THE BACTERIA CELL

GROUP MEMBERS : Rosnitah Bt Yacob D20091035118 Nur Eliana Bt Mohmad Noor D20091035093 Nurushuhada Bt Yahya D20091035102 Phua Wan Jien D20091035127

Traditionally, all prokaryote were called bacteria

Later, prokaryote divided into bacteria and archae due to the genetic evidence

How prokaryote differ from eukaryote?? lack of intracellular organelles (mitochondria, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosome, ) Lack membrane bounded nucleus

DIVERSITY OF STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA

Bacteria diverse group of organisms that differ in size, shape, habitat, and metabolism

Much of the knowledge about bacteria come from the studies of diseases-causing bacteria

Three basic shape of bacteria : Spherical ( coccus) Rodlike ( bacillus ) Curved (vibrio, spirillum, spirochete)

Smaller bacteria : Mycoplasma pneumoniae Bordetella pertussis Treponema pallidum

Relatively large bacteria : Azotobacter Synechococcus Achromatium

Average-size bacterium : Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus

Giant bacteria : Titanospirillum namibiensis Epulopsicium fishelsoni

 Gram staining -method of differentiating bacterial species (Gram-positive and Gram-negative). based on the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls. Detects peptidoglycan, which is present in a thick layer in Gram positive bacteria. Gram positive purple/blue color Gram negative pink/red color.

 A bacteriological laboratory technique -used to differentiate bacterial species into two large groups (Gram- positive and Gram-negative) based on the physical properties of their cell walls. Gram staining is not used to classify archaea, formally archaeabacteria, since these microorganisms yield widely varying responses that do not follow their phylogenetic groups.

 Gram-positive bacteria thick mesh-like cell wall made of peptidoglycan (50-90% of cell wall), which are stained purple by crystal violet Gram-negative bacteria thinner layer (10% of cell wall), which are stained pink by the counter-stain. There are four basic steps of the Gram stain: applying a primary stain (crystal violet) to a heat-fixed (death by heat) smear of a bacterial culture the addition of a trapping agent (Gram's iodine) rapid decolorization with alcohol or acetone, and counterstaining with safranin.

The Cell Envelope

Cell membrane and cell wall plus an outer membrane if one is present. The cell wall consists of the peptidoglycan layer and attached structures. Most bacterial cell envelopes fall into two major categories Gram positive and Gram negative. The peptidoglycan a single bag-shaped, highly cross-linked macromolecule that surrounds the bacterial cell membrane and provides rigidity. Peptidoglycan consists of a glycan (polysaccharide) backbone consisting of N-acetyl muramic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine with peptide side chains containing D- and L- amino acids and in some instances diaminopimelic acid.

SLIME LAYERS
CAPSULES
A glycocalyx is considered a slime layer when the glycoprotein molecules are loosely associated with the cell wall. Bacteria that are covered with this loose shield are protected from dehydration and loss of nutrients.

The glycocalyx is considered a capsule when the polysaccharides are more firmly attached to the cell wall.

Capsules have a gummy, sticky consistency and provide protection as well as adhesion to solid surfaces and to nutrients in the environment.

FUNCTIONS
Considered a virulence factor - enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease (prevents by phagocytosis). Capsules make bacterial surface components more slippery, helping the bacterium to escape engulfment by phagocytic cells Hydrophilic and help the bacterium avoid desiccation (dehydration)

A layer that lies outside the cell wall Well organized layer, not easily washed off Attached tightly to the bacterium and has definite boundaries Usually polymers of simple sugars (polysaccharides)

The capsule is found most commonly among Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae

Some Gram-positive bacteria may also have a capsule: Bacillus megaterium for example, synthesizes a capsule composed of polypeptide and polysaccharides. Streptococcus pyogenes synthesizes a hyaluronic acid capsule.

PILI / FIMBRIAE

Purpose : motility Structures : long specialized appendages which rotate by means of a motor Located : under cytoplasmic membrane May have one, a few or many flagella in different position on the cell

PILI An elongate and hollow appendage allows the transfer of plasmid DNA from one bacterial cell to another (called sex pili) FIMBRIAE Fine, hairlike made of protein(pilin) allow bacteria to attach to other cell Found mostly in male cells Most in Gram negative bacteria Ex : Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. menigitidis

BACTERIAL CONJUGATION

PILUS

CYTOPLASM

The cytoplasm is where the organelles carry out the processes necessary for the life of the bacterium. The components of the cytoplasm are responsible for cell growth, metabolism, elimination of waste and replication (reproduction) of the cell.

Cytoplasm Genetic Content

The DNA appear as long coil distributed through the cytoplasm. Mostly DNA present as a single, circular chromosome. But, some consist 2 chromosomes, some linear form. Consist plasmid. (carry auxiliary information) Sequence of bases in the DNA determined bacteria. Exp: Mycoplasma gallinarum (580,000 base pairs) E. coli (4,700,000 base pairs) Myxococcus xanthus (9,140,000) Bacterial DNA contains 4 nitrogenous bases: Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Thymine (T)

Cytoplasmic structures
High concentrations of enzymes, metabolites, and salts. Ribosomes scattered throughout the cytoplasm But smaller, have fewer constituents compare to ribosomes of eukaryotic cells Can be inhibited by antibiotics Consists numerous inclusion bodies, or granules in the bacterial cytoplasm. Not enclosed by membrane and served as storage vessels. Possess lipid droplets that contain polymeric esters of poly-hydroxybutyric acid. Storage granules produced under favourable growth conditions. Consumed after nutrients have been depleted from the medium. Aquatic bacteria produces gas vacoule. Consist internal membranous.

Biotypes of bacteria

Distinguishable by serological tests. Identify bacteria by the presence of specific molecules on their surfaces, detected by antibodies. Antibodies are serum protein that bind very tightly to foreign molecules(antigens). Antibodies have remarkable specificity. Bacteria able to respond effectively to the intense defensive actions of the immune system.