 90
1400 1.4 1.4 1 90
1500
Ellipse

3.4 3.4 1 90
1600 3.5 3.5 1 90

1700 3.7 3.7 1 90

1800 3.8 3.8 1 90
2000 4.0 4.0 1 90
3000 4.5 4.5 1 90
4000 4.7 4.7 1 90
5000 5.0 5.0 1 90
5

Table -2. Measurement of between V

C

and V
in Frequency
f lnf A B = sin1 B A
360 = t
T

(Hz) (div) (div) Degree (ms) (ms) Degree 50 3.91 7.80 0.40 2.94 0.10 19.40 0.005 1.86
100 4.61 4.10 0.25 3.49 0.08 9.20 0.008 3.13 150 5.01 5.25 0.40 4.37 0.08 6.40 0.013
4.5
200 5.29 5.30 0.60 6.50 0.10 4.75 0.021 7.58 300 5.70 5.30 1.00 10.88 0.10 3.15 0.032
11.43 400 5.99 5.25 1.30 14.34 0.10 2.48 0.040 14.51 500 6.22 5.30 1.65 17.84 0.10
1.92 0.052 18.75 600 6.40 5.30 1.90 21.01 0.11 1.80 0.061 22.00 700 6.55 5.01 2.20
26.04 0.09 1.40 0.064 23.14 800 6.69 5.05 2.40 28.38 0.09 1.22 0.073 26.55 900 6.80
5.00 2.55 30.66 0.09 1.08 0.083 30.00 1000 6.91 4.85 2.70 33.83 0.08 0.94 0.085 30.63
1300 7.17 4.05 2.55 39.02 0.07 0.77 0.091 32.73 1500 7.31 3.80 2.65 44.22 0.07 0.65
0.108 38.77 1800 7.50 3.45 2.60 48.91 0.06 0.53 0.113 40.75 2000 7.60 3.20 2.55
52.83 0.06 0.47 0.128 45.96 3000 8.01 2.45 2.15 61.35 0.05 0.31 0.161 58.06 4000
8.29 2.05 1.85 64.48 0.04 0.25 0.160 57.60 5000 8.52 1.65 1.55 69.95 0.04 0.20 0.200
72.00 6000 8.70 1.40 1.35 74.64 0.03 0.16 0.188 67.50 7000 8.85 1.15 1.12 76.88 0.03
0.14 0.214 77.14 7500 8.92 4.50 4.45 81.45 0.03 0.135 0.222 80.00 8000 8.99 1.00
1.00 90.00 0.03 0.130 0.232 82.80 9000 9.11 1.00 1.00 90.00 0.02 0.104 0.218 78.48
10000 9.21 0.95 0.95 90.00 0.02 0.09 0.222 80.00 15000 9.62 1.20 1.20 90.00 0.02
0.09 0.222 80.00
6

t T t
T

Table -3. Frequency Response of Peak Charge

Frequency lnf Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage Peak
Charge f in out gain gain
Hz V V |V V
out in

|V | 20 log
10 dB out
V
in

| Q = |V
out

| C Coulomb 30 3.40 5.40 5.40 1 0 5.40 108 40 3.69 5.30 5.30 1 0 5.30 108 50
3.91 5.25 5.25 1 0 5.25 108 60 4.09 5.25 5.25 1 0 5.25 108 70 4.25 5.20 5.20 1 0
5.20 108 100 4.61 5.20 5.20 1 0 5.20 108 200 5.30 5.25 5.20 0.99 -0.080 5.20
108 300 5.70 5.25 5.20 0.99 -0.080 5.20 108 500 6.22 5.40 5.30 0.98 -0.160 5.30
108 1000 6.91 5.20 4.20 0.81 -01.85 4.20 108 2000 7.60 5.60 3.18 0.57 -4.88 3.18
108 3000 8.01 5.80 2.40 0.41 -7.74 2.40 108 4000 8.29 5.80 2.00 0.35 -9.12 2.00
108 5000 8.52 6.00 1.70 0.28 -11.06 1.70 108 6000 8.70 6.00 1.40 0.23 -12.77
1.40 108 7000 8.85 6.20 1.20 0.19 -14.43 1.20 108 8000 8.99 6.30 1.10 0.17 15.39 1.10 108 9000 9.11 5.78 0.81 0.14 -17.11 0.80 108 10000 9.21 5.81 0.50
0.086 -21.30 0.50 108
7

Calculation : The resistor we used has a resistance of 10 k :

R=10 k=10103
The capacitance C=0.01 F=0.01106F From the Graph of vs lnf frequency f

,
f

=elnf = e7.45 = 1.7 103Hz

The Cut-Off frequency or the half power frequency ; from the second graph ln f vs
Voltage gain at voltage gain=0.717V
f
g

= elnf = e7.3 = 1.4 103Hz

From the third graphlnf vs 20 log Voltage gain the Cut-Off fre- quency at -3dB
f
g

= elnf = e7.2 = 1.3 103Hz

Average gain frequency,
f
g

=
f
g
+f
g2
= 1.4103Hz+1.3103Hz
2

= 1.35 103Hz
Average frequency of f

and f
g

is,

f=
f

+f 2
g
= 1.7103Hz+1.35103Hz
2

= 1.53 103Hz
Percentage of error in comparison between them
= |1.71.35
1.53

| 100%
=22.80%
Experimentally
exp = Theoretical value of
1
=1
2f
= 23.14161.531000
1

s = 9.6ms

theoretical

= RC = 10 103 0.01 106s=10ms

Percentage of error in comparison between them;
= |

theoretical

theoretical
exp

| 100%
= |109.6
10

| 100%

=4.0%
8

Result :
1. The phase difference between V
R

and V
C

is 90 .
2. The frequency response
(a) From second graph the frequency is 1.4103 Hz and from
third graph 1.3 103 Hz and, (b) Peak charge value of the capacitor is 5.4108 C.

Discussion :
Our experiment showed that the capacitor current is 90 out of phase with the
resistor (and source) current.Therefore the first ex- periment was solved successfully.
Performing RC oscillator experi- ment we got the feeling for the actual phase of the
RC oscillator and its relation betweeen them. Doing the experiment we were able to
identify the cut-off frequency in two different methods. Our re- sult have some deviation
which is not very significant. It was due to some experimental limitations. Firstly, the
time period taken from the gridline of the oscilloscope monitor was not accurate. When
the frequency was high(above 1200 Hz) it was hard to find the actual di- vision of the
gridline during one complete cycle. Secondly, the signal generator has no calibration
between 1000Hz to 1100Hz ; we have to assume this unmarked frequency as well as
the height of A and length of B, so there may be some error. Due to all these reason
and other experimental limitations our resulting cut-off frequency has 22.80% error.
9