Scripts
/)

Cyril Huang

uŒÌã
cyril@gyoza.homeip.net

June 14, 2002

Contents

1 GŽ 5

2 $Bourne shell 7
2.1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.1 shellÎ#‚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.2 ƕshell scriptsubshell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 ŽóÐóÿà;¶® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.1 Žó¸à . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.2 Srquote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.3 Àrݎó゠. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.4 •(Žó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.5 ×°/Žó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 Ðó9jÿà; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.1 ÿà;P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4 ¥Š²I/˜úƒ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.1 /˜úƒ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.2 ²Iúƒ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.3 Žó. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.5 File descriptorI/O0' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.6 ø×?Žf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.6.1 ?Žf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.6.2 if f¾\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.6.3 for loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.6.4 while loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.6.5 case switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.7 
Portable Shell remote shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.8 ”+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3 Regular Express 31
3.1 + 
-RE glob . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2 C-§ . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.1 ÃÍC-î . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.2 C-§ ÀrPšî . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 33
3.3 C™§ !Àrî
- . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3
CONTENTS CONTENTS

3.4 Pšë(address) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.5 greedyÝregular express . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

4 sed 35
4.1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2 Ð)fÝ addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.3 pattern/hold space, regex9 f script j . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.4 sed command úƒ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.4.1 Ãͼƒ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.4.2 pattern/hold space Ý§ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.4.3 
×M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

5 awk 45
5.1 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.2 scriptÁ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.3 Žóû›§ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.3.1 /Žó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.3.2 awkŽó Žó shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.3.3 p  ÐóArray split . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.4 ÃÍ×+° . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.4.1 ó.ìÕÐ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.4.2 if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.4.3 for loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.4.4 while . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.5 function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.6 ̀Ðó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.6.1 C™§ ‚ð -match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.6.2 íáíŒ§ print(f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.6.3 Bó rand() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.6.4 Ù system() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

6 perl 57
6.1 ÃÍ+°£]lV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.1.1 Žó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.1.2 f× . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.2 ?powerÝregular expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.3 ðàÐó . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.4 Ù§ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.4.1 process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.4.2 jn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.4.3 system call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.5 module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

uŒ`Äò·®
CONTENTS CONTENTS 5

C+°f´
Žó
7 Bourne shell, perl 59

p
7.1 . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

fB–
7.2 Hash . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

ff´ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3 . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

]º×
7.3.1 61

]º . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4 . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7.4.1 while 62

—P
7.4.2 for loop
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

ۊ
7.5 . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.6 . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

uŒ`Äò·®
CONTENTS CONTENTS

uŒ`Äò·®
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2.2 Ž ó Ð óÿ à ; ¶ ®
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y­5(Ý ? * [] ÝfE
ETàfnmatch()¼§ Ä9Ί—Ý¥
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îmatch
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Îm//úƒ s///úƒúƒð:ÕÝb
m

• p -> print ;ðôà¶

33
3.2. C-§ CHAPTER 3. REGULAR EXPRESS

• d -> delete9;ðΫ3múƒ¡ Ð)ݵB*

• c -> confirm ;ðà3súƒ ˜®ÎÎˊã‚
• g -> global ;;ð . matchÕ`/©bÏ×ÍÐ)Ýb[
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¶
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9\.ïf´ðÙÝý0Î3shellìÝwildcard * ÝêY
| ©Š›Í*
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9º
×ø‰Äbݺ
• /^#/ b#3וÝÏ×C-` µ/TRUE
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• /bag$/ bag”ݕ
• /bag/ bag3 ݕ ÄbÝP§^b9‚} sed
• /b.g/ îbag beg bugK•
• /b\.g/ îb.g
• /^..g/ bag beg bug xxgKÐ) ¬×ŠëÍCÒ
• /^.*g/ b¢C-ÝQ¡bÍgÝK|/true

uŒ`Äò·®
CHAPTER 3. REGULAR EXPRESS 3.3. C™  § -  ! À r  î 35

• /beg*/ be, beg, begg, beggg, .......

• /beg+/ beg, begg, beggg, begggg, ......
• / */ èçC-ô•
3.2.2 C-§ - ÀrPšî
• [ ] []/Ý×”Ž×C-”Ð)µ/TRUE
• [^ ] []ÝD[Œ â[]/Ý׎×C- /true
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A

Kº/TRUE
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3C™ì{} ()ÎîËÝ9°C-Ý
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ºÕ
X|ŠÝàñ^C- ŽW\{ \} \( \)
3.3 C™  § -  ! À r  î
×°C™Ý§î
• ( ) Group operator
• (str1|str2|str3) str1 Tï Tï
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str2 str3

|3à8›Ý `Ä6ἀ§Ý æ

() | extend regular expression
regex regex
• & î0ÕÝC™
• \1 \2 \3 ... ‚s///G«àÀr\(\)ÀR¼ÝC™
9;ðôÎ0
ÕÝC™
Ä&©b×Í
à \1 \2 \3 |bœ9Í
\1 Ï×ÍÀr/C™
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8086 80286 Tï80386
/[Yy]es/

C-|b9øÝ=î°
/80[23]?86/
/[A-Za-z0-9]/

î0ŠŒ¨ëg|î
/compan(y|ies)/ company companies
/0\{3,\}/

uŒ`Äò·®
3.4. Pšë(ADDRESS) CHAPTER 3. REGULAR EXPRESS

ÞæÍݕîÀr
.ËÍC™EŸ ¥Œ\1 \2Ýà°
s/.*/(&)/ ( )

Í 9°ðà3‚ð(substitue)
s/\(str1\) \(str2\)/\2 \1/

¥ŒÀr3G«b!ŒL
X|Ä6à\¼escape
& \1 \2 \3 ...

3.4 Pšë(address)
3sed, vi‡editor…&Ɲ|¼Š§Ý•Pš
9˼Š§Ýf•
TØðrangeô§address(ë) LÍÎðúƒœðà
range(addressing)s///

3ÏוÕÏë• „*J•
sed
$ sed ’1,3d’ file

.JSZaÝxxðWyy
vi
:%s/xx/yy/g
ðàÝPšÐr
• , •ó§× 1,5 î
ÏוÕÏ"•
• 0 tîו

• . êG•
• $ t¡×• 5,$ î
Ï"•Õt¡×• .,$êG•Õt¡×•
• % JSZaô‡y1,$
• x-n x?îón• .,.+10 îêG•ÕêG•è•
• x+n x?ìón•

3.5 greedy Ýregular express

XÛgreedyÎ1AŒ×•…«Ð)regular expressionݵbœ9
ôµÎ !
`bœ9patternKÐ)`
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uŒ`Äò·®
Chapter 4

sed

4.1 +
Î×ËStream EDitor
ôµÎ;›¸×™£]ø«úƒW_ìݛ®

9œÊ)Š›;Ýscripts®¼
sed

file -> stream -> sed -> stream -> file

ãy¸Ä6bÍin
§¡bÍoutX|!`;Íjn
Ä6§

jn¡XŒW±j(
.jl*
.±j;(Wj
ê. €/íŒ
Îstandard outX|ð:ÕÝ]°Î
$ sed ’sed_syntax’ old_file > new_file
$ mv new_file old_file

Äsed;ðÎà¼EC™Ý§•î
Î ×editor¼modifyjnÝ
‚

vBœÎוו§ÝX|èç, tab, ð•9°C-œ¥Š
sedÝ×PÎ

sed [address],[address][!]command[args] file

Íaddress,command
àŽSr’xxx ’‘œ addressµÎî«regular expressÝ

‹—
ðàÝúƒbd(delete), s///(‚ð) ×°Ž»
.jnyesðWno
.^bsaveC¿Ý•„*
$ sed ’s/yes/no/g’ file

.#¡«Ýۊ„*
$ sed ’/save/!d’ file
$ sed -e ’s/\(.*\)\(#.*\)/\1/’ xxx.sh

Í-eÎðàÝ×Íoption
;ðÎà3ËÍ|îÝó4` Í
ãy( )b
©½ŒLX|mŠDEaescape×ì
37
4.2. Ð)fÝADDRESSING CHAPTER 4. SED

4.2 Ð)fÝaddressing
addressÎsed…Ý©„à+
à¼'Ð)fݕ
|-E¸Æ•_ìú
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$ sed ’2d’ file

bREC¿Ý•Õjn;;„*
$ sed ’/delete/d’ file

„*èç•
$ sed ’/RE/,$d’ file

$ sed ’/START/,/END/!s/xx/yy/g’ file > file1 .xxðWyy

$ sed ’/^$/d’ file

4.3 pattern/hold space, 9regexfscriptj

AŒbËÍf||-e
$ sed -e xxxx -e xxxx file

»AÞۊ•ŽWèç•Q¡B*Xbèç•
$ sed -e ’s/\(.*\)\(#.*\)/\1/’ -e /^$/d file xxx.sh

sedÍ@NgK.וwÕpattern space
Q¡E€E® ƕ”Œw

Õpattern space9Í2]
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µ#½Epattern spaceݕ†scriptÝ
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[address],[address]{
command[args]
command[args]
...
}

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[address],[address]{command[args];command[args];...;command[args];}

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|

¶W×Ísed script fileQ¡à-f ƕ
$ sed -f script_file file

TïNÍcommandÝt¡«ŠwÍ5r; ¨²sedbÍhold spaceÎÍõD

‹—Ýbuffer
sedb°úƒ|¿à hold spacepattern space
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àpúƒ.¸§Œ¼
uŒ`Äò·®
CHAPTER 4. SED 4.4. SED COMMAND úƒ 39

4.4 sed command úƒ

command b25Íf´ðàÝ
4.4.1 Ãͼƒ
µÎ.9¿Í_ìúƒ.?¦
• Append a\ 0Õaddress¡appendXba\ ¡«XbC™
• Change c\ ;Ž×ðZC
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BœÎJ•B*‰
• Insert i\ 0Õaddress¡3G«insertC™
• Substitution s/// ‚ðÎtðàÝ
• Translate y/// |×ÍC-×ÍC-®!݂ð
a\ úƒi\úƒ
¥Œa\ i\ KŠð•ŠáÝZCAŒŠ
ÝZC bð•Šà\ 9ÍÐrîð•
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à\\¼escape*\Ä9\bœ
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Ïו
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat last

t¡×•
ZŽŽ:
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’a\
>

Ïו
> ’ last

ZŽŽ:
t¡×•
ZŽŽ:
ZŽŽ: ¬vƌð°øÄו::†¢§` øÄו`
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’$a\

º§‚ø§9øÝ®Þ
>
> sed
> ’ last
sed: -e expression #1, char 93: Unterminated ‘s’ command

ZŽŽ: ¬vƌð°øÄו::†¢§` øÄו`\

cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’$a\

º§‚ø§9øÝ®Þ
>
> sed

Ïו
> ’ last

uŒ`Äò·®
4.4. SED COMMAND úƒ CHAPTER 4. SED

t¡×•
ZŽŽ: ¬vƌð°øÄו::†¢§` øÄו`
sedº§‚ø§9øÝ®Þ

¬“½˜»P­×ð
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat address.txt

r
270
<Michele’s Address>

¬“½–n­
<Cyril’s Address>

×ð10r
<Nick’s Address>

cyril@gyoza:~$ cat insert.sed

/<Cyril’s Address>/i\
100 Gyoza Blvd\
San Jose, CA

¬“½˜»P­×ð
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed -f inser.sed address.txt

r
270
<Michele’s Address>
100 Gyoza Blvd
San Jose, CA

¬“½–n­
<Cyril’s Address>

×ð10r
<Nick’s Address>

9Íúƒ«a\ i\ œ
©b×FŠ¥Œ
µÎAŒŠ;ŽÝZC

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J adressÎÍrange 1,109ø`
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bו;ŽÝ
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cyril@gyoza:~$ cat last

Ïޕ
first line

t¡×•
second line
last line

cyril@gyoza:~$ cat change.sed

Ïו«ÏޕK„*Ý
1,2c\

Ïו«ÏޕK„*Ý
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed -f change.sed last

t¡×• last line

uŒ`Äò·®
CHAPTER 4. SED 4.4. SED COMMAND úƒ 41

¶Ž
¶
.ÏוÕÏè•Ý¶Ž
¶
$ sed ’1,10y/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/’ lower.txt

‚ðÝúƒbœ¥ŠÝÏÞ·§
AŒ3ו/ÝC™Ù)Š‚ðÝbœ
9 Í
£‚/ºàÏ×ÍÙ)Ýð*
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Ïו
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat last

Ïޕ
first line

t¡×•
second line
last line

Ïו
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’s/first/line/1’ last

Ïޕ
line line

t¡×•
second line
last line

Ïו
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’s/first/line/2’ last

Ïޕ
first line

t¡×•
second line
last line

Ïו
cyril@gyoza:~$ cat lines

Ïޕ
first line

œ9•
second line

t¡×•
multiple line line
last line

Ïו
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’s/line/row/2’ lines

Ïޕ
first line

œ9•
second line

t¡×•
multiple line row
last line

Ïו
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’s/line/row/g’ lines

Ïޕ
first row

œ9•
second row

t¡×•
multiple row row
last row

4.4.2 pattern/hold space Ý§

݋—Î#‚
• l list pattern space

• h .hold space…Ý‹—z*
.pattern space݋—copy›hold space

uŒ`Äò·®
4.4. SED COMMAND úƒ CHAPTER 4. SED

• H .pattern space݋—3hold space‹—¡«

• g .pattern space…Ý‹—z*
.hold space‹—J/›pattern space
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first line

t¡×•
second line
last line

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cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’1,2p’ last

Ïו
first line

Ïޕ
first line

Ïޕ
second line

t¡×•
second line
last line

cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’1,2l’ last

Ïו
\262\304\244@\246\346 first line$
first line

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\262\304\244G\246\346 second line$

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second line
last line
9\|Epattern spaceb?Ý݊
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cyril@gyoza:~$ cat command.txt
This describes the Linux ls command.
This describes the Linux cp command.

cyril@gyoza:~$ cat command.sed

/Linux/{
h
s/.* Linux \(.*\) .*/\1:/
p
x
}

uŒ`Äò·®
CHAPTER 4. SED 4.4. SED COMMAND úƒ 43

cyril@gyoza:~$ sed -f command.sed command.txt

ls:
This describes the Linux ls command.
cp:
This describes the Linux cp command.

Tï¶Wו
cyril@gyoza:~$ sed ’/Linux/{h;s/.* Linux \(.*\) .*/\1:/;p;x;}’ command.txt

9\:Ï×Íh.Ïו.
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uŒ`Äò·®
4.4. SED COMMAND úƒ CHAPTER 4. SED

/^$/ {
N
/^\n$/D
}

š:
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uŒ`Äò·®
CHAPTER 4. SED úƒ
4.4. SED COMMAND 45

$ cat insert.sed
/<Cyril’s Address>/i\
100 Gyoza Blvd\
San Jose, CA

Ïו
$ cat lines

Ïޕ
first line

œ9•
second line

t¡×•
multiple line line
last line

Ïו
$ sed ’/first/r insert.sed’ lines
first line
/<Cyril’s Address>/i\
100 Gyoza Blvd\

Ïޕ
San Jose, CA

œ9•
second line

t¡×•
multiple line line
last lin

Ïו
$ sed ’/first/w firstline.txt’ lines

Ïޕ
first line

œ9•
second line

t¡×•
multiple line line
last line

Ïו
$ cat firstline.txt
first line

̀
• = Œ•r
• q Òsed

Ïו
$ cat lines

Ïޕ
first line

œ9•
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t¡×•
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$ sed -e ’/first/=’ -e ’/second/q’ lines

Ïו
1

Ïޕ
first line
second line

uŒ`Äò·®
4.4. SED COMMAND úƒ CHAPTER 4. SED

bœ9Ý»š:http://www.student.northpark.edu/pemente/sed/sedfaq.html

uŒ`Äò·®
Chapter 5

awk

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tÝû›§|²awkb?9?àÝfunction|ñ§
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47
5.3. Žóû›§ CHAPTER 5. AWK

condition, BEGIN«END×Íscript;ðÎ9ø
BEGIN {xxx} /re/{xxx} END{xxx}

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š:»
¬¥Œshell command lineݎSrÔSr

$ cat /etc/mnttab
/proc /proc proc dev=31c0000 1022606134
fd /dev/fd fd rw,suid,dev=32c0000 1022606198
mnttab /etc/mnttab mntfs dev=3380000 1022606209
swap /var/run tmpfs dev=1 1022606209
swap /tmp tmpfs dev=2 1022606211

$ awk ’/swap/{print $2}’ /etc/mnttab

/var/run
/tmp

$ awk ’{print "Hello World"}’ /etc/mnttab

Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World

×Þû› ÎtabÞëû› Îèç

uŒ`Äò·®
CHAPTER 5. AWK 5.3. Ž ó û ›  § 49

$ cat datafile
99 98 3.5
300 298 4.9
498 493 5.9
699 698 7.6
900 748 9.0
1200 703 9.6
1500 651 10.4
1698 627 10.8

Bœ 9øÎ
inputËÍû›íŒ output ×Íû›

$ awk ’{print $1 $2}’ datafile
9998
300298
498493
699698
900748
1200703
1500651
1698627

9øÎ
inputËÍû›íŒoutputËÍû›
àprintíŒû›ã<r , 5
$ awk ’{print $1,$2}’ datafile
99 98
300 298
498 493
699 698
900 748
1200 703
1500 651
1698 627

9øÎ
inputËÍû›íŒoutput×Íû›
$ awk ’{print $1 "," $2}’ datafile
99,98
300,298
498,493
699,698
900,748
1200,703
1500,651
1698,627

ôµÎ1print $1$2 ‡yprint $1 $2

uŒ`Äò·®
5.3. Žóû›§ CHAPTER 5. AWK

5.3.1 /Žó
tÝ C+°ÝŠŽó
x,y,z....awkb×°/ݎó( û›îÝ/
Žó
ARGC : number of arguments on command line
ARGV : array containing the command line arguments

J•record
ARGIND :

ÏnÍû›(field)
$0 :
$1....$n :

×Íassociate arrayâbIݕ(Žó
t¡systemŒýÝerror numberš:/usr/include/errno.h
ENVIRON :
ERRNO :

FILENAME : current filename

FIELDWIDTHS : list of field widths

/ÎèçT
/Îèç
FS : field separator tab

/Î
OFS : output field seperator

/Î
RS : record separator newline
ORS : output record seperator newline
NF : number of field
NR : number of record

ÍFS, OFS, RS, ORS, NF, NRÎðàÕݚ:»

$ cat /etc/passwd
list:x:38:38:SmartList:/var/list:/bin/sh
irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var:/bin/sh
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/home:/bin/sh
cyril:x:1000:1000:Cyril Huang,,,:/home/cyril:/bin/bash

$ awk ’{FS=":"; print $7}’ /etc/passwd

/bin/sh
/bin/sh
/bin/sh
/bin/bash

$ awk ’{FS=":"; OFS=","; print $1,$6,$7}’ /etc/passwd

list,/var/list,/bin/sh
irc,/var,/bin/sh
nobody,/home,/bin/sh
cyril,/home/cyril,/bin/bash

uŒ`Äò·®
CHAPTER 5. AWK 5.3. Ž ó û ›  § 51

|J¼®conditionà
ô|J¼®conditionà
¤gŽóregular express matchÕ
NF NR

Ð~
$1 $2....

$ cat datafile
# This is the data file from experiment
99 98 3.5
300 298 4.9
498 493 5.9
# Failed data
122 123
699 698 7.6
900 748 9.0
1200 703 9.6
1500 651 10.4
1698 627 10.8

$ awk ’NF == 3 && $1 ~ /[0-9]+/{print $3,$1,$2}’ datafile

3.5 99 98
4.9 300 298
5.9 498 493
7.6 699 698
9.0 900 748
9.6 1200 703
10.4 1500 651
10.8 1698 627

5.3.2 awk ŽóshellŽó

awk  sedKÎQÃshell programmingÝ?Ì
.hŠ«shellŽóÚ;
;
PÝ var=value
varµÎawkŽó
valueµÎshellŽóÝÂ
# fs_mounted $dev $mnt_pt $fs_type
# This is shell script version of fs_mounted, check if the file system is
# mounted.
fs_mounted()
{
_BINGO=
[ $# -eq 3 ] || return $ERRNO_EINVAL
_BINGO="‘$AWK ’{if (\$1 == _DEVICE && \$2 == _MNT_PT && \$3 == _FS_TYPE) print \$1}’ _DEV
[ "$_BINGO" ] || return -1
return 0;
}

uŒ`Äò·®
5.3. Žóû›§ CHAPTER 5. AWK

shell scriptÝƕshell commandÝawkEy×°1ºC-§«sed×ø Š

TF 9Í»…«¥Œ$1 $2 $3
3AWK ’ ’ŽSr…«ÝÎawkÝ$1$2$3

3 ²« DEVICE=$1...ÎshellÝ $1 $2 $3 DEVICE MNT PT ‡ÎawkÝ Ž
óX|awkÝ$1 $2 $3b\9Íescape3G«ôµÎ1shell §¸Æ¬.
9°X›awk§
5.3.3 pArraysplitÐó
XbawkÝarrayKÎassociate array,ôµÎhash
ôµÎñb(CidÝp
9Í(CidµÎhashÝkey×&Æà1, 2 ,3 ...¼ ®pÝidÛý
3
awk…«.&&Æà(̼ id index¼¨´pÄawkœÏ€AŒ:Õ
Îó ClÝindexô| 3C…«àÝ×ø
¥Œ!p
array[1]
Î
array[0]
«c×ø &Ɲ|¼
x[1], x[2]...Ýpï1,2,3 ...45
¬associate arrayÝ4Î&
Ɲ|×Ý¥Œassociate arrayÝ¥ýŠà SrÀR¼
š:for loopÝà
°
|àsplit(string, array, [sep])¼ÿÕ×Íp
sep^b›µàFSÝ †
9ÍstringÝû›5â
×Íû›µÎ×Íp-ô
$ cat split.awk
#! /bin/awk
BEGIN{FS=":"}
/cyril/{
print $0
split($0, afield)
for (i = 0; i < NF; ++i) {
print i","afield[i]
}

delete afield[2]

for (i = 0; i <= NF; ++i) {

print i","afield[i]
}
}

$ awk -f split.awk /etc/passwd

lcyril:x:100:1::/export/lcyril:/usr/bin/bash
0,
1,lcyril
2,x
3,100
4,1
5,

uŒ`Äò·®
CHAPTER 5. AWK 5.4. ÃÍ×+° 53

6,/export/lcyril
7,/usr/bin/bash
0,
1,lcyril
2,
3,100
4,1
5,
6,/export/lcyril
7,/usr/bin/bash

5.4 ÃÍ×+°
tÝû›ÝŽó©à°²
awkfsedúÝ3y?#P+ŽÝ×]
° awkÝ+°œ c
1@3awkˍŽÝ
bcÝÁœ|µºÝ
Q
ô|. awk.c
5.4.1 ó.ìÕÐ
C Ý×ó.
+ - * / % ++ -- ^ **( 9Îfortranݼó)
C Ý×¼
= += -= *= /= %= ^= **=

C Ýאì
Ý AŒcondWñ/result1Q/result2)
! == < > <= >= != && ||
?: (c cond ? result1 : result2

ݐìÕЅ«bÍf´©½ÝµÎpattern matchÕÐ ~, !~
Þ
¼ œbàÝv«ÕÐ~=xŠÎregular express;ðmatchÝΠו•®
condition

/ÝfE
AŒŠEØÍ©Žó†re match`
µŠàÕ9ÍÕ Ð
perl

AŒxÎÍZ°óC
if (x ~ /^[0-9]+/) {
x += y
}

uŒ`Äò·®
5.4. ÃÍ×+° CHAPTER 5. AWK

5.4.2 if
^%‚ÝRµÎc‚
if (condition) {
} else if (condition) {
} else {
}

¥Œelse if«c+°×ø
5.4.3 for loop
9\ÝforbËÍ
Îcbourne shellÝá)
perlôÎ×ø
ÄperlàÝ c
shellÝ+°

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

}
for x in xarray {
}

š:»
$ cat gyoza.awk
#! /bin/awk heehee
BEGIN {
x[1]="I"
x[2]="am"
x[3]="a"
x[4]="gyoza"
y["I"]="I"
y["am"]="am"
y["a"]="a"
y["gyoza"]="gyoza"
for (i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
print x[i]
}
for item in x {
print item, x[item]
}
for item in y {
print item, y[item]
}
}

uŒ`Äò·®
CHAPTER 5. AWK 5.5. FUNCTION 55

¡«Ý gyoza.awk ^bঠ&©Îþ9ÍBEGIN‚

$ awk -f gyoza.awk gyoza.awk
I
am
a
gyoza
2 am
3 a
4 gyoza
1 I
gyoza gyoza
am am
I I
a a

5.4.4 while
^%‚ÝRµÎc‚
while (condition) {
statment
}

do {
statment
} while (condition)

for loopwhile loopK«c×ø
|àbreakÒ
continue†9loopðÕì

Í loop
5.5 function
«cH×øÝ
9Î×Ëscript
à#‚typeŠ…×
ô^b%‚ pass by
value, pass by address
ŽóÎglobalÝ

# ;P
function fun(arg1, arg2) {
arg1 = arg2
xxxx
}

4Ý»
$ cat sort.awk

uŒ`Äò·®
5.6. ̀Ðó CHAPTER 5. AWK

# sorting function
function sort(Array, elements, temp, i,j)
for (i = 2; i<= elements; ++i) {
for(j = i; array[j - 1] > array[j]; --j) {
temp = array[j]
array[j] = array[j - 1]
array[j - 1] = temp
}
}
return

וו¼
}
# main routine,
{
for (i = 2; i <= NF; ++i) {
grades[i - 1] = $i
}
sort(grades, NF-1)
printf("%s: ", $1)
for (j = 1; j <= NF - 1; ++j) {
printf("%d ", grades[j])
}
printf("\n")
}

——
$ cat grade.txt

YY
100 60 75 23
100 98 99 89

——
$ awk -f sort.awk grade.txt

YY
: 23 60 75 100
: 89 98 99 100

5.6 ̀Ðó
5.6.1 C™§-match‚ð
C™î§ sedbs///9˂ð
ÿàî×°/˜Ðó
• F/Ð)regexÝ3stringݛH
match(string, regex)
• F/C™: F/3ÏmÍC-?¡ónÍC-ÝC™
n^›µÕ9
substr(string, m, [,n])
‚ð: ‚ðÝ¿ÍÐóbÝF/œ©½
uŒ`Äò·®
CHAPTER 5. AWK 5.6. ̀Ðó 57

• . string2 …«Ð) regexÝÏ×ÍC™ðWstring1WF/1

sub(regex, string1, string2)
• .string2…«Ð)regexÝC™globallyÝI‚ðWstring1
‡ysedÝs///g
F/Jóî‚ðóê
gsub(regex, string1, string2)
• F/×ÍC™ string2…«Ð)regexÝÏnÍC™ðWstring1
‡ysedÝs///nth match
¬Îstring2^b;Ž
gensub(regex, string1, nth match, string2)
string2 ^›;;Î$0
nth match|àgTGîglobally(I)š:»
$ cat match.awk
#! /bin/awk
BEGIN{FS=":"}
/cyril/{
print $0
print match($0, /cyril/)
print substr($0, match($0, /cyril/), length("cyril"))
print gensub(/cyril/, "mark", 2)
print $0
sub(/^.*cyril/, "mark")
print $0
}

$ awk -f match.awk /etc/passwd

lcyril:x:100:1::/export/lcyril:/usr/bin/bash
2
cyril
lcyril:x:100:1::/export/lmark:/usr/bin/bash
lcyril:x:100:1::/export/lcyril:/usr/bin/bash
mark:/usr/bin/bash

9Í»àÝlength()9ÍÐó
regexàSr
bstringÝ2]Šà double
quoteÀR¼
àgensubº;Žstring2ÝÂ
‚vš:ÏëÍprint $0
9\
ÎbgreedyÝ[T3
X|©yì¡«×^
5.6.2 íáíŒ§print(f )
íŒî¼1print̍ŽÝà°
Äb??ÝformatíŒ
µ c…Ýprintf
Tïfortran×ø
printf()

à°«cÐó×ø
{printf("The sum on line %s is %d.\n", NR, $1+$2)}

uŒ`Äò·®
5.6. ̀Ðó CHAPTER 5. AWK

î×ÍC™
î×ÍJó
%s

î×ÍnÍJómÍóݘFó
%d
%n.mf

5.6.3 Bórand()
®ß+y0 Õ 1 ÝBó
BEGIN {
srand(systime())
random_num = rand()
print random_num
}

F/
1970, 1, 1Õ¨3ÝJó srand()®ß×ÍÌaÝBóp|º

¸à
systime()
rand()

5.6.4 Ùsystem()
9͜ UnixÝsystem()9ÍÐó
BEGIN {if (system("ls -l")) != 0) {
print "command failed"
}
}

Í€Ý ó.Ð󇇵|+ÛÝ

uŒ`Äò·®
Chapter 6

perl

8Eysed, awk, shell script‡Ì
Larry WallÆÿŠs€×˝|ã

‚ ×°ÓÚÓâscript½;àlÝscriptÌ
fRXbÝscriptŠpower

§Rregular expressô?]-
ŠXÝ×°AgreedyÝ®Þperlt¡« sys-
tem callÝ=”jn,process
socket program‡Ý§
¯€ŽWœú
Ý
script+Ž

perl«Í€Ñshell, TCL/expect...‡script+ŽÍ@ÎàC¶Œ¼Ý
N
×ËscriptÍ@KÎ×ÍƕP
©Ä9ÍƕPUÿ×°/+°

ºœŠÕ9°!JQ¡»ð9°scriptŽó
×]º‡‡ŽWŠ ÝcŽó«
]º  Q¦!Í@t¡ÎKÎassemblyݎó«]º¼Æ•µ«shell,
awk× ø

6.1 ÃÍ+°£]lV
6.1.1 Žó
Ñ'ãÂKŠÍþÐr
59
6.2. ?POWERÝREGULAR EXPRESSION CHAPTER 6. PERL

6.1.2 f×
6.2 ?powerÝregular expression
6.3 ðàÐó
6.4 Ù§
6.4.1 process
6.4.2 jn
6.4.3 system call

6.5 module

uŒ`Äò·®
Chapter 7

Bourne shell, perl  C+ ° f

´
9ÍÍ@Î&OS
Ýb`BœàÝC, shell perlÎ&ðàÕÝÌ

¨3E93ËÌ+°†Íf´
7.1 Žó
LŽó
shell
var=

perl
$var =

C
int var =
char var =

Makefile
var =
var :=

¸àŽó
shell
$var
${var}

awk
var

61
7.2. pHASH  +°f´
CHAPTER 7. BOURNE SHELL, PERL C

perl
$var

C
var

Makefile
${var} or $(var)
Š¥ŒÝÎ
• shellÝL$ ¬Šá¼ŽóÂ`׊$ perlµf´×l ÑA¢
µÎ$Ðr CµÎK
• shell݇rG¡bèç
var= var = Î×øÝ perlCµ^b§×
MakefileÎL¸à
«shell ×ø
¬Î‡rG¡|bèç
X|b°Ëš4B×ì
7.2 pHash
shell
array="e1 e2 e3"
perl
@array = {e1, e2 ,e2};
%hash = {key1 => val1,
key2 => val2,
key3 => val3};
C
int array[] = {1, 2, 3};
shell ݙl£]§list…«-ôàspace5
tðàݝ)
for var in $array
do
cmd1
done
array Ý-ôµÎàspace5Ý£] perlb͜ Ýforeach
foreach $var (@array) {
xxx
}
Í@9ÎC shellݶ° C^b 9ø×Í×͊›;arrayÝ-ô›ŽóÝ^
×
uŒ`Äò·®
  +°f´
CHAPTER 7. BOURNE SHELL, PERL C 7.3. fB– 63

7.3 fB–
shell
if test; then
dosomething
elif test; then
doother
else
allright
fi
perl
if (c) {
do_something;

} elsif () {
do_other;
} else {
allright;
}
C
if (c) {
do_something;
} else if () {
do_other;
} else {
allright;
}
9\Š¥ŒÝÎshellmŠÀr
else ifݶ°ëÍ×øfP¶°

shell^b׊à()‘œfP
©ŠtestÎØ͝ƕÝB–µ?

7.3.1 ff´
shell
C™
óÂ
[ "str1" = "str2" ]

[ num1 -ne num2 ]

perl
C™
óÂ
if ($str1 ne $str2)

if ($num1 == $num2)

uŒ`Äò·®
7.4. ]º×  +°f´
CHAPTER 7. BOURNE SHELL, PERL C

C
C™
óÂ
if (strcmp(str1, str2))

if (num1 == num2)
Š¥ŒóÂf´
C™f´
C™§ìf´ ã9\&Ɲ|:ŒÍ
@perlÎ&ðbÄPú
Ý
7.4 ]º  ×
7.4.1 while ]º
shell
while test
do
cmd
done
perl «cÎ×øÝ
tݎóà°×ø
while (condition) {
statment1;
}

unless (condition) {
statment1;
}
C
while (condition) {
statment1;
}

do {
statment1;
} while (condition)

7.4.2 for loop

Ý Î C…Ýfor loop
Bourne shell for
for var in "element1 element2 element3..."
do
echo $var
done

uŒ`Äò·®
CHAPTER 7. BOURNE SHELL, PERL C  +°f´ 7.5. —P 65

perl bËËforÝà°
for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++) {
statement
}
foreach $var (@array) {
statement;
}

C Ýà°
for (i = 0, init = 1; i < 10; i++) {
statement;
}

7.5 —P
shell

func1()
{
arg1=$1
arg2=$2
}

awk

function func1(arg1, arg2)

{
xxx
}

perl

sub func1(arg1, arg2)

{
xxx
}

int func1(int arg1, char *arg2)

{
xxx
}

uŒ`Äò·®
7.6. ۊ  +°f´
CHAPTER 7. BOURNE SHELL, PERL C

7.6 ۊ
shell
# comment
perl
# comment
C
/* comment */

uŒ`Äò·®
Bibliography

[1] Linux In a Nutshell, Ellen Siever, O’Reilly & Associates, ISBN 0596000251
[2] Sek & Awk, Dale Dougherty, et al, O’Reilly & Associates, ISBN 1565922255

[3] Perl Cookbook, Tom Christiansen, Nathan Torkington O’Reilly & Asso-
ciate, ISBN 1565922433
[4] The C Programming Language, Brian W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie,
Prentice Hall, ISBN 0131103628

67