Samvadam Jan 2003

2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 1
]p-kv-X-I-w- c≠v- / e-°w- H-º-X-v / 2003 P\p-h-cn-- ˛1 /1423 i-∆m¬-˛28
4 hm-b-\-°m-cp-sS- kw-hm-Zw-
6 Xn-cp-sam-gn-
7 ]-{Xm-[-n-]¿-°v- ]-d-bm-\p-≈-Xv-
9 ^-td-m-h˛ lm-am≥- I-Y
Jp¿-B-\n-s‚- -ssZ-hn-I-X-bv-°p-≈- N-cn-{X- km-£yw-
˛ Fw.- Fw.- AIv-_¿-
14 Ckvemans≥d {]kIvXn
˛hn.F. aplΩZv Ajvd^v
25 Ip-cn-ipw- {In-kv-Xp-a-X-hpw-
˛ap-l-Ω-Z-en- am-kv-‰¿-
32 A-h-Xm-c-k-¶¬-]-w- sX-‰pw- i-cn-bp-w-
˛k-v-t\-l-Pm≥-
37 Ip-cn-ip- a-c-Ww-:- hn-a¿-i-I¿-°p- sX-fn-hn-√-
kw-hm-Z-w-
˛s_-∂-‰v- Ip-cy-m-t°m-kv-
40 tbip- c-£-s]-Sm≥- {i-an-®n-s√-t∂m?-
˛A-en.- sI-.- a-cp-X-
22 Iq-Sn-°m-gv-N-
1 _-\q-C-kv-dm-Cu-ep-Im-sc- i-]n-®-Xv- i-cn-tbm?-
2 k-lm-b- hm-Kv-Zm-\-ap-≠m-bn-´pw- Nn-e- Zq-X≥-am¿- sIm-√-s∏-´-sX-¥p-sIm-≠v?-
3 {In-kv-Xy-m-\n-I-fp-sS- ù-Xn-I- hn-P-bw-
4 C-h-sc- in-£n-°¬- A-\o-Xn-b-t√?-
5 ap-kv-enw-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-se- `n-∂n-∏pw- Jp¿-B-\n-s‚- hm-Kv-Zm-\-hpw-
Internet Edition: http://www.nicheoftruth.org/samvadam

2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 2
kp-hn-ti-jw- \-in-®p-t]m-Ip-∂-h¿-°v- t`m-j-Xz-am-Wv!- h-iyw- ]-d-™m¬- B-Sv- B-Ip-tam?-

ss_-_n-fn-s≥-d- ssZ-hn-I-X-F-∂- hn-j-b-sØ- B-kv-]-Z-am- k-XyØn-s≥-d- B-Xv-am-hv-˛]-cn-ip-≤m-Xv-am-hv-˛ A-dn-bn-®p-X-∂-
°n-bp-≈- F-s≥-d- {]-`m-j-W-Øn-\v- {]-Xn-I-c-W-am-bn- an-kv-‰¿- Xv- kp-hn-ti-j-Øn-\v- ti-j-ap-≈- k-I-e- F-gp-Øp-I-fpw- ssZ-
A¬-Xm-^v,- tIm-´-bw- F-gp-Xn-b- I-Øn-\p-≈- a-dp-]-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv.- hm-Xv-a- \n-tbm-K-Øm¬- ssZ-h-k-`-°m-bn- ssZ-h-a-\p-jy≥- F-gp-
an-kv-‰¿- A¬-Xm-^n-s\- Hm¿-Ø-t∏mƒ- F-s≥-d- a-\- n¬- I- Xn-b-Xm-Wv- (tbm-l-:- 16:-12,- 13 hm-Iy-ßƒ- t\m-°p-I-).- te-J-\-
S-∂p-h-∂-Xv- ss_-_n-fn-se- Nn-e- hm-Iy-ß-fm-Wv.- ""Cu- tem-I- ß-sf-√mw- ssZ-h-k-`-bp-sS- hn-izm-kn-I-fp-sS- Po-hn-X-{I-a-Øn-\m-
Øn-s≥-d- tZ-h≥- (]n-im-Nv-)- A-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-b- Ah-cp-sS- a-\- bn- F-gp-Xn-b-h-bm-Wv.- B- Xn-cp-h-N-\- {]-Im-c-am-Wv- k-`-bn-se-
n-s\- A-\v-[-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- X-∂n-an-Øw- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- {]- Aw-K-ßƒ- Po-hn-t°-≠-Xv.- "h-cp-hm-\p-≈-Xv'- F-∂-Xv- sh-fn-]m-
Xn-cq-]am-b- {In-kv-Xp-hn-s≥-d- a-l-Xz-ta-dn-b- kp-hn-ti-j-Øn-s≥d- Sv- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-epw- C-X-c- te-J-\-ß-fn-epw- F-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.-
{]-Im-i-\w- A-h¿-°v- Zr-iy-a-√''- (2 sImcn- 4:-4).- ""]-≠p-X-s∂- ss_-_nfn¬- ]-db - p-∂X - v- "k-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- B-Xva - m-hv'- F∂m-
in-£-°m-bn- \n-iv-N-bn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂- Nn-e- Zp-jv-S-a-\p-jy¿- \n- Wv.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- B-Xv-am-hv- am-{Xw- B-bn-cp-∂n-√-t√m.- hn-i-Z-am-b- D
ß-fp-sS- C-S-bn¬- I-b-dn-°-q-Sn-bn-´p-≠v.- A-h¿- \-Ωp-sS- ssZ-h- Ø-cw Xn-cp-h-´m¿- Ir-jv-W≥-Ip-ń-bp-sS- "ss{I-kv-X-h- C-kv-emw-
Øn-s≥-d- Ir-]-sb- X-ß-fp-sS- A-ip-≤-Po-hn-X-Øn-\m-bn- Zp¿-hn- kw-hm-Zw'- (GLS publishing, 2000) -t]-Pv- 128 ap-X¬- Im-Wp-I.-
\n-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bpw- \-Ωp-sS- G-I-\m-Y-\pw- I¿-Øm-hp-am-b- tb- an.- Fw.-Fw.- A-Iv-_-dpsS- ssI-h-iw- Cu- ]p-kv-X-Iw- D-≠v.- Cu-
ip-{In-kv-Xp-hn-s\- X-≈n-∏-d-bp-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p-'' (bqZm-:- 4). "".....- A-[ym-bw- "kvt- \-lk - w-hm-Z'-Øn¬- {]-kn-≤o-Ic - n-°p-hm≥- Bh-
ssZ-h-sØ- A-dn-bm-Ø-h¿-°pw- \-Ωp-sS- I¿-Øm-hm-b- tb-ip- iy-s∏-Sp-I.-
hn-s≥-d- kp-hn-ti-jw- A-\p-k-cn-°m-Ø-h¿-°pw- {]-Xn-I-c-Ww- tbm-l- 1:-19 B- {]-hm-N-I≥- A-Y-hm- tam-i- ]-d™- {]-hm-
N-I≥- tb-ip-hm-Wv.- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- hm-°p-Iƒ- {i-≤n-
°p-I-:- tbm-l- 5:-46,- "\n-ßƒ- tami-sb- hn-iz-kn-®p-sh-
¶n¬- F-s∂-bpw- hn-iz-kn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.- A-h≥- F
s∂-°p-dn-®v- F-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p'-.- eq-t°m-kv- 24:-44 "tam-
si-bp-sS- \ym-b-{]-am-W-Øn-epw- {]-hm-N-I- ]p-kv-X-I-
ß-fn-epw- k-¶o¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-epw- F-s∂-°p-dn-®v- F-gp-
Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p....'- 24:-27 "tam-si- Xp-S-ßn- k-I-e- {]-hm-
hm-b-\-°m-cp-sS- N-I∑- m-cn¬ \- n-∂pw- F-√m- Xncp-sh-gp-Øp-If - n-epw-Xs
Ip-dn-®p-≈-Xv- A-h¿-°v- hym-Jym-\n-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp'.- tb-
- ∂-
ip-hn-s≥-d- in-jy-∑m¿-°v- tb-ip-hm-Wv- B- {]-hm-N-I≥-

kw-hm-Zw- F-∂-Xn¬- kw-i-b-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.-
A-t∏m- 3:-22 ]-t{Xm-kv- B-h¿-Ø-\- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-
se- hm-Iyw- D-≤-cn-®v- tb-ip-hn-s\-°p-d-n-®m-Wv- A-sX-
∂v- k-a¿-Yn-°p-∂p- (B-h-:- 18:-18,- A-t∏m.- {].- 3:-20˛22).-
sIm-Sp-°p-∂p......-'-(2 sX- - 1:-7)-.- kp-hn-ti-jw- A-\p-k-cn-®v- c- ^n-en-t∏m-kv-:- "^n-en-t∏mkv- \Y-\-tb-en-s\- I-≠p.- \ym-b-
£-{]m-]n-°p-hm≥- A¬-Xm-^n-\v- ssZ-hw- Ir-]- sN-ø-s´-!- {]-am-W-hpw- (tam-i-bp-sS- ]p-kv-X-Iw)- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cpw- F-gp-Xn-
A¬-Xm-^v- D-∂-bn-®n-´p-≈- F-√m- Im-cy-ß-fpw- t\-c-sØ- bn-cn-°p-∂-h-s\- I-s≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p- F-∂v- ]-d-™p'.- tb-ip-
ap-kv-enw-Iƒ- D-∂-bn-®n-´p-≈-Xpw- A-Xn-\v- a-dp-]-Sn- ]-d-bp-I-bpw- hn-s\- I-≠- Im-cy-am-Wn-Xv.- tb-ip-hn-s\- A-\p-K-an-®- P-\-Øn-
sN-bvX- n-´p-≈X- m-Wv.- "kvt- \-lk- w-hm-Zw'- am-{Xw- I-≠n-´p-≈- A¬- s≥-d- km-£yw-:- 1.- "tem-I-Øn-te-°v- h-cp-hm-\p-≈- {]-hm-N-I≥-
Xm^v- A-sXm-∂pw- hm-bn-®n-cn-°m≥- km-[y-X-bn-√.- Z-b-hm-bn- C-h≥- B-Ip-∂p- k-Xyw- F-∂v- ]-d-™p'- (tbm-l- 6:-14).- 2.- "C-h-
Cu- hm-Z-ßƒ-°v- a-dp-]-Sn- ]-d-™n-´p-≈-Xv- hm-bn-®v- Im-cy-ßƒ- ≥- km-£m¬- B- {]-hm-N-I≥- B-Ip-∂p- F-∂v- ]-d™p'- (tbm-
{K-ln-°p-I.- "kvt- \-lk - w-hm-Z'-Øn¬- ]-db - p-∂- _-lp-`q-cn-]£ - w- l- 7:-40)-.- kv-tX^m-t\m-kv-:- A-s∏m- 7:-37,-52 hm-Iy-ßƒ- t\m-°p-
Im-cy-ßfpw- a-dp-]-Sn- \¬-I-s∏-ń-´p-≈-h-bm-Wv.- an.- Fw.-Fw.- A- I.- B-h¿- 18:-18¬- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv- ap-l-Ω-Zn-s\-°p-dn-®-√-, tb-ip-hn-
Iv-_¿- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®- Im-cy-ßƒ- A-√- A-h.- Xm-¶ƒ-°v- C-h- ]p- s\- Ip-dn-®m-Wv.- A¬-Xm-^v- \n-c-Øp-∂- km-ay-ß-tf-°mƒ- Iq-
Xn-b- Im-cy-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw.- I-jv-Sw.- H-cn-°-epw- \n-®n-s≥-d- B- Sp-X¬- ssh-cp-[y-ßƒ- tam-si-bpw- ap-l-Ω-Zpw- X-Ωn-ep-≠v.- tam-
fp-I-sf- Im-cy-ßƒ- ]-d-™v- t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥- I-gn-bn-√.- F- sisb-°p-dn-®pw- ap-l-Ω-Zn-s\-°p-dn-®pw- \n-c-Øp-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ-
{X- {]-m-h-iyw- D-Ø-cw- ]-d-™m-epw- A-Xv- B-h¿-Øn-®m-h¿-Øn- A-[nIw- km-ay-ß-fpw- tb-ip-hpw- tam-si-bpw- X-Ωn-ep-≠v.- tam-
®v- tNm-Zn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Is - b-∂X - v- an.- Fw.-Fw.- A-Iv_
- d - n-s≥d- si C-°m-cyw- {]-kv-Xm-hn-°p-∂-Xv- bn-kv-lm-°n-s≥-d- Im-e-Ø-
bpw- Iq-´-cp-sS-bpw- kv-Yn-cw- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bm-Wv- (D-Zm-:- kv-t\-l-kw- √.- 400e-[n-Iw- h¿-j-ßƒ-°v- ti-j-ap-≈- bm-t°m-_n-s≥-d- k-
hm-Zw- \-hw-_¿- 2002,- t]-Pv- 9 ap-X¬- Im-Wp-I-).- A-t∏mƒ-X- ¥m-\- ]-c-º-c-I-tfm-Sm-Wv.- bn-kv-lm-°n-s≥-d- k-tlm-Z-c-\m-Wv-
s∂- A-Xn-\v- ]n-∂n-se- D-t±-iyw- Du-ln-°m-a-t√m.- F-¶n-epw- Nn- bn-iv-am-tb¬.- 400 h¿-jw- I-gn-™-t∏mƒ- bn-{km-tb-en-\v- A-h-
e-h-bv-°v- D-Ø-cw- F-gp-Xp-∂p.- tb-iq-{In-kv-Xp- ]-d-™- k-Xy- cp-am-bn- bm-sXm-cp- _-\v[ - h
- pan-√m-sX-bm-bn.- A-Øc - w- H-cp- kml-
Øn-s≥-d- BXv-am-hv- ]-cn-ip-≤m-Xv-am-hm-Wv.- tem-I-Øn-se- P-\- N-cy-Øn¬- bn-iv-am-tb¬- hw-i-P≥- h-∂v- c-£-\¬-Ipw- F-∂v-
kw-Jy-bn¬- _-lp-`q-cn-]-£w-h-cp-∂- {In-kv-Xym-\n-I-fp-sS- hn- ]d-bp-tam?- ho-s≠-Sp-∏p-Im-c≥- b-lq-Zm- tKm-{X-°m-c\ - m-bn-cn-°pw-
izm-k- {]-am-W-am-b- ss_-_nƒ- ]-d-™n-cn-°p-∂- "Im-cy-kv-Y≥'- F-∂m-Wv- bm-t°m-_v- ]-d-™-Xv- (D¬-]-Øn- 49:-10).- D¬-]-Øn- 2-
]-cn-ip-≤m-Xv-am-hm-sW-∂-Xn¬- A-h¿-°v- H-cp- kw-i-b-hpw- C-√.- 5:18¬- ]-d-bp-∂- ]-cm-a¿-i-tØm-sS- bn-iv-am-tb¬- N-cn-{Xw- Xo¿-
\n-ßƒ- Ip-sd-t]¿- C-ß-s\- ]-d-s™-∂v- hn-Nm-cn-®v- R-ß-fp- ∂p.- ]n-∂o-Sv- H-cp-Im-cy-hpw- ]-d-bp-∂n-√.- ]n-s∂- bm-t°m-_n-s≥d-
sS- hn-izm-k-sØ- R-ßƒ- am-‰n-√.- B\- B-Sm-sW-∂v- ]-e- {]m- bpw- A-h-s≥-d- k-¥-Xn-]-c-º-c-I-fm-b- bn{km-tb-en-s≥-d-bpw- N-
cn-{X-am-Wv- ss_-_nƒ.- A-ß-s\-bn-cn-s°- bn-{km-tb¬- a°ƒ-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 3
°v- tI´p-tIƒ-hn- t]m-epw- C-√m-Ø- C-h- sk-]v-Xw-_¿- am-k-Øn-se- kv-t\-l- hns\bpw JWvUn°msX CsXm∂pw
cn¬- H-cp-Ø-s\- A-h¿-°v- {]-hm-N-I-\m-bn- kw-hm-Z-Øn¬- an.- ap-l-Ω-Z-en- am-kv-‰-dp-sS- ]pXnb I≠p]nSnØa√, \q‰m≠pIƒ
A-b°p-sa-∂v- tam-si- H-cn-°-epw- ]-d-bn- "tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- {Iq-ip-ac - W- w- H-cp- an-Yy'- F- °papºv {InkvXy≥ IayqWn‰n adp]Sn
√.- ]-d-™n-ń-√.- bn-{km-tb¬-Im¿-°v- th- ∂- te-J-\-sØ-°p-dn-®v- H-cp- hm-°v.- ap-l- sImSpØXmWv, Xnkokp≠v, dntk¿®p
≠mØ- H-cph-s\- \n-ßƒ- F-¥n-\m-Wv- Ω-Z-en- am-kv-‰¿- ]p-e-ºp-∂- {]-em-]-ßƒ- ≠v Fs∂√mw "R™Ω-n™' ]d™v
thW-sa-∂v- h-cp-Øn-Øo¿-°p-∂-Xv?- B- ap≥-Im-e-ß-fn¬- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ- D-∂-bn-®n- Hgn™pamdpIbmWv {InkvXy≥ {]Xn\n
h¿.- 17:- 14,-15 hm-bn-°p-I-:- "\n-s≥-d- k-tlm- ´p-≈-h-bpw- "N-h-®p-Xp-∏n-b- I-cn-ºn≥- N- [nIƒ sNbvXXv.
Z-c≥- A-√m-Ø- bm-sXm-cp- A-\y-Pm-Xn-°m- ≠n'-t]m-se- C-hs - b-√mw- {In-kvX - ym-\n-Iƒ- sXfnhpIƒ \ncØm≥ km[n°msX
c-t\-bpw- cm-Pm-hm-°n-°q-Sm.- A-Xm-b-Xv- 12 X-≈n-°-f-™-h-bp-am-Wv.- C-h-sb-√mw- ho- sh{]mfs∏´ t\cØv hnjbhpambn
tKm-{X-Øn¬-s]-Sm-Øh - ≥- A-\y-Pm-Xn-°m- ≠pw- D-∂-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]n-∂n-se- B-Xv-
c-\m-Wv.- A¬-Xm-^n-s≥-dbpw- a-‰v- ap-kv-enw- _\v[an√msX aplΩZv \_n (k)bpsS
am¿-Y-X- F-¥m-Wv?- t]¿ hen®ng°pIbpw At±lsØ
I-fpsS-bpw- hym-Jym-\{]-Im-cw- bn-iv-am- {In-kv-Xo-b- hn-izm-k-Øn-s≥-d- A-Snkv-
tbey¿-°pw- A-h-c-p-sS- cm-Pm-hm-Imw.- bn- kv { XoeºS\mbn Nn{XoIcn°m\p≈
Ym-\- L-SI - ß- f- m-Wv- {In-kvX - p-hn-s≥-d- {]m- lo\{iaßƒ \SØpIbpw sNbv X p
{km-tb-en-s≥-d- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- A-Ø-c-Øn- b-iv-Nn-Ø- a-c-W-hpw- a-l-Xz-ta-dn-b- D-bn¿-
ep-≈- H-cp-h≥- A-h¿-°v- cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂n- Ah¿. Bbnim (d) HgnsI _m°nbp≈
sØ-gp-t∂¬-]pw.- ]m-]Ø - n¬- \n-]X - n-®- am- `mcyamsc√mw hn[hIfpw {]mbw IqSnb
ń-√.- ap-kve- nw-If- p-sS- ta¬-t°m-bva - - bn-{km- \-h-cm-in-bp-sS- c-£-bp-sS- A-Sn-Ø-d- A-
tb-ey¿-°v- ta¬- \-S-Øm≥- {i-aw- \-S-∂n- hcpambncp∂p F∂ kXyw \_nsb
Xm-Wv.- ]n-im-Nv- H-cn- °
- e - pw- C-jvS- s - ∏-Sm-Ø- Bt£]n°m\p≈ {iaØn\p hneßp
´v- F-¥m-bn?- "ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿'- F-∂v- ]-d- bm-Ym¿-Yyw.- A-Xn-\m¬- A-Xv- kw-`-hn-°m-
bp-∂-Xv- bn-{km-tb¬- tKm-{X-ß-sf-°p-dn- XSnbmbn \n¬°p∂Xp ImWptºmƒ
Xn-cn∏m≥- A-\v[ - I - m-ci
- I - vX
- n-Iƒ- H-∂S- ¶ - w- Acniw Xocm™v Ah¿ ]eXpw ]peºn
®m-Wv.- ]-iv-Nm-Ø-ew-]-Tn-®m¬- A-Xv- Iq- {i-an-®p.- in-ip-hm-bo-cp-∂- tb-ip-hn-s\- sIm-
Sp-X¬- hy-Iv-X-am-Ipw'- (B-h.- 18:-1,- 2,- \ym- s°m≠ncn°p∂p.
√m≥- {i-an-®-Xp-ap-X¬- {Iq-io-I-c-Ww- hsc-
b-:- 20:-13).- C∂v G‰hpw IqSpX¬ ssewKnI
A-h-\m-Ip-∂-Xv- F-√mw- sN-bv-Xp.- tb-ip-
A-√m-lp- ]-ds - ™-∂p-]d - ™
- v- A-hs
- c- D-bn¿Øn-√m-sb-∂pw- in-jy-∑m¿- tam-jv-Sn- NqjWt°kpIƒ {InkvXy≥ ]mXncn
`-cn-°m≥- H-∂p-sN-∂ms´. - C-\n- [m-cm-fw- ®p sIm-≠p-t]m-b-Xm-sW-∂pw- {]-N-cn-∏n- amcpsS t]cnemWv; BtKmfXeØn¬
Im-cy-ßƒ- F-gp-Xp-hm-\p-≠v.- hn-em-kw- X- ®p- (a-Øm-bn- 28:-11˛15).- ]n-im-Nn-s≥-d- Cu- Xs∂. ]{XamknIIfn¬ t^mt´m kln
∂m¬- t\-cn-´v- A-b-®p-X-cmw- (Cu- hm-Iy- X-{¥w- A-∂p-ap-X¬- Xp-S-ßn-b-Xm-Wv.- km- Xw h∂ Uk≥ IW°n\v teJ\ßfpw
ßƒ- hm-bn-°p-I- \ym-b- 20:-12,-22,- 2 im-ap- Øm-s≥-d- A-Wn-Iƒ- A-Xn∂pw- Xp-S-cp-∂p ô®dpIfpw Cu Ipdn∏pImcs≥d ]°
2:-26,- 2 cm-Pm- 23:-9,- 1 Zn-\- 12:32,- 2 Zn-\- 28:-15,- F-∂p-am-{Xw.- hn-h-c-an-√m-Ø- Nn-e- {In-kv ep≠v. hnjbw: ssewKnI ]oU\w. {]Xn
s\-l- 5:-1).- Xym-\n-If - pw- k-Xyw- A-dn-bm-Ø- Nn-e- apkv- Iƒ "hnImcnb®∑m¿'.
""ss_-_n-fpw- Jp-dm-\pw- h-kv-Xp-\n-jv- enw-I-fpw- C-Xv- hn-iz-kn-°pw.- A-{X-am-{Xw.- 2002 Unkw_¿ \men\v Hcp aebmf
T-am-bn- ]-Tn-®nń-√''-.- Jp¿-B≥- ]-Tn-t°-≠- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- ]-≤-Xn-sb- C-√m-Xm-°m≥- ]{XØn¬ h∂ hm¿ØbpsS Xes°
Xn-s≥-d- B-h-iyw- F-\n-°n-√.- ]-Tn-®-nS- Cu- Ip-{]-Nc-W-ßƒ-°v- I-gn-bn-√.- ss_ ńßs\. "ssewKnIm]hmZw: t_mkv‰¨
tØm-fw- {]-tbm-P-\w- C-√m-sb-∂v- a-\ n- _n-fn-se- H-cp- hm-Iyw- D-≤-cn-®v- Cu- Ip-dn- B¿®v _nj∏v cmPnsh®p.' XpS¿∂v ]d
em-bn.- ss_-_n-fpw- ]q¿-W-am-bn ]-Tn-®n-ń- ∏v- Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-s´.- "{Iq-in-s≥-d- k-tµ- bp∂p: "hØn°m≥ kn‰n: ]ptcmlnX∑m
√.- F-∂m¬- \n-Xy-Po-h≥- {]m-]n-°p-∂-sX- iw- \-in-®p-t]m-Ip-∂-h¿-°v- t`m-j-Xz-hpw- cpsS ssewKnI NqjWØn¬\n∂v Ipń
ß-s\-sb-∂pw- tem-I-Øn¬- Po-hn-t°-≠- c-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- \-ap-t°m- ssZ-h-`-Iv- Isf c£n°p∂Xn¬ ]cmPbs∏´Xns\
sX-ß-s\- F-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®pw- ]-Tn-°p- Xnbpw- B-Ip-∂p'- (1 sIm-dn- 1:-18)-. XpS¿∂v P\tcmjw t\cnSp∂ t_mkv
I-bpw- A-\p-`-hn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- A- h¿-Ko-kv- Fw.- km-ap-th¬- ‰¨ B¿®v _nj∏v I¿Zn\mƒ s_¿Wm
Xp-a-Xn.- Uv tem cmPnsh®p. ... IpńIsf ssewKn
C-\n- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-sb- kw-_-\v-[n- s]cpºmhq¿ kwhmZw I NqjWØn\v hnt[bam°nbXns≥d
®p-≈- ]-cm-a¿-iw.- A¬-Xm--^v- F-¥v- a-t\m- s]cpºmhq¿ kwhmZw hcsamgnbm t]cn¬ Atacn°bpsS 46,000 ]ptcmlnX
l-c-am-bn- hn-h-cn-®m-epw- ap-l-Ω-Zn-s≥-d- N- bn kvt\lkwhmZØn¬ {]kn≤oIcn ∑mcn¬ 325 t]¿°v kvYm\w \jvSambn´p
cn-{Xw- hm-bn-°p-∂- H-cmƒ-°v- Xm-¶ƒ- ]-d- ®p XpSßnbXn\v A`n\µ\ßƒ. {]kv ≠v.... bm{X°nsS, 21 Znhkw XpS¿®bm
bp-∂- ]-cn-th-jw- H-∂pw- ap-l-Ω-Zn-\v- e`n- XpX kwhmZØns≥d hmsamgn cq]tam bn Hcp Ipńsb ssewKnIambn D]tbm
°n-√.- 50- h-b- v- I-gn-™m¬- Im-cy-ßƒ- hcsamgn cq]tam sse-‰v- Hm^v {SqØv ]pd Kn°pI, ho´pthe°mcs\ a¿Zn°pI
\-S-°p-tam- F-∂v- 50 h-b-kv- I-gn-™-h-tcm- Øphnńń√; Ct∂hsc.- Ipd®pIqSn XpSßnb {]hrØnIfn¬ G¿s∏´ Hcp
Sv- tNm-Zn-°p-I.- H-cp- 80 h-b- p-Im-c≥- Im- kz¥ambn Iqńt®¿Øv ]pdØnd°m\m ]ptcmlnXs\∏‰n tcJIfn¬ ]cma¿
ń-°q-ń-b- ]-cm-{I-a-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- ]-{X- Wv ]≤Xn F∂mWv Adnbm≥ Ign™ iap≠v.
Øn¬- hm¿-Ø- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- Xv. B kwhmZØns≥d HmUntbm hoUn
tbm Imk‰pIfpw hcsamgnbpw ]ptcmln tbiphns\ ]n¥≈n, temIw I≠
ap-lΩ - Z- v- A-d_
- n-°® - h
- S- °- m-cn-bm-b- J- G‰hpw henb alm∑mcn¬ H∂ma\mbn,
Zo-P-bp-sS- th-e-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂n-´v- ]n-∂o- XcpsS tfml°p≈n¬ _p≤n ]Wbw
sh®h¿°pw ]ptcmlnX¿°pw XethZ {InkvXym\nbmb ssa°¬ F®v. lm¿´v
Sv- A-h-sc- `mcy-bm-°n-sb-∂m-Wv- Rm≥- Xpds∂gpXnb alm\mb aplΩZv \_n
tI-ń-´p-≈-Xv.- A-Xn-\v- ]n-∂n-se- D-t±-iyw- \bmbn amdnbncn°p∂p F∂v hyIvXam
bns°m≠ncn°p∂p. (k) \nbam\pkrXw H∂ne[nIw hnhm
hm-bn-°p∂-h¿-°v- t_m-[y-am-Ip-w.- ap-lΩ - -
lw sNbvXXns\ hna¿in°m≥ temI
Zn-s≥-d- A-h-km-\- `m-cy-°v- hn-hm-lw- I- {]kvXpX kwhmZØn\v km£nbm
Øv GXp ]ptcmlnX\mWv [m¿anIambn
gn-bp-tºmƒ- (B-bn-j)- F-´v- h-b- -m-bn-cp- bncp∂p- Cu Ipdn∏pImc≥.- IrXyamb
∂p F-∂pw- ]-d-bp-∂p.- C-Xn-s≥-d- D-t±-iy- AhImiap≈Xv?
sXfnhpItfmsS ss__nfns≥d ssZhn
hpw- hn-[h - m-kw-c£ - W - w- B-bn-cp-∂p-thm? IXsb tNmZyw sNbvXt∏mƒ H‰ sXfn A_q ap¿inZ, Ip™n\n°c.
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 4
I®hSØnse kXyk\v[X
A_q-- ap-ô-Zv-
kpsshZp_v \ p ssJkv (d) ]dbp∂p: km[\ßƒ

A_qZmhqZv,
Xq°m≥ Iqen°v \ndpØnb BtfmSv \_n(k) ]d™p:
Xp¿apZn
"A¬]w ap≥Xq°w hcpØns°m≈pI.'
h©\ G‰hpw IqSpX¬ {]ISamb alm\miw. AXmbXv P\ßtfmSv Af Hcmƒ hn¬°pIbpw hmßnbh≥ Ah
Hcp taJebmWv I®hSw. Ckv e mw ∂phmßpIbmsW¶n¬ XnIs®Sp°p s≥d hoń¬ sIm≠psN∂n´v Id∂pt\m
]eni \njn≤am°pIbpw I®hSw A\p Ibpw, P\ßƒ°v Af∂psImSp°pI °ptºmƒ hn‰h≥ ]d™{X ]m¬ Cs√
hZ\obam°pIbpw sNbvXp. ]mhs∏´h tbm Xq°ns°mSp°pItbm BsW¶n¬ ∂p ImWpIbpw sNøp∂ ]£w aq∂p
≥ NqjWw sNøs∏SpIbpw D≈h≥ ho \jvSw hcpØpIbpw sNøp∂h¿°v. Znhkw hsc AXv sh®psIm≠ncn°m≥
≠pw ho≠pw XSn®pho¿°pIbpw sNbp A°q´¿ hnNmcn°p∂nt√? Xßƒ kzmX{¥yaps≠∂pw AXn\p≈n¬ Ah
∂XmWv ]eni hyhkvY. AXpsIm≠m `b¶camb Hcp ZnhkØn\mbn Fgp ≥ aS°nbm¬ hn‰h≥ Xncns®Spt°≠
Wv AXv \njn≤am°s∏´Xv. \ymbamb t∂¬]n°s∏Sp∂hcmsW∂v'' (83: 1˛5).- XmsW∂pw \_n (k) I¬]n®ncn°p
em`saSpØv I®hSw sNøm≥ Ckvemw hn]Wnbnen∂v ambw tN¿°mØ ∂p' (apkvenw)
A\paXn \¬Inbt∏mƒ; Afhnepw hkvXp°ƒ Zp¿e`w. GsX¶nepw Ip{Km hn¬]\®c°pIfpsS \yq\XIƒ
Xq°Ønepw Ir-{Xn-a-w- Im-Wn-°-epw- Ir aßfnep≠m°nb hkvXp°ƒ hntZi ad®psh®v h©\ ImWn°p∂Xns\∏‰n
{Xna£maw krjvSn°epsa√mwXs∂ \n¿anXsa∂v ]d™v AanX hnebv°v \_n (k) ]d™p: "hn¬]\®c°pIfp
Hgnhm°Wsa∂v IWniambn ]d™n hn¬°p∂p. \√ km[\ßƒ BfpIfp sS \yq\XIƒ hn¬]\°mc≥ hmßp∂
´p≠v. sS {i≤bmI¿jn°p∂ cq]Øn¬ {]Z¿ h\p hnhcn®psImSpt°≠XmWv. F¶n
i\Øn\p sh®v, AXpI≠v hmßm≥ ¬ B CS]mSv kzoImcywXs∂. A√m
F∂m¬, I®hSØn¬ CØcw \nb
hcp∂h¿°v KpWta∑ Ipd™h sImSp Ø]£w AXv tæOhpamWv' (_pJmcn).
a\n¿tZißƒ ]men°p∂h¿ Bcp≠v?
°p∂ k{ºZmbw km¿h{XnIw. "D≈Xpt]mse ]dbpIbpw hniZoI
I®hSØn¬ C∂sØ ImeØv AsXm
∂pw \S°n√. F∂mWv ]ecpw ]dbmdp D≈n¬ \\™ [m\yhpw ]pdsa cn°pIbpw sNbvXm¬ CS]mSn¬ Ah≥
≈Xv. DWßnbXpan´v hn¬]\°v sh®ncn°p A\pKr-loXcmhpw. I≈w ]dbpIbpw
∂Xv \_n(k)bpsS ZrjvSnbn¬s]´t∏m ad®psh°pIbpw sNbvXm¬ CS]mSnse
Af∂pw Xq°nbpw sImSp°ptºmƒ ƒ "D≈nep≈Xv \o F¥psIm≠v ]pd A\p{Klw ambv°s∏Spw' (_pJmcn,
IrXyX ]men°Wsa∂v Ckvemw \njv Øp ImWn®n√?' F∂v hfsc Kuchkz apkvenw).-
I¿jn°p∂p. hmßp∂h¿°v H´pw Ipd cØn¬ tNmZn®psIm≠v \_n (k) C{] hn]Wnbnse hne\nehmcw Adnbm
hphcpØmXncn°m≥ kq£vaXsbt∂m Imcw Iqńt®¿Øp: "\sΩ NXn®h≥ \ Ø Dƒ{]tZi°msc NqjWw sNøp-∂
WamWv A¬]w ap≥Xq°w \¬Im≥ Ωn¬s]´h\√' (apkvenw).- Xn-\-mbn km[\ßƒ hn]WnbnseØp
apIfn¬ sImSpØ \_n hN\w B-h- ∂Xn\p apºmb-n hgnas[y {KmaoWsc
Ir{Xna £maap≠m°m\pw AXphgn
iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. as‰mcn°¬ \_n (k) ]d hne h¿[n∏n°m\pw th≠n Nc°pIƒ I_fn∏n®v km[\ßƒ BZmbØn¬
™p: "h√Xpw hn¬°pIbmsW¶n¬ ]qgv Ø nsh°p∂h¿°v Xm°oXmbn XńsbSp°p∂ G¿]mSv FhnsSbpap≠v.
icn°pw Af∂psImSp°pI; hmßptºm \_n (k) ]d™p: "[m\yßƒ Cd°pa F∂m¬ Ckvemw AXv iIvXnbmbn
ƒ icn°pw Af∂p hmßpIbpw sNøp Xn sNøp∂h≥ \√h\mWv. F∂m¬, FXn¿°p∂p.
I' (_pJmcn).- Ah ]qgvØnsh®v hne Ib‰p∂h≥ "Nc°v am¿°‰n¬ sIm≠phcp∂Xn
"Afhn¬ IΩn hcpØp∂h¿' F∂ i]n°s∏´h\mWv' (C_v\pamP) \papºv (hgnas[y sh®v hmtß≠Xn\v)
t]cn¬ Hcp A[ymbwXs∂ hnip≤ Jp¿ "Id°msX AInSp ho¿∏n®p \n¿Øn AXv \nßƒ ImØncn°cpXv.' (_pJmcn)
B\nep≠v. ""Afhn¬ Ipd°p∂h¿°v bn´p≈ HÍsØtbm BSns\tbm
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 5
]-{Xm-[-n-]¿-°v- ]-d-bm-\p-≈-Xv-....-
F-hn-sS- \n-∂p- Xp-S-ß-Ww?-

aplΩZv \_n(k)bpsS {]t_m[\sØ°pdn®v hniZam°p∂ Nne lZokpIƒ ImWpI:
"Awdp_n\p A_o-k¬a ]dbp∂p: Rm≥ PmlnenøØnembncp∂t∏mƒXs∂ P\w hgn]ng®hcm
sW∂v F\n°v tXm∂nbncp∂p. Ah¿°v Hcp ASnØdbpan√. Ah¿ _nw_ßsf ]qPn°p∂p. AXn\nS
°mWv Nne ]pXphm¿ØIƒ ]dbp∂ Hcmƒ a°bneps≠∂v tI´Xv. Rm≥ hml\∏pdØp Ibdn
B a\pjys\ kao]n®p. dkq¬ (k) F∂ B a\pjy≥ clky{]t_m[\ØnemWv. P\w At±l
Øns\Xnsc Xncn™ncn°p∂p. Rm≥ hfsc clkyambn a°bn¬sh®v At±lsØ I≠p.
Rm≥ tNmZn®p: "\nßfmcmWv?'-
"\_nbmWv' At±lw ]d™p.
"-\_nsb∂m¬ F¥mWv?'-
"A√mlp Ab®h≥'.-
"GXp ImcyhpambmWv Xm¶sf A√mlp Ab®Xv?' Rm≥ tNmZn®p.
"cIvX_\v[ßƒ IqńbnW°pI, hn{Klßƒ \in∏n°pI, A√mlpthmSv Bscbpw
]¶ptN¿°mXncn°pI' At±lw ]d™p.
"CXn\v Xm¶tfmsSm∏w Bcp≠v?'
"kzX{¥\pw ASnabpap≠v.'
"A∂v At±ltØmsSm∏w A_q_°¿, _nem¬ F∂nhcp≠mbncp∂p' (apkvenw, AlvaZv).-
ln¿J¬, A_qkp^vbmt\mSv aplΩZv \_n (k)sb°pdn®v tNmZn®p: At±lw \nßtfmSv I¬]n
°p∂sX¥mWv? A_qkp^vbm≥ ]d™p: \nßƒ A√mlpsh am{Xw Bcm[n°pI, Aht\mSv
bmsXm∂ns\bpw ]¶ptN¿°mXncn°pI, \nßfpsS Im°ImcWh∑m¿ ]d™Xv shSnbpI,
\akvImcw, kXyk\v[X, Nmcn{Xyw \ne\n¿ØpI, _\v[ßƒ tN¿°pI, ChbmWv Ah≥ RßtfmSv
D]tZin°p∂Xv. (_pJmcn)
cmPm°∑msc Ckvemante°v £Wn®psIm≠v {]hmNI≥ (k) IØpIsfgpXnbt∏mgpw {]Ya
{]m[m\yw \¬InbXv GIssZhmcm[\sb∏‰n sXcys∏SpØphm\mWv. tdmamN{Ih¿Ønbmbncp∂
lndm¢nbkns\ Ckvemante°v £Wn®psIm≠v {]hmNI≥ (k) FgpXnb IØp t\m°pI:
"]caImcpWnI\pw IcpWm\n[nbpamb A√mlphns≥d \maØn¬,
ssZhZmk\pw ZqX\pamb aplΩZv (k) tdmanse cmPmhv ln¿Jen\v FgpXp∂Xv: k∑m¿Kw ]n≥]‰n
bh\v im¥n. Xm¶sf CkvemanI ktµiØnte°v £Wn°p∂p. CkvemamhpI, c£s∏Smw. A√mlp
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 6
Xm¶ƒ°v c≠p {]mhiyw {]Xnêw Xcpw. Xm¶ƒ ]n¥ncn™m¬ Xm¶ƒ°v B I¿jIcpsS Ip‰w
IqSnbp≠mhpw. "thZ°mtc, \ap°pw \nßƒ°panSbn¬ kaamsbmcp hN\Ønte°v \nßƒ hcq.
\Ωƒ A√mlpsh A√msX Bcm[n°mXncn°pI. Aht\mSv bmsXm∂ns\bpw ]¶ptN¿°m
Xncn°pI. \Ωƒ Nne¿ Nnesc A√mlphn\p ]pdsa d∫pIfm°mXncn°pI...' (_pJmcn, AlvaZv)
CkvemanI {]t_m[\Øn\mbn \ntbmKn°s∏Sp∂htcmSv aplΩZv \_n (k) I¬]n®Xv
P\ßsf {]Yaambn GIssZhmcm[\bnte°v £Wn°phm\mWv. ba\n¬ Kh¿Wdmbn \ntbmKn
°s∏´ apBZn(d)t\mSp≈ {]hmNIs≥d D]tZiw {it≤bamWv.
"thZ°mcpsS ASptØ°mWv \o t]mIp∂Xv. \o BZyw £Wnt°≠Xv A√mlph√msX
Bcm[y\ns√∂ km£yØnte°mWv. Rm≥ A√mlphns≥d dkqemWv F∂nXnte°pw. AXn\h¿
Xm¶sf A\pkcn®m¬ cmhpw ]Iepambn Znhkhpw A©p t\cw \akvImcw A√mlp \n¿_\v[
am°nbncn°p∂p F∂hsc Adnbn°pI. AXn\pah¿ A\pkcWw ImWn®m¬ AhcpsS ]W°mcn
¬\n∂pw tiJcn®v ]mhßƒ°v hoXn®psImSp°m\p≈ kImØv A√mlp \nßƒ°v \n¿_\v[am
°nbncn°p∂p F∂v ]dbpI. AXpw Ah¿ A\pkcn®m¬ G‰hpw sa®s∏´ apXepIƒ am{Xw FSp
°p∂Xv \o kq£n°pI. a¿ZnXs≥d {]m¿Y\ kq£n°pI. AXn\pw A√mlphn\panSbn¬ bmsXmcp
adbpan√' (_pJmcn, apkvenw).-
BZyIme kzlm_namcn¬ Nne¿°v Poh≥ shSntb≠nh∂Xpw {Iqcamb ]oU\ßtf¬t°≠n
h∂Xpsa√mw GIssZhmcm[\sb XßfpsS PohnXmZ¿iambn kzoIcn®XpsIm≠mbncp∂p. Hcp
lZokv ImWpI:
A_vZp√mlv_\ v p akvDuZv (d) ]dbp∂p: "Ckvemw BZyambn ]ckys∏SpØnbXv Ggpt]cmWv.˛
dkq¬, A_q_°¿, AΩm¿, kpaø, kpssl_v, _nem¬, anJvZmZv. dkqen\v (k) ]nXrhy≥ A_qXzm
en_neqsS A√mlp A`bw \¬In. A_q_°dn\v kz¥w tKm{Xhpw. a‰p≈hsc apivcn°pIƒ ]nSn
IqSn. Ccphkv{XßfWnbn®p. Xnf°p∂ kqcy{]ImiØn¬ NqSm°n. apivcn°pIƒ HmtcmcpØcpw
h∂v Chsc tXm∂nbsXms° sNbvXp. _nemen\v A√mlphns≥d ImcyØn¬ kz¥w Poh≥ {]iv\am
bn√. P\X°pw Abmsfmcp {]iv\ambn√. Ahct±lsØ IpńIƒ°v hn´psImSpØp. a°bnse
aeaS°pIfn¬ Ah¿ At±lsØ hen®ng®p. At±lw Dcphn´psIm≠ncp∂p: AlZv AlZv...'- (lmInw.-
Cßs\sb√mw XymKßƒ kln®Xv {kjvSmhpw kwc£I\pamb Xºpcm≥ am{XamWv Bcm[
\Iƒ A¿ln°p∂p≈qsh∂ XØzØne[njvTnXambn PohnXw \bn®Xn\mepw B XØzw {]Ncn∏n®
Xn\mepambncp∂p. Cu XymKßƒs°√mw êap≠mbn. GIssZhmcm[\bn¬ A[njvTnXamb Hcp
kaqlw hf¿∂ph∂t∏mƒ AXn¬\n∂v Xn∑Isf√mw kzm`mhnIambnsImgn™pt]mbn. F√m A¿Y
Ønepw A[kvYnXcmbncp∂ Atd_y≥ tKm{Xh¿K kaqlsØ tIhew Ccp]Ønaq∂v h¿jw
sIm≠v temIØn\v apgph≥ amXrIb-mbnØocm≥ am{Xw DØacmbn hf¿Øns°m≠phcm≥ {]hmN
I\v Ign™p. XuloZns≥d ASnØdbn¬ hf¿Øs∏´ kaqlØn¬ ]ns∂ am‰ßƒ kzm`mhnIambn
D≠mbn h∂XmWv {]hmNIs≥d kaqlØn¬ \mw ImWp∂Xv. in¿°n¬\n∂v B kaqlsØ apIv
Xam°phm\mWv Xs≥d {]t_m[\ ImesØ knwl`mKhpw {]hmNI≥ (k) sNehgn®Xv. Xn∑IfpsS
amXmhmb _lpssZhmcm[\bn¬\n∂v ]q¿Wambpw apIvXamb B kaqlw [m¿anIXbpsS [zPhm
lIcpw Xn∑IfpsS kwlmcIcpambn temIØn\v amXrIbmbnØo¿∂Xm bmWv Ncn{Xw ]Tn∏n°p
∂Xv. hn{Klßsfbpw ihIpSocßsfbpw hymPssZh ßsfbpw \njvImk\w sNbvX,v k¿thm∂
X\pw IcpWmhmcn[nbpamb A√mlphns\ lrZbØn¬ {]XnjvTn®t∏mƒ ]ns∂ ssZhnIhn[nhn
e°pIƒ ]men°phm≥ Ah¿°v H∂pw XS ambn \n∂n√. ssZhnIhn[n hne°pIƒ {]Imcw Ah
¿ Pohn®t∏mƒ Ah¿ temIØn\v amXrIbmb DØa kapZmbambnØo¿∂p. B kaqlsØ Nq≠n
A√mlp ]d™p:
""a\pjyhwiØn\pth≠n cwKØpsIm≠phcs∏´ DØakapZmbamIp∂p \nßƒ. \nßƒ kZm
Nmcw I¬]n°pIbpw, ZpcmNmcØn¬\n∂v hne°pIbpw, A√mlphn¬ hnizkn°pIbpw sNøp∂p.
thZ°m¿ hnizkn®ncp∂psh¶n¬ AXh¿°v DØaambncp∂p. AhcpsS Iq´Øn¬ hnizmkap≈hcp
≠v. F∂m¬ Ahcn¬ A[nIt]cpw [n°mcnIfmIp∂p'' (Jp¿B≥ 3:110.).-
kmaqlnI kwkvIcW kwcw`ßƒ XpStß≠Xv Xn∑IfpsS ASnthcdpØpsIm≠mbncn°Ww.
in¿°mWv kIe A[¿aßfpsSbpw ASnthcv. in¿°n¬\n∂v P\sØ IcIb‰phm\pw XuloZn¬
Dd∏n°phm\pw th≠nbp≈ {]h¿Ø\ßfmWv G‰hpw henb kmaqlnI tkh\ {]h¿Ø\sa∂v
]dbm\p≈ ImcWanXmWv. Xn∑Ifn¬\n∂pw A[¿aßfn¬\n∂pw klPohnIsf kwkvIcn°phm≥
th≠nbp≈ {iaw am{Xa√ AXv; imizXamb \cIin£bn¬\n∂v X\n°v Np‰pap≈hsc c£n°phm≥
th≠nbp≈ {iaw IqSnbmWXv. Cu ImcpWy {]h¿Ø\Øn\mWv {]hmNI∑msc√mw {]Ya kvYm\w
\¬InbXv; {]hmNI∑mcpsS ]mX ]n≥]‰p∂hcpw H∂maXmbn {i≤nt°≠Xv C°mcywXs∂
bmsW∂v ]dbp∂Xv AXpsIm≠mWv.-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 7
^-td-m-h˛ lm-am≥- I-Y

Jp¿-B-\n-s‚- -ssZ-hn-I-X-bv-°p-≈-
N-cn-{X- km-£yw-
Fw.- Fw.- AIv-_¿-
Jp¿-B-\n¬- \n-c-h-[n- N-cn-{X-]-c-am-b- A-_-≤-ß- ssI-∏n-gb - m-bm-Wv- C-Xn-s\- Hm-dn-b≥-de - n-k‰v- p-Iƒ- hnebn
fp-s≠-∂v- B-tcm-]n-°-s∏-Sm-dp--≠v-.- Cu- B-tcm-]-W-ß- cp-Øp-∂-Xv.- Cu- hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ- F{X-tØm-fw- k
sf-√mw- A-Sn-ÿm-\-c-ln-X-ß-fm-sW-∂-Xm-Wv- hmkv-X- Xy-k\ - [
v- a
- m-Wv- F-∂v- ]-cntim-[n-°p-∂X - n-\p-apºv- ^tdm-
hw-.- C-ß-s\- D-∂-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- {]-[m-\-s]-´- H-cp- B- h-tb-bpw- lm-am-s\-bp-pw- _-\s v- ∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p-≈- ]cm-
tcm-]-W-am-Wv- -^-tdm-h-˛ lm-am≥- I-Y-bn-ep-≈- A-_- a¿-i-ß-fpƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- Jp¿-B≥- kq-Iv-X-ßƒ- ]cn
≤m-tc-]-Ww.- ^n¿-Hu-s≥-d- N-cn-{X-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp- tim-[n-°p-I.-
Øn- Jp¿B≥- ]-d-bp∂- lm-am-s≥-d- I-Y- ss_-_n-fn- ""^n¿-Hu≥- ]d™p-: {]ap-J∑m-tc,- Rm-\√m-sX bm
se-hn-sSbp-an-√.- ]-gb - - \n-ba- Ø
- nse- F-kvtX-dn-s≥-d- ]p- sXm-cp- ssZhhpw- \n-ßƒ-°p-≈Xm-bn- Rm≥- Adn-™n-
kv-X-IØn¬- A-l-tiz-tdm-iv- cm-Pm-hp-am-bn-_-\v-[-s∏- ń-√.- AXp-sIm≠v- lm-amt\ F\n-°p-th≠n- Ifn-aÆv-
´v- ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂- lm-am-s≥-d- I-Y-sb- ^-tdm-h-bp-ambn- sIm-≠v- (Cjv-Sn-I)- Np-s´Sp°p-I.- F∂n-´v- F\n-°v- \o-
ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n- Iq-ń-°p-g-®-t∏m-g-m-Wv- Cu- I-Y-bp-≠m- Hcp- D∂Xku-[w- D≠m-°n-Øcn-I.- aqkm-bp-sS ssZh
b-sX-∂m-Wv- B-tcm-]-Ww.- Cu- B-tcm-]-W-Øn¬- F- Øn-¶te°v- F\n-s°m-∂v- FØn-t\m-°m-at√m.- Xo¿®
{X-a-m-{Xw- I-gºp-≠v?- \mw- ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-I.- bm-bpw- Ah≥- hym-Pw- ]dbp-∂hcp-sS Iq-´Øn-emsW
Jp¿-B-\n¬- B-dv- B-b-Øp-I-fn¬- lm-am-s\-°p-dn- ∂m-W-v Rm≥- hn-Nm-cn-°p-∂Xv''- (hn.-Jp.-28:-38).- ""^n¿Hu≥-
®v- ]cm-a¿-in-°p-∂p-≠v- (28:-6,- 28:-38,- 29:-39,- 40:-24,- 40:-36˛37)- ]d™p-: lmam-t\ F\n-°v- B am¿-Kßfn¬- AYhm-
C-hs - b-√mw- aq-km-\_ - n- (A-)b - p-sS- Po-hn-Xh - p-am-bn- _\v BIm-i am¿-Kßfn¬- FØn-t®cp-hm-\pw- F∂n-´- v- aq-
[-s∏-´p-sIm-≠p-≈- kq-Iv-X-ßƒ-X-s∂-bm-Wv.- ^-tdm-h- km-bp-sS ssZhØn-s≥-d ASp-tØ°v- FØn- t\m-°p-
bp-sS- sIm-´m-c-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-ap-≈- hyIv-Xn-bm-Wv- Jp¿- hm-\pw- X°hÆw- F\n-°p-th≠n- \o- Hcp- D∂X ku-
B-\n-se- lm-am≥.- ^-tdm-h-bp-am-bn- _-\v-[-ap-≈- Hcp- [w- ]Wn-Xv- Xcq.- Xo¿-®bm-bpw- Ah≥- (aq-km)- Ifhv-
lm-am-s\-∏‰ - n- ss_-_n-fn-se-hn-sS-bpw- \mw- hm-bn-°p∂n- ]dbp-Ibm-sW∂m-Wv- Rm≥- hn-Nm-cn-°p-∂Xv.- A{]Im
√.- F-∂m¬- F-kv-tX-dn-s≥-d- ]p-kv-X-IØn¬- A-l-tiz- cw- ^n¿-Hu\v- Xs≥-d Zp-jv-{]hr-Øn- Aew-Ir-Xam-bn-
tdm-iv- cm-Pm-hn-s≥-d- Iogn-ep-≈- H-cp- {]-`p-hm-b- lmams\- tXm-∂n-°s∏´p.- t\cm-b am¿-KØn¬-\n-∂v- Ah≥-
°p-dn-®v- ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \_n-°v- ^-tdm-h-bpw- XSbs∏Sp-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.- ^tdm-hbpsS X{¥w- \jvS
A-l-tiz-tdm-iv-cm-Pm-hpw- X-Ωn¬- ]-c-kv-]-cw- amdn-t∏mb- Øn¬- Xs∂bm-Ip-∂p''- (hn.-Jp.-- 40:-36,- 37).-
Xn-\m¬- kw-`-hn-®p-t]m-b- H-cp- ssI-∏n-g-bp-sS- ê-ambn-
Cu- kq-IvX - ß- f
- n¬- ]-db- p-∂- Im-cy-ßf - n¬-\n-∂v- a\-
h∂p-tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv- Jp¿-B-\n-se- ^-tdm-hm-˛lm-am≥- I
n-em°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂X - v- Xm-sg- ]-db - p-∂- Im-cy-ßf - mWv:-
Y-sb-∂-m-Wv- hna¿-i-I-cp-sS- B-tcm-]-Ww.- ]-Xn-t\-gmw-
\q-‰m-≠n-\p-ti-jw- F-gp-Xs - ∏-´- Hm-dn-b≥-de - n-kv‰ - p-If- psS- (1)- lm-am≥- ^n¿-Hu-\n-s≥-d- Io-gn-ep-≈- H-cp- D-tZymK-
bpw- {I-n-kv-Xy≥- anj-\-dn-am-cp-sS-bpw- Hcp-hn-[w- F-√m- kv-Y-\mWv.- a-{¥n-bm-sW-∂m-Wv- Jp¿-B≥- hym-Jym-Xm-
Jp¿-B≥- hn-a¿-i-\-{K-\v-Y-ß-fn-epw- Cu- B-tcm-]-Ww- °-fp-sS- ]-£w.-
Im-Wmw.- hm-sam-gn-bm-bn- Im-cy-ßƒ- tI-´-dn-™-ti-jw- (2)- aq-km- (A)- ]-d-™- ssZ-hw- B-Im-i-sØ-hn-sS
X-t≥-d-Xm-b- `m-jm-ssi-en-bn¬- ss_-_n-ƒ- I-Y-Iƒ- A sb¶n-epw- D-t≠m-sb-∂v- t\m-°m-\m-bn- H-cp- tKm-]p-cw-
h-X-cn-∏n-°m≥- {i-an®- ap-l-Ω-Zn-(k)-\v- kw-`-hn-®- H-cp- \n¿-a-n-°p-hm≥- ^n¿Hu≥- lm-am-t\m-Sv- I-¬-]n-®p.-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 8
(3)- I-fn-aÆ - p-sIm-≠v- Np-s´-Sp-Ø- C-jvS- n-I- D-]t- bmKn- ss_-_n-ƒ- ^-tdm-h-sb-∂m-Wv- hn-fn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
®p-sIm≠v- ku-[w- \n¿-a-n-°m-\m-Wv- ^n¿-Hu≥- Bhiy- N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn- t\m-°n-bm¬- Cu- A-`n-kw-t_m-[-
s∏-´-Xv.- \-X-s∂- A_-≤a - m-sW-∂v- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.-
Jp¿-B≥- ap-t∂m-´p-sh-°p-∂- Cu- Im-cy-ßf - p-sS sh Cu-Pn-]X v- n-s≥-d- ]u-cm-Wn-I- N-cn-{X-sØ- ap-∏X - v- cmP-
fn-®-Øn¬- hn-a¿-i-\-ßƒ- Hm-tcm-∂m-bn- ]-cn-tim-[n-°p- hw-i-ßfp-sS- (Dynasty) Im-e-L-´-ß-fm-bn- hn-`-Pn-®p
tºmƒ- A-hs - b-√mw- Jp¿-B\ - n-I- {]-Im-iØ - n-\p-ap-ºn¬- sIm≠m-Wv- ]-Tn-°p-∂Xv.- {In-kX v- p-hn-\v- aq-∂v- \q-‰m-≠pI
I-cn-™p-t]m-Ip-∂- tI-h-ew-[q-fn-Iƒ- am-{X-am-sW-∂v- ƒ-°v- ap-ºv- Po-hn-®- Cu-Pn-]j v- y≥- N-cn-{X-Im-c\ - m-b- ams\-
t_m-[y-am-Ipw.- tØm- (Manetho) X-b-md - m-°n-b- cm-Pm-°∑ - mcpsS- ]-ńI
hn-a¿-i-\-ß-fpw- A-h-bv-°v- \¬-Ip-hm-\p-≈- a-dp-]Sn- sb-bm-Wv- ap-∏X - v- cm-Ph- w-iI - m-eß - f
- m-bn- Xn-cn-®ncn°p
bpw- C-ßs\- kw-{K-ln-°mw.- ∂Xv.- bm-sXm-cp-hn-[- tc-JI - f - pw- e-`y-a√ - m-Ø- 3100_n.kn-
H-∂v)- ^-tdm-hb - p-sS- N-cn-{X-hp-am-bn- _-\v[ - s
- ∏-Sp-Øn- °p-ap-ºp-≈- Ime-sØ- "cm-Ph - w-iß - ƒ-°v- ap-ºp-≈- Ime-
ss_-_nfn-se-hn-sS-bpw- lm-am≥- F-∂- H-cm-sf-°p-dn-®v- L-´'-- (Predynastic era) sa∂v- hn-fn-°p-∂p.- cm-Phw-iß
bm-sXm-∂pw- ]-db - p∂n-√.- A-Xn-\m¬- Jp¿-B\ - n¬- ]dbp- fp-sS- Im-ew- C-ßs - \-bm-W-v tc-Js - ∏-SpØ-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂Xv.-
∂- ^n¿-Hu≥-˛lm-am≥- I-Y- Hcp- sI-´p-I-Y- am-{X-am-Wv.- (Nicholas Grimal: A History of Ancient Egypt:Blackwell
Publishers, Oxford).
ss_-_nƒ- I-Y-I-sf-√mw- \q-dp-i-X-am-\w- k-Xy-k\v
[-hpw- hkvX - p-\n-jT v- h - p-am-sW-∂- k-¶¬-]Ø - n-s≥-d- ASn- Cu-Pn-]X v- n-se- cm-Pm-°∑ - m-sc- hn-fn-°m≥- ss_-_nƒ-
kvYm-\-Øn-em-Wv- Cu- hn-a¿-i-\w- D-∂-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂- t]-cm-Wv- ^-tdm-h-sb-∂v- kq-Nn∏n-
Cu- k-¶¬-]w- X-s∂- A-Snkv-Ym-\-an-√m-Ø-Xm-Wv.- N-cn ®p-h-t√m.- s]¿-˛B- (Per-aa) sb-∂- ]-Z-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv-
{X-Im-c-s≥-d- ho-£-W-Øn¬- t\m-°n-bm¬ Xo-sc- hkv ^-tdm-h-bp-sS- D¬-]-Øn.- alm-`-h-\w- (Great house) F
Xp-Xm-]-c-a-√m-Ø- \n-c-h-[n- ]-cm-a¿-i-ßƒ- \-S-Øp-∂- ∂m-Wv- Cu- ]-Z-Øn-\¿-Y-w.- ^-tdm-h-sb-∂v- Cu-Pn]vXn-
{K-\vY- a- m-Wv- ss_-_n-sf-∂- h-kvX - p-X- kp-Xc - mw- t_m[y- se- cm-Pm-°∑ - m¿- A-`n-kw-t_m-[\ - - sN-øs - ∏-´p-Xp-Sßnb-
am-Ipw.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- ss_-_n-ƒ- hn-h-c-W-ß-fp Xv- F-∂v- ap-X¬-°m-Wv?- lm¿-t]¿-kv- ss_-_nƒ- Un-Iv
sS- am-{Xw- sh-fn-®-Øn¬- ^n¿-Hu≥-˛lm-am≥- I-Y-bpsS- jv-Wdn- F-gp-Xp-∂-Xv- Im-Wp-I-:- "s]¿'- F-∂pw- "B'sb
N-cn-{X-]c - X- - kw-ib - n-°p-∂X - n¬- bm-sXm-c¿-Yhp-an-√.- A- ∂p-ap-≈- c≠v- Cu-Pn-]v-jy≥- ]-Z-ß-fn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- Cu-
Xn-\v- a-‰v- t{km-X- p-I-fp-sS- ]n≥-_-e-ap-t≠m-sb-∂v- ]- ]-Z- (^-tdm-h)-Øns≥d- D¬-]Ø - n.- ""a-lm-`h- \
- ''sa-∂mWv-
cn-tim-[n-®-ti-jw- am-{X-sa- Cu- B-tcm-]-Ww- F-{Xam- Cu- Cu-Pn-]v-jy≥- ]-Z-k-a-p®-b-Øn-s≥-d- b-Ym¿Y-- km
{Xw- h-kv-Xp-Xm-]-c-am-sW-∂v- ]-d-bm-s\m-°q.- cw.- {I-n-kv-Xp-hn-\v- ap-ºv- aq-∂mw- k-l-{km_v-Zw- ap-X¬-
c-≠mw- k-l-{km-_v-Z-Øn-s≥-d- BZy- ]-Ip-Xn-hsc- Cu-
ss_-_n-fn-se- ^-tdm-hm-bp-sS- I-YI - f- n¬-Xs - ∂- Ncn-
\m-a-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv- cm-P-sIm-´m-c-Øn-\m-bn-cp∂p.-
{X-]-c-ambn- Ir-Xy-a-√m-Ø- ]-cm-a¿-i-ßƒ- ]-e-Xp-ap-≠v.-
]-Xn-s\-´mw- cm-P-hw-i-Øn-se- Xp-Xv-tam-kv- aq-∂m-as≥-d-
^-tdm-h-sb-∂- \-m-aw- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂n-S-Øp-ap-X¬- B
(Thutmose III 1504-1450 BC) Im-ew-ap-X¬- s]¿-˛B- cm
cw-`n-°p-∂p- {]-iv-\-ß-sf-∂-Xm-Wv- hm-kv-X-hw.- ss_-_n
Pm-hn-s\-Ø-s∂- hn-fn-°p-∂- \m-a-am-bn-Øo¿-∂p.- C-cp]-
fn¬- ]-es - c-bpw- ^-tdm-hs - b-∂v- A-`n-kw-t_m[-\- sNbv-
Øn-c-≠mw- cm-P-hw-i-Øn-se- tim-s-j≥-Iv- H-∂ma-s≥-d-
X-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw-.- A-{_-lm-an-s≥-d- Im-eØp
(Shoshenq I 945-924 BC) Im-ew-ap-X¬- cm-P-\ma-tØm
≠m-bn-cp-∂- cm-P-m-hn-s\- ]-g-b- \n-b-a- ]p-kv-X-Iw- ]-cnN-
sSm-∏w,- ss_-_n-fn¬- Im-Wp-∂-Xp-t]m-se- ^tdm-hsb
b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv- ^-tdm-h-sb-∂m-Wv.- D¬-]-Øn- ]p-kvX
∂v- tN¿Øv- hn-fn-°p-∂- k-{º-Zm-ba - p-≠m-bn- (D-Zm :- ^tdm-
Iw- ]-{¥-≠mw- A-[-ym-bØn¬- ]-Øp-ap-X¬- C-cp-]Xp-
hm- tim-sj≥-Iv)- (Harper's Bible Dictionary Page 781).
h-sc- h-N\ - ß- f - n¬- A-{_-lm-an-s≥d- Im-es - Ø- cm-Pmhn-
s\-°p-dn-®v- B-dv- X-h-W- ^-tdm-h-sb-∂v- ]-d-™n´p-≠v.- tUm.- _m-_p-t]mƒ- X-s≥-d- ss_-_nƒ- \n-L≠p-
tbm-k-^n-s≥-d- Im-e-sØ- cm-Pm-hn-s\-bpw- ss_-_nƒ- hn¬- ]-d-bp∂-Xpw- C-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv-:- ""^d-thm.- Cu-
^tdm-h-sb-∂m-Wv- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv.- D¬-]-Øn- ]p-kv-X-I Pn-]v-Xn-se- cm-Pm-hv-:- "alm-`-h-\w'- F-∂v- A¿-Ya-- p-≈- H-
Øn-s≥-d- \m¬-]Xv,- \m¬-]Ø - n-sbm-∂v- A-[ym-bß - f - n¬- cp- ]-Z-Øn¬-\n-∂v- D-cp-Øn-cn-™- kvYm-\-\m-a-am-Wv ^-
tbm-k-^n-s≥-d- Im-e-sØ- cmPm-hn-s\- ^-tdm-h-sb-∂v- dthm.- {In.- ap.- aq-∂mw- k-l-{km-_v-Zw- ap-X-¬- D-]tbm-
A-`n-kw-t_m-[-\- sN-øp-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wmw.- tbm-k-^n K-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw- {In.- ap.- 1500h-sc- B ]Zw cmPm-
s≥-d- Im-e-sØ- cm-Pm-hn-s\- D¬-]-Øn- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- hns\- kq-Nn-∏n-®n-cp-∂n-√-.- sIm-´m-cw,- U¿-_m¿- A-Yhm-
sXm-Æq-dv- X-h-W-bm-Wv- ^-tdm-h-sb-∂v- hn-fn-®n-cn-°p∂- cm-P-k-Z- v- F∂m-bn-cp-∂p- B-Zy-sØ- A¿-Y-w.- hy-IvXn-
Xv.- tam-ibp-sS- Im-e-sØ- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-se- cm-Pm-hn-s\- \m-at- Øm-sSm-∏w- ^-dthm- (D-Zm-:- ^-dthm- s\-t°m,- ^d-
°p-dn-®v- ]p-d-∏m-Sv- ]p-kv-XI-Øn¬- \q-‰n- C-cp-]-sØm-∂v- thm- tlm-^d v- )- F-∂v- tN¿-°p-∂- coXn- {In.- ap- 945 apX¬-
{]m-hi - yw- ^-tdm-hs - b-∂v- {]-tbmKn-®n-´p≠v.- Np-cp-°Øn Xp-S-ßn-''- (tUm.- Un.- _m-_p-t]mƒ-:- th-Z-i_vZ- c-Xv-\m-
¬- A-{_-lm-an-s≥-db - pw- tbm-k^ - n-s≥-db - pw- tam-ib - psS- I-cw- ]p-dw- 445).-
bp-sa-√mw- Im-e-Øv- Cu-Pn-]v-Xv- `-cn-®- cm-Pm-°-∑m-sc- ]p-Xn-b- cm-Py- X - z- (New Kindom) Im-eØ - v- ]-Xn-s\´mw-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 9
cm-Phw-i-Øn-s≥-d- `-c-W-Im-e ØmWv- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-se- tc-J-Iƒ \¬-Ip-∂- sX-fn-hp-Iƒ- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-sX-

cm-Pm-° ∑m-sc- ^tdm-h-sb-∂v- A-`n-kw-t_m-[-\- sN- ∂pw- \n-c-h-[n- K-th-j-I-∑m¿- hyIv-X-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v.-
øm-\m-cw-`n-®-sX-∂v- F≥-ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b- {_n-´m-Wn- (Chain Bermant and Michael Weitzman: Ebla: A Revela-
°-bpw- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≠v (Encyclopaedia-Electronic tion in Archeology (Great Britain 1979) Page 6-184 &
Edition -Pharoah) Zn- ^-¶v- B≥-dv- hm-Kv\ ¬-kv- F≥- Howard La Fay: `Èbla: Splender of an Unknown Em-
sskt¢m-]o-Un-b- (The Funk and Wagnalls New Ency- pire'' National Geographic Magazine, December 1978) Np-
clopaedia Infopaedia 2.0-Electronic Edition-''Pharoah) cp-°-Øn¬,- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- 1500 h¿j-ßƒ-°v- ap-ºv- Po-
s\¬-k¨-kv- C-√kv-t{S-‰-Uv- ss__nƒ- Un-Iv-jv-W-dn- hn-®n-cp-∂- hy Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- A-{_-lmw- F-∂- ]p-cm-X-\-
(Sr. Herbert Lockyer (General Editor): Nelson's Illustrated {K-\Yv- I- ¿-Øm°-fp-sS- A-`n-{]m-bØ - n-\v- hn-cp-≤a - m-bn- _n.-
Bible Dictionary (1986) ``Pharoah'') Xp-Sß
- n-b- B-[n-Imcn kn.- 2300\-SpØ- Im-e-Øm-bn-cn-°-Ww- A-t±-lw- Po-hn-
I- {K-\v-Y-ß-sf-√mw- {In-kv-Xp-hn\v- ap-ºv- ]-Xn-\-©mw- \q- ®n-cp-∂s - X-∂- \nK-a\ - Ø- n-se-Øm-\m-Wv- B-[p-\n-I- D¬-
‰m-≠n-\v- ap ºv- ^-tdm-h-sb-∂- ]-Z-{]-tbm-Kw- cm-Pm-°- J-\-\- K-th-j-W-ßƒ- \¬Ip-∂- hn-h-c-ßƒ- \-sΩ-
∑m-sc- A-`nkw-t_m-[\- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠v- \n-e-\n-∂n-cp- t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.-
∂n-s√-∂ h-kvXp-X- Aw-Ko-I-cn°p-∂p-.- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-se- c-m-P-hw-i- N-cn-{X-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-
A-{_-lm-an-s≥-d- Im-e-sØ- C-u-Pn-]v-Xn-se- cm-Pmhn- Sp-Øn- ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬- B-dp-ap-X¬- ]-{¥-≠p-h-sc- cmP-
s\- ss__nƒ- ^-tdm-h-sb-∂v- hn-fn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂v- ]-d- hw-i-ß-fp-sS- Im-eßƒ-°n-S-bn-em-bn-cn-°-Ww- A-{_
™-t√m.- D¬-]-Øn- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- A-{_-lm-an-s≥-d- lm-an-s≥-d- Po-hn-Xs - a- ∂- m-Wv- a-\ - n-em-Ip-∂X - v.- B-[p\n-
I-Y- hn-i-Z-am-bn- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p≠v- (11:-26˛25:-18).- F-∂m¬- I- K-th-jI - ∑
- m-cp-sS- A`n-{]m-bw- ]-cn-KW - n-®m¬- Bdmw-
F-∂m-Wv- A-t±-lw- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂s - X-∂v- hyIvX- a - m-°p∂- cm-P-hw-i-Øn-s≥-d- Im-e-Øm-bn-cn-°-Ww- (_n.kn.- 2300)-
Ir-Xy-am-b- tc-J-I-sfm-∂p-an-√.- Zn- A-°m-Z-an-Iv- A-tacn A-{_-lmw- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂X - v.- A-ßs - \-sb-¶n¬- ]p-cm-X\-
°≥- F≥-sskt¢m-]o-Un-b- _n.-kn.- aq-∂mw- k-l-{km cmP-Xz- (Old Kingdom) Im-e-Øm-bn-cn-°pw- A-t±-l-Øn
_v-Z-Øn-s≥-d- A-¥y-Øn-tem- c-≠mw- k-l-{km-_-vZ-Øn s≥-d- Po-hn-Xw.- C-\n- ]-{¥-≠mw- cm-Ph - w-iØ - n-s≥-d- Ime-
s≥-d- Xp-S-°-Øntem- B-bn-cn-°-Ww- A-{_-lmw- Po-hn- Øm-Wv- A-{_-lmw- Pohn®n-cp-∂-sX-∂- ]-g-b- A-`n{]m-
®-sX-∂m-Wv- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv (Abraham) _n.-kn.- bw- ]-cn-K-Wn-®m-epw- a-[y-cm-P-Xz- (Middle Kingdom) Im-
1850I-fn-em-bn-cn-°W - w- A-{_-lm-an-s≥-d- Im-eL - ´- s- a∂m- e-Øm-Wv- A-t±lw- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂-sX-∂v- am{X-sa- h-cn-I
Wv- "Un-Ij v- W
v- d
- n- Hm-^v- t{]m-]¿ s\-bnw-kv- B≥-dv- sπbn bp-≈q.- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-se- cm-Pm-°-∑m-sc- ^-tdm-h-sb-∂v-
k-kv- C≥- Z- ss_-_n-fn-'-s≥-d- ]-£w- (O. odelain & R. hnfn-°m-\m-cw-`n-®X - v- ]p-Xn-b- cm-PX - z-Im-eØ - v- ]-Xn-s\´mw-
Seguineau: Dictionary of Proper Names and Places in the cm-Ph - w-iØ - ns≥-d- k-ab - Ø - m-sW-∂v- ap-ºv- hy-IvX - a
- m°n-
Bible. (London 1991) Page 7 `Àbraham'') Zn- e-b¨- lm≥dv- bn-´p-≠v.- ]-n-s∂-sb-ß-s\-bm-Wv- A-{_-lm-an-s≥-d- Ime-
_p-°v- ‰p- Z- ss_-_n-fn-\pw- G-I-tZ-iw- C-tX- A-`n-{]m- sØ- Cu-Pn-]vX - n-se- cm-Pm-hn-s\- ^-tdm-hs - b-∂v- hn-fn°p-
bw- X-s∂-bm-Wp-≈-Xv.- (David Alexander and Pat Alex- I?- A-{_-lm-an-\v- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ- I-gn-™-v \n-e-hn¬-h∂-
ander (Ed): The Lion Hand Book to the Bible, (1973-Ox- ^-tdm-hs - b-∂- A-`n-kw-t_m-[\ - - co-Xn- A-t±-lØ - n-s≥d-
ford) Page 152, 153) B-[p- \
- n-I- K-th-jW
- ß
- f
- p-sS- shfn- Im-eØ - v- F-ßs - \-bm-Wv- D-]t- bm-Kn-°s - ∏-Sp-I?- ^-tdmh-
®-Øn¬- A-{_-lmw- _n.-kn.- 2300\-Sp-Øv- Po-hn-®p-sh- amcp-sS- I-Y- ]-d-bp-tºmƒ- ss_-_nƒ- kq-£v-a-X- ]pe¿-
∂m-Wv- a-\
- n-em-°m≥- I-gn-bp-∂s
- X-∂v- "Zn- l-®n≥-k¨- Øp-∂n-s√-∂- h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv- \-ap-°v- C-hn-sS- t_m-
kv- \yq sk≥-dp--dn- F≥-ssk-t¢m-]o-Unb'-- ]-d-bp-∂p.- [ys∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
(The Hutchinson New Century Encyclopaedia" (1995-Elec- tbm-k-^n-s≥-d- N-cn-{X-hn-h-c-W-Øn-epw- C-tX- {]iv-
tronic Edition) `Àbraham''). _n.- k n.- 2000Øn- \ pw- \w- \n-e\n¬-°p-∂p-≠v.- tbm-k-^n-s≥-d- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-te-
2300\pan-S-bn-em-bn-cn-°-Ww- A-{_-lm-an-s≥-d- Im-e-sa °p-≈- h-c-hv- F-∂m-bncp-∂p?- ss_-_n-fn-se- kw-`-h-
∂m-Wv {]-kn-≤-am-b- tIm-fn≥- sPw- Un-Iv-jv-W-dn- Hm^v- hn-h-c-W-ß-fp-sS- sh-fn-®-Øn¬- -ln-Ivtkm-kv- hw-i-Øn
Zn- ss_-_n-fn-s≥-d-bpw- ]-£w- (Rev: James L. Dow, Colli s≥-d- `-c-W-I-m-e-Øm-bn-cn-°-Ww- C-Xv- \-S-∂-sX∂mWv-
ns Gem Dictionary of the Bible (1985-Britain) `Àbraham'' ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- A-`-n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- B-cm-Wv- ln-Iv
Page 18) _m-_n-tem-Wn-se- l-ap-d-_n-- ({In:-ap-:- 1728˛1686)- tkmkv- hw-iw?-- tUm.- Un.- _m-_p-t]mƒ- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:-
bp-sS- k-aI- m-eo-\\ - m-bn-cp-∂p- A-{_-lm- s
- a-∂- A-`n-{]mb- "{In.- ap.- 1720˛1550 Im-e-Øv- Cu-Pn-]v-Xv- `-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv-
hpw- {In:- ap-:- 1500\v- A-Sp-∏n-®m-Wv- A-{_-lm-an-s≥-d- Im- ln-Iv-tkm-kv- hw-i-Øn-se- ^tdm-ham-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- C-h¿-
e-sa-∂- as°≥-kn-bp-sS- A-`n-{]m-b-hpw- tUm.- _m-_p- G-jym- h≥-I-c-bn¬-\n-∂p-h-∂v- Im-e-{I-aØn¬- `-c-Wm
t]mƒ- X-s≥-d- th-Z-i-_v Z- c-Xv-\m-I-c-Øn¬- D-≤-cn-°p- [n-Im-cn-If - m-bn-Øo¿-∂h - c - m-Wv.- BZy-Im-eØ - v- \n-eh - nep-
∂p ≠v- (]p-dw- 50).- F-∂m¬- B-[p\n-I- D¬-J-\-\- K- ≈- `-c-W-b-{¥w-X-s∂- D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-¶n-epw- ]n
th-j-W-ßƒ- A {_-lm-an-s≥-d- Im-e-sØ- ]p-d-tIm-´v- s∂-∏n-s∂- Iq-Sp-X-em-bn- sk-an-‰n-Iv- hw-i-P-sc- D-∂-X-
sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p-sh-∂pw- _n.-kn.- 2300t\m-S-Sp-Øm-bn- kv-Ym-\-ß-fn¬- \n-b-an-°m≥- Xp-S-ßn''- (th-Zi-_v-Z- cXv-
cn-°-Ww- At±-lw- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂-sX-∂m-Wv- D¬-J-\-\- \m-I-cw- ]p-dw- 272).- ln-Ivtk-m-kv- hw-i-°m-cp-sS- `-c-W-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 10
Im-eØ- m-Wv- tbm-k^ - n-s≥-d- Cu-Pn]vX

- n-te-°p-≈- {]th- \n-tj[n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- bm-sXm-cp-hn-[- \ym-bo-I-c-W-hp-an-
i-\-ap-≠m-b-sX-∂- tUm.- Un.- _m-_-pt]m-fn-s≥d- A-`n- s√-∂v- C-Xn¬-\n-∂p-Xs - ∂- i-cn-°pw- hy-IvX - a- m-Wv.- ^ -- tdm-
{]m-bw-X-s∂-bm-Wv- s\¬-k¨-kv- C√-kv-t{S-‰-Uv- ss_ h-amsc-°p-dn-®v- ss_-_nƒ- Ir-Xy-hpw- kq-£v-a-hpw- I-f
_nƒ- Un-Iv-jv-W-dn-bpw- (Nelsons Illustrated Bible Dic- ¶-c-ln-X-hp-am-b- N-cn-{Xw- {]-Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂p-sh-¶n¬-
tionary `Ègypt'' Page 324) hn-eyw- \o¬-kv- h¨- hmfyw- am{X-sa- A-Xn-s≥-d- am{Xw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- Jp¿-B-
ss_-_nƒ- Isa≥-ddn-bpw-- (Willian Neil's One Volume \n-se- -^-tdm-hm-˛lm-am≥- I-Y-sb- hne-bn-cp-Øm-hq.-
Bible Commentary ``Genesis: The Story of Joseph'' Page ^tdm-hs - b-∂- ]-ZØ - n-s≥-d- D-]tbm-KØ - n¬-t]m-epw- Ir-
63) Zn- \yq- sPw-dmw- _n-ªn-°¬- I-a≥-d-dn-bp-sa-√mw- Xy-X-bn-√m-Ø- ss_-_n-fn-s\- C-°m-cy-Øn¬- H-cp- am\-
(The New Jerome Biblical Commentary Page 37) ap-t∂m- Z-Wv-U-am-°p-hm-t\- ]-‰n-√.- tam-i-bv-°p-ti-jw- \q-‰m-≠p-
´p-sh-°p-∂X - v.- ln-Itv- km-kv- hw-iP - c
- p-sS- `-cW - I - m-eØ - m Iƒ- I-gn™v- Fgp-X-s∏-´-Xn-\m¬- ^-tdm-h-sb-∂- \maw-
Wv- tbm-k-^n-s≥-d- Cu-Pn-]v-Xv- B-K-a-\-ap-≠m-b-sX-∂- {]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬- C-Ø-c-sam-cp- A-_-≤-ap-≠m-sb-
Im-cy-Øn¬- {]-ap-Jc - m-b- ss_-_nƒ- ]-WU v- n-X∑ - m¿-°nS- ¶n¬- C-tX- Im-c-W-Øm¬- ^-tdm-h-bp-sS- a-{¥n-bp-ambn-
bn¬- A-`n-{]m-bm-¥-c-sam-∂p-an-s√-∂¿-Y-w.- _-\v-[-s∏-´- H-cp- I-Y- hn-´p-t]m-bn-cn-°p-hm-\p-≈- km[y-
ln-Iv-tk-m-kv- hw-iw- G-Xp-Im-e-Øm-Wv- Cu-Pn-]v-Xv- X-bpw- \n-tj-[n-°p-hm-\-m-hn-√-t√m.-
`-cn-®n-cp∂-sX-∂v- \-tS- kq-Nn-∏n-®p-h-t√m.- {In.-ap.- 1720˛ Jp¿-B\ - m-Is - ´,- A-Xn-se- a-s‰-√m- hn-jb - ß - f - n-epsa-
1550B-Wv- ln-Iv-tkmkv- hw-i-Øn-s≥-d- Im-ew.- Cu-Pn]v- ∂-t]m-se- ^-tdm-h-bp-sS- \m-a-{]-tbm-K-Øn-epw- kw-`h-
Xn-se- a-[y-cm-P-Xz-Im-e- (Middle Kingdom) am-Wn-Xv.- C hn-h-c-W-ß-fn-ep-sa-√mw- Xn-I-™- kq-£v-a-X- ]p-e¿-Øn-
°m-eØ - m-Wv- Cu-Pn-]X v- n-te-°p-≈- tbm-k^ - n-s≥d- BK- s°m-≠v- A-Xn-s≥-d- ssZ-hn-IX - - shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - v- Im
a-\a- p-≠m-bX - v.- ]-Xn-\© - mw- cm-Ph - w-iØ - n-s≥-d- Im-eØ - m- Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- A-Xv-`p-X-I-c-am-Wv- C-°m-cy-Øn¬- Jp¿-
bncn-°Ww- CXv kw-`-hn-®n-cn-°p-I-sb-∂m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un B≥- ]p-e¿-Øp-∂- kq-£v-a-Xbpw- Ir-Xy-X-bp-sa-∂-Xm
Xm-`n-{]m-bw.- ^tdm-h-sb-∂- A-`n-kw-t_m-[-\m- co-Xn- Wv- hkv-Xp-X.- ss_-_n-fn-se- ^-tdm-hsb∂- i-_v-Z-Øn
]p-Xn-b- cm-P-hw-iIm-eØm-W-t√m- B-cw-`n-®-Xv.- tbmk- \v- X-Øp-ey-am-Wv- Jp¿-B-\n-se- -^n¿-Hu≥.- A-{_-lman-
^n-s≥-d- Im-es - Ø- cm-Pm-hn-s\- ^tdm-hs - b-∂v- ss__n s≥-dtbm- tbm-k^ - n-s≥d-tbm- Im-es - Ø- cm-Pm-hn-s\°p-
ƒ- hn-fn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xpw- A-_-≤-am-sW-∂¿-Y-w.- dn-®v- Jp¿-B-\n-sem-cn-S-Øpw- ^n¿-Hu≥- F-∂v- {]tbmKn-
A-{_-lm-an-s≥-d-bpw- tbm-k-^n-s≥-d-bpw- Im-e-sØ- °p-∂n-√.- bq-kp-^v- \-_n- (A)-bp-sS- Im-e-Øv- Cu-Pn-]v
Cu-Pn-]vjy≥- N-{I-h¿-Øn-am-sc- ^ - t- dm-ha - m-sc-∂v- ss_ Xv- `-cn-®n-cp-∂-bm-sf- Jp¿-B≥- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv- "a-en-°v'-
_nƒ- A-`n-kw-t_m-[-\- sN-øp-hm-\p-≈- Im-c-W-sa-¥m F-∂m-Wv- (D-Zm-:- 12:-43˛54,- 12:-72˛76).- "a-en-°v'- F-∂m¬-
Wv?- tam-si- {]-hm-NI - ∂ - v- tijw- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ- I-gn™m- cm-Pm-hv- F-∂¿Y-w.- tbm-k-^n-s≥-d- Im-e-sØ- `-c-Wm[n-
Wv- ss_-_nƒ- ]-g-b- \n-b-a-Øn-se- ]p-kvX-I-ß-fn¬- Im-cn-sb- tI-h-ew- cm-Pm-hv- F∂v- hn-fn-°p-∂ -Jp¿-B≥-
an-°-Xp-w- F-gp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- hn-hn-[- {K-\v-Y-Im-c-∑m-cp-sS- tam-ib - p-sS- Im-es - Ø- N-{I-h¿-Øn-sb- ^n¿Hu≥- F∂p-
c-N-\-I-fm-W-t√m- A-h-bn-ep-≈-Xv.- A-{_-lm-an-s≥-d-bpw- X-s∂- hn-fn-°p-∂p-≠v.- tam-ib - p-sS- N-cn-{X-hp-am-bn- _\v[-
tbm-k^ - ns≥-db - p-sa-√mw- I-Y- ss_-_n-fn¬- F-gp-Xs - ∏´- s∏-Sp-Øn- ^n¿Hu-\n-s≥-d- \m-aw- \n-ch - [
- n- X-hW - - Jp¿B-
Im-e-Øv- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-se- cm-Pm-°-∑m-sc- hn-fn-®n-cp-∂-Xv- \n¬- Im-Wmw.- (D-Zm-:- 7:-104˛137,- 8:-52˛54,- 10:-75˛90,- 20:-24˛78,-
^-tdm-h-am-sc-∂m-bn-cp-∂n-cn°-Ww.- Cu- {]-tbm-K-Øn¬- 26:-10˛66,- 28:-3˛42,- 24˛46,- 43:-46˛85,- 51:-38˛40,- 79:-17˛25).-
\n-∂v- Cu-Pn-]vX - n¬- F-°m-eØ - pw- cm-Pm-°∑ - m-sc- ^ - tdm- ]p-Xn-b- cm-PX - z-Im-eØ - m-Wv- ^-tdm-hs - b-∂- A-`n-kw
h-am-sc-∂m-bn-cn-°W - w- hn-fn-®s - X-∂- \n-Ka - \ - Ø - n-se-Øn t_-m-[\m- co-Xn-bp-≠m-bs-X-∂v- \-tS- kq-Nn-∏n-®p-h-t√m.-
b- {K-\v-Y-Im-c-∑m-cp-sS- kq-£v-a-X-°p-d-hp-sIm-≠v- kw-` _n.-kn.- 1552˛1069 BWv- ]p-Xn-b- cm-P-Xz-Im-ew.- {In-kv-
hn®- A-_≤ - a - m-Wn-Xv.- Cu-Pn-]vX - n-s≥-d- ]p-cm-X\ - - N-cn{X- Xp-hn-\v- ap-ºv- ]-Xn \m-emw- \q‰m-≠n-s≥-d- a-[y-Øn¬-
tam- ^-tdm-h-sb-∂- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- hyp-¬-]-Øn-tbm- Adn _n.-kn.- 1352\pw- 1348\pw- C-S-°m-bn-cn-°-Ww- cm-Pm-°-
bm-Ø- {K-\v-Y-Im-c-∑m¿-°v- kw-`-hn-®- kzm-`m-hn-I-am-b- ∑m-sc- ^-tdm-h-sb-∂v- A-`n-kw-t_m-[-\- sN-øp ∂- co-
H-cp- ssI-∏n-g- am-{X-am-Wn-Xv.- Cu-Pn-]j v- y≥- ]p-cm-hn-PvRm- Xn-bp-sS- Xp-S-°-sa-∂m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-Xm-`n-{]m-bw.- _n.-kn.-
\o-bØ - n-s≥-d- h-f¿-®b - m-Wv- C-sXm-cp- A-_≤ - a- m-sW∂v- ] Xn-aq-∂mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s≥-d- B-Zy-]-Ip-Xn-bn-em-Wv- tam-
\-ap-°v- hy-IX v- a - m-°n-Øc - n-Ib
- pw- ss_-_nƒ- c-Nb - nXm° i- P-\n-®-sX-∂m-Wv- I-cpX-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- ^-tdm-h-sb-∂-
ƒ-°v- C-tXt]m-se-bp-≈- \n-c-h-[n- A-_-≤-ß-ƒ- kw-` A-`n-kw-t_m-[-\m- co-Xn- {]-Np-c-{]Nmcw- kn-≤n-®- Im-
hn-®n-´p-s≠-∂- h-kv-Xp-X- sh-fn-®-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cn-I-bpw- e Øm-Wv tam-i-bp-sS- P-\-\-hpw- Zu-Xy-hp-sa-√mw- D≠m-
sN-bv-X-Xv.- b-sX-∂¿-Y-w.- tam-i-bp-sS- {]-t_m-[-\-Im-e-sØ- cm-Pm-
^--tdm-h-bp-sS- N-cn-{X-hn-h-c-W-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´v- hn-s\- ^n¿-Hu≥- F-∂v- kw t_m-[\ - - sN-bvX - n-cp-∂- Jp¿-
ss_-_nƒ- kq-£v-a-X- ]m-en-°p-∂n-s√-∂- h-kv-Xp-X- B- B-\n-I- co-Xn- ]q¿-Wam-bpw- i-cn-bm-b- N-cn-{X-hpw- ]p-
t]-cv- D-]t- bm-Kn-®X - nep-≈- A-_≤ - w-Xs - ∂- kp-Xc - mw- hy cm-h-kv-Xp- im-kv-{X-hp-am-bn- F √m- \n-e-bv-°pw- tbm-Pn-
Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≠v.- Jp¿-B-\n¬- hn-h-cn-®n-´p-≈- ^--tdm-hm- °p-∂-Xm-sW-∂- h-kv-Xp-X- AXn-s≥-d- ssZhn-I-X-bv-°p-
˛lm-am≥- I-Y- ss_-_n-fnen-s√-∂- G-I Im-c-W-Øm¬-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 11
≈- sX-fn-hv- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.- d-h.- F.-kn.- s¢-b‰ v- ¨- F-gp-Xp∂-Xv- Im-Wp-I:- - ""blq

^-tdm-h-sb-°p-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-fp-sS- Im-cy-Øn¬- Z∑m-cnepw- {In-kX v- ym-\n-Ifn-epw- Nn-e¿- Cu- ]p-kvXIØn
Jp¿-B≥- Ir-Xy-X-bpw- kq-£v-a-X-bpw- ]p-e¿-Øp-∂p-sh ¬- B≤ym-Xv-an-I D]tZißƒ- Ip-dhm-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh
∂pw- ss_-_nƒ- ]e- A-_≤ - ß - f - pw- h-cp-Øp-∂p-s≠∂p- ∂pw- CXn¬- btlm-h Ft∂m- ssZhw- Ft∂m- D≈
ap-≈- h-kv-Xp-X-Iƒ- \mw- a-\ n-em-°n.- N-cn-{X-I-Y-\ß- \m-aw- Hcp- {]m-hiyw-t]m-epw- Im-Wp-∂n-s√∂p-ap-≈ Imc
fp-sS- hn-jb - Ø
- n¬- Jp¿-B≥- sh-®p-]p-e¿-Øp-∂- IrXy WØm¬- CXv- Hcp- IYbm-sW∂v- hn-Nm-cn-®v- CXns\
X-bv-°v- Im-c-Ww- A-Xn-s≥-d- ssZ-hn-I-X-bm-sW-∂- hkv- thZ]p-kX v- IØn¬- Dƒ-s∏Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.- F∂m¬-
Xp-X- A¬-]w- Nn-¥n-®m¬- X-s∂- t_m-[y-s∏-Spw.- ss_ an-°hmdpw- blq-Z∑m-cpw- {In-kv-Xym-\n-Ifpw- Aw-Ko-Icn-
_n-f√m-Ø- a-s‰m-cp- t{km-X- pw- ]p-cm-X-\- N-cn-{X-Øn ®n-´p-≠v''- (ss__nƒ- \n-L≠p,- t]Pv- 83).-
s≥-d- Im-cy-Øn¬- \n-e-hn-en-√m-Xn-cp-∂- Im-e-Øv- A-hX- C-°m-cyw- A¬-]w-Iq-Sn- hn-i-Z-am-bn- tUm.- Un.- _m
cn-∏n-°-s∏-´- Jp¿-B-\n-I- hN-\-ßƒ- A-_-≤-ß-fn¬- _p-t]mƒ- X-s≥-d- th-Zi - _
- Zv- - c-X\
v- m-Ic
- Ø - n¬- hn-hc - n°p-
\n-∂v- ]q¿-Wa - m-bn- a-pIvX - a - m-sW-∂- h-kvXp-X- A-Xn-s≥d- ∂p-≠v.- ""Fkvt- Xdn-s≥-d IY ss__n-fnƒ- Dƒ-s∏SpØp-
ssZ-hn-I-X-b-√m-sX- a-s‰-¥m-Wv- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xv?- ∂Xv- Zo¿-LIm-ew- X¿-°hn-jbam-bn-cp-∂p.- {In.- ]n.-
ss_-_n-fn¬- A-_≤ - ß - ƒ- ]-cm-a¿-in-°s - ∏-´- A-tX- Ncn- 90¬- Pmw-\n-bbn¬- Iq-Sn-b kp-\ltZm-km-Wv- blq-Z∑m
{Xw-Xs∂- ssI-Im- c - yw- sN-øp-tºm-gpw- Jp¿-B\ - n¬- AtX- cp-sS thZ{K\v-YØn¬- ˛{In-kv-Xym-\n-Iƒ-°v- ]gb \n
A-_-≤w- B-h¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√-∂- h-kv-Xp-X- ]ucm baw-˛ Cu- IYbv°v- kv-Ym-\w- A\p-hZn-®Xv.- BZn-a
Wn-I- kw-`-h-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- kq£v-a-am-bn- A-dn-bp-∂-h ss{Ikv-Xhcp-sS CSbn¬- Fkv-tXdn-s≥-d kzo-Im-cyX
\n¬-\n-∂v- A-hX - c- n-∏n-°s - ∏-´X - m-Wv- AsX-∂v- hy-IvX - am- X¿-°hn-jbambn- Xp-S¿-∂p.- 396¬- tN¿-∂ Im¿-tØPv-
°p-∂p.- kp-\ltZm-km-Wv- CXv- ss__nfn¬- Dƒ-s∏Sp-Øm≥-
^-tdm-h-bp-sS- N-cn-{X- I-Y-\-Øn-s≥-d- Im-cy-Øn¬- \n-iv-Nbn-®Xv.- 367¬- AØm-\m-tjymkv- Xøm-dm-°n-b
]-e- kvY- e-Øpw- A-_≤ - ß- ƒ- ]-‰n-bn-´p-≈- ss_-_nfn¬- ]ń-Ibn¬- Uyq--t{Sm-- Im-t\m-\n-°¬- F∂m-bn-cp-∂p-
]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂ns√-∂- Im-cW - Ø - m¬- {]-kvX - p-X- I-Y\- kvYm-\w.- saen-t‰m,- Sn-tbm-tUm¿,- Aw-^ntem-°n-bq-kv,-
Øn¬- ]q¿-W-am-bn- Ir-Xy-X-]p-e¿-Øp-∂- {K-\v-Y-am-b- \m-kn-bm≥-kn-se {Kn-tKm-dn-tbm-kv- Chcp-sSsbm-s°
Jp¿-B\ - n¬-]d - ™- n-cn-°p-∂- ^--tdm-hm-˛lm-am≥- I-Y- ap A`n-{]mbhpw- FkvtXdn-s≥-d Im-t\m-\n-IXbv°v- A\p-
l-ΩZ- v \-_n-°p-≠m-b- B-ib - ° - p-g∏ - Ø- n¬-\n∂p-≠mb- Iq-eam-bn-cp-∂n-√.- Bdmw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- CXv- X¿-°hnjb
sI-´p-IY - b- m-sW-∂v- hm-Zn-°p-∂X - v- G-Xv- am-\Z- W - vU
- Ø - n am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v- Pq-\n-\ntbmkpw- tcJs∏Sp-Øn-bn-
s≥d- A-Sn-kY v- m-\Ø - n¬- t\m-°n-bm-epw- hn-hc - t- °-SmWv.- ´p≠v.- blq-Z ]Wv-Un-X∑m-cp-sS FXn¿-∏n\v- Im-cWw-
{K\v-YØn-s≥-d aX\n-ct]£Xbpw- sshtZin-I kz`m-
c-≠v)- F-kvtX-dn-s≥-d- ]p-kX v- I - Ø - n¬- ]-d™ - n-cn°p-
hhpam-bn-cp-∂p.- 4:14,-16 Xp-Sßn- Np-cp-°w- ]cm-a¿-ißƒ-
∂- Al-iz-tdm-iv- cm-Pm-hn-s≥-d- Io-gn-ep-≈- lm-am≥- F-
Hgn-®m¬- ssZhw- Cu- Ir-Xn-bn¬- Zr-iy-t\b√.- t]¿
∂- {]-`p hn-s≥-d- IY-bpw- ^-tdm-h-bp-sS- I-Y-bpw- Iq-Sn-
jy≥- cm-Pm-hn-s\°p-dn-®v- 187 ]cm-a¿-ißfp-≠v.- ]q-cnw-
°p-g-™-Xp-aq-e-am W-v- Jp¿-B-\n¬- -^-tdm-h-m-˛lm-am≥-
-Xn-cp-\mƒ,- tam-ibp-sS \ym-b{]am-WØn¬- C√m-bn-cp
I-Y-bp-≠m-b-Xv.-
∂p F∂Xn-\m¬- 30 {]hm-NI∑m¿- Dƒ-s∏sS 85 aq∏
Jp¿-B-\n¬- N-cn-{Xm-_-≤-ap-s≠-∂v- h-cp-Øp-hm≥- ∑m¿- B Xn-cp-\m-fn¬- hm-bn-t°≠n-bn-cp-∂ Cu- Ir-Xn
th-≠n- hna ¿-i-I-∑m¿- C-hn-sS- A-h-ew-_am °n-bn-cn- sb Aw-Ko-Icn-°m-≥- hn-kΩXn-®p-sh∂v- as‰m-cn-SØpw-
°p-∂-Xv- ss_-_nƒ- ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn-se- F-kv-tX-dns≥- Im-Wp∂p'' (thZi_v-ZcXv-\m-Icw-: t]-Pv- 156).-
d- ]p-kv-X-I-sØ-bm-Wv.- F-kv-tX-dn-s≥d- ]p-kv-X-Iw- aq-
I-tØm-en-°c - p-sS- ss-__ - nƒ- hn-PR v- m-\t- Im-iw- ]d-
∂v- ap-X¬- G gp-h-sc- A-[ym-b-ß-fn¬- A-l-iz-tdm-iv-
bp-∂-Xpw- C-Xp-X-s∂-: ""_n.-kn.- c≠mw- \q-‰m-≠p-ap-X¬-
cm-Pm-hn-s≥-d- {]-`p-hm-b- lm-am-s\-°p-dn-®v- ]-db - p-∂p-s≠-
F.-Un.- H∂mw- \q-‰m≠p-hscbp-≈ Im-eL´Øn¬-
∂-Xv- icn-bm-Wv.- F-kv-tX-dn-s≥d- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-se- lm-
Pohn-®n-cp-∂ Jw-{am-\n-se Fkow- kaq-lw- Fkv-tXdn-
am≥- N-cn{X-]p-cp-j\pw- Jp¿-B-\n-se- lmam ≥- sI-´p-
s\ ln-{_p-Im-\\n¬- Dƒ-s∏Sp-Øn-bn-√.- ]qcnw-Xn-cp-\mƒ-
I-Y-bp-am-sW-∂- hm-Z-Øn-\v- F-¥v- ASnØ-dbm-Wp-≈-
ssZhkv-Ym-]n-Xam-bX√m-ØXn-\m¬- blq-Z Xn-cp-\m-
Xv?- Jp¿-B-\n-t\-°mƒ- B[n-Im-cn-I-am-Wv- Fkv-tX-dn-
fp-Ifn¬- H∂m-bn- AXn-s\ Ah¿- I≠n-√.- AXp-sIm-
s≥-d- ]p-kv-X-I-sa-∂v- sX-fn-bn-°m≥- I-gn-™m¬- Cu-
≠m-hmw- Cu- {K\v-YØn-\v- Ah¿- hen-b {]m-[m-\yw-
hmZ-Øn-\v- A¬-]w- {]-kIv-Xn-bp-s≠-s∂-¶n-epw- ]-db - m-
sIm-Sp-°m-Xn-cp-∂Xv..- ...- BZn-aIm-eßfn¬- Fkvt- Xdn\
am-bn-cp-∂p.- F∂m¬- F-kvt- X-dn-s≥-d- ]p-kvX - I - Øn -s≥-
Im-t\m-\n-Iw- As√¶n¬- {]m-am-Wn-I {K\vY - am-bn- {Inkv-
d- A-h-kv-Y-sb-¥m-Wv?- b-lq-Z-cpw- ss{I-kv-X-hcp-amb-
Xym-\n-Ifpw- I≠n-cp-∂n-√.- CXn¬- shfn-hm-Ip-∂ ISp
]-e- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpw- Cu- ]p-kv-XIw- B-[n-Im-cnI-as√-
Ø h¿-Kkv-t\lhpw- kz-P\]£]m-Xhpw AtXk
∂v- {]-Jym-]n-°p-Ib - pw- th-Z- ]p-kX v- I - Ø- ns≥d- `m-Kas√-
abw- hn-Pm-Xo-btcm-Sp-≈ Akln-jv-Wp-Xbp-am-Imw-
∂v- hm-Zn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p-s≠-∂-Xm-Wv-hmkvX-hw.-
(ti-jw- t]-Pv- 45 ¬-)
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 12
hn.F. aplΩZv Ajvd^v
Ckvemans\ AXns≥d auenIt{kmX n¬\nt∂m Ncn{X]camtbm

a\ nem°m≥ Iq´m°msX, ]mivNmXy˛ ]uckvXy\mSpIfn¬ {]tXyI
]ivNmØeßfn¬ cq]wsIm≠ hm¿∏v amXrIbn¬Xs∂ HXpßn°q
Sm\pw Xs≥d tUmKvaIsf almkXyßsf∂ \nebn¬ AhXcn∏n°m
\pamWv B\µns≥d {iaw.
]WvUntXmNnXamb hna¿i\ßsf am\y aqeyßf-n¬ H∂pw amtd≠Xn√ F∂XmWn

ambn N¿® sNøp∂Xn\p≈ B¿Phw t\Sn hnsS B\µv AhKWn°p∂Xv. ssZhtØmSp
sbSp°m≥ Jp¿B≥ apkvenwIsf Blzm\w ≈ kvt\lØns≥d t]cn¬ a\pjys\ kvt\
sNøp∂p≠v (16:125). F∂m¬ kwhmZw km[n ln°pI, a\pjykam[m\Øn\pw klh¿
°mØ hn[amWv B\µns\bpw Acp¨ jq ØnXzØn\pw th≠n bXv\n°pI,- h¿K-ob
dntbbpw t]mep≈h¿ Ckvemans\∏‰n kw {]hWXIsf {]Xntcm[n°pI, Xn∑bpsS
kmcn®psIm≠ncn°p∂Xv. Ckvemans\ AXn iIvXnIsf kmaqly Iq´mbvaIfneqsS FXn
s≥d auenIt{kmX n¬\nt∂m Ncn{X]cam ¿°pI F∂o Bibßƒ F¥n\v amdWw?
tbm a\ nem°m≥ Iq´m°msX, ]mivNmXy˛ `mjI-f-pw thjßfpw hyXykvXamImw; F
]uckvXy\mSpIfn¬ {]tXyI ]ivNmØe ∂m¬ AkXyw ]dbcpXv, A\oXn sNøcpXv,
ßfn¬ cq]wsIm≠ hm¿∏v amXrIbn¬Xs∂ `cWIqSßfpsS [n°mcßsf k¿h-mXva\m
HXpßn°qSm\pw Xs≥d tUmKvaIsf alm kln°cpXv, tZiobXIfpsS t]cn¬ \SØp
kXyßsf∂ \nebn¬ AhXcn∏n°m\pam ∂ anen´ssdtkj\pw bp≤{`m¥pw AwKoI
Wv B\µns≥d {iaw. Xm≥ t\cn´ AhkvYI cn°cpXv, GIm[n]Xy {]hWXIsf tNmZyw
fpw Xs≥d am{Xw ]cnanXamb A\p`hßfpw sNøWw, a¿Z-nX\pth≠n i_vZapb¿ØWw,
cq]w \¬Inb [mcWIƒsh®v {]]©sØ Ab¬°mcs\ kvt\ln°Ww, a\pjyk
bpw temIsØbpw hymJym\n°m≥ a\pjy≥ tlmZc\pth≠n XymKa\p`hn°ptºmƒ
{]ISn∏n°p∂ hne£Wamb- \o°amWv ]c Ah\n¬\n∂p≈ ]p©ncnt]mepw {]Xo£n
s° Actßdp∂Xv. AXmXpImesØ kmaq °cpXv, ]mhßƒ°mbn Zm\w sNøptºmƒ
ly {]Xn`mkßtfmSv {InbmXvaIambn {]Xn heXpssI sNøp∂Xv CSXpssI AdnbmØ
Icn°p∂Xn¬ ]cmPbs∏´ aXbmYmkvYnXn- {X "CJvemkv' ]pe¿ØWw, CltemIw \∑
IXzhpw Ah¿ t]dp∂ Po¿W-Xbpw Ah¿ IƒsIm≠v ]pjv°eam°n ]ctemItØ°v
]cØp∂ amen\yhpw Xs≥d ap≥[mcWIfp IÆv \SWw CsXms°bmWv Ckvemans≥d
sS shfn®Øn¬ Ckvemambn sX‰n≤cn®ncn ASnkvYm\mibßƒ bYm¿Y- apkvenan-ep±o
°pIbmWv B\µv. ]n∏n°p∂ {]hWXIƒ. CXnteXmWv amt‰
"Ckvemw F¥psIm≠v amdp∂n√?', B\ ≠Xv?
µv tNmZn°p∂p. ImemXnh¿Ønbmb imizX Ckvemanse I¿am\pjvTm\ßsfms°
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 13
bpw CØcw k\mX\ aqeyßfpsS (a\pjy fpsS XmcXays∏SpØ¬ A t\zjWcwKsØ

kmtlmZcyw, a\pjys≥d A¥ -v, \oXnt_m[w, G‰hpw iIvXamb coXnbmWv. tZiob XbpsS
ImcpWyw) kwkvYm]\w e£yw sh®n´p≈XmWv. XShdbn¬\n∂v hnap Iv X amIm≥ IgnbmØ
"\akvImcw \ne\n¿ØpI, \nivNbw AXv tæOIr lnµpa Xhpw PqXaXhpw (kn\v[pam bpw "PqX'
Xyßfn¬\n∂pw a\pjysc XSbp∂p' (Jp¿B≥ tKm{Xhpambpw t] cn¬Xs∂bp≈ _\v[w) {]m
29:45). kI-mØns\ Hcp kwkvIcW kwcwàmbn ]©nIXbpambn CgpInt®cm ≥
Jp¿B≥ ]cnNbs∏SpØp∂p:- "AhcpsS kºØn hnkΩXn°p∂Xns≥d t]cn¬ hna¿in°s∏tS≠
¬\n∂pw kI-mØv ]nSns®SpØv Ahsc ip≤oIcn XmWv. _p≤≥, tbip F∂nh sc D∂X
°pIbpw Ahsc hf¿ØpIbpw sNøpI' (9:103). kvYm\obcm°n ssZhXzw \¬InbmWv _p≤
hn\bhpw emfnXyhpw kam[m\t{]ahpw kakr aXhpw {InkvXpaXhpw cq]w sIm≠Xv. CXmIs´
jvSnkvt\lhpw A[zm\Øns≥d alXzhpw ]cnio Ccph¿ °pw hfsc°meØn\v tij amWv
en∏n°p∂p lPvPv. "lPvPv sNøm≥ Xocpam\n®h¿ kw`hn®Xv. ]mekvXo \nse sXcphoYnIfneqsS
lPvPvthfbn¬ kv{Xokwk¿K-hpw ]m]hrØnI \S∂p\oßn- b \n lmb\m b a\pjy\mb
fpw X¿°tImemleßf-pw h¿Pn°phm≥ Pm{KX tbiphn\mWv "ssZhXzw' \¬Is∏ ´Xv. CXv
bp≈hcmbncn°s´. \nßf\pjvTn°p∂ GsXmcp {]mIrXcpw ]ng®hcpambhcpsS- kmwkv ImcnI
[¿a-hpw A√mlp Adnbp∂p≠v. lPvPv bm{X°p k¶e\w krjvSn® A]NbamsW∂ Jp¿ Bs≥d
≈ ]mtYbßƒ hln®psIm≈pI. F∂m¬ k¿ Is≠Ø¬ (9:30) C∂v ]e B[p\nI ss__nƒ
th-m¬IrjvSamb ]mtYbw ssZhÌvXnbs{X' ]WvUnX∑mcpw AwKoIcn®pIgn™p.
(2:107). \akvIm- cw Hcmsf tæOXIfn¬\n∂v XSbp _p≤nkØns≥d hnPb]cmPb ImcWßƒ
∂ns√¶n¬ Ah¿ \akvIcn®nt´bn√ F∂pw, I≈ ]ehn[Øn¬ hnebncpØs∏ń´p≠v. auenIamb
kwkmchpw hymP {]h¿Ø\hpw Dt]£n°mØ BibØn¬\n∂v tNm¿ØnsbSp°s∏´v, _p≤s\
h¿ `£W]m\obßƒ XyPn°p∂Xn¬ A√mlp HchXmcam°n am‰n, _p≤nksØ XI¿°pIbm
hn\v bmsXmcp Imcyhpan√ F∂pw \_n (k) bncp∂p {_mlvaW aXw. lo\bm\w (tXcmhX),
{]Jym]n®Xv A\pkvacn°pI. almbm\w F∂nßs\ hn`PnXamb c≠n\w
a\pjymhkvYIsfbpw Ahs≥d ]mXIsfbpw _p≤aXßfnepw {_mlvaWyw "PmXobX' k∂n
\n¿Wbn°p∂Xn¬ Ncn{Xw, bpIvXn, imkv{Xw thin∏n®p.(4) PmXns°Xncmb Iem]ambn ]S¿
F∂nh°v {]tNmZ\w \¬Ins°m≠p≈ Znhy am¿ ∂pIbdnb _p≤nkw- kwLS\m]cambnØs∂
KZ¿i\w kzoIcnt°≠Xp≠v. {]]©Øns≥d ]cnh¿ØnXambn.- CXn\v DZmlcWamWv "{ioe¶
D¬]Ønsbbpw hf¿®sbbpw a\pjymkvXnXz bnse _p≤aX°mcn¬ iIvXamb PmXnhyhkvY
Øns≥d Dt±i e£yßsfbpw Ipdn® tNmZyØn bpsS kzm[o\w'(5).
\pw imkv{XØns≥d DØcw ]q¿Wa√. \∑, Xn∑ Hcp {]Xybimkv{Xsa∂ \ne°p≈ am¿Ivkn
XpSßnb kZmNmcaqeyßsf imkv{XmSnkvYm\ kØns≥d ]cmPbßsf∏‰n B\µv ka¿∏n°p∂
Øn¬ \n¿h-Nn°m\p≈ {iaw t`mjvI - msW∂v _¿ \nco£Ww {it≤bamWv: "h¿K-]camb ASnkvYm
{S≥dv d ens\t]mep≈ lyqa\nkv‰pIƒ Xpd∂v \hpw kmºØnI am{Xamb ]ivNmØehpw B[m
]d™n´p≠v. cam°p∂ am¿IvknkØns≥d ]cnanXnIƒ tNmZyw
sFUntbmfPnIfpsS XmcXayw sNøs∏tS≠XmsW∂v Rm≥ IcpXp∂p. a\pjy
B\µv [ocambn tNmZn°p∂p:- "\√Xns\ kzo t≥dXv hfsc k¶o¿W- a mb PohnXamWv ' . (6)
Icn°p∂Xn¬ F¥mWv sX‰v?'(1) kzX{¥amb A B\µns≥d Cu hmZØn\v ASnhcbnSpIbmWv
t\zjWXrjvWbpw, \√Xv kzoIcn°m\p≈ lrZ t\mw tNmwkvIn: "Fs≥d A`n{]mbØn¬ tkmhn
bhnimeXbpw D≈h¿t° CXv Ignbq. ASnkvYm b‰v bqWnbs≥d ]X\w tkmjyenkØns≥dbpw
\ hnizmk[mcIfpsS shfnbn¬ a\pjybpIvXn P\m[n]XyØns≥dbpw Hcp sNdnb hnPbamWv.
{]h¿Øn°p∂ns√∂v XØ-zNn¥I\mb ssat° \mkn P¿a-\n Ign™m¬ ]ns∂ temIØnse
¬ s]mfm\n \nch[n sXfnhpIfpsS shfn®Øn¬ tkmjyenkv‰v hncp≤ iIvXn tkmhnb‰v bqWnb
hmZn®n´p≠v.-(2) Cu ]cnanXnsb∏‰n B\µv AS° \mbncp∂p. Cu {]hWX djy ≥ hnπhw Ign™
ap≈h¿ t_m[hm∑mcmtI≠Xp≠v. DSs\Xs∂ Bcw`n®n´p≠v'.-(7)
aXßsf sFUntbmfPnIfmbn IcpXp∂Xn F∂m¬ ùXnIhmZw F Øs∏´ Zm¿i\nI
s\ B\µv FXn¿°p∂p F∂Xv(3) tJZIcamWv. hyYbpsS Bgw B\µns\t∏mep≈h¿ th≠{X
CXv kXymt\zjWØn\v hnet°¿s∏SpØmt\ KuchtØmsS Im Wp∂n√. ]Zm¿Y-Øns≥d hnhn
DXIq F∂v B\µv Adnbp∂n√. sFUntbmfPnI [ cq]ßfnsem∂v am{Xambn a \pjys\ AXv
Npcp°p∂p F ∂ hkvXpX PmIzkv samWm¿ Uv
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 14
kΩXn°p∂p: "a\pjys\ °pdn® ]pcmX\amb \mhq'.(10)

\nbaß ƒ XI¿∂ncn°p∂p. {]]© Øns≥d {^©v Nn¥I≥ sds\ sZ°m¿Øv (1596˛1650)
hnImcclnXamb [mcmfnØØn¬\n∂v BIkv kwibhmZhpambn cwKsØØnbt∏mƒ At±lw
anIambn DbnscSpØh\msW ∂v Ahkm\ambn F√m‰ns\bpw kwibn°pambncp∂p˛kz¥w Akv
a\pjy≥ Xncn®dn™pIgn™ncn°p∂p. XnXzsØhsc. ]t£, kz¥w AkvXnXzsØ
BIkvanIXbmWv PohtemI sØ F√m kwibn°p∂Xns≥d sshcp[-yw sZ°m¿Øn\v
]pXpaIfpsSbpw t{kmX v. XnI®pw kzX{¥hpw sshImsX t_m[ys∏´p. kwibn°Wsa¶n¬ Hcp
A\v[hpamb shdpw BIkvanIX.'(8) Cu _rlXv kwibn°p∂h≥ thWat√m? At∏mgmWv "Rm≥
{]]©Ønse, KmeIvknIfnsem∂n ¬, {]IrXn Nn¥n°p∂p, AXn\m¬ Rm≥ D≠v' F∂ {]kn≤
{]{InbIfm¬ bmZrNv-On-Iambn Dbn scSpØ amb hmNIw At±lw D®cn®Xv. kz¥w DWvabn¬
Pohkv^pcWØns≥d ]Sn]Snbmbp≈ kwibn°mhX√ F∂t±lØn\v t_m[ys∏´p.
apt∂‰Ønse "C∂sØ' ]cnjvIrX P¥phn¬ Nn¥mtijnbn√mØ ]Zm¿Y-Øn\v Nn¥mtijn
Ihn™ Hcp {]m[m\yw a\pjy\v \¬Im≥ Cu \¬InbXns\∏‰n Jp¿B≥ tNmZn°p∂p: "AX√,
"]gbimkv{Xw' Xb-md√. G‰hpw Xmgv∂ ]Snbnep CsXmcp {kjvSmhn√msX kzbw krjvSn°s∏´Xm
≈ P¥phn¬\n∂v ]cnWan®p≠mb a\pjya\ v tWm? AtXm, {kjvSm°ƒ Ch¿Xs∂bmsW
hº≥ \nKa\ßfnseØptºmƒ AXv hnizkn t∂m? BImißsfbpw `qansbbpw Ch¿ krjv
°m\mIptam F∂ {]iv\w(9) Nmƒkv Um¿hn≥ Sn®pthm?'- (52:35).
Xs∂ D∂bn®ncp∂p.
PohnXØns≥-d- AXy¥nI e£yw,- {]]©L
Xs≥d Nn¥Iƒt]mepw X\n°nt∏mƒ A\yam S\bn¬ a\pjys≥d kvYm\w F∂nh ]q¿Wambn
bXmbn Ahkm\ImeØv d ¬ tcJs∏SpØnbn \n¿Wbn°m≥ imkv{Xw A]cym]vXamWv. ssa
´p≠v. Xs≥d Xs∂ cN\Iƒ hmbn®psIm≠v, a‰m t{ImtImkvanIhpw tImkvanIhpamb {]]©ßfp
cpsStbm Nn¥Iƒ hmbn°p∂ {]XoXnbmWv X\n sS (kq£va˛kvYqe {]]©ßƒ) apºn¬ Xs≥d
°p≈sX∂ AhkvYbmWv At±lw hyIvXam°n \n mcX t_m[yamb Hcp imkv{XPvR≥, B¬
bXv. Cu AkzmX{¥yØns≥d Xew tIhe ùXn _¿´v sF≥kv‰o≥ Ipdn®p: "hnizkw_\v[nbpw
IhmZw a\pjy\v \nivNbn®Xv Xs∂bmWv. (kzmX aX]chpamb PohnXm\p`hßfpsS ]cnPvRm\am
{¥yØns≥d HcpXew a\pjy\ps≠∂v Jp¿B≥ Wv imkv{XKthjWØns≥d apJy Dt±iy-w. Zp¿
AwKoIcn®XmWv (99:7˛8, 53:38, 4:49, 2:286 _-ehpw N©ehpamb a\pjya\ psIm≠v \ap
t\m°pI). tIhe ùXnIhmZw \nZm¥amb iq\y °v ]tcm£ambn {Kln°m≥ Ignbp∂hn[Ønepw
Xbnte°pw thdmIqdnte°pw (alienation) e£ycm temeambpw kzbw Ah[mcWw sNøp∂ A]cnta
lnXyØnte°pw a\pjys\ Npg‰nsbdnbpw. C°m bhpw ]ctam∂Xhpamb ssNX\ysØ°pdn®v
cyw d ¬ Xs∂ FgpXp∂Xv Cßs\: F\n°p≈ hn\oXamb ÌvXnbnemWv Fs≥d aX
"a\pjy≥ e£yt_m[an√mØ ImcyImcW t_m[w \nesIm≈p∂Xv. AhmNyamb hnizhn[m
ßfpsS D¬]∂amWv. Ahs≥d D¬]Ønbpw hf \Øn¬ A\¿Lambn A\p`hkn≤amIp∂ ]c
¿®bpw Ahs≥d {]XymiIfpw `bmi¶Ifpw Ah tam∂Xhpw hnthtIm∑-pJhpamb AXy¥nI iIv
s≥d kvt\lhmbv]pw hnizmkßfpw F√mw B‰ XnbpsS k∂n[m\sØ°pdn® sshImcnI
ßfpsS BIkvanI k¶e\Øns≥d am{Xw ê t_m[amWv Cuizcs\ kw_\v[n® Fs≥d Bi
amWv. hocXzØns≥d {]`mhØnt\m Nn¥bpsS bsØ cq]h¬I-cn°p∂Xv'.(11)
bpw A\p`qXnbpsSbpw XojvWXt°m hyIvXnPo {]]©sØ cN\mXvaIam°p∂ ASnkvYm\
hnXsØ ih°pgn°∏pdw FØn°m\mhn√. \nbaßsf√mw a\pjys≥d \ne\n¬]n\pXIpw
bpKm¥cßfpsS kakvX {]bXv\ßfpw A¿∏ hn[Øn¬ Bkq{XnXamsW∂mWv "]pXnb
Wßfpw F√m am\knI DW¿h-pIfpw kucbqY imkv{Xw' a\pjytI{µoIrX {]m]©nI kn≤m¥
hyhkvYbpsS IqárXnbn¬ ImeKXn {]m]n°m≥ ØneqsS (Anthropic Cosmological Principle) hyIvX
hn[n°s∏ńcn°p∂p. am\h t\´ßf-psS kakvX am°p∂Xv. Pohs≥d \ne\n¬]-v {]m]©nI LS\
t£{Xßfpw {]m]©nI \miØns≥d NhdpIƒ sb am{Xa√ Nne aqeIßfpsS khntij KpW
°nSbn¬ A\nhmcyambpw Ipgn®paqSs∏tS≠nbn ßf-pw AXns≥d D¬]Øn°pw hf¿®°pw Bh
cn°p∂p. CXv XnI®pw Dd∏mbn°gn™ncns°, iyambncp∂p. GsX¶nepw \nbaßfn¬ sNdnb
Ahsb \ncmIcn°p∂ Hcp XØ-zimkv{XØn\pw hyXymkap≠mbncp∂psh¶n¬ a\pjy≥
\ne\n¬]ns≥d {]Xo£ ]pe¿Øm≥ AhImian {]Xy£s∏SmØ h\v[y{]]©amIpambncp∂p --
√. Cu bmYm¿Y-yßf-psS N´°qSn\p≈nepw hnSm êw. ]pXnb imkv{Xmht_m[w (New Science)
Ø hyYbpsS AkvXnhmcßf-psS tasebpw am{X krjvSn® Nn¥mam‰sØ∏‰n th≠{X [mcWbn
sa a\pjys≥d AkvXnXzsØ∏‰n ]cnKWn°m
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 15
√mØh¿ ]gb [mcWIfn¬ ISn®pXqßp∂p≠v. "A√mlp X´pX´mbn k]vXhm\ßsf krjvSn

At\Iw KWnXimkv{X BIkvanIXIƒ ®n´p≈Xv \nßƒ ImWp∂n√tbm? Ah≥ Ahbn
Pohs≥d \ne\n¬]n\v A\pIqeambn h¿Øn°p ¬ N{µs\ {]tim`bpw kqcys\ {]Zo]hpam°nsh
∂Xn\p≈ DZmlcWßƒ \¬InbXn\ptijw ®p. A√mlp \nßsf `qanbn¬\n∂v AXv`pXIc
XmXznI ùXnIPvR\mb {ôam≥ ssUk¨ amwhn[w apf∏n®p. ]n∂oSh≥ \nßsf CtX `qan
{]Jym]n°p∂p: "Cu {]]©sØbpw AXns≥d bnte°v Xncn®psIm≠phcp∂Xpw s]s´s∂mcn
hmkvXpin¬] hniZmwißsfbpw IqSpX¬ ]cn °¬ CXn¬\n∂v Dbn¿sØgpt∂¬]n°p∂Xpam
tim[n®t∏mƒ \ΩpsS hchv {]]©Øn\v Fß Ip∂p' (71:15˛17). BImiØv \n∂p≈ "hn`h'ßfm
s\tbm Adnbmambncp∂psh∂Xn\v F\n°v sXfn Wv a\pjy\v e`n°p∂ Blmcßfpw Ah≥
hpIƒ e`n°pIbmWv'.- (12) BkzZn°p∂ as‰¥p-w:
XØ-zNn¥I≥ se_v\nkv (1646˛1716) ]d™Xv "\mw Ccpºpw Cd°nbncn°p∂p. AXn¬ henb
t]mse, "km[yamIp∂ At\ItemIßfn¬ G‰ iIvXnbp≠v; P\ßƒ°v D]Imchpw' (57:25).
hpw kpµcamb temIamWv ssZhw krjvSn®Xv'. "hnÆn¬\n∂v \nßƒ°pth≠n A∂w h¿jn
{]]t©m¬]Ønsb°pdn®p≈ PqX˛ss{IkvXh˛ ∏n-°p∂Xv Ah\mIp∂p. ]t£, A√mlphn¶
CkvemanI ho£Wßƒ imkv{Xob tamUepam te°v aSßp∂h≥ am{Xsa ]mTapƒs°m≈p
bn Aºc∏n°p∂ hn[w km[¿ayw ]pe¿Øp∂p ∂p≈q' (40:13).
sh∂v ùXnIPvR≥ hnIvS¿ shbvkv tIm^v Nq≠n
°mWn°p∂p≠v.(13) {^©v XØ-zNn¥I≥ thmƒ´ kucbqYØns≥dbpw `qanbpsSbpw _me≥
b¿ ]d™p: "bpIvXn AXns≥d _\v[\ßfn¬\n knß-ns\∏‰n Jp¿B≥ ]dbp∂p:
∂v tamN\w {]m]n°ptºmƒ P\Øn\v \¬Ip∂ "\nivNbw, A√mlp BImi`qanIƒ \oßn
]mTw GIssZhsØ°pdn®mWv. F√m a\pjycp t∏mImsX ]nSn®p\n¿Øp∂p' (35:41). "hm\temI
sSbpw {]m]©nI ]nXmhv H∂msW∂pw \msam Øpw `qtemIØpap≈sX¥mtWm, AXns\ IÆv
s° ktlmZcßfmsW∂pamWv; Ah≥ c£min Xpd∂pt\m°pI'. "hnizkn°mt\ hnNmcan√mØ
£Iƒ \¬Ip∂psh∂mWv. Cu AhkvYbn¬ P\Øn\v ZrjvSm¥ßƒsIm≠pw Xm°oXpIƒ
am{Xsa, Fs≥d ktlmZc∑mtc, P\ßƒ°v \∑ sIm≠pw F¥v {]tbmP\w?' (10:101).
{]h¿Øn°m\pw, A\v[hnizmkßfn¬\n∂pw kmaqlyPohnXhpw N´ßfpw
apIvXnt\Sm\pw IgnbpIbp≈q'.(14) cmjv{Sw tIhe \oXn°pth≠n (Absolute Jus-
{]]©aqeIßƒ tN¿∂ tZlhpw, ssZhØn tice) \nesIm≈Wsa∂mWv Jp¿Bs≥d Blzm
¶¬\n∂p≈ BXvamhpw ka\zbn®XmWv a\pjy \w: "\nßƒ \oXn°v km£yw
≥. ImcpWyw, \oXn F∂nh°v {]tNmZIambn \n hln°p∂hcmIphn≥. Hcp P\XtbmSp≈
Xm¥amb ssZht_m[w ChIfm¬ I¿aØneqsS hntcm[w \nß sf \oXnbn¬\n∂v hyXnNen
tam£Ønte°pw ssZh\ncmkØneqsS BXva ∏n°mXncn°s´. \oXn]men°p hn≥. AXmWv
\miØnte°pw a\pjy≥ \oßp∂p. \nXyhpw CS ssZhÌvXntbm Sv G‰hpw A\ptbmPyambn´p
]gIp∂ {]IrXn {]Xn`mkßƒ, Ah F{Xta¬ ≈Xv' (5:8).
KuchXchpw DPvPzehpamsW¶nepw, a\pjy\v
hyIvXn°v ssPh_\v[ ap≈Xv
t⁄- b amIp∂n√. Jp¿B≥ C°mcyw
kaqltØmSmWv, cmjv{StØmS√. kaqlw hyIv
kqNn∏n°p∂p:
Xnsb cq]s∏SpØp∂ coXnbn emWv Jp¿Bs≥d
""BImißfnepw `qanbn epw F{Xsb{X A[ym]\ ssien. _e{]tbmKØneqsS bp≈
ZrjvSm¥ß fmWp≈Xv! Cu P\w Ahbn eqsS ^mknkv‰v cm-jv{Sobh¬ I-cWsØ Jp¿B≥
IS∂ps]mbvs°m≠ncn °p∂p. Ah¿ Ahsb FXn¿ °p∂p: "a- X - I mcyØn¬ Hcp hn[
]cnK Wn°pt∂bn√'' (12:105). "\nßƒ _e{]tbmKhpan√... k∑m¿K-w anYym[mcWIfn¬
\nßsf°pdn®v X s∂ H∂v Nn¥n°p∂n√tbm?' \n∂v th¿Xncn™v hyIvXam bn°gn™ncn°p∂p'
(51:21). (2:256). "Xm¶ƒ hfsc kuay ioe\mbXv
Nn¥bpsSbpw Adnhns≥d bpw hnjbØn¬ A√mlphn¶¬\n∂p≈ alØmb Hcp
kz¥w \nK a\ßsfbpw A\p`hßsf bpw A\p{KlamIp∂p. Xm¶ƒ ITn\ lrZb\mb
hyhtOZn°m≥ Jp¿B ≥ Bhiys∏Sp∂p: ]cpj{]IrX\mbncp∂psh¶n¬ Xm¶fpsS Np‰p
"Ah¿ Dulßsf ]n≥] ‰pI am{XamWv. \n∂pw Ahsc√mw ]ncn™pt]mbXpXs∂. Ahcp
DulamIs´ kXyØns≥d kv Y m\Øv H´pw sS sX‰pIƒ s]mdp°pI. AhcpsS ]m]apIvXn
{]tbmP\s∏Sp∂Xpa√' (53:28). °mbn {]m¿Y-n°pI. Zo≥Imcyßfn¬, Ahscbpw
IqSnbmtemN\Ifn¬ ]¶mfnIfm°pI' (3:159). a\p
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 16
jys≥d \S]SnIsf {]h¿Øn∏n°p∂Xn¬ \oXn kXyamIp∂p. CjvSap≈h¿°v CXv kzoIcn°mw.

\ne®pt]mIp∂Xv kaql b{¥Øn¬ Ipg∏hpw CjvSap≈h¿°v \ntj[n°mw' (18:29). "A√mlp
AhyhkvYbpw krjvSn°pw. CNvOn®ncp∂psh¶n¬ `qhmknIfJnew hnizmkw
cmPhmgvNbpw Jnem^Øpw XΩnep≈ A¥ ssIs°m≈pambncp∂p. F∂ncns°, P\ßƒ
cw \_ninjy\mb A_qaqk¬ AivAcn Cß hnizmknIfmIm≥, Xm¶ƒ Ahsc \n¿_\v[n°p
s\ hyIvXam°n: "IqSnbmtemN\bneqsS \nehn¬ Itbm?' (10:99).
h∂Xv CamdØv (Jnem^Øv). hmfns≥d _ew ]ucmhImihpw, cmjv{Sob P\m[n]Xyhpw
sIm≠v kvYm]nXamIp∂XmWv cmPhmgvN (apeq kwkvImcØns≥d `mKambncp∂nń√mØ P\X
°nbØ-v)'. A¥ -Øbn¬ GXv P\m[n]XysØ bnemWv G‰hpw DZmØamb a\pjymhImißfp
°mfpa[nIw P\m[n]Xy]cambncp∂p BZyIme ƒs°m≈p∂ Jp¿B\nI shfn]mSv AhXcn®nd
CkvemanI Jnem^Øv. ßnbXv. aXkzmX{¥yw (2:256), \nbaØns≥d
Jpe^m-D¿dminZp-I-f-psS (k®-c-nXcmb Jeo ap∂nse XpeyX (40:13), Pohn°m\p≈ kzmX{¥yw
âm-¿) ssP{Xbm{X AeIvkm≠dpsS ]Stbm´ (5:32), kzImcyX°p≈ AhImiw (24:27, 49,12),
tØmfap≠mbncp∂p. F∂m¬ lqW∑mcpsSbpw cmjv{SobØnep≈ P\XbpsS ]¶mfnØw (42:38)
tdma°mcpsSbpw ]Stbm´ßfn¬\n∂v hyXykvX F∂nh AXv apt∂m´psh®p. Jp¿B≥ ]Tn°p∂
ambn Ah kam[m\]q¿Whpw A®S°]chpambn Hcmƒ°v sFIycmjv{S kwLS\bpsS a\pjymh
cp∂p. Ahsb t]meokv \S]SnIƒ F∂v hntijn Imi {]Jym]\Øns≥d Hmtcm JWvUnIbpw
∏n°p∂XmWv icn. Cu ]Stbm´ßfn¬ Iq´s°m kp]cnNnXamsW∂v CtX°pdn®v ]Tn® apkvenw
eIfpw am\`wKßfpap≠mbn√. Hcp bp≤Øn\nS _p≤nPohn FSpØv ImWn°p∂p≠v.(15)
bn¬ Hcp hyIvXnbpsS Irjn∏mSØnt\‰ \mi {]m-]©nI ]mTßƒ (Universal Principles)
Øn\v Da¿ JX-zm-_n\v- \jvS]cnlmcwhsc sImSp- Htc ssZhØns≥d krjvSnIfmb a\pjy¿
t°-≠n-h∂ - n-´p-≠.v- apkvenw ssk\yw Zamkv°kn¬ Htc amXm]nXm°fpsS k¥Xn]cºcIfmWv
{]thin®t∏mƒ Ahsc ImWm\mKXcmb tdma≥ (Jp¿B≥ 4:1). h¿Kw, h¿Ww, PmXn, tZiw F∂nh
XcpWnIsf IÆpb¿Øn t\m°m≥t]mepw Ah¿ °XoXambn Ahsc√mw Htc Bcm[ys\ \an®m¬
Iq´m°nbn√. Jpe^m-D¿dminZp-I-f-psS ImeØv a\pjy kmtlmZcyhpw sFIyhpw ]pecpIbmWv
ap∏Xn\mbnctØmfw ASnaIƒ°v tamN\w \¬I sNøpI. kmwkvImcnIhpw aX]chpamb sshhn
s∏´p. apkvenwIfptSsX∂t]mse AapkvenwIfp [yßsf Xpd∂wKoIcn°p∂ kao]\amWv Jp¿
sSbpw kmºØnI kpc£nXXzw CkvemanI cmjv Bt≥dXv:
{SØns≥d _m[yXbmbncp∂p. ]-mhs∏´h¿s° "BImi`qanIfpsS \n¿amWhpw \nßfpsS
√mw (aXt`Zas\y) s]≥j≥ \¬Inbncp∂p. hyIv `mjIfnepw h¿Wßfnepap≈ sshhn[yßf-pw
Xn\nbaßfpsS kwc£Ww {]Jym]nXX-Øzam Ahs≥d ZrjvSm¥ßfn¬s]´XmIp∂p. Xo¿®bm
bncp∂p. \memw Jeo^ Aen (d)bpw Hcp PqX\pw bpw PvRm\ap≈h¿°v CXn¬ [mcmfw ZrjvSm¥
XΩnep≈ X¿°Øn¬ Jeo^s°Xnsc JmZn ßfp≠v' (30:22). "\mw \nßfn¬ HmtcmcpØ¿°pw
(PUvPn) hn[n {]kvXmhn® kw`hw kp{]kn≤am Hmtcm icoAØpw I¿a-am¿Khpw \nivNbn®n´p≠v.
Wv. apkvenwIfpsS alØmb hnPbw JUvKßƒ A√mlp CNvOn®ncp∂psh¶n¬ \nßsf Bk
sIm≠p≠mbhbmbncp∂n√, D∂Xamb BZ¿i Iew Hscm‰ kapZmbam°m≥ Ah\v Ignbpambncp
ßf-pw, DZmcamb PohnXcoXnIfpw sIm≠mbncp∂p ∂p' (5:48). Nn¥bpsSbpw ]T\Øns≥dbpw ASnkv
sh∂v F®v.Pn. sh¬-kv, s\lvdp F∂nhcS°ap≈ Ym\Øn¬ hkvXpXIƒ NnIbm\p≈ Blzm\w
lyqa\nkv‰pIƒ km£ys∏SpØnbn´p≠v. (3:7, 35:28, 10:42˛43, 29:43), aZyØns≥dbpw NqXm´
_lpkzcXbp≈ Hcp knhn¬ kaqlsØ G‰ Øns≥dbpw hy`nNmcØns≥dbpw \ntcm[\w
hpw t£aIcam°n am‰m\pXIp∂ D∂Xamb (5:90˛91, 7:33), kvv{XoIfpsS Db¿∂ kmaqlykvYm
P\m[n]Xyt_m[w Ckvemw {]Zm\w sNøp∂p. \w (4:19, 2:187, 4:4, 4:7), tKm{Xh¿K- sshhn[y
I£nXz]camb k¶pNnXXzßƒ AXv AwKoIcn ßƒ°v kwL´\Øn\√msX \ne\n¬°m\p≈
°p∂n√. am\yamb BibkwL¿jßfpw kzmX{¥yw (49:13, 35:27˛28, 49:11), _lp`mcyXz
AXn¬ \n∂p≈ kzmwioIcWßfpw kaqlsØ Øns≥d \nb{¥Ww (4:3, 4:129), A\ymbamb
BtcmKyIcambn apt∂m´v sIm≠pt]mIm≥ klm kºmZyßfpsS \ntcm[\w (2:188, 4:10), A\m
bIamWv. Jp¿-B≥- ]-d-bp-∂p-:- YbpsS AhkvYIƒ- sa®s∏SpØnbXv (89:17˛18,
"\nßƒ°v \nßfpsS Zo≥ F\n°v Fs≥d 74:42˛43), ]utcmlnXyØns\Xncmb t]mcm´w
Zo≥' (109:5). "CXv \nßfpsS d∫n¶¬\n∂p≈ (9:34), ]oUn∏n°s∏´h\pth≠nbp≈ ]£w tNc
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 17
¬ (7:157, 4:75, 28:5) Chsbms°bmWv Ckvemans\ bpw Bcm[y˛]qPI hkvXp°sfbpw \nµn°m\pa

km¿h-euenI Z¿i\am°n Db¿Øp∂Xv. sImtfm h¿°mhX√. Cu XØ-zßsfms° aXkulm¿Z-
WnbenkØns\Xnsc Ckvemw hn´phogvNbn√m X°v A\pt]£Wobambn GXv _p≤nPohn°pw
sX kacw sNbvXp. kmaqly kmºØnI cmjv{So a\ nem°m\mIpw.
b taJeIfn¬ a\pjy\v {]IrXy\pkcWamb hyIvXnIfpsSbpw kaqlßfpsSbpw cmPyß
]ptcmKXn t\SnsbSp°m\mbn A\pbpIvXamb fpsSbpw sF-Iy-Ønepw klIcWØnepamWv
k¶¬]ßƒ AXpƒs°m≠p. _lpXzsØ AXv Ckvemans≥d hnizmkw. DZmØamb hnizam\hn
k¿h-mXva\m AwKoIcn®p. kmtlmZcyhpw kam IXbpw km¿h-euInIXbpw AXpb¿Øn∏nSn°p
[m\Øn\mbp≈ Xzcbpw IcpWbpw bpIvXn]cX ∂p. tZi, `mj, h¿W, hwi,- hn`mKobXIfpsS
bpw;- \oXn°pw a\pjyalXzØn\pw th≠nbp≈ t]cn¬ a\pjykaqlsØ inYneam°m\p≈ apX
A[zm\hpw Db¿Øn∏nSn°p∂Xn¬ apkvenwIƒ emfnØØns≥dbpw km{amPyXzØns≥dbpw ]≤
]cmPbs∏´XmWv A-h¿- AhPvRtbmsS X≈n° XnIsf am\hnIXbpsS Xs∂ \ne]mSn¬\n∂p
fbp∂ aqeyßfpsS hn[mXm°fmbn ap{ZbSn°s∏ sIm≠v AsXXn¿°p∂p. imkv{XØn\pw At\zj
Sm\p≈ `mKnIamb ImcWw. WØn\pw A]{KY\Øn\pap≈ Jp¿B\nImlzm
apgph≥ aXßfnsebpw \∑Isf Ckvemw \w tPymXnjsØbpw B¬s°antbbpw tPymXn
AwKoIcn°p∂p. F√m alØp°fpsSbpw alXz imkv{XØnte°pw ckX{¥ Ønte°pw
ßsf AXwKoIcn°p∂p. ]q¿h- thZßsfbpw Xncn®phn´p. sam Øw imkv{XhnπhØn\v Hcp
shfn]mSpIsfbpw Dƒs°m≈pIbpw sNøp∂p cmkXzcIambn h¿Øn°m≥ CXnSbm°n.
(5:51). F√m aXßfpsSbpw B[nImcnIamb km `qanbnse a\pjyPohnXw Hcp
cmwiw ASnkvYm\]cambn H∂pXs∂bmbn-cp-∂p; ]co£WamsW∂pw ac Wm¥cw G‰hpw
A\oXn°pw A{IaØn\psaXnsc tbmPn® t]mcm \njvIrjvS amb hn-[n-\n¿-Wm-b-I- \m-fpw- Po-hn-X-
á\nhmcyamsW∂pamWv Ckvemans≥d ho£Ww. hp-ap-s≠-∂v- Jp¿B≥- F-Sp-Øp-Im-ń- (27:-89˛90,- 10:-
sXcs™Sp°s∏´ P\w F ∂ PqX (tlminb 53,- 36:-54,- 6:-164,- 2:-123,- 101:-6˛9,- 96:-8,- 78:-74).- t¢-m-Wnw-
1:10, 2:2˛13), ss{IkvXh (1 ]t{Xmkv 11:9) hmZßsf Kns≥-d- bp-K-Øn¬- C-Xv- A-hn-iz-k-\o-b-a-√.- tIm-
Jp¿B≥ (14:4) X≈n°fbp∂p. tamisbbpw Sm-\p-tIm-Sn- hn-c¬-Øp-ºp-Iƒ- H-cn-°-epw- am-dn-t∏m-
tbiphns\bpw {]hmNI∑m cpsS Iq´Øn¬s]- Im-Ø- ssh hn[y-Øn-s≥-d- ap-{Z-tbm-sS- kw hn-[m-
SpØp∂ km¿h- e uI- n I hnizmkamWn \n-®- c-£n-Xm-hn-\v- a-\p-jy-s\- Nn-Xm-`-kv-a-Øn¬-\n-
kvemant≥Xv-. GIssZh hn izmkw a\pjys≥d t∂m- A kv-Yn-]-Rv-P-c-Øn¬-\n-t∂m- ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°p-
{]mYanI hpw bmYm¿Yy]q¿Whpamb ∂-Xn-\v- hn-j-a-an-√.-
ssZhk¶¬]ambn AXpb¿ Øn°m´p∂p (21:26,
14:1, 35:24). ]q¿h-thZßfpsS k\mX\ kXyßƒ C-kv-em-an-I- X-Ø-z-ß-fp-sS- Dƒ-km-cw- A-dn-™-
BZna hnip≤n tbmsS Jp¿B\n¬ kwc£n {i-o- Fw.-]n.- ho-tc-{µ-Ip-am¿- F-gp-Xn-:- "\o-Xn-bpw- [¿a-
°s∏ńcn°p∂p (2:41, 3:3). hpw- \n-b-a-]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬- am-{X-sa- kv-Ym-\w- ]n-Sn
®n-´p-≈q.- Po-hn-X- bm-Ym¿-Yy- ß - f - n-te-°v- A-hs - b-sIm
tbipamXmhmb adnban s\ ]cnip≤ (3:42), ≠ph-cn-I- F-∂-Xm-Wv- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ-°v- C-¥y-bn¬-
A\pKr- loX (5:110), kXyhXn (5:75), Nmcn{XyhXn \n¿-hl -- n-°m-\p-≈- ap-Jy- Zu-Xyw.- C-Xv- A-hc - p-sS- BZ
(66:12) F∂nßs\ hntijn∏n®p sIm≠v ¿-i-Øn-s≥-d- Xm¬-]-cyw- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv'.-(16)-
kXyhnizmknIƒ°v amXrIbmbn Db¿
Øn∏nSn°s∏ńcn°p∂p. tbiphns\ hy`nNmc]p C-kv-em-an-s≥-d- k-a-Xz-sa-∂- B-i-b-Øn-s≥-d-
{Xs\∂pw adnbans\ Ahnip≤sb∂pw PqX∑m¿ t]cn-epw(- 17)-- hn-PRv- m-\Ø - n-s≥-d- {]-Nm-cW - Ø - n-\¿-∏n®-
(AhcpsS thZ{K\vYØn¬Xs∂ FgpXn∏nSn∏n®v) kw`m-h-\-I-fp-sS- t]-cn-epw- -(18)- {]-Io¿-Ø-\w- sNm-cn-
hmZn®Xns\ \nIrjvSambn Jp¿B≥ (4:156) hne ™- hn-th-Im-\µ - ≥,- "C-ke v- m-an-s≥-d- i-co-ch - pw,- thZm-
bncpØp∂p. tbiphns\ kXy{]hmNI\pw (3:49), ¥-lr-Z-b-hp-ap-≠m-Im≥'--(19)- -{]m¿-Yn-®p.- C-kv-emw-
ssZhZmk\pw (4:172), ss]imNnI_m[tb¬°m C¥y≥- tZ-io-b- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-\v- \¬-In-b- G-‰-hpw-
Øh\pw (19:16˛28) Bbn ]cnNbs∏SpØs∏ńcn {i-≤m¿-l-am-b- kw-`m-h-\-bm-bn- a-lm-Xv-am-Km-\v-[n-
°p∂p. F√m P\XXnbnepw {]hmNI∑m¿ BKX FSp-Øp-Im-ń-b-Xv- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- G-I-Xz-Øn-epw-
cmbn´ps≠∂ ktµiw,- EjnIsfbpw aXt\Xm a\p-jy-s≥-d- km-tlm-Z-cy-Øn-epap-≈- I-e¿-]-‰- hn
°sfbpw _lpam\yXtbmsS am{Xw t\m°n°m izm-k-am-Wv.-(20)- h-tc-Wy-sc-bpw- s]m-Xp-P-\-sØ-bpw-
Wm≥ apkvenwIsf \n¿_\v[nXcm°p∂p. aplΩZv am-{X-a-√,- hn-hn-[- `m-jm- hw-i- hn-`m-K-ßsf-bpw- Ckv
(k)sb Bt£]n® PqX˛ss{IkvXhsc Xncn®m em-an-IX-Ø-z-ßƒ- G-tIm-]n-∏n-®v- \n¿-Øn-b-Xm-bn-
t£]n°m≥ apkvenwIƒ°mhn√. Hcp _nw_tØ sP._n.-]n.- aq¿,- X-an-gv-\m-ń-se- C-kv-em-an-I- kzm-[o\-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 18
C-kv-em-an-s≥-d- k-a-Xz-sa-∂- B-i-b-Øn-s≥-d- t]cn-epw- hn-Pv-Rm-\-Øn-s≥-d- {]-Nm-c-W-Øn-\¿-

∏n®- kw`m-h-\-I-fp-sS- t]-cn-epw- {]-Io¿-Ø-\w- sNm-cn-™- hn-th-Im-\-µ≥,- "C-kv-em-an-s≥-d-
i-co-c-hpw,- thZm-¥-lr-Z-b-hp-ap-≠m-Im≥'-- - -{]m¿-Yn-®p.-
sØ-∏-‰n- \-S-Øn-b- ]-T-\-Øn¬- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.-(21)- im-kv-{X-ß-fp-sS-bpw- {]-tbm-K-ßfp-sS-bpw- C-Sp-ßn-

]-g-b- \n-b-a-Øn-s≥-d- Im¿-°-iy-hpw- (]p-d-∏m-Sv- b-]m-X-I-sf-bm-Wv.- kzo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xv- {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS-
21:-24)-,- ]p-Xn-b- \n-b-a-Øn-s≥-d- hn-´p-ho-gv-N-bpw- (a-Øm bpw- k-aq-l-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- kz-X-z-]-
bn- 5:-35˛45)- Hu-Nn-Xy-a-\p-k-cn-®v- k-a-\z-bn∏n-°m≥- c-am-b- k-a{- K-Xb - n¬- Du-∂p-∂- \n-e] - m-Sp-If - pw'.--(23)- Ch-
Jp¿-B-\n-I- sh-fn-]m-Sv- (42:-40)- X-b-m-dm-b-Xv- {i-t≤b- X-s∂-b-t√,- B-i-b-X-e-Øn¬- C-kvemw- {]-Xn-\n-[o-
am-Wv.- I-cn-°p-∂-Xpw,- D-Xv-t_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xpw?- B-i-b-]
cam-b- D-c- -epw- lr-Z-bw- Xp-d-∂-Xpw- kv-t\-tlm-jv-
Xu-lo-Zn-s≥-d- tem-I-ho-£-W-Øn¬- B-Xv-aob-
a-f-hp-am-b- kw-hm-Z-ßfpw- A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.- X-\n-°n-
X-bp-w-,- ù-Xn-I-X-bpw- X-Ωn¬- kw-L-´-\-an-√.- tZ-ln
jv-S-an-√m-Ø-Xpw- X-\n-°-Pv-Rm-X-am-b-Xpw- ]-cn-K-Wn-
bpw- tZ-lh - pw- X-Ωn¬- kw-L¿-ja - √
- ,- X-mZ- m-Xa v- y-amWp-
°-cp-X-v F-∂- ]n-Sn-hm-in-bm-Wv- B-\-µn-s\-t∏-m-ep-≈
≈-Xv-:- "\n-iv-N-b-am-bpw- {]m¿Y-n-°p-∂-h-sc-bpw- ip-≤o
h¿- D-t]-£n-t°-≠-Xv.-
Icn-°p-∂-h-sc-bpw- A-√mlp- kv-t\-ln-°p-∂p'- (Jp¿-
B≥- 2:-222).- C-kv-em-an¬- im-kv-{X-hpw- Pv-Rm-\-hpw- C-kv-em-an-s≥-d- L-S-\-bn¬-X-s∂- ò-I-c-hm-Zw- I
sh-fn-]m-Spw- X-Ωn¬- t]m-cm-´-an-√.- ssewKn-I-X-bn¬- s≠-Øm-\p-≈- {i-aw- ip-≤- ]-cm-P-b-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.-
]m-]a-- p-s≠-∂- (k¶o¿-Ø-\w- 51:-5)- kq-N-\-bpw- AXv- A-Xn-\n-dß - n-Øn-cn-®h - ¿- G-‰h - pw- \n-Ir-jvS- a - m-b- òI-
a-\p-jy-s\- A-ip-≤-am-°p-sa-∂- hm-Z-hpw- (te-hy- 15: ccpw- bp-≤-°p-‰-hm-fn-I-fp-am-sW-∂- h-kv-Xp-X- Adn-
18),- Jp¿-B≥- (17:-70,- 35:-4)- \n-cm-I-cn-°p-∂p.- ssewKn- ™n-cp-∂m¬- am-{Xw- a-Xn.- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-sS- ]-c-tIm-
I-X-sb- tæO-am-bn- Im-Wp-∂- ]p-Xn-b- \n-b-a- ]-m-T Sn-bn-se-Øn-sb-∂v- A-hI - m-is - ∏-Sp-∂- B-[p-\n-I- a\p-
sØ- (1 sIm-cn- 7:-32˛34,- 7:-8˛9,- 7:-1) \n-cm-I-cn®v- A-Xn jy≥,- B-t{Km-˛G-jy≥- ta-J-e-I-fn-se- tIm-Sn-°-W-
s\- Zn-hy-am-b- A-\p-{K-l-am-bn- Jp¿-B≥- (7:-189,- 16:- °n-\v- P-\-ß-sf- ]-ń-WnIn-S-∂v- a-cn-°m≥- hn-´p-sIm-
72,- 25:-74)- F-S-p-Øp-Im-ń.- ssZ-h-Zq-X-∑m-cp-sS- am-XrI ≠v- Hm-tcm-h¿-jh - pw- B-bn-c° - W - ° - n-\v- tUm-f¿- ]´m-
bm-bn- Zm-º-Xyw- D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p- (13:- f-s®-e-hn-te-°v- am-{Xw- sN-e-hn-Sp-∂p.- A-^v-Km-\n-se-
38).- Cu- k-a-\z-b`m-hw- ap-l-Ω-Zv- (k)-bp-sS- hy-Iv-Xn bpw- C-dm-Jnse-bpw- e-£°-W-°n-\v- P-\-ß-sf-
Xz-Øn-epw- tUm.- kn.-sI.- cm-a-N-{µ≥- I-≠-dn-bp-∂p-:- C©n©m-bn- sIm-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- C-{km-tb-en-
s≥-d- A-Xn-{I-a-ß-sf- ]n-¥p-W-®p-sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p.-
"[o-cX- b - p-sS- aq¿-Øo-Ic - W
- a - m-bn-cp-∂- {]-hm-NI - ≥-
C-h¿- kr-jvS- n-°p-∂- B-ib - - a-en-\o-Ic - W
- h - pw- {]Nm-
A-tX-k-a-bw- im-¥-X-bp-sS- A-h-Xm-c-hpw- Im-cp-Wy
c-W- bp-≤-hpw- N-cn-{X- h-{Io-I-c-W-ß-fp-am-Wv- sX-‰n
Øn-s≥-db - pw- £-ab - p-sS-bpw- hn-f\ - n-eh - n-cp-∂p'.(19)-
- p-am- b
≤m-cW - I- f - p-sS-bpw- i-{Xp-Xb - p-sS--bpw- s]m-Sn-]S- e - ß - fp-
k-am-]-\- {]-kv-Xm-h-\- b¿-Øp-∂-Xv.-
B-Zn-]m-]-Øn-s≥-d-bp-w- ]p-\¿-P-∑-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- apkv-enw- `q-X-ß-fm-Wv- G-‰-hpw- sh-dp-°-s∏-´-
Du-cm-°p-Sp-°n¬-\n-∂p-≈- tam-N\ - w,- Po-hn- X - Ø
- n-s≥d- "`qX'-ßf - m-bn- {]-Xy-£s - ∏-Sp-∂s - X-∂v- kp-[o¿-Im-°¿-
£-Wn-IX - ° - pw- A¿-Yi - q-\y-X° - p-a∏ - p-dw- a-cW - m- \ - ¥- Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p-≠v.-(24)- "ln-µp-t_m-[-X-e-Øn¬- G-‰
c- Po-hn-X- hn-`m-h-\,- am-\-h-X-bp-sS- G-I-Xz-hpw- k-a hpw- A-\ym-b-am-bn- \n¬-°p-∂-Xv- ap-kv-enw-I-fm-sW-
Xz-hpw,- hy-Iv-Xn-hn-Im-k-Øn-s≥-d-bpw- k-aq-l- Xm¬- ∂v- C-Xv- kq-N-\- \¬-Ip-∂p'-.-(25)- hn-j-en-]v-X-am-b- h¿-
]-cy-ß-fp-sS-bpw- k-¥p-e-\w,- C-kv-em-an-I- kw-kv-Ir- K-o-b- {]-Nm-c-W-Øn-s≥-d- ^-e-am-Wn-Xv.- sX-‰n-≤m-cW-
Xn-bp-sS- X-W-en¬- tZ-io-b- D-]-kw-kv-Im-c-ß-fp-sS- I-fpw- a-X-ssh-c-hpw- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-I- F-∂- ^m-kn-
kw-c-£-Ww,- a-X-kmw-kv-I-m-cn-I- \yq-\-]-£-ß-fp-sS- kv‰v- A-P-≠-sb- B-\-µn-s\-t∏m-ep-≈-h¿- ]n¥p-W-
A-hI - m-i- kw-c£ - W - w,- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy- \n-cm-kw,- [\n- °-cp-Xv.- Cu- {]-h-W-X- Xp-S¿-∂m¬- \m-sf,- t\-cv- ]-d
I-s≥-d- k-º-Øn¬- Z-cn-{Z-\pw- A-h-Im-iw- \¬-Ip-∂- bp-∂- \m-hp-I-f-dn-bm≥- ^m-j-n-kw- C-c-I-sf- sX-cbp-
Nq-j-W- c-ln-X-hpw- hn-Im-k-£-a-hp-am-b- k-º-Z-vhy- tºmƒ- {]-Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\m-fp-≠m-hn-√.-
h-kv-Y,- kv-{Xo-bp-sS- B-Z-c-hpw- ]-¶m-fn-Ø-hpw- D-d∏p-
sIm-tfm-Wn-b-en-kv-‰p-I-fpw- ln-µp-Xz-cpw- ap-Jy-
h-cp-Øp-∂- k-aq-l-L-S-\,- kv-t\-lm¿-{Z-X-bn¬- hn-f-
{]Xn-tbm-Kn-bm-bn- ap-kv-enw-I-sf- I-≠p-sh-∂-Xpw-
°n-sb-Sp-°p-∂- Zm-º-Xy-_-\v-[w,- \n-b-a-hm-gv-N- D-d-∏p-
AXn-\m-b-h¿- N-cn-{X-sØ- h-{Io-I-cn-®p-sh-∂X-pw-
h-cp-Øp-∂- \o-Xn-\ym-bw,- am-‰-an-√m-Ø- k-\m-X-\- aq
B\-µn-s\-t∏m-ep-≈-h¿- A-h-K-Wn-°-cp-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.-
ey-ßƒ,- am-‰ß - ƒ-°v- hn-t[-ba - m-b- I¿aim-k{v- X hni-
km-h¿-°d - pw- tKmƒh-m¿-°d - p-aS- °- ap-≈h - ¿- ap-kve - nw-
Zmw-i-ßƒ,- hn-I-kz-c- k-aq-l-ß-fp-sS- \-hw-\-h-ß-
I-sf- ap-Jy- {]-Xn-tbm-Kn-I-fm-bn- I-≠v- sIm-tfm-Wn-
fm-b- B-h-iy-ß-tfm-Sv- B-tcm-Ky-I-c-am-bn- {]-Xn-I-cn
b-en-kv-‰p-I-fp-am-bn- k-\v-[n-sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p.- Km-\v-[n-Pn
°p-∂- C-Pv-Xn-l-m-Zv- hy-h-kv-Y- C-sXm-s°-bm-Wv- Ckv-
sb- ap-ke v- nw- hn-tcm-[n-bm-bn- Nn-{Xo-Ic - n-®v- ò-Ic- - {]h¿-
em-an-s\- {]-k-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xv.-
Ø-\-Øn-s≥-d- H-∂mw- A-[ym-bw- C-¥y-bn¬- D-Zv-Lm-
B-\-µv- ]-d-bp-∂p-:- "\mw- a-dn-I-S-t°-≠-Xv- {]-Xyb- S-\w- sN-øs - ∏-´p.- _m-_vc - n- a-kvP - n-Zv- X-I¿-Øpw,- h¿Ko-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 19
b- e-l-f-Iƒ- kr-jv-Sn-®pw- a-‰pw- `-c-W-Iq-S- A-Sn-®a¿- 11. Lincoln Barnett, The Universe and Dr. Einstein, William Sloane
Associate: N.Y,
Ø-en-eq-sS-bpw- \yq-\-]-£-ßƒ-- ò-Xn-bn¬- \n¿-Ø- 1948, P.108
s∏-Sp-∂- ]-iv-Nm-Ø-e-Øn¬- G-Xp- kmw-kv-I-m-cn-I- 12. Freeman Dyson, Disturbing the Universe, Harper and Row: Lon-
\mb-I-\pw- F-Sp-°p-∂- \n-e-]m-Sp-Iƒ- kp-{]-[m-\-am don, 1979,
P. 250
Wv.- B-tKm-f˛- C-¥y≥- bm-Ym¿-Yy-ßf - p-sS- ]-iN v- mØ- 13. Victor F. Weisskops, The Origin of the Universe, American Scien-
e-ßf - pw- s]m-cp-fp-If - pw- ]m-£n-Ia - m-bn- hn-eb - n-cp-Øp- tist, Vol 71
∂-Xm-Wv- B-\-µn-s≥-d- ho-£-W-ßƒ.- ^m-j-n-kv-‰v- (1983), P. 473-480, p. 480
ssh-Xm-fn-I¿-- sIm-eh - n-fn-If
- p-am-bn- tXtcm-´w- \-SØ - p- 14. Voltaire, in `Peter Gay (ed), Deism: An Anthology, Van Nostrand:
P r i n c e t o n ,
tºmƒ- th-´° - m-ct- \m-sSm-∏a - m-tWm- C-ct- bm-sSm-∏a - m- 1968, P. 152-153
tWm- ]-£w- tN¿-∂-Xv- F-∂- Iq¿-Ø-p-a¿-Ø-tNmZyw- 15. A.K. Brohi, Ìslam and Human Rights', in Altaf Ganher (ed), The
N-cn-{Xw- \-tΩm-Sv- tNm-Zn-°p-I-X-s∂- sNøpw.- Challenge of
Islam, Islamic Council of Europe: London, 1978
]-Sn-™m-d≥ cm-jv-{Sob- kmw-kv-I-m-cn-I- hm-gv-N- 16.- Fw.-]n.- ho-{µ-Ip-am¿,- cm-as
- ≥-d- Zp-xJ
- w,- am-Xr-`q-an-:- tIm-gn-t°mSv,-
°pw- hw-io-b-X-°pw- Xo-{h-tZ-io-b-X °pw- F-Xn-cm- 1 9 9 6 , -
bn- \n-c-¥-c- k-a-c-am-bn- Po-hn-X-sØ-am-‰n-b- am¬-°w- t].-43.-
F-Iv-kpw- c-Pm-K-tcm-Un-bp-a-S-°-ap-≈-h-sc- C-kv-em- 17. Vivekananda, The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda, Vol II,
13th edition,
an-se-Øn-®s - X-¥m-sW-s∂-¶n-epw B-\µ - n-s\-t∏m-ep- Advaita Ashrama: Calcutta,1976, p. 371
≈-h¿- k-Xy-k-\v-[-X-tbm-sS- ]-c-tX-≠-Xm-Wv.- Pm- 18. Vivekananda, The East and the West, Advaita Ashrama: Calcutta,
Xns°-Xn-cm-bn- C-¥y-bn¬- \-S∂ - - ap-t∂-‰ß - f - p-sS- Nm- 1963, P. 91-92
e-I-i-Iv-Xn-bm-bn- C-kv-em-an-s\- Xn-cn-®-dn-™-h-cm-Wv- 19. Tapan Raychandhuri, Europe Reconsidered: Perceptions of the West:
1 9 t h
Fw.-F≥.- tdm-bv- (1887˛1957),- s]-cn-bm¿- C.-hn.- cm-a- Century Bangal, Oxford University Press: Delhi, 1998, P. 244
kzm-an- (1879˛1973),- kn.-F≥.- A-Æm-Zp-ssc- F-∂n-h¿.- 20. M.K. Gandhi, Collected works of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. 58, Pub-
A-\v-[-hn-izm-k-ßƒ-s°-Xn-sc- s]m-cp-Xn-b- a-lm-\m- l i c a t i o n
Division: N. Delhi, 1970, P. 58
bn- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-sb- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m≥- A-{_-lmw- 21. J.R.P. Moore, The Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamil Nadu
Sn.- tIm-hq¿- (1898˛1978)- F-∂- lyq-a-\n-kv-‰v- a-Sn-®n-ń- and Madras:
√.-hn-{K-lm-cm-[\ - t- bm-Sp-≈- B-cy- k - a - m- P
- n-s≥-d- F-Xn¿- 1930-1947, Orient Longman: N. Delhi, 1998. P. 43
∏pw,- I--\ym-a-dn-b-tØm-Sp-≈- I-tØm-en-°m- k-ao-]- 22.- kn.-sI.- cm-a-N-{µ≥,- a-X-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw,- am-Xr-`q-an- B-g-
v - N - ] - X n - ∏ v , -
\-Øn-\v t\-sc- s{]m-´-kv-‰≥-dv- B-t£-]-hpw,- tb-ip-
Un-kw-_¿- 10,- 2002 t].- 25.-
hn-s≥-d- ssZ-hX - z-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- b-tlm-hk - m-£n-If - pw- 23.- B-\-µv, "A-`n-ap-Jw,'- jm-Pn- tP-°-_v,- Ibid, t]-. 104
bq-Wn-t‰-dn-b-∑m-cpw- D-b¿-Øp-∂- sh-√p-hn-fn-I-fpw- Kp- 24. Sudhir Kakar, Shamans, Psychics and Doctors: A Psychological
cp-\m-\m-°n-s≥-d- aX-Nn-¥-I-fpw- Jp¿-B-s≥-d- A-\- Enquiry into
iz-c- kzm-[o-\-ß-fp-sS- G-Xm-\pw- A-\p-c-W\-ßƒ- India and its Healing Tradition, Oxford University Press: Delhi 1982,
P. 63
am-{Xw.- 25. Sudhir Kakar, Ibid, p. 87
d-^-d≥-kv-
1.- B-\µ - v,- "a-Xa
- u-en-Ih
- m-Zw-:- B-tKm-fh
- X
- vI
- c
- W
- Ø
- n-s≥-d a-dp]p
dw',- B-i-b- k-a-\z-bw,- B-K-kv-‰v- 2001,- t].- 14.-
2. Thomas F. Torrance, Christian Theology and Scientific Culture,
Oxford University Press: N. York,1981, P. 62.
3.- B-\-µv,- h¿-§o-b-X-:- Im-c-W-hpw- t]mw-h-gn-bpw,- I-em-Iu-ap-Zn,-
Un-kw-_¿- 23,- 2001,- t].- 26.-
4. N.G. Meshram, Religions, Social Practices and Human Rights of
Dalits, in `Human Rights of Dalits' (ed. by R.M. Pal, G.S. Bhargava),
Gyan Publishing House: N. Delhi, 1999, P. 186
5. R.S. Sivalingam, Concept of a National Human Rights Movement
and Annihilation of Caste, in `Human Rights of Dalits', Ibid, p. 121
6.- B-\-µv- (A-`n-ap-Jw),- jm-Pn- tP-°-_v,- N-cn-{X-Øn-s≥-d- cm-jv-
{So-bw-:- B-\-µn-s≥-d- Z¿-i-\w,- Un.-kn.- _p-Iv-kv-:- tIm-´-bw- 1996,-
t].- 104.-
7. Frontline, December 7, 2001, P. 118
8. Jacques Monad, Chance and Necessity, Collins: London, 1972,P.110
9. Darwin quoted in Os Guinness, The Dust of Death, IntervarsityPress:
Illionois, 1973, P. 351
10. Bertrand Ressell, Why I am not a Christian, Simon and Schuster
N.Y: 1957, P. 107. (ti-jw- t]-Pv- 50 ¬-)
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 20
● _-\q-C-kv-dm-Cu-ep-Im-sc- i-]n-®-Xv- i-cn-tbm?-

● k-lm-b- hm-Kv-Zm-\-ap-≠m-bn-´pw- Nn-e- Zq-X≥-am¿-
sIm-√-s∏-´-sX-¥p-sIm-≠v?-
● {In-kv-Xy-m-\n-I-fp-sS- ù-Xn-I- hn-P-bw-
● C-h-sc- in-£n-°¬- A-\o-Xn-b-t√?-
● ap-kv-enw-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-se- `n-∂n-∏pw- Jp¿-B-\n-s‚-
Iq- S n- ° m- g v- N -
hm-Kv-Zm-\-hpw-
? _-\q- C-{km-Cu¬- F-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv- H-cp- k-¥m-\-]-c-º-c- bpw- hy-Xn-N-en-®p-t]m-bm¬- in-£m¿-l-cm-

bn-Øo-cp-sa-∂pw- A-Xn-{I-a-Im-cn-Iƒ- ]-e-
b-t√?- H-cp- sX-‰m-b- hm-Zw- a-pdp-sI- ]-n-Sn-°p-∂-h-cp-sS- t]-c-√-
X-cw- in-£-Iƒ-°v- A¿-l-cm-bn-Øo-cp-sa-
t√m- A-Xv.- F-∂n-´pw- A-h-cp-sS- ap≥-Km-an-I-fp-sS- Zp-jv-sN-bv-Xn-
∂pw,- A-Xn-{I-a-Im-cn-Iƒ- ]-e-X-cw- in-£-
Iƒ-°v- A-h-sc- i-]n-°p-∂-Xv- (7:-167)- A-\o-Xn-b-t√?- Iƒ-°v- hn-t[-bc - m-Ip-∂- A-hk - vY- - tem-Im-
tUm.- _-jo¿- ap-°w.- h-km-\w-h-sc- Xp-S-cp-sa-∂p-am-Wv- {]-kv-Xp-
! A-t\-Iw- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS- k-¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬-s]-´-h-cm-Wv- C-

{km-Cu-ey¿.- A-h¿-°v- A-√-mlp- sN-bv-X- A-\p-{K-l-ß-ß-sf- kw-_-
X- kq-Iv-X-Øn¬-\n-∂v- {K-ln-°m-hp-∂-Xv.-
C-{km-Cuey-cn¬-X-s∂- k-®-cn-X-cm-b-
Nne-cpw- D-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v- A-SpØ- kq-Iv-X-
\v-[n-®v- hn-ip-≤- Jp¿-B-\n¬- ]-cm-a¿-in-®n-´p-≠v.- Øn¬- hy-IvX - a
- m-°n-bn-´p-ap-≠v.- c-≠v- kqIv-
X-ß-fp-sS-bpw- ]-cn-`m-j- t\m-°p-I-:-
""C-{km-Cu¬- k-¥-Xn-I-tf, \n-ßƒ-°v- Rm≥- sN-bv-X-p-X-∂n-´p-≈-
A-\p-{K-l-hpw- a-‰v- P-\-hn-`m-K-ß-sf-°mƒ- \n-ßƒ-°v- Rm≥- t{i-jvTX- ""A-h-cp-sS- (C-{km-Cu-ey-cp-sS-)-ta¬-
\¬-In-bX - pw- \n-ßƒ- Hm¿-°p-I''- (2:-47).- F-∂m¬- A-hn-iz-mk - h - pw- AXn- Dbn¿-sØ-gp-t∂¬-]n-s≥-d- \m-fp-h-sc- A-
{I-a-hpw- A-[m¿-an-I-hr-Øn-I-fp-am-bn- Po-hn-®m-epw- Cu- t{i-jv-T-X h¿-°v- lo-\-am-b- in-£-- G¬-]n-®p-sIm-
\in®pt]mhpIbns√∂v [cn°cpXv F∂v A√mlp- A-h-tcm-Sv- kqNn- ≠n- c n- ° p- ∂ - h - s c- \n- s ≥- d - c- £ n- X m- h v -
∏n-®n-´p-ap-≠v.- ""H-cmƒ-°pw- a-s‰m-cmƒ-°p-th-≠n- - H-cp- D-]I - m-ch
- pw- sNøm≥- \ntbm-Kn-°p-I- X-s∂- sN-øp-sa-∂v- A-h≥-
]-‰m-Ø- H-cp- Zn-h-k-sØ- \n-ßƒ- kq-£n-°p-I.- (A-∂v)- H-cmfn¬-\n- {]-Jym-]n-®- k-µ¿-`-hp-w- Hm¿-°p-I.- Xo¿-
∂pw- bm-sXm-cp- ip-]m¿-i-bpw- kzo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√.- H-cm-fn¬-\n∂pw- ®-bm-bpw- \n-s≥-d- c-£n-Xm-hv- A-Xn-th-Kw-
H-cp- {]m-bvi - vN
- n-Øh - pw- ta-Sn-°s - ∏-Sp-Ib - p-an-√.- A-h¿-°v- H-cp- k-lmbhpw- in-£- \-S∏ - m-°p-∂h - \
- m-Wv.- Xo¿-®b - m-bpw-
e-`n-°p-I-bp-an-√''- (2:-48).- A-h≥- G-sd- s]m-dp-°p-∂-h-\pw- I-cp-Wm-
hn-izm-k-]-c-hpw- I¿-a-]-c-hp-am-b- hy-Xn-N-e-\-ßƒ- C-{km-Cu-ey-cp- \n-[n-bp-a-s{X.- `q-an-bn¬- Ah-sc- \mw- ]-
sS- `m-K-Øp-\n-∂p-≠m-b-t∏mƒ- am-{X-am-Wv- A-h-sc- A-√m-lp- i-]n-°pI- e- k-aq-l-ß-fm-bn- ]n-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-
bpw- in-£n-°p-Ib - pw- sN-bvX - X - v.- Bcp-sS-bpw- ]m-]` - m-cw- a-s‰m-cmƒ- hln- Xn-cn-°p-∂p.- A-h-cp-sS- Iq-´-Øn¬- k-Zv-hr-
t°-≠n-h-cn-√- F-∂- s]m-Xp-XØzw- A-h¿-°pw- _m-[-I-am-Ip-∂p.- Ø-cp-≠v.- A-Xn-\v- Xm-sg-bp-≈-h-cpw- A-h-
cn-ep-≠v.- A-h¿- a-S-tß-≠-Xn-\m-bn- \mw-
""A-X√ - ,- aq-km-bp-sS-bpw- (I-Sa - I- ƒ-)- \n-dt- h-‰n-b- C-{_m-lo-an-s≥dbpw-
A-h-sc- \-∑-Iƒ-sIm-≠pw- Xn-∑-Iƒ-sIm-
]-{Xn-II - f - n¬- D-≈X - n-s\-∏‰ - n- A-h\ - v- hn-hc - w- A-dn-bn-°s - ∏-ń-ń-t√?- AXm-
b-Xv- ]m-]-`m-cw- h-ln-°p-∂- H-cm-fpw- a-s‰m-cm-fp-sS- ]m-]-`m-cw- h-ln-°p- ≠pw- ]-co-£n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn''- (hn.-Jp.- 7:-
I-bn-s√-∂pw,- a-\p-jy-\v- Xm≥- {]-bX - v\
- n-®X - √- m-sX- a-s‰m-∂p-an-√- F∂pw- 167,- 168).-
A-hs - ≥-d- {]-bXv\ - ^ - e- w- h-gn-sb- Im-Wn-®p-sIm-Sp-°s - ∏-Sp-sa-∂pw ]n∂o- *****
Sv- A-Xn-\v- A-h-\v- G-‰-hpw- ]q¿-W-am-b- {]-Xn-^-ew- \¬-I-s∏-Sp-sa-∂pap-
≈- Im-cyw-''- (hn.-Jp.- 53:-36˛41).-
ap≥-Km-an-I-fp-sS- Zp-jv-sN-bv-Xn-I-fp-sS- t]-cn¬- ]n≥-Kman-I-sf- i]n-
? Zq-X∑
- m-sc-bpw- hn-izm-kn-Is
- f-bpw-
°p-sa-∂v- 7:-167 h-N-\-Øn¬- ]-d-™n-ń-√.- G-Xv- A-\pKr-lo-X- P-\-X- c-£-s∏-Sp-Ø-epw- k-lm-bn-°-epw- A-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 21
√m-lp-hn-s≥-d- _m-[y-X-bm-sW- sf- c-£-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p''.-

∂v- Jp¿-B≥- (10:-103)- ]-d-bp- "ap-ºv- I-gn-™pt]m-b-h-cp-sS- A-\p-`-h-ßƒ'- F-∂v- ]-d-™-Xv- I-Sp-Ø- A-Xn-{I-a-Im-
∂p.- Zq-X-∑m-cp-sS- \-S-]-Sn-{I-a- cn-Iƒ-°v- t\-cn-´- ssZ-hn-I- in-£-I-sf- kw-_-\v-[n-®m-Wv.- G-sXm-s°- P-\-hn-`m-K-ß-sf-
C-ß-s\- in-£n-°-W-sa-∂- Xo-cp-am-\w- A-√m-lp-hn-s≥-d-Xm-Wv.- "]n-∂o-Sv....- \mw- c-£-
Øn¬- am-‰-ap-≠m-In-√- F-∂pw- s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p'- F-∂v- ]-d-™-Xv- B- Iq-´-Øn¬- s]-´p-t]m-Im-\n-S-bm-Im-sX- k-Xy-hn-
Jp¿-B≥- (17:-77)- ]-db - p-∂p.- F- izm-kn-I-sf- c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®m-Wv.- A-Xn-{I-an-Iƒ-°v- A-\p-`-hn-∏n-°p-∂- in-£-
¶n- ¬ - F- ¥ p- s Im- ≠ v - \- q lv , - bn¬-\n-∂v- A-h¿-°n-S-bn-ep-≈- k-Xy-hn-izm-kn-Isf- c-£n-°p-∂- Im-cy-am-Wv- A-√m-lp-
eqØv- Xp-S-ßn-b- Nn-e- {]-hm-N- _m-[y-X-tb-‰-Xv.-
I-∑m¿-c-£-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- _-\q- 17:77 h-N-\-Øn-s≥-d- D-t±-iyw- a-\ n-em-I-W-sa-¶n¬- A-Xn-s≥-d-bpw- sXm-´p-ap-ºp-
C-{km-Cu-en-s≥-d- ssI-I-fm¬- ≈- h-N-\-Øn-s≥-d-bpw-]-cn-`m-j- hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-Ww.-
Nn-e- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- sIm-√-s∏- ""Xo¿-®-bm-bpw- A-h¿- \n-s∂- \m-ń¬-\n-∂v- hn-c-ń-tbm-Sn-°m≥- H-cp-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.-
\n-s∂- A-hn-s-S-\n-∂v- ]p-d-Øm-°p-I-b-s{X- A-h-cp-sS- e-£yw.- F-¶n¬ \n-s≥-d- (]p-d-
Sp-I-bpw- (2:-91,- 3:-21,- 2:-61)- sNbv-
Øm-°-en-\p)-ti-jw- Ip-d-®p-Im-e-a-√m-sX- A-h¿- (A-hn-sS)- Xm-a-kn-°p-I-bn-√.- \n-\-
Xp? °p-ap-ºv- \mw- \n-tbm-Kn-®- \-Ωp-sS- Zq-X-∑m-cp-sS- Im-cy-Øn-ep-≠m-b- \-S-]-Sn-{I-aw-X-s∂.-
kp-a-ø,-- F-S-Ø-\m-´p-I-c- \-Ωp-sS- \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-Øn-\v- bm-sXm-cp- t`-Z-K-Xn-bpw- \o- I-s≠-Øp-I-bn-√''.-
! ssZ-hZ- q-X∑
I-fpw- h-[n-°s
- m-cpw- k-Xy-hn-izm-kn-
- ∏-Sp-It- bm- bp-≤Ø- n-
k-Xy-Øn-s≥-d- k-tµ-iw- H-cn-°-epw- P-\-k-Ω-Xn- t\-S-cp-Xv- F-∂- Zp-»m-Ty-am-Wv- {]-hm-
N-I-∑m-sc- ]p-d-Øm-°m-\pw- h-[n-°m-\pw- {i-an-°p-∂-Xn-\v- i-{Xp-°-sf- t{]-cn-∏n-®-Xv.-
F∂m¬- k-Xy-sØ- F-s∂-t∂-°p-am-bn- Ip-gn-®p-aq-Sn- F-∂- Ir-Xm¿-Y-X-tbm-sS- kz-kv-
\-n-c-bm-hp-I-tbm- ]o-Un-∏n-°-s∏-Sp- Y-am-bn- G-sd-\mƒ- I-gn-®p-Iq-´m≥- k-Xy-Øn-s≥d-d- i-{Xp-°ƒ-°v- A-√m-lp- A-h-k-cw-
I-tbm- sN-bv-X- ]-e- kw-`-h-ß-fpw- \¬-Im-dn-√.- A-Ø-c-°m-cm-b- ]-e¿-°pw- A-{]-Xo-£n-X-am-bn- I-jv-S-\-jv-S-ß-fpw- Xn-cn-
hn-ip-≤- Jp¿-B-\n-epw- \-_n- h-N- ®-Sn-I-fpw- t\-cn-tS-≠n-h-∂n-´p-≠v.- A-Xm-Wv- ssZ-hn-I-am-b- \-S-]-Sn-{I-aw.- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-¿-
\-ßf - n-epw- ]-cm-a¿-in-°s - ∏-ń-´p-≠v.- t°m- k-Xy-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ-t°m- H-cn-°-epw- H-cm-]-Øpw- kw-`-hn-°p-I-b-n-s√-∂v- C-Xn-\v-
10:-103¬- ]-cm-a¿-in-®n-´p-≈-Xv- H-cp- `q- A¿-Y-an-√.- bp-≤-ß-fn¬- k-Xy-km-£n-Iƒ-°pw- A-h-cp-sS- i-{Xp-°ƒ-°pw- P-bm-]-P-b-
{]-tZ-i-Øp-≈- A-Xn-{I-a-Im-cn-I-sf- ßƒ- am-dn-am-dn- h-cm-sa-∂m-Wv- 3:-140 kq-Iv-X-Øn¬-\n-∂v- {K-ln-°m-hp-∂-Xv.-
sam-Ø-am-bn- A-√-m-lp- \-in-∏n-°p-
tºmƒ- A-h¿-°n-S-bn¬- Xm-a-kn-®n- *****
cp-∂- {]-hm-NI - s - \-bpw- k-Xy-hn-izm-
kn-Is - f-bpw- \m-iØ - n¬-\n-∂v- c-£n-
°p-I- F-∂- \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-sØ- kw-
?"A-√m-lp- k-¥m-\-sØ- kzo-I-cn-®n-cn°p-∂p'- F-∂v- {In-kv-X-ym-\n-Iƒ- ]-d-
_-\v-[n-®m-Wv.- \-q-lv,- lp-Zv,- kzm-en- ™-Xn-s\-∏-‰n- Jp¿-B≥- 10:-69¬- ]-d-bp-∂p:- ""A-√m-lp-hn-s≥-d- t]-cn¬- I-
lv,- eq-Xzvv,- ip-sF-_v- F-∂o- {]-hm- ≈w- sI-ń-®-a-°p-∂-h¿- hn-P-bn-°p-I-bn-√-;- Xo¿-®''-. F-∂m¬- C-∂v- F-√m- \n-e-
N-I-∑m-cp-sS- P-\-k-aq-l-ß-sf- I-Sp- °p-ap-≈-hn-P-bw- {In-kv-Xym-\n-Iƒ°-t√?-
Ø- in-£m- \-S-]-Sn-bn-eq-sS- A-√m- in-lm-_p-±o≥-,- tIm-X-aw-K-ew-
lp- \-in-∏n-®- k-µ¿-`Ø - n¬- Cu- {]-
hm-N-I-∑m-sc-bpw- A-h-cn¬- hn-iz-
kn-®- \yq-\] - £ - s - Ø-bpw- A-√m-lp-
c-£n-®- Im-cyw- A-t\-Iw Jp¿-B≥-
! £WnIam-b- C-l-tem-I-Øn¬- H-cmƒ-°v- Nn-e- t\-´-ß-fp-≠m-hp-I-bpw- im-iz-X-amb-
]-c-tem-I-Øv- A-bmƒ- \n-Xy-in-£- A-\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-cn-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xm¬- A-bmƒ-
kq-Iv-X-ß-fn¬- hy-Iv-X-am-°n-bn´p- bYm¿-Y-Øn¬- hn-P-bn-®p- F-∂v- ]-d-bm-hp-∂-X-√.- A-^v-e-l,- bp-^v-en-lp- F-∂o- ]-Z-
≠v.- 10:-102,- 103 h-N-\-ß-fp-sS- ]-cn- ßƒ- hn-ip-≤- Jp¿-B-\n¬- {]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈-Xv- b-Ym¿-Y-hpw- im-iz-X-hp-am-b- hn-P-b-
`-m-j- Xm-sg- tN¿-°p-∂p.- sØ- A-Yhm- ta-m-£-sØ-°p-dn-°p-hm-\m-Wv.- tam-£w- e-`n-°m-Ø-h-\v- ù-Xn-I- tem-
IØv- A-√m-lp- k-a-r-≤n- \¬-In-tb-°p-sa-∂v- hn-ip-≤- Jp¿-B-\n¬- hy-Iv-X-am-°n-bn-
""A-t∏mƒ- A-h-cp-sS- ap-ºv- I-
´p≠v.-
gn-™pt]m-b-h-cp-sS- A-\p-`-h-ß-ƒ-
t]m-ep-≈-X-√m-sX- a-‰p-h-√-Xpw- A- ""£-Wn-aa - m-bX- n-s\ (C-lt- em-Is - Ø)-bm-Wv- h-√h - \ - pw- D-t±-in-°p-∂s- X-¶n¬- Ah¿-
h¿- Im-Øn-cn-°p-I-bm-tWm?- ]-d- °v- A-Y-hm- (A-h-cn¬-\n-∂v) \mw- D-t±-in-°p-∂-h¿-°v- \mw- D-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv- C-hn-sS-
bpI-:- ""F-∂m¬- \n-ßƒ- Im-Øncn- sh®v- X-s∂- th-K-Øn¬- \¬-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.- ]n-s∂- \mw- A-ß-s\-bp-≈-h-\v- \¬-Ip-
°p-I.- Xo¿-®b - m-bpw- Rm-\pw- \n-ß- ∂Xv- \-cI - a
- m-bn-cn-°pw.- A-]a- m-\n-X\
- pw- ]p-dw-X≈ - s- ∏-´h - \- p-am-bn-s°m-≠v- A-h≥- AXn¬-
tfm-sSm-∏w- Im-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-cp-sS- F-cn-bp-∂-Xm-Wv''- (hn.-Jp.- 17:-18).-
Iq-´Ø - n-em-Wv''.- ]n-∂o-Sv- \-Ωp-sS- Zq- 10:-69 h-N\ - Ø- n-s≥-d- hn-h£-sb- kw-_\ - v[
- n-®v- tNm-Zy-I¿-Øm-hn-\p-≈- kw-ib - Ø- n\v-
X-∑m-sc-bpw- hn-iz-kn-®-h-sc-bpw- 10:-70 h-N-\-Øn¬- A-√m-lp-X-s∂- a-dp-]-Sn- \¬-In-bn-´p-≠v.- ""C-l-tem-I-sØ- kp-Jm-\p-
\mw- c-£s - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.- A-{]-Im-cw- `-h-a-s{X- (A-h¿-°p-≈-Xv).- ]n-s∂- \-Ωp-sS- A-Sp-°-te-°m-Wv- A-h-cp-sS- a-S-°w.- F∂n-
\- Ω p- s S- t a- e p- ≈ - H- c p- _m- [ y- X - ´v- A-h¿- A-hn-iz-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xn-s≥-d- -^-e-am-bn- I-Tn-\-am-b-in-£- \mw- A-h¿-°v- B-
F∂- \n-e-bn¬- \mw- hn-izm-kn-I- kzZn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv''.- A-√m-lp-hn-s≥-d- t]-cn¬- I-≈w- sI-´-n-®-a-°p-∂-h¿-°v- C-l-tem-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 22
I-Øv- kp-J-hpw- t£-a-hpw- D-≠m-Ip-sa-∂pw,- ]-t£,- A-Xv- b-Ym¿-Y- hn-P-b-as√-

∂p-am-Wv- Cu- c-≠v- h-N-\-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pw- Iq-Sn- {K-ln-°m-hp-∂-Xv.-
? apkvenwIfpsS lrZbßƒ XΩn
¬ A√mlp CW°nt®¿°psa∂v
ù-Xn-I- hn-Im-k-Øn-\v- ap≥-K-W-\- \¬-Ip-I-bpw- ù-Xn-I- {]-a-Ø-X-sb- ]-cn- Jp¿B≥ 8:63¬ ]dbp∂p. F∂m
t]m-jn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- ss{I-kv-X-h-sc- kw-_-\v-[n-®v- Xn-I-®pw- {]-k-Iv-X-
¬ A^vKm\nepw temIØnse a‰p
a-s{X- 10:-70 h-N-\w.-
]e `mKßfnepw G‰hpw IqSpX¬
***** XΩn¬X√p∂Xv apkvenwIƒ XΩn
emsW∂v ImWmw. A√mlphns≥d
? Jp¿B-\n-se- bm-ko≥- A-[ym-b-Øn-se- 6˛9 h-N-\-ß-fn¬- \-_n-bp- hmKvZm\w Ft¥ ChnsSsbm∂pw
sS- {]t_m-[n-X- k-aq-l-Øn-\v- hn-iz-kn-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥- ssZ-h-w-X-s∂- hne- ]pe¿∂pImWp∂n√?
ßp-Iƒ- Xo¿-Øn-cn-°p-∂p;- A-Xn-\m¬- A-h¿- hniz-kn-°p-I-bn-√- F-∂v- C-eym-kv.- Sn.-sI,- ]m-e-°m-gn-
]-d-bp-∂p.- A-t∏mƒ- A-h-sc-ß-s\- Ip-‰-°m-cm-Ipw?- A-h-sc-sb-ß-s\-
A-√m-lp- in-£n-°pw?- A-h≥- Im-cp-Wy-hm-\pw- A-\o-Xn-Im-Wn-°m-Ø-
h-\p-a-t√?- in¿-°n¬- ap-ßn-b- k-aq-l-sØ- in-£n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv- ssZ-
! a°bn¬\n∂v ]emb\w sNbvXv
aZo\bn¬ FØnb aplmPndpIfpw,
aZo\m \nhmknIfmb A≥kmdpIfpw
h-hm-°n-s≥-d- ew-L-\-hp-am-In-t√.-
XΩn¬ kºq¿Wamb Ckv e manI
tUm.- _-jo¿- ap-°w.- kmtlmZcyw kv Y m]nXamb Imcyw
! F-√m- a-\pjy¿-°pw- \-∑bpw- Xn-∑-bpw- hn-izm-k-hpw- A-hnizm-k-hpw- sX-c-

s™-Sp-°m-\p-≈- kzm-X-{¥yw- A-√m-lp- \¬-In-bn-´p-s≠-∂v- hn-ip-≤ Jp¿-B-
Ncn{XkXyamWv. AXpt]mseXs∂bm
Wv XeapdIfmbn IpSn∏I ]pe¿Ønbn
cp∂ Hukv, JkvdPv tKm{Xßƒ XΩn¬
\n¬-\n-∂v- hy-Iv-X-am-Ip-∂p.- ""]-d-bp-I-:- k-Xyw- \n-ß-fp-sS- c-£n-Xmhn-¶¬- \n∂p- XnI™ kmtlmZcyw \nehn¬ h∂
≈-Xm-Ip-∂p.- A-Xn-\m¬- C-jv-S-ap-≈-h¿- hn-iz-kn-°-s´-.- C-jv-S-ap-≈-h¿- Ahniz- kw`hhpw. At\ItImSn apkvenwIƒ
kn-°-s´.- A-{Ian-Iƒ-°v- \mw- \-c-Im-Kv-\n- H-cp-°n-sh-®n-´p-≠v''- (hn.-Jp.- 18:-29).- {] temIØpS\ofap≈ ]≈nIfn¬ tXm
Ir-Xym- B-cpw- hn-iz-kn-°m-t\m- A-hn-iz-kn-°m-t\m- \n¿-_-\v-[n-X-cm-Ip-∂n-s√- tfmSptXmƒ tN¿∂p\n∂v {]m¿Yn°p∂
∂v- C-Xn¬-\n-∂v- hy-Iv-X-am-Wv.- Xv AhcpsS a\ pIsf A√mlp Iqńbn
a-\p-jy-cp-sS- Im-cy-Øn-ep-≈- A-√m-lp-hn-s≥-d- \-S-]-Sn-{I-aw- A-h¿- k-Xy-Øn- W°nbXpsIm≠mWv . a°bnsebpw
te-°v- Nmbv-hv- Im-Wn-®m¬- A-h¿-°v- k-Xyam¿-K-Øn-se-Øm≥- k-u-I-cy-sam-cp- aZo\bnsebpw ]cnip≤ ldapIfn¬ hn
°n-s°m-Sp-°p-I,- A-h¿- k-Xyw- {K-ln-®n-´pw- A-Xv- A-h-K-Wn-®v- A-k-Xy-tØm-Sv- hn[ h¿W°mcpw tZi°mcpamb Zi
B-`n-ap-Jyw- Im-Wn-®m¬- B- h-gn-°v- A-h-sc- Xn-cn-®p-hn-´v- k-Xyw- I-s≠-Øm≥- e£°W°n¬ apkvenwIƒ XnI™
A-h¿-°v- A-h-k-c-an-√m-Xm-°p-∂p- ˛C-Xm-Wv.- Cu- Im-cyw- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂- Nn-e- sFIytØmsS {]m¿Y\m\ncXcmIp∂
Jp¿-B≥- hm-Iy-ß-fp-sS- ]-cn-`m-j- Xm-sg- tN¿-°p-∂p-:- Xpw ssZhhnizmkØm¬ GIoIcn°
s∏´XpsIm≠pXs∂.
""F-∂m¬- G-sXm-cmƒ- Zm-\w- \¬-Ip-I-bpw- kq-£va-X- ]m-en-°p-I-bpw- G-‰-
hpw- D-Ø-a-am-b-Xn-s\- k-Xy-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp-thm- A-h-\v- \mw- G-‰-hpw- apkvenw F∂Xv Hcp PmXnbpsStbm
F-fp-∏-am-b-Xn-te-°v- ku-I-cy-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.- F-∂-m¬- B-cv- ]n- kapZmbØns≥dtbm t]c√. {kjvSm
ip-°v- Im-Wn-°p-I-bpw- kz-bw- ]-cym-]v-X-X- \-Sn-°p-I-bpw- G-‰-hpw- D-Ø-a-am-b-Xn- hpw c£nXmhpamb A√mlphn\v Pohn
s\- \n-tj-[n-®p-X-≈p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp-thm- A-h-\v- \mw- G-‰-hpw- sR-cp-°-ap-≈- Xw ka¿∏n®h≥ F∂mWv B ]ZØn
Xn-te-°v- ku-I-cy-sam-cp-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xm-Wv''- (hn.-Jp.- 92:-5˛10).- s≥d A¿Yw. F∂m¬ Ckvemans\ tI
hesamcp kmapZmbnI aXambn ho£n
""X-\n-°v- k-∑m¿-Kw- hy-Iv-X-am-bn-°-gn-™- ti-j-hpw- B-sc-¶n-epw- ssZ-h-Zq- °p∂ Iptdt]cp≠v. Ah¿°v BZ¿i
X-\p-am-bn- F-Xn¿-Øv- \n¬-°p-I-bpw- k-Xy-hn-izm-kn-I-fptS-X-√m-Ø- am¿-Kw ]n- t_m[w Ipdhpw kapZmb hodv IqSpX
¥p-S-cp-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂-]-£w- A-h≥- Xn-cn-™- h-gn-°p-X-s∂- \mw- A-h-s\- Xn- epambncn°pw. A[nImctamlw t]mep
cn-®p-hn-Sp-I-bpw- \-c-I-Øn-en-´v- \m-a-h-sc- I-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂-Xm-Wv.- A-sX- ≈ A\nkvemanI {]hWXIfm¬ A
{X- tam-i-am-b- ]-cy-h-km-\w-!''- (hn.-Jp.- 4:-115).- A-√m-lp- A-\ym-b-am-bn- B¿-°pw- Øc°m¿ kzm[o\n°s∏Sm≥ Gsd km
k-Xyw- I-s≠-Øm≥- A-h-k-cw- \-jv-S-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bn-s√-∂pw- a-\p-jy¿- kz-bw- [yXbp≠v. B`y¥c hg°pIƒ°v an
sX-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂- am¿-K-Øn-eq-sS- \o-ßm≥- A-h-¿-°v- A-h≥- ku-I-cy-sam-cp- °t∏mgpw _oPmhm]w \¬Ip∂Xv BZ
°n-s°m-Sp-°p-I-bm-Wv- sN-øp-∂-sX-∂pw- Cu- h-N-\-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- {K-ln-°mw. bm- ¿tiXcamb LSIßƒ°v ap≥KW\
ko≥- 6˛9 h-N-\-ß-fn-epw- a-‰pw- A-√m-lp- Nn-e-sc- k-Xyw- I-s≠-Øm≥- I-gn-bm- \¬Ip∂hcmWv. A√mlp hmKvZm\w
Ø- A-h-kv-Y-bn-em-°p-sa-∂v- ]-d-™-Xv- D-]-cyp-Iv-X- kq-Iv-X-ß-fp-am-bn- _-\v-[- sNbvXXv CØc°mcpsS a\ pIsf Iq
s∏-Sp-Øn- a-\ n-em-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.- k-Xyw- a-\- n-em-°n-bn-Ípw- F-Xn¿-Zn-i-bn- ńbnW°psa∂√. BZ¿i \njv T bp
te-°v- \o-ßp-∂-h¿- X-s∂-bm-Wv- Cu- Zp-c-h-kv-Y-°v- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ.- ≈hcmWv A√mlphns≥d A\p{Kl
***** ßƒ°v icn°pw AhImis∏´h¿.
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 23
ap-l-Ω-Z-en- am-kv-‰¿-
Ip-cn-ipw- {In-kv-Xp-a-X-hpw-
{In-kv-Xp-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- Nn-lv-\w- Ip-cn-im-Wv.- ss{I-kv-X- {In-kv-Xm-_v-Zw- \m-e-m-w- \q-‰m-≠p-h-sc- ss{I-kv-X-h¿- Ipcn-
h¿- Ip-cn-in-s\- {In-kX v- p-hn-s≥-d- {]-Xo-Ia - m-bn- B-Zc - n-°p-Ibpw- in-s\-tbm- Ip-cn-iv- cq-]-sØ-tbm- B-Z-cn-°p-I-tbm- B-cm-[n-
B-cm-[n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp-h-cp-∂p.- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\pw- h-f-sc- °p-It- b-m- {In-kX v- p-hn-s≥-d- {]-Xo-Ia - m-bn- {In-kX v- p-aX
- Ø
- n-s≥d-
\q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°v- ap-ºv- \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂- {]m-Ir-X- a-X-ß-fp-sS- Nn-l\ v- a- m-bn- Aw-Ko-Ic - n-°p-Itbm- sN-bX v- n-cp-∂n-√. Ip-cn-si∂-
Nn-lv-\-hpw- Ip-cn-im-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xv- H-cp- h-kv-Xp-Xbm-Wv.- ]-Zw-Xs - ∂- ss{I-kvX - h- X - °- v- A-PvR - m-Xa - m-bn-cp-∂p- (Im-cW - w-
{]m-Ir-X- tZ-h-∑m-cm-b- X-Ωq-kv,- tlm-d-kv-,- an-{Xm-kv,- sk-dm]n- B- Im-e-L-´-Øn¬- Ip-cn-iv- an-{X-tZ-h-s≥-d- {]-Xo-I-hpw- an-{X-
kv,- I-d-kv‰v,- _m¬- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-cp-sS- {]-Xo-I-hpw- Ip-cn-im- a-XØ- n-s≥-d- Nn-lv\ - p-am-bn-cp-∂p).- ]p-Xn-b- \n-ba - Ø
- n-s≥-d- {Ko
bn-cp-∂p.- {]m-Ir-X- a-Xh - n-izm-kn-Iƒ- C-Xn-s\- B-Zc - n-°p-Ibpw- °v- Isø-gp-Øv- {]-Xn-I-fpw- \n-e-hn-ep-≈- {Ko-°v- ss_-_nfpw-
B-cm-[n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p.- Im-tØm-en-Iv- F≥-ssk- ]-WvU - n-X∑ - m-cp- s
- S- D-≤c - W- n-If - pw- A-Xn-\v- km-£yw- h-ln°p-
t¢m-]o-Un-b- Cu- h-kv-Xp-X- AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.- F≥-ssk- ∂p-≠v.- {In.- 325˛mw- B-≠n¬- \n-Jym- Iu¨-kn-en¬-sh-®mWv-
t¢m-]o-U-n-b- ]-d-bp-∂p:- "k-a-tIm-Wp-I-fn¬- tc-J-Iƒ- Ip-dp- tdm-am-°m-cp-sS- an-{X-tZ-h-s≥-d- {]-Xo-I-am-b- Ip-cn-iv- {In-kvXp-
sI-sh-°p-∂- G-‰-hpw- e-fn-X-am-b- hn-[-Øn¬- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- tZ-h-s≥-d- {]-Xo-I-am-bpw- {In-kv-Xpa-X-Øn-s≥-d- Nn-lv-\-hp-
sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂- Ip-cn-in-s≥-d- Nn-lv-\w,- ]u-c-kv-Xy-tZ-i-Øpw- ambpw- ]-cn-W-an-°p-∂-Xv.-
]m-iN v- m-Xy-tZ-iØ - pw- {In-kX v- p-aX
- Ø
- n-s≥-d- A-hX - c-WØ - n\p-
Ip-cn-ip-w- {]m-Ir-X-a-X-ß-fpw-
- h-f-sc- ap-ºp-ap-X-ep-≠v.- A-Xv- am-\-h- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d-
hf-sc- hn-Zq-c-am-b- H-cp- L-´-Øn-te-°v- ]n-tºm-´p-t]m-Ip-∂p'- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\pw- h-f-sc- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°v- ap-ºp-X-s∂-
(Catholic Encyclopaedia (1908) Vol IV P. 517). _m_n-tem-Wn-b,- Cu-Pn-]‰ v- v,- kn-dn-b,- t]¿-jy- Xp-Sß
- n-b- cmPy-
ß-fn¬- {]m-Ir-X-a-X-ßƒ- \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.- X-Ωq-kv,- tlm-d
""{In-kv-Xp-hn-\p-ap-ºv,- Ip-cn-iv- a-X-]-c-am-b-pw- A-√m-sX-bpap
kv,- an-{Xm-kv,- _m¬- Xp-Sß - n-b- t]-cn-em-bn-cp-∂p- Cu- a-Xßƒ-
≈- B-i-b-ßƒ- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-hm≥- D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.- Ip-cn-
A-dn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂-X-v.- kq-cy-tZ-h-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-bn-´m-Wv-
in-s≥-d- ao-sX- H-cp- h-f-bw-Iq-Sn- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂- Cu-Pn-]v-jy≥-
(tIm-]v-‰n-Iv)- Ip-c-n-iv- Po-h-s≥-d- {]-Xo-I-am-bn- K-Wn-°-s∏-ń- hn-izm-kn-Iƒ- Cu- tZ-h-∑m-sc- I-≠n-cp-∂-Xv.- Cu- tZ-h-∑m-cp-
cp-∂p-.- "a-c-W-an-√m-Ø- Po-h-s\'- C-Xv- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p-sh-∂v- sS-sb-√mw- {]-Xo-Iw- Ip-cn-im-bn-cp-∂p.-
_n.-kn.- c-≠mw- i-XI - Ø - n-se- tc-JI - f
- n¬- {]-kvX- m-hn-®n-´p≠v'- Ip-cn-in-s≥-d- B-Ir-Xn- ]p-cm-X-\- I¬-Zm-b-bn-em-Wv- D-Xv-`-
(k¿-hh -- n-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw,- hm-fyw- 7,- U-b-dIv-S¿- tUm.- sh- hn-®-Xv.- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- ap-ºp-≈- Im-e-L-´-ß-fn-epw- A-Xn-\v-
≈m-b-Wn- A¿-Pp-\≥,- t]-Pv- 659).- tij-hpw- ss{I-kv-X-h-k-`-bp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ- kv-]¿-in-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 24
F-tXym-]y-bn-se- ]p-cm-X-\- kq- c y- t Z- h - \ m- b - X- Ω q- k n- s ‚-

]p-cm-X\
- - F-{Sq-cn-bb
- n¬- \n-eh
- n-
Bcm-[-I¿- D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-
Ip-cn-i- v- en-cp-∂- Ip-cn-i- v-
Ip-cn-iv-
°m-Ø- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-epw- Ip-cn-iv- H-cp- hn-ip-≤- Nn-lv-\-am-bn- D- Ipcn-im-bn-cp-∂p.-

]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xv- hn-Nn-{X-am-sW-¶n-epw- \n-tj-[n- ]p-cm-X-\- Cu-Pn-]v-X-p-Im¿- kq-cy-tZ-h-\m-b- Hm-kn-d-kn-t\-
°m-\m-Im-Ø- H-cp- h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv.- _m-_n-tem-Wn-b-°m-cp-sS- bpw- ssZ-h-am-bn- B-cm-[n-®n-cp-∂p.- Hm-kn-d-kn-s≥-d- {]-Xo-I-hpw-
X-Ωq-kpw- _m-epw- Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im-cp-sS- tlm-d-kpw- Hm-knd-kpw- Ipcn-i-m-bn-cp-∂p-.- cq-]-Øn-em-Wv- {]-Xo-Iw.-
sF-kokpw- I-d-kv-‰pw- skdm-]n-kpw- {Ko-°p-Im-cp-sS- _m-°- B- Im-e-L-´-Øn¬- Ip-cn-iv- [-cn-®p-sIm-≠v- \S-°p-∂- ]-Xn
kpw- F-√mw- Xs∂- - A-h-cp-sS- `-Iv-X¿-°v- Ip-cn-ipcq-]-Øm¬- hv- Cu-Pn-]v-‰p-Im¿-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- h-kv-{X-ß-fn¬- t]m-epw-
{]-X-o-I-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-ń-cp-∂p.- Ip-cn-i-S-bm-fw- [-cn-®n-cp-∂p.- Cu-Pn-]v-Xnse-bpw- tdm-anse-bpw-
X-Ωq-k-pw- Ip-cn-ipw- kv-{Xo-Iƒ- Ip-cn-im-`-c-W-ßƒ- _n.-kn.- 1500 ap-X-se-¶n-epw- [cn-
ss_-_n-ƒ- Im-e-K-W-\-{]-Im-cw- {In.- \m-em-w- \q-‰m-≠n-\v- °m≥- Xp-S-ßn-sb-∂v- hn°n¬-k¨- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- "Cu-Pn-
ap-ºv- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂- Hcp- {]-hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p- F-k-°n-tb¬.- ]v-jy≥-kv'- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v.-
A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- t{]-j-n-X- {]-h¿-Ø-\-Im-e-Øv- H-cp- hn-`m-Kw- I-d-kv-‰pw- sk-dm-∏n-kpw- Ip-cn-ipw-
C-{km-tb-ey¿- X-Ωq-kv- a-X-hn-izm-kn-Ifm-bn-cp-∂p- (F-k-°n- ]u-cm-Wn-I- Cu-Pn-]vX - p- I
- m¿- B-cm-[n-®n-cp-∂- a-‰v- kq-cy- tZh-
tb¬- 8:-10).- X-Ωq-kv- H-cp- _m-_n-tem-Wn-b≥- tZ-h-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- ∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p- I-d-kv-‰pw- sk-dm-∏n-kpw.- _m-e-kq-cy-\m-Wv- I-d
kq-cy-tZh≥- a-\p-jy-\m-bn- "X-Ωq-km-bn'-- A-h-X-cn-®v- a-\p-jy-cp kv-‰v.- I-d-kv-‰v- F-∂- ]-Z-hpw- ss{I-kv-‰v- F-∂- ]-Z-hpw- X-Ωn¬- h-
sS- ]m-]-ßƒ-°p-th-≠n- {Iq-c-am-bn- h-[n-°-s∏-´v- D-bn¿-sØ-gp- f-sc- km-ay-ap-≠v.- I-d-kv-‰n-s≥-d- {]-Xo-Iw- Ip-cn-im-bn-cp-∂p.-
t∂-‰p- F-∂-Xm-Wv- k-¶¬-]w.-
ss{I-kX v- h- - k-`m- N-cn-{X-Im-c\ - m-b- tkm-{I-ó-kv,- H-cp- {Inkv-
kq-cy-tZ-h\ - m-b- X-Ωq-kn-s≥-d- {]-Xo-Iw- `T' B-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈- Xy≥- N-{I-h¿-Øn- Cu-Pn-]v-‰n-se- sk-dm-∏nkv- tZ-hm-e-bw- XI¿-
Ip-cn-im-bn-cp-∂p.- `T' B-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈- Nn-lv-\w- enw-Km-cm-[-\- Ø- I-Y- hn-hc - n-°p-tºmƒ- B- tZ-hm-eb - Ø- n¬- Ip-cn-iv- Nn-lv\w-
bp-a-m-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.- X-Ωq-kn-s≥-d- t]-cn-s≥-d- B-Zy-£- I-≠-Xm-bn ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v.- (Eecleciastical History, Socratese,
c-am-b- "Xm-hv'- ({Ko-°n¬- T A-Y-hm- Xm-hv- Cw-•o-jv- A-£-c-am- Quoted in Doana's Bible Myths P. 342). sk-dm-∏n-kn-s\- B-
e-bn-se- T (S-n)-°v- k-am-\-am-Wv) s≥-d- B-Ir-Xn- A-Xn-\v- D-≠m- cm-[-n-®n-cp-∂-h-cpw- Ip-cn-im-cm-[-\- \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- CXv-
bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬- A-Xv- X-Ωq-kn-s≥-d- {]-Xo-I-am-bpw- X-Ωq-kv- aX- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p-.-
Øn-s≥-d- Nn-lv-\-am-bpw- _m-_n-tem-Wn-bm-bn-epw- A-b¬- cmPy-
Cu-P-n-]v-X-p-Im¿- ]-e-X-c-Øn-ep-≈- Ip-cn-ip-I-sf- h-µn-°pI
ß-fn-epw- D-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p.- X-Ωq-kn-s≥-d- B-cm-[-I¿-- a‰v-
bpw- B-cm-[n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p.- A-Xn-sem-∂m-Wv- ssI∏n-
c-≠v- X-c-Øn-ep-≈- Ip-cn-ip-Iƒ- D-]tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.- A-h- ,- Snbp-≈- Ip-cn-iv.- tI-W¬- sP.- K-m¿-\n-b¿- F-gp-Xp-∂p-:- ssI-∏n-
cq-]-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.- X-Ωq-kv- `-Iv-X¿- Ip-cn-in-s\- B-Z- Sn-bn-ep-≈- Ip-cn-iv.....- Cu-Pn-]v-‰n-se- ]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cpw- ]p-tcm-
cn-°p-I-bpw- B-cm-[n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p.- ln-X- cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpw- kq-cy-tZ-h-s≥-d- ]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-sW-∂-
tlm-d-kpw- Ip-cn-ipw- \n-ebn-ep-≈- A-h-cp-sS- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-s≥-d- {]-Xo-I-am-bn- A-h-
]u-cm-Wn-I- Cu-Pn-]v-X-p-Im¿- {]-Ir-Xn- i-Iv-Xn-Isf-bpw- tZ- cp-sS- ssI-I-fn¬- h-ln-®n-cp-∂p.- A-Xv- Po-h-s≥-d- Nn-lv-\w- F∂v-
ho-tZ-h-∑m-sc-bpw- B-Z-cn-®pw- B-cm-[n-®pw-h-∂n-cp-∂p.- tlm-d-kv,- hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p'- (Zn- h¿-jn-∏v- Hm-ô- Zn- sU-
Hm-kn-d-kv,- sF-ko-kv-{Xn-aq¿-Øn-Iƒ- A-h-cp-sS- {]-[m-\- tZ-hn- Uv,- tI-W¬- sP- Km¿-\n-b¿,- t].- 226,- Quoted in reasoning
tZ-h ∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- Cu- tZ hn-tZh-∑msc- kw-_-\v-[n-®v- Sn.-U- from the Scriptures, Watch Tower and Tract Society)
ªyq.- tUm sW- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv- Im-Wp-I-: "Cu-Pn-]v-X-n-ep-≠v- Hcp- I-Sv-\¿- F-gp-Xp-∂p-: "Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-se- kv-am-c-I-ß-fn-epw- i-h
I-\y-I- am-Xm-hv.- _n.-kn.- 3000\v- ap-ºv- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- I-cp- Ip-So-c-ß-fn-epw- F-√m-bn-S-Øpw-X-s∂- hn-hn-[- cq-]-Øn-ep-≈- Ip-
X-s∏-Sp-∂- H-cp- Cu-Pn]v-jy≥- cm-P-Ip-am-cn-bm-b- sF-ko-km-W- cn-ip-Iƒ- Im-Ws - ∏-Sp-∂p.- A-hs - b- enw-KØ - n-s≥-d- (]p-cp-j- ssew-
Xv.- tK-_v- F-∂- `q-an-tZ-h-s≥-d-bpw- \q-Xv- F-∂- B-Im-i-tZ-hn- Kn-Im-h-b-h-Øn-s≥-d)- A-s√-¶n¬- c-Xn-{In-b-bp-sS- {]-Xo-I-am-bm
bp-sS-bpw- ]p-{Xn-bm-W-h¿.- k-tlm-Z-c-\m-b- Hm-kn-d-km-bn-cp-∂p- Wv- ]-e- {]-m-am-Wn-I-∑m-cpw- I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xv.- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-se-
A-h-cp-sS- `¿-Øm-hv. sFko-kv- K¿-`n-Wn-bm-Ip-∂-Xn-\v- ap-ºv- i-h-Ip-So-c-ßfn¬- {Iq-Iv-kv- A≥-km-Ø- (ap-I-fn¬- H-cp- h-f-bw-
Hm-kn-dk- n-s\- tk-Øv- sIm-√p-Ib - pw- i-hw- s]-ń-bn-em-°n- ss\¬- A-s√-¶n¬- ssI-∏n-Sn-bp-≈- Ip-cn-iv)- enw-K-Øn-s≥-d- Nn-{Xo-I-c-
\-Zn-bn¬- H-gp-°p-I-bpw- sNbv-Xp.- A-Xn-\v- ti-j-am-Wv- Zn-hy-i- WtØm-sSm-∏w- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p'- (A short history of sex wor-
Iv-Xn-h-gn- Hm-kn-d-kv- A-h-fn-eqsS- tlm-d-km-bn- P-\n-°p-∂-Xv'- ship. H. Katner, Page. 16, 17 Quoted in Reasoning from the
(T.W. Done, Bible Myths, P. 328). tlm-d-kn-s≥-d- {]-Xo-Iw- Scriptures).
]u-cm-Wn-I- Cu-Pn-]v-X-p-Im¿- B-cm-[n-®n-cp-∂- a-‰v- kq-cy-tZh-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p- I-d-kv-‰pw-

sk-dm-∏n-kpw.- _m-e-kq-cy-\m-Wv- I-dkv-‰v.- I-d-kv-‰v- F-∂- ]-Z-hpw- ss{I-kv-‰v- F-∂-
]-Z-hpw- X-Ωn¬- h-f-sc- km-ay-ap-≠v.- I-d-kv-‰n-s≥-d- {]-Xo-Iw- Ip-cn-im-bn-cp-∂p.-
]-√-h-n-°-p-cn-iv- (ssa-e-m-∏q¿)-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 25
tdm-a≥- en-]n-bn¬- ]-Øv- F-∂- A- ]p-cm-X-\- Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im-¿- ssZ-h-am-bn-

°w- t]m-ep-f-f- Ip-cn-iv-.- C-Xm-Wv- tdm- B-cm-[n-®n-cp-∂- Hm-kn-d-kv- F-∂- kq-cy-
an¬- {]-N-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- tZ-h-s‚- Nn-”w.-
an-{X-\pw- Ip-cn-ipw- c-Ww.- {Kq-∏p-Iƒ-°nS-bn-ep-≈- kw-L-´-\-ßƒ- A-h-km-\n∏n-

{In-kv-Xp-hn-\pw- A-t\-I-\q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°v- ap-ºv- t]¿-jy-bn¬- °p-hm≥- N-{I-h¿-Øn- {In.- 325¬- \n-Jym-- F-∂- kv-Y-e-Øv- H-cp-
cq-]w-sIm-≠v- Im-e-{I-ta-W- tdm-am-km-{am-Py-Øn¬- {]Nm-cw- kn kp-∂-l-tZm-kv-˛Iu¨-kn¬- hn-fn-®p-Iq-ń. -Iu¨-kn-en-s≥-d-
≤n-®- H-cp a-X-am-bn-cp-∂p- an-{X-a-Xw.- kq-cy-tZ-h-s≥-d- H-cp- A-h A[y-£≥- an-{X-a-X- ap-Jy-]p-tcm-ln-X-\m-b- N-{I-h¿-Øn-X-s∂-
Xm--c-am-bn-´m-Wv- tdm-am-°m¿- an-{X-s\- I-≠-Xv.- an-{X-s≥-d- {]-Xo- bm-bn- c- p-∂p.- kp-∂l - t- Zm-kn¬- sh-®v- A-t±-lw- {In-kvX - p-hn-s≥d-
I-hpw- an-{X-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- Nn-lv-\-h-pw- Ip-cn-im-bn-cp-∂p.- H-en-hp-a Zn-hy-Xzw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠v- {Xn-Xz-hm-Zn-Iƒ-°-\p-Iq-e-am-bn-
c-Øn-s≥-d- sIm-ºp-Iƒ- Iq-ń-s°-ń-bm-Wv- an-{X-aX - °- m¿- Ipcnsi- hn-[n-sb-gp-Xn.- N-{I-h¿-Øn-sb- {]-oW - n-∏n-°p-hm≥- {Xn-Xz-hm-ZnIƒ-
∂- {]-Xo-Iw- D-≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- -a‰p- -]-e- \n-b-a-ß-fpw- Iu¨-kn-en¬- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p-.- A-Xn¬-
H-∂mbn-cp-∂p- kq-cy-tZ-h-s≥-d-˛an-{X-tZ-h-s≥-d-˛ {]-Xo-I-hpw- an{X-
{In.- \m-emw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- tdm-am-km-{am-Pyw- `-cn-®n-cp-∂- tIm¨-
a-X-Øn-s≥-d- Nn-lv-\-hp-am-bn-cp-∂- {]-Im-i-Øn-s≥-d- Ip-cn-in-\v-
kv-‰-ss≥-d-≥- N-{I-h¿-Øn- an-{X-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- a-lm-]p-tcm-ln-X-
k-a-m-\am-b- {In-kv-Xp-hn-s≥-d- c-Iv-Xw- Nn-¥n-b- Ip-cn-iv- {In-kv-Xp-
\p-w-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- kq-cy-tZ-h-s≥-d- A-S-bm-f-am-bn-cp-∂- {]-Im-
hn-s≥-d- {]-Xo-Ia - m-bpw- {In-kX v- p-aX- Ø- n-s≥-d- Nn-l\ v- h- p-am-bn Aw-
i-Øn-s≥-d- Ip-cn-iv- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- B-cm-[y-h-kv-Xp-h-m-bn-cp
Ko-Icn-®Xv-.- A-tXm-sS- ss{I-kv-X-h-X-°v- A-\y-am-bn-cp-∂- Ipcn-
∂p.- hn-hn-[-X-c-Øn-ep-≈- Ip-cn-ip-Iƒ- A-∂v- tdm-an¬- \n-e-\n-
ipw- {Iq-in-X- cq-]-hpw- ss{I-kv-X-h-cp-sS- B-cm-[y-h-kv-Xp-hmbn-
∂n-cp-∂p.- tIm¨-kv-‰m-ss≥-s≥-d- \m-W-b-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- A-
amdn.- hn-hn-[-X-c-Øn-ep-≈- Ip-cn-ip-Iƒ- N¿-®p-I-fn-epw- i-h-IpSo-
[n-I-am-bn- I-m-W-s∏-Sp-∂- {]-Xo-Iw- F-∂- A-S-bm-f-am-Wv-.-
c-ßf - n-epw- h-gntbm-cß - f - n-epw- kvY - m- ]
- n-®p-Xp-Sß- n.- hn-iz- m-knIƒ-
Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im¿- ssZ-h-am-bn- B-cm-[n-®n-cp-∂- Hm-kn-d-kv- F-∂- Ìv-Xn-]q¿-h-w- A-Xv- I-gp-Øn-¬- A-Wn-™p-Xp-S-ßn.-
kq-cy-tZ-hs - ≥-d- Nn-l\ v- h
- pw- - F-∂- A-Sb- m-fa
- m-bn-cp-∂p- F∂-
an-{X-a-X-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- H-cp-am-‰hpw- h-cp-Øm-sX-bm-Wv- Ipcn-
X
- v- kva
- c
- W
- o-ba- m-Wv.- tdm-am-°m¿- ]u-cm-Wn-I- Cu-Pn-]X v- p- I
- mcn¬-
iv- ss{I-kv-X-h-X-bn-te-°v- ]-I¿-Øn-b-Xv.- A-Xn-\v- a-s‰m-cp- D-Zm-
\n-∂pw- ISw-sIm-≠- H-cp- {]-Xo-I-am-Wn-Xv.-
l-c-W-am-Wv- F-∂- Nn-lv-\w.- an-{X-a-X-°m¿- {]m-No-\- CuPn-
{In-kv-Xp--hpw- Ip-cn-ipw- ]v-X-p-Im-cn¬-\n-∂pw- I-S-sa-Sp-Ø- Hm-kn-d-kv- F-∂- kq-cy-tZ-h-
a-\p-jy-cp-sS- ]m-]-tam-N-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n- Ip-cn-in¬- c-Iv-Xw- s≥-d- {]-Xo-Iw- ss{I-kv-X-h¿- A-tX-]Sn- hn-gp-ßn-s°m-≠v- B-
Nn-¥n-a-cn-®p- F-∂- hn-izm-kw- ss{I-kv-X-h¿-°n-S-bn¬- Ip-cn-in- Nn-lv-\-Øn-\v- A¿-Y-hpw- am-\-hpw- \¬-In.- ss{I-kv-X-h- tZ-hme-
\v- Aan-X- {]m-[m-\yw- \¬-In.- B-b-Xn-\m¬- {In-kv-Xp-hn-s≥-d- b-ßf - n¬- F-∂- {]-Xo-Iw- Im-Wmw.- Cu- {]-Xo-Is - Ø- \ymbo-
{]-Xo-I-am-bn- A-h¿- Ip-cn-in-s\- Im-Wp-I-bp-w- A-Xn-s\- B-Z-cn- I-cn-®p-sIm-≠v- ^m-Z¿- C-Ωm-\p-h¬- F-gp-Xp-∂-Xv- Im-Wp-I.-
°p-I-bpw- B-cm-[n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp-h-cp-∂p.-
"tZ-hm-eb - ß- f - n¬- F-∂- A-£c - ß
- ƒ- Im-Wm-dp-≠t- √m.-
{In.- \m-emw- \q-‰m ≠n-em-Wv- Ipcn-iv- ss{I-kv-X-h-X-bn-te- A-Xn-s≥-d- A¿-Yw- F-¥m-Wv?.....- C-Xv- PX F-∂-√- XP F-∂m
°v- I-S-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv.- Cu- Im-e-L-´w-h-sc- Ip-cn-im-cm-[-\-tbm- Wv- hm-bn-t°-≠-Xv.- A-h- {Ko-°v- A-£-c-ß-fm-Wv-.- X F-∂- F-
h-µ-\-tam-,- {In-kv-Xp-hn-s≥-d- {]-Xo-I-am-bn-˛ a-X-Øn-s≥-d- Nn-lv- ∂-Xv- "F-Iv-kv'- A-√- Ch F-∂p-®m-c-W-ap-≈- {Ko-°£-c-am-Wv.-
\-am-bn- Ip-cn-in-ep-≈- hn-izmk tam- ss{I-kv-X-h¿-°n-S-bn¬- D- P F-∂-Xv- "]n' A-√.- {Ko-°v- `m-j-bn-se- (R) B-Wv.- A-t∏mƒ-
≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- A-Xv- tdm-am-°mcp-sS- ˛an-{X-a-X-°m-cp-sS-˛Nn-lv- A-h- Iq-ń-t®¿-°p-tºmƒ- Chr B-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.- A-Xm-b-Xv-
\-hpw- B-cm-[y-h-kv-Xp-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- Cu- Im-e-L-´-Øn¬- tdm- Christ F-∂- hm-°n-s≥-d- B-Zy-m£ - c - ß- ƒ,- {In-kvX - p- F-∂¿Yw'.-
am-km-{am-Pyw- `-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv- _-lp-ssZh- hn-izm-kn-bm-bn-cp-∂- (A-e-Iv-kΩm-h≥,- P-bn-en-em-b- ssh-Zn-I≥,- ^m.- C-Ωm-\p-h¬,-
tIm¨-kv-‰-ss≥-d≥- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-bncp-∂p.- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥- aX-t_m-[-\- h-Ip-∏v,- h-cm-∏pg-- A-Xn-cq-]X-,- t].-- 270).-
d- `-c-W-Øn-\v- sXm-´p-ap-ºp-h-sc- ss{IkvX-h-¿- tdm-am-km-{am-
Py-Øn¬- A-h-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- Nn-e-t∏msg-√mw- ]o-Un-∏n- I-tØm-en-°m- sk-an-\m-cn-I-fn¬- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂- H-cp- ]p-kvX-
°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂- H-cp- sN-dn-b- hn-`m-K am-bn-cp-∂p.- I-am-Wv- A-eI - kv- Ω - m-h≥- F-∂X - v- kva - c
- W- o-ba
- m-Wv.- hym-Ps - sZh-
Cu- sN-dn-b- \y-q-\-]-£-Øn-\n-S-bn¬-X-s∂- hn-hn[- {Kq-∏p-I- am-b- Cu-Pn-]v-X-p-Im-cp-sS- Hm-kn-d-kn-s≥-d- {]-Xo-I-sØ- F-{X-
fn¬-s]-´- hn-L-Sn-X- hn-`m-K-ßƒ- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- {In.- 313¬- an- A-[zm-\n-®n-´m-Wv C-h¿-- Christ B-°n-b-Xv!-- h-f-sc- hn-N-n-{Xw-
em≥- hn-fw-_-cw-h-gn- ss{I-kv-X-h-X-sb- tdm-am-km-{amPy-Øn-se- Xs∂.-
Hu-tZym-Kn-I- a-X-am-bn- N-{I-h¿-Øn- {]-Jym-]n-®-tXmsS- {Kq-∏p- ss{I-kv-X-h-cpw- Ip-cn-ipw-
Iƒ-°n-S-bn¬- I-e-lw- s]m-ń-∏p-d-s∏-´p.- X-ß-fm-Wv- bYm¿-Y- {In-kv-Xp-hn-s\- h-[n-°phm≥- D-]-tbm-Kn-®- kw-hn-[m-\-sØ-
{In-kv-Xym-\-n-Iƒ- F-∂- hm-Z-am-bn-cp-∂p- Cu- I-e-l-Øn-\v- Im- Ip-cn-si-∂v- {In-kvX
- ym-\n-Iƒ- ]m-cº
- c
- y-am-bn- hn-iz-kn-®p-hc
- p∂p.-
kq-cy-tZ-h-s≥-d- H-cp- A-hXm-c-am-bn-´m-Wv- tdm-am-°m¿- an-{X-s\- I-≠-Xv.- an-{X-s≥-d- {]-Xo-

I-hpw- an-{X-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- Nn-lv-\-h-pw- Ip-cn-im-bn-cp-∂p.- H-en-hp-ac-Øn-s≥-d- sIm-ºp-Iƒ-
Iq-ń-s°-ń-bm-Wv- an-{X-a-X-°m¿- Ipcnsi-∂- {]-Xo-Iw- D-≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv.-
a-e-¶-c- Ip-cn-iv-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 26
a-\p-jy-cp-sS- ]m-]-ßƒ-°p-th-≠n- Ip-cn-in¬- c-Iv-Xw- Nn-¥n- acn- A-Xn-t∑¬- Xq-ßn-°n-S-∂p''.-

®p- F-∂- ss{I-kv-X-h-cp-sS- hn-izm-kw- Ip-cn-in-\v- A-anX-{]m-[m- ssZ-h-tIm-]-Øn-\v- C-c-bm-b- H-cp- a-lm-]m-]n-bm-bn-cp-∂p- B-
\yw- \¬-In.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- Holy Cross A-Yh - m- ]-cn-ip-≤ Ipcn- bvc
- m-Pm-hv.- ss_-_nƒ- hn-PR v- m-\t- Im-i{- ]-Im-cw- a-lm-]m-]n-bmb-
si-∂v- `-Iv-Xn-]q¿-h-w- hn-fn-®p-h-cp-∂p.- B-bvc - m-Pm-hn-s\- Xq-°n-s°m-√m≥- kz¿-KØ - n¬-\n-∂pw- a-cw-sIm-
Ip-cn-in-\v- Zn-hy-Xzw- I¬-]n-°p-hm≥- ss{I-kvX - h - - ]-WvU - nX- ≠p-h-∂p- F-∂v- k-Ω-Xn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.- F-¶n¬- {In-kv-Xp-hpw-
∑m¿- ]-e- sI-´p-I-Y-I-fpw- {]-kw-K-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw- F-gp-Øn-eqsS- Bbv-cm-Pm-hpw- X-Ωn¬- F-¥m-Wv- hy-Xym-kw?- Nn-¥n-°p-I.-
bpw- {]-N-cn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.- A-Xn¬- H-∂m-Wv- {In-kvXp-hn-s\- {Iqin- c.- F-kv-tX¿- 5:-14:- "A-º-Xp-apgw- D-b-c-ap-≈- H-cp- I-gp-a-cw-
°p-hm≥- D-]t- bm-Kn-®- Ip-cn-iv- ]-dp-Zo-kb - n-se- Po-hs - ≥-d- h-r£w-
D≠m-°p-I...- sam¿-sZ-°m-sb- A-Xn-t∑¬- Xp-°-W-sa-∂v''.- Cu-
sIm-≠v- A-Yh - m- kz¿-KØ - n-se- a-cw-sIm-≠m-Wv- F-∂p-≈- {]N-
h-N-\-hpw- X-ssY-h.-
c-Ww.- I-tØmen-°- k-`- {]-kn-≤o-Ic - n-®- ss_-_nƒ- hn-PvR - m\-
tIm-iw- {]-N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- Im-Wp-I.- ]-dp-Zo-k-bn-se- a-c-hpw- {In-kv-Xp-hn-s\- h-[n-°p-hm≥- D-]-
tbm-Kn-®p-sh-∂v- ]-d-b-s∏-Sp-∂- D-]-I-c-W-hpw- X-Ωn¬- F-{X- A-
"I¿-Øm-hn-s\- {Iq-in-°p-∂-Xn-\v- D-]-tbm-Kn-®- Ip-cn-iv- a-cw-
¥-c-am-Wp≈-Xv.- an-j-W-dn-am-cpw- th-Z-]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpw- Ip-cn-in
sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- Cu- a-cw- ]-dp-Zo-k-bn-se- Po-h-s≥-d- hr-£am-
s≥-d- a-lm-Xv-ayw- F-{X-tØm-fw- h¿-Wn-°p-∂p-thm- A-{X-tØm
Wv.- ]-g-b- \n-b-a-Øn¬- Cu- a-c-sØ-∏-‰n- ]-d-bp-∂p.- \n-b-:- 21:-22,-
tPm-jz- - 8:-29,- F-ktv- X- 5:-14'- (ss_-_nƒ- hn-PR v- m-\t- Im-iw,- No^v- fw- k-¶o¿-W-X- h¿-[n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w- A-Xv- A-h¿-°p-X-s∂-
F-Un-‰¿- t-Um.- am-Xyp- sh-≈m-\n-°¬,- t].- 229).- H-cp- Ip-cn-im-bn- am-dp-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.-
ss_-_nƒ- hn-PvR - m-\t- Im-iØ - n-se- Cu- D-≤c - W - n- I-≠m¬- hn-hn-[-X-cw- Ip-cn-ip-Iƒ-
tXm-∂pw- {In-kv-Xp-hn-s\- h-[n-°m≥- D-]-tbm-Kn-®- a-c-sØ-∏ ss{I-kv-X-h¿-°n-S-bn¬- Ip-cn-im-cm-[-\- hym-]n-®-tXm-sS-
‰nt]m-epw- ]-gb - - \n-ba- Ø- n¬- ]-d™ - n-´p-s≠-∂v.- hm-kX v- h
- Ø- n¬- ss{I-kv-X-h- hn-`m-K-ßƒ- hn-hn-[-X-c-Øn-ep-≈- Ip-cn-ip-Iƒ- \n¿
h-[n-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®- kw-hn-[m-\-sØ- ]-‰n-tbm- {Iq-io-I-c-W- an-®v- A-Xn-\v- ]-hn-{X-X- \¬-In-Øp-S-ßn.- e-Øo≥-Ip-cn-iv,- {Ko°v-
hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- G-sX-¶n-epw- kq-N-\-tbm- Ip-cn-si-∂- ]Zw Ip-cn-iv,- A-{¥-tbm-kn-s≥-d- Ip-cn-iv,- am¿-tØm-a° - m-cpsS- Ip-cnip-
X
- s
- ∂-tbm- ]-gb - - \n-ba - Ø
- n-sehnsS-bp-an- √ - - F-∂X - v- H-cp- h-kvXp- Iƒ,- P-dp-k-tew- Ip-cn-iv,- kz-kv-Xn-I- Ip-cn-iv,- `-m-c-X-Øn-se- Ipcn-
X-bm-Wv.- Iq-Sm-sX- ]-dp-Zo-k-bn-se- a-c-hpw- A Xn-\v- sX-fn-hm-bn- ip-Iƒ- C-ß-s\- \o-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p- Ip-cn-ip-I-fp-sS- ssh-hn-[yw.-
sIm-Sp-Øn-´p-≈- ss_-_nƒ- hm-Iy-ß-fpw- X-Ωn¬- bm-sXm-cp- e-Øo≥Ip-cn-iv - :- tdm-a≥- I-tØm-en-°¿- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp
_-\v-[-hp-an-√.- hn-izm-kn-Iƒ-°n-S-bn¬- Ip-cn-in-ep-≈- hn-izm-kw- Xem-bn- D-]t- bm-Kn-®p-hc - p-∂- Ip-cn-im-Wv- e-Øo≥-Ip-cn-iv.- Ahcp-
Du-ń-bp-d-∏n-°p-hm≥-th-≠n- H-cp-°p-∂- X-{¥-ß-fn¬- H-∂m-W- sS- N¿-®p-If - n-epw- i-hI - p-So-cß - f- n-epw- hn-izm-kn-If - p-sS- I-gpØn-
Xv.- ss{I-kv-X-h- hn-izm-kn-Iƒ- A-Xv- A-dn-bp ∂n-√.- A-dn-bp- epw- hm-l-\-ß-fn-epw- a-‰pw- Cu- Ip-cn-im-Wv- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xv.-
hm≥- A-h-sc- A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p-an-√.- ta-¬-sIm-Sp-Øn-´p-≈- h-N- {In.- \m-emw- \q-‰m-t≠mSp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv- C-Xv- ss{I-kv-X-h¿- D]-
\-ßƒ- ]-cn-tim-[n-°mw.- tbm-Kn-®p-Xp-Sß - n-bX - v.- \m-em- w- \q-‰m-≠n-s≥-d- A-¥yw- h-sc- an{X-
a.- B-h- 21:-22:- ""H-cp-h≥- a-cW - - in-£° - ¿-la - m-b- Ip-‰w- sNøp- a-X-°m¿- A-Y-hm- tdm-a-°m-c-m-Wv- Cu- Ip-cn-iv- a-X-Io-b-ambn-
I-bpw a-c-W-Øn-\v- hn-[n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xm¬- A-h-s\- D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- tdm-a-°m¿- Cu-Pn-]v-X-n-se- {]m-Ir-X- aX-
\o- a-cØ - n¬- Xq-°p-I.- - i-hw- cm-{Xn- ap-gp-h≥- a-cØ - n¬- Xq-ßn°n- ß-fn¬-\n-∂p-am-Wv- C-Xv- I-Sw-sI-m-≠-Xv.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- ss{I-
S-°-cp-Xv.- \n-s≥-d- ssZ-h-am-b- I¿-Øm-hv- \n-\-°-h-Im-i-am-bnØ- kv-X-h¿- tdm-am-°m-cn¬-\n-∂pw- G-‰p-hm-ßn- {In-kv-Xp-hn-s≥-d-
cp-∂- kvY - e- w- A-ip-≤a - m-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥- A-∂p-Xs - ∂- A-Xv- adhp- {]Xo-I-am-bpw- {In-kv-Xp-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- Nn-l-\h-p-am-°n- am-‰n.-
sN-ø-Ww.- a-c-Øn¬- Xq-°-s∏-´-h≥- ssZ-h-Øm¬- i-]n-°-s∏-´-
A-{¥-tbm-kv- Ip-cn-iv- X:- A-{¥-tbm-kn-s≥-d- Ip-cn-iv- KpW\-
h-\m-Wv''.-
Nn-l\ v- Ø
- ns≥-d- cq-]Ø - n-em-Wv.- C-ßs - \- H-cp- Ip-cn-in¬- {InkvXp-
ss_-_nƒ- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-i-Øn-se- D-≤-c-Wn-{]-Im-cw,- {In hn-s≥-d- in-jy-\m-b- A-{¥-tbm-kn-s\- X-db - v°
- s - ∏-´p-sh-∂v- ]mc-
kv-Xp-hn-s\- kz¿-K-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- sIm-≠p-h-∂- a-c-Øn¬- {Iqin- º-cy-am-bn- hn-iz-kn-®p-h-cp-∂p.-
®p-sh-∂pw- {Iq-in-®-kv-Y-ew- A-i-p-≤-am-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥- A-t±-l-
{Ko-°v- Ip-cn-iv:- - {I-nk - vX - p-hn-\pw- h-fs - c- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°v- apºv-
sØ- A-∂p-X-s∂- a-d-hv- sN-bvXp-sh-∂pw- A-tXm-sSm-∏w- B-
X-Ωq-kv- tZ-hs - ≥-d- {]-Xo-Ia - m-bn- _m-_n-tem-Wn-b° - m¿- B-cm[n-
ac-Øn¬- Xq-°s - ∏-´- {In-kvX - p- ssZ-hØ- m¬- i-]n-°s - ∏-´\- m-sW
®n-cp-∂- Ip-cn-im-Wn-Xv (T).- 'T' F-∂- Nn-lv-\w- enw-Km-cm-[\-
∂pw- k-Ω-Xn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.- 21:-22 F-∂- h-N-\w- kz¿-K-Øn-se-
bpambn- _-\v-[-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂v- Hm¿-°p-I.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- CXv-
a-c-sØ- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂- hm-Iy-a√.- a-dn-®v- ssZ-hw- X-ºp-cm≥-
ss{I-kvX - h
- X- b- n-te-°v- I-S∂ - p-Iq-Sn.-- A-Xn-\v- {Ko-°v- Ip-cn- iv- F∂v-
tamim- {]-hm-N-I\v- - A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-p-sIm-Sp-Ø- C{kmCu-ey¿°p
t]cpw- sIm-Sp-Øp.-
≈- H-cp- \nb-a-am-Wv.-
am¿-tØm-a-°m-cp-sS- Ip-cn-iv-: Cu- Ip-cn-in-s≥-d- {]-tXy-IX-
b.- tPm-jzm- 8"29:- ""]n-∂o-Sv- A-h≥˛tPm-jzm-˛ Bbv- cm-Pm-
A-{K-`m-K-ß-fn¬- ap-∂v- tKm-f-ßƒ-ho-Xw- D-≠v- F-∂-Xm-Wv.-
hns\- H-cp- a-c-Øn¬- Xq-°n-s°m-∂p.- km-bm-lv-\w-h-sc- P-Uw-
Hmtcm- tKm-f-hpw- ]n-Xm-hv,- ]p-{X≥,- ]-cn-ip-≤m-Xv-am-hv- F-∂-
ss_-_nƒ- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-i-Øn-se- Cu- D-≤-c-Wn- I-≠m¬- tXm-∂pw- {In-kv-Xp-hn-s\-

h-[n-°m≥- D-]-tbm-Kn-®- a-c-sØ-∏‰nt]m-epw- ]-g-b- \n-b-a-Øn¬- ]-d-™n-´p-s≠-∂v.-
cm-Pm- Ip-cn-iv-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 27
k¶¬-]a - m-Wv.- am¿-tØm-am-°m-cp-sS- N¿-®p-If - n¬- I-≠p-hc - p∂- en-_-td-j≥- Ip-cn-iv-:- I-dp-Ø-h¿-K-°m-cp-sS- hn-tam-N-\-
Xv- Cu- Ip-cn-im-Wv.- kqN-I-am-bn- C-d-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- en-_-td-j≥- Ip-cn-iv.- XSn
kz-kv-Xn-I- I-p-cn-i-v:- _n.-kn.- Im-e-L-´-ß-fn¬- _p-≤-a-X bn¬- I-S-em-kp-I-\-Øn¬- D-≠m-°n-sb-Sp-Ø-n-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wn-Xv.-
°m¿- D-]-tbm-Kn-®- H-cp- {]-Xo-I-am-Wv- kz-kv-Xn-I.- C-∂pw- Ah¿- kw-hm-ZI- p- c
- n-iv- (U-bt- em-Kv- t{Im-kv):- - C-Xc
- a
- X
- ß
- f
- p-ambp-
C-Xn-s\- h-fs - c- ]-hn-{X-Xt- bm-sS- Im-Wp-∂p.- ss{I-kX v- h - ¿- _p≤- ≈- kw-hm-Z-sØ- Ip-dn-°p-∂- kw-hm-Z- Ip-cn-ip-I-fn¬- a-‰v- a-Xß-
a-X-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- I-Sw-sIm-≠- Ip-cn-in-s≥-d- a-s‰m-cp- cq-]-am-b-n fp-sS- {]-Xo-I-ßƒ- D-≠m-Ipw.- - {Xn-iq¬,- N-{µ-°-e,- P-bn≥- a-X
cp-∂p- kz-kvX - n-I.- Ip-cn-in-s≥-d- A-hy-IvX - a- m-b- H-cp- kq-N\ - - F∂- hn-izm-kn-I-fp-sS- "Nn-w'-- F-∂n-h- aq-{ZWw-sN-bv-Xn-´p-≈-h-bm Wn-
\n-e-bn¬- B-Zn-a- ss{I-kv-X-h- i-h-Ip-So-c-ß-f-n-epw- a-‰pw- C-Xv- Xv.- ssZ-h-Øn¬- F-√m-a-X-ß-fpw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p- F-∂-k-tµ-
D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.- bq-tdm-∏n-epw- G-jy-bn-epw- A-ta-cn-°-bn-ep- i-am-Wv- Cu- Ip-cn-in-\p-≈-Xv.- te-J-\-Øn-s≥-d- ssZ¿Lyw-`-b-
sam-s°- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- ap-ºv- D-]-tbm-K-Øn-en-cp-∂-Xpw- kq-cys\- ∂v- hn-hn-[-X-cw- Ip-cn-ip-I-fp-sS hn-h-c-Ww- C-hn-sS-- \n¿-Øp∂p.-
bpw- A-K\ v- n-sb-bpw- kq-Nn-∏n-®n-cp-∂X - p-am-b- C-Xv- Po-hs - ≥-d- {]Xo- I-p-cntim,- a-c-tam?-
I-am-bn- I-cp-X-s∏-´p.- {In-kv-Xp-hn-s\- h-[-n-°p-hm≥- D-]-tbm-Kn-®- D-]-I-c-W-sØ-
`m-c-X-Øn-se- Ip-cn-ip-Iƒ-:- Ip-cn-in-s\- `m-c-Xo-b-h¬-°-cn- bm-W-t√m- ss{I-kv-X-h¿- Ip-cn-iv- F-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- hm-kv-X-h-
®p-sIm-≠v- ]-e-t]-cn-epap-≈- Ip-cn-ip-Iƒ- C-¥y-bn¬- D-]-tbmKn- Xn¬- {In.- \m-emw- \q-‰m-≠p-h-sc-˛B-Zy-Im-e-˛ ss{I-kv-X-h- k`-
®p-hc - p-∂p-≠v.- ]-√h - n-°p-cn-iv,- a-e¶- c- - Ip-cn-iv,- cm-Pm-Ip-cn-iv,- XIv- I-fn¬- {In-kv-Xp-hn-s\- Ip-cn-in¬- X-d-®m-Wv- sIm-∂-sX-∂p-≈-
j-i-n-e-°p-cn-iv,- D-Pv-P-bn≥-- Ip-cn-iv- Xp-S-ßn-b- K-W-ß-fn¬-s]-´- hn-izm-k-tam- Ip-cn-im-cm-[-\-tbm- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√ A-Xn-\v- sXfn-
]-e- Ip-cn-ip-Iƒ- `m-c-XØn ¬- I-≠p-h-cp-∂p.- C-h-bn¬- G-‰- hm-bn- {Ko-°v- ssI-sb-gp-Øv- {]-Xn-I-fpw- \n-e-hn-ep-≈- {Ko-°v-
hpw- {]m-[-m-\y-a¿-ln-°p-∂Xv- ]p-cm X-\-am-b- ]√-hn- Ip-cn im- ss_-_n-fpw- ss_-_nƒ- hn-PR v- m-\- tIm-iß - f
- p-w- th-Z]
- W
- U
v- nX-
Wv.- ∑m-cpw- km-£yw- h-ln-°p-∂p-≠v.-
]md-im-e- sN-dp-hm-c-tIm-W-Øv- s_-tY-en¬- k-t¥m-jv- ]p-Xn-b- \n-ba- Ø- n-s≥-d- aq-e`- m-j- {Ko-°m-Wv.- {Ko-°v- ss__n-
tPm¿-Pv- F∂- k-t¥m-j-®≥- F-gp-∂q-dn-e-[nIw- X-c-Øn-ep-≈- fp-I-fn¬- Ip-cn-iv- F-∂¿-Yw- h-cp-∂- H-cp- ]-Zw-t]m-ep-an-√- F-∂-
Ip-cn-ip-Iƒ- ti-J-cn-®v- h-®n-´p-≠v.- {In-kvXp-a-XØn ¬- Im-em- Xm-Wv- h-kvX- p-X.- {Ko-°v- C-Xc- - `m-jI- f- n-ep-≈- ss_-_n-fp-Ifn¬-
Im-e-ß-fn-em-bn- D-cp-Øn-cn™n-cn-°p-∂- Nn-¥m[m-csb- {]-Xn- Ip-cn-iv- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- kv-Ym-\-Øv- {Ko-°v- ss_-_n-fp-Ifn¬-
^-en-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- k-t¥m-j-®-s≥-d- ssI-h-i-ap-≈- Ipcn-iv- Stauros F-∂- ]-Z-am-Wv- sIm-Sp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv.- (Refresh your
ti-J-cw.- hnNn-{X-ß-fm-b- B¬-^m-˛H-ta-Km- Ipcn-iv,- s^-an \n- Greek, The New Testament, by Weslay J. Perschbacher, P.
kv-‰v- Ip-cn-iv,- B≥do- s^-an-\n-kv-‰v- Ip-cn-iv,- kmØm≥- Ip-cn iv,- 116, 197, 337......).
en-_-td-j≥- Ip-cn-iv,- U-b-tem-Kv- Ip-c-n-iv C-ß-s\- \o≠p t]m-
]p-cm-X-\- {Ko-°v- `m-j-bn¬- Stauros F-∂- ]-ZØn-\v- Ip-cn
Ip-∂p- Ip-cn-iv- \n-c.-
si-∂v- A¿-Yw-h-cp-∂- H-cp- tc-J-bpw-X-s∂- I-s≠-Øp-hm≥- km
B¬^m-˛H-ta-Km-Ip-cn-iv-:- B¬^m-˛H-ta-Km- Ip-cn-iv- hn-h [y-a-√m-sb-∂v- ss_-_nƒ- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿-X-s∂- k-a¿-Yn-°p-∂p
£n-°p-∂X - v- ssZ-hØn--\v- B-Zn-bpw- A-¥y- h - p-an-√m-sb-∂- k¶¬- ≠v.- Cu- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- t\¿-°p-t\-sc-bp-≈- A¿-Yw- t\-sc-bp-
]-am-Wv.- Xp-S-°-hpw- H-Sp-°-hpw- Ip-cn-in-s≥-d- B-Ir-Xn-I-≠m¬- ≈- kv-Xw-`w- A-s√-¶n¬- a-cw-sIm-≠p-≈- Xq-Wv- F-∂m-Wv.- ]n.-
I-≠p-]n-Sn-°p-hm≥- km-[n-°p-I-bn-√- F-∂-Xm-Wv- C-Xn-s≥-d-- s^-b¿-t_¨- ]-d-bp-∂p-:-
{]tXy-I-X.- {Ko-°n¬- B-¬-^- B-Zn-sb-bpw- H-ta-K- A-¥y
sØbpw- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p-sh-∂- hn-izm-k-am-Wn-Xn-\v- ]n-∂n¬.- "Ip-cn-iv- F-∂v- ]-e- B-[p-\n-I- ss_-_nƒ- `m-jm-¥-c-ß-fn
epw- X¿-P-a- sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂- {Ko-°v- ]-Zw- kv-t‰m-tdm-kv- B-Wv.-
s^-an-\n-kv-‰v- Ip-cn-iv-: \-Sp-hn¬- H-cp- Zzm-c-ap-≈- (Po-h-imkv-
]p-cm-X-\- {Ko-°v- `m-j-bn¬- Cu- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- A¿-Y-w- t\-sc-bp-
{X-Øn¬- kv-{Xo-enw-K-sØ-Ip-dn-°p-∂- "Nn-w'-)- Ip-cn-iv- ssZh
≈- H-cp- kv-Xw-`w- A-s√-¶n¬- Xq-Wv- F-∂m-Wv.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv-
Øn\v- kv-{Xo-]-cn-th-jw- \¬-Ip-∂p.- ssZ-h-sØ- ]p-cp-j-\m-bn-
A-Xv- Ip-dp-sI- H-cp- I-jv-W-hp-w- Iq-sS-sh-®- H-cp- I-gp-a-c-sØ-
Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m≥- {]-bm-k-ap-≈- kv-{Xo-k-a-Xzhm-Zn-I-fp-tSXm
A¿-Ya - m-°m≥- D-]t- bm-Kn-®p-Xp-Sß
- n.- C-{]-Im-cw- ]-d™- p-sIm≠v-
WnXv.-
Zn- Cw-]o-cn-b¬- ss_-_nƒ- Un-Iv-j-W-dn- A-Xv- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-
B≥-dn- s^-an-\-n-kv-‰v- Ip-cn-iv-:- kv-{Xo-k-a-Xzhm-Zn-Iƒ-°p- ∂p.- Ip-cn-iv- F-∂X- n-\p-≈- {Ko-°v- ]-Zw- (kvt- ‰m-td-mk -- v)- H-cp- kvXw-
≈- a-dp]-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv.- C-hb - p-sS- hn-izm-kn-Iƒ- ssZ-hs - Ø- ]pcpj- `-sØ,-- ew-_-am-bn-\m-ń-b- H-cp- Xq-Wn-s\,-- A-s√-¶n¬- F-s¥¶n-
\m-bm-Wv- k-¶¬-]n-°p-∂-Xv.-
epw- Xq-°n-bn-Sm-hp-∂-tXm- H-cp- kv-Y-ew- (th-en-sI-ń-)- A-S-°m≥-
km-Øm≥- Ip-cn-iv:- - Ip-cn-in¬- X-et- bm-ń- ]-Xn-∏n-®n-´p-≈Xm D-]tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-tbm- B-b- H-cp- I-p-‰n-sb- D-NnX-am-bn- A¿-
Wv- km-Øm≥- Ip-cn-iv.- X-eX - n-cn-™- Ip-cn-ipw- C-hc - p-sS- C-Sbn¬- Y-am-°n'- (]n.- s^-b¿-t_¨,- Quoted in Ressoning from the
{]-Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠v.- Nn-e-h-bn¬- I-S-hm-h-ep-I-fp-sS- cq-]-hpw- Scriptures. P. 89).
ap{ZWw- sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠m-Ipw.-
{Ko-°v- ss_-_nfn¬- stauors F-∂- ]-Zw- Iq-Sm-sX- "Iv-ssk-
\m-e-mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s≥-d- A-¥yw- h-sc- an{X-a-X-°m¿- A-Y-hm- tdm-a-°m-c-m-Wv- Cu- Ip-cn-iv-

aX-Io-b-ambn- D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- tdm-a-°m¿- Cu-Pn-]v-X-n-se- {]m-Ir-X- aX-ß-fn¬-\n-∂p-
am-Wv- C-Xv- I-Sw-sI-m-≠-Xv.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- ss{I-kv-X-h¿- tdm-am-°m-cn¬-\n-∂pw- G-‰p-hm-
]-√-h-n-°-p-cn-iv-
(tIm-´-bw- h-en-b- ]-≈-n)- ßn- {In-kv-Xp-hn-s≥-d- {]Xo-I-am-bpw- {In-kv-Xp-a-X-Øn-s≥-d- Nn-l-\h-p-am-°n- am-‰n.-
(Greek), Silva (Syriac) -F-
∂pw.- ]-g-b- \n-b-a-Øn¬-
Stauros
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 28
tem-¨'- F-∂- ]-Z-hpw- Iq-SnIm-Wmw.- (Refresh your Greek, ]p-Xn-b- \n-b-a-Øn¬- Ip-cn-si-∂-√- ]-Z-{]tbm-K-sa-∂pw- stauros
The New Testament P. 450, 477, Act 5:30, 10:35) .- kvt- ‰mtdm- F-∂m-sW-∂pw- Rm≥- ]-d™ -- n-cp-∂p.- "Db¿-Øn- \n¿-Øn-bn-cn°p-
kn-s≥-d- ]-cym-b-]-Z-am-Wv- Iv-ssk-tem¨.- C-Xn-s≥-d- A¿-Yw- ∂- X-Sn'- F-∂m-Wv- A-Xn-\¿-Y-sa-∂v- \n-L-≠p- D-≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v-
acw- A-s√-¶n¬- a-cØ - S- n- F-∂m-Wv.- - {Ko-°v- ss_-_n-fn¬- ImWp- {io.- eq-°p-w- ]-d-bp-∂p.- T B-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈- Nn-lv-\w- enw-Kmcm-
∂- Iv-ssk-tem¨- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- Cw•o-jv- ss_-_n-fp-I-fn¬- [\--bp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.- Ip-cn-iv- kq-cym-cm-[-\-bp-am-bpw.-
wood (Act 5:30, 10:39)- F-∂pw- a-e-bm-fw- ss_-_n-fp-I-fn¬- ss_-_nƒ- {Ko-°n¬-\n-∂v- X¿-P-a- sN-øp-tºmƒ- am-{X-sa- Ip-cn
a-cw- (A-t∏m-:- 5:-30,- 10:-39)- F-∂p-am-Wv- hn-h¿-Ø-\w- sN-bv-Xn-´p- iv- F-∂¿-Y-am-b- ]-Z-hpw- B- Nn-lv-\-hpw- {In-kv-Xp-a-X-Øn¬- h
≈-Xv.- kv-t‰m-tdm-kn-s≥-d- A¿-Yw- Iv-ssk-tem¨- A-Y-hm- a- cp-∂p-≈q- F-∂m-Wv- F-s≥-d- hm-Zw.- h-f-®p-sI-ń-bm-sW-¶n-epw-
cam-sW-∂v- I-tØm-en-°m-k-`- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®- ss_-_nƒ- {io.-eq-°v- A-Xv- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p-Im-Wp-∂-Xn¬- k-t¥m-j-ap-≠v'-
hnPvRm-\-tIm-i-hpw- k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂p-≠v.- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw- ({In-kv-Xp-hpw- Ir-jv-W-\pw- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂n-√.- C-S-a-dp-Iv-.- t].-- 206).-
]dbp∂p:-- New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures Cw-•o-jv-
"I¿-Øm-hn-s\- {Iq-in-°p-∂-Xn-\v- D-]-tbm-Kn-®- Ip-cn-iv- a-cw- ss_-_nƒ- stauros F-∂- ]-Zw- hn-h¿-Ø-\w- sN-bv-X-n-cn-°p-∂
sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.....- ]-g-b \nb-a-Øn¬- Cu- a-c-sØ- ]-‰n-- ]-d- Xv- stake F-∂- ]-Zw-sIm-≠m-Wv.- `Ànd bearring the torture
bp-∂p.- \n b-:- 21:-22,- tPm-jzm- 8:-29,- F-k-vtX-:- 5:-14.- ]-g-b- \n-b- stake for himself'' (John 19:17) CXv- {Ko-°v- aq-e-Øn¬-\n-∂p
aØn¬- {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂- -]-Zw- C-Xn-\v- ès' (Hebrew), Zuloom ≈- i-cn-bm-b-hn-h¿-Ø-\-am-Wv.- Cw-•o-jv- ss_-_n-fp-I-fm-I-s´
(Greek) F∂m Wv.- ]-p-Xn-b- \n-b-a-Øn¬- C-Xn-\v- stauros stauros -\p- \¬-Ip-∂- A¿-Yw- cross F-∂pw-.- ``carring his
(Greek), Silva (Syriac) -F-∂pw.- ]-g-b- \n-b-a-Øn¬- Stauros own cross he went out to the place'' (John 9:17) C-Xv- sX-‰m-
F∂- ]-Z-an-√.- ]p-Xnb- \n-b-a-Øn¬- A-Xn-s\- hym-Jym-\n-°p- b- hn-h¿-Ø-\-am-Wv.-
∂p-≠v.- Kem- 31:3,- \n-b.- 21:-22.- (ss_nƒ- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw,- {In-kv-X-phn-s\- h-[n-°p-hm≥- D-]-tbm-Kn-®- D-]-I-c-Ww- Ipcn-
ss_-_nƒ-im-kv-{X- \n-L≠p,- No^v- F-Un-‰¿- tUm.- am-Xyp-,- i-s√-∂pw- stauros A-Y-hm- a-cw-sIm-≠p-≈- kv-Xw-`w- (a-c-°p‰n)-
sh-≈m-\n-°¬- t].-229).- B-sW-∂pw-- ss_-_nƒ- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿- X-s∂- {Ko-°v- aq-ew-
]-g-b- \n-b-a-Øn¬- Ip-cn-si-∂- ]-Z-an-√.- a-cw- F-∂- ]-Z-amWv- sIm-≠v- k-a¿-Yn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬- N¿-®p-I-fn-epw- ]-≈n-ta-S-I-fn
I-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv.- a-c-Øn-\v- ès' F-∂v- ln-{_p-hn-epw- `Xailon' epw- i-h-Ip-So-c-ß-fn-epw- kv-Ym-]n-t°-≠-Xpw- hn-izm-kn-I-fp-sS-
(Zuloom) F-∂v- {Ko-°n-epw- `Silva' F-∂v- kn-dn-b° - n-epw- I≠p- I-gp-Øn¬- Xq-t°-≠-Xpw- stauros (a-c-°p-‰n)- A-t√?-- ]-I-cw-
h-cp-∂p-.- "]-gb- \n-b-a-Øn¬- stauros F-∂- ]-Z-an-√.- ]p-Xn-b- kq-cy-tZ-h-\m-b- an-{X-s≥-d- {]-Xo-I-am-b- Ip-cn-iv- C-∂pw- ss{Ikv-
\n-b-a-Øn¬- ès' A-Y-hm- `Xailon' F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\v- Stauros X-h¿- `-Iv-Xn-]q¿h-w- D-]-tbm-Kn-®v- sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p!--
F-∂- ]-Z-amWp-≈-sX-∂pw- kv-t‰m-tdm-kv- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-s\- hym kv-t‰m-tdm-kv,- t{Im-kv- A-Y-hm- Ip-cn-im-b-sX-ß-s\?-
Jym-\n-t°≠-Xv- K-em-Øn- 31:-3,- \n-b- 21:-22 F-∂- h-N-\-ßƒ-
{In-.- \m-emw- \q-‰m-≠p-hs- c- ss{I-kvX- h
- ¿-°n-Sb - n¬- Ip-cntim-
sIm-≠msW∂pw- ss_-_nƒ- hn-PvR - m-\t- Im-iw- ]-db- p-∂p'-.- B-
Ip-cn-im-cm-[\ - t- bm- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√- F-∂v- ap-ºv- kq-Nn-∏n-®n-cp∂p-
h-N-\-ß-ƒ- C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv-: "a-c-Øn¬- Xq-°-s∏-´-h≥- i]n-°-
h-t√m.- \n-Jym- Iu¨-kn-en-\v- ti-j-am-Wv- an-{X-tZ-h-s≥-d- {]Xo-
s∏-´h- \
- m-Wv'- (K-em- 31:-3,- \n-b- 21:-22).-- A-Xp-sIm-≠v- kvt- ‰mtdmkv-
I-am-b- Ip-cn-i-v {In-kv-Xp-tZ-h-s≥-d- {]-Xo-I-am-b-pw- {In-kv-Xp-a-X-
F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- A¿-Yw- Ip-cn-iv- F-∂-√- a-cw- F-∂m-W- v-
Øns≥-d- Nn-lv-\-am-bpw- ]-cn-W-an-°p-∂-Xv.- A-tXm-sS- Ip-cn-ipw-
F∂v- ss_-_nƒ- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw- k-a¿-Y-n-°p-∂p.-
Ip-cn-im-cm-[-\-bpw- ss{I-kv-X-h¿-°n-S-bn¬- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- hn-izm
tI-cf- Ø
- n¬- A-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂- I-tØm-en-°m- ss_-_nƒ- ]Wv- k-am-bn- am-dn.-
Un-X-\pw- Xn-tbm-f-Pn-bn¬- H-∂n-e-[n-Iw- tUm-Iv-S-td-‰pap-≈- {io.-
Ip-cn-ipw- Ip-cn-im-cm-[\- b
- pw- s{sI-kXv- h
- ¿-°n-Sb
- n¬- {]-Nmcw-
eq-°pw- kv-t‰m-tdm-kn-\v- a-cw- F-∂m-W¿Y--sa-∂v- kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p-
kn-≤n-®- Im-e-L-´-Øn¬- ({In.- A-©mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s≥-d- B-cw`
≠v.- "{In-kv-Xp-hpw- Ir-jv-W-\pw- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂n-√'- F∂- tPm-k-
Øn¬)- B-Wv- sP-tdmw- F-∂- ss_-_nƒ- ]-Wv-Un-X≥- {Ko-°v-
^v- C-S-a-dp-In-s≥-d- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-\v- a-dp-]-Sn-bm-bn- {io.- eq-°v-
`m-j-bn¬- \n-∂pw- em-‰n≥- `m-j-bn-te-°v- ss_-_nƒ- hn-h¿-Ø
F-gp-Xn-b- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s≥-d- `m-Kw- C-S-a-dp-Iv- X-s∂- {]kn-≤o-
\w- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- C-X- v- hpƒ-Km-Ø- F-∂- t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p.-
I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.- A-Xn¬- eq-°v- ]-d-bp-∂p-:-
I-tØm-en-°m-k-`- {Ko-°n-s\-°mƒ- em-‰n≥- ]-cn-`m-j-sb-bm-Wv-
"tlm-a¿- Im-hy-ß-fn¬- Im-Wmw- stauros F-∂- ]-Zw.-- ¢mkn- B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-bn- A-Ko-I-cn-®-Xv.- C-Xn¬- `STAUROS' F-∂-
°¬- {Ko-°n¬- {]-kv-Xp-X- ]-Z-Øn-\p-≈- A¿-Y-ßƒ- Xm-sg- ]d- {Ko-°v- ]-Zw- "{Iq-Ivk
- v'- F-∂- em-‰n≥- ]-ZØ
- n-te-°v- P-tdmw- hnh¿-
bp-∂p.- 1.- an upright pale or stake. 2. Piles driven into the Ø-\w- sN-bv-Xp.- 14˛mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- ssh-¢n-^v- F-∂- thZ-- ]-Wv-
earth to serve as foundation. tdm-am-°m¿- T B-Ir-Xn-bn-ep- Un-X≥- em-‰n≥- `m-j-bn¬-\n-∂pw- B-Zy-am-bn- Cw-•o-jv- ]-cn-`mj-
≈- I-gp-a-c-sØ- CRUX F-∂v- hn-fn-®n-cp-∂p.- A-ß-s\-bm-Wv- X-b-m-dm-°n.- (B-Zy-sØ- Cw-•o-jv- I-sø-gp-Øv- {]-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-
]pXn-b- \n-b-a-Øn¬- Stauros Ip-cn-im-b-Xv-'- (t]-Pv- 34).-{Ko-°v- C-Xv-).- em-‰n-\n-se- {Iq-Iv-kv- F-∂- ]-Zw- cross F-∂v- Cw-•o-jn-
]p-cm-X-\- {Ko-°v- `m-j-bn¬- Stauros F-∂- ]-ZØn-\v- Ip-cnsi-∂v- A¿-Yw-h-cp-∂-

H-cp- tc-J-bpw-X-s∂- I-s≠-Øp-hm≥- km[y-a-√m-sb-∂v- ss_-_nƒ- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m¿-
X-s∂- k-a¿-Yn-°p-∂p≠v.
kz-kv-Xn-I- Ip-cn-i-v
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 29
tI-m]v-‰n-I-v Ip-cn-iv- kq-cy- tZh-\m-b- X-Ωq-kn-s‚- B-cm-[I - ¿-

D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂- a-s‰m-cp- Ip-cn-iv-
te-°v- hn-h¿-Ø-\w- sN-bv-Xp.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- Cw-•o-jv- `mj

bn¬-\n-∂pw- a-e-bm-f- hn-h¿-Ø-\w- X-bm-dm-°-n-b-t∏mƒ- t{Imkv-
F∂- ]-Zw- Ip-cn-iv- F-∂- a-eb
- m-f]
- Z- a - \- stauros
- m-bn- am-dn.- C-ßs
F∂- ]-Zw- cross B-bpw- Ip-cn-im-bp-w-- ]-cn-W-an-®p.- hm-kv-X-h-
Øn¬- stauros F-∂- ]-Z-hpw- t{Im-kv- A-Y-hm- Ip-cn-si-∂- ]Z-
hpw- X-Ωn¬- bm-sXm-cp- _-\v-[-hp-an-√- F-∂-Xm-Wv- h-kv-Xp-X.-
{In-kv-Xp-hpw- Km-\v-[n-Pn-bpw-
a-\p-jy-h¿-K-Øn-s≥-d- ]m-]-]-cn-lm-c-Øn-\p-th-≠-n- ssZ-hw-
a-\p-jy-\m-bn- ({In-kv-Xp-hm-bn)- A-h-X-cn-®- v- "h[n-°-s∏-´p- (c-Iv-
X-km-£n-bm-bn)- D-b¿-sØ-gp-t∂-‰p- F-∂- k-¶¬-]-am-Wv- ss{I-
kvX- h- ¿-°p-≈X- v.- {In-kvX
- p-hn-s\- h-[n-°p-hm≥- D-]t- bm-Kn-®- D]-
I-c-Ww- Ip-cn-im-b-Xp-sIm-≠v- ss{I-kv-X-h¿- A-Xn-\v- ]-hn-{X-X-
I¬-]n-°p-I-bpw- B-Z-cn-°p-I-bpw- B-cm-[n-°p-I-bpw-sN-øp-∂p.-
A-Xv- N¿-®p-I-fn-epw- i-h-Ip-So-c-ß-fn-epw A-Xp-t]m-se-- hn-izm-
kn-I-fp-sS- I-gp-Øn¬- Xq-°p-hm-\pw- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.- Ip-cn-
in-s\- X-≈n-∏-d-bp-∂-hsc- - {In-kv-Xp-hn-s≥-d- i-{Xp-hm-bn- ap-{Z-
Ip-Øp-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- F-∂m¬- A-t±-l-sØ- h-[n-°p-hm≥-
k-lm-bn-®- bq-Zm-kn-s\- sh-dp-°p-I-bpw- a-lm-]m-]n-sb-∂v- hn-
fn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- {In-kv-Xp-hn-s\- h-[n-°p-hm≥- bq-Zm-kv-
k-lm-bn-®n-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-¬- Ip-cn-i-n-\v- ]-hn-{X-X- ssIh-cp--
am-bn-cp-t∂m?- Nn¥n-°p-I.-
C-¥y-bp-sS- kzm-X{- ¥y-Øn-\p-th-≠n- c-IX v- km-£n-bm-b- Hcp-
a-lm-\m-bn-cp-∂p- Km-\v-[n-Pn.- A-t±-l-sØ- h-[n-°p-hm≥- D-]-
tbm-Kn-®- D-]-I-c-W-am-Wv- ssI-tØ-m-°v.- a-\- -m-£n-bp-≈- Hcp-
h-\pw- B- ssI-tØ-m-°n-s\- B-Z-cn-°p-I-tbm- B-cm-[n-°p-I-
tbm- sN-øp-I-bn-√.- Km-\v-[n-a-Wv-U-]-ß-fn¬- A-Xv- kv-Ym-]n-°m-
dn-√.- Km-\v-[-n-b-∑m¿- B-cp-w- X-s∂ A-X- v- I-gp-Øn¬- Xq-°n- \-S-
°m-dp-an-√.- A-Xn-s\- B-Z-cn-°p-I-tbm- B-cm-[n-°p-I-tbm- sN-
øp-∂-h¿- Km-\v-[n-Pn-bpsS- i-{Xp-sh-∂v- hn-fn-°-s∏-Spw.- A-Xn-s\-
shdp-°p-∂h¿- a-\x-km-£n-bp-≈-h-cpw- Km-\v-[n-Pn-sb k--v-t\-ln-
°p-∂-h-cp-am-Ip-∂p.- A-sXm-cp- h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv.-
]n-Xm-hn-s\- h-[n-°m≥- D-]-tbm-Kn-®- B-bp-[-sØ- B-Z-cn-
°p-∂- H-cp- a-I-s\-∏-‰n- k-¶¬-]n-®p-t\m-°q.- \mw- B- a-I-s\-
F-¥v- hn-fn-°pw?-- ]n-Xm-hn-s\- B-Z-cn-°p-∂,-- kv-t\-ln-°p-∂- aI-
s\-t∂m?- A-tXm,- ]n-Xm-hn-s≥-d- i-{Xp-hm-b- a-I-s\-t∂m?- ]nXm-
hn-s≥-d- i-{Xp-hm-b- a-I-s\-∂v- hy-Iv-X-a-t√?- F-¶n¬- {In-kv-Xp-
hn-s\- h-[n-°p-hm≥- D--]-tbm-Kn-®- Ip-cn-in-s\- B-Z-cn-°p-I-bpw-
B-cm-[n-°p-I-bpw-sN-øp-∂-h-sc- \n-ßƒ- G-Xv- I-Æp-sIm-≠v-
ImWpw?-- Nn-¥n-°p-I.-
ss_-_n-fn-s‚- ssZ-hn-I-X
Sn-_-‰n-se- _p-≤-a-X-°m-cp-sS- C-Sbn Nn-e- km-t¶-Xn-I- Im-c-W-ß-fm¬- "ss__-n-fn-s‚- ssZ-hn-I-X- '- (kw-hm-Zw-)- Cu- e-°-Øn-¬-
¬- {]-Nm-cØ
- n-ep-≈- _p-≤a- X
- - Nn-”w.- {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥- km-[n-®n-ń-√.- A-Sp-Ø- e-°w- ap-X-¬- Xp-S¿-∂v- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.-
CØ-c-Øn-ep-≈- Ip-cn-ip--Iƒ- ]-e-
]≈n-I-fn-epw- Im-Wmw- F-Un-‰¿-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 30
k- v - t \- l - P m≥-
A-hX
- m-ck- ¶
- ¬-]w- -
sX-‰pw- i-cn-bp-w-
A-h-Xm-c-k-¶¬-]-sØ- kw-_-‘n-®v-
{]- a m- W - ß - f p- s S- sh- f n- ® - Ø n- ¬ -
bp-‡n-`-{Z-am-b- H-cp- ]-T-\w-
a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn-s≥-d- B-Xy-¥n-I-am-b- e-£y-{]m-]v-Xn-°v- F-¥p-sN-ø-W-sa-∂v-

]-d-bp-hm≥- ]m-Zm¿-Y-n-I-am-b- ]-co-£-W- \nco-£-W-ßƒ-°v- I-gn-bn-√.- A-h-s\-
kr-jv-Sn-®v- ]-cn-]m-en-°p-∂-h≥-X-s∂- A-X-h-∂v- A-dn-bn-®p-sIm-Sp-°-Ww.- A-Xn∂p-
th-≠n- ssZhw- sX-c-s™-Sp-Øv- {]-tXy-I-am-b- t_m-[-\-ßƒ- \¬-In- P-\-a-[yØn-
en-d-ßm≥ \n-tbm-Kn-®- Zq-X-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-kw,- hn-i-Zmw-iß-fn¬- hy-Xy-kv-
X-sa-¶n-epw- H-cp- hn-[-sa-√m- a-X-ß-fn-epw- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- {]-hm-N-I≥- (Prophet),-
ssZ-h-Zq-X≥- (The Messenger) F∂o- {]-tbm-K-ßƒ- sk-an-‰n-Iv- a-X-ß-fp-tS-Xm-
sW-¶n-epw- Cu- ]-Z-ßƒ-sIm-≠v- hn-h-£n-°p-∂- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ- sN-bv-X- hy-Iv
Xn-I-sf-°pdn-®- k-¶¬-]-w- {Ko-°v-˛tdm-a≥- an-tØm-f-Pn-bn-epw- ]u-cm-Wn-I- \-Zo-X-
S- hn-izm-k-ß-fn-epw- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.-
{]-hm-N-I- k-¶¬-]-Øn-\v- k-am-¥-c-am-bn- ln-µp-a-X-Øn¬- Im-Wp-∂- H-cp- hnizm-
k-am-Wv- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fn-ep-≈- hn-izm-kw.- Ah-Xm-c-]-Z-Øn-s≥-d- [m-Xzm¿-Y-w- "Xmtgm-
´p-cn-I'-sb-∂m-Wv.- ""\mw- Xmsg-\n-∂v- F-¥m-bn- hn-I-kn-°-W-tam- A-Xn-s\- ap-Ifn¬-
\n-∂v- sF-iz-cy-i-Iv-Xn- B-hn-jv-°-cn-®v- Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- A-h-Xm-cw-'' F-∂m-Wv-
{io- A-c-hn-µ- a-l¿-jn- F-gp-Xp-∂-Xv.- C-hn-sS,- ap-I-fn-ep-≈- sF-iz-cy-i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS-
B-hn-jv-Im-c-sa-∂- B-i-bw- am-‰n-sh-®m¬,- "\mw- Xm-sg-\n-∂v- F-¥m-bn- hn-I-kn°-
W-tam- A-Xv- Im-Wn-®v- Xcm≥- sF-iz-cy-i-Iv-Xn- ]-d-™-b-®- ]p-Wym-Xv-am-°-fm-Wv-
A-h-Xm-c-ßƒ'- F-∂v- e-`n-°p-∂p.- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS- B-K-a-t\m-t±-iyw- a-\p-jy¿-
"Po-h≥- X-s∂-bm-Wv- {_-lv-a'-sa∂- A-ssZz- Fß-s\- Po-hn-°W - s- a-∂v- {]m-tbm-Kn-Ia
- m-bn- Im-Wn-®p-sIm-Sp-°pI-bm-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m.-
X-h-N-\w- i-cn-bm-sW-¶n¬- a¬-kyw- ap-X¬- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- P-Um-hn-jvIm-c-am-Wv- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-∂m-Wt√m- ssl-µ-h- hn-
I¬-°n-hs- c-bp-≈- A-hX - m-cß
- ƒ-°v- \Ωn izm-kw.- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- P-Um-hn-jv-°m-c-sØ-°p-dn-®v- ln-µp-a-X-Øn-se- hy-Xy-kv-
¬-\n-∂pw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn- F¥v- {]-tXy-I-X- X- hn-`-m-K-ß-ƒ-°n-S-bn¬- kmcamb- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ß-fp-≠v-.- _u≤∑m¿- t_m-
bm-Wp-≈-Xv?- A-h¿- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- A-h- [n-k-Xz-s≥-d- Ah-Xm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p.- P-m-X-I-I-Y-I-fn¬- _p-≤-\p
apºpw- t_m-[n-k-Xz-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- C-\n-bpw- Ah- D-
Xm-c-ßƒ.-\-Ω-tfm- ssZhw- X-s∂-bpw-!- ≠m-Im-\n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂pw- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bpw.- ssP-\≥am¿-
°pw- A-h-cp-tS-Xm-b- A-h-Xm-ckn-≤m-¥-ap≠v.- ssP-\-hn-izm-k-{]-Im-cw- A-h-Xm-c-
ßƒ- F-t∏m-gpw- h-cp-∂-Xv- \∑bp-sS-bpw- Xn-∑-bp-sS-bpw- {]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-sS- hn-cp≤-
C-c-´-I-fm-bn-´mWv.- \m-cm-b-W-\pw- {]-Xn-\m-cm-b-W-\pw,- _m-e-`-{Z-\pw- {]-Xn-_m-e-
`-{Z-\-p-sa-√mw- C-ß-s\- \-∑-bp-sS-bpw- Xn-∑-bp-sS-bpw- hn-cp-≤- C-c-´-I-fm-b- Ah-
Xmc-ß-f-s{X.- ssi-h-kn-≤m-¥- {]-Im-c-ap-≈- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- P-Um-hn-jv-Im-c-ßƒ-
C-h-bn¬- \n-s∂-√mw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv.- in-h-s≥-d- hy-Xy-kv-X- cq-]-ß-fm-b- cp-{Z≥,-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 31
`-h≥,- a-lm-Im-e≥,- A¿-[-\m-co-iz-c≥- F∂n-h¿- A-h-Xm-c-ßƒ-

F-∂v- ]-d-bm≥- ]-‰ptam- C-t√- F-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- A-`n-{]m-b-h-y- ssZ-hw- a-\p-jy-cq-]Ø - n¬- A-hX - c- n-®p-sh-∂- hn-izm-ks- Ø- ]-c-
Xym-k-ap-≠v.- C-∂v- hy-h-l-cn-°p-∂- A-hXm-c-ßƒ- ssh-jv-W-h- ky-am-bn- hn-a¿-in®- ssl-µh - - \-thm-∞m-\- \m-bI - ∑ - m-cp-≠m-bn-´p-
a-X{- ]-Im-ca - p≈-Xm-Wv.- ssh-jvW - h- - A-hXm-ck - n-≤m-¥Ø - n-\v- Xm- ≠v.- A-hc- n¬- {]-[m-\n-bm-Wv- I_o¿.- {]]-©Ø - n-s≥-d- D-Sa- k - Y v- -
Xzn-I-am-bn- A-Sp-∏-ap-≈-Xv- t]¿jy-°m-cp-sS- hn-izm-k-hp-am-bn-´m-
sW-∂m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-X-∑m-cpsS- ]-£w.- F.-kn.- _u-s°- F-gp- \m-b- ssZ-hw- Zp¿-_-e∑ - m-cpw- {]-_e - ∑ - m-cpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- A-ka- Xzw-
Xp∂p:- ""ssl-µ-hm-h-Xm-ct_m-[tØm-Sv- G-‰-hpw- ASp-Øp\n¬- I-≠n-´v- {io-cm-a\ - m-bn- A-hX - c- n-®p-sh-∂v- ln-µp-°ƒ- ]-db - p∂p.-
°p-∂-Xv- t]¿-jy-°m-cp-sS- k-¶¬-]-a-mWv.- A-h-cp-sS- ]-c-am-Nm-- I_o¿- ]d-™p-:- ""P-\n°p-Ib - pw- a-cn-°p-Ib - pw- sN-øp-∂- bm-sXm-
cy-\m-b- skm-cm-kv-‰-dp-sS- {K-\v-Y-Øn¬- "shc-{X-Kv-\-'- F-∂- tZ-h-
X- ]-e- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-Sp-Ø- I-Y- {]-Xn]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v''.- cm- fp-sS- ap-º n-
e pw- in-
c
- v
- Ip- \ n-
° m≥- ]m- S n-√ .- B-fp-Iƒ- ]-db - p-
A-h-Xm-c- e-£yw-:-˛ A-[¿-a-Øn-s≥-d- \n-jv-Im-k-\-hpw- [¿a- ∂- Z-im-hX - m-ch - p-am-bn- F-\n-°v- bm-sXm-cp- _-\v[h - p-an-√''-.-
Øn-s≥-d- kw-kv-Ym-]-\-hpw- \-S-Øp-I-sb-∂- sk-an-‰n-Iv- {]-hm-
N-I∑m-cp-sS- AtX- {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n- \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-
´-h-cm-Wv- ssl-µ-h- k-¶¬-]-{]-Im-cw- A-hXm-c-ßƒ.- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fp-sS- BK-a-t\m-t±- hy-IX v- a - m-°p-∂X - n-\p-th-≠n-bm-Wv- i-mc - o-cn-
iyw- `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X-bn-se- kp-{]-kn-≤-am-b- Ir-jv-tWm-]-tZiw- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p≠v.- ""tl-!- I- bp- ≤ -
Ø n-
s ≥d- I- Y -
s Im- ≠ p-h -
c p-
∂ -Xv''-.-
`m-c-X-!- G-tX-Xp-Im-e-Øv- [¿-a-Øn-\v- •m\n- kw-`-hn-®v- A-[¿-a-Øn-\v- {]m-_-eyw- e-`n- A-hX - m-ch - pw- A-ssZz-Xh - pw-:˛- A-hXm
°p-∂p-thm- At∏mƒ- Rm≥- k-z-bw- A-h-Xcn-°p-∂p.- k-Pv-P-\-ß-sf- c-£n-°m\-pw- Zp- c-k-¶¬-]-w- {io- i¶-c-s≥d- A-ssZz-X-hm-
jvS-∑m-sc- in-£n-°m\-pw- A-Xn-eq-sS- [¿a-w- kw-kv-Ym-]n-°m-\-pw- Rm≥- bp-K-ßƒ- Z-hp-am-bn- Xm-Xzn-I-am-b- ssh-cp-[-yw- ]p-e¿-
tXm-dpw- A-h-X-cn-°p-∂p''.- Øp∂p.- "{]-]© - Ø - n-em-sI- Fs¥-√mw- \n-
[¿-a-kw-kv-Ym-]-I-s\-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-k-am-Wv- ssl-µ-h- Ah-Xm-c- k-¶¬-]-Øns≥d- e-
\ n¬- ° p-
∂ p-t ≠m- A-sX√mw- {_lva - w- am-
bpw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-sa-∂v- Cu- t«m-I-Øn¬-\n-∂v- hy-Iv-X-am-Ip-∂p.- ]t£,- [¿-a- kwkv- {X-amsW'-∂m-W-t√m- A-ssZz-X-Øn-s≥d-
Ym-]-I≥- `-K-hm≥- Xs∂- a-\p-jy-cq-]w- ]q-≠-Xm-sW-∂- ssl-µ-h- hn-izm-k-hp-am-bn- ASnkvYm-\-hm-Iyw.- Rm-\pw- \n-ß-fpw- \-
s]m-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-hm≥- C-kv-em-an-\v- Ign-bn--√.- ss{I-kv-X-h- Z¿-i-\Øn-epw- ssZ-hw- PUw- ap-°v- Np-‰p-ap-≈- A-tN-X-\-hpw- ktN-X-\-
kzo-I-cn-°p-I-sb-∂- hn-izm-k-ap-s≠-¶n-epw- AXv- {In-kv-Xp-hn¬- am-{Xw- ]-cn-an-X-am-Wv.- hp-am-b- k-I-e-Xpw- {_-lv-a-am-sW-¶n¬- ]n-
ssl-µ-h- ]p-cm-W-ßƒ {]Im-cw- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-√mw-X-s∂- hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-b- A-h- s∂- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- ssZ-hw- H-cp- {]-tXy
k-c-Øn¬- [¿-a-kw-kv-Ym-]-\-Øn-s≥-d- B-h-iym¿-Y-w- ssZ-h-w-- P-Uw- k-zo-Icn®m-Wv- D- I- hy-Iv-Xn-bn¬- am-{Xw- A-h-X-cn-°p∂Xv?-
≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv.- ]-Zm¿-Y-m-Xo-X-\pw- ]-cn-ip-≤-\p-am-b- ssZ-hw- P-U-cq-]w- kzo-I-cn®v- a-\p- GsXmcp- km-[m-c-W-°m-c-\n-epw- ssZ-h-
jy-cp-sS-bpw- ar-K-ß-fp-sS-bpw- kI-e-hn-[- Nm-]-ey-ß-tfm-Sp-w-Iq-Sn- {]-Xy-£-s∏Sp-sa∂- Øn-s≥d- Aw-iw- \n-e\ - n¬-°p∂psh-¶n¬-
hn-izm-kw- Ah-s≥-d- hn-ip-≤n-sb- I-f¶ - s
- ∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - m-sW-∂v- C-kve - m-an-I- {]amWßƒ- F- ¥ n-
\ p- t h- ≠ n-b m-
W v- \ap-°v- am-Xr-I- Im-
{]-Jym-]n-°p-∂p.- Wn- ® p- X - c m≥- t h- ≠ n- ssZ- hw- (ssZ-h-hpw-
\mw- X-s∂-!)- a-s‰m-cp- ]pcp-j-s\- A-b-°p-
ssZ-hw- a-\p-jy-cq-]-Øn¬- A-h-X-cn-®p-sh-∂- hn-izm-k-sØ- ]-c-ky-am-bn- hn-a¿-in®- ∂-Xv-?.- "Po-h≥- X-s∂-bm-Wv- {_-lv-a'-3sa-
ssl-µ-h- \-thm-∞m-\- \m-b-I-∑m-cp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.- A-h-cn¬- {]-[m-\n-bm-Wv- I_o¿.- {]]- ∂- A-ssZz-X-h-N-\w- i-cn-bm-sW-¶n¬- a¬-
©-Øn-s≥-d- D-Sa - k
- vY
- \
- m-b- ssZ-hw- Zp¿-_-e∑- m-cpw- {]-_e - ∑
- m-cpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- A-ka - Xzw- kyw- ap-X¬- I¬-°n-h-sc-bp-≈- A-h-Xm-c-
I-≠n-´v- {io-cm-a-\m-bn- A-h-X-cn-®p-sh-∂v- ln-µp-°ƒ- ]-d-bp∂p.- I-_o¿- ]d-™p-:- ""P-\n ßƒ-°v- \-Ωn¬-\n-∂pw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-
°p-I-bpw- a-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- bm-sXm-cm-fp-sS- ap-ºn-epw- in-c- v- Ip-\n-°m≥- ]m-Sn-√.- F¥v- {]-tXy-IX - b - m-Wp-≈X - v?- A-h¿- ssZ-
B-fp-Iƒ- ]-d-bp-∂- Z-im-h-Xm-c-hp-am-bn- F-\n-°v- bm-sXm-cp- _-\v[-hp-an-√''-.- h-Øn-s≥-d- A-hX - m-cß - ƒ.-\Ω - t- fm- ssZhw-
hn-izm-kn-bpw- ssh-jv-W-h-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬- P-\n-®- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-am-b- \-Ωp-sS- cmjv-{S- X-s∂-bpw-!- ]n-s∂- \-ap-°v- am-XrI- Im-Wn-
]n-Xm-hv- Km-\v-[n-Pn-bp-sS- ho-£-Ww- C-Xn¬-\n-s∂-√mw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv.- A-t±-lw- F-gp- °m-\-h¿- A¿-lcm-tWm?- A-h¿-°v- F-¥v-
Xn:- ""ssZ-hw- H-cp- hyIv-Xn-b-√.- a-\p-jy-cq-]-Øn¬- A-t±-lw- A-h-X-cn-°p-sa-∂v- ]-dbp-∂- {]-tXy-I-X-bm-Wp-≈-Xv?- A-h-Xm-c-Øn-\v-
Xn¬- `m-Kn-I-am-tb k-Xy-ap-≈q.- A-Ø-cw- hy--Iv-Xn-Iƒ- ssZ-h-tØmSv- A-Sp-Øv- Po-hn-®n-cp- F-¥v- {]-k-Iv-Xn-bm-Wp-≈-Xv?-
∂p-sh-∂v- am-{X-sa- A-Xv- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≈q.- k¿-h-hym-]n-bm-b- ssZ-hw- F-√m- a\p- A-h-Xm-c- kw-Jy-:-˛ "A-h-Xm-tc-ly-
jy-cn-epw- h-kn-°p-∂p.- AXp-sIm-≠v,- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-sa-∂v- B-sc-∏-‰n-bpw- ]- kmw-tJy-b- l-tcx- k-Xz-\n-t[¿-Zzn-Pm'- F∂-
d-bm-w.- CXv- \-sΩ- F-hn-sS-bp-sa-Øn-°p-I-bn-√.- cm-a≥,- Ir-jv-W≥- Xp-Sßn-b-h-sc- ssZ- `m-K-h-X- h-N-\-{]-Im-cw- `-K-hm-s≥d- A-h-
hm-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-∂v- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv- \mw- A-h¿-°v- Nn-e- Znhy-Kp-W-ßƒ- \¬-Ip-∂-Xp-sIm- Xm-cß - ƒ- A-kw-Jy-am-sW-¶n-epw- {][m-\-
≠m-Wv.- b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬- A-h¿- a-\p-jy-`m-h-\-bp-sS- kr-jv-Sn-I-f-m-Wv.- A-h¿- Po-hn-®n-cp- am-bpw- ]-Øv- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-°pdn-®m-Wv-
∂p-thm- C-√-tbm-sb-∂-Xv- a-\p-jy-a-\- n¬- A-h-sc-∏-‰n-bp-≈- Nn-{X-ß-sf- _m-[n-°p-∂n- km-[m-cW - - hy-hl - c - n-°s - ∏-Sm-dp-≈Xv.- a-Xv-
√.- cm-a-s\-bpw- Ir-jv-W-s\-bpw- N-cn-{X- ]p-cp-j-∑m-c-m-°m≥- {i-an-®m¬- ]-e-X-c-Øn-ep-≈- kyw,- Iq¿-Ωw,- h-cm-lw,- \-c-knw-lw,- hm-
hm-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ-°v- a-dp-]-Sn- ]-d-bm-\m-Im-sX- hn-j-an-t°-≠n-h-cpw''-.- ""F-s∂- kw-_-\v-[n-®n- a\-≥,- ]-c-ip-cm-a≥,- {io-cm-a≥,- {ioIr-jv-
S-tØm-fw- alm-`m-c-Xw- H-cp- A-Km-[-am-b- a-X-{K-\vY-am-Wv.- {]-Xn-cq-]m-Xv-a-I-am-b- AXv- W≥,- _ecm-a≥ I¬-°n- F-∂n-h-cm-Wv- Z-
Hc¿-∞-Øn-epw- N-cn-{X-tc-J-b-√.- \-Ωp-sS-bp-≈n¬- A-\-¥-am-bn- \-S-°p-∂- Zz-µ-bp-≤-Øn- im-h-Xm-c-ßƒ.- {io-a-lm-tZ-ho- `m-K-h-X-{]-
s≥-d- Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-am-W-Xv.- \-ap-°v- Nn-¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈- ku-I-cy-Øn-\v- A-Xv- Im-cw- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-\v- C-cp-]-Øn-bmdv5
a-\p-jy¿- \-S-Øn-b-Xm-bn- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂p-am-{Xw.- \-Ωp-sS- I-øn¬- C-t∏m-gp-≈- alm- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fp-≠v.- k-\-I≥,- k-\-µ≥,- k-
`m-c-Xw- aq-e-Øn-s≥-d- Ip-‰-a-‰- {]-Xn-bm-sW-∂pw- Rm≥- I-cp-Xp∂n-√.- t\-sc-a-dn-®v- A-Xv- \m-X-\≥-,- k-\¬-Ip-amc≥,- hcm-lw,- \m-c-
\n-c-h-[n- Xn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ-°v- hn-t[-bam-bn-´p-≠v''-.- ""Rm≥- Ko-X-bp-am-bn- B-Zy-am-bn- ]-cn- Z≥,- \-c-\m-cm-b-W-∑m¿-,- I]n-e≥,- Z-Øm-
N-bs - ∏-Sp-tºmƒ Xs∂- A-sXm-cp- N-cn-{X- Ir-Xn-bs - √-∂v- F-\n-°v- tXm-∂nbn-cp-∂p.- imcocn t{X-b≥,- b-Pv-R≥,- E-j`≥,- ]r-Yp,- a¬-
I- bp-≤-Ø-n-s≥-d- _-m-l-y-`m-h-tØm-sS- a-\p-jy-s≥-d- D-≈n¬- \-S°p-∂- A-\-¥-am-b- kyw,- tam-ln-\n,- Iq¿-Ωw,- K-cp--V≥,- [-\z-
Zzµ--bp-≤-am-Wv- C-Xn¬- hn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- a-\ n¬- \-S-°p-∂- Cu- bp-≤-sØ- Iq-Sp-X¬- ¥-cn,- \-c-knw-lw,- hm-a-\≥,- ]-c-ip-cm-a≥,-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 32
ko-Xm-]l - c - W - w- \-SØ - n- A[¿-ΩØ - n-s≥d- ]-XmIm-hm-lI - \

- m-
bn- am-dn-b- cm-h-W-s\- \-in-∏n-°pI-bm-bn-cp-∂p- {i-o-cm-am-h-Xm-c-
a-\p-tjym¬-]-Øn°-v- ap-ºv- a-Xv-ky-hpw- Iq¿-Ω-hpw- h-cm-lhpw- \-c- Øn-s≥-d- [¿-a-w.- Iu-c-h- ]m-Wv-U-h-bp-≤Øn ¬- £-{Xn-b -[¿-
a-Øn-s≥-d- kw-c-£-W-Øn-\v- A¿Pv-Pp-\s\- D]-tZ-in-°p-I-bpw-
knw-l-hp-ap-≠mbn- F-∂m-W-t√m- hm-Zw.- F-∂m¬- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn- k-lm-bn-°p-Ib - p-am-bn-cp-∂p- Ir-jW v- m-hX - mc Øn-s≥-d- D-t±-iyw.-
se- a¬-ky- Iq¿-Ω- h-cm-l- \-c-knw-lm-ZnI-sf-°p-dn-®- I-Y-I-fn Po-hI - m-cp-Wy-Øn-s≥-d- a-ln-Xm-ib - ß - f - psS- {]N-cW - a - m-bn-cp-∂p-
-se-√mw- X-s∂- A-h-Xm-c-ßƒ-°v- k-a-Im-en-I-cm-bn- a-\p-jy-cp- {io- _ p-
≤ m-h -
X m-c -
Ø n-
s ≥- d- e- £ yw.- I- e nbp- K-
] m- c ay-Øn¬- Zp-
ap≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wmw.- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn,- Z-im-h-Xm-c-ß-fn¬- jv S
- - P- \ a
- ¿- Z \
- Ø
- n-
\ p-t h-≠ n-b m-b n-
c n-
° pw- I¬- ° n-
b h
- X- cn-°pI.
hn-jv-Wp-hn-\v- A-h-Xm-c-sa-Sp-t°-≠n-h-∂-Xv- H-cp- im-]w-
{]-Y-a-\m-b- aXv-kym-hXm-c-Øn-s≥d- I-Y- t\m-°p-I.- sIm≠m-sW-∂m-Wv- {io-a-lm-`m-K-h-Xw- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- I-iy-]-
]p-{X-\m-b- I-in-]p- tZ-hm-kp-c-bp-≤-Øn¬- h-[n-°s∏-´-Xn-\p-
ti-jw,- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\-bpw- C-{µ-s\-bpw- H-cn-°¬- tbm-K-i-Iv-
Xn-sIm-≠v- ip-{Ia-l¿-jn-bp-sS- A-Ω- kv-Xw-`n-∏n-®p-I-f-™p.-
D-S-s\- hn-jv-Wp- kp-Z¿-i-\w-sIm-≠v- ip-{I am-Xm-hn-s≥-d- in-c- v- tO-Zn-®p.-- C-Xp-I-≠v-
hym-k≥,- {io-cma≥,- _-e`- {Z-cm-a≥,- {io-Ir-
tcm-jw-]q≠- `r-Kp-a-l¿-jn- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\- i-]n-®p-.- ""`q-an-bn¬- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-bn-°-
jv-W≥,- _p-≤≥,- I¬-°n- F-∂n-h-cm-W
gn-bm≥- C-S-h-c-s´''.- Xp-S¿-∂v- hn-jv-Wp- ssIs°m-≠- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-W-s{X- Z-im-h-
h¿.- ]-tØm- C-cp-]Ø - n-bm-tdm- am-{X-a√ - - Ip-
Xm-c-ßƒ.-
sd-b[ - n-Iw- A-hX - m-cß - f - p-≠m-bn-´p-s≠-∂v-
hn-iz-kn-°p-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X∑ - m-cp-≠v.- "XØz- A-h-Xm-c-hpw- ]-cn-Wm-a-hpw-:˛ Z-im-h-Xm-c- k-¶¬-]-sØ- B-[p-\n-I- ]-cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-
a-kn'-sb∂- {K-\Y v- Øn-eq-sS- D-]\ - n-jZ- h v- ym- hp-am-bn- k-a-\-z-bn-∏n-°m-≥- C-∂v- Nn-e¿-- A{im-¥-]-cn-{i-aw- \-S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p≠v.-
Jym-\-Øn¬- {]-kn-≤n-t\Snb- kp-Ip-am¿- _m-h-Sv-kv-In- ap-X¬- Pn\-cm-P-Zm-k≥-h-sc-bp-≈- Xn-tbm-k-^n-kv-‰p-I-fm-Wv- Cu- ]p-Xn-b-
A-go-t°m-Sn-s≥d- A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬- tb-ip- hymJym-\-Øn-s≥-d- {]-t_m-[-I¿.- B-‰-Øn-s≥-d- \n-Kq-V-X-I-fn¬- \-S-cm-P-\r-Øw- Z¿in-
{In-kvX - p- apX¬- a-lm-XvK - m-\v[ - n-hs - c- a-lm- ®- {^n-tPm-^v-Im-{]-bp-sS- Ir-Xn-I-fpw- Z-im-hXm-c- ]-cn-Wm-a- k-¶-e-\- kn≤m-¥-ß-fpw- H-
hn-jv-Wp-hn-s≥d- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-Wv-.- cp- "\-h- C-¥y≥- tkmjy-en-k'-Øn-\v- cq-]w- \¬-Im≥- ]-cym-]v-X-am-hp-sa¶n-epw- A-h-
bpw- kXy-hp-am-bn- bm-sXm-cp- _-\v-[-hp-an-s√-∂v- H-c¬-∏w- Nn-¥n-®m-¬-- t_m[y-am-Ipw.- Z-
a¬-kyw- ap-X¬- I¬-°n-h-sc-bp-≈-h
im-h-Xm-c- ]c-n-Wm-a- k-a-\z-b- kn-≤m-¥-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- {]tNm-Z-\w- Dƒ-s°m-≠v- tUm.-
cp-sS- A-h-Xm-tcm-t±-iyw- [¿-a-kw-kv-Ym-]-
B¿.- tKm-]n-a-Wn- am-Xr-`q-an- B-gvN-∏-Xn-∏n¬- G-Xm-\pw- h¿-j-ßƒ-°v- ap sº-gp-Xn-b- "]-
\-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂X - n-\-v A-hs - c-°p-dn®- ]p-
cn-Wm-a-Øns\-Xn-sc- sh-√p-hn-fn-Iƒ'- F-∂- te-J-\w- X-s∂- Cu- hm-Z Øns≥d- A-]-
cmW-I-Y-Iƒ- D-≤-cn-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v.- IrX-
lm-ky-X- h-y-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≠v.- B-Zyw- P-e-Øn-se- a¬-ky-ambpw- ]ns∂- I-c-bn-epw- P-e-
am-em- \-Zn-bn¬- P-eX - ¿-∏W - w- sN-øp-∂- k-
Øn-epw- H-cp-t]m-se- h-kn-°m≥- I-gn-hp-≈- Iq¿-Ω-am-bpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- {]mIr-X-am-b- h-cm-l-
Xy-hr-Xc - m-Pm-hn-\m-Wv- hn-jvW - p- a¬-ky cq-
am-bpw- ]n-s∂- a-\p-jy\pw- ar-K-Øn-\pw- \-Sp-hn-ep-≈- \-c-knw-l-am-bpw- H-Sp-hn¬- a-\p-jy-
]-Øn¬- {]Xy-£-s∏-´-Xv.- ]n-∂o-Sp-≠mb-
s≥-d-X-s∂- ]-e- kw-kv-Im-c-`m-h-ß-sf-bpw- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂- ]-c-ip-cma≥-sXm-´v- {io-_p-
{]-fb - Ø - n¬- A-t±-ls - Ø- c-£n°pI-bpw-
≤≥-h-sc-bp-≈- a-\p-jym-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-bpw- _p-≤-o-izc-\m-b- hn-jv-Wp- Cu- `q-ap-J-Øv- A-
l-b{- Ko-hs - \- l\-n® - v- th-Zß - s - f- D≤-cn-°p-
h-X-cn-®p-sh-∂- Z-im-h-Xm-c- I-Y- Po-h-]cn-Wm-a-sØ- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-sW-∂v- kv-Ym-]n-
I-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p- a¬-kym-hX - m-cØ - n-s≥-d- e-
°m≥ tKm]n-a-Wn- h-√m-sX- ]m-Sp-s]-Sp-∂p-sh-∂-√m-sX,- {]-kv-Xp-X- te-J-\-Øn-eq-sS-
£yw.- tZ-hm-kp-c∑ - m¿- ]m-em-gn- IS-™v- A-
Xm≥- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-t±-in-°p-∂- B-i-b-ßƒ- k-a¿-Y-n-°m-≥-t]m-epw- A-t±-l-Øn-\v-
a-r-Xw- e-`n-°m-≥- {i-an-°-sh,- IS tIm-em-
I-gn-bp-∂n-√.- A-h-X-m-tcm-t±-iy-am-b- [¿-a-- kw-k-vY-m-]-\-hpw- Um¿-hn-\n-k-Øn-se- "h¿-K-
bn-cp-∂- a-µc - ]- ¿-h-Xw- Xm-Wp-t]m-bt- ∏mƒ-
-ß-fp-sS- D¬-]-Øn'-bpw- X-Ωn¬- F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- _-\v-[s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂v- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m-
B-iv-N-cy-I-c-amw-h-Æw- h-en-sbm-cp- B-a-
≥- tKm-]n-a-Wn-t°m- At±lsØ A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂h¿-t°m- km-[n-°p-∂n-√.-
bpsS- cq-]w- ssI-sIm-≠v- ]m-em-gn-a-Y-\-
sØ- k-^-e-am-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- Iq¿-Ωm- a-\p-tjym¬-]-Øn°-v- ap-ºv- a-Xv-ky-hpw- Iq¿-Ω-hpw- h-cm-lhpw- \-c-knw-l-hp-ap-≠mbn-
h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- e-£yw.- kz-bw-`p-h-a-\p- F- ∂ m-W-t√m- hm-Zw.- F-∂m¬- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn-se- a¬-ky- Iq¿-Ω- h-cm-l- \-c-knw-lm-Zn
krjv-Sn-°p-th-≠n- D-Zyp-Iv-X-\m-bn-cn-°p- I- sf- ° p-dn-®- I-YI - f - n-se-√mw-Xs - ∂- A-hX - m-cß - ƒ-°v- k-aI - m-en-Ic - m-bn- a-\p-jy-cp-ap≠m-
tºmƒ- I-S-en-sem-fn-°-s∏-´p- Im-Wm-Xm-b- bn-cp-∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wmw.- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn,- Z-im-h-Xm-c-ß-fn¬- {]-Y-a-\m-b- a¬-kym-hXm-
`qan-sb- ln-cW - ym-£- h-[w- \-SØ - n- ho-s≠- c-Øn-s≥d- I-Y- t\m-°p-I.- Akp-c-∑m-cp-sS- cm-Pm-hv- th-Zw- X-ń-s°m-≠p-t]m-b-t∏m-gm
Sp-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p- h-cmlm-hX - m-cØ - n-s≥d- Wv- hn-jv-Wp- a¬-kym-h-Xm-c-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.- I¬-]-Im-e-Øn-se- k-Xy-hr-X-s\-∂- cmPm-
[¿-aw.- Cu-iz-chn-izm-k-sØ- ]m-sS- X-S- hv- Ir-X-am-em- \-Zn-bn¬- P-e-X¿-∏-Ww- sN-øp-tºm-gm-Wv- hn-ti-j-s∏-´- a¬-kym-h-Xmcw-
™- ln-cWy-I-in-]p-hn-s\- XqWn¬-\n-∂v- Z¿-in-®-Xv-.- ]n∂o-Sp-≈- a¬-ky-]p-cm-W- I-Y-I-fn-se-√mw- X-s∂- a-\p-jy-sc- \mw- ImWp-
\-ck- nw-la - q¿-Øn-bm-bn- ]pd-Øp-h∂ - v- \-in- ∂p.- am-{X-hp-a-√,- {io-a-lm-tZ-hn- `m-K-h-X-Øn-se- H-∂mw- kv-I-\v-[-a-\p-k-cn-®p-≈- C-cp
∏n-®v- {]-lvf - m-ZI - p-am-cs\- k-am-iz-kn-∏n-°p- ]-Øn-bm-dv- A-hX - m-cß - f - n¬- BZy-sØ- \m-epw- (k-\I - ≥,- k-\µ - ≥,- k\m-X\ - ≥ - ,--- k\¬-
I-bm-Wv- \-ck - nw-lm-hX - m-cw- sN-bvX - X
- v.- ]n- Ip- a m- c - ≥ - ) - a- \ p- j y- c m- W v . - ]n- ∂ o- S m- W v - h- c m- l m- h - X m- c - a p- ≠ m- I p- ∂ - X v . - C- X v - ]- c n-Wm-a-hp
Xm-hm-b- P-a-Z-Kv-\n-bp-sS- in-c-tO-Zw- sN-bv- am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬- a-\p-jy≥- ]-∂n-bm-bpw- ]n-s∂- a-\p-jy-\m-bpw- ]n-∂o-Sv-
X- Im¿-Ø-ho-cm-¿-Pv-Pp-\-s\-bpw- £{Xn-b- a¬-ky-hp-am-bp-sa-√mw- ]-cn-W-an-®-p-sh-∂v- k-Ω-Xn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.-
cm-Pm-°-∑m-sc-bpw- l-\n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- B-cm-Wv- A-h-Xm-c-ßƒ-:-˛ ssZ-hw- P-Uw- kzo-I-cn-®p- `q-anbn-en-d-ßp-I-sb-∂- Bi
]-c-ip-cm-am-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- e-£yw.- tI-c- bw- ssl-µ-h-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-kvY-m-\- {ip-Xn-I-fm-b- th-Z-ß-fn-tem- D-]-\n-j-Øp-
f- \m-ń¬- kp-J-kp-µ-c-am-b- `-c-Ww- Im-gv- I-fn-tem- H-∂pw- Im-Wp∂n-√.- "A-h-Xmc'-sa-∂- ]-Zw- `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X-bn¬-t]m-epw- Im-Wp-
N-sh-®- a-lm-_e - n-sb- ]-co£-WØ - n-eq-sS- ∂n-√.- ]t£,- ]pWy-]p-cp-j-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-Iƒ- C-h-bn-se-√mw- D-≠p-Xm
`q-an-°-Sn-bn-te-°v- Xm-gv-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- \pw.- i-X-]-Y-{_m-lv-a-W-Øn-epw- Om-tµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øn-epw- a-‰p-Nn-e- D-]-\n-j-Øp-
hm-a\m-h-Xm-c-Øn-s≥-d- B-K-at\m-t±-iyw.- I-fn-ep-sa-√mw- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-bn- C-∂v- hyh-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- Nn-e-sc-°p-dn-®v- ]-d-bp-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 33
∂p-s≠-¶n-epw- Ah-bn¬- H-∂pw-X-s∂- C-h¿-- hn-jvWp-hn-s≥-d-

A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-sW-∂v- ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂n-√.-
""F-√m- k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-te-°pw- \mw- Zq-X-s\- A-b-®n-´p-≠v'' {io-a-lm-tZ-ho- `m-K-h-X-{]Im-cw- ]-c-ip-cm-a-\p-ti-jw- {io-cm-a-
F-∂- ssZ-hn-I- k-tµ-i-a-\p-k-cn-®v- `m-c-X-Øn-s≥-d- a-Æn¬- \papºm-bn h-∂- A-h-Xm-c-am-Wv-th-Z-hy-m-k≥.- th-Z-hp-am-bn-
{]hmN-I-∑m¿- \n-bp-Iv-X-c-bn-´p-≠m-I-W-a-t√m.- A-t∏mƒ,- C-¥y-
bn¬- \nbp-Iv-X-cm-b- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-k-am-bn-cn-
_\v-[-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-Wv- hym-k≥- B-Zy-Im-ew- ap-X¬-°p-X-s∂-
°-Ww- A-h-Xmc- k-¶¬-]-Øn-\v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-sX-∂v- \ym-b-am- hyh-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂- Im-cyw- {]-tXyIw- {i-t≤-bam-Wv.-
bpw- Du-ln-°m-hp-∂XmWv.- ln-µp-a-X-Øn-se- A-h-Xm-c-Øn-\v- AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- hym-k≥- H-cp- {]-hm-N-I-\m-bn-cn-°m-\p-≈-
]m-iv-Nm-Xy-a-X-ß-fn-se- {]hm-N-I-s≥-d-tbm- a-lm-t\-Xm-hn-s≥d-
tbm- kvY - m-\a
- m-Wp-≈s - ≥-2 ]-d™
- X-∂m-Wv- kzm-an- - hn-th-Im-\µ - n-
km-[y-X- I-Æp-a-S-®v- X-≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-√.-
´p-≈Xv.- ssZ-h-a-√m-sX- a-s‰m-cp- Bcm-[y-\p-an-s√-∂- D-d-s°- {]-
Jym-]n-®- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cn¬- ]e-cpw- ]n∂oSv- ssZ-h-]p-{X-]-Z-hn-
bnepw- B-cm-[y-]-Z-hn-bn-epw- {]-Xn-jv-Tn-°-s∏-´-t]m-se- `m-c-Xo-
b- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cn¬- Zn-hy-Xy-am-tcm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xmhmw- A-h-Xm-c- k-¶¬-]-Øn-\v- \n-Zm- s√-∂v- ]-d-tb-≠n-h-cpw.-
\-am-b-Xv.- ssl-µ-h- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- {]-X-n-]m-Zn-°-s∏-´- A-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-√mw- {]-hm-N- cm-a-s\-∂- `¿-Øm-hv-:-˛ am-Xr-Im-tbm-
I-∑m-cm-sW-∂-√- CXp-sIm-≠v- \mw- A¿-Y-am-°p-∂-Xv.- {]-Xyp-X- "[¿-a-- kwkv-Ym-]-I- Ky-\m-b- `¿-Øm-hm-bmWv- cm-a-s\- hm¬-
\m-bn- bp-K-ßƒ- tX-m-dpw- I-S-∂p-h-cp-∂-h≥'- F-∂- A-h-Xm-c- k¶¬-]Ø -- n-s≥d- th-cp- ao-In- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-sX-¶n-epw- `m
Iƒ- `m-c-Xo-b- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®- hnizm-k-Øn-em-bn-cn-°m≥- km-[y-X-bp-s≠- cym-`¿-Xr-_-\-v [-Øn-s≥d- hn-ip-≤n-°pw-
∂v- am-{X-am-Wv- C-hn-sS- hnh£n-°p-∂-Xv.- sI-´p-d-∏n-\pw- tbm-Pn-°m-Ø- ]-e-Xpw-
th-Z-ß-sf- \m-em-bn- hy-kn-®- th-Z-hym-k-s\-°p-dn-®- ]-cma¿-i-ßƒ- C-Xn-s\m-cp- hm¬-ao-In- cm-am-b-W-Øn¬- \mw- Im-Wp-
D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv-.- {io-a-lm-tZ-ho- `m-K-h-X-{]Im-cw- ]-c-ip-cm-a-\p-ti-jw- {io-cm-a-\papºm- ∂p.- cm-h-W-s≥-d- ko-Xm-]-l-c-W-Øn-\p-
bn h-∂- A-h-Xm-c-am-Wv-th-Z-hy-m-k≥.- th-Z-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-Wv- hym-k≥- ti-jw- tLm-c-am-b- bp-≤-Øn-eq-sS- ko-
B-Zy-Im-ew- ap-X¬-°p-X-s∂- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂- Im-cyw- {]-tXyIw- {i-t≤-b X-sb- c-£n®- cm-a≥- ]p-I-gv-Ø-s∏-S-W-sa-
am-Wv.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- hym-k≥- H-cp- {]-hm-N-I-\m-bn-cn-°m-\p-≈- km-[y-X- I-Æp- ∂-Xv- i-cn-bm-Wv.- ]-t£,- A-Xn-\p-tij-
a-S-®v- X-≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-√.- ap-≈- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ- {Iq-c-at√-sb-∂v-
B-sc-¶n-epw- tNm-Zn-®m¬- A-Xn¬- sX-‰p-
a¬-ky-Iq¿-Ω- h-cm-l- \-c-knw-lm-Zn-Iƒ,- C-kv-em-an-I- hnizm-k-{]-Im-cw- {]-hm-NI- Im-Wm≥- I-gn-bn-√.- F-s≥-d- A-`n-am-\-Øn-
∑m-cm-Im-≥- bm-sXm-cp- km-[y-X-bp-an-√m-Ø-h-bm-Wv.- ]-t£,- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-am-bn- _\v- \v- th-≠nbm-Wv- \n-s∂- Xn-cn-®p-]n-Sn-®-sX-
[-s∏-´- A-am-\p-jn-I- Zr-jv-Sm-¥-ß-fp-sS- h¿-W-\-bm-bn-cn-°mw- C-ß-s\-bp-≈- A-hXm- ∂v- ]-d-bp-∂- cm-a≥,- cm-h-W≥- koXsb-
c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®- hn-izm-k-Øn-\v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-sX-∂q-ln-°mw.- t\-c-sØ- kq-Nn-∏n-®- Bcy- B-kz-Zn-®n-cn-°p-sa-∂v- B-tcm-]n-°p-Iq-Sn-
˛Z-kyp- kw-L-´-\-ß-fpw- A-h-Xm-c- I-Y-Iƒ-°v- \ndw- ]-I-cm≥- k-lm-b-I-am-bn-cn-°Ww.- sN-øp-∂p.- X-s≥-d- \n-c-]-cm-[n-Xz-hpw- ]cn-
A-h-Xm-c-ß-fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏´- bp-≤-ß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- B-cy-˛Z-kyp-kw-L-´-\-ß-fpam- ip-≤n-bpw- sX-fn-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\v- ko-X- AKv-
bn- _-\v-[-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.- \n]-co£-°v- hn-t[-b-am-hp-I-bpw- A-Kv-\n-
A-h-Xm-c- I-Y-Iƒ-:-˛ ]p-cm-tW-Xn-lm-k-ß-fn-se- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\ß- bn¬- \n-∂v- H-cp- t]m-d-ep-ta¬°m-sX- ]pd-
fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- ]p-Wy-]p-cp-j-∑m-cp-sS,- hn-injy-m-- a-\p-jy-k-a-q-l-Øn-s≥-d- h-gn-Im-ń-I Øv- h-cn-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-Xn-\p-ti-jw- am-{X-
fm-b- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-sW-∂v- A-\p-am-\n-°p-I-h-ø.- A-h- b-Ym¿Y- am-Wv- cm-a≥- Ahsf- A-tbm-[y-bn-te-°v-
-Øn¬- [¿-a-- kw-kv-Ym-]-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n- I-S-∂p-h-∂- A-h-Xm-cß-fp-sS- eo-e-I-fm-hm\p- sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv.-
≈- km-[y-X-bp-an-√.- Im-e-ßƒ- I-gn-™-t∏mƒ- [¿-a-kw-kv-Ym-]-I-sc- Hm-tcm-cp-Øcpw- A-tbm-[y-bn-se-Øn-b- ko-X- am-kß
X-ß-fp-sS- kz-¥w- `m-h-\°pw- C-jv-S-Øn-\p-a-\p-k-cn-®v- ]p-I-gv-Øn-b-Xm-hmw- C-Ø-cw- ƒ-°-Iw- K¿-`n-Wn-bmIp-∂p.- P-\w- K¿-`-
I-Y-I-fp-sS- D¬-]-Øn-°v- Im-c-W-am-b-Xv.- k-aq-l-Øn-se- {]-[m-\n-I-sf- A-h-Xm-c-ß- Øn-s≥-d- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Øw- cm-h-W-\n¬-
fpsS- kv-Ym-\-tØ-°v- D-b¿-Øn-b-Xpw- C-Ø-cw- I-Y-I-fp-sS- kr-jv-Sn-°v- \n-Zm-\-am-bn-cp B-tcm-]n°p-I-bpw- ko-X-sb- k-zo-I-cn-®-
∂n-cn-°mw.- cm-a-s\- A-h-tl-fn-®- v- kw-km-cn-°p-Ibpw-
iw-_q-I- h-[w-:-˛ G-I-\m-b- ssZ-h-Øn-\v- ap-ºn¬- F-√m-hcpw- k-a≥-am-cm-sW-∂- sN-bv-Xp.- A-]-am-\-Øn¬- \n-∂v- c-£-s∏-
XØ-z-am-Wv- {]-hm-N-I- {]-t_m-[-\-ß-fn¬- kp{]-[m-\-am-b- H-∂v.- Cu- X-Øz-- -Øn-\v- Sm≥- cm-a≥- kzo-I-cn-®- am¿-K-w- ko-X-sb-
Xosc- A-\-\p-tbm-Py-am-b- {]-h¿Ø-\-am-Wv- iw-_q-I- h-[-Øn-eq-sS- {io- cm-a≥- sNbvX- D-t]-£n-°p-Ib - m-Wv.- B-{i-a{- ]m-¥Ø - n¬-
Xmbn- tcJs∏Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.- A-Im-e- N-c-a-an-√m-Xn-cp-∂- cm-a-s≥-d- Im-e-Øv- AIme- I-gnbm-s\-∂- hym-tP-\- cm-a-k-tlm-Z-\m-
N-c-aw- {]m-]n-®- X-s≥-d- a-I-s≥-d- i-h-hpw- Np-a-∂v- cm-a-s≥-d- sIm-´m-c-hm-Xn-en¬- h-∂v- b- e-£v-a-W-t\m-sSm-∏-w- c-Y-Øn¬- Im-ń-
Hcp- {_m-lv-a-W-≥- A-e-ap-d-bn-Sm≥- Xp-S-ßn.- cm-a≥- X-s≥-d- ]-Wv-Un-X- k-Z- p-am-bn- te-°v- \-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- A-h-sc- A-hn-sS-
Iq-Sn-bm-tem-Nn-®p.- A-t∏mƒ- \m-c-Z-a-l¿-jn,- cm-Py-Øn-se-hn-sS-sb-¶n-epw- [¿-a-hn-cp- D-t]-£n-®v- e-£v-aW≥- Xn-cn-®p-t]m-cp-∂p.-
≤-am-bn- iq{Z≥- X-]- v- sN-øp-∂p-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v- ]-d-™p.- cm-a≥- X-s≥-d- ]pjv-]-I-hn-am- hm¬-ao-In-bp-sS- B-{i-aØ - n¬- A-`b - w-
\-Øn-te-dn- cm-Pyw- ap-gp-h≥- Np-‰n.- Z-£n-W-`m-K-Øp-\n-∂pw- A-I-se- tLm-c-h-\-Øn¬- tX-Sn-b- ko-X,- Ahn-sS-sh-®v- e-h≥,- Ip-
D-S-tem-sS- kz¿-K-w- ]p¬-I-W-sa-∂- Bi-bp-am-bn- iq-{Z-\m-b- iw-_q-I≥- X-]- -v sN-øp- i≥- F-∂o- C-c-´-Iƒ-°v- P-∑w- \¬-Ip-∂p.-
∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wm≥- Ign-™p.- C-Xv- I-≠-bp-S-s\- cm-a≥- iw-_q-I-s≥-d- X-e-b-dp-Øp.- e-h-Ip-i≥-am-cp-sS- ]-{¥-≠v- h-b- n-\p-ti-
XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬- {_m-lv-a-W-_m-e-\v- Poh≥- Xn-cn-®p-In-ń.- C-Xp-I-≠- tZ-h-∑m¿- cm-a- jw- cm-a≥- \-S-Øn-b- bm-KØn¬-sh-®v- cm-
s\- A-\p-tam-Zn-®v- B-Im-i-Øp-\n-∂v- ]p-jv-]-hr-jv-Sn- \-S-Øn.- am-bW- am-e] - n-®- A-hs - c-°p-dn-®v- A-t±-lw-
Cu- I-Y-bn¬- \mw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv- cm-as\-∂- [¿-a-kw-kvYm-]-I-s≥-d- {]-h¿-Ø-\-am- A-t\z-jn-°p-I-bpw- ko-X-bp-sS- ]p-{X≥-am-
tWm?- A-X-√,- {_mlv-a-Wta-[m-hn-Ø-Øn-\pw- A-h¿-W-cn¬-\n-∂pw- A-dn-hv- A-I-se- cm-Wv- A-h-sc-∂v- Xn-cn-®-dn-bpI-bpw- sN-øp-
\n¿-Øm-\pw-th-≠n- ]cn-{i-an-®-h-cp-sS- k-¶¬-]-kr-jv-Sn-tbm?- B-Zy-tØ-Xm-Wv- i-cn- ∂p.- ko-X-bp-sS- ]m-Xn-{h-Xyw- sX-fn-bn-°m
sb-¶n¬- cm-a-s\-∂- [¿-a-kw-kv-Ym-]-I≥- iq-{Z-sc- a-\p-jy-cm-bn- a-\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂n- ≥- k-`-bp-sS- ap-∂n¬- h-∂v- {]-XnPv-R-sb-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 34
Wm≥- ]m-Sn√m-Ø-Xm-sW ∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- c-≠-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠m-

cm-a\- pw- I-rj
- Wv- \ - pw- {]-hm-NI - ∑
- m-cm-bn-cn-°mw-;- A√m-bn-cn-°mw.- Ip-sa-∂v- tXm-∂p-∂n-√.-
cma-s≥-db - pw- Ir-jW v- s- ≥-db - pw- D-]t- Z-iß
- f- n¬- ]eXpw- A-hb - n¬- a-lm-`m-cX - - bp-≤t- h-fb - n-epw- {io-Ir-jW v- ≥- [¿-a-Øn-\v- hncp-
ssZ-ht- _m-[\ - Ø- n-s≥-d- kzm[o-\a- p-s≠-∂- \nK-a\ - Ø
- n-se-Øm-\m- ≤-am-bn- A-\o-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- A-{I-aØ - n-s≥-db - pw- h-©\ - b- p-sS-bpw-
am¿-Kß- ƒ- kzo-Ic - n-®X- n-\v- H-´\ - h - [- n- D-Zm-lc - W- ß - ƒ- tUm.- _n.-
Wv- t{]-cn-∏n-°p-∂X - v.- ]t£,- A-hs- c- A-\p-Ic- n-°m-≥- A-hs- c- B¿.- Aw-t_-Zv-°-¿- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- "ln-µp-a-X-Øn-se- {]tl-
°p-dn-®- hy-IX v- h- pw- kvJ
- e
- n-Xc- l
- n-Xh
- p-am-b- tc-JI
- s- f-hn-sS?- fn-IIƒ'- F-∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn¬- A-°-an-´v- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.-
A-hX - m-cß- f - pw- ap-ke -v nw-If - pw-:- tKm-hmƒ-°¿- tNm-Zn-°p∂p:-
Sp-°m≥- cm-a≥- B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.- hm¬-ao- ""cm-a-\pw- Ir-jv-W-\pw- Cu-i-z-c-s≥-d- A-h-Xm-c-ß-fm-sW-∂v- hn-izkn-°m-Ø- A-t\-Iw -
In-tbm-sSm-∏w- cm-P-k-Z- n¬- {]-Xy-£-s∏- t]¿- ln-µp-[¿-a-Øn-\-I-Øp-≠v.- ]-t£,- A-h¿- F-√mw- A-\p-I-c-Wo-b-cm-b- a-lm]p-cp-
´- ko-X,- Xm≥- ]-Xn-{h-Xbm-sW-¶n¬- `q-an- j-∑m-cm-sW-∂v- C-°q-´¿- hniz-kn-°p-∂p-≠v.- A-Xn-\m¬- Cu-iz-c-≥- A-h-X-cn-®n-ń-s√-∂v-
am-Xm-hv- ]n-f-¿-∂v- F-s∂- Ip-gn-®p-aq-S-s´- ap-kv-enwIƒ- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬- A-Xn-se-¥p-≠v- Im-cyw.- A-Ø-cw- al-Zz-Iv-Xn-I-sf-
sb∂v- I-Tn-\-am-bn- {]m¿-Y-n-°p-∂p.- D-S-s\- F-¥p-sIm-≠v- A-h¿-°v- kz-¥w- tZ-io-b- ]p-cp-j-∑mcmbn- K-Wn-®p-Iq-Sm''-.-
X-s∂- `q-an- ]n-f¿-∂v,- ko-Xsb- kp-h¿-W--
ssZ-h-w- PU-Øn¬ A-h-Xc-n-®p-sh-∂- hn-izm-kw,- G-I-ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- a-l-Xz-Øn-
knw-lm-k\ - Ø
- n¬- B-cq-Vb - m-°n- D-≈n-te-
\pw- A-h≥- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®- {K-\v-Y-ß-fn-se- B-i-b-ßƒ-°p-sa-Xn-cm-sW-∂v- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ-
°v- sIm-≠p-t]m-hp-I-bpw- tZ-h-X-Iƒ- A-
hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p.- cma-\pw- I-r-jv-W-\pw- A-\p-I-c-Wo-b-cm-bn-cn-°mw-.- F-∂-√,- A-h¿- [¿a-
h-cp-sS- in-c- n¬- ]p-jv-]-hr-jv-Sn- \-S-Øp-
-kw-kv-Ym-]-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬- Xo¿-®-bm-bpw- A-\p-I-c-Wo-b-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww.- ]-t£,-
I-bpw- sN-b-vXp-sh-∂m-Wv- I-Y.-
A-h-sc- A-\p-I-cn-°-W-sa-¶n¬- A-h-sc-°pdn-®- kv-J-en-X-c-ln-X-am-b- N-cn-{X-sa-hn-sS-
am-Xr-Im-tbm-Ky-\m-b- `¿-Øm-hm-bn- Po- bp-≠v?- C-Xn-lm-k- ]p-cmW-ß-fn-se- A-h-X-m-c- eo-e-I-fn¬- k-I-e-Xpw- A-\p-I-c-Wo-b-
hn-®v- Im-Wn-®p-sIm-Sp-t°-≠- A-hX - m-cØ- n- am-sW-∂- A-`n-{]m-bw- tKmƒ-hmƒ-°¿-°p-t]m-epw- D-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v- tXm∂p-∂n-√.- ""a-lm-
s≥-d- {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-tWm- C-Xv?- A-X-√,- `m-c-Xw- B-[p-\n-I- A¿-Y-Øn-ep-≈- H-cp- N-cn-{X-{K-\vY-am-sW-∂pw- A-Xn-se- Hm-tcm- hm-
kv{Xo-sb- sh-dp-sam-cp- ku-µcy-hk - vX - p- am- °pw- B-[n-Im-cn-Ia - m-sW-∂p-w- a-lm-`m-cX - Ø
- n-se- Ir-jW v- ≥- A-Xn¬- ]-db - p-∂- X-cØ - n¬-
{X-am-bn-°-≠- ]p-cp-j-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- sN-bX v- n-´p-s≠-∂pw- sX-fn-bn-®m¬,- ln-µp-P\ - h - n-`m-KØ - n¬-\n-∂v- F-s∂ ]p-dØ - m-°n-bm¬-
kr-jv-Sn-tbm?- [¿-a-kw-kv-Ym-]-I-s≥-d- hy- t]m-epw- B- Ir-jv-W-s\- ssZ-hm-h-Xm-c-a-s√-∂v- ]-d-bp-hm≥- Rm≥- a-Sn-°p-I-bn-√''sb-
Iv-Xn-Xz-Øn-\v- tbm-Pn-°m-Ø- C-Xp-t]m-ep- ∂m-Wv- ]-e-Xpw- ssZ-hm-h-Xm-c-am-bn- I-W-°m-°p-∂- Km-\v-[n-Pn-t]m-epw- ]-d-™n-cn-°p-
≈- ]-e- {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß- f- pw- cm-am-bW- Ø - n¬- ∂-Xv.-
Im-Wm-≥- I-gn-bpw.- a-Z-y-Øn-epw- a-Zn-cm-£n-
C-¥-y-bn¬- h-∂- ap-gp-h≥- [¿-a-kw-kv-Ym-]-I-sc-bpw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m-\pw- A-\p-I-cn-
bn-epw- X¬-∏c - \
- m-b- H-cp- A-hX - m-cØ- n-s≥d-
°m-\pw- a-p-kv-enw-Iƒ- k-∂-≤-cm-Wv.- h-∂-Xv- C-¥-y-bn-em-bn-t∏m-bn-sb-∂- Im-c-W-Øm¬-
Nn-{X-am-Wv- hm¬-ao-In- cmamb-Ww- \-ap-°v-
am-{Xw- `m-c-Xo-b- {]hm-N-I-∑m-sc- A-h-a-Xn-°m≥- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ-°m-hn-√.- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-
h-c-®p-Im-Wn-®v- X-cp-∂-Xv.-
d- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-¿-°n-S-bn¬- \n-∂v- Nn-e-sc- am-{Xw- sX-c-s™-Sp-Øv- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂- {]-
Ir-jv-W-eo-e-Iƒ-:-˛ a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn- h-W-X- A-hn-izm-k-am-sW-∂v3 ]-Tn-∏n-°-s∏-´-h-cm-Wv- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ.- sk-an-‰n-Iv- {]-hm-
se- Ir-jv-W-N-cn-X-Ønepw- H-cp- [¿-a-kw- N-I-∑m-sc-t∏m-se-X-s∂- t{ijvT-cm-bn-cp-∂p- `m-c-Xo-b- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sa-∂m-Wv- ap-kv-
kv-Ym-]-I-\n-ep-≠m-hm-≥- ]m-Sn-√m-Ø- ]- enw-Iƒ- hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-Xv.- cm-a-\pw- I-r-jv-W-\pw- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°mw-;- A√m-bn-
e- kz-`m-hß-fpw- \mw- Ir-jv-W-\n¬- Im- cn-°mw.- cm-a-s≥-d-bpw- Ir-jv-W-s≥-d-bpw- D-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬- ]eXpw- A-h-bn¬- ssZ-h-
Wp-∂p.- tKm-]n-Im- h-kv-Xm-]-l-c-Ww- ap t_m-[-\-Øn-s≥-d- kzm[o-\-ap-s≠-∂- \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øm-\m-Wv- t{]-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.-
X¬- Ir-jv-W-hnhm-l-ßƒ-h-sc- H-cp- [¿- ]t£,- A-h-sc- A-\p-I-cn-°m-≥- A-h-sc-°p-dn-®- hy-Iv-X-hpw- kv-J-en-X-c-ln-X-hp-am-b-
a- kw-kv-Ym-]-I-s≥-d- hyIv-Xn-Xz-Øn-\v- A- tc-J-I-sf-hn-sS?- C-∂v- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- C-Xn-lm-k-ß-tfm- ]p-cm-W-ß-tfm- h-c-®p-Im-
\p-tbm-Py-a-s√-∂p-th-Ww- ]-d-bm≥.- Wn-°p-∂- cm-a-s\-bpw- Ir-jv-W-s\-bpw- A-\p-I-cn-°m≥- B¿-°m-Wv- I-gn-bp-I?- tKmƒ-
h-kv-{X-ß-sf-√mw- I-c-bn¬- Du-cn-sh- hmƒ-°¿-t°m- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ-t°m- I-gn-bp-tam?- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-
®v- Ip-fn-°m-\n-d-ßn-b- tKm-]n-I-am-cp-sS- h- s∂- cm-a-s\-bpw- Irjv-W-s\-bpw- A-\p-I-cn-°m-Ø- ap-kv-enw-Iƒ,- tZ-io-b-t_m-[-an-√m-
kv-{X-ßƒ- A-]-ln-°p-∂- Ir-jv-W≥,- A- Ø-h-cpw- tZ-io-b-[m-c-°v- hn-e-ßv- \n¬-°p-∂-h-cp-am-sW-∂- ho-£-Ww- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-c-
h-bp-am-bn- H-cp- a-c-Øn¬- I-b-dn-bn-cn-°p- ln-X-hpw- ]-cn-lm-ky-hp-am-Wv.- A-Xn-\v- ln-µp-a-X- hnizm-kn-bm-b- Km-\v-[nPn-X-s∂- apºv-
∂p.- tKm-]n-I-am¿- h-kv-{Xw- Xncn-sI- sIm- D-≤-cn-®- h-N-\-ß-fn-eq-sS- a-dp-]-Sn- sIm-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v.-
Sp-°p-hm-\m-h-iy-s∏-´-t∏mƒ- Hm-tcm- tKm- I¬-°n-˛ A-hk - m-\s- Ø- A-hX - m-cw-:- Z-im-hX - m-ck - n-≤m-¥{- ]-Im-ch - pw- {io-tZ-hn- alm-
]n-I-am-cpw- \-Kv\-cm-bn- h-∂v- h-kv-{Xw- B- `m-K-h-X-Øn-se- C-cp-]-Øn-bm-dv- Ah-X-m-c-ßƒ- F-∂- X-Ø-z-{]-Im-c-hpw- I¬-°n-bm-Wv-
h-iy-s∏-´m¬- am-{X-sa- A-h- \¬-Ip-I-bp- A-hk - m-\s - Ø- A-hX - m-cw.- I-en-bp-KØ- n-s≥-d- ]m-ca - y-Øn¬- Zp-jvS- P - \- - a¿-Z-I\ - mbn- I¬-
≈q-sh-∂v- im-Tyw- ]n-Sn-°p-∂p.- A-ßn-s\- °n- A-h-X-cn°p-sa-∂m-Wv- h-n-izm-kw.- I¬-°n-sb-°p-dn-®- sslµ-h- k-¶¬-]-Øn-s≥-d-
tKm-]n-I-am¿- Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-cm-bn- I-S-∂p-h- H-cp- G-I-tZ-i-Nn-{Xw- t£-{µ≥- Xs≥d- "Z-im-h-Xm-c- N-cn-{X'-Øn-se- [ym-\-t«m-I-Øn-eq-
∂v- Ir-jv-W-t\m-Sv- h-kv-{Xw- hm-ßn- I-S- sS- h-c-®p-Im-Wn°p-∂p-≠v.- A-Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv-:- ""\o-c-\v-{[-am-b- C-c-p-fn-s≥-d- Np-cp-fn¬-\n-
∂p-t]mIp∂- cw-K-ßƒ- F-√m-hn-[- h¿-W- ∂v hn-iz-sØ- hn-tam-Nn-∏n-°p-∂- {]`m-Xm¿-°s - \-t∏m-se,- tæO-tZm-jw- Xo-≠m-Ø- im¥n-
-\-I-tfm-Spw-Iq-Sn- {io-a-lm-`m-K-h-Xw- hn-h- kp-µ-c-am-b- H-cp- tem-I-Øn-s≥-d- D-Z-bhp-am-bn- I-¬-°n- {]-Xy-£-s∏-Spw''.-
cn-°p-∂p-≠v.-
-I¬-°n- A-h-Xm-cw-sIm-≠v- hn-h-£n-°p-∂-Xv- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-bm-sW-∂v- ]-e- {K-\v-
A-Xp-t]m-se-X-s∂,- {io-Ir-jv-W≥- Y-Im-c-∑m-cpw- k-a¿-∞n-®n-´p-≠v-.- hn-jv-Wp-]pcmWw- C-cp-]-Øn-\m-emw- A-≤ym-b-Øn¬-
Xs≥-d- hn-hm-lß - ƒ-°p-th-≠n- kzo-Ic - n®- ]-d-bp-∂- I¬-°n- kz-`m-h-ß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-bp-am-bn- km-ayw- ]p-e¿-Øp-
am¿-K-ßƒ- Ip-‰-a-‰-Xm-sW-∂v- ]-d-™-p- ∂p-sh∂-Xv- H-cp- h-kv-Xp-X- am-{X-am-Wv -.- G-sd- K-th-jW-ßƒ-- B-h-iy-am-b- C-∆n-j-b-
IqSm.- C-h-sbm-∂p-X-s∂- H-cp- [¿-a-kw-kv- I-am-bn- th-≠-{X- ]-T-\-ßƒ- \-S-∂n-ń-√-.- ]-T-\-ßƒ- \-S-∂m¬- `-m-c-Xo-b¿- {]-Xo-£n-
Ym-]I - \
- n-se-∂√ - ,- [¿-a-Øn¬- hn-iz- k - n-°p- ®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- A-h-km-\-sØ- B-Nm-cy≥- A-td-_y-bn¬- Ign-™p-t]-m-bn- F-∂-
∂- H-cp- km-[m-c-W-°m-c-\n¬-t]m-epw- Im- h-kv-Xp-X- kpX-cmw- t_m-[y-am-Ipw,- Xo¿-®.-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 35
kw-hm-Z-w-
Ip-cn-ip- a-c-Ww-:- hn-a¿-i-I¿-°p- sX-fn-hn-√-

s_-∂-‰v- Ip-cy-m-t°m-kv-
2002 HIvtSm_¿ e°Øn¬ {io. Aen sI. acpX FgpXnb "{IqioIcWØnse sFdWn' F∂ teJ\tØmSp
≈ hntbmP\°pdn∏mWv CXv.
{]kv X pX teJ\w hmbn®t∏mƒ Cu Ffnbh\v tXm∂nbXv CXmWv : ss__nƒ hfs®mSn®v
hymJym\n°p∂Xn¬ {io Aentbmfw ka¿Y≥ Bcpan√. teJ\Øn¬ ss__nfn¬ ]dbmØ "s]mSn∏pw
sXmßepw'sh®p≈ IY ]d®nepw teJ\mhkm\w {io Aen tNmZn®; At±lØns≥d `mjbn¬ DØcw
]dbm≥ hnb¿t°≠nhcp∂ ]Øv tNmZyßƒ°p≈ adp]Sn Xmsg ]dbp∂p.
BZyambn {io. Aen°v Adntb≠Xv Xs∂ ImWn®psImSp°p∂h\v òIcin£ D≠mIpsa∂v injysc
Xm°oXv \¬InbXn\v ImcWsa¥mbncp∂p F∂XmWv. ]t£, AXv Hcp Xm°oX√, {]XypX Hcp
{]hN\amsW∂v H‰hmb\bn¬ Xs∂ B¿°pw a\ nemIp∂ ImcyamWv. ""\nßfn¬ Hcph≥ Fs∂
ImWn®psImSp°pw F∂v Rm≥ kXyambn´v \nßtfmSv ]dbp∂p'' (aØmbn 26:21) F∂v ]dbp∂Xv Xm°otXm
{]hN\tam? {io Aen tNmZn°p∂p: tbip bqZmbpsS k¬I¿asØ t{]mXv k mln∏n°pIbt√
sNtø≠nbncp∂Xv F∂vv. Kpcphns\ H‰psImSp°p∂Xv BtWm {io Aen Dt±in°p∂ k¬I¿aw? bqZm
sNbv X Xv Xo¿®bmbpw ]mXIwXs∂. ]t£, B ]m]wt]mepw ssZhw a‰p≈hcpsS \∑°mbn
]cnWan∏n°p∂p. sIme]mXInbmb tami (aqkm \_n)sb {]hmNI\mbn sXcs™SpØpt]mseXs∂.
ssZhØns≥d ]≤XnIƒ a\pjy_p≤n°v ]q¿Wambn a\ nem°m≥ km[n°pIbn√.
bqZm Xs∂ H‰psImSp°psa∂v tbiphn\v apºpXs∂ Adnbmambncp∂p. "XncpshgpØn\v \nhrØn
htc≠Xn\v B \mitbmKy\√msX Ahcn¬ Bcpw \in®pt]mbnń√'' (tbml 17:12). bqZm H‰psImSp°psa∂v
{]hN\ßƒ D≠v. Hcp {]hN\w ZmhoZn (ZmhqZv \_n)t≥dXv BWv. ""Rm≥ hnizkn®h\pw Fs≥d A∏w
Xn∂h\pamb Fs≥d {]mWkvt\lnX≥ t]mepw Fs≥d t\sc IpXnIm¬ Db¿Ønbncn°p∂p'' (k¶o. 41:9,
tbml 13:26). CXpt]mep≈ {]hN\ßƒ ]petc≠Xn\v bqZm tbiphns\ H‰psImSp°Ww. ssZhw bqZmsb
H‰psImSp°m≥ NpaXes∏SpØn F∂√, bqZm sNøphm≥t]mIp∂ ]mXIsØ°pdn®v {]hmNI∑mcneqsS
ssZhw shfns∏SpØn F∂XmWv kXyw. bqZm sNbvX ]mXIw ssZhw a‰p≈hcpsS \∑°mbn ]cnWan∏n®p.
c≠maXmbn teJI\v Adntb≠Xv tbip blqZcn¬\n∂v Hfnt®mSn F{^bnw acp`qanbn¬ t]mbn
clkyambn Xmakn®Xv F¥n\mbncp∂p F∂mWv. tbip clkyambn Xmakn®Xv blqZcpsS Kq-VmtemN\
ImcWambncp∂p. F∂m¬ AXv blqZsc `b∂mWv F∂v ]dbm≥ hø. ImcWw tbip Xs≥d
acWsØ°pdn®v ap≥Iqń Adn™ncp∂p. AXv injy∑mtcmSv ]eh´w kqNn∏n®XmWv. ""\mw sbcpiteante°v
t]mIp∂pht√m; AhnsS a\pjy ]p{X≥ alm]ptcmlnX∑m¿°pw imkv{Xnam¿°pw G¬]n°s∏Spw. Ah¿
Ah\v acWin£ I¬]n®v ]cnlkn∏m\pw X√phm\pw {Iqin∏m\pw Ahs\ PmXnIƒ°v G¬]n°pw. F∂m¬
aq∂mw\mƒ Ah≥ Dbn¿sØgpt∂¬°pw'' (aØmbn 20:18) F∂nßs\ ]e{]mhiyw tbip Xs≥d acWhn[w
kqNn∏n®n´p≠v. tbiphns≥d {IqivacWØns≥d kabw ssZhw t\csØ \nivNbn®pd∏n®n´p≈XmWv. IqSmsX
{IqioIcWØn\v apºv s]klm BtLmjnt°≠Xpw Bbncp∂p.
ASpØXmbn teJI\v Adntb≠Xv tbip s_Ym\ybnse amfnIapdnbn¬ s]kl BtLmjn°m≥
ImcWsa¥mbncp∂p F∂XmWv . tbip s]klm BtLmjn®Xv s_Ym\ybne√, {]XypX F√m
P\ßsft∏mseXs∂ sbcpitew \KcØn¬Xs∂bmWv . tbip s_Ym\ybnemWv s]klm
BtLmjn®sX∂v ss__nfnsemcnSØpw ]dbp∂n√. tbip s_Ym\ybn¬\n∂v IgpX∏pdØv
BtLmj]q¿hambn sbcpitean¬ {]thin°p∂p. P\ßƒ At±lØn\v "tlmim∂m' ]mSp∂p (tbml
12:12˛19). Cu IgpX∏pdØp≈ sbcpitew {]thi\hpw {]hN\]q¿ØoIcWamWv ""kotbm¨ ]p{Xntb,
D®Øn¬ tLmjn®m\µn°; sbcpitew ]p{Xntb B¿∏nSpI! CXm \ns≥d cmPmhv \ns≥d ASp°¬ hcp∂p;
Ah≥ \oXnam\pw Pbmimenbpw Xmgvabp≈h\pw Bbn IgpX∏pdØpw s]ÏgpXbpsS Ipńbmb
sNdpIgpX∏pdØpw Ibdnhcp∂p'' (skJcymhv 9:9). tbip s]klm BtLmjn®Xv sbcpiteanse
"a¿t°mkns≥d amfnI' F∂dnbs∏Sp∂nSØv sh®mWv. tbip injy∑mtcmSv \KcØn¬ (sbcpitew) sN∂v
s]klm Hcp°m\mWv I¬]n°p∂Xv (am¿t°mkv 14:13).
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 36
tbip bqZbpsS \o°Øn¬ kwibw tXm∂nb√ KXvia\ tXm´Ønte°v t]mbXv.

kw-hm-Z-w-
tbiphn\v AXv Dd∏p≠mbncp∂p F∂t√ tbml 13:21¬ \n∂v a\ nemIp∂Xv. tbip

Hfn®ncn°m\mWv KXvia\ tXm´Øn¬ t]mbsX¶n¬ AXv Hcp kpc£nX kvYm\ta
Bbncp∂n√. bqZm°v B kvYew Adnbmambncp∂p (tbml 18:2). tbip injy∑mcpambn
]et∏mgpw AhnsS t]mImdp≠mbncp∂p. tbip Hfn®ncn°m\mWv AhnsS t]mbsX∂
teJIs≥d hmZw s]m≈bmbn `hn°p∂p.
s]kl AØmgkabØpw, {io Aen ]dbp∂Xv t]mse injysc H‰psImSp°en\p≈ `hnjyØns\

°pdn®v Xm°oXv \¬InbX√mbncp∂p. AXv Hcp {]hN\ambncp∂p ""Bao≥, Bao≥ Rm≥ \nßtfmSv ]dbp∂p:
\nßfn¬ HcpØ≥ Fs∂ ImWn®v sImSp°pw F∂v km£oIcn®v ]d™p'' (tbml 13:21).
tbip bqZbpsS \o°Øn¬ kwibw tXm∂nb√ KXvia\ tXm´Ønte°v t]mbXv. tbiphn\v AXv
Dd∏p≠mbncp∂p F∂t√ tbml 13:21¬ \n∂v a\ nemIp∂Xv. tbip Hfn®ncn°m\mWv KXvia\ tXm´Øn¬
t]mbsX¶n¬ AXv Hcp kpc£nX kvYm\ta Bbncp∂n√. bqZm°v B kvYew Adnbmambncp∂p (tbml
18:2). tbip injy∑mcpambn ]et∏mgpw AhnsS t]mImdp≠mbncp∂p. tbip Hfn®ncn°m\mWv AhnsS t]mb
sX∂ teJIs≥d hmZw s]m≈bmbn `hn°p∂p.
ASpØXmbn teJIs≥d tNmZyw tbip F¥n\mWv injytcmSv DSphkv{Xw hns‰¶nepw hmƒ hmßm≥
]d™Xv F∂XmWv. ss__nfns\°pdn®p≈ teJIs≥d APvRXbn¬\n∂v DSseSpØXmWv {]kvXpX
tNmZyw. eqt°mkv 22:36¬ tbip ]dbp∂ hmƒ bYm¿Y hmf√. tbip kIeXpw D]aIfneqsSbmWv
injy∑mtcmSv ]dbmdv F∂ Imcyw (aØmbn 13:34, 35) teJI\v Adnbn√. ChnsS hmƒ F∂v Dt±in°p∂Xv
"ssZhhN\w' F∂XmWv. ssZhhN\sØ hmfnt\mSv ss__nfn¬ ]ebnSØpw ]d™n´p≠v (-^nen 6:17,
shfn 1:16). ChnsS teJI≥ hmƒ F∂Xv A£cm¿YØnseSpØv kzbw hnUvVnthjw sI´p∂p. tbip
bYm¿Y hmfns\°pdn®mWv ]dbp∂sX¶n¬, XpS¿∂p≈ hmNIØn¬ "Ahs\ A[¿anIfpsS Iq´Øn¬
FÆn F∂v ({]hmNI≥-amcm¬) FgpXnbncn°p∂Xn\v C\n F∂n¬ (tbip) \nhrØnhtcWw'' (eq°m 22:36)
F-∂v- ]dbp∂Xv F¥n\mWv? injy∑mcpw tbip ]d™ A¿Yw {Kln®n√ F∂mWv 38˛mw hmIyØn¬\n∂pw
a\ nemIp∂Xv. tbip bYm¿Y hmfns\°pdn®mWv ]dbp∂sX¶n¬ ]t{Xmkv Hcp ]Sbmfnsb shńbt∏mƒ
tbip XSp°pIbpw, apdnth‰hs\ kuJyam°pIbpw sNbvXsX¥n\mWv? (eqt°m 22:50).
ASpØXmbn teJI≥ tNmZn°p∂ tNmZyw ckIcamWv. F´pt]sc tXm´Øns≥d ]SnhmXn¬°epw
iIvXcmb aq∂pt]sc Xt∂msSm∏hpw "Imh¬' \n¿ØnbXv F¥n\msW∂v P\m_v Aen°v AdnbWw.
ss__nfn¬ FhnsSbmWv tbip injy∑msc Imh¬ \n¿ØnbXmbn tcJs∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv? AhtcmSv
DW¿∂ncp∂v {]m¿Yn°m\mWv ]dbp∂Xv (a¿t°mkv14:32, eqt°m 22:40). AXv Imhembn hymJym\n®
teJIs≥d Ignhv A]cntabw Xs∂! teJI≥ FgpXp∂p: "]mdbmb ]t{Xmkns\bpw CSna°fmb bmt°m_n
s\bpw tbml∂ms\bpw Iqń A¬]Zqcw amdnt∏mbn''. "]md', "CSna°ƒ" Fs∂ms°bp≈ hnfnt∏cpIƒ tI
´v A\phmNI¿ H∂v sR´s´ F∂v IcpXn°mWpw.
ASpØXmbn {io Aen tNmZn°p∂Xv Xt∂msSm∏w DW¿∂ncp∂p {]m¿Yn°m≥ injytcmSv I¬]n®Xv
F¥n\mbncp∂p F∂XmWv. AXn\p≈ DØcw ss__nfn¬ tbip Xs∂ ]dbp∂p≠v. ""\nßƒ Ddßp∂Xv
F¥v? ]co£bn¬ AIs∏SmXncn∏m≥ Fgpt∂‰v {]m¿Yn∏n≥'' (eqt°m 22:46). A√msX tbip ]d™Xv
X\n°v Imhencn°m\√. D∂Xcmb ]ptcmlnX hrµsØ "sh≈tX® ih°√dIƒ' F∂pw "k¿∏k¥XnIƒ'
F∂pw (aØmbn 23:27, 33), tltcmZmhv cmPmhns\ "Ipdp°m' F∂pw (eqt°m 14:32) hnfn®mt£]n°m≥
ss[cyw ImWn® tbip Hcp òcphmbn Hfn®ncp∂p F∂v ]dbm≥ Hcn°epw Ignbn√. Xs∂bpa√, Xs≥d
acWw At±lw aq≥Iqń AdnbpIbpw sNbvXncp∂p. a\pjy]p{X≥ ip{iqj sNøn∏m\√, ip{iqjn∏m\pw
At\I¿°v th≠n Xs≥d Pohs\ adphnebmbn sImSp∏m\pw As{X h∂Xv'' (am¿t°m 10:45).
ap´pIpØn hoWv ]m\]m{Xw \o°nØcm≥ {]m¿Yn®Xv Xs≥d {IqipacWw Hm¿Øv Xs∂bmWv. At\IcpsS
]m]Øn\p≈ in£bmWv tbip kzbw {Iqin¬InS∂v A\p`hnt°≠Xv. ]cnip≤\mb At±lØn\v
]m]tØmSp≈ shdp∏v Hcp at\mhyYbmbn ]cnWan®p. sbiøm \_n {]hNn°p∂p: ""\ΩpsS kam[m\Øn
\p≈ in£ Ahs≥d ta¬ Bbn, Ahs≥d ASn∏nWcpIfm¬ \ap°v kuJyw h∂ncn°p∂p.... F∂m¬
btlmh \ΩpsS F√mhcpsSbpw AIrXyw Ahs≥dta¬ NpaØn.... Ahs≥d {]mW≥ Hcp AIrXybmKambn´v
Xo¿∂v Ah≥ k¥Xnsb ImWpIbpw Zo¿Lmbp v {]m]n°pIbpw btlmhbpsS CjvSw Ahs≥d Iøm¬
km[n°pIbpw sNøpw'' (sbi 53:5˛10).
sbiømhv ]dbp∂ "btlmhbpsS CjvSw' Xs∂bmWv tbip ]dbp∂ "]nXmhns≥d CjvSw' (am¿°v
14:36). ssZhØns≥d CjvSw tbip IjvSw A\p`hn°Ww F∂v Xs∂bmWv. Aßs\ sbiømhns≥d {]hN\w
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 37
kw-hm-Z-w-
{IqioIcW kabw s]klm s]cp∂mƒ Bbncp∂p. e£°W°n\mfpIƒ bcpitew
\KcØn¬ D≠mbncp∂p. ]nemtØmkv tbiphns≥d Ipcnin\v apIfn¬ ""\kdmb\mb
tbip blqZ∑mcpsS cmPmhv '' F∂v ]cnlkn®v lo{_p, em‰n≥, {Ko°v F∂o `mjIfn¬
FgpXnbncp∂p (tbml: 19:8, 19). Ah¿s°m∂pw tbiphns\ Xncn®dnbm≥ Ign™nt√?
\nhrØnbmIpw. ]m]tØmSp≈ tbiphns≥d shdp∏mWv KXvia\tØm´Øn¬ {]ISambXv.

{Iqin¬ InS∂v tbip \nehnfn®Xv ""Fs≥d ssZhta! Fs≥d ssZhta! \o Fs∂ ssIhn´Xv F¥v?''
(aØmbn 27:26) F∂mWv. F∂m¬ CXv Hcp hnem]a√mbncp∂p. teJI≥ IcpXpwt]mse ssZhw ssIhn´
HchkvYbpw A√mbncp∂p. B \nehnfnbpw Hcp {]hN\ ]q¿ØoIcWambncp∂p F∂v ]dbptºmƒ AXv`p
XØn\v AhnsS kvYm\an√. {]kvXpX hmIyw tbip k¶o¿Ø\ßfn¬\n∂v ]mSnbXmWv. k¶o¿Ø\w 22:1
¬ BWv ""Fs≥d ssZhta!......'' F∂p≈Xv. Cu k¶o¿Ø\w tbiphns≥d {IqioIcWsØ°pdn®p≈ hyIvX
amb {]hN\amWv. ""Ah¿ Fs≥d ssIItfbpw ImepItfbpw Xpsf®p. Fs≥d AkvYnIsfms°bpw F\n°v
FÆmw.....'' (k¶o 22:16, 17). tbiphns≥d PohnXmhkm\whsc F√m kw`hßfpw {]hN\ ]q¿ØoIcW
amsW∂v ImWn°m\mWv tbip Aßs\ \nehnfn®Xv.
tbiphns≥d IjvSm\p`hw {]hN\ ]pkvXIßf-n¬ FgpXnbncn°p∂p. injy∑mcn¬ Xeh\mb ]t{Xmkv
]dbp∂p: ""ssZhtam Xs≥d {InkvXp IjvSw A\p`hn°pw F∂v kIe {]hmNI∑mcpw apJm¥ncw ap∂dnbn®Xv
Cßs\ \nh¿Øn®p'' (A. {] 3:18). ho≠pw At±lw ]dbp∂p: ""\mw ]m]w kw_\v[n®v acn®v \oXn°v
Pohnt°≠Xn\v Ah≥ Xs≥d icocØn¬ \ΩpsS ]m]ßsf Npa∂psIm≠v Ipcnint∑¬ Ibdn. Ahs≥d
ASn∏nWcpIfm¬ \nßƒ°v kuJyw h∂ncn°p∂p'' (1 ]t{Xm 2:24). {]nb injy\mb tbml∂m≥ FgpXp∂p:
""{InkvXphns≥d cIvXw kIe]m]hpw t]m°n \sΩ ip≤oIcn°p∂p'' (1 tbml 1:7). tbiphns≥d c≠v
injycpw At±lw {Iqin°s∏´Xmbn km£oIcn°p∂p.
tbip {Iqin°s∏´Xmbn Ncn{XtcJIfp≠v. injy∑m¿ [mcmfap≠mbncp∂ d_n (Kpcp)bmbpw, a{¥hmZnbpw
bn{kmtbens\ ]ng®hgnbn¬ t]mIphm≥ t{]cn∏n®h\mbpw, s]klmbpsS kabØv {Iqin°s∏´h\mbpw
blqZcpsS "X¬aqZv' F∂ {K\vYØn¬ ]dbp∂p. IqSmsX tdmamNcn{XImc\mb Smkn‰kv (F.Un. 54˛119)
FgpXp∂p: ""Xn_cymkns≥d hmgvNbpsS ImeØv \ΩpsS Kh¿W¿amcn¬ Hcph\mb ]nemtØmkns≥d
]°¬\n∂pw h[in£ G‰ {InkvXphn¬\n∂pamWv Cu \maw ({InkvXym\nIƒ) DfhmbXv'' (tdmamNcn{Xw
Annals XV: 44). injy\mb,- "I≠n´√msX hnizkn°n√' F∂ ]nSnhmin°mc\mb tXmakv, {Iqin°s∏´v
]p\cp∞m\w sNbvX tbiphns\ I≠p (tbml 20:25˛19). Ct±lw F.Un. 52¬ C¥ybnseØn {Iqin°s∏
´h\mb {InkvXphns\ {]kwKn®Xmbn Ncn{XtcJIfp≠v.
tbiphns≥d AtXOmbbp≈ as‰mcmƒ BWv {Iqin°s∏´Xv F∂v Nne¿ hmZn°mdp≠v. Ah¿ Xmsg
]dbp∂ tNmZyßƒ°v DØcw Xcm≥ _m[ykvYcmWv.
1. {IqioIcWØn\v sIm≠pt]mIp∂ hgn [mcmfw kv{XoIƒ tbiphns\ I≠v hne]n®p F∂pw eqt°mkv
tcJs∏SpØp∂p (eq°m 23:27˛31). Ah¿°v tbiphns\ Xncn®dnbm≥ Ign™n√ F∂mtWm?
2. {IqioIcW kabw s]klm s]cp∂mƒ Bbncp∂p. e£°W°n\mfpIƒ bcpitew \KcØn¬
D≠mbncp∂p. ]nemtØmkv tbiphns≥d Ipcnin\v apIfn¬ ""\kdmb\mb tbip blqZ∑mcpsS cmPmhv''
F∂v ]cnlkn®v lo{_p, em‰n≥, {Ko°v F∂o `mjIfn¬ FgpXnbncp∂p (tbml: 19:8, 19). Ah¿s°m∂pw
tbiphns\ Xncn®dnbm≥ Ign™nt√?
3. {IqioIcW kabØv kz¥w AΩ adnbhpw, {]nb injy≥ tbml∂m\pw kao]Øv D≠mbncp∂p.
tbip AhtcmSv kw`mjn°pIbpw sNbvXXmWv,- (tbml 19:26). Ch¿°v H∂v tbiphns\ Xncn®dnbm≥ Ign
™nt√?
tbip {Iqin°s∏SWsa∂v {]hN\ßƒ D≠v. AXv {IqioIcWw hgn \nhrØnbmbn. tbip \ΩpsS
]m]ßsf hln®psIm≠v Ipcnintedn. AXv \ntj[n°p∂ {io Aensbbpw Iq´scbpw c≠v ss__nƒ
hN\ßƒ Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p ""Atøm, _p≤nlo\tc, {]hmNI∑m¿ ]d™ncn°p∂Xv F√mw hnizkn°mØ
aµ_p≤nItf, {InkvXp Cßs\ IjvSw A\p`hn®n´p Xs≥d alXzØn¬ ISt°≠X√tbm?' (eqt°m 24:25,26).
""lm! _p≤nbn√mØ KemXytc, tbip{InkvXp {Iqin°s∏´h\mbn \nßfpsS IÆn\v apºn¬ hc®p
Imńbncns° \nßsf £p{Zw sNbvXv ab°nbXv Bcv?'' (Kem 3:11).
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 38
kw-hm-Z-w-
tbip- c-£-s∏-Sm≥- {i-an-®n-s√-t∂m?-

A-en.- sI-.- a-cp-X-
H-cp- {]-tXy-I- te-J-\-Øn-\v- hn-a¿-i-\-°p-dn-s∏-gp-Xp-tºmƒ- A-Xn-se- ]-cm-a¿-in-X- hn-j-b-ßƒ-°v- Iq-Sp-X¬-

]cn-K-W-\- \¬-Ip-I-bpw- ]-cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-ń-ń-√m-Ø-Xpw- F-∂m¬- {]-kv-Xp-X- hn-j-b-hp-am-bn- G-sd- _-\v-[-s∏-´-
Xpam-b- Nn-e- Im-cy-ß-sf-sb-¶n-epw- A-h-K-Wn-t°-≠n-h-cp-sa-∂-Xpw kzm-`m-hn-Iw- am-{Xw.-
Cu-sbm-cp- ]-cn-an-Xn- ap≥-\n¿-Øn-s°m-≠v- am-{X-sa- hn-a¿-i\ - °-pd - n-∏n-s\- hn-eb - n-cp-Øm-\m-hq.- "kvt- \-lk - w-hmZw'-
H-Ivt- Sm-_¿- e-°Ø - n-se- "{Iq-io-Ic - W- Ø - n-se- sF-dW - n'- F-∂- F-s≥-d- Ip-dn-∏n-\pw- C-u- ]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ- ]q¿-Wa - m-bpw- D-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- sk-]vX - w-_¿- e-°Ø - n-se- "A-Xn-cp-hn-´- bq-Zm- am-lm-Xva - yw-'- F-∂- hn-a¿-i\ - Ø- n-\p-≈- a-dp-]S- n-bm-bn-cp-
∂p- A-sX-¶n-epw- ap≥-e° - ß
- f - n¬-Iq-Sn- h-∂- Ip-dn-∏p-If - p-sS- XpS¿-®- am{X-am-Wv "{Iq-io-Ic - W
- Ø- n-se- sFd-Wn'-.- A-
Xn-\m¬-Xs - ∂- ap≥-e° - ß
- f - p-am-bn- Xn-I® - pw- _-\v[ - s- ∏-´p-In-S° - p-∂- H-cp- {]-Xn-Ic - W
- w- am-{X-am-Wv- {]-kvX - pX- te-J\ - w.-
a-dn-®v- H-cp- hn-jb - s- Ø-°p-dn-®p-≈- kz-X{- ¥- ]-T\ - a- √- .- Ccp-]c - n-[n-bpw- ]-cn-an-Xn-bpw- ap-Jh - n-es- °-Sp °m-sX-bm-Wv- {]-
kvX - p-X- te-J\ - Ø
- n-\v- {io.- _-∂‰ - v- Ip-cym-t°m-kv- hn-tbm-P\ - ° - p-dn-s∏-gp-Xn-bs - X-∂v- ]-db - m-sX- hø.- hntbm-P\ - °
- p- d
- n-
∏n-se- ]-cm-a¿-iß - f - n¬- ]-eX - pw- ap≥-e° - ß
- f - n-se- te-J\ - ß- f - n¬- h-ni- Z- o-Ic- n-°p-Ib - pw- \n-hm-cW
- w- h-cp-Øp-Ib - pw-
sN-bvX - X- m-Wv.- A-Xn-\m¬- hn-iZ- - hn-hc - Ø
- n-\v- ap≥-e° - ß - ƒ- ]-cn-tim-[n-°pI-bm-hpw- D-NnXw.-
A-h-km-\- tNm-Zy-ßƒ-°v- am-{Xw- hn-tbm-Pn-∏v- {]-I-Sn-∏n-®- Ip-dn-∏p-Im-c≥- te-J-\-Øn¬- kq-Nn-∏n-®- a-‰v- kp-
{][m-\- Im-cy-ß-sf- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂- hn-i-zm-k-tØm-sS,- hy-Iv-Xn-l-Xy-bpw- A-\m-h-iy- hn-h-c-W-ß-fpw- Ah-
K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠v- h-kv-Xp-X-I-sf- am-{Xw- hn-i-I-e-\w- \-S-Øm-\m-Wp-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.-
{]-h-N-\-am-Wv,- Xm-°o-X-√......?-
X-s∂- Im-Wn-®psIm-Sp-°p-∂-h-\v- ò-I-c- in-£-bp-≠m-Ip-sa-∂- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- {]-Jym-]-\w- H-cp- Xm-°o-X-√,- a-dn
®v- "H-cp- {]-h-N-\-am-sW'-∂m-Wv- hn-tbm-P-\-°p-dn-∏p-Im-c-s≥-d- hm-Zw.- {]-h-N-\-am-tWm- A-√-tbm- F-∂-X-√,- a-dn-®v- {]-
kv-Xp-X- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bn¬- Xm-°o-Xn-s≥-d- kz-cw- \n-g-en°p-∂p-thm- F-∂-Xm-Wv- N¿-®.- kp-hn-ti-j-ßƒ- X-s∂-
kwkm-cn-°-s´-:-
a-Øm-bn:- "a-\p-jy-]p-{X-s\- Im-Wn-®p-sIm-Sp°p-∂- a-\p-jy-t\m- lm- I-jv-Sw.- B- a-\p-jy≥- P-\n-°m-Xn-cp-∂p-
sh-¶n¬- A-h-\v- sIm-≈-m-am-bn-cp-∂p'- (26:-24).- a¿-t°m-kv-:- "a\p-jy-]p-{X-s\- Im-Wn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂- a-\p-jy-t\m-
Atøm- I-jv-Sw-;- B- a-\p-jy≥- P-\n-°m-Xn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬- A-h≥- sIm-≈mbn-cp-∂p'- (14:-21).-
eq-t°m-kv-:- "F-¶n-epw- A-h-s\- Im-Wn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂- a-\p-jy-\v- A-tøm- I-jv-Sw- F-∂v- ]-d-™p'- (22:-23).-
_p-≤n- a‰m¿-°pw- ]-W-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń-s√-∂v- D-d-∏p-≈- hm-b-\-°m¿- hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-s´,- ta¬-hm-Iy-ß-fn¬- Xm°o-
Xn-s≥-d- kz-cw- \n-g-en-°p-∂p-thm- F-∂v-. hn-tbm-P-\-Ip-dn-∏p-Im-c≥- ]-d-™-t]m-se- H-‰- hm-b-\-b-√;- F-{X- {]m-h-iyw-
B-h¿-Øn-®m-epw- C-Xn¬ Xm-°o-Xpw- ò-j-Wn-bpw- \n-g-en-°p-∂Xmbn ImWpsa∂Xv- Xo¿-®-bm-Wv.- C-\n- B- Xm°o-
Xpw H-cp- {]-h-N-\-am-sW-∂v- ]-d-bn-s√-∂v- {]-Xym-in-°mw.-
A-Xn-\m¬-X-s∂- tb-ip-{In-kv-Xp- Xm≥- ]n-Sn-°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-hm-\p-≈- ]gp-Xp-Iƒ- Hm-tcm-∂m-bn- A-S-®p-sIm-
≠p-h-cn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xn-\v- ap-t∂m-Sn-sb-t∂m-Ww,- X-s≥-d- in-jy-∑m-cp-sS- k-lm-b-tØm-sS-b-√m-sX- Xm≥- ]n-Sn-
°-s∏-Sp-I-bn-s√-∂v- Dd-∏p-≈- tb-ip-{Inkv-Xp- B- Ip-X-{¥-Øn-s≥-d- A-Sn-th-cv- X-s∂- ap-dn-®p-am-‰p-hm-\p-≈- {i-a-sa-
t∂m-W-am-Wv- a-c-Wm-\-¥-c- Po-hn-X- in-£-sb-X-s∂- ^-e-{]-Z-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥- {i-an-®-Xv.-
X-s∂-s°m-≠m-hpw-hn-[-sa-√mw- A-Xn-\p-≈- {i-a-ß-ƒ- tb-ip- Xp-S¿-∂p;- A-¥y- A-Øm-g- k-a-b-Øp-t]m-epw.-
hntbm-P-\-°p-dn-∏p-Im-c≥- hm-Zn-°pw-t]m-se- A-sXm-cp- {]-h-N-\-am-sW-¶n-epw- A-s√-¶n-epw- i-cn A-Xn¬- Xm-°o-Xv-
Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p-sh-∂Xv- H-cp- A-\n-tj-[y- k-Xy-am-Wv.- A-Xn-\m¬- h-kv-Xp-X-sb- h-kv-Xp-X-bm-bn- Im-Wm-\p-≈-
klr-Z-b-Xzw- h-n-tbm-P-\-°p-dn-∏p-Im-c-\p-≠m-hp-sa-∂-m-Wv- {]-Xo-£.-
A-¥y- A-Øm-g- k-a-b-sØ- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- {]-Jym-]-\w- H-cp- Xm-°o-Xm-bn-cps∂-∂v- sX-fn-bn-°m-\m-bn- A-t±-lw-
F-gp-∂-≈n-®- tbm-lm- 13:-21 th-Z-hm-Iyw- a-s‰m-c¿-Y-Øn¬- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- X-s∂- F-Xn-cm-bn- Xp-S-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xm-Wv-
hn-Nn-{Xw-:- "C-Xp-]-d-™n-´v- tb-ip- D-≈w-I-e-ßn-:- B-ta≥- B-ta≥- Rm≥- \n-ß-tfm-Sv- ]-d-bp-∂p.....'.- at\m-th-Z-\-
bm¬- D-≈w- I-e-ßn-s°m-≠p-≈- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- Cu- {]-Jym-]-\-Øn¬-t]m-epw- a-c-W-tØm-Sp-≈- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d-
k-ao-]-\w- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w- H-cp- \n-c-]-cm-[n-bp-sS- Zo-\-tcmZ-\w- A-Xn¬- A-\p-`-h-t`-Zy-am-sW-∂v- B¿°pw-
hy-Iv-X-am-hpw.- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- hm-°p-I-fn¬-t]m-epw- A-Xv- {]-I-S-am-Wp-Xm-\pw.-
H-‰p-sIm-Sp-°-se-∂- "kZv-I¿-aw'-
X-s≥-d- h-µy-Kp-cp-hn-s\- tI-h-ew- ap-∏-Xv- sh-≈n-°m-in-\v- i-{Xp-°ƒ-°v- H-‰p-sIm-Sp-Øp-sh-∂- {Iq-c-I¿-a-sØ-bm-
tWm- k-Zv-I¿-a-sa-∂v- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-sX-∂- Ip-dn-∏p-Im-c-s≥-d- tNm-Zyw- Xn-I-®pw- _m-en-i-am-Wv.- A-`n-\-h- ss{I-
kv-X-h- k-`-I-fp-sS- hn-izm-kw- i-cn-bm-sW-¶n¬- bq-Zm- sN-bv-X-Xv- H-cp- h-en-b- ]p-Wy-I¿-a-am-sW-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 39
kw-hm-Z-w-
{]-kX v- p-X- {]-hN- \
- - ]q¿-Øo-Ic- W
- w- th-Z] - p-kX v- I- Ø
- n-s≥-d- Zn-hy-Xzw- sX-fn-bn-°m-\p-≈- D-cI- -
√m-sW-∂n-cn-s°- A-Xn-\p-th-≠n- b-X\ -v n-®- bq-Zs- b- k-`m-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ- F-{X-am-{X-w- B-Zc- n-°W - w?
bq-Zs- b-ßm-\pw- A-Øc- s- am-cp- km-lk - Ø- n-\v- H-cp-ßn-bn-ń-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬- k-`m- hn-izm-k-
{]-Im-cw- am-\h - I
- p-eØ - n-\p-≈- ]m-]t- am-N\ - a- m¿-Kß - ƒ- F-s∂-t∂-°p-am-bn- sIm-ń-bS- ° - s- ∏-Sp-
am-bn-cp-∂n-t√?-
ktµ-l-ta- C-√.-
"tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- B-Ka - t- \m-t±-iy-w- F-¥v'- F-∂- tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- k-`m-hn-izm-k- {]-Im-ca - p-≈- D-Øc - w- e-`n-°p-∂t- XmsS-
{]-kvX - p-X- kw-ib - Ø - n-\v- \n-hm-cW - a - m-Ipw.- tb-ip-{In-kvX - p-hn-s≥-d- B-Ka - t- \m-t±-iyw- am-\h - I- p-eØ - n-s≥-d- ]m-]` - m-cw-
kz-bw- in-ck - m-hl - n-®v- Ip-cn-in-te-dn- a-cn-°p-Ib - m-sW-∂m-Wv- k-`m- hn-iZ- o-Ic - W- w.- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- i-nj - y-cn-sem-cmƒ-
tI-he - w- ap-∏X - v sh-≈n-°m-in-\v- X-s≥-d- K-pc - p-hn-s\- i-{Xp-°ƒ-°v- H-‰p-sIm-Sp-°p-sa-∂- th-Z] - p-kvX- I- - {]-hN - \ - a
- m-W-
t{X!- hn-tbm-P\ - I- p-dn-∏p-Im-c≥-Xs - ∂- C-Xn-\v- sX-fn-hp≤-cn-°p-∂p-≠p-Xm-\pw.- C-Øc - w- {]-hN - \- w- ]pe-cm≥- bq-Z- tb-
ip-sh- H-‰p-sI-mS- p-°W - s - a-∂pw- A-t±-lw- {]-Jym-]n-°p∂p.- F-¶n-epw- Cu- {]-hN - \
- - ]q¿-Øo-Ic - W
- - bPvR - s- Ø- H-cp-
k¬-I¿-aa - m-bn- K-Wn-°m-sX- C-sXm-cp- ]m-XI - a - m-sW-∂- At±-lØ - n-s≥-d,- - F-¥n-t\-sd- k-`b - p-sS-t]m-epw- \n-e] - m-Sv-
hn-Nn- {- Xw-Xs - ∂-!- {]-kvX - p-X- {]-hN - \ - - ]q¿-Øo-Ic - W- w- th-Z] - p-kvX
- I
- Ø - n-s≥-d- Zn-hy-Xzw- sX-fn-bn-°m-\p-≈- D-cI - √ - m-
sW-∂n-cn-s°- A-Xn-\p-th-≠n- b-Xv\ - n-®- bq-Zs - b- k-`m-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ- F-{X-am-{X-w- B-Zc - n-°W - w? bq-Zs - b-ßm-\pw- A-
Ø-cs - am-cp- km-lk - Ø - n-\v- H-cp-ßn-bn-ń-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬- k-`m- hn-izm-k{- ]-Im-cw- am-\h - I - p-eØ - n-\p-≈- ]m-]t- am-N-
\-am¿-Kß - ƒ- F-s∂-t∂-°p-am-bn- sIm-ń-bS- ° - s - ∏-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂n-t√?- A-Xn-\m¬- Pq-sse- e°w- "kvt- \-lk - w-hm-Z'-Øn¬-
Rm≥- kq-Nn-∏n-®,- - bq-Zb - p-sS- tk-h\ - ß - s- f- Aw-Ko-Ic - n-°p-Ib - pw- hn-ea- X- n-°p-Ib - pw- sN-bvt- X- a-Xn-bm-hq; A-hc - p-sS- k-
`m-hn-izm-kt- Øm-Sh - ¿- \o-Xn- ]p-e¿-Øp-∂p-sh-¶n¬.- C-°m-cW - Ø- m¬-Xs - ∂- bq-Zb - p-sS- Cu- H-‰p-sIm-Sp-°¬- (?-)- H-cp-
k¬-I¿-aa - m-bn- Aw-Ko-Ic - n-t°-≠n-hc - p-∂p.- a-dn®v- - bq-Zb - p-sS- {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß- s - f- H-cp- ]m-XI - a- m-bn- Im-Wp-∂h - ¿- X-ßf - p-
sS- A-Sn- k - vY- m-\- hn-izm-kØ - n-¬\ - n-∂p-≈h - y-Xn-Ne - \- a - m-bX- n-\m¬- A-Xv- Xn-cp-Ø¬- A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.-
k-`-bp-sS- Aw-Ko-Im-c-ap-s≠-¶n-epw- C-s√-¶nepw- i-cn- Cu- sIm-Spw-]m-X-In- (?-)-sb- tb-ip- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bpw-
B-Z-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv- th-Z-]p-kv-X-Iw- a-\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp-∂-Xv.- A-¥y-\m-fn¬- kw-`-hn-°m-\p-
≈- H-cp- h-kv-Xp-X-sb-°p-dn-®v- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- ap≥-Iq-ń-bp-≈- H-cp- {]-kv-Xm-h-\- {i-≤n-°p-I-:-
"F-s∂- A-\p-K-an-°p-∂- \n-ßƒ- ]p-\¿-P-∑-Øn¬- a-\p-jy-]p-{X≥- X-s≥-d- a-l-Xz-Øn-s≥-d- knw-lm-k-\-Øn¬-
C-cn-°p-tºmƒ- \n-ß-fpw- ]-{¥-≠v- knw-lm-k-\-Øn¬- C-cp-∂v- C-{km-tb¬- tKm-{Xw- ]-{¥-≠n-t\-bpw- \ym-bw-hn-[n-
°pw- F-∂v- Rm≥- k-Xy-am-bn-´v- \n-ß-tfm-Sv- ]-d-bp-∂p'- (a-Øm-bn- 19:-28).-
"\n-ßƒ- F-s≥-d- cm-Py-Øn¬- F-s≥-d- ta-i-bn-¶¬- Xn-∂v- Ip-Sn-°p-I-bpw- kn-w-lm-k-\-Øn¬- C-cp-∂v- C-{km-
tb¬- tKm-{Xw- ]-{¥-≠n-t\-bpw- \ym-bw- hn-[n-°p-I-bpw-sN-øpw-'- (eq-°v- 22:-30).-
tb-ip-{In-kv-Xp-hn-s≥-d- in-jy-Xzw-sIm-≠v- a-‰v- in-jy-∑m¿-°pw- F-¥v- a-l-Xz-am-tWm- \ym-b-hn-[n- \m-fn¬- e-
`n°pI- A-tX- a-l-X-zw- C-kv-°m-cn-tbm-Øv- bq-Zm-°pw- e-`n-°p-sa-∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- Cu- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-
bp-sS- kmcw.- A-Y-hm- C-{km-tb¬- tKm-{X-ß-fnsem∂n\v- \ym-bm-\ym-bw- hn-[n-°m-\p-≈- a-lm-`m-Kyw.- F-∂n-´pw-
k`- hm-Zn-°p∂p- bq-Z- im-]-{Kkv-Y-s\-∂v.-
bq-Zm- X-s∂- H-‰p-sIm-Sp-°p-sa-∂v- tb-ip-hn-\p-ap-tº- A-dn-bp-sa-∂pw- A-Xv- A-t±-lw- ap≥-Iq-ń- {]-kv-Xm-h-n-°p-∂p-
s≠-∂pw- hm-Zn-°p-∂- hn-tbm-P-\- Ip-dn-∏p-Im-c≥,- F-∂n-´p-sa-t¥- tb-ip- bq-Z-sb- a-l-Xz-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-sX-∂- tNm-Zy-
Øn-\p-Ø-cw- ]-d-bm≥- _m-[y-kv-Y-\m-Wv.- ]-¥n-cp-h-cn¬-\n-∂v- bq-Z-sb- H-gn-hm-°m-am-bn-cp-∂n-t√?-
H-fn-t®m-´w-
tb-i-p F-{^-bo-a-n-te-°v- H-fn-t®m-Sn- c-l-ky-am-bn- Xm-a-kn-®p-sh-∂pw- A-Xv- b-lqZ-cp-sS- Kq-Vm-tem-N-\- Im-c-W-
am-sW-∂pw- hn-tbm-P-\-°m-c≥- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n-epw- A-Xv- b-lq-Z-sc- `-b-∂n-´m-sW-∂v- ]-d-™p-Iq-sS-∂m-Wv-
A-t±-l-Øns≥-d- hm-Zw.-
tb-ip- X-s≥-d- a-c-W-sØ- ap≥-Iq-ń- Adn-™n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬- b-lq-Z-cp-sS- Kq-Vm-tem-N-\-sb- `-b-s∏-Sp-I-tbm-
Hfn-t®m-Sp-I-tbm- sN-tø-≠-Xn-√-t√m- F-∂- tNm-Zyw- ho-≠pw- D-Xv-`-hn-°p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS.- Xm-t\-Xm-bm-epw- ]n-Sn-°-
s∏-Sp-sa-∂pw- F-s≥-d- a-c-Ww- C-∆n-[-am-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂pw- tb-ip-hn-\v- aq≥-[m-c-W-bp≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬,- A-sXm-cp-
ssZ-hn-I- Xo-cp-am-\-hp-am-sW-¶n¬- (?)- X-s≥-d- \n-tbm-K-a-\w- A-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp-am-sW-¶n¬- k-t¥m-j-]q¿-hw- A-
Xns\- t\-cn-Sp-∂-Xn-\v- ]-I-cw- tb-ip- H-cp- hr-Ym-hym-bm-aw- sN-ø-W-am-bn-cp-t∂m- F-∂- tNm-Zyw- kzm-`mhn-I-am-bpw-
C-hn-sS- D-S-se-Sp-°p-∂p.-
K-Xv-i-a-\-tXm-´-Øn¬.......?-
bq-Z-bp-sS- \o-°-Øn¬- kw-i-b-w- tXm-∂n-b-Xn\m-e-√- tb-ip- KXv-i-a-\- tXm-´-Øn-te-°v- t]m-b-sX-∂- Ip-dn-∏p-
Im-c-s≥-d- hm-Zw- \n-c¿-Y-I-am-Wv.- ]n-s∂- F-¥n-\m-bn-cp-∂p- A-Øm-g-w- I-gn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-s°,- bq-Zm- k-`- hn-ń-d-ßn-b-
D-S-s\- cm-{Xn-°p-cm-{Xn-X-s∂- tb-ip- sI-t{Zm≥- tXm-´-Øn-\-°-sc-bp-≈- KXv-i-a-\-bn-se-Øn-b-sX-∂- tNm-Zy-Øn-\p-
Ø-cw- hn-tbm-P-\-Ip-dn-∏p-Im-c≥- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°-W-am-bn-cp-∂p.-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 40
tb-ip- X-s≥-d- in-jy-tcm-Sv- D-Sp-hk- {v- Xw- hn-s‰-¶n-epw- hm-ßp-hm≥- I¬-]n-®- hmƒ- (eq-°v- 22:-36)- b
kw-hm-Z-w-
Ym¿-Y- hm-fs- √-∂pw- ss_-_n-fn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈- A-PR v- X- b

- n¬- \n-∂v- D-Ss- e-Sp-Ø- Nn-¥b - m-Wn-
sX-∂pw- kz-bw- hn-UvVn-th-jw- sI-´p-∂p-sh-∂p-sa-√m-ap-≈- hn-tbm-P\ - °-pd- n-∏p-Im-cs- ≥-d- ]-cn-
lm-kw- B-Zyw-sN∂v- X-d° - p-∂X - v- k-`m-ku-[- in¬-]n-If- m-b- ss{I-kX v- h- - tem-Iw- B-Zc- t- hm-sS-
am-{Xw- kva- c- n-°p-∂- hn-ip-≤- A-t∏m-kX v- e
- c- p-sS- s\-©n-te-°m-sW-∂- bm-Ym¿-Yyw- X-s≥-d- A-an-
Xm-th-iØ - n-\n-S° - v- hn-tbm-P\- °-pd- n-∏p-Im-c≥- hn-kav- c- n-®p-sh-∂X - m-Wv- k-Xyw.-
s]-k-lm- B-tLmjw- G-Xm-\pw- k-a-b-tØ-°v- am-{X-sam-Xp-ßp-∂- N-S-ß-s√-∂v- blq-Z- N-cn-{Xw- ]-Tn-®-h¿-°-

dn-bm-w.- kq-cym-kv-X-a-bw- ap-X¬- {]`-m-Xw-h-sc- cm-{Xn- ap-gp-h≥- \o-≠p-\n¬-°p-∂- H-cp- B-cm-[-\m- I¿-a-am-Wn-Xv.- ]-
t£,- tb-ip- bq-Zm -X-s∂- hn-´p-]n-cn-™-tXm-sS- s]-k-lm- N-S-ßp-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- ]n≥-am-dp-I-bpw- Iq-cn-cp-´v- t]m-epw- h-
I-sh-°m-sX- cm-{Xn-°p-cm-{Xn- X-s∂- \m-gn-I-Iƒ- Zq-c-ap-≈- sI-t{Zm≥- tXm-´-Øn-\-°-scbp-≈- KXv-i-a-\- tXm-´-Øn-
te-°v- t]m-Im-\p-≈- Im-c-Ww- Ip-dn-∏p-Im-c≥- hn-i-ZoI-cn-°p-hm≥- ap-Xn-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p.- F-s≥-d- hm-Zw- s]m-≈-bm-
sW-∂v- {]-Jym-]n-°m≥- hn-tbm-P-\-°m-c≥- Im-Wn-®- N-¶q-‰-Øn-s≥-d- sN-dn-b- H-cw-i-sa-¶n-epw- C-Xn-\v- Im-c-Ww tX-
Sm≥- \o-°n-sh-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p.-
bq-Zm- X-s∂- Im-Wn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-sa-∂v- tb-ip-hn-\v- D-d-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v sX-fn-bn-°m-\m-bn- hn-tbm-P-\-°-p
dn-∏p-Im-c≥- lm-P-cm-°n-b- th-Z- hm-Iy-Øn¬- (tbm-l- 13:-21)- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- am-\-kn-I- hy-Y-bpw- ò-Xn-bpw- \n-g-en-°p-
∂-Xm-bn- Im-Wm-\m-hpw.-
C-Ø-c-sam-c-h-kv-Y-bn¬- bq-Z-bp-sS- A-km-∂n-[y-Øn¬- X-s≥-d- ap≥- {]-Im-c-ap-≈- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- s]-s´-∂v- am-‰n-
sI-t{Zm≥- tXm-´-Øn-te-°v- t]m-b-Xv- H-fn-®n-cn-°m-\-s√-¶n¬- ]n-s∂- a-s‰-¥n-\m-bn-cp-∂p?- hn-P-\-am-b- h-en-sbm-cp-
tXm-´w- kp-c-£n-X- tI-{µ-a-s√-∂- Ip-dn-∏p-Im-c-s≥-d- hm-Zw- A-h-K-Wn-°m-sX- h-ø.-
tI-h-e-sam-cp- {]m¿-Y-\-bm-bn-cp-∂p- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- e-£y-sa-¶n¬- hn-P-\-am-b- B- am-fn-I-ap-I-fn¬-X-s∂- I-gn-®p-
Iq-ń- s]-k-l- BtLm-jw- `w-Kn-bm-bn- B-N-cn-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m.- A-hn-sS-X-s∂- {]m¿-Y-\-bn¬- ap-gp-In- I-gn-®p-
Iq-´m-am-bn-cp-∂p.- am-{X-a-√,- Aw-K-c-£-I-Iq-´pw- B-h-iy-hp-an-√-t√m.-
{]-kv-Xp-X- {]-m-¿Y-\-bp-sS- D-≈-S-°-sa-¥m-bn-cp-∂p?- tem-I¿-t°m- X-s≥-d- k-aq-l-Øn-t\m- th-≠n-bp-≈- ]m-]-
tam-N-\-am-bn-cp-t∂m?- A√!- a-dn-®v- A-Xn-se- D-≈-S-°w- Xn-I-®pw- hy-Iv-Xn-]-c-am-bn-cp-∂p-Xm-\pw.- X-s∂- a-c-W-Øn¬-
\n-∂v- c-£n°m-\m-b-n- tb-ip- i-njy-cp-sam-Øv- ]-e-t∏m-gpw- h-cm-dp-≈- kv-Y-eam-bn-cp-∂p- C-sX-¶n-epw- bq-Z-bpw- ]-S-bm-
fn-I-fpw- tb-ip-sh-bpw- Xn-c-™v- A¬-]-sam-∂v- "Np-‰n-Øn-cn-™n'-´p-≠m-hp-sa-∂v- A-\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- Im-c-
Ww- ap≥- ]-≤-Xn-b-\p-k-cn-®v- bq-Z- t]m-bn- a-Wn-°q-dp-Iƒ-°p-ti-j-am-Wv- ]-S-bm-fn-Isf-bpw- Iq-ń- KXv-i-a-\- tXm-´-
Øn-se-Øp-∂-Xv.- A-t∏mƒ- A¿[-cm-{Xn-bpw- I-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p.- A-{X-bpw- k-a-bw- A-h¿- tb-ip-th-bpw- tX-Sn- h-y-
Xy-kv-X- kv-Y-e-ß-fn¬- A-e-bp-I-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww.-
hmƒ......-
tb-ip- X-s≥-d- in-jy-tcm-Sv- D-Sp-hk - v{- Xw- hn-s‰-¶n-epw- hm-ßp-hm≥- I¬-]n-®- hmƒ- (eq-°v- 22:-36)- b-Ym¿-Y- hm-fs - √-
∂pw- ss_-_n-fn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈- A-PvR - X - b- n¬- \n-∂v- D-Ss - e-Sp-Ø- Nn-¥b - m-Wn-sX-∂pw- kz-bw- hn-UvVn-th-jw- sI-´p-
∂p-sh-∂p-sa-√m-ap-≈- hn-tbm-P\ - °-pd - n-∏p-Im-cs - ≥-d- ]-cn-lm-kw- B-Zyw-sN∂v- X-d° - p-∂X - v- k-`m-ku-[- in¬-]n-If - m-b-
ss{I-kvX - h
- - tem-Iw- B-Zc - t- hm-sS- am-{Xw- kva - c- n-°p-∂- hn-ip-≤- A-t∏m-kvX - e
- c - p-sS- s\-©n-te-°m-sW-∂- bm-Ym¿-Yyw-
X-s≥-d- A-an-Xm-th-iØ - n-\n-S° - v- hn-tbm-P\ - °-pd - n-∏p-Im-c≥- hn-kva - c- n-®p-sh-∂X - m-Wv- k-Xyw.- Im-cW - w, tb-ip- C-Xv- {]
Jym-]n-°p-tºmƒ- t{im-Xm-°f - m-b- ]-Xn-s\m-∂v- A-t∏m-kvX - e- c
- pw- a-\ - n-em-°n-bX - v- A-Xv- i-{Xp-°f - p-sS- Xe-sIm-øm≥-
D-]tbm-Kn-°p-∂- b-Ym¿-Y- hmƒ- X-s∂-bm-sW-∂m-Wv.- A-Xn-\m-em-Wt- √m- "I-¿Ø - m-th- C-hn-sS- c-≠v- hmƒ- D-≠v'-
F∂v- D-Øc - w- ]-d™ - X
- v.- tb-ip-hpw- D-t±-in-®X - v- ssZ-h- h-N\ - a
- √ - - b-Ym¿Y- hm-fm-sW-∂v- X-s∂-bm-sW-∂v- \-ap-°v-
{Kln-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv.- Im-cW - w- A-t∏m-kvX - e - ¿- c-≠v- hm-fp-Iƒ- D-b¿-Øn-°m-ń-bt- ∏mƒ- A-t±-lw- "A-Xp-aX - n'- F-∂m-
W-t√m- {]-Xn-hN - n-®X - v'- - (eq-°v- 22:-38).- Cu "c-≠v- hm-fn-'\ - pw- {]-kvX - p-X- ssZ-h- h-N\ - w-˛ A¿-Yw- \¬-In-t\m-°q.- I-fh - p-
I-fpw- Zp¿-hym-Jym-\ß - f - pw- Fgp-∂≈ - n-°p-tºmƒ- kw-`h - n-°m-hp-∂- ssh-cp-[y-ßf - m-Wnh.- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- A-`n-kw-t_m-
[n-Xc- m-b- in-jy¿-°v- a-\ n-em-b- km-am-\y- A¿-Ya - m-Wv- F-\n-°pw- a-\ - -ne
- m-bs - X-∂v- k-am-[m-\n-°mw.-in-jy¿- {K-ln-°m
Ø- A¿-Yw- hn-tbm-P\ - ° - p-dn-∏p-Im-c\ - -v e-`n-®X - -v F-hn-sS-\n-∂m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂-v A-dn-bm≥- hm-b\ - °- m¿-°-v Iu-XpI-ap≠mIpw.-
{]-kv-Xp-X- hmƒ- H-en-hp- ]-g-Øns≥d- sXm-en sN-Øm-\p-≈-X-s√-∂pw- tbip-sh- B-{I-an-°m≥- h-cp-∂-h-sc- t\-
cnSm-\p-≈-Xm-sW-∂pw- kn-Jp-Im-sc-t]m-se-bpw- ]u-cm-Wn-I- A-d-_n-I-sft]m-se-bpw- k-Zm- hmƒ- ssI-h-iw sh-
°¬- b-lq-Z-cp-sS- B-Nm-c-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\m-ep-am-Wv- D-Sp-h-kv-{Xw- hn-s‰-¶n-epw- hmƒ- hm-ßp-hm≥- I¬-]n-®-sX-∂p-am-Wv-
A-cp-a- in-jy¿- a-\- -n-em-°n-b-Xv.- A-Xn-\m¬- X-s∂-bm-W-t√m- ]-t{Xm-kv- a-lm- ]p-tcmln-X-s≥-d- Zm-k≥- a¬-t°m-
kn-s\- shń-b-Xpw.- C-hn-sS- Ip-dn-∏p-Im-c-s≥-d- ssZ-h-h-N-\- hym-Jym-\w- ssh-cp[ym-[n-jv-Tn-X-Øn¬- In-S-∂p-g-ep-∂-
Xm-bn- \mw-ImWp-∂p.-
]-t{Xm-kn-s≥-d- sh-t´-‰- ]-S-bm-fn-sb- tb-ip- ku-Jy-am-°n-b-Xv- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- H-cp- bp-≤-X-{¥-am-bn- am-{X-sa-
Im-Wm-s\m-°q.- X-s≥-d- {]-Xo-£-°v- hn-cp-≤-am-bn- b-lq-Z- ]p-tcmln-X¿-°v- ]-I-cw- tdm-a≥- ]-´m-fw- h-∂-t∏m-gp-≈-
s]-s´-∂p-s≈m-cp- \o-°-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-sX-∂v- a-\- n-em-°mw.- tdma≥- ssk-\y-tØ-bpw- P-\-°q-´-tØ-bpw- b-lq-Z-
]p-tcmln-X-tc-bpw- H-∂n-®v- t\-cn-Sp-∂-Xv- X-\n-°pw- X-s≥-d- in-jy-∑m¿-°pw- B-Xv-a-l-Xym-]-c-am-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂v- tb-ip-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 41
kw-hm-Z-w-
]-co-£-bn¬- A-I-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m-\m-Wv- D-W¿-∂n-cp-∂v- {]m¿-Yn-°m≥- ]-d-™-sX-∂m-Wv- Ip-dn-
∏p-I-m-c-s≥-d- hmZw.- Cu- ]m-Xncm-{Xn-bn¬- tb-ip- ]n-Sn-°-s∏-Sp-I- F-∂-X-√m-Ø- F-¥v- ]-co-£-
W-am-bn-cn-°mw- A-h¿-°v- t\-cn-Sm-\p-≈-Xv? A-Ø-cw- ]-co-£-W-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pw- c-£-s∏-Sm≥-
th-≠n-bm-Wv- B-bp-[- k-Pv-P-cm-b- A-h-tcm-Sv- D-W¿-∂n-cn-°m≥- ]-d-™-Xv.-
{K-ln-®-Xn-\m-em-Wv- ]-t{Xm-kn-t\m-Sv- hmƒ- D-d-bn¬- C-Sm≥- ]-d-™-Xv.-

Im-h¬-
tb-ip- in-jy-sc- K-Xvi - a - \
- t- Xm-´Ø - n¬- X-\n-°v- Im-h¬- \n¿-Øn-bX - m-bn- H-cp- tc-J- X-s∂- ss_-_n-fn-en-s√-∂- hn-
[-am-Wv- hn-tbm-P\ - °- p-dn-∏p-Im-cs - ≥-d- ]-cn-lm-kw.- sX-fn-hm-bn- D-≤c - n-®- hm-Iy-ßf - n-sem-∂v- am¿-°v- 14:-32.- A-Xv- Cß-
s\- hm-bn-°w-:- "A-h¿- KXvi - a- \- - F-∂v- t]-cp-≈- H-cp- tXm-´Ø - n¬- h-∂t- ∏mƒ- tb-ip- in-jy-∑m-tcm-Sv:- Rm≥- {]m¿-Yn-
®p-Xo-cp-thm-fw- C-hn-sS- C-cn-∏n≥- F-∂v- ]-d™ - p'.- {]-th-in-®- D-Ss - \-bp-≈- "C-hn-sS'- I-hm-Sa - m-sW-∂v- D-d∏ - mW-t√m.-
tb-ip C-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- injy-tcm-Sv- ]m-Xncm-{Xn-bn¬- X-t∂m-sSm-∏w- D-d-°-an-f-°m-t\m- {]m¿-Y-n-°m-t\m- I¬-]n-°p-
∂n-s√-∂p-≈-Xv- {i-t≤-b-am-Wv.- a-dn-®v- Cu- k-µ¿-`w- A-Xo-h- Kp-cp-X-c-hpw- A-]-I-S-I-c-hp-am-Wv.- A-Xn-\m¬- A-t±-l-
Øn-\v- Iq-´v- A-Xym-h-iyw-X-s∂.- ù-Xn-I-hpw- B-Xv-ao-b-hp-am-b- kw-c-£-W-Øn-\v-.- A-Xn-\m¬- X-t∂m-sSm-∏w- D-W¿-
∂n-cp-∂v- {]m¿Yn-°m-\m-h-iy-s∏-´-Xv,- hmƒ- I-cp-Xm-\m-h-iy-s∏-´-Xv- F-√mØns≥dbpw- D-t±-iyw- hy-Iv-X-am-Wv,- th≠n-
h-∂m¬- H-cp- B-{I-a-WØn-\p-≈- X-bm-sd-Sp-∏v- X-s∂.-
H-cp- Iq-´m-b- {]m¿-Y\ - - tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- e-£y-as - √-∂v- hy-IvX - w.- tb-ip- X-s≥-d- F-´v in-jy-cn¬-\n-∂pw- A-I∂ - v- Ah
km-\w- aq-∂v- in-jy--tc-bpw- am-‰n-s° - m-≠v- X-\n-®v- {]m¿-Yn-°p-Ib - m-Wv- sN-øp-∂X - v.- A-Xn-\m¬-Xs - ∂- Xs≥-d- in-jy-cn-eq
sS- H-cp- {]m¿-Y\ - - F-∂X - n-t\-°m-fp-]c - n- X-s≥-d- Aw-Kc - £
- I - X - zw- X-s∂-bm-Wv- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- e-£y-sa-∂v- Xo¿-®bmWv.-
]-co-£-bn¬- A-I-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m-\m-Wv- D-W¿-∂n-cp-∂v- {]m¿-Yn-°m≥- ]-d-™-sX-∂m-Wv- Ip-dn-∏p-I-m-c-s≥-d- hmZw.-
Cu- ]m-Xncm-{Xn-bn¬- tb-ip- ]n-Sn-°-s∏-Sp-I- F-∂-X-√m-Ø- F-¥v- ]-co-£-W-am-bn-cn-°mw- A-h¿-°v- t\-cn-Sm-\p-≈-
Xv? A-Ø-cw- ]-co-£-W-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pw- c-£-s∏-Sm≥- th-≠n-bm-Wv- B-bp-[- k-Pv-P-cm-b- A-h-tcm-Sv- D-W¿-∂n-cn-
°m≥- ]-d-™-Xv.-
"]m-d',- "C-Sn-a-°ƒ'- F-∂n-h-sb- tI-h-e-sam-cp- hn-fn-t∏-cv- am-{X-am-°n-bm¬- X-s≥-d- e-£yw- kp-J-I-c-am-hp-sa-∂v-
[-cn-®p-Im-Wpw- Ip-dn-∏p-Im-c≥. \-ap-°v- k-l-X-]n-°mw.- sh-dp-sam-cp- hn-fn-t∏-cv- F-∂¿-Y-Øn¬- am-{Xw- hn-fn-®-XmtWm-
"]m-d',- "C-Sn-a-°ƒ'- F-∂n-h?- A-s√-∂m-Wv- A-h-cp-sS- N-cn-{Xw- ]-cn-tim-[n-®m¬- a-\ n-em-hp-I.-
A-hc - p-sS- kvs- sY-cy-hpw- ss[-cy-hpw- B-tcm-Ky-hpw- X-s∂-bm-Wv- hn-fn-t∏-cp-Iƒ-°v- Im-cW - w.- A-Xn-\m¬- X-s∂bm-
bn-cn-°p-at- √m- Km-V\ - n-{Z-bn¬-\n-∂-v hn-fn-®p-W¿-Øs - ∏-´h- c- m-bn-cp-∂n-´p-IqSn- X-ßƒ- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- Aw-Kc - £
- I - c
- m-sW∂-
t_m-[w- A-h¿- a-d° - m-Xn-cp-∂X - pw ò-Xn-Xm-hk - vY
- s - b-°p-dn-®v- s]-s´-∂v- cw-Kt- _m-[w- h-∂- Aw-Kc - £
- I - c - n-sem-cp-Ø≥-
"I¿-Øm-th- R-ßƒ- hm-fp-sIm-≠v- sh-´W - t- am'- (eq-°v- 22:-49)- F-∂v- tNm-Zn®Xpw- tb-ip-hn¬- \n-∂X - n-\p-≈- D-Øc - w-
e`n-°m≥- Im-Øp-\n¬-°m-sX- sR-mS- n-bn-Sb - n¬- a-lm-]p-tcm-ln-Xs - ≥-d- Zm-k≥- a¬tIm-kn-s≥d- ]n-cS- n- t\m-°n- sh-ń-
b-Xpw.- F-∂m¬- D-d° - ® - S-- h
- pw- [r-Xn-bpw- Im-cW - w- A-hs - ≥-d- h-eX - p-Im-Xv- A-dp-°m≥- am{X-sa- km-[n-®p-≈q.-
{]m¿-Y-\-
tb-i-p- ap-´p-Ip-Øn-ho-Wv- {]m¿-Yn-®-Xv- X-s≥-d- {Iq-ip-a-c-Ww- Hm¿-Øv- X-s∂-bm-sW-¶n-epw- ]m-]-tØm-Sp-≈- A-t±-
l-Øn-s≥-d- sh-dp-∏m-Wv- A-Xn¬- {]-I-S-am-b-sX-∂m-Wv- hn-tbm-P-\-°m-c-s≥-d- hm-Zw.- F-¶n¬- "]n-Xm-th- I-gn-bp-sa-
¶n¬- Cu- ]m-\-]m-{Xw- F-∂n¬- \n-∂-I-t‰-W-ta'- F-∂v- hn-b¿-∏p-Xp-≈n-Iƒ- c-Iv-X-Ø-p-≈n-I-Ws°- D-‰n- ho-gpw-hn-
[w- A-Xn-I-Tn-\-am-bn- {]m¿-Yn-°-W-am-bn-cp-t∂m? ]m-]-Zq-co-I-c-W-hpw- Ip-cn-ip-a-c-W-hpw- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- ap-Jy- A-
P-≠-bpw- B-K-a-\- e-£y-hp-am-W-t√m.-
Ip-cn-in-se- hn-em-]w-
Ip-cn-in¬- In-S-∂psIm-≠p-≈- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- "F-s≥-d- ssZ-h-ta- F-s≥-d- ssZ-h-ta- \o- F-s∂- ssh-In-´-sX-¥v'-
(a-Øm-bn- 27:-46)- F-∂-Xv- H-cp- hn-em-]-a-s√-∂- Ip-dn-∏p-Im-c-s≥-d- hm-Zw- G-sd- A-]-lm-ky-w-X-s∂.- \n-cm-i-bn¬- \n-
∂pXv-`q-X-am-b- A-¥n-a- hn-em-]-a-√m-sX- a-s‰-¥m-Wv- C-Xn¬- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xv?-
ssZ-hw- A-t±-l-sØ- ssI-hn-ń-ń-s√-∂- hm-Zw- G-sd- hn-Nn-{Xw-X-s∂.- ap-´p-Ip-Øn-ho-Wv- {]m¿Yn-®n-´pw-˛ b-lq-Z¿-
km-[m-c-W- \n-∂m-Wv- {]m¿Yn-°m-dp-≈-Xv.- I-Tn-\- {]m¿Y-\bm-hp-tºm-gm-Wv- ap-´p-Ip-Øm-dp-≈-Xv-˛ hn-b¿-∏v- Xp-≈n-
Iƒ- c-Iv-X-Ø-p-≈n-I-W-s°- D-‰n- ho-gp-am-dv- b-m-Nn-®n-´pw- B- {]m¿-Y-\- tIƒ-°m-sX- tb-ip-sh- {Iq-in-°m-t\¬-]n-®p-
sh-∂- k-`m-hn-izm-kw- "F-s∂- \o- ssI-hn-´-t√m'- F-∂-Xv- hn-em-]-am-bn- Im-Wm≥- t{]-cn-∏n-°p-∂n-√-t{X!- a-dn-®v- A-
t±-lw- {Iq-in¬- In-S-∂v- ]n-S-bp-tºmƒ- k-¶o¿-Ø-\w-]m-Sn-b-Xm-Wp-t]-m-epw-!-- hn-tcm-[m-`m-k-ta.....-
tb-ip- am-\-h-Ip-e-Øn-s≥-d- ]m-]-tam-N-\-Øn-\m-bn- a-cn-t°-≠-h-\m-sW-∂pw- A-Xv- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°v- aptº-bp-
≈- ssZ-hn-I- \n-iv-N-b-am-sW-∂pw- B-Zn-a-Im-ew-ap-X-se- A-Xn-\p-≈- Xbm-sd-Sp-∏p-Iƒ- \-S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-
sW-∂pw- a-\p-jy-Ip-e-Øn-s≥-d- ]m-]-tam-N-\-Øn-\p-≈- ssZ-hn-I- ]-≤-Xn-bm-W-sX-∂pw- k-`- hn-izkn-°p-I-bpw- {]-
N-cn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- am-{X-hp-a-√- C-sXm-cp th-Z- ]p-kv-X-I- k-Xy-hp-am-W-s{X-!-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 42
{Iq-io-I-c-W-Øn-s≥-d- sXm-´pap-ºp-f- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- Hm-tcm- N-e-\-ß-fpw- {i-≤n-®m¬- ]q¿-W-

kw-hm-Z-w-
kw-Xr-]v-Xn-tbm-sS- a-c-Ww- h-cn-°m-\p-≈- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- cq-]-Øn-\p]Icw- A-h-km-\- izm-kw-

h-sc- a-c-W-Øn¬-\n-∂v- c-£-s∏-Sm-\m-bn- t]m-cm-Sp-∂- H-cp- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- Nn-{X-am-Wv- \-ap-°v-
e`n-°p-I.- F-∂n-´pw- k-`m-hn-izm-kw- tb-ip- a-c-W-sØ- kz-b-w- ]p¬-Im≥- Xp-\n-™p- F-∂v-
Xs∂-bm-Wv.-
X-s≥-d- hn-izm-k-Øn-\p-th-≠n- Po-h≥- Xy-Pn-t°-≠n-h-∂- ]-e- [o-c-∑m-cpw- B-Z-¿-i-im-en-I-fpw- Xq-°p-a-c-Øn-

te°v- ]q¿-W- kw-Xr-]vXn-tbm-sS- ]p-©n-cn-®v- sIm-≠v- \-S-∂-S-°p-∂-Xv- \mw- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- hm-bn-°m-dp-≠v.- F-
∂m¬- X-s≥-d- ]-cy-h-km-\w- ssZ-hn-I- sh-fn-]m-Sp-aq-ew- ap-tº- A-dn-bp-I-bpw- A-Xn-\-\p-kr-X-am-bn- kz-bw- X-bm-dm-
hp-I-bpw- A-Xv- ap≥-Iq-ń- {]-h-Nn-°p-I-bpw- kz-¥w- C-jv-S-{]-Im-cw- Ip-cn-in-\v- Io-gv-s]-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp-sh-∂v- k-`-
hn-iz-kn-°p-I-bpw- {]-N-cn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- tb-ip-{In-kv-Xp-hn-s≥-d- A-¥y-k-a-bw- th-Z-]p-kv-X-I- hn-h-c-W- {]-
Im-cw- \-sΩ- B-iv-N-cy-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.- am-\-h-cp-sS- ]m-]-hpw- t]-dn- kz-bw- X-s∂- Po-h-s\- sh-Sn-bm≥- t]m-Ip-∂- tb-
ip-hn-s≥d- Nn-{X-hpw- kp-hn-ti-j-ß-fp-sS- hn-h-c-W-Øn¬-\n-∂v- \-ap-°v- e-`n-°p-∂- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- Nn-{X-hpw- c-≠v- hn-
cp≤- tIm-Wp-I-fn¬- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p.- {Iq-io-I-c-W-Øn-s≥-d- sXm-´pap-ºp-f- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- Hm-tcm- N-e-\-ß-fpw- {i-
≤n-®m¬- ]q¿-W- kw-Xr-]v-Xn-tbm-sS- a-c-Ww- h-cn-°m-\p-≈- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- cq-]-Øn-\p]Icw- A-h-km-\- izm-kw-h-
sc- a-c-W-Øn¬-\n-∂v- c-£-s∏-Sm-\m-bn- t]m-cm-Sp-∂- H-cp- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- Nn-{X-am-Wv- \-ap-°v- e-`n-°p-I.- F-∂n-´pw- k-
`m-hn-izm-kw- tb-ip- a-c-W-sØ- kz-b-w- ]p¬-Im≥- Xp-\n-™p- F-∂v- X-s∂-bm-Wv.-
{]-h-N-\-ßƒ-
tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- B- \n-e-hn-fn-t]m-epw- H-cp- {]-h-N-\- ]q¿-Øo-I-c-W-am-sW-∂m-Wv- Ip-dn-∏p-Im-c-s≥-d- I-s≠-Ø¬.-
{In-kv-Xp-hn-s≥-d- Po-hn-X-Øn-se- Hm-tcm- {]-[m-\- Im-cy-ß-fpw- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- P-\-\-˛AXv-`p-X-˛a-c-Ww-h-sc- \q-‰m-
≠p-Iƒ-°p-ap-tº- {]-hm-N-I-∑m¿- Zo¿-L-Z¿-i-\w- sN-bv-X- {]-h-N-\-ß-fm-sW-∂- A-`n-\-h- an-j-\-dn-am-cp-sS- hm-Zw-
B-h¿-Øn-°p-I- am-{X-am-Wv- {io- s_-∂-‰v- Ip-cym-t°m-kpw- sN-øp-∂-Xv.-
F-∂m¬-th-Z- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬-\n-∂v- tb-ip-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´-sX-t∂m-Ww- hym-Jym-\n-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≈- {]-h-N-\-
ß-fn¬- `q-cn-]-£-hpw- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- P-\-\-Øn-s≥-d- \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°v- ap-tº- ]p-e¿-∂-Xm-bn- \-ap-°v- th-Z- ]p-kv-
X-Iw- ]-cn-tim-[n-®m¬- I-s≠-Øm-\m-hpw.- {]-kv-Xp-X- {]-h-N-\-ß-fp-sS- th-cp-Iƒ tX-Sn-t∏m-bm¬- a-‰v- ]-e-cn-ep-am-bn-
cn-°pw- A-h-sb-√mw- sN-s∂-Øp-I.- F-∂m¬- A-h-sb-√mw- kp-µ-c-am-bn- hym-Jym-\n-s®m-∏n-®v- tb-ip-hn-te-°v- tN¿-
°p-hm≥- \m-ev- kp-hn-ti-j-I-cpw- A-h¿-°p-ti-jw- th-Z- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- ssI-I-S-Ø¬- \-S-Øn-b- a-n-j-\-dn-am-cpw-
In-W-™v- ]-cn-{i-an-®-Xm-bn- \-ap-°v- Im-Wm-\m-hpw.- am-{X-a-√,- {]-h-N-\-ßƒ- ]q¿-Wm¿-Y-Øn¬- hn-i-I-e-\w- sN-øp-
tºmƒ- ]-e-Xpw- tb-ip-hp-am-bn- t\-cn-b- _-\v-[w-t]m-epw- C-√m-Ø-h-bm-sW-∂v- {K-ln-°m-\m-hpw.- F-∂m¬- A-h-sb-
Zp¿-hym-Jym-\n-®v- H-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-epw- I-Y-\w- sN-øp-∂-Xn-epw ss{I-kv-X-h- km-ln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cpw- I-Ym-Ir-Øp-°-fpw-
H-cp- ]-cn-[n-h-sc- hn-P-bn-®n-´p-s≠-∂p-≈-Xv- hn-kv-a-cn-°p-∂n-√.-
tb-ip-{In-kvX - p-hn-s≥-d- Po-hn-Xh - p-am-bn- _-\v[ - s- ∏-´v- kp-hn-ti-jß - f - n-ep-≈- `q-cn-]£- - kw-`h - ß - f - pw- {]m-Ir-X- a-X-
ß-fp-sS- hn-izm-kß - f - p-am-bpw- A-hX - m-c- k-¶¬-]ß - f- p-am-bpw- A-Sp-Ø- _-\v[ - w- ]p-e¿-Øp-∂X - m-bn- Im-Wm-\m-hpw.-
]u-cm-Wn-I- a-Xß - f - m-b- _m¬-aX - w, ssP-\a - X- w,- _p-≤a - X
- w,- an-{X-aX - w,- X-Ωq--kva- X
- w- Xp-Sß - n-bh - b - p-sS-sb-√mw- A-h-
Xm-c- k-¶¬-]ß - t- fm-Sv- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- A-hX - m-c- k-¶¬-]w- H-∂n-t\m-sSm-∂v- tbm-Pn-®p-hc - p-∂X - pw- ]q¿-Wa - m-bn- In-S]
- n-
Sn-°p-∂X - p-am-Wv.- A-hb - p-sS- ]p-\c - m-hn-jvI - m-cs - a-∂t- ]m-se-bm-Wv- \m-ev- kp-hn-ti-jß-fn-ep-ap-≈- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- Po-hn-
X-hp-am-bn- _-\v[ - s- ∏-´- kw-`h - ß
- f - pw- {]-hN - \ - ß - f - pw- A-Xv` - p-Xß - f- pw.- F-¥n-t\-sd,- P-\\ - h- pw- a-cW - h - pw-hs- c.-
D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v- U-tbm-sUm-dm-kv- (Diodoras, B C 70-90) πq-´m¿-°v- (Plutarch, A D 45-120) F-∂o- C-Xn-lm-
k- I-Ym-\m-b-I-\m-b- sl-√-\n-°n-s≥-d- N-cn-{X-hp-am-bn- (P-\-\-˛A-Xv-`p-X-˛a-c-W-)-tb-iphn-s≥-d- N-cn-{X-Øn-ep-≈- 75e-
[n-Iw- kp-{]-[m-\- k-mZr-iy-ßƒ- {]-kn-≤- N-cn-{X-Im-c≥- B¿-t\mƒ-Uv- tSm-b≥-_n- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- hn-iz-hn-Jym-
X-am-b- A study of History Vol. 1-6 ¬- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.- {]-kv-Xp-X- C-Xn-lm-k-ß-fp-sS-bpw- \m-ev- kp-hn-ti-j-
ß-fp-sS-bpw- c-N-\- \-S-°p-∂-Xv- H-tc- \q-‰m-≠n-emWp- \-S-°p-∂-sX-∂pw- A-h- X-Ωn-ep-≈- km-Zr-i-y-Øn-\p-≈- km-
[y-X-sb- Ip-dn-°p-∂p.- Iq-Sp-X¬- hn-h-c-ßƒ-°v- \-hw-_¿- e-°w- "'-kv-t\-l-kw-hm-Z'- Øn-se- {In-kv-Xp-a-X-hpw- {]m-
Ir-X- a-X-ß-fpw- F-∂- te-J-\w- ]-cn-tim[-n-°p-I.-
Np-cp-°-Øn¬- {io- s_-∂-‰v- Ip-cym-t°m-kn-s\-t]m-se- A-`n-\-h- kp-hn-ti-j-I-cpw- hn-e-s∏-´- \n-hn-t]m-se- D-
b¿-Øn-°m-Wn-°p-∂- tb-ip-sh-°p-dn-®p-≈- {]-h-N-\-ß-fn¬- ]-e-Xpw- A-kv-Ym-\-Øp-≈- Zp¿-hym-Jym-\-ß-tfm- \q-
‰m-≠p-Iƒ-°p-ap-tº- ]p-e¿-®- kw-`-hn-®-h-tbm- B-Wv.- A-s√-¶n¬- A-h- ]p-cm-W C-Xn-lm-k-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- I-S-sa-Sp-
Øv- s]m-Sn-∏pw- sXm-ß-epw- tN¿-Øv- ss{I-kv-X-h- h¬-I-cn-°-s∏-´-h-bpw.-
Ip-dn-∏p-Im-c≥- A-hk - m-\w- tNm-Zn-®- tNm-Zy-ßƒ- "tb-ip- a-cn-°m≥- kz-bw- X-b-md - m-bn-cp-∂p-thm'- F-∂- N¿-®b - p-am-
bn- _-\v[ - a
- n-√m-Øh - b- m-Wv.- A-h- {Iq-io-Ic - W- h - p-am-bn- _-\v[ - s- ∏-´X - m-Ib - m¬- h-cpw- e-°ß - f - n¬- N¿-®- sN-øe - m-bn-cn-
°pw- D-Nn-Xw.- C-∆n-jb - I- a- m-bn- H-´[ - nIw- te-J\ - ß- ƒ- kvt- \-lk - w-hm-ZØ - n¬-Xs - ∂- {]-kn-≤o-Ic - n-®h- b- p-amWv.-
Np-cp-°-Øn¬,- ap≥- [m-c-W-Iƒ- am-‰n-sh-®v- th-Z- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-eq-sS- tb-ip-{In-kv-Xp-hn-s≥-d- N-cn-{Xw- ]-Tn-°p-∂-
(ti-jw- t]-Pv- 50 ¬-)
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 43
(t]-Pv- 13 ¬- \n-∂v-˛ ^-td-m-h˛ lm-am≥- I-Y- -...) J-p¿-B\ - n¬- ]-cm-a¿-in-®n-cn-°p-∂- ^n¿-Hu≥-˛lm-am≥-
I-Y-bv°v- ss_-_n-fn-se- G-sX-¶n-epw- I-Y-I-fp-am-bn- {]-
CXn\v- Im-cWw.- ]u-ckv-Xy-kÌfn¬- {]tXy-In-®v- kndn-
Xy-£-tam- ]-tcm-£tam- B-b- bm-sXm-cp-hn-[- _\v-[-hp-
b,- A\m-tXm-fn-b Xp-Sßn-b {]tZißfn-se kÌƒ-
an-s√-∂- h-kv-Xp-X- \-tS- kq-Nn∏n-®- Im-cy-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v-
CXn-\v- Im-t\m-\n-IXzw- I¬-]n-®n-cp-∂n-√.- k`m- ]n-Xm° \-mw- a-\- n-em-°n.- C-\n- {]-kv-Xp-X- I-Y-bv-°v- GsX-¶n-
∑m-cm-b km¿-Zn-kn-se saen-t‰m,- Im∏tXm-®n-bm-bn-se
epw- A¿-∞-Øn-ep-≈- N-cn-{X-]-c-X- A-h-Im-i-s∏Sm-\m-
{Kn-Kdn- \kn-bm≥-k¨ (329˛390),- sa]v-kp-shkv-Xbn-se
Ip-tam-sb-∂m-Wv- ]-cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xv.- ^-tdmh-bpw-
Xn-btUm¿- (350?-˛420)- Xp-Sßn-bhscm-s° Cu- {K\v- lmam-\p-apƒ-s∏-Sp-∂- Jp¿-B-\n-I- I-Y-bv-°v- Dt]m¬-_-
YsØ Im-t\m-In-I {K\v-Yßfp-sS Iq-sS Dƒ-s∏Sp-Øn-
e-Iam--bn- ss__n-f-√m-Ø- a-‰p-h-√- t{km-X- p-I-fpw- h√-
bn-cp-∂n-√.- AØt\jy-kv- (295˛373)- CXn-s≥-d Im-t\m-
sX-fn-hp-I-fpw- \¬-Ip-∂p-t≠m?- \mw- ]-cn-tim[n-°pI.-
\n-IX \n-ckn-®p-sh¶nepw- bq-Zn-Øv,- tXm-_n-Øv XpSßn-
b DØc Im-t\m-\n-I {K\v-Yßfp-sS Iq-sS CXn-s\ Dƒ- ^-tdm-h-˛lm-am≥- I-Y-bp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-Sp-Øn- Jp¿
s∏Sp-Øn.- Hdn-P≥- (185?-˛254),- F∏n-^m-t\m-kv- (314˛403),- B≥- ]d-bp-∂- Im-cy-ßs - f- C-ßs - \- hy-ht- O-Zn-s®gpXmw.-
Pdp-ktean-se kn-dn¬- (386)- Xp-Sßn-b ]nXm °∑m¿- (1)-^-tdm-h- ssZ-h-am-sW-∂v- A-h-Im-i-s∏-ń-cp-∂p.-
Fkv-tXdn-s\ Im-t\m-\n-I {K\v-Yam-bn- IW°m-°n.- (2)- ^-tdm-h- B-Im-it- Ø-°-v I-bd- n-t∏m-Im≥- {i-an-®ncp-∂p.-
{Spt≈m kn-\Un¬- (F.-Un.- 692) CXn-s\ {]m-am-Wn-I
(3)-lm-am≥- ^-tdm-h-bp-sS- H-cp- D-tZym-K-kv-Y-\m-bn-cp-∂p.-
{K\v-Yambn- Aw-Ko-Icn-®p''- (ss__nƒ- hn-Pv-Rm-\tIm-
iw- t]Pv- 172).- (4)- -^-tdm-h- lm-am-t\m-Sv- I-fn-a-Æp-sIm-≠v- Np-s´-Sp-Ø-
C-jv-Sn-I-bp-]-tbm-Kn-®v- H-cp- tKm-]p-cw- \n¿-a-n-°p-hm-\m-h-
Fkv-tX-dn-s≥-d- ]p-kv-X-Iw- Xo-sc- {]m-am-Wn-I-a-s√-
iy-s∏-ń-cp-∂p.-
∂pw- N-cn{X-tc-J-bm-bn- F-Sp°m-hp-∂-X-s√-∂pw- F≥-
ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b- {_n´m-Wn-°-bpw- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≠v ss__n-fn-epw- Jp¿-B\ - n-epw- ]-cm-a¿-in-°s - ∏-ń-cn-°p-
(`Èncyclopaedia Brittannica `Èsthay'') F-kvt
- X-dn-s≥-d- ]p- ∂- ^tdm-hb - p-am-bn- _-\[ v- s
- ∏-´- I-YI - ƒ- ]-cn-tim[n-°m≥-
kv-X-I-Øn-se- I-Y-I-sf-√mw- tI-hew- I-Y-Iƒ- am{X-am- C-h-b-√m-Ø- a‰p-h-√- t{km-X- p-I-fpw- \-ap-°v- e-`y-am-
sW-∂pw- A-h-bv-°v- bm-sXm-cp-hn-[- N-cn-{X-]-c-Xbpw- A- tWm?- Cu- tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- ]sØm≥-]-Xmw- \q-‰m≠p-h-sc-
hI-m-i-s∏-Sm-\m-In-s√-∂p-am-Wv- ]-e- B-[p-\n-I- Kth j- \¬-Is - ∏-ń-cp-∂- D-Øc - w- ""C-√''-sb-∂m-bn-cp∂p.- F-∂m¬-
I-∑m-cp-sSbpw- ]-£-sa-∂- h-kv-Xp-X- Zn- Pyq-bn-jv- F≥ C-∂-sØ- kv-Yn-Xn- A-X-√.- ]p-cm-X-\- Cu-Pn]v-Xn-s\-°p-
ssk-t¢m-]-o-Un-bbpw- k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂p- (The Jewish Ency- dn-®- ]-T-\-im-J- (Egyptology) C-∂v- G-sd- ]p tcm-K-an-®n-
clopaedia (1905) Vol. 5 Page 235-236) ´p-≠v.- ]p-cm-X-\- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn¬- \n-e-\n-∂n-cp∂- Nn-{X-en-
]n- (Hieroglyph) Iƒ- hm-bn-°p-hm≥- I-gn-™-Xp-aq-ew- Cu-
Xo-sc- N-cn-{X-]c
- X- - A-hI - m- i
- s
- ∏-Sm≥- I-gn-bm-Ø- Fkv-
Pn-]v-tXm-fPn- I-gn-™- c-≠v- i-Xm-_v-Z-Øn-\p-≈n¬- A-`q-
tX-dns≥d- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-se- H-cp- tI-h-e- ]-cm-a¿-i-Øn-
X-]q¿-h-am-b- h-f¿-®- t\Sn.- ^-tdm-h-amsc-bpw- ln-Iv-tkm-
s≥-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn¬- Jp¿-B-\n-se- ^n-¿-Hu≥-˛lm-
kp-Im-sc-bp-sa-√mw-Ip-dn-®- v- ss_-_nfn-tem- Jp¿-B-\n-tem-
am≥- I-Y-bv-°v- bm-sXm-cp-hn-[- A-Sn-Ø-d-bp-an-s√-∂v- ]-d-
C-√m-Ø- ]-e- A-dn-hp-I-fpw- Nn-{X-en-]nbp-sS- hm-b-\-aq-
bp-∂-sX-ß-s\?- b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬,- F-kv-tX-dn-s≥d- ]p-kv-
ew- \-ap-°v- e-`n-®p.- Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im-sc-bpw- ^-tdm-h-am-sc-
X-I-Øn¬- ]-d-bp-∂- lm-am-\pw- Jp¿-B-\nse- lm-am-\pw-
bpw- Ip-dn-®v- - hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-i-ß-fn¬-\n∂v- \tS D-≤-cn-
X-Ωn¬- bm-sXm-c-p- _-\v-[-hp-an-s√-∂- h-kvXpX- c-≠v- {K-
®- ]-e- Adn-hp-I-fpw- Cu- hm-b-\-aq-ew- e-`n ®-h-bm-Wv.-
\v-Y-ß-fn-se-bpw- lm-am-s\-°p-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-fp-≈- `m-
ln-tcm•n-^v- en-]n-I-fp-sS- hm-b-\-bp-sS- N-cn-{Xw- hn-h-cn-
K-ßƒ- H-cp- B-h¿-Øn- hm-bn-°p-∂- B¿-°pw- t_m-[y-
°p-∂n-S-Øv- F≥-ssk-t¢m-]o-Unb- {_n-´m-Wn-°- ]-d-bp-
am-Ipw.- F-∂m¬- ss_-_n-fn¬-\n-∂v- ]-I¿-Øn-sb-gp-Xn-
∂- h-cn-Iƒ- {i-t≤-b-am-Wv.- ""1799¬- \-S∂- tdmk-‰m- kv-
bp-≠m-°n-bX - m-Wv- Jp¿-Bs - \∂v- h-cp-Øm≥-th-≠n- Kth-
t‰m-Wn-s≥-d- (Rosetta Stone) Is≠ØemWv B- c-lk - yw-
j-W-ß-fn-te¿-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿- ]-e-t∏m-gpw- C-°m-cyw- hn-kv-
Xp-d-°p-hm-\p-≈- A-h-km-\-sØ- Xmt°m ¬- \-ap-°v- X-
a-cn-°p-It- bm- A-hK - W- n-°p-It- bm- sN-øp-∂p-sh∂-Xm-Wv-
∂-Xv.- aq∂p-X-cw- hy-Xy-kv-X- F-gp-Øp-tc-J-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-
hm-kv-X-hw.- F-kv-tX-dn-s≥-d- ]p-kv-X-I-am-Ip-∂- am-\-Z-Wv-
∂p- {]-kv-Xp-X- in-e-bn¬-;- lo-tcm-•n--^nIv,- sU-tam-{Sn-Iv,-
U-Øn-s≥-d- sh-fn-®-Øn¬- am-{X-sa- lmam-s\-∏-‰n- a-\- n-
{Ko-°v- tc-J-Iƒ.- Cu- aq-∂v- tc-J-I-fpw- k-am-\-am-sW-∂-
em-Iq-sb∂v- hm-in- ]n-Sn-°p-∂-h¿- B- ]p-kv-X-Iw- F-{X-
{Ko-°v- tc-J-bn-se- {]-Jym-]-\-am-Wv- C-Xv- ]-cn-`m-j-s∏Sp-
tØm-fw- h-kv-Xp-\n-jv-T-hpw- k-Xy-k\v-[-hpw- N-cn-{X-]-c-
Øp-∂- Im-cy-Øn-se- {i-t≤-ba - m-b- Im¬-sh∏p-Iƒ-°v- Im-
hp-am-sW-∂v- ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-hm≥- an-\ s°-Sm-dn-√.- {]-kv-
c-W-am-b-Xv....-
Xp-X- ]-cn-tim-[-\- \-S-°p-tºmƒ- am{X-sa- Xßƒ- am-\-Z-
WvU- a- m-bp-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂X - v- Xo-sc- am\-ZW - Uv- a
- m-°p-hm≥- F.-sF.-kn¬-sh-{I Un-˛km-kn-sb-∂- {^-©v- ]Wv
sIm-≈m-Ø- {K-\v-Y-am-sW-∂- h-kvXp-X- t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-I- Un-X-\pw- sP.-Un.- A-°¿-_mZv- F-∂- kzo-Un-jv- \-b-X-
bp≈q.- {¥-Pv-R-\pw- sU-tam{Sn-Iv-aq-e-Øn-se- \n-c-h-[n- \m-a-ßƒ-
a-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn¬- hn-P-bn-®p.- G-Xm-\pw- Nn-lv-\-ß-fp-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 44
sS- kz-c-aq-eyw- Ir-Xy-am-bn- \n-iv-N-bn-°p-hm-\pw- A°¿- ""^n¿-Hu≥- ]d™p-: {]ap-J∑m-tc Rm-\√m-sX bm-
_m-Zn-\v- I-gn-™p.- tXm-ak - v- b-ßv- F-∂- Cw-•o-jp-Imc≥- sXm-cp ssZhhpw- \n-ßƒ-°p-≈Xm-bn- Rm≥- Adn-™n-
A-©v- lo-tcm-•-n-^p-I-sf- Ir-Xy-am-bn- a-\- n-em-°p-I- ń-√''- (hn.-Jp.- 28:3).-
bpw- sNbvXp.- ""Aßs\ Ah≥- (Xs≥-d Bƒ-°m-sc)- tiJcn®p.-
a-s‰m-cp- {^-©p-Im-c\ - m-b- Po≥-˛{^m≥-tXm-bn-kv- Nmw- F∂n-´v- hn-fw-_cw- sNbv-Xp.- Rm≥- \n-ßfp-sS AXyp
t]mfnb≥- {]-kv-Xp-X- in-emen-Jn-Xw- ]q¿-W-am-bn- hmbn- ∂X\m-b c£n-Xmhm-Ip-∂p- F∂h≥- ]d™p''- (hn.
°p-∂-Xn¬- hn-P-bn-®p.- `m-j-I-fp-sS- kzm-`m-hn-I- ku-I- Jp.- 79:-23,-24).-
cy-Øn-te-°v- A-t±-lw- Cu- in-em-en-Jn-X-sØ- sIm-≠p- Cu-Pn-]tv- ‰m-fP- n-bp-sS- cw-KØ
- v- \-S∂
- - ]p-Xn-b- K-thj-
h-∂p.- (X-s≥-d- ]-Xn-\m-dm-as - Ø- h-b - n- ¬-Xs
- ∂- {Ko°n- W-ßƒ- Cu- ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-fp-sS- k-Xy-X-bv°v- km-£yw-
\pw- em-‰n-\n-t\m-Sp-sam-∏w- B-dv- ]u-cm-Wn-I- ]uc-kvXy- \n¬-°p-∂p.- F≥-ssk-t¢m-]-o-Un-b- {_n-´m-Wn-°- Fgp-
`m-j-I-fn¬- ss\-]p-Wyw- t\-Sn-b- hy-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- C- Xp-∂-Xv- Im-Wp-I-:- ""B-Im-i-ssZ-h-am-b- tlm-d-kn-s≥-d-
t±lw).- Hm-tcm- Nn-lv-\-hpw- a-‰v- Nn-lv-\-ß-fp-am-bn- Xm-c- bpw- kq-cy-ssZ-hß - f - m-b- td, B-tam≥,- B-t‰m¨- F∂n-
X-ayw- sN-bv-Xv- lotcm-•n-^p-I-fp-sS- kz-c-aq-eyw- \n¿-W- h-tcm-Sp-sam-∏w- hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-´p-t]m-∂- X-ß-fpsS-
bn-°m≥- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- I-gn-™p.- Nmw-t]m-fn-b-s≥-d- I cmPm-hm-b- ^-tdm-h- H-cp- ssZ-h-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- Cu-
s≠-Øe - p-Is- f- i-IX
v- n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ib - pw- \-hoI-cn-°p-Ibp- Pn-]v-Xp-Im¿- hn-iz-kn-®-Xv.- ^-tdm-h- a-c-W-s∏-´m-epw-
am-Wv- ]n-∂o-Sv- \-S-∂- K-th-j-W-ßƒ- sN-bv-X-Xv''- Abm-fp-sS- Zn-hy-am-b- I-gnhp-Iƒ- \n-e-\n¬-°p-sa-∂pw-
(Encyclopaedia Brittanica Online-``Heiroglyphs'') AXv- a-c-W-Øn-s≥-d- ssZ-h-hpw- tlmd-kn-s≥-d- ]n-Xm-
]-sØm≥-]-Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- am-{X-am-Wv- B-[p-\n-I- hp-am-b- tlm-kn-d-kn-eq-sS- X-s≥-d- ]p-{X-\pw- ]p-Xnb-
a-\p-jy¿°v- ]u-cm-Wn-I- Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im-sc-°p-dn-®v- thZ- ^-tdm-h-bp-am-b- hy-Iv-Xn-bn-te-°v- k-∂n-th-in-°p-sa-∂p-
{K-\vY
- ß
- f - n¬- \n-∂√- mØ- A-dn-hp-Iƒ- e-`n-°p-∂s - X∂v- am-bn-cp-∂p-A-h-cp-sS- hn-izm-kw.-
\mw- a-\- n-em-°n.- Cu- A-dn-hpIƒ- C-∆n-j-b-I-am-b- ^-tdm-h-bp-sS- Zn-hy-Xzw- h-gn-bm-Wv- A-bmƒ-°v- am-
Jp¿-B-\n-I- ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-sf- A-\p-Iq-en-°p-I-bm-tWm- {¥n-I-am-b- I-gn-hp-I-fp-≠m-b-sX-∂pw- A-h¿- hn-iz-kn-
A-X-√- \n-tj-[n-°p-I-bm-tWm- sN-øp-∂-sX-∂- A-t\z- ®p.- A-bm-fp-sS- In-co-SØn-t∑-ep-≈- k¿-∏-am-b- bp-dm-b-
j-WØ - n-\v- G-sd- {]-kI- vX
- n-bp-≠v.- lo-tcm-•n-^v- en-]nbp- kv- X-s≥-d- i-{Xp-°ƒ-°p-t\-sc- Xos∏m-cn- ]m-dn-°p-sa-
sS- hm-b-\-bn¬-\n-∂v- \-ap-°v- e-`n-°p-∂- A-dn-hp-Iƒ- ∂pw- bp-≤-`q-an-bn¬- B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\v- i-{Xp-°-sf- ]-
Jp¿-B-\n-I- ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-fp-am-bn- tbm-Pn-°p-∂p-sh-∂p- cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øm≥- A-bmƒ-°v- I-gn-bp-sa-∂pw- k¿-∆-i-
h-∂m¬- Jp¿B≥- \¬-Ip-∂- hnPv-Rm-\w-{]amZapIvX Iv-X-\pw- k¿-h-Pv-R-\pw- {]-Ir-Xn-sb-bpw- hn-f-sh-Sp-∏n-
amsW-∂- h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv- A-Xp-aq-ew- \-ap-°v- a-\- nem- s\-bp-sa-√mw- \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂-h-\p-am-Wv A-bm-sf-∂p-am-
°m-\m-hp-I.- ]-sØm≥-]-Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- am-{Xw- B[p bn-cp-∂p- A-h-cp-sS- hn-izm-kw''- (Brittanica Online-
\n-I- a-\p-jy≥- a-\- n-em-°n-b- Im-cy-ß-fp-am-bn- s]mcp- ``Pharoah'').
Ø-s∏-Sp-∂- ]-cm-a¿-i-ßƒ- G-gmw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- A-h-Xcn-
lm¿t]¿-kv- ss_-_nƒ- Un-Ivj - W- d- n-bpw- C-°m-cyw-
∏n-°-s∏-´- {K-\v-Y-Øn-ep-≠m-hp-I-sb-∂-Xv- A-Xn-s≥-d
kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v-:- ""X-ß-fp-sS- cm-Pm-hv- H-cp- ssZ-h-am-
ssZ-hn-I-X-b-√m-sX- a-s‰-¥m-Wv- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv?-
sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- CuPn-]v-Xp-Im-cp-sS- k-¶¬-]w.- cm-P-
^n¿-Hu≥-˛l-m-am≥- I-Y-bp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´v- Jp¿- Io-b- ^m¬-°≥- ssZ-h-am-b- tlm-dkn-s≥-d- P-Um-h-Xm-
B-\n¬- kqNn-∏n-°-s∏-´- Im-cy-ß-sf- kw-{K-ln-®v- t\-c c-am-Wv- ^-tdm-h.- A-©mw- cm-P-hw-iw- ap-X¬-s°-¶n-epw-
sØ- ]-cm-a¿-in-®- \m-ev- Im-cy-ß-fn-te-°v- Cu-Pn-]v-t‰mf- (2494˛2345 _n.-kn)- a-lm-\m-b- kq-cy-ssZ-ha - m-b- td-bpsS-
Pn-bn¬- \-S∂ - - K-th-jW- - ]-T\- ß- ƒ- F-s¥-¶n-epw- shfn- ]p-{X-\m-Wv- ^-tdm-h-sb-∂- hn-izm-kw- \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.-
®w- ]-I-cp-∂p-t≠m-sb-∂v- \mw- ]-cn-tim-[n-°pI.- A-bmƒ- acn-°p-tºmƒ- Hm-kn-d-kv- tZ-h-\m-bn-Øo-cp-sa-
(1)- ssZ-h-am-sW-∂- ^-tdm-h-bp-sS- A-h-Im-i-hm-Zw-:- ∂pw- ]-c-tem-I-Øv- a‰v- tZ-h-∑m-tcm-sSm-∏w- Iq-S-n-t®-cp-
ss_-_n-fn¬- A-{_-lm-an-s≥-d-bpw- tbm-k-^n-s≥-d-bpw- sa-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p- hn-izm-kw.- Xm-Xzn-I-am-bn,- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-
tam-i-bp-sS-bp-sa-√mw-Im-e-Øv- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂- Cu-Pn-]v se- `q-{]-tZ-i-ß-sf-√mw- ^-tdm-h-bp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p''-
jy≥- cm-Pm-°-∑m-sc- ^-tdm-h-sb∂v- hn-fn-®n-cn-°p-∂p- (Harper's Bible Dictionary Page 781).
sh-∂pw- C-Xv- N-cn-{X-]-c-ambn- t\m-°n-bm¬- A-_-≤-am- Np-cp-°Ø
- n¬,- Jp¿-B≥- ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂X - p-t]m-se-
sW-∂pw- aq-km- (A)-bp-sS- Im-e-sØ- Cu-Pn-]v-jy≥- tam-i-bpsS- Im-e-Øv- Cu-Pn-]v-Xv- `-cn-®n-cp-∂- ^-tdm-h-
N{I-h¿-Øn-sb- am-{Xw- ^n¿-Hu-s\-∂v- hn-fn-®- Jp¿- Xm≥- ssZ-h-am-sW∂v- A-h-Im-i-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- {]
B\nI- co-Xn-bm-Wv- kq£v-a-hpw- Ir-Xy-hp-am-b-sX-∂pw- kv-Xp-X- A-h-Im-i-hm-Zw- Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im¿- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n-
\-tS- \mw- a-\- n-em-°n.- tam-i-bp-sS- Im-e-Øv- Po-hn-®n- cp-∂p-sh-∂pw -X-s∂-bm-Wv- ]u-cm-Wn-I- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-s\-
cp-∂- ^-tdm-h- Xm≥- ssZ-h-am-sW-∂v- A-h-Im-i-s∏-ń- °p-dn-®- B-[p-\n-I- ]-T\
- ß
- ƒ- hy-IvX
- a
- m-°p-∂X - v.- C°m
cp-∂p-sh-∂v- Jp¿B≥- ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v.- cyw- ss_-_nƒ- hym-Jym-\-{K-\v-Y-ß-fpw- Aw-Ko-I-cn
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 45
°p∂p.- Sp-Øp∂- Jp¿-B-\n-se- ]-cm-a¿-i-ßƒ-°v- Dt]m¬-_-

(ii) ^-tdm-h-bp-sS- B-Im-im-tcm-l-Ww-:- aq-km- \-_n- e-I-am-b- sX-fn-hp-I-fm-Wv- ]u-cm-Wn-I- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-s\-
(A)-bpsS- Im-e-sØ- ^n¿-Hu≥- H-cp- B-Im-i-ku-[w- °p-dn-®- ]-T-\-ßƒ- \¬-Ip-∂Xv- F-∂¿-Y-w.-
\n¿-an-°p-hm≥- B-h-iy-s∏-´p-sh-∂pw- A-Xp-h-gn- aq-km- (iii) lm-am≥,- ^-tdm-h-bp-sS- D-tZym-K-kv-Y≥-
(A)- ]-d-™- co-Xn-bn-ep-≈- H-cp- ssZ-hw- B-Im-i-sØ- lm-am-\n-s≥-d- \m-aw- B-dp-X-h-W- Jp¿-B-\n-ep-≠v.-
hn-sS-sb-¶n-epw- D-t≠m-sb-∂v- t\m-°m≥- {i-an-®p-sh-∂pw- 28:-6,- 28:-8,- 28:-38,- 29:-39,- 40:-24,- 40:-36 F-∂o- kq-Iv-X-ß-fn
Jp¿-B≥- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.- em-Wv- {]-kv-Xp-X- t]-cp-≈-Xv.- F-√mw- ^n¿-Hu-\p-am-bn-
""^n¿-Hu≥- ]d™p-: {]ap-J∑mtc, Rm-\√m-sX bm- _-\v-[-s∏-´p-sIm-≠p-≈- k-µ¿-`-ß-fn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv.- Nn-e-
sXm-cp-ssZhhpw- \n-ßƒ-°p-≈Xm-bn- Rm≥- Adn-™n- kq-Iv-X-ß-ƒ- Im-Wp-I:-
ń-√.- AXp-sIm≠v- lm-am-t\,- F\n-°p-th≠n- Ifn-aÆp- ""^n¿-Hu≥- ]d™p-: {]ap-J∑m-tc Rm-\√m-sX bm
sIm-≠v- (Cjv-Sn-I)- Np-s´Sp°p-I.- F∂n-´v- F\n-°v- \o- sXm-cp- ssZhhpw- \n-ßƒ-°p-≈Xm-bn- Rm≥- Adn-™n-
Hcp- D∂X ku-[w- D≠m-°n-Øcn-I.- aqkm-bp-sS ssZh ń-√.- AXp-sIm≠v- lm-am-t\,- F\n-°p-th≠n- Ifn-aÆp-
Øn-¶te°v- F\n-s°m-∂v- FØn-t\m-°m-at√m.- Xo¿® sIm-≠v- (Cjv-Sn-I)- Np-s´Sp°p-I.- F∂n-´v- F\n-°v- \o-
bm-bpw- Ah≥- hym-Pw- ]dbp-∂hcp-sS Iq-´Øn-em-sW Hcp- D∂X ku-[w- D≠m-°n-Øcn-I.- aqkm-bp-sS
∂m-Wv- Rm≥- Icp-Xp-∂Xv''- (hn.-Jp.- 28:-38).- ssZhØn-¶te°v- F\n-s°m-∂v- FØn-t\m-°m-at√m.-
""^n¿-Hu≥- ]d™p-: lm amt\ F\n-°v- B am¿- Xo¿®bm-bpw- Ah≥- hym-Pw- ]dbp-∂hcp-sS Iq-´Øn
Kßfn¬- AYhm- BIm-iam¿-Kßfn¬- FØn-t®cp- em-sW∂m-Wv- Rm≥- Icp-Xp-∂Xv''- (hn.-Jp.- 28:38).-
hm-\pw- F∂n-´v- aq-kmbp-sS ssZhØn-s≥-d ASp-tØ°v- ""^n¿-Hu≥- ]d™p-: lm-am-t\ F\n-°v- B am¿K
FØn-t\m-°p-hm-\pw-X°hÆw- F\n-°p-th≠n- \o- ßfn¬- AYhm- BIm-iam¿-Kßfn¬- FØn-t®cp-hm-
sbm-cp- D∂X ku-[w- ]Wn-Xv- Xcq.- Xo¿-®bmbpw- \pw- F∂n-´v- aq-km-bp-sS ssZhØn-s≥-d ASp-tØ°v-
Ah≥- (aq km)- Ifhv- ]dbp-Ibm-sW∂m-Wv- Rm≥- FØn-t\m-°p-hm-\pw -X°hÆw- F\n-°p-th≠n- \o
hn-Nm-cn°p-∂Xv.- A{]Im-cw- ^n¿Hu\v- - Xs≥-d Zp-jv- sbm-cp- D∂Xku-[w- ]Wn-XvX - cq.- Xo¿-®bmbpw- Ah≥-
{]hr-Øn- Aew-IrXam-bn- tXm-∂n-°s∏´p.- t\cm-b (aq-k)- Ifhv- ]dbp-Ibm-sW∂m-Wv- Rm≥- hn Nm-cn-
am¿K Øn¬-\n-∂v-Ah≥- XSbs∏Sp-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.- °p-∂Xv.- A{]Im-cw- ^n¿Hu\v- Xs≥-d Zp-jv-{]hr-Øn-
^tdm-hbp-sS X{¥w- \jv-SØn¬- Xs∂bm-bn-cp∂p''- Aew-Ir-Xam-bn- tXm-∂n-°s∏´p.- t\cm-b am¿-KØn¬-
(hn.-Jp.- 40:-36˛37).- lm-am-t\m-Sv- {]-tXy-I-am-bn- ^n¿-Hu≥- \n-∂v- Ah≥- XSbs∏Sp-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.- ^tdm-hbp-sS
B-h-iy-s∏-´- Im-cy-am-Wv- Jp¿-B-\n¬- ]-d-™n-cn-°p- X{¥w- \jvS- Øn¬-Xs∂bm-bn-cp-∂p''- (hn.-Jp.- 40:-36˛37).-
∂-Xv.- C-tX°p-dn-®- Ir-Xy-am-b- h-√- A-dn-hpw- Cu-Pn-]v-
Cu- kq-Iv-X-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- B-cm-Wv- lm-am-s\-t∂m-
jy≥- in-em-en-Jn-Xß - f - n-ep-t≠m-sb-∂v- C-\n-bpw- I-s≠-
A-t±-l-hpw- ^n¿-Hu-\pw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- _-\v-[-sa-¥m-bn-
Øn-°-gn-™n-ń-√.- F-∂m¬- B-Imim-tcm-l-W-Øn-\v-
cp-∂p-sh-t∂m- Ir-Xy-hpw- kq-£v-a-hp-am-bn- hy-Iv-X-am-hp-
Xm¬-]-cy-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p- ^-tdm-h-am¿- F-∂- Imcyw-
∂n-s√-∂-Xv- i-cn-bm-Wv.- F-∂m¬- ^n¿-Hu-\n-s≥-d- cm-P-
]u-cm-Wn-I- Cu-Pn-]vX - n-s\-°p-dn-®v- ]-Tn-®- K-th-jI - ∑- m¿-
k-Z- n-se- H-cp- {]-[m-\n-bm-bn-cp-∂p- lm-am-s\-∂pw- sI-
hy-Iv-X-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v.- {]-kn-≤- Cu-Pn-]v-t‰-m-f-Pn-kv-‰m-b-
ń-Sw- ]-Wn-I-fp-sS- Np-a-X-e- A-t±-l-Øn-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-
{In-kv-Xy≥- Pm-Izv- F-gp-Xp-∂-Xv- Im-Wp-I-:- ""ssZ-h-ßfp-
∂pw- Cu- B-b-Øp-Iƒ- kp-X-cmw- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≠v.-
sS- ap-∂n¬- ^-tdm-h- Xs≥-d- {]m-am-Wn-I-Xzw- {]-I-Sn-∏n-
Cu- B-b-Øp-I-fn¬- ]-cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-´- B-i-b-ß-fp-am-
°p-∂p.- A-t±-lw- X-\n-°v-B-Im-i-Øn-te°v- I-b-dn-t∏m-
bn- s]m-cp-Ø-ap-≈- bm-sXm-cp- IY-bpw- ss_-_n-fn¬-
Im-\m-bn- H-cp- tKm-h-Wn-bp-≠m-°p-hm≥- Ah-tcm-Sv- B-
Im-Wp-∂n-√.- F-kvtX-dn-s≥-d- ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬- Im-Wp-
h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.- A-h¿- A-t±-ls - Ø- A-\p-kc - n-®n-s√-¶n¬-
∂- Al-iz-tdm-iv- cm-Pm-hn-s≥-d- {]-`p-hm-b- lm-am-\pw-
A-h-bv-°v- `-£-W-ß-tfm ss\-th-Zy-ß-tfm- \¬-Ip-I-
Jp¿-B\n¬- ]-d-™n-cn-°p-∂- lm-am-\pw- X-Ωn¬- bm
bn-√-'' (Christian Jacgq: Egyptian Magic (Translated by
sXm-cp- _-\v-[-hp-an-s√-∂- h-kv-Xp-X- \-tS \mw- k-a¿Yn-
Janet M. Davis U.K. 1985, page II). ]u-cm-Wn-I- Cu-Pn-
°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.- ^-tdm-hbp-sS- sIm-´-m-c- k-Z- n¬- lm-
]v-Xn-se- in-em-en-Jn-X-ß-fn-sem-∂ns≥d- hm-b-\-bn¬-
am≥- F-∂p-t]-cm-b- H-cm-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂pthm?- C-°m-cy-
\n∂v- a-\- n-em-b- Im-cy-am-Wv- ap-I-fn¬- D-≤-cn-®-Xv.- CXn
Øn¬- ]p-cm-X-\- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®- ]-T-\-ß-fn-te-
¬-\n-∂v- H-cp- Im-cyw- hy-Iv-X-am-Wv.- ^-tdm-h-am-cn¬- H-cm-
sX-¶n-epw- h-√- sh-fn-®-hpw- \¬-Ip-∂p-t≠m?-
tfm- A-s√-¶n¬- H-∂n-e-[n-Iw- t]-tcm- B-Im-i-Øn-te-
°v- I-bd - n-t∏m-Im≥- B-{K-ln-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- A-Xn-\mbn- C-°m-cy-Øn¬- G-sd- ]-T\ - w- \-SØ- n-b- hy-IX v- n-bmWv-
tKm-h-Wn- ]-Wn-bm≥- {i-an-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xp-am-W-h.- tUm.- tam-dn-kv- _p-°m-bn.- ]u-cm-Wn-I- Cu-Pn-]X v- n-ep≠m-
aqkm- (A)- ]-d-™- ssZ-h-Øn-s≥-d- A-kv-Xn-Xz-a-t\zjn- bn-cp-∂-Xm-bn- Jp¿-B-\n¬- ]-d-bp-∂- l-m-am-s\-°p-dn-®v-
®v- B-Im-iØ - n-te-°v- I-bd - n-t∏m-Im-\m-bn- tKm-hW - n- \n¿- Fs¥-¶n-ep-a-dn-b-W-sa¶n¬- ]u-cm-Wn-I- Cu-Pn-]v-jy
Ωn-°p-hm≥- I¬-]n-®h - \- m-bn ^n¿-Hu-\n-s\- ]-cn-Nb - s∏- \n¬- A-hK - m-la - p-≈- B-tcm-sS-¶nepw- tNm-Zn-°p-Ib - mWv-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 46
am¿-K-sa-∂v- I-cp-Xn-b- tam-dnkv_p-°m-bn- B- hgn-°v- X ∂- H-cp- Im-cyw- {i-t≤-b-am-Wv.- ""hmƒ-´¿- sd≥-kn≥-kv-

s≥-d- A-t\z-jWw- Xn-cn-®p-hn-Sp-I-bpw- A-Xp-h-gn- A-Xv`p- In-sb-∂- Cu-Pn-]v-tX-m-f-Pn-kv-‰v- 1906¬- ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-b-
XIc-am-b- Nn-e- h-kv-XpX-Iƒ- ]p-d-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cn-I Hcp- {K-\v-Y-Øn¬- Xm≥- "lmam≥'- F-∂- \m-aw- Hm-kv-{Sn-
bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- tUm.- tam-dn-kv- _p-°m-bn- X-s∂- F-gpX b-bn-ep-≈- hn-b-∂-bn-se- tlm--^v-ayq-kn-b-Øn¬- kq-£n-
s´!- ""F-s≥-d- "Jp¿B-\n-s\-°pdn-®- ]-cn-Nn-¥-\-ßƒ-, ®n-cn-°p-∂- in-em-^-e-I-Øn¬- sIm-Øn-sh-®-Xm-bm-Wv-
(Reflections on the Qur'an) F-∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn¬- kq-Nn-∏n- I≠-sX-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v.- Ip-sd-tb-sd- h¿-j-ßƒ-°p-
®-Xp-t]m-se- ]-{¥-≠v- h¿-j-ßƒ-°v- apºv- ¢m-kn-°¬- ti-jw- F-\n-°v- B- in-em-^-e-I-Øn-se- lo-tcm-•n-^p-
Ad_n-bn¬- \-√- ]-cn-Pv-Rm-\-ap-≈- H-cp- hn-Z-Kv-[-t\m-Sv- I-fn¬- tc-Js - ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈- sXm-gn¬- hm-bn-°m≥ km-
C°m-cyw- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-te-°v- {]-kv-Xp-X- A-t\z-j [n-®p.- A-t∏m-gm-Wv- {]-kv-Xp-X- \m-a-tØm-sSm-∏w- tN¿-
Ww- F-s∂- \-bn-®p.- C°m-cy-ßsf-√mw- ]q¿-W-am-bn- Øn-cn-°p-∂- \n¿-Wb - Z- w- (determinative) At±lw- ^-
-- ]
]q¿-Øo-I-cn-°p-∂- {]-K¬-`-\m-b- Hcp- {^-©v- Cu-Pn-]v- tdm-h-bp-am-bn- h-f-sc- A-Sp-Ø- hy-Iv-Xn-bm-sW-∂v- {]m-
tX-m-f-Pn-kv-‰v- F-s≥-d- tNm-Zy-Øn-\v- D-Øcw- \¬-Iphm≥- [m-\y-]q¿-h-w- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-s≠-∂v- a-\- n-em-b-Xv''-
Z-b-hp-Im-Wn-®p.- (Dr. Mau rice Bucaille: Moses and Pharoah, The Hebrews
Jp¿-B-\n¬- F-gp-Xn-b-Xp-t]m-se-X-s∂- tIm-∏n-sb- in Egypt (1995-Tokyo) Page 192-193).
Sp-Ø- "lm-am≥'- F-∂- ]-Zw- Im-Wn-®p-sIm-≠v- G-gmw- F-¥p-am-{Xw- A-Xv-`p-X-I-c-am-Wv- Cu- I-s≠-Ø¬!-
\q-‰m-≠n-ep-≈- H-cp- tcJ-bn¬- Cu-Pn-]v-jy≥- N-cn-{X-hp- ^n¿-Hu-\n-s≥-d- cm-P-k-Z- n-ep-≈- sI-ń-S- \n¿-a-m-W-hp-
am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- H-cm-sf- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-hm-\m-bn- D-]-tbm- am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- hy-Iv-Xn-bm-bm-Wv- Jp¿-B≥- lm-am-
Kn-®- ]-Z-am-Wv- C-sX-∂v- Rm≥- At±-l-sØ- sX-cy-s∏Sp- s\- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.- Cu-Pn-]v-jy≥- lo-tcm-•-n-^p-
Øn.- Iƒ- \¬-Ip-∂- A-dn-hp-w- a-s‰m-∂-√.- ^tdm-h-am-cp-sS- Im-
Cu- ]-ZØ - n-s≥-d- lo-tcm-•n-^n-Iv- en-]y-¥c - W
- w- Xm≥- e-Øv- lm-am≥- F-∂- H-cmƒ- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂n-t´-bn-s√-∂-
I-≠n-´p-s≠-∂v- A-t±-lw- ]-d™ - p.- F-∂m¬- G-gmw- \q‰m- hn-a¿-i-Icp-sS- hm-Zw- Cu-Pn-]v-tX-m-f-Pn-bn¬- \-S-∂- ]p-
≠n-ep-≈- H-cp- tc-J-bn¬- C-Xv- Im-Wp-I- Xn-I-®pw- Akw- Xn-b- Kth-j-W-ßƒ- Xn-c-kv-°-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- \mw- C-
`-hy-am-sW-∂pw- A-°me-Øv- lo-tcm-•n-^p-Iƒ- ]q¿-Wam- hn-sS- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.- ss_-_n-fn-s≥-d- sh-fn-®-Øn¬- Jp¿-
bn-Øs - ∂- hn-kva - r-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- A-t±-lw- Iq- B-\n-s\- hn-a¿-in-°p-hm≥- [r-jv-S-cm-b-h¿-°v- lo-tcm•-
ń-t®¿-Øp.- n-^p-I-fp-sS- h-m-b-\- h-√m-sØm-cp- Xn-cn-®-Sn-bmWv- \¬-
{]-kv-Xp-X- \m-a-sØ-°p-dn-®- X-s≥-d- A-\p-am-\-sØ- Ip-∂-Xv.-
D-d∏ - n-°phm≥- "cm≥-sI'-bp-sS- "]p-Xn-b- cm-PX - z-Im-es- Ø- Jp¿-B-\m-Wv- Ir-Xy-hpw- kq-£v-a-hp-am-b- N-cn-{X- ]-
hy-Iv-Xn-\m-a-ß-fp-sS- \n-L-≠p'- (Henmann Ranke: Dic- cm-a¿-i-ßƒ- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv- F-∂v- t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-I- am-
tionary of Personal Names of the New Kingdom) F-∂- {X-a-√,- ]p-Xn-b- ]-T-\ßƒ- sN-øp-∂-Xv-;- {]-Xyp-X,- ss_-
{K-\v-Y-sØ- A-h-ew-_n-°p-hm≥- At±lw- F-t∂m-Sv- B- _nƒ- C-°m-cy-Øn¬- Xo-sc- kq-£v-a-a-√m-Ø- ]-Z-{]-tbm-
h-iy-s∏-´p.- B- ]p-kv-X-Iw- hm-bn-®-t∏mƒ- At±lw- F K-ß-fpw- ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-fp-am-Wv- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv- F∂p-Iq-Sn-
s≥-d- ap-∂n¬-sh-®v- F-gp-Xn-bX - p-t]m-se-Xs- ∂-bp-≈- lo- A-h- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.- ss_-_nƒ- A-{]-am-Zn-bpw- Jp¿-
tcm•n^v- e-n-]n-I-fn¬- F-gp-X-s∏-´- {]-kv-Xp-X- \m-a-hpw- B≥- A-_≤-ßf - m¬- \n-_n--Uh - p-am-sW-∂v- k-a¿-Yn- °- m-
A-X-n-s≥-d- P¿-Ω≥- `m-j-bn-ep-≈- en-]y-¥-c-W-hpw- Im \m-bn- {i-an-°p-∂h - ¿- \n-cØ- p-∂- sX-fn-hp-Iƒ- A-h¿s°-
Wm≥- F-\n-°v- I-gn-™p.- Xn-sc-bp-≈- _q-admw-Kp-I-fm-bn- am-dp-∂-Xm-Wv- C-hn-sS-
B- hn-Z-Kv-[-≥- k-¶¬-]n-®p-]-d-™-sX-√mw- i-cn-bm- bpw- \mw- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.-
sW-∂v- Cu- \n-L≠ - p- F-s∂- t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-Øn.- lmam- (iv) Np-s´-Sp-Ø- C-jvS- n-Is- Im-≠p-≈- tKm-]p-cw-:- ^n¿-
s≥-d- sXm-gn¬- hm-bn-®-t∏mƒ- Rm≥- A-£-cm¿-Y-Øn¬- Hu≥- lmam-t\m-Sm-bn- B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-bn- Jp¿-B-
kvX - _ - v[- \ - m-bn-t∏m-bn.- ""I√p-sh-´p-Ip-gn-bn-se- sXm-gn-em- ≥-- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv- Nps´-Sp-Ø- I-fn- a-Æp-sIm-≠p-≈- C-jv-Sn-
fn-If - p-sS- t\-Xm-hv''- (The Chief of the Workers in the Stone- I-bp-]t- bm-Kn-®v- H-cp- tKm-]p-cw- \n¿-an- °
- p-hm-\m-Wv.- Al-
quarries). Jp¿-B-\n¬- F-¥m-tWm- ]-d-bp-∂Xv- Ir-Xy- ¶m-c-tØm-sS-bp-≈- ^n¿-Hu-\n-s≥-d- I¬]-\- Jp¿-B≥-
am-bpw- A-Xp-X-s∂-!- ^-tdm-h-bp-tS-Xm-bn- Jp¿-B≥- D≤- D-≤-cn-°p-∂p-:-
cn-°p-∂- h-N-\w- H-cp- sI-ń-S- \n¿-a-m-Xm-hn-s\-bm-W-t√m- ""^n¿-Hu≥- ]d™p-: {]ap-J∑m-tc Rm-\√m-sX bm-
A-`n-kwt_m-[-\- sN-øp-∂-Xv.- sXm-cp- ssZhhpw- \n-ßƒ-°p-≈Xm-bn- Rm≥- Adn™n-
lm-am-s\-°p-dn-®v- t\-c-sØ- kq-Nn-∏n-®- \n-L-≠p ń-√.- AXp-sIm≠v- lm-am-t\,- F\n-°p-th≠n- Ifn-aÆp-
hn¬- ]-cma¿-in-°s - ∏-´- ]p-dØ
- n-s≥-d- t^m-t´m-tIm-∏nbpw- sIm-≠v- (Cjv-Sn-I)- Np-s´Sp-°p-I.- F∂n-´v- F\n-°v- \o-
Jp¿-B-\n-se- {]-kvXp-X- \m-a-ap-≈- t]-Pp-I-fpw- \-tS- ]- Hcp- D∂X ku-[w- D≠m-°n-Øcn-I.- aq-km-bp-sS ssZh
d-™- hn-Z-Kv-[-\v- Im-Wn-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ- A-bm-fpw- Øn-¶te°v- F\n-s°m-∂v- FØn-t\m-°m-at√m.- Xo¿-
A-º-c-∂p-t]m-bn-;- Abmƒ-°v- an-≠m-´w- \n∂p-t]m-bn.....- ®bm-bpw- Ah≥- hym-Pw- ]dbp-∂hcp-sS Iq-´Øn-em
\n-L≠ - p-hn-s≥-d- I¿-Øm-hm-b- dm≥-sI- kq-Nn-∏n-°p- sW∂mWv- Rm≥- Icp-Xp-∂Xv''- (hn.-Jp.- 28:-38).-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 47
Sn.-sI.- bq-kp^v-
Jp¿-B≥- hn-a¿-i-I-cp-sS- ]-cn-lm-k-Øn-\v- ]m-{X-am- I-I(Paving-slabs) fm-Wv- A-h¿- a-\x-]q¿-h-w- \n¿-a-n-®-

b- ]-cm-a¿i-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wn-Xv.- ^-tdm-h-am-cp-sS- Im-e- Np-s´-Sp-Ø- C-jv-Sn-I-Iƒ-°p-≈- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-b- sX-fnhv.-
Øv- Np-s´-Sp-Ø- C-jv-Sn-I-sIm-≠v- sI-ń-Sw- \n¿-a-n-°p-∂- 30 x--- 30 x- 5 sk-.-ao.- A-f-hn-ep-≈- Cu- ]-e-I-I-ƒ- km-[m-
hn-Zy- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn¬- \n-e-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂pw- tdm- c-W- I-fn-a¨- C-jv-Sn-I-I-sf- A-t]-£n-®v- Cu¿-∏-Øn-
am-°m-cp-sS- Im-e-Øm-Wv- {]-kv-Xp-X- k{º-Zm-bw- B-cw- t\m-Spw- tX-bv-am-\-tØm-Spw- D-b¿-∂- {]-Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn-
`n-®Xv- F-∂pw- Cu-Pn-]v-jy≥- ]p-cm-h-kv-Xp- K-th-j-W- {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- A-Xv- Cu- B-h-iym¿-Y-w- D-]-tbm
Øn-s≥-d- sh-fn-®-Øn¬- ]-sØm≥-]-Xmw- \q-‰m ≠n¬- Kn-°p-hm≥- Im-c-Ww'' (A.J. SPENCER: Brick Architecture
F-gpX-s∏-´- Nn-e- ]p-kvX-I-ß-fn-se- Nn-e- ]-cm-a¿-i-ß- In Ancient Egypt (1979-U.K) Page 140).
fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-Øn-em-Wv- hn-a¿-i-\-ap-∂-bn-°-s∏-Sm- Np-s´-Sp-Ø- C-jvS- n-II - ƒ- D-]tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠v- sIń-
dp-≈-Xv.- Np s´-Sp-Ø- I-fn-a-Æp-sIm-≠p-≈- C-jv-Sn-I-bp- S-ap-≠m-°p-∂- co-Xn ]u-cm-Wn-I- Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im¿-°v- A-
≠m-°p-∂- hn-Zy-X-s∂- \n-e-hn-en-√m-Xn-cp-∂- Ime-Øv- dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂psh-¶n-epw- A-Xv- km¿-h{-- Xn-I-am-bn- D-]-
F-ß-s\-bm-Wv- A-ß-s\-bp-≈- C-jv-Sn-I-sIm-≠v- sI- tbm-Kn-°s - ∏-ń-cp-∂n-s√-∂v- kvs]≥-k¿- Nq-≠n-°m-´p-∂p.-
ń-S-ap-≠m°m ≥- B-h-iy-s∏Sp-I-sb-∂v- hn-a¿-i-I¿- ]- F-∂m¬- i-Iv-X-am-b- ku-[-ß-fp-≠m-°p-tºmƒ- A-h-
cn-l-kn-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.- Cu-Pn-]v-jy≥- ]p-cm-h-kv- ]-cn-KW - n-°s - ∏-ń-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- A-t±-lw- X-s∂- Nq-≠n°m-
Xp- ]-T-\-Øn-se- ]p Xn-b- I-s≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ- a-\- n-em- ´p-∂p-≠v.- \-tS- ]-d-™-Xn¬-\n-∂v- Np-s´-Sp-Ø- C-jv-Sn-I-
°ptºmƒ-- Cu- ]-cnlm-kw- ap-gp-h≥- hn-a¿-i-I-cp-sS- h- Iƒ- F-√m- Im-e-ß-fn-ep-a-p-≈- Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im¿-°v- ]-cn-
Z-\-Øn-te-°p-X-s∂- Xncn-®p-sN-√p-∂-Xm-Wv- \-ap-°v- Im- Nn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- F-∂m¬- A-Xn-s≥-d- Cu-Sp-sIm
Wm\m-Ip-∂-Xv.- ≠v- km-[m-cW - - I-fn-a¨- I-Í - f - n¬-\n∂v- hy-Xy-kvX - a - mb-
]u-cm-Wn-I- Cu-Pn-]vX - n-se- sI-ń-S- \n¿-am- W- - co-XnI- D-]t- bmK-ap-≈t- ∏mƒ- am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p-- A-Xv- D-]tbm-Kn®n-
sf-°pdn-®v- B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-bn- ]-Tn-®-bm-fm-Wv- F.-sP.- cp-∂-sX-∂p-am-Wv- \-ap-°v- a-\- n-em-hp-∂-sX-∂v- D-]-kw-
kv-s]≥-k¿.- 1979¬- ]p-d-Øn-d-ßn-b- A-t±-l-Øn-s≥-d- l-cn-°mw''- (Ibid Page 141)
""]p-cm-X\ - - Cu-Pn-]X v- n-se- C-jvSn-I- hm-kX v- p-hn-Zy''- (Brick Jp¿-B\ - n¬- ]-cm-a¿ - i
- n-°s - ∏-´- Im-cy-ßf - p-am-bn- Cu-
Architecture in Ancient Egypt) F-∂- {K\v-Y-am-Wv- C-∆n- Pn-]vt- X-mf- P - n-bn-se- ]p-Xn-b- ]-T\ - ß - ƒ- \¬-Ip-∂- Adnhv-
j-b-I-am-bn- C-∂v- \n-e-hn-ep-≈- G-‰-hpw- B[n-Im-cn-Iam- ]q¿-W-am-bn- tbmPn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xm-Wv- \-ap-°v- C-hn-sS- Im
b- tc-J.- {]-kv-Xp-X- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv- ImWp- Wm≥- I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- aq-km- \_n-(A)- bp-sS- Im-e-Øn-\v-
I:- ""tdmam-°m-cp-sS- Im-ew-h-sc- Np-s´-Sp-Ø- C-jv-Sn-Ibp- ap-ºp-X-s∂- I-fn-a¨- C-jv-Sn-I-Iƒ- Np-s´-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠v-
]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- coXn-°v- s]m-Xp-hm-b- {]-Nm-c-ap-≠m-bn- _-e-h-Øm-°p-∂- co-Xn- Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im¿-°v- A-dn-bm-am-
cp-∂n-s√-¶n-epw- A-Xn-t\-°mƒ- Ip-sd- ap-ºpX-s∂- Cu- bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂- A-dn-hv- ^n¿-Hu≥- lm-am-t\m-Sm-bn ""F\n-
h-kv-Xp-sh-°p-dn®- A-dn-hv- Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im¿-°p-≠m-bn-cp °p-th≠n- I-fn-a¨- C-jv-Sn-I- Np-s´-Sp-°p-I-''- (28:-38)-sb-
∂p-sh-∂pw- C-S-bv-s°m-s°- A-Xv- D-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-ń-cp- ∂v- ]-d™ - X
- mbn- Jp¿-B≥- D-≤c - n-°p-∂X
- v- ]q¿-Wa - mbpw-
∂p-sh-∂pw- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂- a-Xn-bm-b- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-≠v.- N-cn-{X-]c - a - m-sW∂v- hy-IX v- a
- m-°p-∂p.- B-Im-iØ - n-te°v-
cm-P-hw-i-Im-e-Øn-\v- ap-ºv- (Predynastic) X-s∂- A-_n- I-b-dnt∏m-bn- aq-km- (A)- ]d-bp-∂- ssZ-h-sa-ßm-\pw
tZm-kn-epw- a-lm-kv-\m-bn-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂- s]m-Sn-Nq-f-I- A-hn-sS-bp-t≠m-sb-∂v- t\m-°p-hm-\m-bm-Wv- ku-[w- ]
fn¬- Np-s´-Sp-Ø- I-fn-aÆ - p-sIm-≠p-≠m-°n-b- h-en-b- Ij- Wn-bm≥- ^n¿-Hu≥- B-h-iy-s∏-´-Xv.- km-[-m-c-W-bn¬-
W-ßs - f- C-jvS- n-II
- s - f-∂v- hn-fn-°m-\m-hp-Ib - n-s√-¶n-epw- \n-∂v- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b- D-∂-X- ku-[w- \n¿-an-°p-I-bm-
A-Xv- km-[m-cW - - I-fn-aÆ - v- Np-s´-Sp-°p-∂- hn-Zy- A-h¿°v- Wv- ^n¿-Hu-\n-s≥-d- B-h-iyw.- Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im¿- km-[m-
A-dn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p-≠v.- I-Øn c-W- sI-ń-S- \n¿-am-W-Øn-\v- D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂- I-fn-a¨-
°p-∂-Xp-h-gn- I-fn-a¨- C-jv-Sn-I-Iƒ- i-Iv-X-am-bn-Øo-cp I-´-Iƒ- t]-m-c- Cu- ku-[-Øn\v.- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv- {]
sa-∂- Adnhv- B-Zy-Im-e- Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im¿-°v- D-≠m-bn- tXy-I-am-bn-Ø-s∂- "I-fn-a-Æp-sIm-≠v- Np-s´-Sp-°p-I'-sb-
cp-∂n-s√-∂v- I-cp-Xm≥- bmsXm-cp- \ym-bh - p-an-√.- - G-sX¶n ∂v- B-Pv-Rm-]n-®-Xv.- D-d-∏p-≈- D-∂-X- ku-[w- \n¿-a-n
ep-sam-cp- sI-ń-Sw- bm-ZrNvOn-I-am-tbm- a-t‰m- A-Kv-\n-°n- °m≥- Cu-Pn-]vXp-Im¿- {]-tXy-I- B-h-iy-ßƒ-°m-bp-
c-bm-b-Xn¬-\n-∂v- A-h¿- C-Xv- a-\- n-em-°n-bn-cn-°-Ww.- ≈- \n¿-a-m-W- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- Np
k-°m-db - n¬- H-∂mw- cm-Ph - w-iI- m-eØ
- p-≠m-bn-cp∂- Nne- s´-Sp-Ø- C-jvS- n-I X - s∂- th-Ws - a-∂m-Wv- ^n¿Hu-\ns‚-
kv-Xq-]-ß-fn¬-X-s∂- bm-Zr-NvOn-I-am-bn- \n¿-a-n-°-s∏´- -I¬-]-\.- ô-tcm•n-^v- en-]n-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- bm-sXm-∂pw-
Nps´-Sp-Ø- C-jv-Sn-I-Iƒ- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.- sIm-≈- A-dn-bm-Xn-cp-∂- Im-e-Øv- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏´- hn-ip-≤-
°m¿- IØn-®X - p-aq-et- am- a-t‰m- B-bn-cn-°W - w- C-Xp-≠m- th-Z{- K-\Y v- Ø - n-se - - ]-cm-a¿-iß - s - f-√mw- lo-tcm•n-^p-Iƒ-
b-sX-∂m-Wv- A-\p-am-\w.- F-¶n-epw- ]p-cm-X-\- cm-P-XzIm- \¬-Ip-∂- A-dn-hp-I-fp-am-bn- ]q¿-W-am-bpw- tbm-Pn-°p-
e-Øv- Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im¿- I-cp-Xn-°q-ń- Np-s´-Sp-Ø- C-jv-Sn ∂p-sh-∂- hkvX - p-X- Jp¿-B\ - n-s≥-d- ssZ-hn-IX - b- √- m-sX-
I-Iƒ- \n¿-a-n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\v- C-Xp-h-sc- sX-fn-hp-I a-s‰-¥m-Wv- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-Xv?-
sfm-∂pw- e`n-®n-ń-√.- a-[y-cm-PX - z-Im-es
- Ø- \q-_n-bb - nse-
h-enb- tIm´-I-fn¬- D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂- hn-cn-∏p-]-e-
2003 P-\p-h-cn-- ˛1 48
(t]-Pv- 44 ¬- \n-∂v-˛ tbip- c-£-s∏-Sm≥- -...)

H-cp- ]-Tn-Xm-hn-s≥-d- a-\ n¬- P-\n-°m-hp-∂- G-Xm-\pw- kw-i-b-ß-fp-sS- te-J-\m-hn-jv- `m A-\p-I-c-W- D¬-_p-≤-X-s°-Xn-cm-b-Xn-
Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p- "hm-gv-Ømw- b-q-Zm-kn-s\',- "{Iq-io-I-c-W-Øn-se-- sF-d-Wn'- F-∂n-h.- a-dn- \m¬- bm-Ym¿-Yy-sØ- bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-bn- Im-
®v- hn-a¿-i-\-°-p-dn-∏p-Im-c≥- B-t£-]n-°pw-t]m-se- h-f-s®m-Sn-®v- Zp¿-hym-Jym-\n-°-epw- Wm-\p-≈- k-lr-Zb- X
- z-hpw- k-Xy-k\
- v[
- a
- m-
s]m-Sn-∏pw- sXm-ß-epw-sh-®- I-Y- ]-d-®n-ep-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.- A-Xn-\m¬- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°pt¥m- b- t{km-X n¬-\n-∂v- Im-cy-ß-sf- I-s≠-
dpw- ssh-cp-[y-ßƒ- Ip-an-™p-Iq-Sp-∂- B-Zn-]m-]-sa-∂- an-Yym-[m-c-W-bpw- A-Xn-e-[n-jv- Øm-\p-≈- hn-im-e-u-Zm-cy-hpw- D-≠m-h-W-
Tn-X-am-b- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- B-K-a-t\m-t±-iy-tØ-bpw- Ip-dn-®v- H-cp- ]p-\¿-hn-Nn-¥-\-Øn-\v- sa-∂v- A-t]-£n-°p-I-bm-Wv.-
Cu- Ip-dn-∏v- D-]-I-cn-s®-¶n¬- F-∂m-in-°p-I-bm-Wv.-
Ip-dn-∏p-Im-c-s≥-d- ]-c-n-h¿-Ø-\- hn-a-p-J-X-bpw- \n-tj-[m-Xv-a-I-X-bpw- A-\v-[-am-b- k-
(t]-Pv- 21 ¬- \n-∂v-˛ Ckvemans≥d {]kIvXn -...)

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2003 P-\p-h-cn-˛1 1

]p-kv-X-I-w- c≠v- / e-°w- H-º-X-v / 2003 P\p-h-cn-- ˛1 /1423 i-∆m¬-˛28

Internet Edition: http://www.nicheoftruth.org/samvadam

kp-hn-ti-jw- \-in-®p-t]m-Ip-∂-h¿-°v- t`m-j-Xz-am-Wv!- h-iyw- ]-d-™m¬- B-Sv- B-Ip-tam?-

ip-hn-s≥-d- in-jy-∑m¿-°v- tb-ip-hm-Wv- B- {]-hm-N-I≥-

kpsshZp_v \ p ssJkv (d) ]dbp∂p: km[\ßƒ

F-hn-sS- \n-∂p- Xp-S-ß-Ww?-

^-td-m-h˛ lm-am≥- I-Y

cm-Phw-i-Øn-s≥-d- `-c-W-Im-e ØmWv- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-se- tc-J-Iƒ \¬-Ip-∂- sX-fn-hp-Iƒ- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂-sX-

Im-eØ- m-Wv- tbm-k^ - n-s≥-d- Cu-Pn]vX

≈- sX-fn-hv- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.- d-h.- F.-kn.- s¢-b‰ v- ¨- F-gp-Xp∂-Xv- Im-Wp-I:- - ""blq

hn.F. aplΩZv Ajvd^v

Ckvemans\ AXns≥d auenIt{kmX n¬\nt∂m Ncn{X]camtbm

]WvUntXmNnXamb hna¿i\ßsf am\y aqeyßf-n¬ H∂pw amtd≠Xn√ F∂XmWn

bpw CØcw k\mX\ aqeyßfpsS (a\pjy fpsS XmcXays∏SpØ¬ A t\zjWcwKsØ

kΩXn°p∂p: "a\pjys\ °pdn® ]pcmX\amb \mhq'.(10)

√mØh¿ ]gb [mcWIfn¬ ISn®pXqßp∂p≠v. "A√mlp X´pX´mbn k]vXhm\ßsf krjvSn

jys≥d \S]SnIsf {]h¿Øn∏n°p∂Xn¬ \oXn kXyamIp∂p. CjvSap≈h¿°v CXv kzoIcn°mw.

¬ (7:157, 4:75, 28:5) Chsbms°bmWv Ckvemans\ bpw Bcm[y˛]qPI hkvXp°sfbpw \nµn°m\pa

C-kv-em-an-s≥-d- k-a-Xz-sa-∂- B-i-b-Øn-s≥-d- t]cn-epw- hn-Pv-Rm-\-Øn-s≥-d- {]-Nm-c-W-Øn-\¿-

sØ-∏-‰n- \-S-Øn-b- ]-T-\-Øn¬- hy-Iv-X-am-°p-∂p.-(21)- im-kv-{X-ß-fp-sS-bpw- {]-tbm-K-ßfp-sS-bpw- C-Sp-ßn-

● _-\q-C-kv-dm-Cu-ep-Im-sc- i-]n-®-Xv- i-cn-tbm?-

? _-\q- C-{km-Cu¬- F-∂v- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv- H-cp- k-¥m-\-]-c-º-c- bpw- hy-Xn-N-en-®p-t]m-bm¬- in-£m¿-l-cm-

! A-t\-Iw- {]-hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS- k-¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬-s]-´-h-cm-Wv- C-

√m-lp-hn-s≥-d- _m-[y-X-bm-sW- sf- c-£-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p''.-

I-Øv- kp-J-hpw- t£-a-hpw- D-≠m-Ip-sa-∂pw,- ]-t£,- A-Xv- b-Ym¿-Y- hn-P-b-as√-

! F-√m- a-\pjy¿-°pw- \-∑bpw- Xn-∑-bpw- hn-izm-k-hpw- A-hnizm-k-hpw- sX-c-

F-tXym-]y-bn-se- ]p-cm-X-\- kq- c y- t Z- h - \ m- b - X- Ω q- k n- s ‚-

°m-Ø- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-epw- Ip-cn-iv- H-cp- hn-ip-≤- Nn-lv-\-am-bn- D- Ipcn-im-bn-cp-∂p.-

]u-cm-Wn-I- Cu-Pn-]v-X-p-Im¿- B-cm-[n-®n-cp-∂- a-‰v- kq-cy-tZh-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p- I-d-kv-‰pw-

tdm-a≥- en-]n-bn¬- ]-Øv- F-∂- A- ]p-cm-X-\- Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im-¿- ssZ-h-am-bn-

an-{X-\pw- Ip-cn-ipw- c-Ww.- {Kq-∏p-Iƒ-°nS-bn-ep-≈- kw-L-´-\-ßƒ- A-h-km-\n∏n-

kq-cy-tZ-h-s≥-d- H-cp- A-hXm-c-am-bn-´m-Wv- tdm-am-°m¿- an-{X-s\- I-≠-Xv.- an-{X-s≥-d- {]-Xo-

a-\p-jy-cp-sS- ]m-]-ßƒ-°p-th-≠n- Ip-cn-in¬- c-Iv-Xw- Nn-¥n- acn- A-Xn-t∑¬- Xq-ßn-°n-S-∂p''.-

ss_-_nƒ- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-i-Øn-se- Cu- D-≤-c-Wn- I-≠m¬- tXm-∂pw- {In-kv-Xp-hn-s\-

\m-e-mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s≥-d- A-¥yw- h-sc- an{X-a-X-°m¿- A-Y-hm- tdm-a-°m-c-m-Wv- Cu- Ip-cn-iv-

]p-cm-X-\- {Ko-°v- `m-j-bn¬- Stauros F-∂- ]-ZØn-\v- Ip-cnsi-∂v- A¿-Yw-h-cp-∂-

tI-m]v-‰n-I-v Ip-cn-iv- kq-cy- tZh-\m-b- X-Ωq-kn-s‚- B-cm-[I - ¿-

te-°v- hn-h¿-Ø-\w- sN-bv-Xp.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- Cw-•o-jv- `mj

a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn-s≥-d- B-Xy-¥n-I-am-b- e-£y-{]m-]v-Xn-°v- F-¥p-sN-ø-W-sa-∂v-

`-h≥,- a-lm-Im-e≥,- A¿-[-\m-co-iz-c≥- F∂n-h¿- A-h-Xm-c-ßƒ-

ko-Xm-]l - c - W - w- \-SØ - n- A[¿-ΩØ - n-s≥d- ]-XmIm-hm-lI - \

∂p-s≠-¶n-epw- Ah-bn¬- H-∂pw-X-s∂- C-h¿-- hn-jvWp-hn-s≥-d-

Wm≥- ]m-Sn√m-Ø-Xm-sW ∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- c-≠-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠m-

Ip-cn-ip- a-c-Ww-:- hn-a¿-i-I¿-°p- sX-fn-hn-√-

tbip bqZbpsS \o°Øn¬ kwibw tXm∂nb√ KXvia\ tXm´Ønte°v t]mbXv.

tbiphn\v AXv Dd∏p≠mbncp∂p F∂t√ tbml 13:21¬ \n∂v a\ nemIp∂Xv. tbip

s]kl AØmgkabØpw, {io Aen ]dbp∂Xv t]mse injysc H‰psImSp°en\p≈ `hnjyØns\

\nhrØnbmIpw. ]m]tØmSp≈ tbiphns≥d shdp∏mWv KXvia\tØm´Øn¬ {]ISambXv.

tbip- c-£-s∏-Sm≥- {i-an-®n-s√-t∂m?-

H-cp- {]-tXy-I- te-J-\-Øn-\v- hn-a¿-i-\-°p-dn-s∏-gp-Xp-tºmƒ- A-Xn-se- ]-cm-a¿-in-X- hn-j-b-ßƒ-°v- Iq-Sp-X¬-

Ym¿-Y- hm-fs- √-∂pw- ss_-_n-fn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈- A-PR v- X- b

s]-k-lm- B-tLmjw- G-Xm-\pw- k-a-b-tØ-°v- am-{X-sam-Xp-ßp-∂- N-S-ß-s√-∂v- blq-Z- N-cn-{Xw- ]-Tn-®-h¿-°-

{K-ln-®-Xn-\m-em-Wv- ]-t{Xm-kn-t\m-Sv- hmƒ- D-d-bn¬- C-Sm≥- ]-d-™-Xv.-

{Iq-io-I-c-W-Øn-s≥-d- sXm-´pap-ºp-f- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- Hm-tcm- N-e-\-ß-fpw- {i-≤n-®m¬- ]q¿-W-

kw-Xr-]v-Xn-tbm-sS- a-c-Ww- h-cn-°m-\p-≈- tb-ip-hn-s≥-d- cq-]-Øn-\p]Icw- A-h-km-\- izm-kw-

X-s≥-d- hn-izm-k-Øn-\p-th-≠n- Po-h≥- Xy-Pn-t°-≠n-h-∂- ]-e- [o-c-∑m-cpw- B-Z-¿-i-im-en-I-fpw- Xq-°p-a-c-Øn-