165 Bible Study

Aymbw 1
Bcw-`n-n-cn-pp
13
14
`mKw 1
hyn-]-c-amb Xm-sd-Spv
A.
ss__n -Un-p-thn hyn-]-c-amb Xm-sd-Sp-p- \-S-p-tm Adn-n-cnt Bdp {]am-W- (knm--) :

1. tbip-{In-kvXp-hn hniz-kn-p-I.
ss__n ]T\-n hyn-]-c-amb ko-I-c-W- sNp B tbip-{In-kvXp-hn hniz-kn-n-cnWw Fv Bhnp Du sImSp- Bhiyw C; Fm {]mIr-Xa
- \
- p-jy\v (-{In-kX
v p-h
- m-h
- )
ssZhmm-hns D]-tZiw ssIsIm-p-hm km[n-p--X-(1 sImcn. 2.14). ctbm Ir]bm hnizmkw
aqew A\p-`-hn-t--Xp-am-Ip-p (F-t^. 2-:-89). Bo-b-Im-cy-- Xncn--dn-bm hnZymnsb klm-bnp-Xv ]cn-ip-m-hm-Wv.
2. ss__n-fns ssZh\nizm-kn-b-Xsb AwKo-I-cn-p-I.

Xncp-sh-gpp kzbw kmo-I-cn-p-p (2- Xn-tam. 3:16,17). hN\w ]wnp Ghcpw CXp k-Xn-t--XmWv. hnizm-k-ns FSp-p-Nm--tfm ss__n kXyhpw sXn-q-Sm ssZh-h-N-\-hp-am-Ip-p
Fp AwKo-Im-c-am-Wv Bh-iyw.
3. {]m-n-p-I.
Xncp-sh-gp-p-I a\-n-em-p--Xn\v {]\ AXymhiyam-Wv. Bs-nepw m\w Ipd-hm-sW-n
bmNn-m(-{]mn-m ) ssZhw Ahp kuP\y-ambn \evIp-sa-mWv bmtm_v 1:5 hmbn-p-X
- v.
icn-bmb Adn-hn-\pw, hnth-N-\-n-\p-am-bp-ff Bm-amb {]m\bvv adp]-Sn-e-`n-p-sa--Xn\p cp]--an-, Fs-m CXp ssZh-ln-X-n s]-Im-cy-am-Wv (1 -tbm-l. 5:14 cf am. 7:7,8).
4. ipjvIm-n-tbmsS ]TnpIbpw kln-jvWp-X-bp--h-cm-bn-cn-p-Ibpw thWw.

Xncp-sh-gp-nse ]e-`m-K a\-nemm {]mbm-ka
- p-h
- b
- m-Ibm hfsc {i-tbmSpw kln-jvWpXtbmsSbpw Ahsb ]Tntn-bn-cn-p-p (2 Xnsam. 2:15). ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp a\p-jy-cmb \mw A]-cn-an-X-amb
ssZh-ns a\-ns\ {Kln--m-\mWv {ian-p--sX-Xp hnkva-cn-msX hfsc Imcy--a-X-tbmsS
Bbn-cn-Ww ]Tn-p-Xv.
5. ]q-ambn ]m]-sf Gp-]-d-bp-I.

ssZhw \s A\p-{K-ln-p--Xn-\pw, ssZhnI Iqm-bva-bn XpS-bmbn \ne-\n-evt--Xn\pw ]m]sf Gp ]d-tb-Xv AXn {][m-\-amb Hm-Wv (1 tbml. 1:610). ssZh-ln-X-n\p hn]-co-X-ambn
\n Dbn- p Fm Nn- I - f pw, kwkm- c - - f pw, {]hn- I fpw Hmtcm- mbn k- X npw
nc-ambpw Gp ]d-tb--Xm-Wv.
15
6. ssZh-ln-X-n-\p-thn Pohn-p-I.
tbip-{InkvXp C{]-Imcw ]dp: ""Ahs (ssZ-h-n-s) CjvSw sNbvhm Cn-p--h Cu D]-tZiw... Adn-bpw'' (tbm-l. 7:17). BI-bm Poh-\p ssZh-tmSp _w ]pen Pohn--W-sa-n
hN\-N-]-cn-m\w AXym-m-t]-n-X-am-Wv. Fm ssZh-kvt\-l-an-m Adnhv Non-p-Ibpw Alm-cn-I-fm-p-I-bpta sNbvI-bp-p (1 sImcn. 8:1). \n-fpsS eyw _pn-]-c-amb hnI-k\w F-msX
Poh-\p ssZh-tmSp _-sp Ign-bm-\-s-n \n-fpsS Adnhv Npcp-n-bXpw hncq-]hpw Bbn-cnp-Ibpw AXp Zphym-Jym-\--fn-tep \bn-p-Ibpw sNpw.
B.
hyn-]-c-amb ss__n Un-bn e`n-p Ap {]tbm-P-\-:

1. henb hnizm-kw.
k`-bnse AXn {]K`-\mb thZ-im-kv{X--\mb ]ueqkv Xs-p-dnpXs ]d-bp-Xp {in-pI:

""ImgvN-bm A, hnizm-k-m-et{X R \S-p--Xv'' (2 sImcn. 5:7). Hcp kwi-b-hp-an-, \
c-bn-tep {]th-in-p-Xv Ir]-bm hnizmkw aqe-am-Wv (F-t^. 2:8,9). As\ ]ueqkp ]d--Xpt]mse \mw c-bn {In-kvXp-hn {]th-in--h BI-bm AXn-\p-tbm-Ky-ambn \S-bpw sNp-p
(sIm-tem. 2:6,7).
2. ]pXnb Adnhv.
\psS Im-hmb tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Ir]-bnepw ]cn-m-\-nepw hf-cp-tm (2 ]t{Xm.
3:14-18) ]pXnb Adn-hp-Isf km-Zn-p-hm \app Ign-bpw. Cu Adnhv Ahs Ir]-bpsS AXn-c
hen-a-bn-tep \s \bn-p-I-bpw, ]cn-m-\-nepw hnizm-k-nepw hfv GXp Imcy-n\pw
{InkvXp-hns hN-\-m ssZh-n ]q-ambn B{i-bn-m \s {]m]vX-cm-p-Ibpw sNpw
(tdm-a. 10:17).
3. PohnX hnip-o-I-c-Ww.
PohnX hnip-o-I-c-W-n\p ssZh-h-N\w AXym-h-iy-amWv Fs-m ""Ahs hN\w kXyw BIpp'' (tbm-l. 17:17). \mw hnizm-kn-I-fm-sW-nepw ]nsbpw \psS Pohn-X-n ]m]-ns {]iv\-
Dv (1 tbml. 1:610). BI-bm Pohn-X-n GXp-{]-Im-c-ap ]m]w(-) BWv \ne-\n-evp--sX-dn-hm ssZh-h-N\ ]T\w A\p-t]--Wo-b-am-Wv. hN-\sh-fn--n ipo-I-c-W-n\pw kuJy-n-\pambn _pn-]-c-ambn {]mn-t--Xp-am-Ip-p (k-o. 51). Fm ]e-tmgpw Cu ASn-m-\-sf
kzb \oXo- I - c - W - n- \ p- a mbn hnizm- k n- I D]- t bm- K n- p- t m- g mWv AXns\ "eoK- e nkw'
(\n-b-a-kn-m-w) Fp hnfn-p--Xp. tbip-{InkvXp CXns\ ]q-ambpw FXnn-cp-p (asm.
7:113). BI- b m hfsc {i- t bmsS ssZh- ns ASn- m- \ - sf Xncn- - d nv PohnXw
{Iao-I-cn-t--Xm-Wv.
4. ip{iq-j-bnse in.
\mw ""{InkvXp-hns a\-ns\'' ]Tn-p-hm XpS-p-tm (1 sImcn. 2:14-16) ]cn-ip-m-mhpw \n
{]hnp XpS-p--Xn-\m AXp \app in-]-Icpw (F-t^. 2:10). kmm-t\mSpw Ahs ssk\ytm-Sp-ap \psS t]mcm--n ssZh-in AXym-h-iy-am-Wv (F-t^. 6:10-18). ssZh-ln-X-n\p \s
Xs Iogvs-Spn sImSp-p--Xn-eq-sS-bmWv \mw Cu insb {]m]n-p--Xv. Fs-m ""Cn
FXpw {]hn FXpw \n-fn ssZh-atm Xncp-hp Dm-bnp {]hn-p--Xp''
(^n-en. 2:13).
5. ip{iq-j-bvm-bp ko-I-cWw
ssZh-h-N\ ]T-\-n-eqsS e`n-p Cu ]cn-m-\-m tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-ep kXys (sImtem
3:16,17) ]cn-io-en-p-Ibpw B \mas \jvS-s-Sp temI-n\p {]Zm\w sNp-hm\pw \app Ignbpw
(tbm-l. 17:1719; F{_m. 5:12). ssZh hN\ kns {]Y-a-amb eyw ""hnip--m-cpsS bYm-m\-n-\m-bp ip{iq-j-bpsS thebvpw {InkvXp-hns ico-c-ns BoI h-\-bp-am-Wv'' (F16
t^. 4:11 13). ap--hsc k-cm-t--h BZyw kzbw kpk--cm-tI--Xm-Wv.
`mKw 2
ss__n
A.
ss__n Fm-Ipp?
1. Fgp-X-s ssZh-h-N\w.
thZ-]p-kvXIw ap-]p-kvX-I-t]mse shdp-samcp km[m-cW ]pkvX-I-a-. GXmp Bbn-cn Aqdp-hjw-sImv \mev]-Xn-e-[nIw Fgp-p-Im-cm cNn--s--Xm-Wn-Xv. tbip-{InkvXp CXns\ ""]pkvXI
Npcp'' Fp hnfn-p (F-{_m. 10:7). Cu ]pkvX-I-an-msX ssZh-\o-Xn-bpsS ]cn-am-W-tam, \psS Pohn-Xn ssZh-Ir-]-bpsS Bh-iy-sa-stm a\-n-em-p--X-. Bb-Xn-\m-emWv ssZhw Xs \oXn-bpsS
am\-Z-s shfn-s-Sp-p-hm-\mbn Cu{Kw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-p--Xv. Fgp-X-s hN\w hnizm-k-m
AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw Ncn-{X-n-eqsS sXfn-bn--s-Sp-I-bpw (-tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p Ncn-{X-kw-`-h--fmWv
sXfn-hv) sNbvXn-cn-p-p. a\p-jy {]m-\-bn ssZh-tmSv kwkm-cn-p-p, Fm ssZhw a\p-jycp-ambn kwkm-cn-p-Xp Fgp-X-s hN-\-np-Sn-bm-Wv.
\n Iq-Sp-X t]cpw D]-tbm-Kn-p- -ss_-_n AXns aqe `mjbn\npw XnasNbvXn-p-Xm-Wv. ]gb \nb-a-ns `qcn-`m-K-hhpw F{_mb `mj-bn-emWv Fgp-Xsn-cn-p--Xv:- Fn-cp-mepw
Zm\n-tb 2 apX 7 hsc, F{k 4 apX 7 hsc Aymb- F{_mb `mj-bpsS ktlm-Z-cn-`mj AcmanIv `j-bn-emWv. CXv B Im-es blq-Zs kwkm-cm-`m-j- B-bn-cp-p. ]pXn-b-\n-baw Fgp-X-s-n-cn-pXp Ime-ns ams A\p-k-cnp km[m-c-W-`m-j-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn--s sImbn-t\ -{Ko-n Bbncp-p.
]nsbpw hf-sc-\m-fp-Ip-ti-j-amWv hmb-\-m-cpsS {]tbm-P-\-n-\mbn ss__n-fns\ Aym-b-fpw,
hmIy--fp-ambn hn`-Pn--Xv. Cu {]hn ssZh-hn-izm-kn-b-Xbvp `wKw hcp-p-I-b ]ntbm ]T\ku-Ic
- y-sbpw {]mNo\ Ime-co-Xn-Isf IrXy-ambn a\-n-em-p-hm\pw km[n-Wsa- D
- t- -it- m-sSbmWv.
2. ssZ-hizm-ko-b-amb hN\w.
ss__n-fns Fm-`m-K-fpw ssZh-izm-ko-b-amI (2- Xn-tam. 3:16,17) bm {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-Wv. Znhy-{]-tNmZ\w am\p-jnI Ign-hppw hnm-\-{]m-]vXnpw, shfn-m-Sp-Ipw AXo-X-am-bm-Wv. Fm AXp
ssZh-ns izmk-am-Wv. Fnepw AXns\ {]kn--am-n-bXv a\p-jy-\nq-sS-bm-bn-cpp Fp-am-{Xw.
3. Poh-\p ssZh-ns sh-fn-mSv.

ss__n Fgp-X-s ssZh-ns ({In-kvXp-hns) Poh-\p hN-\--fm-Wv. shfn-mSv Fm ]pXnb
Adnhv FmWw. m\-{]m-Imiw ]cn-ip-m-mhv \n{]-hn-p--Xn-\m {]m]n-p--XmWv, AXp hN-\-s {Kln-p-hm-\p shfn-m-Smbn Xocp-p. Poh-\p hN\w tbip-{In-kvXp-X-s-bm-Wv
(F{_m. 4:12: tbml. 5:39 47).
Hcp-Imcyw Hmn-cn-Ww Ipdv t]dpw ajnbpw tNm ssZh-n-s-in BIp-Ibn-. Fm
IS-em-kn-s-bpw, ajn-bp-sSbpw ]nn {]hn-p-Xv ]cn-ip-m--i-n-bm-Wv. AXmWv a\p-jy-Po-hn17
X-n cq]m-cw hcp-p--Xv. ssZh-ns in-bp hN\w \nepw ssNX\yw hcp-n-sv

eyw-sX-msX aptm-vt]m-Ip-hm klm-bn-p-p (F{_m. 12: 2).
B.
ss__n-fns hn\y-kn-n-:
1. cp {][m\ hn`m-K-.
ss__n ]g-b-\n-b-asa-pw, ]pXn-b-\n-b-asapw cm-bn- X-cw-Xn-cn-n-cn-p-p.

BsI-bp 66 ]pkvX-I--fn 39 Fw ]g-b-\n-b-a-n-emWv 30 A[nIw Fgp-p-Im-cn-emWv Ah
{Iao-I-cn-n-cn-p--Xv. _mn-bp 27 ]pkvX-I- ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-n-em-Wv, GXmv 10 A-[nIw Fgpp-Im-cm-emWv AXp- ]qn-bm--s--Xv. ]g-b-\n-b-a-n 929 Aym-b--fpw 23,214 hmIy--fpw; ]pXn-b\n-b-a-n 260 Aym-b-fpw 7,959 hmIy-fpw Dv. AXm-bXv ss__n-fn BsI 66 ]pkvX-I--fpw,
1,189 Aym-b--fpw, 31,173 hmIy-fpw BWp--Xv.
""\nbaw'' Fm Gs-nepw Imcy-s-p-dnv cp- hy-n-I Xn (H-cm asm-cmv \evIp-)
sNp DS-Sn AYhm {]Xn Fm-Ww. DZm-l-c-W-n\v Bsc-nepw Hcp DXv]m-Z\w hmphm B{K-ln-p-tm DXv]m-Z-Is hyh--Isf t\mn kzoI-cn-p-I-tbm, XyPn-p-Itbm sNm-hp-XmWv. Fm Hcn- hyh--I AwKo-I-cn-m AX-\p-k-cnv DS-Sn (\n-b-aw) nc-s-Sp-p-Ibpw
AX-\p-k-cnv {]h-p-Ibpw sNt--Xm-Wv. \nb-a-nse hmKvZ-- A\p-k-cn-mWv cp ]mnIfpw Xn-ep _w \ne-\n-evp--Xv. hnhmlka-bp sNp {]Xn CXn\v Gw sXfn-hmb
Hm-Wv, AhnsS `mcy-`m--m Bbn Pohn-p-sIm-m-sav Ccp-hcpw sNp {]Xn--bn-t-emWv
Ah-cpsS `mhn IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw hfp in-s-Sp--Xv.
]gb \nb-a-n ssZhw a\p-jy\p ain-lm-bpsS hc-hn-s\-p-dnp \evIp hmKvZ DS--Sn-bmWv \mw
hmbn-p--Xv. Cu DS--Sn-Isf \app ]noSv ]Tn-mw.
2. ]g-b-\n-b-a-ns Ap hn`mK-:
Xmsg ]d-bpw-{]-Imcw {Kqp-I-fmbn Ahsb Xncn-n-cn-pp:
A.
\nbaw (\ym-{]-am-Ww): F{_m-b-`m-j-bn ""tXmd'' Fpw, {Kop `mj-bn ""s]m-sIv (A-p-]pkvX-I-) Fpw hnfn-p-p. CXn Dev]-n, ]pd-m-Sv, tehym, kwJym, Bh\w Fo
Ap ]pkvX-I- Ds-n-cn-p-p.
B.
Ncn{X ]pkvX-I- (12 Fw): tbmip-hm, \ym[n-]-m, cqv, 1 iap-th 2 iap-th, 1 cmPm-m, 2 cmPm--m, 1 Zn\-hr-m-w, 2 Zn\-hr-m-w, F{km, s\l-aym-hv, FkvtY Fn-h.
C.
IhnXm hn`mKw (A-s-w): Ctm-_v, ko-\-, kZr-iy-hm-Iy- k`m{]kw-Kn, D-a

KoXw
D.
henb {]hm-N-I-m (A-v): sbi-m-hv, bnc-aym-hv, hnem-]-, sbl-kvtI, Zm\n-tb.
E.
sNdnb {]hm-N-I-m (]-{-v): tlmi-m, tbmth, Btam-kv, Hm_-Zym-hv, tbm\m, aoJm, \lqw,
l_-q-Iv, sk^-\ym-hv, lm-bn, skJ-cym-hv, amem-Jn.
3. ]pXnb \nb-a-ns aqp hn`m-K-:

ain-lm-bpsS hchpw XpSv \evI-s DS--Sn-bp-amWv ]pXnb \nb-a-n hmbn-p-Xv:
Cu ]pkvX-I--fn hyXy-kvX-amb hnj-b--fmWv \evIn-bn-cn-p--Xv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-In Xs Nne {]h-N\ `mK-fpw Dv (a-m. 24; atm 13; eqtm 21). AXp-t]mse {]h-N-\--fn
18
teJ-\-fpw Ds-n-cn-p-p (sh-fn. 2,3). Bb-Xn-\m Ch-sbmw IW-n-se-Sp-m-bn-cn-Ww

km[m-cW ]pkvX-I-sf ]Tn-t--Xv. ]pXnb \nba {Kqp-Isf aqmbn hn`-Pn-n-cn-p-Xp Xmsg
sImSp-n-cn-p-p.
A
Ap Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-I-: am-bn, atmkv, eqtm-kv, tbml-m, Atm. {]hn-I.
B.
teJ-\
- AYhm Fgp-p-I; tdma, 1 sImcn-y; 2 sImcn-y, Kem-Xy, Ft^-ky, ^nen-n-b,
sImtem-ky, 1 sX-tem-\n-Iy 2 sX-tem-\n-Iy, 1 Xntam-Yn, 2 Xntam-Yn, Xoq-kv, ^nse-tam 1
tbml-m, 2 tbml-m, 3 tbml-m, 1 ]t{Xm-kv, 2 ]t{Xmkv F{_m-b, bmtm-_v, bqZm
C.
{]h-N\w: shfn-mSv.
19
20
`mKw 3
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Hcp Ah-tem-I\w

ssZh-h-N-\-ns at\m-lm-cnX shfn-s-Sp-p Hcp Imcyw AXns B-coI sFIy-X-bm-Wv. ]e Fgpp-Im hnhn[ m\--fn-encpv ZoL-Im-ew-sImv Fgp-Xn-bnpw Fmw Hcm-fn-\m Hcp-Im-ev FgpX-s--Xp-t]m-se-bmWv Ign--Ime Ncn-{Xw-kw-`-h--fpsS hnh-cWw ImWp--Xv.
Zriyhpw ]noSv am\h Ncn-{X-n HXp-n-bXpw hnkva-b-I-c-hp-amb Ncn-{X-kw-`-h--fpsS XpS-bm-Wv
Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p--Xv.
kw`-h--fpsS Hcp Fn-t\mw am{X-amWv Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p--Xv. {][m-\-amb Nne hnj-b-sf
Nqn-m-pI F-XmWp eyw, ]nmse hni-Z-ambpw ka-{K-am-bp-ap ]T\w \app e`n-p-tm-gmWv
ssZh-ns Imcy-]-cn-]m-Sn-bpsS Ap-X-I-c-amb {Iao-I-c-W-ns t{ijvTX a\-n-em-p-I-bpp.
A.
kw`-h--fpsS h\.
1. krjvSnv.
thZ-]p-kvX-I-ns BZy-]p-kvX-I-amb Dev]-n-bpsS hnh-cW {]Imcw BImi `qan-I-fpsS krjvSn-ns

Ncn{Xw \app e`n-p-p (D-ev]. 1:1; 2 ]t{Xm. 3:6). Fm Ah-km\ ]pkvX-I-amb shfn-m-Sns hnhc-W-n Cu BZy-kr-jvSn-bmb BImi `qan-I \in-n--s-Sp-Xpw Xm-\v ]pXnb BImihpw ]pXnb `qanbpw krjvSn--s-Sp--Xmbpw ImWp-p (sh-fn. 21:22).
2. kmms acw.
a\p-jy-kr-jvSnv apv Ftm kmm ssZh-tmSp a-cn--Xmbn tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p (sb-i.
14:12-14; sbl. 28). Cu a-c
- ns Dtiw thZ-`m-K
- f
- n-semw ko-ambn Xpn-tNn-cn-p-Ib
- m-W.v
hym]-I-amb hn[-n ]Sp InS-p Cu a-c-hn-jbw a\-n-em-p-hm\pw {]bm-k-am-Wv. ssZhhpw
]nim-Np-ambn \S bpw a\p-jys\ krjvSn-p--Xn-\p-ap-m-bn-cpp Fp hy-am-n-bn-pv (sh-fn.
12). CXp-t]mse Xs kmms Ana acw ]pXp-hm\ `qan-I-fpsS krjvSn-n\p apmbpw tbip-{InkvX-p-hns kl{km_vZ `c-W-ns HSp-hn-ep-ambn \S-p-sapw ]d-n-cn-pp (shfn. 20:710).
3. `qanbpw a\p-jy\pw.
ssZhw `qansb a\p-jym-[n-hm-k-n-\m-bn-mWv krjvSn--Xv (D-ev]. 1:28; 2:425)
Ipdnv: ""t^mw sev'' Formless (]m-gm-bpw) F-Xn\v F{_m-b-`m-j-bn TOHU (tm-lp) Fpw ''VOID'' (thmbn-Uv, iq\yw) F-Xn\v F{_m-b-`m-j-bn BOHU (t_m-lp) Fpw sImSp-n-cn-p-p. ""A[n-hm-k-tbm-Kya-m'- ""P\-hm-k-an-m'' Fsm-s-bmWv Aw. Fm-bn-cpp {]iv\w? kmms XpS-bmb
a-c--fm-bn-cp-p. Fhn-sSbpw ssZhnI ]-Xnp XS--m-c-\mbn Ah \nn-cp-p. Fm kl{km-_vZ-bp-K-n kmms\ _n-n-cn-p--Xn-\m AXp a\p-jyp Hcp kq bpK-am-bn-cn-pw,
AYhm kam-[m-\-Imew Bbn-cn-pw. (sh-fn. 20:13; sbi. 60-66)
4. Hm-a-tbpw, HSp--sbpw BZmw.

Hm-as BZw k-am-\-h-cm-in-bp-sSbpw Xe Bbn-cp--Xp-sImv Fm krjvSn-I-sfbpw `cn-m-\mbn
\nb-an--s-n-cpp (Dev]. 128; 2:425). Ahs\ GZtXm--n ]mn-p-Ibpw AXn-s\-Im-m\pw AhnsS
21
Azm-\n-m\pw Iev]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-p. Fm ]cm-P-b-n Ah-km-\n-p. HSp-s BZw

""Im-hmb tbip-{InkvXp'' (1 sImcn. 15:45) Xs kl-{km-_vZ-`-c-W-Im-ev Fm krjvSn-Ipw
kqam-s `qan-bn hkn-m Ah-kcw \evIn-smv krjvSn-Iv Xe-bm-bn-Xocpw (sh-fn.
20:4), ]m]-m ]cm-P-b-s krjvSnbvp hos-Spp \evIn hnP-b-n Fn-pw.
5. a\p-jy\pw kmm\pw Xn-ep t]mcmw.

km-[n-Im-cn-bmbn GZ-\n ]mn-cp BZmw ]m]-n hoW-tXmsS `qan-bpsS A[n-Imcn kmm
BIbpw a\p-jy Ahs ASna Bbn-Xo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp (D-ev]. 3; tbml. 12:31; 16:11). Fm ssZhw
kmms\ {InkvXp-hn\p Iogvs-Spn krjvSn-Ip tamN\w \evIp--tXm-sS-bmWv kl-{km-_vZ-ns
XpSw (sh-fn. 20:13).
6. Fm a\p-jycpw hn[n--sSpw.
a\p-jy Fm-bp-K-nepw ssZh-ns Dt-i-n\np hyXn-N-env ZpjvSX {]hn--tm Ah-cpsS-ta \ymb-hn-[nbpw hp. A\p-k-cWw sI a\p-jysc Hmv hnj-an-mWv ssZhw Pe-{]-fbw AbXv (D-ev]. 4-10; 6:113). hopw Fm a\p-jy-scbpw {InkvXp-hns cmw hc-hn. AXm-bXv atlm-]-{Zh-Im-e-am-Ip Ggp-hj-p-tijw \ymbw hn[n-p--Xm-bn-cn-pw. Av Ah a\p-jy-hs
sN-cn-bm-Sp-Ifpw (hn-izm-kn-I) tImem-Sp-Ifpw (A-hn-izm-kn-I) Fn-s\ cmbn Xncn-pw (a-m.
25:31-46).
7. _m_n-tem.
Pe-{]-f-b-n-\p-tijw t\ml-bpsS k-Xn-I hnp s]cpIn `qan-bn ]c-s-nepw hopw ssZhn \n-Iv Ahcpw tZmjw sNp--Xmbn hmbn-p-p. _m_n-tem-Wn Ah Hcp "_mt_
tKm]pcw' ]Sp-p-bn (D-ev].11) CXv ssZh-n\p hn]-co-X-ambn Ah-cpsS kzb c-bvm-bn-m-bn-cpp. ssZh tIm]s XS-bm Cu tKm]pcn\p Ign-bp-sav Ah {]Xo-n-p. C\n-sbmcp Pe-{]-fbw
Dm-bmt]mepw Fm-hpw Cu tKm]p-c-nIqsS kz-n Ibdn c-s]-Sm-samWv Ah
Icp-Xn-b-Xv. am\p-jnI aqey--fn A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp aX Nn (lyq-a-\n-kw) bmbn-cpp Cu tKm]pcns ASn-m-\w. aX-]-c-amb Imcym-Zn-I-fm-epw, km-nI Db-Ifmepw a\p-jy\p kzbw c-s-Sphm Ign-bp-sa-p temIaX--fp-sS-sbmw Dd-hnSw CXp-X-s-bm-Wv. {InkvXym-\nXzw am{Xta ]m]nbmb a\p-jy\p kzbw c-s-Sp-hm kmy-a-spw Ah Hcp cn-Xm-hns\ Bh-iy-ap-spw ]Tn-np-p-p. Poh-\p ssZh-n-s\-Xn-cmbn {]hn Nne lyqa-\nv `c-W-Iq-S--sf-p-dnv ss__nfn hmbn-bvp-p-v. ]gb _m_n-tem (sb-i. 47) tkm (sb-l. 2627) XpS-n-b-h, Ch-bpsS A[x]-X-\-fpw AhnsS {]kvXm-hn-n-p-v. Fnepw Cpw B Hcp Nnm-KXn ]pen-t]m-cp aX-hn-`m-K-fmWv An-{In-kvXp-hmbn temIs HcppXpw HSp-hn \nq-e-am--s-Sp-Xpw (sh-fn. 17,18).
8. C{k-tb.
_mt_-en NnX-dn--s P\w hnhn[ `mj-m-cmbn ]e-tZ-i--fn sNp ]mp-hm CS-bm-bn.
As\ NnX-dn-tmb hwi--fn Hn\n-mWv C{km-tb cmjv{S-n\p Imc-W-`q-X-\mb A{_-lmas\ ssZhw hnfp thXn-cn--Xv (D-ev]. 12) Ah-tcm-Spw, Ahs aI\mb C-lm-n-t\m-Spw, sImpaI\mb bmtm-_n-t\mSpw hcp-hm-\p ain-lmsbpdnp ssZhw DS-Sn sNp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS hwi Xe-ap-d-bmbn AXp Imp-kq-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp (D-ev]. 22:118; 28:14). ]nmev temI-Pm-Xn-Ifp-ambn Ah CS-I-e-cp-Ibpw PmXnb tZh hn{K-l-sf tkhn-p-Ibpw sNbvX-tm ssZhw Ah-cpsS
cmjv{Ss XIp-Ibpw Ahsc temI-s-mSpw NnX-dn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C-hv Hcp cmjv{S-ap-snepw hmKvZ--{]-Im-c-ap Ah-Im-i- ]qo-I-cn-p-hmt\m kw]q-P-\-X-bpsS aSnhchv DmItbm sNbvXn-n-. ]t kl-{km_vZ `c-W-Im-ev ssZhw Ahsc ]q-ambn Iqn-tv hmKvZ-\n-hrn \evIp--Xm-bn-cn-pw (a-m. 24:29-31).
9. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns aSnh-chv.
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Hm-as hchv ssZh-n \nm-bI ka-bv Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn kw`-hn-p
(1 Xnsam. 2:6). am-bn, atm-kv, eqtm-kv, tbml-m Fo kphn-ti-j--fn \apv tbip-{InkvXp-hns P\-\w, ip{iq-j, ac-Ww, I_-d-S-w, Dbns-gp-tv Fo kw`-h--fpsS Ap-X-N-cn{Xw
22
hmbn--dn-bm-hp--Xm-Wv. sbi-m-hns 53-mw Aym-b-n tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ ""IjvSw A\p-`-hn-p

Zmk-\mbn'' shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p. Fm tbip-{In-kvXp-hns aS-n-h-chv {]Xy--ambn kw`-hn-pXp atlm-]-{Z-h-Im-e-n-\p-ti-j-am-Wv. Ap Imhv Xs Im]m-Z-sf hopw Cu `qan-bn Dd-np-sImv i{Xp--fp-sS-ta Pbw hcn-p-I-bpw, hnP-b-{io-em-fn-X-\mbn alm-cm-Pm-hmbn Bbn-c-amp hmgvN
Bcw-`n-p-Ibpw sNpw (sk-J. 14:18; 19:11-19).
10. FXn {]h\w.

\mep kphn-ti-j-fpw tbip-{In-kvXp-hns a\p-jy-\--bvm-bp {]h-\-sf AXn-a-t\m-l-c-ambn
Nn{Xo-I-cn-p-tm (a-m. 20:28), B {]h-\-n-s\-Xn-cmbn \np A[-aqn (Man of lawlessness) sbp-dnpw ss__n hy-am-p-p-v. Ah P\-{i-sb Xn-tep BIjn-p-sImv
ssZh-n\p sImSp-p Bcm-[-\bpw alm-yhpw Xt-Xm-m kzm-]-c-ambn {]hn-pw
(2 sX. 2:112; shfn. 6-16).
11. k`.
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns acW ]p\-cp-m-\-pw ]nXr-h-e-`m-K-t-bvp kzm-tcm-l-W-n\pw tijamWv Xs ZuXyw ]nXp-S-cp-hm\pw k-tem-I-nepw Cu cWy kphn-ti-js a\p-jy-hns ]m]-ns {]mb-n--ambn ssZhw Imh-cn-bn tbip-hns\ GI-bm-K-ambn Anv Ftp-ap hos-Spv km[np F \ hm Adn-bn-p-hm-\p-ambn k`sb hnfnp thXn-cn--Xv
(ambn 28:1820). tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Ay-I-ev]-\-{]-Imcw kI-e-Pm-Xn-I-sfbpw injy-cm-pI F
D-c-hm-Znw hopw Imhp hp k`sb Xs aW-hm-n-bmbn Iqn-sm-p-t]m-Ip--Xp-hsc XpStc--Xp-am-Ip-p (1 sX. 4:13-18; 1 sImcn. 15:50-58; shfn. 19:7-10).
B.
Npcpw (kw-t-]w).
shfn-s-Sp--s-n-cn-p kw`-h--fpsS XpSsb ]cn-tim-[n-m Ahbvv Bcw-`w-ap-Xte sFIy-cq]y-ap--Xmbn ImWm-sap am{X-a ]nstbm ad-n-cp a\p-jy-N-cn-{X-ns ad-\oncnI IqSn
sNp-p. Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p Nmnse \-cp-I t\mn ssZh-ns Ap-I-c-amb ]-Xnsb
a\-n-em-p-I. 1
1. BZn-bn ssZhw krjvSn BIm-i-`q-an-I-fpsS tcJ. Dev]. 1:1; 2 ]t{Xm. 3:8
2. kmms Hm-as acw sbi. 14:12-14; sbl. 28
3.`qansb a\p-jy-hm-k-n-\mbn Hcp-p-p. Dev]. 1:22:3
4.Hm-as BZm-ans A[n-Imc hen-a. Dev]. 2: 4-25
5. a\p-jy kmm\p IogvsSp-p. Dev]. 3
6. k-a-\p-jypw h \ymb-hn[n Dev]. 410
7. _mt_ tKm]p-c-ns \nnXn Dev]. 11
8.C{k-tb cmjv{S-n-\p-th-n-bp hnfn Dev]. 12
9. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Hmw hc-hv. am-bn, atm-kv, eqtm-kv, tbml-m
10. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ]c-ky-ip-{iq-j. am-bn, atm-kv, eqtm-kv, tbml-m
11. k`sb hnfn-p-thXn-cn-p-p. Atm. {]hn-I
11. k`-bpsS DXv{]m-]Ww 1 sX. 4:13-18; 1 sImcn. 15:50-58
10. An-{In-kvXp-hns {]h\w 2 sX. 2:112; shfn 616
9. tbip-{InkvXphns ]p\-cm-K-a\w shfn. 19:11-19
8.C{k-tb-ens\ hopw Iqn-tp-p. am. 24:29-31
7. _m_n-temWy kJy-ns k-\m-iw. shfn. 17,18
6. Fm a\p-jyp-ap \ymb-hn-[n. am. 25:31-46
5. kmm {InkvXp-hn\p Iogvs-Sp-p. shfn. 20:13
4.HSp-s BZm-ans km-[n-]Xyw shfn 20:4
3.`qansb \ho-I-cnv a\p-jy-hm-k-n-s\m-cp-p-p. sbi. 60-66
2. kmms Ana acw. shfn. 20:7-10
1. ]pXnb BIm-ihpw, ]pXnb `qanbpw krjvSn--s-Sp-p. shfn. 21, 22
23
24
`mKw 4
Ime-K-W-\m-\p-kr-X-amb Hcp Ah-tem-I\w

ss__n hnZymn-I Cu A\p-{I-as a\-n-em-t-n-bn-cn-p-p. Fs-m Xob-Xn-Ifpw Ncn{X-kw-`-h-fpw Xn _-s-n-cn-p-p. Cu Aym-b-n aqp {]tXyI Ime-K-W-\--fmWv sImSpn-cn-p--Xv. Hm-a-t-Xn ss__n-fnse {][m-\-s ]p-kw-`-h--fpsS kwn-]vXhpw Ah-bpsS
Xob-Xn-I-fp-am-Wv. cm-a-t-Xn ]g-b-\n-b-a-nse {][m\ kw`-h-fpw Ahsb {]kvXm-hn-n-cn-p
]pkvX-I--fp-am-Wv. aqm-a-t-Xn ]pXnb \nb-a-]p-kvX-I--fm-Wv.
{InkvXp-hn\p app Imes ImWn-p-hm _n.-kn. Fpw {InkvXp-hn-\p-ti-j-ap Ime-sf ImWnp-hm G.Un. Fp-amWv tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p--Xv. G.-Un. FXv emn hmmb Anno Domini-bpsS
Npcp-s-gp-m-Wv. ""\psS Im-hns hj-n'' FmWv AXns Aw.
ssZh-h-N-\-ns A-coI hymJym-\s ASn-m-\-am-n-bmWv Cu Ime-K-W\w \S-n-bn-cp--Xv.
]ecpw ssZh hN-\-ns ]T-\-n hyXy-kvX-amb Xob-Xn-Isf BWv Ah-ew-_n--Xv.
A.
{][m\ kw`-h-fpw Ah-bpsS Xob-Xn-Ifpw:

1. BZm-ans hogvN (3898 _n.-kn).
Xncp-sh-gp-n tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p Xe-ap-dI

- f
- psS XpSsb ASn-m-\a
- m-n-bp A-coI hymJym\-amWv BZm-ans hogvN _n.-kn. 3898 Bbn-cpp F XobXn \n-bn--Xv. Ime--W-p-Isf a\-nem-p-hm BZmw apX aptmpw 1 cmPm. 6:1se item-tams hmgvN-bpsS \memw Bp-ap-X ]pdtImpw t\mt--Xm-Wv. {][m\ kw`-h-p Xncp-sh-gp-n \evIn-bn-cn-p Xob-Xn-Isf temI-Ncn-{X-ns Xob-Xn-I-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNp-tm \app \nPm-h {Kln-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
2. t\ml-bpsS Pe-{]-fbw (2242 _n.-kn).

Dev]n 5 ]d-n-cn-p Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS IW-n {]Imcw BZm-ans hogvN-ap-X t\ml-bpsS {]fbw-hsc 1,656 hj-ns CS-thf ImWp-p. CXn{]-Imcw IW-m-p-tm-gmWv {]f-b-ImeXobXn _n.kn. 2242 F a\-n-em-p--Xv.
3. A{_-lm-an-t\m-Sp hmKvZw (1875 _n.-kn).

Dev]n 11:10-26 hsc ]d-n-cn-p Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS enn{]-Imcw A{_lmw Pe-{]-f-b-n-\p-tijw
292 hjw Ign-mWv P\n-p-Xv. asmcp {]Im-c-n BZm-an-\p-tijw 1948 hjw Ign-m-bn-cpp
CXp Nqn-m-p--Xv. A{_lmw P\n-Xv 1950 _n.-kn.bn Bbn-cpp Ft{X Dev]. 12:4 A{_-lman\p hmKvZw e`n-p-tm 75 hb-m-bn-cpp Fp ImWp-p. A-s\-sb-n ssZhw A{_-lm-ant\mSv DS-Sn (hm-KvZw) sNbvXXv 1875 _n. kn. bn Bbn-cp-p.
25
4. C{k-tb a-fpsS ]pd-mSv (1445 _n. kn.).

Dev]n 12-50 hsc-bp `mK-mWv A{_-lm-ans hwis (k-Xn ]c--c)-I-sf-p-dn-p hnhcWw \evIn-bn-cn-p--Xv. A{_-lm-ans sImp-a-I-\mb bmtm-_ns a an{k-bo-an ASn-a-I-fmbn
Ign-tb-n-h-p (]p-d. 1). ssZhw tamsi apJm-ncw Ahsc hnSp-hn-p. Atm-kvX-e-\mb ]ueq-kns
Fgp-p-I-fn {]Imcw A{_-lm-an\p hmKvZw e`n--Xp-ap-X \ymb-{]-amWw sImSp--Xp-h-sc-bp Imew
430 hj-am-Wv (K-em. 3:17). CXn {]-Imcw ]pd-m-Sns Imew 1445 _n. kn. AYhm BZm-an-\p-tijw 2,378
hjw Ignv Fp a\-n-em-mw.
5. item-tams hmgvN-bpsS \mem-as hjw (965 _n.-kn.).

C{k-tb-ense aqm-as cmPm-hm-bn-cp item-tam (iu, Zmho-Zv, timtem-tam) 1 cmPm. 6:1
{]Imcw ]pd-m-Sp-ap-X item-tams hmgvN-bpsS \memw Bp-hsc 480 hj-am-Wv. B hj-am-bn-cpp
Ah tZhm-ebw ]Wn-bm Bcw-`n--Xv. Cu XobXn A\p-k-cnv AXv _n. kn. 965 AYhm BZm-an-\ptijw 2,858 hjw Fp a\-n-em-mw.
ap Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fn\npw Cu {][m-\-s imtem-tams hmgvN-bpsS \memw hjw \app e`y-am-Wv.
As\ IrXy-amb Hcp Xob-Xn-bn\np ]pd-tIm-p-t]mbn C{k-tb a-fpsS ]pd-m-Sn-s-bpw, A{_lmay DS--Sn-bp-sS-bpw, Pe-{]-f-bw, BZm-ans Imew F-h-bpsS bYm Ime-L--ns XobXn \nbn-p-hm \app Ign-bp-p. Ign \qdp-hj--fnse ]pcm-X\ Kth-j-W--fpsS shfn--n Ncn-{Xns _n. kn. Xob-Xn-I KWn-p-hm a\p-jy\p km[n-n-p-v. CXp ss__n Xob-Xn-Ipw
{]tbm-P-\o-`-hn-n-p-v.
6. item-tams ac-W-tijw C{k-tb cmjv{Sw cmbn hn`-Pn--s-p.

Hn\v "hSt cmPyw' AYhm C{k-tb Fpw at-Xn\v "sXt-cmPyw' AYhm blqZm Fpw t]cmbn. hSt cmPyw _n. kn. 721 Aiq-cn-tep {]hm-kn-I-fmbn t]mIbpw ]no-sSm-cn-epw Ah-cpsS
cmPyw m]n-m Ign-bmsX t]mIbpw sNbvXp.
7. sXtcmPy-ns hogvN (586 _n.kn).

sXt cmPy-amb blq-Zbpw 586 _n. kn.-bn _m_n-temWy ASn-a--n-tep t]mbn, Fnepw 70
hj- Ign--tm X-fpsS kz cmPy-n-tep aS-n-h-cp-hm Ahv A\p-hmZw Inn. CXv 576
_n. kn. bn Bbn-cp-p.
8. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns P\\w (_n.kn 1).

tbip P\nv Bdmw \qm-p-hsc B.C., A.D. F coXn Ime-K-W-\-n hn-cp-n-. {InkvXob k`-bpsS
cq]o-I-c-W-n-\p-tijw Ncn{X kw`-h-sf tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-t\mSp tNp a\-n-em-t--Xn\v k`bmWv Cu XobXn Ah-ew-_n--Xv. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns P\-\-k-a-bv cmPy-`-cWw \S-n-bn-cp AXn-i-\mb tltcmZm cmPm-hns Ime-L--s-p-dn-p-m-bn-cp sXmb A`n-{]mbw amn FSp-p--Xn\p At\z-j-W-amWv CXns ASn-m-\w (eq-tm. 1:5). IrXy-amb ]cn-tim-[-\-bn Is-nb Htm
ctm hj-ns hyXymkw amn-sb-Sp--W-sa-n AXp-h-sc-bp Xob-Xn-I Fmw-Xs amn-a-dnt-n-bn-cp-p. P\-a-\-n ]Xn-p-t]mb Cu m]nX coXnsb AmsS ampI FXpw Ffp--am-bncp-n-; HSp-hn tbip-{In-kvXp-hns P\\w _n. kn. 1tem 2tem Bbn-cpp Fp Xocp-am-\n-p-I-bm-bncp-p.
P\p-hcn 1s\ hjm-cw-`-ambn Icp-Xp Pqen-b Ie-dpw sk]vw-_-dn hjm-cw`w XpS-p blqZ
Ie-dpw Xn henb hyXymkw Dv. AXp-sIm-mWv 12 _n. kn. As-n 966-965 _n.kn. Fp
IWp h-Xv.
26
9. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ac-Ww, I_-d-S-w, Dbns-gp-tev]v
(A.D.
32-33).
_lp-`q-cn-]w ]n-X-mcpw tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ac-Ww, I_-d-S-w, Dbns-gp-tev]v Fn-h-bpsS

XobXn A.D. 32-33 Fp k-Xn-n-cn-p-p.
10. ss__n-fnse Ah-km\ {Kw (A.D. 96).

shfn-mSp ]pkvX-I-ns Imew Asm-kvX-e-\mb tbml-m ]Xvtamkv Zzo]n Bbn-cp ImemWv (sh-fn. 1:9), As tdma `c-Wm-[n-Imcn tUman-jy Bbn-cp-p. CtXmsS thZ-]p-kvXIw
]qn-bm--s-p (sh-fn. 22:18,19).
B.
]gb \nb-a-ns Ime-K-W-\w.

1. BZmw apX Pe-{]-f-bw-hsc (3898 2242 B.C.) D-ev]. 15.
2. Pe-{]-fbw apX A{_-lmay DS--Sn-hsc (2242-1875) Dev]. 612.
3. A{_-lmay DS-Sn apX ]pd-m-Sp-hsc (1875 1445 _n. kn.) Dev]. 12-50; Ctm-_ns ]pkvXIw.
4. ]pd-mSp apX item-tams hmgvN-bpsS \memw Bp-hsc (1445 965 B.C.).
a.
b.
c.
d.
]pd-mSv
tehym
kwJym
Bh\w
e.
f.
g.
h.
tbmiphm
\ymbm-[n-]-m
cqv
1 iap-th
i.
j.
k.
l.
2 iap-th
1 cmPm--m 15
ko-\-
1 Zn\-hr-m
5. item-tams 4mw Bp-ap-X blqZm cmPy-ns hogvN-hsc (965 586 B. C.).

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
1 cmPm. 622
2 cmPm--m
2 Zn\-hr-m--
kZr-i-hm-Iy-
k`m-{]-kwKn
D-a-KoXw
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
Ht_-Zymhv
tbmth
tbm\m
Btamkv
tlmibm
aoJm
m.
n.
o.
p.
sbi-mhv
\lqw
sk^-\ymhv
l_-qIv
6. _m_n-temWy {]hm-k-Imew (586 516 B.C.).

a.
b.
c.
d.
bnc-aymhv
hnem-]-
sbl-kvIn-tb
Zm\n-tb
7. _m_n-tem\y {]hmkw Ignv ]g-b-\n-b-a-ns Ah-km-\w-hsc (B.C. 576 400).

a.
b.
C.
F{k
s\l-aymhv
c.
d.
skJ-cymhv
lmbn
e.
amemJn
]pXn-b-\n-b-a-ns Ime-K-W\w:
]cn-ip-m \ntbmKw {]m]n Fgp-p-Im-cm hnc-Nn-X-amb ]pXnb \nba ]pkvX-I--fpsS enmWv

Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p--Xv.
1. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Poh-N-cn-{Xhpw BZy-Im-e-k-`bpw (A.D. 55 85).

a.
b.
C.
d.
e.
ambn
eqtmkv
atmkv
27
tbml-m
Asm. {]hn-I
2. k`-bvp teJ-\- (A.D. 46-85).

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
bmtm_v
Kem-Xy
1 sX--tem-\-Iy
2 sX--tem-\-Iy
1 sImcy
2 sImcy
tdma
3. {]h-N\w
a.
(A.D.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
^nte-tam
Ft^-ky
sImtemy
^nen-o-b
Xntam-Yn-tbmkv
Xoqkv
2 Xntam-Yn-tbmkv
96)
shfn-mSv.
28
o.
p.
q.
r.
s.
t.
u.
F{_m-b
1 ]t{Xmkv
2 ]t{Xmkv
bqZm
1 tbml-m
2 tbml-m
3 tbml-m
`mKw 5.
ss__n ]Tn-p-hm-\p Hcpw

Hcpw..
Ign cp `mKfn Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {][m\ kw`-h-fpw (`mKw 3) Ah-bpsS Xob-Xn-I-fp-am-Wv (`mKw
4) \mw I-Xv. asmcp {]Im-c-n ss__n kw`-h-sf Ipdn-v Bsc-nepw Dbp tNmZyp adp-]Sn \evIp-hm-\p ASn-m-\-amWv \mw C-Xv. DZm-lc-W-n\v ""Ftm'' F tNmZyn\v D-c-amWv Ign ]mT-n \app e`n--Xv. CXp-t]mse ""Xncpsh-gp-p-Isf icn-bmbn
hn`-Pn-p--Xn\p'' (2 Xnsam. 2:15) ]e tNmZy- tNmZn-t-n-h-cpw. Fm tNmZy-pw kwi-bpw \nhm-cWw hcp-p-hm ssZh-n-\p-am-{Xta Ign-I-bp-p. AXn-\m-bn-mWv Ah \s
Wn-p--Xpw (a-m. 7:7,8).
]T\ kuI-cy-n-\mbn Hmtcm hmIy-tmSpw tNmZn-m-hp efn-Xa
- mb tNmZy-: Bcv? Fv? Ftm?
FhnsS? Fn\v? Fs\? Fn-h-bm-Wv. Pohn-X-s-p-dn-p ASn-m-\-]-c-amb cp tNmZy-sf
a\-nh-p-sIm-m-bn-cn-Ww Hmtcm-n-sbpw Dcw ImtW--Xv. tbip-{In-kvXp-hp-am-bp hyn-]chpw IqSp-X AS--hp-ap Hcp Pohn-X-n\p CXp klm-b-I-am-tWm? (^n-en. 3:10) A-s\-sb-n
F-s\-bmWv Rm Pohn-t-Xv? (tbm-l-m 7:17).
A
Hmtcm hmIy-tmSpw tNmZn-m-\p Bdp ASn-m\ tNmZy-:

1. ""Bcv?''
Bcv Btcm-SmWv kwkm-cn-p--sX--dn-bm-\mWv Cu tNmZyw klm-bn-p--Xv. DZm: Dev]. 22:2ChnsS

ssZhw t\cnv A{_-lm-an-t\m-SmWv \ns GI-Pm-X-\mb aIs\ _en-I-gn--W-sav Bh-iy-s-Sp--Xv.
CXp hmb-\-m sNt Imcy-a Fp hyw.
2 ""Fv?''
]d-n-cn-p Imcy--fpsS \nP-n-Xnsb CXp shfn-s-Sp-p-p. shfn. 5 tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\
""IpmSv'' Fp ]d-n-cn-p-p. Fm-Wn-Xns Aw, tbip BsI tcmam-hr-X-amb Hcp \mevmen
arKw FmtWm? Hcn--ep-a-, ]nstbm bYm-n a\p-jy-h-n-\p-thn tbip \n-ln
_ensb Nqn-m-pI am{X-am-bn-cp-p (tbm-l. 1:29).
3. ""Ftm?''
Hcp kw`hw \S Ime-L--s-bmWv CXp shfn-hm-p--Xv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn tamssiI \ymb-{]-amWw
\ne-hn hc--Xn\papp hnhm-l-Po-hn-X-s-p-dnv Adn-hn-m Hcm A{_lmw ktlm-Z-cnsb
hnhmlw Ign-Xp hmbn-bvp-tm AXp Ak-mnI \S-]-Sn-bmtb a\-n-em-p-I-bp-p. B Imev
c-_--n-ep hnhmlw ]m]-ambn Icp-Xn-bn-cp-n- (tdm-a. 4:15). CXp-ambn a\-n-em-p-Xv ""Ftm''
F tNmZy-ns IqsS-bm-Wv.
4 ""FhnsS?''
{]tXyI `mKw shfn-s-Sp-p `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-hpw, kwkvIm-c-]-c-hp-am-b -n-Xn-Isf a\-n-em-p-hm\mWv ""FhnsS?'' Fp tNmZn-p--Xv. k km[m-c-W-ambn ss__n-fn hmbn-p Hcp {]tbm-K-amWv
29
""bcp-i-te-an-tev'' F-Xv. ]e kwkvIm-c--fnepw "tev' F ssien {]tbmKnn-cn-p--Xv. ""hS--tmp bm{Xsb-'' A-n-em-Wv. ss__n-fn Btcm-l-Ws Nqn-m-p-I-b-msX \nt-is
AXp A-am-p-n-. Keo-e-bn\nv bdp-i-te-an-tep t]mb tbip hmkvX-h-n sXtm-mWv
bm{X sNbvXXv Fm AXp Btcm-l-W-am-bn-cp-p.
5 ""Fn\v?''
CXn\p Dcw Ip-]n-Sn-pI hnj-a-ta-dnb Imcyw-X-s-bm-Wv. ap `mK--sf-qSn ]Tn-n-p-thWw Dcw
m]n-p-hm. sbi. 7:14 ""I\yI K`n-Wn-bmbn Hcp aIs\ {]k-hnpw; Ah\v C-\p-th Fp
t]hn-fn-pw.'' Fp hmbn-p-p. Fn\v Hcp I\yI? Fp tNmZn-m AXm-bn-cpp ssZthm-tiw
Fp ]d-bm km[n-pw. ]t AXp kv]jvS-a-. icn-bmb D-c-n-\m-bn-p At\z-jWw \s
sIms-n-p-Xv a\p-jy-h-n-t BI-am\w hym]n BZm-ay-]m-]-s-p-dnp ]d-n-cn-p
tdma 5mw Aym-b-n-em-Wv.
BZmw F GI-a-\p-jy-\m am\-h-Ip-Spw-_-nse Hmtcm hynbpw ]m]-{]-IrXw Ah-Im-i-am-n. tbip{In-kvXp-hn\v Hcp ùanI ]nXm-hm-Wp-m-bn-cp--sX-n Ah\pw ]m] {]Ir-X-nXs P\n-p-am-bn-cpp. A-s\-sb-n tbip ]m]-hn-tam-N-I BI-bn-m-bn-cp-p. "Fn\v?' F tNmZy-ns {]kn
Chn-sS-bmWp \mw ImWp--Xv.
6. ""Fs\?''
CXpw hnj-a-X-tb-dnb Hcp tNmZy-am-Wv. ""tbip F-s\-bmWv sh-nta \S-p-Xv?'' Ah ]cnip-m-m-hn B{i-bn--Xn-\m-em-bn-cpp Fp \app ]dbmw (eq-tm. 4:18). CXp-t]m-se-Xs a\pjy\p Xnc-s-Sp-n-\p kzmX{yw sImSp ssZhw F{]-Im-c-amWv Ncn-{Xs \nb-{n-p-Xv? F
asmcp tNmZyhpw tNmZn-m-hp--Xm-Wv. CXn-\p Dcw ]nmse \app hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-mw.
B.
hyn-]-c-amb cp {][m\ tNmZy-:

1. \psS Im-hmb tbip-{In-kvXp-hp-ambn hyn-]-chpw IqSp-X ASp--hp-ap
Hcp _w hfn-sb-Sp-m CsX-s\ klm-bnpw?
CXv AXn-{]-[m-\y-ap Hcp tNmZy-ambn \app tNmZn-m-hp--Xm-Wv. Xncp-sh-gp-p-I-fpsS ]T-\-n

IqsS \app e`n Adn-hp-Ifpw hnizm-k-hp-ambn tbmPn-mWv Cu _w hf-cp--Xv (F-{_m. 11:6). sXnq-Sm-Xpw B{i-bn-m aXn-bm-b-Xp-ambn ssZh hN-\s Icp-Xp-tm-gmWv a\p-jy-_p-n--Xo-X-amb
ssZh-kvt\-l-n ASn-m-\-amb {InkvXp-hp-am-bp _w ]q-am--s-Sp--Xv. Ft^-ky-te-J-\n Atm-kvX-e-\mb ]ueqkv CXn-s\-p-dnv Fgp-Xn-bn-p-v (3:14-19):
""AXp \nanw Rm kz-nepw `qan-bn-ep-ap kIe IpSpw-_-n\pw t] hcp-hm Imc-Wamb ]nXmhns kn-[n-bn app-Ip-p-p.- A-h Xs al-Xz-ns [\-n\v H-hw Ahs
Bm-hn\m \n AIs a\p-jys\ kw_-np in-tbmsS _e-s-tS--Xn\pw {InkvXp
hn-izm-k-m \n-fpsS lrZ-b--fn hkn-t--Xn\pw hcw \evtIWw Fpw \n kvt\ln thcqn ASn-m-\-s--h-cmbn hoXnbpw \ofhpw Db-chpw Bghpw Fp Fp kIe hnip-m-tcmSp IqsS {Kln-m\pw ]cn-m-\s Ihn-bp {InkvXp-hn kvt\ls Adn-hm\pw
{]m]vX-cm-Ibpw ssZh-ns Fm \nd-hn-t\mfw \ndp hcn-Ibpw thWw Fpw {]mn-pp.''
ssZh-tmSp \ap-p kvt\l-n hf-cm-\-msX tIhew _pn-]-c-amb DZm-l-c-W-tmsS \S-p
hN-\-]-T\w \s Uw`n-I-fmn Xop-Itb Dp (asm. 12:29-31; 1 sImcn. 8:1). Cu `qan-bn amscbpwIm thZimkv{Xw Adn-bm-am-bn-cp Asm-kvX-e-\mb ]ueqkv (2 sImc. 12:14) Xs Aan-X-amb
B{K-ls shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-Xp hmbn-p-I. ""Ahs\ Adn-bp-I-bpw'' (^n-en. 3:10) ]co-i-\mb
]ueqkv _unI ]mX-bn apt-dp-I-bm-bn-cpp; Fm {InkvXym-\n-bmb tijw Xs eyw {InkvXphnIqsS Pohn-p ssZh-hp-am-bp _w hfn-sb-Sp-X-pI F-Xm-bn-cp-p.
ssZh-ns hmKvZ--sf a\-n-em-p-Ibpw AXn B{i-bn-p-Ibpw sNp-tm-gmWv ""Ir]-bnepw
\psS Imhpw cn-Xm-hp-amb tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ]cn-m-\-nepw hf-cp--Xv'' (2 ]t{Xm. 3:18).
30
2. Atm F-s\-bmWv \mw Pohn-pI?

]Tn-p hmIy-sf a\-n-em-n-bm AXp Fs\ A\p-Zn\ Pohn-X-n ]Im Ign-bp-sa-Xm-bn-cn-Ww ASp At\z-j-Ww. F{_m. 12:13 hscbp `mKv at\m-l-c-amb Hcp DZm-l-cWw
ImWmw. Hpw cpw hmIy- t\mpI:
""BI-bm \mapw kmn-I-fpsS C{X-h-en-tbmcp kaqlw \app Nppw \nevp--Xp-sImv
kI-e-`m-chpw apdpsI ]p ]m]hpw hnv \apv apn hn-cn-p Hmw nc-X-tbmsS
HmSpI, hnizm-k
- ns \mb-I\pw ]qn-hc
- p-p-h
- \
- p-amb tbip-hns\ t\mpI; Xs apn
shn-cp ktmjw Hmp Ah A]-am\w Ae-y-amn {Iqins\ kln-bpw ssZhknwlm-k-\-ns hep `mKv Ccn-bpw sNbvXp.''
F{_mb teJ-\-m-c ta D-cn hmIy--fnIqsS Nqn-m-p-Xv Hcp Hm-m-cs Ah--bm-Wv.
Hm--f-n ImgvN-m-cmbn \nevp--h-cmWv 11-mw Aym-b-nse hnizm-k-ho-c-m-cm-Ip kmn-IfpsS kaq-lw Hmw \n-bn-p-Xv AXns thK-Xbpw Zqc-sbpw ASn-m-\-am-n-bm-Wv, HmSn Pbnp--h- B-Z-chp {]m]np-p. Fm Cu ey-n F-W-sa-n Hm-m-c Ahs thKXbvp XS--am-bn-cn-p Fm `mc-fpw {]bm-k-fpw AI-t-Xpw a\pw ico-chpw kw]qambpw ^n\n-jnwKv t]mbnntep tI{o-I-cn-t--Xm-Wv. Hcp hnizm-knsb kw_-n-n-S-tmfw \
Hmw-HmSn hnPbw {]m]n-p-Ibpw Ctm Xs Hm-n\v Bthiw ]Ip-sImv Imp-\n-evp--h\p-amb tbip-{In-kvXp-hmWv eyw. t\Sp-hm t]mIp dnmUp-Ifpw {]Xn-^-e--fpw, m\-am-\-fpw
Hmp ktm-jn-p-tm Hm-n-\n-S-bn hcm-hp {]bm-k-fpw thZ-\-Ifpw Hm-m-c ad-p-Xn-\m-emWv hnPbn BIp--Xv.
aqmw hmIy-n teJ-\-Imhv \ap-m-bn- Hcp {]tNm-Z\w Dsm-n-n-cn-p-p.
""\n-fpsS Dn oWnp aSp-m-Xn-cn-m ]m]n-If
- m X\p t\cn C-s\-bp hntcm[w
kln--hs\ [ym\np sImhn.''
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ {]Xn ]cn-tim-[-\-I-fpw, {]Xn-Iq-e--fpw, thZ-\-I-fpw, ZpxJfpw, \n-Ifpw A]-am-\fpw kln-p-tm \ap-mbn Ch-sbmw apIqn kln--h-\mb tbip-hns\ [ym\nv Ah-\m
Dt-P\w {]m]n-p-sIm--Ww. ""\ap-p alm-]p-tcm-ln-X \psS _e-lo-\-X-I-fn kl-Xm]w
ImWn-m Ign-bm--h\; ]m]w HgnsI k-nepw \app Xpey-ambn ]co-n--s--h-\t{X
\ap-p--Xv'' (F-{_m. 4:15).
C
Fm tNmZy-pw Dcw e`n-m--tm Fp sNpw?
tNmZy-fpw D-c
- fpw {]m[m-\y-aln-p-h
- b
- m-Wv. Fn-cp-mepw Pohn-X
- nse kIe tNmZy-pw
Dcw e`n-sp hcn-In- Fp bmYmyw \mw Ftmgpw a\-n-em-n-bn-cn--Ww. {InkvXob
PohnXw hnizm-k-ns ASn-m-\-n-ep--Xm-Wv (F-t^. 2:8,9; sImtem. 2:6). Fm Hcn- \apv
Dcw e`n-p--Xm-bn-cn-pw (1 sImcn-y 13:12). Xncp-sh-gpv Ctm \ Adn-n-cn-t kIehn[
kXy--sfbpw ]q-ambn shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v.
31
32
Aymbw 2
]g-b-\n-ba kt
33
34
apJ-hpc
]gb ]pXnb \nb-a--fpsS eLp-kt-bm-Wn-Xv. hmb-\-m-c\v ]pkvX-I-ns {K-Im-hn-s\-bpw,
Fgp-Xnb Ime-s-bpw, hnjbw, P\- Fnh Ffp--n a\-n-em-IWw F-XmWv eyw. Hmtcm
]pkvX-Ihpw AXns _mly-tc-Jsb FSpp Imp-tmXs s]mXp hnj-b-am-Ip tbip-{In-kvXphns\ hmb-\-m-cs apn hp-Im-pI F {][m\ [-amWv \nd-th-n-bn-cn-p--Xv.
Hmtcm ]pkvX-I-n-sbpw {]tXyI kt thZ-hn-Zymnsb kw_-n-n-S-tmfw AXn-{]m-[m-\y-alnp--XmWv; hnj-b-fpw {Kln-p-hm CXp klm-b-I-am-Wv. F{Xbpw IqSp-X kabw ]Tn-p-pthm
A{Xbpw IqSp-X ssZhs a\-n-em-p-hm \app Ign-bp-sa--XmWv ]c-amw. apt]m-p ]T-\n AXmWv \mw sNp-hm t]mIp-Xv. Cu ]mT-]--Xn-bpsS Hmw `mKw (A-ym-bw) BI-am\
ss__n-fn-te-p Hcp Fn-t\m--am-Wv. Hmtcm ]pkvX-Ihpw \app Imn--cp hyXykvX Imcy-
hy-ambpw ]q-ambpw ]Tn-p-hm-\p B{K-ls \n Df-hm-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
]gb ]pXnb \nb-a--fpsS Xmc-X-ay-]-T\w

{InkvXp-hmWv ss__n-fns {]Xym-ibpw ASn-hc
- b
- n-tS-Xpamb apJy-hn-jb
- hpw Xncp-sh-gp-nse kw]q
hnjbw Xm Xs-sbv ]e-tmgpw {InkvXp- sh-fn-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v:
1. am. 5:17- ""\ymb-{]-am-Wstbm, {]hm-N-I-m-sctbm \op-hm-\m-bnp hp Fp \ncq-]n-cpXv, \op-hm-\ \nhr-n-m-\m-bnt{X Rm h-Xv.''
2. injy-m-cp-ambn Fm-hq-kn-tev bm{X sNp-tm, ""tamsi XpSn kIe {]hm-N-I-mcn\npw Fm Xncp-sh-gp-p-I-fnepw Xs-p-dn-p-Xv tbip Ahp hymJym-\n-p-sImSp-p'' (eq-m. 24:27).
3. Ap sshIp-tcw hopw... ""tamsi-bpsS \ymb-{]-am-W-nepw {]hm-N-I-]p-kvX-I--fnepw
ko-\--fnepw Fs-p-dnp Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-p--Xp-sImpw \nhr-n-bm-tIWw Fp-Xp-Xt Fp ]dp Xncp-sh-gp-p-Isf Xncn--dn-tb--Xn\p Ah-cpsS _pnsb Xpd-p.
{InkvXp IjvSw A\p-`-hn-p-Ibpw aqmw \m acn--h-cn-\np Dbns-gp-t-evp-Ibpw
Ahs \ma-n am\-m--chpw ]m]-tam-N-\hpw sbdp-i-te-an XpSn kI-e-Pm-Xn-I-fnepw
{]kw-Kn-p-Ibpw thWw Fn-s\ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-pp'' Fp ]d-p (eq-tm. 24:44-47).
4. tbml. 5:39, 40 blq-Z-m-cp-am-bp kw`m-j-W-aty tbip ]d-p: ""\n Xncp-sh-gp-pIsf tim[\ sNp-p; Ah-bn \np \nXy-Po-h Dv Fp \n \ncq-]n-p-phtm; Ah F\np kmyw ]d-bp-p. Fnepw Poh {]m]n-t--Xn\v Fs ASp-
hcp-hm \np a\-n-.'' Poh-\p ssZh-tm-Sp \psS _-ns ASn-m\
hnizm-k-am-Wv (F-t^. 2:8,9; sImtem. 2:6) Fn-cp-mepw, \app {]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb Fm
tNmZy-pw ssZhw adp-]Sn Xcn-Ibpw sNp--XmWv (1 sImcn. 13:12). PohnX apt--n\v
Bh-iy-amb Fmw Xncp-sh-gp-n \ap-mbn kzcq-]n-n-p-v. Fp \n \ncq-]n-p-phtm; Ah F\nv kmyw ]d-bpp; Fnepw Poh {]m]n-t--Xn\v Fs ASp-
hcp-hm \np a\-n-.
35
CtXm-sSmw shfn-mSv 19:10- ""tbip-hns kmytam {]h-N-\-ns Bmhp Xs Fpw ]dn-cn-p-p'', asmcp {]Im-c-n {]h-N-\-ns {]Ir-Xhpw Dt-ihpw Xs \jvS-s (ho-Wp-t]mb)
a\p-jy\v tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ shfn-hm-n-sm-Sp-p-I-bm-Wv. Ah-\nqsS am{Xta a\p-jy\v kar-nbmb Poh e`n-p-I-bp-p (tbm-l-m 10:10).
]g-b-\n-baw
-\ymb-{]-amWw {InkvXp-hn-\m-bp
ASn-m\w
Hcp-hpw
ASn-m-\hpw
Ncn{Xw
{InkvXp-hn-\m-bp Hcpw
Imhy-`mKw
{InkvXp-hn-\m-bp
Ic-tLmjw
{]h-N\w
{InkvXp-hn-\m-bp {]Xo
{]hm-N-I\pw, ]ptcm-ln-X-\pw,
IjvS-s-Sp c-I-\mbn {Iqin-t
acnp a\p-jy-h-ns ]m]w-t]m-nbnv cmPm-hmbn hmgp--h-\p-amb
ain-lm-sb-p-dn-p {]Xo-bvv
ASn-m-\-an-Sp-I-bmWv ]g-b-\n-baw
sNbvX-Xv.
]pXn-b-\n-baw
kphn-ti-j-
{]Xy-X
ZoL-\m-fp-I-fmbn t\mn-mn-cp c-I-\mb

tbip-hn-s\bpw Ahs {]hr-n-I-sf-bpw -Ip-dn-p Ncn{Xw
AsmkvXe
{]hn-I
hnI-k\w
]cn-ip-m {]h-\-m Atm-kvXe {]hn-I

tbip hp {]hn Imcy--fpsS ZqXv P\-n\v \evIp-p.
teJ-\-
hnip-o-I-c-W-fpw
{]kvXm-h-\bpw
tbip-{InkvXp-hns m\m-[n-]-Xn-sb \ne-bn Hcp

{InkvXym\n Ahs \S-]-Sn-I-fm tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\
Dbn-m-p--h-cm-bn-cn-Ww
shfn-mSv
Ah-km\w
A-y-Ime kw`-h- \psS Im-hns Ah-km\

`c-W-sbpw \nXy-X-sbbpw BWv Nqn-m-p--Xv.
36
`mKw 1
\ymb-{]-amWw: BZy Ap-]p-kvX-I-

ss__n-fnse BZy Ap-]p-kvX-I-sf ""s]m-pIv'' Fp hnfn-pp. Aw ""]-{K--'' FmWv. Chsb \ymb-{]-am-W-]p-kvXIw Fpw hnfn-m-dp-v, Fp-sIm-s-m ssZh-ns P\-amb C{ktbm {]am-Wn-tXn\v tamsi apJm-ncw ssZhw Ahp \evInb \nb-a-, N-, hn[nI BZn-bm-b-h-bmWv CXn {]kvXm-hn-n-cn-p--Xv. tamsi-bpsS ac-W-hr-mw {]kvXm-hn-n-cn-p
Bh\ ]pkvXI
-
- ns Ah-km-\`
- mKw HgnsI _mn Fm-n-sbpw Fgp-p-Im-c ({K-I
- mhv)
tamsi Xs-bm-Wv. hcp-hm-\p ain-lm-sb-p-dn-p Adn-hns ASn-m\w Cu Ap ]pkvX-I--fmWv. ]g-b-\n-ba Xncp-sh-gp-p-I-fpsS Imhm-cm-bn-cp-p-sImv ain-lmsbIpdn-p kmyw temIn\p \evIp-hm-\m-bn-mWv ssZhw C{k-tb P\-Xsb Xnc-s-Sp-Xv, Hcp cmjv{S-ambn \ne-\nnbXv.
ssZhnI hmKvZ--fpsS DS--Sn-mcpw ain-lm-bpsS hwihpw Ch-cm-bn-cp-p (tdm-a. 3:2; 9:1-5).
Dev]-n-]p-kvXIw
(Bcw-`--fpsS ]pkvXIw)
{K-Imhpw ]pkvX-I--fpsS t]cpw:
Fgp-p-Im-c tamsi-bm-Wv. Dev]n (Genesis) Fm "Bcw-`w' FmWv Aw. F{_mb ss__nfns {Kop Xna Bb sk]vp--Pnn (LXX) \nmWv Cu t]cpw Ahpw e`n--Xv.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
1450 -1410 B.C.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
kqjva-ambn hmbn-p Hcmv Dev]-n-]p-kvX-I-nse {][m\ hnj-b--fmb A\p-{K-lhpw im]hpw
Xncn--dn-bm km[n-p--Xm-Wv. GZtXm--n A\p-k-c-Whpw hnizm-k-hpw-aqew A\p-{K-l-hpw, A\pk-c-W-t-Sn\p im]-hp-am-bn--cpp êw. Cu ]pkvXIw apgp-h CXp cpw shfn-hm-p--Xmbn ImWmw.
Fn-cp-mepw A{_-lm-an-t\m-Sp ssZhoI DS--Snbpw hmKvZ--fpw AXn{]-Imcw cq]w {]m]n-tnb cmjv{Shpw AXn {][m-\-ambn FSp-p-Im-p-p-v (D-ev]. 12:13; 15:121).
Dev]-nbvv "Bcw`w' F-Xn-s\-m "Bcw-`--fpsS ]pkvXIw' Fp ]d-bp--Xm-bn-cnpw D-aw.
ss__n shfn-s-Sp-p kIe kw`-h-pw Ncn{X ]m-ew \evIp-Xv Dev]n ]pkvX-I-amWv AYhm Fm {][m\ hnj-b--fpsSbpw Dhw CXn-em-Wv. BI-bm CXp ]e Bcw--fpsS ]pkvXI-am-Wv. temI-ns Bcw-`w, ]pcp-j-sbpw kv{Xobp-sSbpw Bcw-`w, a\p-jys ]m]hpw a\p-jy-h37
ns hogvNbpw XpSp ssZhoI hos-Sp-ns hmKvZ--ns XpS-w, C{k-tb F cmjv{Sn-\m-bnpw AXp-hgn cn-Xm-hmb ain-lm-bpsS cwK-{]-th-i\
-
- n-sbpw Bcw`w; ]co-I
- \
- mb kmm\pw
BZn-a-\p-j-cmb BZmapw lmbpw; t\mlbpw Pe-{]-f-bhpw A{_-lmw, Ckvlm-v, bmtm-_v, tbmtk^pw
ktlm-Z-c-m-cpw, XpSn hnhm-lw, IpSpw-_w, sXmgn, ]m]w, Ipe-]m-X-Iw, ac-W-in-, bmKw, hwi-,
`mj-I, kwkvIm-c-, im-Xv, Hm-as temI Khsa v AYhm _m_n-tem-Wn-b-\nkw (_mt_ tKm]p-c-ns IqsS Bcw-`n aX hyh-) Fn-s\ Bcw-`--epsS \o \nc \ap-n-hnsS
e`n- p- p. Fmw- I qsS ss__n- f ns ssZhoI shfn- m- S ns IrXy- X - b p- s Sbpw Ncn- { X- n- t
ssZhn\p ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw a\-n-em-p-hm Cu ]pkvXIw \s klm-bn-p-p.
GXmv ]Xn-s\mp {]mh-iyw. ""hwi-]m-c--cy-am-hnXv'' F {]tbmKw Cu ]pkvX-I-n-ep-v. CXp
ASp `mK-n ]d-bp-hm t]mIp kw`-h--sf-bpw, C{k-tb-ense ]p-]n-Xm--sf-p-dnpw Hs
hmb-\-m-c\p ap-dn-hp-I Xcp-hm-\m-bn-m-Wv.
{][m\ Bfp-I:
BZw, lm, t\ml, A{_-lmw, kmdm, C-lm-v, dnt_-, bmtm-_v, dmtl, butk-^v.
Dev]n ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

{]h-N-\-hcw: a\p-jys hogvNsb XpSv ssZhw Ahp \evInb hos-Sp-ns hmKvZ--amWv Dev].
3:15se ""kv{XobpsS kXn.'' CXp ain-lm-sb-p-dn-m-bn-cp-p. B hmKvZ
-
- ns ]mX 4:25 tinIqsS-bpw, 9:26 tian IqsSbpw 12:3 A{_-lm-ans IqSpw-_w, 26:3 C-lm-ns k-Xn, 46:3
bmtm-_ns a, 49:10 blq-Zm-bpsS tKm{X-n-eqsS \ofp-I-bm-Wv.
AXp-t]m-se-Xs Dev]n ]pkvX-I-n ain-lmsb Nqn-m-p hnhn[ amXr-I-Ifpw \evIn-bn-p-v.
]gb krjvSnns Xe-h BZmw Fn ]pXnb krjvSn-ns (B-o-bw) Xe-h {InkvXp-hm-Ip-p
(tdma 5:14).
lmt_-ens c-_en tbip-hns _en-a-c-Ws Nqn-m-p-p. Imtb lmt_-en-s\ -sIm-Xpw
tbip-hns ac-W-n\p \ngX-s.
aevIo-k-tZ-ns cmP-Iob ]utcm-lnXyw {InkvXp-hn\p \ng-em-bn-cp-p (F-{_m. 7:3).
butk-^v, ]nXm-hns CjvS-]p-{X, ktlm-Z-c-m-cm hnev-s--h, Fnpw Ah-cpsS hnSp-X-en\p
Imc-W-`q-X-\m-bXpw tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ ]m]n-I-fpsS hos-Sp-p-Im-c-\mbn ImWn-p Nn{X-am-Wv.
_mly-hn-h-c-Ww:
1 \mep kw`-h- (1:111:32)
A
B
C
D
temI-n-sbpw a\p-jysbpw krjvSnv (1:12:25).

a\p-jys Xnbpw (]m]hpw) hogvNbpw (3:15:32).
a\p-jys hn\m-i-Im-c-W-amb Pe-{]-fbw (6:19:29).
NnX-d-s a\p-jy-hw, cmjv{S- (10:111:32).
2. \mep a\p- j y: Hcp cmjv { S- ns Xnc- s - S ppw hosSp- p- I m- c - \ m- b p

Hcp-hpw (12:150:26).
A
B
C
A{_lmw
C-lmv
bmtm_v
D tbmtk^v
hnizm-kn-I-fp-sS-bpw, C{k-tb cmjv{S-n-sbpw ]nXmhv (12:123:20).

hne-s-Xpw kvt\l-\n-[n-bp-amb hmKvZ ]p{X (24:126:35).
in-I-fm {Iao-I-cn--s--h ]-Xn-I-fpsS \nn-Xmhv (27:136:43).
IjvS-X-bp-sSbpw al-Xz-n-sbpw a\p-jy (37:150:26).
38
]pd-mSv
(ho-s-Sp-ns ]pkvX-Iw)
]pkvX-I-ns t]cpw Fgp-p-Im-c\pw:
F{_mb `mj-bn\np {Kop `mj-bn-te-p hnh-\-n-\mWv sk]vp--P v (LXX) Fp ]d-bp--Xv.
Cu hnh-\-n ""]pd-s-SpI'' Fw hcp Exodos F {Kop ]Z-amWv ]pkvX-I-n-\p- t]cmbn
\evIn-bn-cn-p--Xv. AXv eo `mj-bn-tep hnh\w sNp-tm-gmWv Exodus Bb-Xv. Aw ]pdmSv Fm-bn. Cwo-jnepw B ]Zw Xs hp.
Fgp-Xnb Imew
1450-1410 B.C.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
cp {][m\ hnj-b--fmWv ]pkvX-I-n {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-cn-p-Xv: (1) s]-lm-bn IqsS shfn-s-Spnb hos-Spv, (2) an{k-boay ASn-a--n\npw hnSp-X {]m]nv sN-S IS-pXv. Chn-sSbmWv ]pd-mSv Bcw`n-p--Xv.
Ccp-\q-dn A[nIw hj- an{k-bo-an hf C{k-tb-ens tamN-\-ns Ncn-{X-amWv ]pd-mSv
]pkvX-Iw. tamsi-bpsS P\-\-N-cn-{X-hpw, ssZh-P-\s an{k-bo-an\np hnSp-hnv hmKvZ \mSmb I\m\n Fn-p-hm Ahs\ ssZhw hnfn-p-Xpw, s]lm Ipm-Sv, BZy-Pm-X-msc \in-n-p-tm,
C{k-tb-ens\ ]cn-]m-en-p--Xp, an{k-bn-an Ab ]p _m[-I, sN-S-ens hn`-P-\w, \ymb-{]amWw \evIp-Xv Fn-h-sbmw khn-kvXcw CXn {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-cn-p-p. CXnIq-sS-sbmw ssZhw
an{k-bn-anse ^d-thmam-tc-m hen-b-h\pw i\pw Fp am{X-a Ah k-i--\mb bmth
(btlm-h) F hos-Sp-n-sbw shfn-m-Sn-sbpw ssZhw BIpp Fpw sXfn-bn-p-I- IqsS Bbncpp.
sN-S IS acp-`q-an-bn Fnb P\-n\p ]men-m-\p \ymb-{]-am-W-fpw N-fpw hn[n-Ifpw
\evIn-smv C{k-tb P\X ssZh-ns ""{]tXyI k-pw, ]ptcm-lnX cmP-Xz-hpw, hnip P\hpw
BIpp'' (]p-d. 19:47) F-h {]kvXm-hn-p. ]p Iev]-\-I Ds Cu \ymb-{]-amWw ssZhns hnip-n-tbbpw B ssZhs P\w Fs\ kvt\ln--W-sa-pw, P\- ]c-kv]cw kvt\lnt--Xns Bh-iy-I-Xbpw t_my-s-Spn Xn-p-v. Fm Ime-{I-a-n P\w ssZh-ns
hnip-n-bn\npw AI-p-t]m-Ip-sa--dn-bm-am-bn-cp ssZhw As\ kw`-hn-m Ahp Xncn-php ssZhoI _w ]p\x-m-]n-p-hm-\m-bn-mWv kam-K-a\ IqSm-c-hpw, _en-I-fpw, ]ptcm-ln-X-m-sc-bpsams \evIn-b-Xv.
{][m\ hyn-I:
tamsi, Al-tcm, ancymw, ^dthm
]pd-mSp ]pkvX-I-nse {InkvXp:

{InkvXp-hn-s\-p-dnv t\cn-tm, sXfn-hm-btXm Bb {]h-N-\- Hp-an-s-nepw \nc-h[n amXr-I-I
\app e`y-am-Wv. tamsi Xs Hcp {]Xn-cq-]-am-Wv (B-h. 18:15). _mey-Ime kw`-, hos-Sp-p-Im-c,a-p--hm-bp m\-XymKw, {]hm-NI ZuXyw, ay--s\ \ne-bn \ymb-{]-amWw \evIp-Ibpw
P\s tamNn-n-p-Ibpw sNp--Xn-semw kam-\-X-I-fp-v.
s]lm IpmSv Hcp sXfn Nn{X-am-Wv, tbip{InkvvXp ]m]-an-m ssZh-ns Ipm-Sm-bnv
]pXnb \nb-a-n hmbn-p-p (tbm-l.1:29, 36; 1 sImcn. 5:7).
Ggp-s]-cp-m-fp-I, Hmtcmpw hnhn[ \ne-I-fn {InkvXphns \ng-em-bn-cn-p-p.
39
]pd-m-Sp-Xs ]pXnb \nb-a-nse kv\m\-n\p \ng-em-bn. {InkvXp-hns ac-Ww, AS-w, ]p\-cp-m\w,

Fn-h-tbm-Sp XmZmyw ]ueqkv FSpp ]d-bp-p (1 sImcn. 10:12; tdma. 6:2,3).
ambpw, shhpw tbip-{InkvXp Poh A-hpw, Poh-P-e-hp-sap ImWn-p-p (tbm-l. 6:31-35; 48-63;
1 sImcn. 10:3,4).
kam-K-a\ IqSmcw AXns D]-I-c-W-, \ndw, Ah-bpsS ko-I-c-W-, AhnsS An-p
bmK- XpS-n-bh Fmw {InkvXp-hns\ shfn-s-Sp-p-p (F-{_m. 9:110:18).
alm-]p-tcm-ln-X. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns in{iq-jsb AXp hy-am-bn-m-Wn-p-p (F-{_m. 4:14-16:9:1112;24-28).
_mly-tcJ:
1. an{k-bo-an \np hos-Spv (1:118:27)
A
B
C
ASna-Xz-n (1:112:32)
Ipm-Sns c-mepw ssZh-i-n-bm-ep-ap hos-Spv (12:33-14:31)
ko\m-bn-te-p bm{X (in--Ww) (15:118:27)
2. ssZh-n\n-p shfn-mSv (19:140:38)

A
B
C
D
\ymb-{]-amWw \evIp (19:124:18)

kam-K-a\IqSm-c-s-p-dn-p \nt-i- (25:131:18)
\ymb-{]-am-W-ns ewL\w (32:1-34:35)
kam-K-a-\-Iq-Sm-c-ns ]Wn (35:140:38).
IqSm-c-ns Afhpw amXr-Ibpw

(kvsIbn-en {]Im-c-a-)
hnip- -ew
lllllll
ll
\ne-hn-fv
Xm{a
AXn-hn-ip--ew
[q]-]oTw
\oba
sXmn
bmK-]oTw
ImgvN- A-ns
s]Iw
tai
tehym ]pkvXIw
(hn-ip-n-bpsS ]pkvX-Iw)
t]cpw Fgp-p-Im-c\pw:
{K-Im-c tamsi-X-s-bm-Wv. sk]vp-h-Pnn\n-mWv ]pkvX-I-n\v Cu t]cp e`n--Xv. ""tehy-cpambn _-s-Xv'' Fm-Wn-Xn\v Aw. C{k-tb P\--fpsS aX-Im-Zn-I \S-p-hm ]ptcmlnX in{iq-j-bvmbn ssZhw hnfn-p-th Xncn h-am-bn-cpp tehy. ssZhs Bcm-[n-t--Xn40
\m-h-iy-amb \nt-i-fpw \nb-a-fpw P\-sf t_my-s-Sp-p-Ibpw AX-\p-k-cnv {]h-pbpw

sNp-hm Ah \ntbm-Kn--s-n-cp-p. Cuhn[ \nb-a--fmWv tehy-]p-kvX-I-nse {]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-bw.
]pXnb Imew
1450-1410
B.C.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
tehn 11:45 ""Rm hnip--\m-bn-cn-p--Xp-t]mse \nfpw hnip--cm-bn-cn-o'' Fp ]d-n-cn-pp. ssZh-P-\-amb C{k-tb ssZh-ap-msI hnip--cmbn Pohn--W-sa-m-bn-cpp CXns Dt-iw. BIbm (1) Fs\ Bcm-[n--Ww. ssZh-tm-Sp-IqsS Fs\ \S-Ww (2) ssZh-hn-fn--\p-k-c-W-ambn
Hcp ]ptcm-ln-X-cm-Pm-hw-i-ambn Pohn-t--sX--s\, BZn-bmb Imcy- tehy P\s ]Tn-n-tn-bn-cn-p-p. ]pkvX-I-ns apJy-hn-jbw hnip-o-I-cWw F-Xm-Wv. ipo-I-c-W-n-eqsS am{X-a
Hcmp ]cn-ip-n-bn Fp-hm\pw ssZh-km-nyw A\p-`-hn-p-hm\pw km[n-p-am-bn-cp-p-p. CXn\m-bn-mWv bmK-sf \nb-an--Xv. ]ptcm-ln-Xs ay--\m-bm An-bvp bmK-n {]km-Znv
ssZhw C{k-tb-ens\ A\p-{K-lnp t]mp. hnip--\mb ssZhn\pw C{k-tb P\-n\pw XnsSp-hm-\p GI am-am-bn-cp-p bmK-.
{][m\ hyn-I:
tamsi, Al-tcm
tehym-]p-kvX-I-n {InkvXp:
]pd-mSp ]pkvX-I-n-se-t]mse CXnepw {]Xn-cq-]--fn IqsS-bmWv {InkvXp-hns\ ImWp--Xv.
{]kvXm-hn-n-cn-p Ap bmK-fpw tbip-{In-kvXp-hns \njv]m] Ah--sb-bpw, ssZh-n-\m-bp
Ahs kzb-k-a-W-hpw, AXp-h-gn-bmbn \app ssZh-tmSp e`n-p Iqm-bva-tbbpw shfn-s-Sppp.
alm-]p-tcm-ln-X Xs t{ijvT ]Z-hn-I-tfmsS {InkvXp-hns\ {]Xn-\n-Zm\w sNp-p.
Ggp s]cp-m-fp-Ifpw hnhn[ \ne-I-fn tbip-{In-kvXp-hns {]mb-n--_en Dbns-gp-t-ev]v, hosSp-ns {]hn Fn-hsb Dbn-m-p-p.
_mly-tcJ:
1. bmK-\n-b-a- (1:117:16)
A
B
C
D
ssZhs kao-]n-p-hm (1:17:38)

]ptcm-ln-Xm-bnv (8:110:20)
ipo-I-cWw kw_-nv (11:115:33)
tZiob {]mbmn--s-p-dnv (16:1-17:16)
2. ipo-I-cW \nb-a- (18:127:34)

A
B
C
D
E
ssZh-P-\-n-\p-thn (18:1-20:27)
ssZh-ns ]ptcm-ln-X-mmbn (21:122:33)
Bcm-[-\-bn (23:124:23)
I\m tZ-i-n (25:1:26:46)
t\-I-sf-p-dnv (27:134).
41
kwJym-]p-kvXIw
(a-cp-`qan hmk-ns Ae-n)
Fgp-p-Im-c tamsi-bm-Wv. ]pkvX-I-n\p Cu t]cp e`n-m ImcWw AXns Hm-asbpw Ccp-]Xm-a-sbpw Aym-b--fm-Wv. ko\mbn ae-b-cn-Inhpw ]noSv tamhm_v ka-`q-an-bn hp \S
cp P\-kw-Jy-bmWv B `mK-v.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
1450 1410
B.C.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
P\-kwJy FSp-n\n-mWv Cu t]cp e`n--sX-nepw 40 hjs C{k-tb-ens acp-bm-{X-bpsS hnh-cW-amWv hnj-bw. shdpw ]Xn-s\mp Znh-kw-sImv Ah-km-\n-t bm{X-bmWv P\-ns Ahn-izmkhpw A\p-k-c-W-t-Spw-aqew ZoL-amb 38 hjs acp-`q-an-bnse IjvS-m-Sp-Ipw Ae-n-ep-Ipw
CS-bm-n-b-Xv. hmkvX-h-n ssZhoI hmKvZ--se hniz-kn-p-dp \nevm Ign-bm-sX-h--Xm-bncpp Ah-cpsS ]cm-P-b-Im-cWw (F-{_m. 3:16-4:2). kwJym-]p-kvXIw shfn-hm-p asmcp Imcyw Fm
ssZh-P-\--fp-sSbpw Pohn-X-n Hcp "acp-`q-an-bpsS A\p-`hw' Dspw ssZh-tm-Sp-IqsS \np-sImv
Ahs "Btem-N\ {]Imcw aptmp t]mIp--XmWv hnP-b--fmbn Xocp--sX-p-am-Wv.
asmcp {][m\ hnjbw ssZh-ns XpS-bmb Icp-X-emWv. P\-ns A[n-Im-chpw a-chpw IWn-se-Sp-msX XpS-bmbpw Ap-X-I-c-ambpw ssZhw Ah-cpsS Bh-iy- \nd-th-n-sm-Sp-p. shffw, am, ImS-n Fn-s\ thp--sXmw \evIn ssZhw Ahsc kvt\ln-p-Ibpw, Ah-cpsS ]ndp]n-dp-pw, Bh-em-Xn-bpw, a-chpw an-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
{][m\ hyn-I:
tamsi, Al-tcm, ancymw, tbmip-hm, Imte-_v, _mem-v.
kwJym-]p-kvX-I-n {InkvXp:
acp-`q-an-bn Dbs Xm{a (]n--f) kst]mse hfsc hy-ambn tbip-{In-kvXp-hns {Iqip-ac-Ws hc-p-Im-p asmcp {]Xn-cq-]-an-m-sbp ]d-bmw (kw-Jym. 21:49 cf tbml. 3:14).
Zml-i-a-\-n-\m-h-iy-amb Pew ]pd-s-Sp-hn ]mdbpw {InkvXp-hn\p \ng-em-bn-cp-p (1 sImcn. 10:4).
A\p-Zn\ `-W-n-\mbn sImSp am Poh A-am-Ipp tbip-{In-kvXp-hns \ng-em-bn-cp-p. (tbm-l.
6:31-33)
taL-kvXw-`-hpw, An-kvXw-`-hpw, kt-X-\-K-c-fpw tbip-{InkvXp \psS am-Zinbpw \ymb-hn-[nbn\np c-s-Sm-\p kt-X-hp-am-Ipp Fp ImWn-p-p.
kwJym 19 se Nph Imf-In-Smhpw {InkvXp-hns \ngX-s-bm-Ip-p.
_mly-tcJ:
1. ko\m-bnse Hcpw (]g-b-X-e-ap-d) (1:1-10:36)
A
B
C
P\-ns Ah-bpw P\-kw-Jy-sb-Sppw (1:14:49)

ssZh-ns Iev]-\-Ifpw P\-ns ipo-I-c-Whpw (5:19:14)
I\m \mn-te-p Xo-bm{X (9:15-10:36)
42
2. ]gb Xe-ap-d-bpsS ]cm-Pbw (11:125:18)

A
B
C
bm{Xm-a-ty-bp AXr-]vXn-I (11:1-12:16)

ImtZiv _m-bnse Ahn-izmkw (13:114:45)
ssZhoI \nb-{Ww (15:125:18)
3. ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bpsS Hcpw (26:136:13)

A
B
C
C{k-tb-ens ]p\cq-]o-I-cWw (26:127:23)

Zm\-fpw t\-I-sfbpw Ipdn-p \nbaw (28:130:16)
`qan-kw-_--amb \nb-a- (31:136:13).
Bh\w
(\n-b-a--fpsS ]p\-cm-h-\w)
Cu {K-nsbpw Imhv tamsi Xs-bm-Wv. sk]vp--Pn v `mjm--c-n \nmWv CXns Cwojv
t]cp hn-cn-p--Xv. ""cm-as \nb-a-Zm\w (\evI) Fm-Wn-Xn-\w. Bh. 17:18s sXmb
Xn-a-bm-Wv Cu Aw sImSp--Xv. Fm AhnsS htc-nb icn-bmb Xn-a-bmWv ae-bm-fn hn-cn-p \ymb-{]-am-W-ns ""Hcp ]Ip'' F-Xv. Fm-bmepw Bh-\-]p-kvXIw Hcp
cmw \nbaw \evIn-b-X ]nstbm Hm-aXp ko\m-bn-hp \evIn-b-Xns\ Xs Bhnp ]dn-cn-pp Fp am{X-ta-bp-p.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
1410
B.C.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
ad-m-Xn-cn-m kqn-p-sIm--Ww. \o \mev]-Xp-hjw acp-`q-an-bn Ae P\w HSp-hn hmKvZ
\mSns {]th-i\ IhmSw Fn \nevpI-bm-Wv. Fm I\m \mn Imep-Ip-pw-apv Ah Bscpw
btlm-h-bmb ssZhw Ahp Fp sNbvXp Fpw Ahsc t_my-s-Spn B ssZhs kvt\lnp-hm-\pw, tkhn-p-hm\pw Dm-ln-n-t-Xv Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-p. AXn-\m-bn-mWv \ymb-{]-am-W--fpw,
an{kbow apX acp-`qan bm{X-bpsS Ah-km-\w-hsc btlmh Ahsc \Sn t]mnb Imcy-fpw Bhnv
]d--Xv.
C{k-tb ssZh-ns Xnc-s-Sp--s hnip hwihpw cmP-]p-tcm-ln-X-h-hp-am-I-bm (B-h. 4:18)
Ah Ah-Im-ia
- m-p `qan-bnepw hnip-n-tbm-Sp-IqsS Pohnp ssZhs tkhn-W
- a
- m-bn-cp-p. Bh\
]pkvXIw Ah-km-\n-p-Xp hnip--\mb ssZhw Xs hnip P\-hp-ambn sNbvX DS--Snsb ]pXp-pI-bpw, (Bh 29) Ahsc \bn-p-h\mbn tbmiphm F ]pXnb eoUsd \nb-an-p-sImpw (B-h. 34)
tamsi-bpsS ac-W-hr-mw tcJ-s-Sp-n-smpw (B-h.34) BIp-p.
{][m\ hyn-I:
tamsi, tbmiphm
Bh-\-]p-kvX-I-n {InkvXp:
Bh\w 18:15 tami-sb-p-dnp ]d-n-cn-p ""\ns ssZh-amb btlmh \n\v Fs-tmse
Hcp {]hm-N-Is\ \ns aty \ns ktlm-Z-c-m-cpsS CS-bn \np Fgp-t-ev]np Xcpw; Ahs
43
hN\w \n HmWw'' FXv tbip-{In-kvXp-hn \nd-th-td-n-bn-cn-p--Xns sXfn-hmb

Nn{Xwam{X-am-bn-cp-p.'' tamsi Xs {InkvXp-hns \ng-em-bn-cp-p. tamsibn ImWp {Xnhn-[-m\- {]hm-N-I (34:10-12) ]ptcm-ln-X (]p-d. 32:31-35) cmPmhv (tamsi cmPm-hm-bn-cp-n-s-nepw C{ktb-ens ZoL-Ime `c-Wm-[n-Imcn Bbn-cp-p. 33:4,5) tbip-{In-kvXp-hn ]q-am--s-Sp--h-bm-Wv. 2
_mly-tcJ:
1. apJ-hpc (1:15)
2. Ncn-{X-ns ]p\-]-cn-tim-[\ (1:64:43)
A
B
C
D
E
F
ko\mbn apX ImtZiv _ -hsc (1:618)

ImtZiv _-bn (1:1946)
ImtZiv _ apX tamhm-_p-hsc (2:123)
Ing- tbmms\ Iog-S-pp (2:24-3:20)
t\Xramw (3:21-29)
DS--Sn-bpsS kwt]w (4:143)
3. \ymb-{]-am-W-ns ]p\-]-cn-tim-[\ (4:44-26:19)

A
B
apJ-hpc (4:44-49)
]p-I-ev]-\-I (5:133)
4. \ymb-{]-am-W-ns {]mtbm-Kn-IX (6:111:32)

A
B
C
D
E
\ymb-{]-amWw D]-tZ-in-pI (6:125)

I\m Pbn--S-pI (7:126)
btlm-hsb HmpI (8:120)
kzb\oXn Dt]n-pI (9:110:11)
A\p-{K-l-tam, im]tam Xnc-s-Sp-pI (10:12-11:32)
5. {]tXyI \nb-a- (12:1-26:19)

A
B
C
aX-]-c-am-bh (12:116:17)
knhn \nb-a- (16:18-20:20)
kmaq-ly-\n-b-a- (21:126:19)
6. DS--Sn-bpsS kzoI-cWw (27:130-:20)

A
B
I\m-\nhv DS--Sn Dd-n-p-p (27:128:68)

DS--Sn-bpsS AwKo-Imcw (29:130:20)
7. t\Xr-amw (31:134:12)
A
B
C.
D
E
tamsibvp ]Icw tbmiph (31:113)

ssZhw C{k-tb-en-t\mSv (31:14-21)
\ymb-{]-amW ]pkvXIw kqn-p-h-bvpp (31:22-29)
tamsi-bpsS ]mv (31:3032:47)
tamsi-bpsS acWw (32:48-34:12).
kwt]w
Hmt--Xmb hnj-b-
Dev]n
]pd-mSv
tehym-]p-kvXIw
kwJym-]p-kvXIw
Bh-\-]p-kvXIw
hwi-ns Xnc-s-Spv
hwi-ns hos-Spv
hwi-ns ipo-I-cWw
hwi-n-\m-bp \nt-i-
hwis (cm-jv{S-s) ]Tn-n-pp
44
`mKw 2
Ncn{X ]pkvX-I-
apJ-hpc:
]gb \nb-a-ns hnhn[ `mK--fn sImSp-n-cn-p Hmtcm-]p-kvX-Ihpw {]tXyI cq]-n tbip-{InkvXp-hns\ shfnsSp-p-p-v. tbmiphm apX Fth-sc-bp cmw-`m-K-nse ]pkvX-I-
C{k-tb cmjv{So-b-ns Ncn-{X-ns hnh-c-W--fm-Wv. I\m \mSv ssIh-i-am-p-Xp apX A\pk-c-W-t-Sn-\mepw Ahn-izm-k-mepw AXp \jvS-s-Sp-pXp-h-sc-bp 800 hjs C{k-tb-ens
Ncn-{X-amWv Cu ]{p ]pkvX-I--fn-embn hnh-cn-n-cn-p--Xv. \ymbm-[n-]-m-cpsS hmgvN-m-ew, cmPm-m-cpsS `c-W-Im-ew, tZiw cmbn hn`-Pnv sXt km{am-Pyhpw hS-t-km-{am-Py-hp-ambn Xncn-p--Xv,
hSt km{amPyw Aiq-cn-sbpw sXt km{amPyw _m_n-tem-Wn-sbpw ASn-a-Xzn-em-p--Xv, s\laymhv, F{km Fo t\Xm--m-cpsS \nb-{-W-n sXt tZi-m bcq-i-te-an-tep aS-n-h-cp-Xv
Fn-s\ \s Nnn-n-p-Ibpw hnkva-bn-n-p-Ibpw sNp hnj-b--fm Ch kw]p-jvS-am--sn-cn-p-p.
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns hc-hn-\mbn \s Hcp-p Cu ]pkvX-I- {]kvXm-hn-p--sX-s-sWp Xmsg
]d-bp-p.:
Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-I- {InkvXp-hn-\m-bp Hcpw 3
tbmiphm
\ymbm-[n-]-m
cqv
hmKvZ\mSv Ah- I m- i - a m- p- Xpw

XpSp i{Xp-]o-U-\hpw
1. iap-th
2 iap-th
1 cmPm.1-10
1 cmPm 1122
2 cmPm 117
2 cmPm. 18-25
1 Zn\-hr-mw
2 Zn\-hr-mw
cmjv{S-ns nco-I-cWw
cmjv{S-ns hnkvXrXn
cmjv{S-ns alXzw
cmjv{S-ns hn`-P\w
hS-t-cm-Py-ns A[-]-X\w
sXt-cm-Py-ns ASn-aw
tZhm-e-b-ns \nmWw
tZhm-e-b-ns \miw
F{km
s\l-aymhv
Ft
tZhm-e-b-ns ]p\-cp-m-cWw
sbdp-i-te-ans ]p\\nmWw
cmjv{S-nse P\--fpsS kpc-n-XXzw
45
ssZhnI `c-Ww. C{k-tb-ens\

ssZhw `cn Ime- L - - s bmWv ChnsS {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-cnp--Xv (B.C. 1405 1043).
cmP- h mgv N : C{k- t b- e ns
cmPm-hm-gvN-tbmsS Bcw-`nv
ASn-a-Xz-n (B.C. 586) Ahkm- \ n- p Ncn- { X- I m- e - L s Cu `mKp e`n-p-p.
]p\-cp-m-cWw: 70 hjs
{]hm-k-n-\p-tijw aS-nh P\- - f psS Ncn{Xw
(B.C. 605-536).
tbmiphm
(hnP-bhpw ssIh-i-s-Sp--epw)
CXns Fgp-p-Im-c tbmiphm BIpp: BZy Ap ]pkvX-I--fpsS Fgp-p-Im-c {]i-kvX-\mb
tamsi Bbn- c n- p- - X pt]mse CXns Fgp- p- I m- c \pw {]kn- - \ mb Hcp hyn- X - s - b m- W v .
tamsitbmsSmw Ahs ip{iq-j-I-\mbn \S tbmip-hbvv C{k-tb Ncn-{X-n {]Y-a-m\w
Xs-bm-Wv. tbmip-h-bpsS bYm t]cv tlmtibm Fm-bn-cp-p (kw-Jym. 13:8; Bh. 32:44) AXns
Aw ""c'' Fm-bn-cp-p. Fm acp-`q-an-bm{Xbn tamsi B t]cv ""btlm-iphm'' Fm-n. Cu
t]cv tem]n-mWv tbmiphm Fm-b-Xv (kw-Jym. 13:16) t]cns Aw. ""btlmh c-bm-Ipp'' Ft{X.
CsXmcp {]h-N-\oI kXy-am-bn-cp-p. tbmiphm DssS Hpt\m--mpw, C{k-tb P\-Xbvpw
btlm-hbvp i{Xp kwlm-c-n-\pw, tZiw ssIh-i-amn sImSp-p-hm-\p-ap in-bp-s-pw, hmKvZ-\mSp am\p-joI _pnbpw _ehpw sIm ]ntbm btlmh Xs Ahp Ah-Im-i-amn
sImSpp Fp {Kln-n-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. {K-Im-hmb tbmip-hm, temI Ncn-{X-nse Gw henb
bph X{- Bbn-cp-s-nepw Ahs kIe hnP-b-pw \nZm-\-amb ta[m-in btlm-h-bpsS
Zm\-am-bn-cp--Xn-\m P\-X-bpsS c btlm-h -X-s-bm-bn-cp-p. btlm-h-bmWv Ahv Pbw \evInbXv.
Fgp-Xnb Imew
1400-1370 B.C.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw
Pbn-p-I, Ah-Im-i-am-p-I, hmKvZ \mSns\ hn`-Pn-p-sIm-Sp-pI F-Xm-bn-cpp tbmip-h-bpsS Dtihpw hnj-b-hpw. btlm-hbvp Xs hmKvZ---tfm-Sp hniz-X F{X-bp-s-mWv ]pkvXIw shfnhm-p--Xv (D-ev]. 15:18 cf. tbmip. 1:26; 21:43-45). AXp-t]mse Xs ssZh-P-\-ns apn-ep kIe
XS---tfbpw \on eyw kpK-a-am-m-\m-bp ssZh-ns {]tXyI CS-s]-Sepw apJy-hn-j-b-am-Wv.
A{_-lm-an-t\m-Sp ssZh-ns hmKvZw kmdm-bnIqsS C-lm-ns\ \evInbpw, Dd-p ]-W-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb I\m \mSns\ Ah-Im-i-am-n-sIm-Sp-p-sImpamWv \nd-th-n-b-Xv. CXp bmsXmcp am\pjoI inpw sNm-hp--Xm-bn-cp-n- (tdm-a. 4).
{][m\ hyn-I:
tbmip-hm, cmlm-_v, Imte_v
tbmip-hm-bpsS ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp.

Cu ]pkvX-I-nepw t\cn-p {]h-N\ `mK- C-nepw \ng-ep-Ifpw {]Xn-cq-]-fpw Dv. cp {][m\
coXn-bn tbmip-hm-Xs {InkvXp-hn\p \ng-em-Wv. Hm-aXv t]cv: btlm-iphm Fm ""btlmh cbm-Ipp'' FmWv CXn\p Xpey-amb {Kop t]cmWv "tbip' F-Xv. Asm. {]. 7:45 tbmip-hmsb
tbip Fp hnfn-n-cn-p-p. cm-a-Xp, tbmip-hm-bpsS {]hn-bm hmKvZ--\m-n C{k-tb-en\p
e`n "hn{iaw' \ng-embn \nevp-p (F-{km. 4:8), tbip-{In-kvXp-hn hniz-kn-p--hsc tXP-n-tep
\bn-p {]hn-bpsS (G-{_m. 2:9,10) \ng-emWv tbmip-h-bn Zin-p--Xv. tbmiphm btlm-h-bpsS
ssk\y-ns A[n-]-\p-ambn Ip-ap-p--Xmbn 5:13-15hsc hmbn-p-p. CXp tbip-hns a\p-jym-h-Xmc-n\p app Hc-h--bmbn ImWmw. CXn\v ""{Intm-^\n'' FmWv ]d-bp--Xv. tbmip-h-bpsS hnja-k-n-bn Ahs\ D]-tZ-in-p-hm\pw ssZh-ns bpw \bn-p-hm-\p-am-bn-m-bn-cpp B {]Xy--X.
46
HSp-hn-embn cmlm-_ns Nph--N-cSp (2:21) tbip {InkvXp-hns c-m \app e`n-p cbvp
\ng-embn \nevp-p (F{_m-b 9:1922). cmlm_v F PmXob kv{Xo btlm-h-bpsS hIm-cy--sf-pdnp tIp-I-bpw, hniz-kn-p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn-\m-emWv Hp-Imsc Hfn-n--Xpw, sbcntlm \in-n--s-tm IpSpw-_-tm-Sp-IqsS c-{]m-]n-p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv. am{X-a {InkvXp-hns Xe-ap-d-bn Ahpw
m\w e`n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp (a-m. 1:5).
_mly-tcJ:
1. I\m-\p-th-n-bp B{I-aWw (1:15:12)
A
B
C
D
E
F
tbmiphmsb A[n-Im-c-s-Sp-pp (1:19)

tbmiphm P\-tmSp Iev]n-p-p, Ah-cpsS {]Xn-I-cWw (1:10-18)
sbco-tlm-bpsS ]cm-P-bhpw hogvNbpw (2:124)
tbmms hn`-P\w (3:117)
tbmm IS--Xns kvacW sImm-Sp-p. (4:124)
P\--fpsS kaWw (5:112)
2. I\m-s-ta-ep hnPbw (5:13-12:24)

A
B
C
D
E
hnP-b-n-\m-bp hyh: Hcp ssZhoI IamU (5:13-15)

ay-`m-Kv ]mfbw ASn-p-p. (6:1-8:35)
sXt-tZ-is ]mfbw (9:110:43)
hS-t-`m-Ks ]mfbw (11:115)
hnP-b--fpsS ]p\-c-h-tem-I\w (11:16-12:24)
3. I\ms hn`-P\w (13:1-21:45)

A
B
C
D
E
F
cc tKm{X--fpsS Ah-Imiw (13:133)

Imte-_ns Ah-Imiw (14:115)
H]-Xc tKm{X--fpsS Ah-Imiw (15:119:48)
tbmip-h-bvp Ah-Imiw (19:49-51)
ktX ]-W- (20:19)
tehy-cpsS ]-W- (21:145)
4. ]cy-h-km\w (22:124:33)
A
B
C
bmK-]o-T-s-p-dn-p hmZw (22:134)

tbmip-h-bpsS Ah-km\ {]kwKw (23:124:28)
tbmip-h-bpsS acWw (24:29-33).
\ymbm-[n-]-m
(Xp-Sbmb ]nm--hpw, \ymb-hn-[n-bpw, hnSp-X-epw)
iap-th BWv Cu ]pkvXIw Fgp-Xn-b-sX-mWv ]mc-cyw Fm bYm-n Fgp-p-Im-c
Bscv hy-a-. iap-th Xo-bmbpw \ymbm-[n-]-m-cpsS Imes IqSp-X Imcy- tiJ-cn-n-cn- W w, Ahsb Iqn- t v Hm- n- b Xv \mYm, KmZv XpS- nb {]hm- N - I - m Bbn- c n- Ww
(1 Zn\. 29:29).
F{_mb `mj-bn ]pkvX-I-n\v "tjmt^nw' FmWv t]cv. ""\ymbm-[n-]-m'' ""`c-W-Im-,''
""hnSp-hn-p--h'', ""c-I-m'' Fs-m-amWv Aw. tjms^v Fm hnhm-Z- Ah-km-\n-nv
47
\oXn \S-pI F-Xn-s\mw ""kzmX-{yhpw hos-Sppw'' \evIpI F Aw IqsS-bp-v. \ybm-[n]-m Hm-aXv P\-n\p hnSp-X AYhm kmX{yw hcp-p-Ibpw AXn-\p-tijw Ahp \oXnbpw
\ymbhpw \Sn `cn-p-Ibpw BWp sNbvX-Xv. 4
bn{km-tb-ens\ Ah-cpsS i{Xp--fn\np cn-m-\mbn ssZhw Fgp-t-ev]n \nc-h[n t\Xm--mcn\n-mWv \ymbm-[n-]
- m F t]cp ]pkvXI
-
- n\p e`n-X
- v. 2:16 CXp hy-am-n-bn-pv: ""Fm
btlmh \ymbm-[n-]-msc Fgp-t-ev]np; Ah Ih-m-cpsS In\nv Ahsc cn-p.'' Fmbmepw ]q A-n btlmh Xs Bbn-cpp Ah-cpsS c-I\pw \ymbm-[n-]-Xn-bpw. C{k-tbens XpS-bmb ]nam--sbpw A\p-k-c-W-tSpwaqew Ahsc i{Xp--fpsS ssIbn Gev]np
sImSp-s-nepw Ah A\p-X-]n-p-Ibpw hnSp-X-en-\mbn \ne-hn-fn-p-Ibpw sNbvX-tm Ahsc tamNnn-p-hm btlmh Xs \ymbm[n-]-msc Fgp-t-ev]n-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p (cf. 11:27, 8:23).
Fgp-Xn-b-Imew
1050 1000 B.C.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
tbmip-h-bp-sSbpw \ymbm-[n-]-m-cp-sSbpw ]pkvX-I- Xn henb hyXym-k- ImWm-hp--Xm-Wv.
Ap-X-I-c-hpw, hnkva-b-\o-b-hp-amb hnP-b-n-s-bpw, kzmX-{y-n-s-bpw, apt--n-sbpw Ncn-{X-amWv
tbmip-h-bn ImWp--sX-n ]cm-P-b-n-s-bpw, AXn-th-Z-\-bp-sS-bpw, ]oV-\--fp-sS-bpw, ]nm--nsbpw Ncn-{X-amWv \ymbm-[n-]-m-cn hmbn-p--Xv.
Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn, tbmip-h-bpsS Imehpw iap-th {]hm-N-I-sbpw C{k-tb-ense cmP-`-cW Imem-cw-`hpw
(iu, Zmho-Zv) Xn _n-n-p ]me-amWv \ymbm-[n-]-m-cpsS ]pkvX-Iw. XpS-bmb ]nam-nsbpw, A[-]-X-\-n-s-bpw, {]m-\-bp-sSbpw hnSp-X-en-sbpw Ncn-{X-amWv CXn tcJ-s-Sp-nbn-cn-p--Xv. asmcp {]Im-c-n C{k-tb-en cmP-`-cWw Bcw-`n-t--Xns Bh-iy-hpw, Imc-W-fpw
hni-Zo-I-cn--bmWv Cu ]pkvXIw sNp--Xv. Am-ev Hmtcm-cp- Ahp t_m[n--Xp-t]mse
Pohn-n-cp-p. (21:25) cmjv{S-n\p \oXn-am-\mb Hcp cmPm-hns Bhiyw t\cn-p.
D]-tZ-i-]-c-am-bn, Cu ]pkvXIw \s Nne kXy--fn-te-mWv BIjn-p--Xv. Bh-\-]p-kvX-In ssZhw sImSp ap-dn-hn {]Imcw A\p-k-cWw A\p-{K-ls \evIp-tm A\p-k-c-W-tSv
in-Whpw ]oV-\hpw \evIn-sbp ImWmw. AtX-k-abw Xs sXp-Isf a\-n-emn A\p-k-cn-pIbpw, tamN-\-n-\mbn ssZh-n--tep Xncnp {]mn-p-Ibpw sNbvX-hsc ZoL--abpw alm-`b-hpw, a\--enhp-ap--h-\mb ssZhw hnSp-hnv cn-p--Xmbpw {]kvXm-hn-n-cn-p-p. ssZhw Imem-Ime--fn Fgp-t-ev]n \ymbm-[n-]-m-sc-sm-mWv Xs Dtiw \nhr-n--Xv.
{][m-\-hy-n-I:
\ymbm-[n-]-m-cmb HXv\n-tb, Glq-Zv, Zt_m-cbpw _mcm-pw, KnZ-tbm, tXmebpw bmjo-dpw, bn]vXmlv, C_vkm, Gtem\pw A_vtZm\pw intam-\pw. {]kn--cm-b-h Zt_m-c, KnZ-tbm inwtim XpS-nb-h-cm-Wv.
\ymbm-[n-]-m-cn {InkvXp:
hnSp-hn-p--h-\pw, c-I\pw tbip-{In-kvXp-hmWv. \oXn-tbmsS hmkvX-h-n `cWw \S-p \ymbm[n-]Xn-bp-samv Hmtcm \ymbm-[n-]-m-cpsS {]hnbpw shfn-s-Sp-p-p.
_mly-tcJ:
1. At[m-KXn Hcp apJ-hp-c, \ymbm-[n-]-m-cpsS Ime-n\p Imc-W- (1:13:6)
A
B
cmjv{S-\n-e-hmcw (1:136)
Bob \ne-hmcw (2:13:6)
48
2. hnSp-X \ymbm-[n-]-m-cpsS `c-W-Ime Ncn-{Xw. (3:716:31)

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
satm-s]m-m-an-b-cm-ep ]oV-\hpw HXv\n-tb-en-\m-ep hnSp-Xepw (3:711)

tamhm-_y-cm-ep ]oV-\hpw Glq-Zn IqsS-bp hnSp-Xepw (3:12-30)
sên-kvXy-cp-sS-ta-ep iwK-dns hnPbw (3:31)
I\m-\y-cpsS D]-{Z-hhpw, Zt_m-cbpw _mcm-pw-IqSn hnSp-hn-p-Xpw (4:15:31)
anZym-\y-cpsS ]oV-\-n\np KnZ-tbm-\m-ep hnSp-X (6:18:35)
A_o-ta-te-ns tkzm-[n-]Xyw (9:157)
tXme-bpsS \ymbm-[n-]Xzw (10:12)
bmbo-cns \ymbm-[n-]Xzw (10:35)
Atm-\y-cpsS ]oV-\-n\np bn]vXm-ln-\m-ep hnSp-X. (10:612:7)
C_vkms \ymbm-[n-]Xzw (12:810)
Gtems \ymbm-[n-]Xzw (12:11,12)
A_vtZms \ymbm-[n-]Xzw (12:13-15)
sên-kvXy-cpsS B{I-a-W-n\np hnSp-hn-p-hm inwtim hln ]v (13:116:31)
3. ZpjvSX A[mn-I-Xzw, Acm-P-I-Xzw, \ymbm-[n-]-m-cpsS Imes hn\m-i-

(17:121:25)
A
B.
aoJ-bmhpw Zm -tKm-{X-m-cpsS IpSn-tb-hpw (17:118:31)

s_\ym-ao-cp-am-bp bpw (19:121:25).
cqv
(\ym-bm-[n-]-m-cpsS ]pkvX-I-n-s\mcp B\p-_-w)
\ymbm-[n-]-m-cpsS ]pkvX-I-ns Imcy-n-se--t]mse CXn-sbpw Fgp-p-Im-c Bscp \n-ban. blq-Z-m-cpsS ]mc--cy-{]-Imcw iap-th BWv {K-Im-c.
Cu ]pkvX-I-nse {][m\ hyn-bmb tamhm-_p-Im-cn-bmb cqn\n-mWv ]pkvX-I-n\v Cu t]cv
e`n--Xv. Zmho-Zns henb hen-b F ]Z-hn-Iq-SmsX cn-Xm-hmb tbip-hns Xe-ap-d-bnepw Ah
m\w ]nSn-s-Sp-p (a-m. 1:5). CXp-t]mse kv{XobpsS t]tcm-Sp-Iq-Snb ss__n-fnse asmcp ]pkvXIw
Ft BWv.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
1050 B.C.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
C{k-tb-en alm-maw h-tm tamhm-_p-tZ-i-tbvp Cd-n-tmb Hcp IpSpw-_-ns Ncn-{XamWv ]pkvX-I-nse hnj-bw. Ah sN tZi-p-hv `mhpw (F-en-ta-e-Iv) cp Ba-fpw
(altfm, Intym) acn-p-Ibpw `mcy (\-thm-an)bpw cp acp-a-fpw (Hm-, cqv) am{Xw Ah-ti-jnp-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpSv kz-tZ-i-tp aS-n-tm-Ip-hm Xocp-am-\n \thm-an-tbmSp IqsS cqpam{Xw t]mp. Hcn- C{k-tb tZi-p-hp Ah-cpsS ASp Nm-m-c-\mb t_mh-ns\ Ipap-p-Ibpw klmb A`y\ \S-p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xns ê-ambn t_mhv cqns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp.
49
\ym-bm-[n-]-m-cpsS A-Imc Ime-L--ns ay-n AXn-tim-`-tbmsS {]Im-in-p hne-tb-dnb

Hcp apv Bbn-cpp cqv. Acm-P-I-Xz-hpw, kzm-X-bpw, Zpcm-Nm-chpw sImSn-Ip-n-hm-Wn-cn-p-tm
AXns \Sp-hn hniz-kvX-X-tb-bpw, hnip-n-tbbpw, \n-e-kvt\-l-sbpw shfn-s-Sp-p--XmWv
cqns IY. kz[ ]cn-Xym-K-ns ay-n hnizm-khpw A\p-k-c-Whpw Ak-n-Kv-ambn CXn
{]kvXm-hn-n-cn-pp Fp-am-{X-a-. Ahn-izm-khpw A\p-k-c-W-hpw-aqew e`n-p A\p{Kl-s-p-dnpw
shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p. asmcp {][m\ hnjbw hos-Sp-p-Im-c-s\-p-dn-p--Xm-Wv. [mn-I-Xbpw
kmmn-IXzpw thc-p-sIm-n-cn-p-tm-gmWv hniz-kvX-\mbn Xs ISa \nd-th-p-hm t_mhv Xm-dmb-Xv. As\ ssZhn-hn-izm-k-nepw {]am-W-nepw ASn-bp-dp \np-sImv temI P\-X-bpsS GI
{]Xym-i-bmb ainlm F hos-Sp-p-Im-cs \ng-embn t_mh-p Xop. Ap-X-I-c-amb asmcp Dtiw-IqSn Cu ]pkvXIw shfn-s-Sp-p-p-v, AXv ssZhw PmXn-I-sf-IqsS Xs `h-\-nse AwK--fmn-Xopp F-Xm-Wv. CXn\v \smcp amXr-I-bmWv PmXob kv{Xo Bb cqv C{k-tbm-cs
`mcybpw Ah-Im-inbpw Bbn-Xo-cp--Xv.
Xnc-s-Sp--s P\-X-bmb C{k-tb-en-\m shfn-s-tS-n-bn-cp ssZh kvt\lw Hcp tamhm-_y-kv{XobnIq-sSbmWv shfn-s--Xv F Imcyw F{Xtbm hnkva-b-\o-b-am-Wv. Fm CXp kw`-hn-Xv Bcp-anm--h-fm-bn-Xo \thman F Am-hn-b--tbmSp ImWn hniz-kvX-Xbpw C{k-tb-ey-\mb t_mhp-ambn \S-nb hnhm-l-n-eq-sSbpam-Wv, As\ Ah at-sXmcp C{k-tbm-cn-tb-bpw-t]mse
F-s-Sp-Ibpw Zmho-Zns hey F ]Z-hn-bn-tev Db-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXnqsS hne-tbdnb Hcp kXyw- IqsS shfn-hm-p-pv: Hcm ssZh IpSpw-_-n-tetm Zmho-Zns knwlm-k-\-n
Ccpp `cWw \S-m t]mIp ain-lm-bpsS cmPy-n-tetm {]th-in-p-Xv c-m-tem, P\-\mtem A adnv ""hnizm-k-n \np-f-hm-Ip A\p-k-c-W-mepw ssZh-ln-X-n\p kzbw hnt[-bs-Sp-p--Xn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv'' (tdm-a. 1:5). BI-bm Zmho-Zns ]qo-I-cpsS \ne-bn-tep cqn\p e`n
Ah-Imiw a\p-jy-hw-i-n\p apgp-h tbip-{In-kvXp-hns cmPy-n-te-p {]th-i-\-n-\p amXrI
IqSn-bm-Wv. 5
{][m\ hyn-I
cqv, \thm-an, t_mhv
cqns ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

]g-b-\n-b-a-n Hcmtfm, Hcp etam hnev-s-Sp-I-tbm, A\y-cpsS A[o-\-X-bn Bbn-tm-Itbm
sNbvXm AXns\ hos-Sp-p-hm Nm-m-c\v Ah-Im-ia
- p-m-bn-cp-p. Cs\ hos-Sp-p Bfns\
"hos-Sp-p-Im-c-\mb Nm-m-c (Kinsman Redeemer) Fp ]d-bp-p. F{_mb `mj-bn CXn\v tKmtb
(GOEL) FmW.v AXns Aw. "ASp _p' AYhm Nm-m-c FmWv. CXv tbip-{In-kvXphns hos-Spp the-bpsS Hcp bYm ZrjvSm--am-Wv.
tKmtb Fm "c-_--ns] Bfn'-s\-bmWp ImWn-p--Xv (B-h.25:5,7-10; tbml1:14; tdma.1:3
^nen. 2:58; F{_m. 2-:1415), B B hos-Spp hne ]q-ambn sImSp-p-hm aXn-bm-b-h-\m-bn-cp-p
(2:1 Cf 1 ]s{Xm. 1:1819), AXp-t]mse hos-Sp-p-hm-\p a\-p-m-bn-cn--Ww. 3:11 Cf am. 20:28; tbml.
10:15,19; F{_m. 10:7), am{X-hp-a-, At-lw-Xs kzX-{-\m-bn-cn--Ww ]m]-an-m--h-\mb tbip-{InkvXp-hn CsXmw kwtbm-Pn--s-n-cn-p-p (2 sImcn. 5:21; 1 ]s{Xm. 2:22; 1 tbml. 3:5).
_mly-tcJ:
1. cqns ZrV-\n--bhpw aS-n-h-chpw 1:122
A
B
C
Ah-fpsS ]nIme Ncn{Xw (1:15)

Ah-fpsS Xnc-s-Spv (1:618)
Ah t_Xve-tl-an Fn-t-cp-p. (1:19-22)
50
2 cqns Ah-Imiw (2:123)

A
B
C
IXns]-dp-p--Xn-\p-Xv (2:13)
s]dp-n-b-Xns êw (2:417)
s]dp-n-b-Xn-s\-p-dnv Ah \evInb hni-Zo-I-cWw (2:17-23)
3. cqns At] (3:1-18)

A
B
C
\thm-an-bpsS Btem-N\ (3:14)

cqns \n-lWw (3:59)
t_mh-ns kXw (3:10-18)
4. cqns {]Xn-êw (4:122)

A
B
C
Hcp `mhv (4:112)

Hcp ]p{X (4:13-17)
Hcp Xe-apd (4:18-22).
1 iap-th
(\ym-bm-[n-]-m-cn \nv cmP-`-c-W-n-te-v)
iap-th Hpw cpw ]pkvX-I- BcmWv Fgp-Xn-b-sXp \n-b-an-. blq-Z-m-cpsS ]mc--cy-amIp Xaq-Zn{]-Imcw iap-thX-s-bmWv Fgp-p-Im-c. {]hm-N-I-\mb iap-th-ens t]cp-Xs \evInbXpw sXfn-hm-Wv. Fnepw 1 iap. 25- Ahs acWw tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p--Xn-\m Xm Hcp `mKw
am{Xta Fgp-Xn-bn-pp Fp a\-n-em-mw. 1 iap. 10:25- {]Imcw iap-th FgpXn Fp Nnn-mepw
1 Zn\ 29:29 {]Imcw \mYm\pw KmZpw tNmWv Cu ]pkvX-I-nse kw`-h- tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-sXp a\-n-em-mw.
F{_mb ss__n-fn cp ]pkvX-I-fpw Hm-bn-mWv \evIn-bn-cn-p--Xv. C{k-tb-en cmPhmgvN
Bcw-`n--Im-e-sbpw, cmPm--m-scbpw Ipdn-p Ncn-{X-amWv cnepw ImWp--Xv. Hmw ]pkvXIn Hmas cmPm-hmb iuen-s\-p-dn-m-sW-n cmw ]pkvXI-n XpSp `cWw \S-nb
Zmho-Zn-s\-p-dn-mWv ]d-n-cn-p--Xv.
Hcp ]pkvX-I-am-bn-cp CXns\ cmbn Xncn-Xv {Kop ]cn-`m-j-bmb sk]vp--Pnn-tep samgn-amw \Sn-b-h-cm-Wv. ]noSv eo-\n-tep (e-ohtK-v) ]cn-`mj XpS-nb Ptdmapw AXp A\p-I-cn-p-Ibm-bn-cp-p. A-s\-Xs ]noSp h ]cn-`m-j-m-scmw sNp-Ibpw Hcp ]pkvXIw cm-bn-Xo-cpIbpw sNbvXp.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
1010 B.C. (A-Xn-\p-ti-jtam BImw)
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
iap-th-en Hmw ]pkvXIw Bcw-`n-p-Xv iap-th F henb a\p-jys ApX P\-Xbpw tZhme-b-nse hfbpw ]cn-io-e-\hpw XpSn Ah hfv {]hm-N-I-\pw, ]ptcm-ln-X-\pw, Ah-km-\s
\ymbm-[n-]-Xnbpw Bbn C{k-tb P\-Xsb `cn-p hrm--tmSp IqSn-bm-Wv. ssZhoI amn \p hyXn-N-en-p-t]mb P\-Xsb aSn hcp-p-hm Ah\p Ign-p. Ahp Npp-]m-Sp-ap
cmjv{S-pXpt]mse Hcp cmPm-hns\ thW-sav Bhiyw Db-tm iu F hynsb
51
AXn-\mbn thXn-cnp A`n-tjIw sNbvXp. Fm iu A\p-k-cWw sI-h-\m-b-tm ssZh-ns

Btem-N\{]Imcw ssZh-ns lrZ-b-{]-Im-c-ap Zmho-Zns\ C{k-tb-en\p cmPm-hmbn A`n-tjJw sNtn-h-p. ]pkvX-I-ns XpSp `mK- Akq-bm-ephpw hgn-sX-n-b-h-\p-amb iuen-sbpw \-h\mb Zmho-Zn-sbpw Ncn-{X--fm-Wv.
\ymbm-[n-]-m-cpsS ]pkvXIw inwtims Ncn-{X-tmsS Ah-km-\n-p-p. (\ym-bm. 16:31) XpSp C{ktb- P\-Xbvp X-Xmb t\XrXzw Cm-Xm-bn. Ahv nc-amb Hcp `cWIm-hns\ \evIpXn\pw btlm-hsb hnp Xp t_m[n {]Imcw (\ym-bm. 17:6; 21:25) \S P\-Xsb btlm-h-bpsS
\nb-a-n Io-gn sImph-cm-\p-am-bn-mWv iap-th-ens\ Fgp-t-ev]n--Xv. As\ \ymbm-[n-]-m-cpsS
hmgvN-bn\np nc-amb Hcp cmP-`-c-W-nIo-gn-tep C{k-tb am-s-s-nepw AtXm-sSmw Ah
ssZh-`-c-W-n\np am\p-joI `c-W-n-tep hgpXn amdp-I-bm-bn-cpp F Imcyw Kuc-h-ambn In.
1 iap. 8:7 AXp hy-am-n-bn-cn-pp: ""P\w \ntmSp ]d-bp kI-e-nepw Ah-cpsS At]
tI; Ah \ns-b Rm Ahsc `cn-m-sX-hw Fs-bm-Ipp XyPn-n-cn-p--Xv.''
C{k-tb P\-Xbvp Hcp cmPm-hns\ \evIp-hm btlmh B{K-ln--ncp-p (Dev]. 49:10; Bh\w
17:1420). ]t AXp-hsc Imn-cn-p-hm Ah Xbm-dm-ImsX Ah-cpsS CjvS-{]-Im-c-ap Hcmsf Xncs-Sp-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. ""A\p-k-cn-p-Xp bmK-t-m \Xv'' (1 iap. 15:22) F ]mTw {Kln-phm A\p-k-cWw sI iuen\p Ign-bmsX h-Xn-\m-emWv btlmh Ahs\ XyPn--Xv. a\-ns XmfwsX-nb iu kIe aT-b--c--fn-tepw A-k-mo-b-X-bn-tepw \n]-Xn-p. Fm Zmho-Zn-s\-p-dnm-Is ""a\p-jy ImWp--Xp-t]m-se-b btlmh ImWp-Xv'' (1 iap. 16:7) Fp ]dp Xnc-sSppIbpw btlm-h-bn-ep B{i-bhpw Ah-t\m-Sp A\p-k-c-W-mepw nc-amb Hcp cmP-hw-is
\evIp-Ibpw B knwlm-k\w ]cn-m-\-m \ne-\np-Ibpw sNbvXp. 6
As\ Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn ]d-m Zmho-Zns cmP-hw-i-ns Bcw-`-n-sbpw hf-bp-sSbpw al-Xzn-sbpw h-\-bmWv Cu ]pkvX-I-n apgp-h-\mbpw tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p--Xv.
{][m\ hyn-I:
{]hm-N-I-\mb iap-th, A\p-k-cWw sI iu, CS-b-\mb ZmhoZv
iap-th-ens Hmw ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

tbip-{In-kvXp-hn Dm-bn-cn-t {]hm-N-I, ]ptcm-ln-X cmPmhv Fo ]Z-hn-I iap-th-en \mw
ImWp-p. iap-th cmPm-h
- m-bn-cp-s-nepw \ymbm-[n-]\
- m-bn-cp-p. As\ tbip-hns \ng-embn Ahs\
ImWp-p.
ainlm F-Xn\v ""A`n-jn-'' Fm-Ww. thZ-]p-kvX-I-n Cu ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p BZy]p-kvXIw Hp iap-th BIp-p (2:10). tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-s\-p-dn-p Nne {]mY-anI Imcy- ZmhoZn Im-Wmw. t_Xve-tl-an P\n-p--Xv, CSb tkh sNp--Xv, C{k-tb-ens\ `cn-p-Xv BZn-bm-bh.
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ]qo-I-\mbn ZmhoZp Xo-Xn-\m Ahs kXnp hmKvZw sNbvX knwlmk-\-n hmW-cp-fp-hm-\p tbmKy-Xbpw C{]-Imcw tbip-hn\p e`y-am-bn. ]pXnb \nb-a-n AXp-sImmWv ""PU{]-Imcw Zmho-Zns kXn'' (tdm-a. 1:3) Fp ]d-n-cn-p-Xv.
_mly-tcJ:
1. iap-th F Ah-km\ \ymbm-[n-]Xn (1:18:22).
A
B
C
iap-th-ens hnfn (1:13:21)

iap-th-en\p ssZh-\n-tbmKw (4:17:17)
iap-th-ens Icp-Xepw hnNm-chpw (8:122)
52
2. iu Hm-as cmPmhv (9:115:35)

A
B
iuens Xnc-s-Spv (9:112:25)

iuens\ XyPn-p-p. (13:115:35)
3 Zmho-Zv, cm-as cmPmhv (16:131:13)

A
B
C
CS-b-\mb Zmho-Zns Xnc-s-Sppw A`n-tj-Ihpw (16:123)

ZmhoZv tKmym-ns\ sImp-p. iuens apn hen-b-h-\m-Ipp (17:158)
ZmhoZv tbm\m-Yms kvt\ln-X Fnepw iuen-\m shdp--s-Sp-p. (18:119:24)
4. iuens \nc--c-amb th-bm-S-en-\m Aep \S-p ZmhoZv (20:126:25)

A
B
C
D
Zmho-Zn\v tbm\m-Yms kwc-Ww (20:142)

Zmho-Zn\v Alo-ta-te-ns kwc-Ww (21:19)
Zmho-Zn\v AJo-ins kwc-Ww (21:10-15)
ZmhoZpw Ahs ssk\yhpw (22:126:25)
5. sên-kvXy-cpsS tZip Zmho-Zn-s\mcp ktXw (27:131:13)

A
B
C
D
E
ZmhoZv sên-kvXysc tkhn-pp (27:128:2)

FtZm-Znse shfn--m-S-n-bp-ambn iuens A`n-apJw (28:325)
sên-kvXy Zmho-Zns\ ]pdw-X-pp (29:111)
ZmhoZv Aam-te-Iysc \in-n-pp (30:131)
sên-kvXycpw iuens ac-Whpw (31:113)
II iap-th
(Zm-ho-Zns `c-Whpw tZi-ns hym]vXn-bpw)

{K-Im-c\pw {K-ns t]cpw:
Bcw-`-n Hpw cpw iap-th-ens ]pkvXIw Hm-bn-cp--Xn-\mepw ]cn-`m-j-m hn`-Pn--Xn-\mepw
]pkvX-I-ns t]cpw {K-Im-c\pw Fmw Hmw ]pkvX-I-n ]d--Xp-t]mse iap-th Xs.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
1010 B.C. (XpSpw)
hnj-bhpw Dtihpw:
iuens ac-Ws XpSp-mb kw`hhnIm-k-fpw C{k-tb-ens cmPm-hmbn ZmhoZv cmPy-`mcw
Gevp-Xpw Ahs `c-W-Ime Ncn-{X-hp-amWv iap-th cmw ]pkvX-I-nse {]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-bw.
Zmho-Zns `c-W-Imew 40 hj-am-bn-cp-p. (5:4,5) \nc-h[n t]mcm--fpw Fm kw]q-hn-P-bhpw \nd-Xm-bn-cpp B Po-hn-X-Im-ew. Atm Xs D-X-\mb Cu a\p-jy ]m]-n-\-Sn-a-sv hy`n-Nm-chpw, Ipe-]m-X-Ihpw \Sn IpSpw-_-n\pw cmjv{S-n\pw Xocm-I-fw hcp-p-Ibpw A\p-Xm] {]{In-b-Ifm Bizmkw {]m]n-p-Xpw Ds-n-cn-p-p. Pohn-X--fn hn\miw hnX-p-sIm-mWv ]m]w Ptbmhw sImm-Sp-Xv F-XmWv Cu ]pkvX-I-ns cXv\ Npcp-w. C{k-tb km{am-Py-n\p ASnm-\-an \ymbm-[n-]-mcpsS Imew-ap-X NnX-dn-n-S P\-Xp ncX \evIn-bXpw iu Bbn-cp-snepw km{am-Py-hn-I-k-\hpw {]i-kvXnbpw ssIh-Xv Zmho-Zns Ime-m-bn-cp-p. iuen-sbpw Zmho-Znsbpw Pbm-]-P-b--tfm-sSmw Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-nse \-Xn--I-sfbpw Xpdp Impp FXv thZ-]pkvX-I-nse CXc {K--fn\nv iap-th-ens ]pkvX-Is hyXy--am-Ip-p.
53
{][m\ hyn-I:
Zmho-Zv, t_ti-_, \mYm, A_vim-temw, tbmhm-_v, Atm, Alo-tXm-t^.
iap-th-ens ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

Zmho-Zns PohnX-nse ]m]m-h-sb amn-h-p-t\m-p-tm C{k-tb-ens Da cmPm-sh \nebn Ah {InkvXp-hn\v \ng-em-bn-cp-p. tbip-{In-kvXp-hn \nd-th-td-n-bn-cp kpn-c-amb knwlm-k\-s-p-dnp ssZhhpw Zmho-Zp-ambn sNbvX DS-Sn Cu ]pkvX-I-n-emWv \mw hmbn-p--Xv.
_mly-tcJ:
1. Zmho-Zns hnPb Imlfw (1-10)
A
B
C
D
Inco-S-[m-cWw (1:15:6)
km{am-Py-ns GIo-I-cWw (5:7-6:23)
km{am-Py-s-p-dn-p DS-Sn (7:129)
cmPm-hns bp-fpw hnP-b-fpw (8:110:19)
2. Zmho-Zns ewL-\- (11:127)

A
B
cmPm-hns hy`n-Nmcw (11:113)

cmPm-hp-aqew Dmb Ipe-]m-XIw (11:14-27)
3. cmPm-hns {]iv\- (12:124:25)

A
B
IpSpw-_-ns {]iv\- (12:113:36)

cmPy-nse {]iv\- (13:37-24:25).
1 cmPm--m
(Zm-ho-Zns ac-Whpw XpSp-mb An-cX-I-fpw)
Fgp-p-Im-c Bscp \n-b-an-. bnc-aymhv FgpXn FmWv blqZ hnizm-kw tUm: Nmkv dobdn
F BfpsS A`n-{]mbw t\mpI:
""Cu ]pkvX-I-ns cN-bn-Xmhv Bcp-Xs Bbmepw Atlw Ncn{X hkvXp-X-Isf thhw
Iqn-tn-p-v. (11:49;145:19,29) kw`-h-sf ]cn-tim-[n-m B hyn Xo-bmbpw _m_n-tem\y
ASn-aw A\p-hn-n-cn--Ww. \ap--bm Adn-b-s-Sm--h-\m-sW-nepw F{km, sbl-kvIn-tb,
bnc-aymhv Fn-h-cn Hcm Bbn-cn-mw. bnc-aym-hv an{k-bn-anh-mWv acn-s-sX-nepw 2 cmPm-m-cpsS Ah-km\ Aymbw bnc-aymhv FgpXn FXv hniz-k-\o-b-am-Wv'' (bnc. 43:67). 7
Hpw cpw cmPm--m Bcw-`-n H-]p-kvX-I-am-bn-cp-p. (D-Zm. iap-th; Zn\-hr-m--) s]mXphmbn "cmPm--m' Fp t]cp \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. F{_mb ]mc--cy-n (Melechim) Cs\ hcphm ImcWw item-tam apX _m_n-tem-\y -{]-hmkw hsc-bp C{k-tb cmPm--m-cpsS ]nI
CXn hcp--Xn-\m-em-Wv. Hmw ]pkvXIw Ah-km-\n-p-Xp Al-kym-hns hmgvN-bpsS Bcw-`-tmsS-bm-Wv. (B. C.853).
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
GItZiw B. C. 550
btlm-bm-Jos Pbn-en\n-p tamN\w tcJ-s-Sp-n-sm-mWv cmw-]p-kvXIw Ah-km-\n-p-Xv. CXp kw`-hn-Xv Ahs XS-hns 37-mw hj-n Bbn-cp-p. (B. C. 560) BI-bm Cu kw`-h-Im-e54
n-\p- apv Cu ]pkvXIw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-n-m-sbp hy-am-Ip-p. _m_n-tem\y {]hm-k-n\np

aSnh Imev (516 B.C.) Bbn-cn-Ww CsX-gp-Xn-b-Xv. Fm-bmepw B. C. 560\pw 516\pw aty bncaym-hn-\m Fgp-X-sp Fp hniz-kn-m-hp--Xv. 8
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
Zmho-Zns ac-W-tijw (A. 1,2) Ahs aI-\mb item-tam cmPm-hm-bn (1-11). Ahs `c-W-Im-ev
C{k-tb al-Xz-ns sImSp-ap-Sn-bn-se-n. Ahs \nmW {]hn-I {]tXy-Inv btlm-h-bvmbp tZhm-ebw PmXob km{am-b-Py-n-S-bn Ahs\ {]i-kvX-\m-n. Fnepw Xs Ah-km\
\mfp-I-fn PmXob `mcy-am-cm hio-I-cn--sv anYym aqn-I-fpsS t{X--fn-te-v, \bn--s-SpIbpw btlm-h-bpsS tIm]-n\v CS-bm-bn-Xo-cp-Ifpw sNbvX-Xn-\m ZpxJn-X\pw \ncm-i-\p-am-bn-Xop. 9
F{]-Imcw item-tams lrZbw hn`-Pn--s-pthm AtX-{]-Imcw km{am-Pyhpw hn`-Pn--s-p. cmPm--mcpsS ]pkvX-I-n tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p ASp \qmv hn`-PnX km{am-Py-nse hn`n cmPm-m-cpsS `cW hrm-hpw AtX-Xp-Sv btlm-h-bpsS Iev]-\-Isf Dt]-np kz-h-gnp Xncn
P\--fpsS Ncn-{X-hp-am-Wv.
item-tam-s-tijw knwlm-k-\--\m-bXv ctlm-_bmw Bbn-cp-p. Ahs Imep cmPy-ns hS `mK-p ]p tKm{X-m th]n-cnv ]pXnb cmPm-hns\ hmgn-p. blq-Zbpw _\ym-ao-\pwam{Xw cl-_-bm-an-t\mSp tNp \nevp-Ibpw sXt-cmPyw F t]cn Adn-b-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Hmw ]pkvXIw Ah-km-\n-p-Xp ZpjvS-\mb Blm-_ns hmgvN-bp-sSbpw ssZh-ns {]hm-N-I-\mb
Gen-bmhv Blm-_ns ZpjvS-X-bvs-Xn-cmbn t]mcm-Sn-b-Xn-sbpw Ncn-{X-tmsS BWv.
Cu ]pkvX-I-ns tI{- hn-jbw "A\p-k-c-W-t-Sn-\m Hcp km{amPyw inYn-e-am-Ipp' F-Xm-Wv.
Hcp ta-cmjv{Sw sIn-]-S-p-Xv ssZh-I-ev]-\-Isf {]am-Wn-p P\--fm-epw, hniz-kvX-cmb t\Xm-m-cmepw (`-c-W-Im--fm-epw) BIp-p. ""\oXn- Pm-Xnsb (cm-jv{S--sf) Dbpp; ]m]tam hwip A]-am\w'' (kZr. 14:34) F m\n-bpsS hN\w ChnsS {]k--am-Wv. cmPm--m-cpsS `c-WIm-cys am{X-a Fm-e-p-ap GXp cmjv{S-X-e-h-mpw ssZh-tmSp Dm-bn-cn-t hnt[-bXzhpw ssZh-I-ev]-\-I {]am-Wn-p-I- hgn ssIh-cp \-bp-sSbpw sFiz-cy--fp-sS-bpw, adp-X-en-m
hcp im]--fp-sSbpw Ncn{Xw Cu ]pkvX-I-n Ds-Sp-n-bn-p-v.
{][m\ hyn-I:
item-tam, btcm-_-bmw, ctlm-_-bmw, Gen-bm-hv, Geo-im, Blm-_v, C-t_.
1 cmPm--m-cnse {InkvXp:
Zmho-Zn-s\-tm-se-Xs item-tam\pw Xs kIe ùXoI Ion, al-Xzw, [\w, _lp-am-\w, m\w,
Fn-h-I-tfm-Sp-IqsS tbip-{In-kvXp-hn\p \ng-embn \nevp-p. item-tam\v Dm-bn-cp--Xp-t]mse Hcp
cmPyhpw `c-W-Iq-Shpw tbip-hn\pw Dm-bn-cn-pw. Fnepw item-tams hogvN-Isf tbip-hn Isp-I-bn-.
_mly-tcJ:
1. GI-km-{amPyw: item-tams 40 hjs `cWw (1:111:43)
A
B
C
D
E
item-tams
item-tams
item-tams
item-tams
item-tams
cmPm-`n-tjIw (1:13:1)
m\w (3:24:34)
tZhm-ebw (5:18:66)
Ion (9:110:29)
A[x]-X\w (11:143)
55
2. hn`-PnX km{amPyw: cp cmPy--fn-tebpw BZys 80 hj- (12:122:53)

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
hn`-P-\-n\v ImcWw (12:124)

btcm-_-bm-ans C{k-tb-ense hmgvN. (12:25-14:20)
ctlm-_-bm-ans blq-Zb
- nse hmgvN (14:21-31)
A_nbm blq-Z-bn (15:18)
Bkm blq-Z-bn (15:924)
\mZm_v C{k-tb-en (15:25-31)
_bsi C{k-tb-en (15:32-16:7)
Gem C{k-tb-en (16:814)
kn{an C{k-tb-en (16:15-20)
H{an C{km-tb-en (16:21-28)
Blm_v C{km-tb-en (16:29-22:40)
btlm-im-^mv blq-Z-bn (22:41-50)
Alkym C{k-tb-en (22:51-53)
II cmPm--m
(Nn-X-dn-tmv a\x-]q ]m]-ns timIm-h-)

Hpw cpw ]pkvX-I- Bcw-`-n Hcp ]pkvX-I-am-bn-cp-spw Xn-a-m cm-nb-Xm-sWpw,
t\cs I-Xn-\m Hmw ]pkvX-I-ns Fgp-p-Im-c Xs-bmWv cm-a-t-Xn-s-bpw.
Fgp-Xn-b-Imew:
GI-tZiw 550 B.C.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
cmPm--m-cpsS cmw ]pkvXIw Gen-bm-hn-sbpw Ahs A\p-Km-an-bmb Geo-i-bp-sSbpw Ncn-{X-sbmWv shfp-s-Sp-p--sX-nepw AtXm-sSmw sXt-cm-Pyhpw hS-t-cm-Pyhpw {]hm-k-n-tep t]mIpwh-sc-bp Ncn-{Xhpw tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v. B. C. 722emWv C{k-tb Ao-dn-b ASn-a--n-tep
t]mb-sX-n blqZm B. C. 586emWv _m_n-tem-Wn-b ASn-a--n-tep t]mb-Xv. cp-cm-Py--fn-epap P\-tmSv Ah am\-m--c-s-Sm-m inn--s-Sp-sav {]hm-N-I-m \nc-cw ap-dnhp
sImSp-p-sIm-m-Wn-cp--Xv.
a\x-]q ]m]-{]-hn-I GXp-cm-jv{S-sbpw timI-]q-amb Ay-n Fn-p-sa-mWv Cu
]pkvXIw \s ]Tn-n-p--Xv. Hpw cpw iap-th-en Hcp cmjv{S-ns P\-\hpw Hp cmPm--mcn cmjv{S-ns hn`-P-\-hpw, cpw cmPm--m-cn cmjv{S-ns NnX-dn--ep-amWv hmbn-p--Xv. Ahs
hmKvZ--{]-Imcw Ahp inWw \evIm ssZhw Xocp-am-\n--Xv. Bb-Xn-\m cp ]pkvX-I--fpsSbpw hnj-bhpw eyhpw Hp-X-s-bm-Wv. Ahn-iz-kvXX (ssZ-hoI {]am-W--tfm-Sp A\p-k-c-WtSpw a-c-hpw) Hcp cmjv{S-ns (cm-P-hw-i-n-s) ssZhoI inbvp Iogn-em-p-Ibpw AXp ]dns-dn-b-s-Sp-Ibpw sNp-p.
{][m-\-hy-n-I:
Geo-bm, Fen-im, tbmin-bm-hv, \b-am, slk-n-b.
56
cmPm--m-cpsS cmw-]p-kvX-I-n {InkvXp:

tbip-{In-kvXp-hns aptm-Sn-bmbn h tbml-m kv\m]-I-\n-te-mWv Gen-bm-hns PohnXw hncNqp--Xv (a-m. 11:14; 17:10-12; eqm. 1:17). Geo-im-bpsS ip{iq-jbpw ]e-{]-Im-c-n tbip-hn\p kmyw
hln-p-p-v. Cu cp-t]-sc-p-dnv ChnwKv F. sPk (Irving L. Jensen) F tZlw ]d-n-cn-pXp {in-pI:
""Gen-bm-hns\ Ftmgpw henb ]cky {]hn-I sNp--h-\m-bn-mWv ImWp-I, Fm
Geo-i-bm-Is \nc-h[n Ap-X- sNbvXp-sImv hn`n-X \ne-\nn. Xs Ap-X A[n-Ihpw kz Bh-iy-p-th-n-bm-bn-cp-p. Gen-bm-hns ip{iq-j-bn shfns--Xv; ssZh-ns \ymb-{]-am-a-hpw, \ymb-hn-[n-I-fpw, Im-iy-hp-am-sW-n Geo-ibn
IqsS shfn-s-Xv ssZh-ns Ir]-bpw, kvt\lhpw a\--en-hp-am-Wv. Gen-bmhv tbml-m
kv\m]-I-s\-tmse am\-km--c-ns ZqXv CSn-ap-g-w-t]msebmWv hnfn--dn-bn--Xv. Geoibpw CXp-Xs sNbvsX-nepw Ah tbip-{I-kvXp-hn-s\-t]mse Icp-W-bpsS {]hn-Itfm-sS-bmWv {]kw-Kn--Xv. Xs ZqXv kzo-b-sav P\w hniz-kn-t--Xn\v Ap-X-fpw
sNbvXn-cp-p.'' 10
db-dnbpw (Ryrie) Xs ss__n Ipdn-n sImSp-n-cn-p cmPm--m Hpw cpw Xn-ep XmcXay ]T-\-n a\-q ]m]- Bscbpw ZpxJ-n Fn-p-sav {]kvXm-hn-n-p-v. 11
I & II cmPm--m Xn-ep Xmc-Xayw
1 cmPm--m
2 cmPm--m
Zmho-Zp-cm-Pm-hn Bcw-`n-p-p.
item-tams al-Xz-n-tep Xpd--s-Spp
A\p-k-c-W-ns A\p-{K-l-tmsS Bcw-`n-pp
tZhm-eb \nm-W-n-tep Xpd--s-Spp
[ XymK-ns h\ hc-p-Im-pp
ssZh-P-\s `cn-p--Xn cmPm--m-cpsS ]cm-Pbw
Gen-bm-hns\ ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-pp
btlm-h-bmb Im-hns ZoL--asb FSp-p-]-d-bp-p.
_m_n-tem\y tZh\n Bcw-`n-p-p.

btlm-bm-Jos A]-am-\-tmsS BIp-p.
A\p-k-c-W-t-Sns im]-n Ah-km-\n-p-p.
tZhm-e-b-ns Zl-\-n AS-bp-p.
[-Xym-K-ns êw {]kvXm-hn-p-p.
]cm-P-b-ns A\--c-^-es hn-n-cn-pp
Geo-imsb ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-pp
]m]-n\p ssZhw \evIp insb ZrVs-Sp-p-p.
_mly-tcJ:
1. hn`-PnX km{am-Pyw. (1:117:41)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
C{k-tben Al-ym-hns `cWw (1:118)

C{k-tb-en btlm-cm-ans (tbm-cmw) `cWw (2:18:15)
1. Gen-bmhv FSp--s-Spp (2:111)
2. Geo-im-bpsS ip{iq-j-bpsS Bcw`w (2:12-25)
3. tamhm-_n-s\-Xn-cmbn btlm-cm-ans ]pd-mSv (3:1-27)
4. Geo-im-bpsS ip{iqj (4:18:15)
tbmcm-ans (b-tlm-cmw) blq-Zb
- nse hmgvN. (8:16-24)
Al-kym-bpsS blq-Zb
- nse hmgvN. (8:25-29)
tblp-hns C{k-tb-ense hmgvN (9:110:36)
AY-ym-bpsS blq-Z-bnse hmgvN (11:116)
btlm-hm-lmkns (btlm-hm-lmkv) blq-Z-bnse hmgvN (11:17-12:21)
btlm-hm-lmkns C{k-tb-ense hmgvN (13:19)
btlm-hm-lmkns (tbm-hm-iv) C{k-tb-ense hmgvN (13:10-25)
57
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
Aa-kym-hns blq-Z-bnse hmgvN (14:122)

btcm-_bmw II s C{k-tb-ense hmgvN (14:23-29)
Ak-cym-hns (D-n-bm) blq-Zb
- nse hmgvN (15:17)
skJ-cym-hns C{k-tb-ense hmgvN (15:812)
iq-ans C{k-tb-ense hmgvN (15:13-15)
a\-tl-ans C{k-tb-ense hmgvN (15:16-22)
t]-lym-hns C{k-tb-ense hmgvN (15:23-26)
t]-lns C{k-tb-ense hmgvN (15:27-31)
tbmYm-ans blq-Z-bnse hmgvN (15:32-38)
Blm-ns blq-Z-bnse hmgvN (16:120)
tlmtibm-bpsS C{k-tb-ense hmgvN (17:141)
1. C{k-tb-ens ]cm-Pbw (17:16)
2. C{k-tb-ens ]m]w (17:723)
3. C{k-tb-ens NnX-dn-tmv (17:24-41)
2. blqZm AXn-Po-hn-pp (18:125:30)

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
slk-n-bm-hns hmgvN (18:120:21)

a\-si-bpsS hmgvN (21:118)
Btams hmgvN (21:1926)
tbmin-bm-hns hmgvN (22:123:30)
btlm-hm-lm-ns hmgvN (23:31-33)
btlm-bm-n-ans hmgvN (23:34-24:7)
btlm-bm-ns hmgvN (24:816)
kntZ-n-bm-hns hmgvN (24:17-25:21)
1) _m_n-tem-Wn-s\-Xn-sc-bp a-chpw tZhm-e-b-ns \mi-hpw. (24:17-25:10)
2) _m_n-tem-Wn-te-p aqm-as \mSp-I-S- (25:11-21)
KZ-ym-sb \njv{Inb m\m-]Xn (25:22-26)
_m_n-tem-Wn btlm-bm-Jns tamN\w (25:27-30).
1 Zn\-hr-mw
(tZ-hm-e-b-n-\p-th-n-bp Hcp-w)
iap-th, cmPm--m Fo ]pkvX-I--sf-tmse Xs Zn\-hr-m--]p-kvX-I- Hpw cpw Bcw`-n H ]pkvXIambn-cp-p. FgppIm-c Bscp \n-b-an-s-nepw blq-Z-]m-c--cy-a-\p-k-cnv
F{km Fgp-Xn-sbp hniz-kn--s-Sp-p. ]pkvX-I-ns cN-\m-co-Xnsb khn-kvXcw ]cn-tim-[n-m
AXns LS-\bpw hnhn[ hnj-b-k-am-l-cW coXnbpw Hcp {]tXyI hyn-bn-te-mWv hnc Nqp-sXp ImWmw. AXp-t]mse blqZm F sX cmPm-hw-i-tmSpw tZhm-e-bhpw Bcm-[-\-bpw, ]ptcmlnX ip{iq-j-Ifpw (1 Zn\.29:29; 2 Zn\ 32:32; 2 Zn\. 9:29; 12:15; 20:34; 33:19); sblq-Z-bn-tebpw C{km-tb-ensebpw hrm ]pkvX-I- (2 Zn\. 20: 14; 2 Zn\. 16:11; 25:26) Fn-h-sbmw Fgp-p-Im-c ]ptcm-lnX-hw-i-P-scp sXfn-bn-p-p. IqSmsX tZhm-e-b-ns ]Wnbpw ka-Whpw F{km-bpsS ]pkvX-Inepw Zn\-hr-m---fnepw Htc-{]-Imcw kam\ hnj-b--fm-bn-cn--bmepw Fgp-p-Im-c F{km-X-ssbp Xo-s-Sp-mw.
Hpw cpw Zn\-hr-m-- blq-Zm-N-cn-{X-nse Htc Ime-b-f-hn-s\-bmWv ImWn-p--sX-nepw
Ah-bpsS ho-W--fn hyXym-k-ap-v. CXp -shdpw Bh-\-a-. adnv C{k-tb P\-X-bpsS Bob
Pohn-X
- ns hrm kwt-]a- m-W.v cmPm-
- m-cpsS ]pkvXIw a\p-jy-cpsS ImgvN
- m-Sns\ ImWn-p-tm
58
Zn\-hr-m-- ssZh-ns ho-W-sa-s-mWp ImWn-p--Xv.

B. C.
180 hsc H ]pkvX-I-am-bn-cpp, CXns F{_mb t]cns Aw. ""Znh-k--fpsS hmp-I''

(Imcym-Zn-I) AYhm Bcw-`w-ap-X _m_n-tem-Wnb {]hm-kw -h-scbpw ]noSv tImciv cmPmhv blqZm
PmXnv aS-n-tm-Ip-hm-\p Iev]\ \evIp--Xp-h-sc-bp C{k-tb-ens Ncn{Xw t]cp-t]-cmbn {Iaambn \evIpp Fm-Wv. Hcp {]Im-c-n Zn\-hr-m---fpsS ]pkvXIw Hcp "sNdnb ]g-b-\n-baw'
BIp-p. Fs-m ]g-b-\n-b-a-ns kw{Klw ]q-ambn (Iym-]vkq cq]-n) CXn e`y-amIpp. 12
sk]vp-Pn v X-a-m-cmWv Zn\-hr-m--sf cm-bn-Xn-cn--Xv. Av AXn\v ""hnp-I-f IrXy'' (of things omitted) Fm-bn-cpp t]cv. iap-thepw, cmPm--mcpw hnp-I-f Imcy-sf ]cm-ainmWv Zn\-hr-mw (Chorinicles) F t]cv Ptdmw Xs emn ]cn-`m-j-bn sImSpXv (A. D 385-405)
kw]q-ambn ""hnip Ncn-{X-ns A\p-Zn\ Ipdn-p-I'' F Nn-bn-emWv Ptdmw B t]cp \evInb-Xv. 13
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
450-425 B.C.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
Hp Zn\-hr-mw BZm-ans Ncn-{X-n Bcw-`np iu cmPm-hns acWw Zmho-Zp-cm-Pm-hns hmgvNmew Fn-h-bn-eq-sS-bmWv aptmp t]mIp--Xv. iap-th-en-sbpw cmPm--m-cp-sSbpw ]pkvX-I--fpsS
Hcp Bh-\-sap tXmm-sa-nepw bYm-n CXp {]hm-k-n \np aS-n-h--hsc Ahp
Zmho-Zns cmP-hw-i-tm-Sp _s Dbn-m-p-hm\pw AXp-hgn Ah ssZh-ns {]tXy-I-P-\sa \nbw {]m]n-t--Xn-\p-ambn Fgp-Xn-b-t{X. Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS enn\np cmjv{S-]n-Xm-hmb A{_lm-an-t\mSp ssZhw sNbvX DS-Sn A\p-k-cn-mWv Zmho-Zn\v hmKvZ-- \evIn-bn-cn-p--sX-m-Wv.
A{_-lm-anIqsS kIe hwi--sfbpw A\p-{K-ln-p-I -hgn ssZh-n\p Xm sNbvX DS--Sn-tbm-Sp
hniz-kvXX F{X-sbp {][m\ hnjbw shfn-hm--s-Sp-p.
\ymb-{]-am-W-ns B[n-Im-cn-I-X, ]utcm-ln-Xyw, tZhm-ebw Fnhsbmw CXnse apJy-hn-j-b--fmWv. item-tams tZhm-ebw \in-n--s-s-nepw cm-a-tXpw {]mh-k-n\np h tij-n\p
BZy-tXp Hmp-hm\pw _-s-Sp-hm-\p-am-bp am-am-bn-op. `qX-Im-e-ns K`-n ham-\-Ime kw`-h- Dsm-n-cp-p Fpw-IqsS Hcp ]mTw CXn\np e`y-am-Wv. [-Nyp-Xn, hn{Klm-cm-[-\, PmXn-I-fp-am-bp an{i-hn-hmlw sFIy-an-mbva Fn-h-bm-bn-cpp C{k-tb-ens XI-bvpIm-c-Ww. Hcp Imcyw ChnsS {]tXy-I-ambn {]kvXm-hn-t-Xv, {]hm-k-n \np h P\w ]no-sSmcn-epw A\y-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bn-tep Xncn-n F-Xm-Wv. 14
{][m\ hyn-I:
t\cs Nnn--{]-Imcw CXp Zmho-Zn-s\-p-dn-p ]pkvX-I-am-Wv, Fn-cp-mepw iap-th-ens Hmw
]pkvX-I-n I-h-cmb \mYm, t_Zvti-_, Dcn-bmhv Fn-hcpw CXn {][m\ m\- hlnpp.
1 Zn\-hr-m--n {InkvXp:
Hpw cpw iap-th-en Zmho-Zns\ {InkvXp-hn\p \ng-embn I-Xmb Fm Imcy-fpw Chn-sSbpw {]k-am-Wv.
_mly-tcJ:
1. Xe-ap-d-I BZw apX ZmhoZp hsc (1:19:44)
A BZw apX A{_lmw hsc (1:127)
59
B
C
D
E
F
G
A{_lmw apX bmtm_v hsc (1:28-54)

bmtm_v apX ZmhoZv hsc (2:155)
ZmhoZp apX {]hmkw hsc (3:124)
]{p tKm{X--fpsS Xe-ap-d-I (4:18:40)
bcq-i-te-anse \nhm-kn-I (9:134)
iuens IpSpw_w (9:35-44)
2. Zmho-Zns A`n-tj-Ihpw Dbbpw (10:112:40)

A
B
C
D
iuens acWw (10:1-14)

Zmho-Zns knwlm-k-\m-tcm-lWw (11:13)
bcq-itew ]nSn--S-pp (11:49)
Zmho-Zns hoc-m (11:10-12:40)
3. Zmho-Zns hmgvN (13:129:21)

A
ZmhoZpw s]-Ihpw (13:117-:27)

1 ZmhoZv btlm-h-bpsS s]Iw IotZmIfw -hsc sImp-h-cn-Ibpw Dm acn-p-Ibpw sNpp.
(13:114)
2 Zmho-Zns Ionbpw sên-kvXy-cpsS taenep hnP-bhpw (14:117)
3 ZmhoZv s]Iw sbcq-i-te-an-tev sImp-h-cpp (15:129)
4 s]-I-n-\mbn Zmho-Zns Hcp--fpw BtLm-j-fpw (16:1-43)
5 Zmho-Zns tZhm-eb \nm-W-n-\p B{K-lhpw ssZhoI DS--Snbpw (17:127)
B Zmho-Zns bp- (18:120:8)
C Zmho-Zns skkkv F ]m]w (21:1-30)
D tZhm-eb ]Wn-mbn Zmho-Zns Hcp-- (22:123:1)
E ZmhoZv tehysc kwtbm-Pn-n-pp (23:226:32)
1
tehy-cpsS Fhpw tPmen-{I-ahpw (23:232)
2
tehysc Ccp-]-n-\mev Iqp-I-fmbn Xncn-pp (24:131)
3
kwKo-X-m-cpsS {Iaw (25:131)
4
hmXn Imhm-cpsS \nb-a- (26:1-19)
5
tZhm-eb `m-c-ns tPmen-I (26:20-28)
6
tZi c-bvmbn \ymbm-[n-]-msc \nb-an-p-p (26:29-32)
F Zmho-Zns knhn-en-b t\Xm--m (27:134)
G ZmhoZv Xs Ay-k-tiw P\-pw item-tam\pw \Ipp (28:1-21)
H Zmho-Zns kw`m-h-\-Ifpw Bcm-[-\-bpw (29:1-21)
4 item-tams knwlm-k-\m-tcm-l-Whpw Zmho-Zns ac-Whpw (29:22-30).
II Zn\-hr-m--
(tZ-hm-e-b-ns \miw)
Hmw ]pkvX-I-n CXn-s\-p-dnv ]Tn {]Imcw F{km Fgp-Xn-sb-mWv blqZ ]mc--cyw. AXn\p
]e sXfn-hp-I \mw Ip. AXn {][m-\-amb ap NneXv Xmsg-sm-Sp-p-p.
1.
2
C{k-tb-en-sebpw blq-Z-bn-sebpw cmPm--m-cpsS ]pkvX-I- (27:7; 35:27; 36:8)

blq-Zy-bn-sebpw bn{km-tb-en-sebpw cmPm--m-cpsS ]pkvX-I- (16:11; 25:26; 28:26; 32:32)
60
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
C{k-tb-ense cmPm--m-cpsS ]pkvX-Iw (20:34; 33:18)

cmPm--m-cpsS Ncn{X ]pkvXIw (24:27)
\mYms ]pkvX-I-nepw Aln-bm-bpsS {]h-N-\-nepw Ctm-bpsS Zi-\-nepw (9:29)
siam {]hm-N-Is ]pkvXIw (12:15)
Ctm {]hm-N-Is Ncn{X ]pkvXIw (13:22)
sbim {]hm-N-Is Fgp-p-I (26:22)
Zi-I-m-cpsS hrm-- (33:19)
hnem-]- (35:25)
Zmho-Zn-sbpw item-tam-sbpw Fgp-p-I (35:4)
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
450-425 B.C.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
Hp Zn\-hr-mw Hpw cpw iap-th-en\p kam--c-sa-n 2 Zn\-hr-mw Hpw cpw cmPm-mv kam--c-am-Wv. hSt cmPy-ns Ahn-izm-khpw Zmho-Zns amXr-I-bn Hcp \ PohnXw Ignp-hm cmPm--mv Ign-bm-Xn-cp--Xn-\mepw Hp Zn\-hr-m--n B tZis Ah-K-Wn-n-cn-pp. Fm t\sc FXn-cmbn cp Zn\-hr-m--n Zmho-Zns Pohn-Xs A\p-I-cn \ cmPm-mscpdnv ]d-n-cn-p-p. 19 hsc Aym-b- item-tams Imes tZhm-eb ]Wn-sb-p-dnv
]d-bp-p. 1036- hsc Aym-b--fn sXt tZi-amb blq-ZbpsS _m_n-temWy {]hm-k-n-tev
t]mIp-hm-\p Imcy-fpw, tZhm-ebw \in-n--s-Sp--Xn-sbpw Ncn{Xw hnh-cn-p-p. IqSmsX cmPyv
Bob \thm-m-\-n\v Imc-W-`q-X-cmb Bkm, sbtlmim^mv, tbmhm-iv, sblnkv-In-bm, tbminbm
XpS-nb cmPm--m-cpsS Ncn-{Xhpw Ds-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p.
iap-th-enepw cmPm--m-cnepw ]d-n-cn-p ]e-Im-cy-fpw AtX-]Sn Zn\-hr-m---fnepw hn-pv
FXp icn-bm-Wv, ]t Ah-bpsS hnXym-k- Adn-b-W-sa-n \psS ho-W-nepw amwhcptn-bn-cn-p-p. Hp Zn\-hr-m--n Zmho-ZmWv {][m\ hnj-b-sa-n cmw ]pkvX-I-n
Zmho-Zns IpSpw-_-amWv {][m\ hnj-bw. cmPm--m-cn cmjv{S-ns Ncn{Xw knwlm-k-\-n\nv
Bcw-`n-p-tm Zn\-hr-m---fn, AXp bmK-]o-T-n\nv (tZ-hm-e-b-n) \nm-cw-`n-p-p. cmPm-m-cn cmP-sIm-m-c-n\p {]m[m\yw \evIp-tm Zn\-hr-m---fn B m\w tZhm-e-b-n-\mWv. cmPm--m-cn C{k-tb-ens cmjv{Sob Ncn{Xw hni-Zo-I-cn-p-Ibpw hon-p-Ibpw sNp-tm
Zn\-hr-m---fn aX-]-chpw Bo-b-hp-amb Imcy--fpsS ho-Whpw hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw ImWp-p.
Zn\-hr-m-- tIhew Ncn-{X-tc-J-I am{X-am-sW-n AXnIq-sS-bmWv Zmho-Zns hwispdnp ssZh-ns hni-Zo-I-c-W-s-p-dnp \evIn-bn-cn-p--Xv. BI-bm CXp blq-Z-bp-sSbpw sXtcm-Py-n-sbpw \ne-\n-ev]ns ImcWw hy-am-p-p. Zmho-Zns ]nKm-an-I-fmbn \nc-h[n \ cmPm-m sXs cmPy-amb blq-Z-bn `cWw \S-n-b-tm hnL-SnX cmPy-amb hSt tZi-sa C{ktb Ah-K-Wn--s-Xv Ah ssZhnI DS--Sn-bn-t-ep Zmho-Zns knwlm-k-\-tm-Sp _w
hntO-Zn-m-Wv.
{][m\ hyn-I
tbmin-bm, ctlm-_-bmw, item-tam
cp Zn\hr-m---fn {InkvXp:
Zmho-Zns knwlm-k\w \in-s-nepw Ahs hwiw \ne-\n-p. Ipe-]m-XIw NXn, bp-, ASn-aw
61
Ch-bvsmpw ain-lm-bpsS BK-a-\ -sse Ip-hm Ign-n-cp-n-sp am{X-a BZmw apX skcp_m-t_hsc AXp hy-ambn XpS-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ]pkvX-I-nse Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS (hw-im-h-en)
enns ]qo-I-c-W-amWv ambn Hn-epw, eqtmkv aqnepw \mw ImWp--Xv.
cv Zn\-hr-m--nse tZhm-ebw hfsc {][m-\-s-Xpw {InkvXp-hns\ Nn{Xo-I-cn-n-cn-p--Xn hfsc
at\m-l-c-ambn \npp (a-mbn 12:6; tbml. 2:19; shfn-mSv 21:22).
_mly-tcJ:
1. item-tams hmgvN (1:19:31)
A
B
C
D
item-tams
item-tams
item-tams
item-tams
knwlm-k-\m-tcm-lWw (1:117)
tZhm-ebw (2:17:22)
Ion (8:19:28)
acWw (9:29-31)
2. blq-Zy-bnse cmPm--m (10:136:21)

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
ctlm-_bmw (10:112:16)
A_nbm (13:122)
Bkm (14:116:14)
btlm-im-^mv (17:-120:37)
btlmcmw (21:120)
Alknbm (22:19)
AYym (22:1023:15)
tbmhmiv (23:16-24:27)
Aaknbm (25:128)
Dnbm (26:123)
tbmYmw (27:19)
Blm_v (28:127)
slk-nbm (29:132:33)
a\si (33:1-20)
Btam (33:2125)
tbmin-bmhv (34:1-35:27)
sbtlm-hm-lmkv (36:14)
btlm-bmow (36:5-8)
btlm-bm-Jo (36:9,10)
kntZ-nbm (36:11-21)
3 tImc-ins hnfw-_cw (36:22,23).
F{km
(tZ-hm-e-b-ns ]p\\nm-Whpw P\-ns ]p\-cp-m-c-W-hpw)
Fgp-p-Im-c\pw ]pkvX-I-ns t]cpw:
Fgp-p-Im-cs t]cn-s\-p-dnv ]pkvXIw Hpw ]d-b-n-s-nepw blqZ ]mc--cy-n (Xaq-Zv) F{km
FgpXn F hnh--bp-v. F{km Xs hnhn[ {]am-W--sf-p-dnpw (4:716) hwim-h-en-I-sfbpw (2:1-70)
hyn-]-c-amb hnj-bhpw (7:279:15). tcJ-s-Sp-p-hm-\m-bn-mWv CsX-gp-Xn-b-Xv.
62
bYm-n F{km-bmWv CXnse {][m\ hyn-Xzw. 110 hscbp Aym-b--fnse kw`-h-

Ah-\pssS sNbvXn-p--Xm-Wv. Fm 810 hscbp Aym-b--fn s\l-aym-hmWv {][m-\w.
cp `mK-fpw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-p-Xp {]Ya ]pcp-j-\n-em-Wv.
]mc-c
- y-a\
- p-kc
- nv Am-es "henb kp\-tKmKv' (h-enb k`) Bcw-`n-Xv F{km-bm-Wv. asmcp ]mc-cy-a\
- p-kc
- npw ]gb \nb-a{- K-
- sf tiJ-cnp kqn-t-X
- n\p Bcm-[\ \S-t-X
- n-\pw, AXn-tep
Xncp-sh-gp-p-Isf D]-tbm-Kn-t-X
- n-\m-bn-mWv "Cu henb k`' (Great Synagogue) F{km Bcw`nXv. 16
]pcm-X\ F{_mb ss__n-fn F{kmbpw, s\l-aymhpw H ]pkvX-I-hp-am-bn-mWv \evIn-bn-cn-p--Xv.
"t]cv' "F{km-bpsS ]pkvXIw' Fp-am-Wv. Fm \ho\ F{_mb ss__n-fn AXp cmbn Xncn-ncn-p-I-bm-emWv Cwo-jnepw As\ h-Xv. blqZ Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb tbmkn^kpw, emn htK-ns
P\-bn-Xm-hmb Ptdmapw Cu cp ]pkvX-I--sfbpw Hm-bn-mWv I-Xv.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
457-444 B.C.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
Ncn-{X-ns ]m--e-n\np t\mp-tm F{km-bpsS Bcw`w FhnsS Zn\-hr-mw Ah-km\n-npthm AtX m\p\np sX-bmWv XpSp _m_n-tem\y {]hm-k-n\n-p blq-Zs
aS-n-h-c-hpw, tZhm-e-b-ns ]p\\nn-Xn-bpw, Bo-bhpw D]-tZ-i-]-c-hp-amb P\-ns nXnbpw
hnh-cn-n-cn-p-p. {]hm-NI
-
- m-cpsS Fgp-p-If
- n {]-Imcw Fgp-]Xp hjs {]hm-k
- n-\p-tijw P\nt-h-cm-bn-cp-p. Cu {]h-N-\- \nhr-n-I-cn-p--Xn ssZh-ns hniz-X F{X-tbm-h-ep-Xm-bncpp FmWv F{km FSpp Imp--Xv. Zn\-hr-m---fnset]mse Cu ]pkvX-I-nepw ]ptcm-lnX
hwi-P-\m-b- F{km Nqn-m-p-Xv ssZh P\-sa \nebvv blqZ cmPy-ns kpc-n-XXzw tZhm-eb-tmSpw Bcm-[-\-tbmSpw Ahp _-n-eq-sS-bm-sW-m-Wv. ]mkn-cm-Pm-hmb tImciv ]pd-sSp-hn hnfw-_-c-n-eq-sS-bmWv F{km XpS--an-Sp--Xv. P\w AXyp-m-l-tmsS Bebw ]Wn XpS-nsb-nepw hSt A-p i{Xp--fpsS FXnp-aqew 18 hj-tmfw AXp a-K-Xn-bn-em-bn-tm-bn.
HSp-hn Zmcy-thiv cmPm-hns asmcp hnfw-_cw Dm-b-ti-jta Ahv ]Wn ]qn-bm-m km[np-p (F-{km. 16). Fm 710 hscbp Aym-b--fn ]ptcm-ln-X-m-cpsS Xncn-p-h-chpw F{kmaqew P\-n-\p-mb BoI DWn-s\-p-dnpw hmbn-p-p.
F{km-bp-sSbpw skcp-_m-t_-en-sbpw Iogn h blqZm tijn-ns Bo-I-hpw, kmmo-I-hpw,
kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb \thm-m-\-amWv CXnse {]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-bw.
{][m-\-hy-n-I:
t]jy cmPm-hmb tImtciv (b-lqZ PmXn-bpsS aS-n-h-c-hn\v D-c-hn-p) F{km (]p-tcm-ln-X-\pw,
imkv{Xn-bpw) tbmiphm alm-]p-tcm-ln-X skcp-_m-t_.
F{km-bpsS ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

Zmho-Zn-t\m-Sp ssZhnI DS-Sn {]Imcw ain-lm-bpsS hc-hn-\mbn Hcp tijn-ns\ kqn-p-sa-p
ssZhoI hmKvZ-n {]-Imcw F{kmbpw, s\l-aymhpw aqew P\s hmKvZ--tZ-i-tv ssZhw ]d-b-bv-p.
63
_mly-tcJ:
1. ]p\-cp-m-cWw; skcp-_m-t_-ens Iogn bcq-i-te-an-te-p Hm-as aS-nh-chv (1:16:22)
A
B
C
D
E
F
tImc-ins hnfw-_cw (1:111)

P\-kw-Jy-sb-Spv (2:170)
tZhm-e-b-ns ]Wn XpS-pp (3:113)
FXnp-I (4:124)
\nm-W-ns ]p\-cm-cw`w (5:16:12)
tZhm-eb ]Wn ]qo-bm-Ip-p. (6:13-22)
2. P\-ns \ho-I-c-Ww, F{km-bpsS Iogn P\w aS-n-h-cp-p. (7:110;44)

A
B
bcq-i-te-an-te-p aS-n-h-chv (7:18:36)

bcq-i-te-an ]pXpw (9:1-10:44).
s\l-aymhv
(\-K-c-ns ]p\\nm-Ww)
FgppIm-c\pw ]pkvX-I-ns t]cpw:
""lJ-ym-hns aI-\mb s\l-aym-hns Ncn{Xw'' (hm-p-I) Fv 1:1 ]d-n-cn-p--Xn-\m Cu
{K-ns cN-bn-Xmhv s\l-aym-hm-sWv ]ecpw hniz-kn-p-p. Fm s\l-aym-hns Ipdn-p-I-fpw,
tcJ-Ifpw Ds-Sp-n-smv F{km Xs Fgp-Xn-sbv ap Nne hmZn-p-p. Fm-bmepw thZ-imkv{X--cn \ ]pw s\l-aym-hmWv {K-Im-c Fp hniz-kn-p--h-cm-Wv. sbdp-i-te-an \np
aS-n-h-c-hn-s\-p-dnv Xt-Xmb hyn-]-c-amb A\p-`-h--fp-sSbpw kml-N-cy--fp-sSbpw hnh-cWw \evInbn-cn-p--Xv (1:1-7:73; 12:31-13:31). 17
]pkvX-I-ns cN-\m-Im-ev AXv Hm-bn-cpp Fp \mw I-Xm-Wv, Fm AXns An-a-`m-K-ambn-cpp s\l-aym-hns t]cn Adn-b-s-n-cp--Xv. F{kmbpw s\l-aymhpw kaIm-eo-\-m Bbn-cpp
Fp am{X-a-, Am-ev t]jy-bnse cmPm-hns ]m\-]m-{X-hm-ln-I F ]Z-hnbpw s\l-aym-hn-\pm-bn-cp-p. s\l-aymhv F-Xn\v ""btlmh Biz-kn-n-pp'' AYhm kzm-s\-S- p-pp Fm-Ww.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
F{kms\-l-aymhv F {K-ns F{_mb ]Xn-ns (aq-e-{K-w) An-a-`mKw Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn GXmv
B.C. 445-425 Ime-L---fn Fgp-Xn-sb-mWv Icp-X-s-Sp--Xv.
hnj-bhw Dt-ihpw:
_m_n-tem\y {]hm-k-n \np aS-n-h blqZ tijn-ns Ncn-{X-amWv CXnse hnj-bw. bcq-i-teans XI aXn-ep-Isf ]Wn-Xp-dn-n-t--Xn-\mbn s\l-aymhv t]jy (]mkn-tZ-iw) cmPm-hmb
A-i-jvSm-hns ]m\-]m-{X-hm-l-I F m\w Dt]-n-p-Ibw ]Icw sbdp-i-te-ans KhW
]Zw kzoI-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F{kmbpw, s\l-aymhpw Htc Ime-mWv Pohn-n-cp--Xv. (8:2,9) cp-t]cpw
ssZh-a-\p-jy-cmbn-cp-s-nepw hnXy--amb Ign-Ip-tfm-sS-bmWv btlm-hsb tkhn--Xv. F{km Hcp ]ptcmln-X Bbn-cp--Xn-\m aS-n-h--h-cpsS aX-]-c-amb Dm-c-W-n-\mWv apXqw sImSp--Xv. Fm
s\l-aymhv Hcp km[m-cW ]uc F \ne-bn cmjv{Sob Ign-hp-I-fn-eqsS (K-hW ]Zhn D]-tbm-Knv)-bmWv {]hn--Xv.
aS-n-h P\-f
- psS kpc-n-XX
- z-n\pw P-\m-n kpn-cX
- b
- vpw-thn btlm-hb
- psS ssI Fs\
A\p-Iq-e-ambn {]hnp Fpw s\l-aymhv tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p. ssZh klm-b-m s\l-aymhns t\Xr-Xz-nIo-gn 52 Znh-kw-sIm-mWv 94 hj-am-bnpw skcq-_m-t_-ens Iogn h Hmw
64
_mn\v Ign-bm ]Wn sNbvXp Xo-Xv. A\p-k-c-Whpw hnizm-khpwsImv am{X-amWv Ahs-Xncmbn Fm FXnp-I-sfbpw AXn-Po-hnv Ahp hnPbw ssIh-cn-m Ign--Xv. 18
{][m\ hyn-I:
s\l-aym-hv, A-l-i-jvSm-hv, k\_--v, F{km.
s\l-aym-bpsS ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

kz-a-lXzw shSnv a\p-jy-c--bvmbn XmWn-dn {]hn {InkvXp-hns a\-mWv DX ]Zhn
shSnv P\-ns ]p\-cp-m-c-W-n-\p-thn {]hn-p-hm s\l-aym-hns\ t{]cn-n--Xv. AXp-t]mse
A-l-i-jvSm-hns hnfw-_cw Zm\o-tb-ens Fgp-]Xv BgvN-h---fpsS ]qo-I-c-W-n-\m-bp Bcw`w-IqsS Bbn-cp-p. (Zm-\n. 9:2527) Chn-sS-bmWv {InkvXp-hns aS-n-h-c-hns A\n-n-X- k-a-b-s-pdnp shfn-s-Sp--Xv.
_mly-tcJ:
1. aXn-ep-I-fpsS ]p\\nnXn (1:17:73)
A
B
]p\\nm-W-n-\p Hcpw (1:12:20)

]p\\nmWw (3:17:73)
2. P\--fpsS ]p\-cp-m-cWw (8:113:31)

A
B
DS-Sn ]pXp- (8:110:39)

DS--Sn-tbm-Sp P\--fpsS A\p-k-cWw (11:113:31)
Ft
(P-\--fpsS kpc-n-X-Xzw)
]pkvX-I-n-s t]cpw Fgp-p-Im-c\pw:
Fgp-p-Im-c Bcm-bn-cp-mepw t]jy kwkvIm-c-hp-ambn ASp _-ap Bfm-bn-cn--Ww. ]pkvXI-n Nqn-m-p Imcy-sf Hcp ZrIvkm-n-sb-t]mse hn-p-hm A{Xbvp ASp--ap--ht
Ign-bq. Cm-c-W-m Fgp-p-Im-c Hcp blq-Z Bbn-cp-n-cn--W-sa \nK-a-\-n Fp-p.
GXm-bmepw kw`-h--fpsS kml-Ncyw hp-sImv F{kmtbm, s\l-aymthm BWv CsX-gp-Xn-bXv Fv
]ecpw hniz-kn-p-p. ]pkvX-I-n\v AXnse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-ns t]cmWv \evIn-bn-cn-p--Xv.
F{_mb `mj-bn B t]cv "lUm' (kp-K--sN-Sn), Fm-bn-cp-s-nepw t]jy t]cmb "Ft'
(\--{Xw) F-XmWv ]pkvX-I-n\p \evIn-bn-cn-p--Xv.
Fgp-Xn-b-Imew:
F{km-bpsS ]pkvXIw Ggv, Fv Aym-b--fnse kw`-h--fpsS Ime-mWv Ft-dns ]pkvX-Inse kw`-h-fpw \S-n-cn-p--Xv. AXm-bXv skcp-_m-t_-ens Iogn aS-n-h Hmw _mnsbpw F{km-bpsS Iogn h cmw _mnsbpw CSbvv Bbn-cp-p. Ft-dns ]pkvXIw Fgp-Xnb-Xv. Al-tiz-tciv cmPm-hns hmgvN-bpsS Ah-km\ hj--fntem (470-465 B.C.; 10:2,3) At-l-ns
]p{X-\mb A-l-i-jvSm-hns Imetm Bbn-cn-Ww (464-424 B.C.).
65
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
blqZ s]Ip-n-bmb Ft-dns\ t]jy-bnse cmPm-hmb Al-tiz-tciv hnhm-l-n-\mbn Xnc-s-Spp--Xpw, blq-Z-msc \nq-e\w sNm-\p lmams ]-Xnsb XIp-hm Ft cmnbpsSta tamt-Jm-bn-bpsS kw; kzPo-hs\ adv Ah cmPm-hn-t\mSv At]-n-p-Ibpw blq-Zmp henb hnSp-X e`y-am-Ip--Xp-amWv Cu ]pkvX-I-nse at\m-l-c-amb IYm-km-cw. ss__n-fn
ssZh-ns \maw D-cn--s-Sm GI-]p-kvX-Ihpw CXp-X-s. ]cn-tim-[-\-I-fp-sS-bpw, ]oV-\--fpsSbpw \Sp-hn ssZhw Xs P\s Icp-Xp-Ibpw klm-bn-p-Ibpw sNpp F-XmWv ]pkvX-Ins hnj-bhpw Dt-i-hpw.
{][m\ hyn-I (I-Ym-]m-{X-):

Ft, lmam, tamt-Jm-bn, Al-tiz-tcmiv (t]jy cmPm-hns t]cns F{_m-b-cq-]w).
Ft-dns ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

Ft-dn \app tbmPn--Xmb Hcp amXrI e`n-p-p-v. Ah kz-Po-hs\ ac-W-s-Sp-p-hm
\n-bn-p-sImv kz-P-\-ns c-bvmbn {]hn-p-Ibpw Ahmbn At]-n-p-hm Hcp
ay-s (h-o AY-hm, Imcy-) m\w Gs-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXXv {InkvXp-hn\p \ng-em-bn-m-Wv.
AXp-t]mse blq-Zs kwc--W-n-eq-sS-bmWv ain-lm-bpsS hc-hn\p hgn-sX-fn--Xpw.
_mly-tcJ:
1. blq-Z\p hcp A]-ISw. (1:13:15)
A
B
hkvXn-bpsS sImm-c-n Ft cmn-bmbn Xocpp (1:12:23)

blq-Z\p FXn-cmbn lmams KqVm-tem-N\ (3:115)
2. blq-Zs hnSp-X (4:110:3)

A
B
C
D
E
F
blq-Z-\p-thn Ft-dns Xocp-am\w (4:15:14)

lmams ]cm-Pbw (6:17:10)
Al-tiz-tcm-ins hnfw-_-chpw tamt-Jm-bnbpw (8:117)
blq-Z-m-cpsS i{Xp--fpsS ]cm-Pbw (9:119)
]qcnw F Dhw (9:20-32)
tamt-Jm-bn-bpsS Dbbpw, Ionbpw (10:13).
66
`mKw 3
]-Zy-]p-kvX-I- AYhm Ihn-Xm-k-am-l-c-Ww

apJ-hpc:
CXp-hsc \mw ]cn-tim-[n-Xpw ]Tn--Xp-amb 17 ]pkvX-I- (\ym-b-{]-am-Whpw Ncn-{X-hpw) Dev]-n-apX s\l-aym-hp-h-sc-bpXp ]g-b-\n-b-a-nse Ncn-{X-`m-K-am-bn-cp-s-n C\n-bp-Xp ]Zy-`m-Khpw {]hN-\-`m-Kfp-am-Wv. ]Zy-`mKw hfsc sNdp-Xm-Wv. AXn Ap-]p-kvX-I- {Ia-n Ctm-_v, ko\-, kZr-iy-hm-Iy-, k`m-{]-kw-Kn, D-a-KoXw-am-{X-ta-bp-p. Cu `mK-ns \nm-W-n ]e
hninjvS hyn-I-fp-sSbpw ]p-v.
]Zyw AYhm Ihn-Xm-`mKw F-Xp-sImv a\p-jy-k--ev]--fpsS Hcp tiJ-c-W-sa- ]nstbm cq]nepw `mh-nepw ]Zy-am-sW-nepw Ah hne-tb-dnb Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h--fpsS kam-l-cWw am{X-am-Wv.
_-:
Ign 17 ]pkvX-I- Ncn-{X-]-c-am-bn-cp-s-n CXp Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h- BIp-p. Ncn-{X- Hcp
cmjv{S-n-sbpw F{_m-b-hw-i-n-sbpw Bbn-cp-s-n ]Zy- hyn-Po-hn-X--fpsS lrZ-bm-\p-`-h BIp-p. Bb-Xn-\m kIe a\p-jypw thn-bp--Xm-Wv.
]Zy-hn-`m-K-ambn CXns\ thXn-cn-p-I-bm ]g-b-\n-b-a-n C\n-thsd ]Zy- Hp-an-sp Icp-XcpXv. \psS aptm-p ]T-\-n thsdbpw ]Zy- {]h-N-\-`m-K--fn Is-p-hm Ign-bpw.
ssZh-P-\-ambn Xnc-s-Sp-n-cn-p C{k-tb P\-X-tbm-Sp _-n ]g-b-\n-b-as \mep {][m\
`mK--fmbn Xncn-m-hp--Xm-Wv:
1.
2.
3.
4.
\ymb-{]-amWw
Ncn-{X-
]Zy-
{]h-N-\-
C{k-tb-ens kmnI Pohn-tmSv _-s-Sp-p.

C{ktbens tZiob Pohn-X-hp-ambn _-s-n-cn-p-p.
C{k-tbm-cpsS BoI Pohn-X-hp-ambn _-s-n-cn-p-p.
C{k-tb-ens `mhn-Po-hnXw ain-lm-bn ]qn-bm-Ip--Xp-ambn
_-s-n-cn-p-p.
Ap ]Zy-]p-kvX-I--fpsS _-:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ctm_v
ko-\-
kZr-iy-hm-Iy-
k`m-{]-kwKn
D-a-KoXw
IjvS--fn IqsS e`n-p A\p-{K-l-

{]m-\-bnq-sS-bp kvXpXn-p-I
hnth-In-bm-bn-cn-m-\p \oXn-kq{Xw
bmYmy--fn-eqsS shfn-s-Sp-p kXyw
sFIy-X-bn-eqsS e`n-p ktmjw
F{_mb Ihn-X-I-fpsS Ime-Lw:

F{_mb Ncn-{X-Im-ew-ap-gp-h CXn Ds-n-p-s-nepw {]mY-an-I-ambn aqp {]tXyI Ime-L--
]Zy-km-lnXyn\mbn thXncn-n-cn-p-p:
67
1.
2.
3.
]qh-]n-Xm--m-cpsS Imew
Zmho-Zns Imew
item-tams Imew
A. D-a-KoXw
B. kZr-iy-hm-Iy-
C k`m-{]-kwKn
Ctm_v(-GItZiw 1750 B.C)

ko-\w(-G-I-tZiw 1050 B.C.)
(G-ItZiw 950 B.C.)
Hcp bu-\-ms t{]aw
Hcp ay-h-b-s hnthIw (m\w)
Hcp htbm-P-Is ZpxJ- (G-I-tZiw 950 B.C.) 20
]Zy-]p-kvX-I--fn {InkvXp:
ap]v tcJ-s-Sp-nb {]Imcw {InkvXp-hmWv ss__n-fns lrZ-bw. {InkvXp-hns Dbns Ap-Xhm-bn {]tNm-Zn-X-cmbn Ahs acW ]p\-cp-m-\--sf-p-dnp kwhm-Zn-p-sImv Fm-hq-kn-tep-t]mb cp injy-msc kao-]nv tbip Ahp Imcy-sf a\-n-em-n-sm-Sp-Xp Fmw Xncpsh-gp-p-If
- n \n-p-am-bn-cp-p (eq-sm. 24:27). AXp-t]mse ]Xn-s\m-cp-hp {]Xy-\
- m-bt- m Ahpw
Xncp-sh-gp-p-I-fn Xs-p-dnp Fp-]-d-n-cn-pp FmWv shfn-s-Sp-n-bXv: ""CXm-Ipp \ntfm-Sp-IqsS Ccn-p-tm Rm ]d hmp. tamsi-bpsS \ymb-{]-am-W-nepw {]hm-NI ]pkvX-I-fn-epw, ko-\--fnepw Fs-p-dnp Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-p-Xp Hsbpw \nhr-n-bm-I-Ww.'
(eqtm. 24:44). ]Zy-]p-kvX-I--fn-tep IS-p-h-cp--h XnI {InkvXp-ho--W-tmsS ({In-kvXp-imkv{Xw) thWw Hmtcm ]pkvX-Ihpw ]Tn-t--Xv. t\mam sPbn-kvf (Norman Geisler) F-tZlw CXn-s\p-dnp ]d-bp-Xp {it-b-am-Wv:
""\ymb-{]-am-W--fn {InkvXp-hn-s\-p-dn-p ASn-m-\-an-Sp-I-bpw, Ncn{X ]pkvX-I-fn
Ah-\m-bn-p Xbm-sd-Sp-p-I ko-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvsX-n ]Zy ]pkvX-I--fn B
{InkvXp-hns\ a\pjy lrZ-b--fn Dsm-t--Xns Bh-iy-I-Xsb BWv Nqn-m-p-Xv. KqV-am-tbm, ]c-ky-am-tbm, kpt_m-[-a-\-n-tem, At_m[-a-\-ntem Bbmepw GXp
{]Im-c-nepw tbip-{InkvXp P\-lr-Z-b--fn kw]q-\m-tI--Xns Bh-iy-I-Xsb {Klnn-p-Ibpw AXn-\mbn Dm-ln-n-p-Ibpw sNp-p.'' 21
{InkvXp-hn-eq-sS-bp [ym\-s-bmWv Ctm_v shfn-s-Sp-p--Xv. ko-\--fm-Is tbip-{In-kvXphp-am-bp kwtbm-P-s\s ImWn-p-p. {InkvXp-hn {]m]n-t m\-s-p-dnv kZr-iy-hm-Iy-fpw, Ah-\n e`y-am-Ip kw]q kwXr-]vXn-sb-p-dnv k`m-{]-kw-Kn-bpw, Ah-\p-am-bp sFIyXbpw kvt\l-s-bpw-Ip-dnp D-a-Ko-X-fpw shfn-s-Sp-p-p.
F{_mb Ihn-X-I (]-Zy-)

F{_mb Ihn-X-I-fpsS kz`mhw:
Cwojv Ihn-X-Iv (Poetry) DXp-t]mse F{_mb Ihn-X-Ipw {]mkhpw hrhpw Dv. B-co-Iambn Hp asm-ns\ B{i-bn-n-cn-pw. ss__n Ihn-X-I-fn kam--cn-IXzw Hcp {][m\ kz`m-h-amWv. F{_mb Ihn-X-I-fn "hmIym-e-mcw' [mcm-f-ap-v.
aqp-Xcw F{_mb Ihn-X-I:

F{_mb Ihn-X-I aqp-hn-[-ap-v. (1) Km\m--Iw. Ch -kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-W--tfm-Sp-IqsS ]mSp--h-bm-Wv.
(k-o-\-) (2) {]t_m-[-Iw. Pohn-X-ns ASn-m\ {]amW kXy- Dsm-n-p--h-bmWn-Xv. (k-Zr-iy-hm-Iy-, k`m-{]-kw-Kn) (3) \mS-Io-bw. D-S-s-sf kw`m-jW coXn-bn ssIamw
sNp coXn-bm-Wn-Xv (C-tm-_v, D-a-Ko-Xw).
F{_mb Ihn-X-bnse cp {][m\ LS-I-:

Hm-a-tXv kmam--coIw Xs. Nn-Ifpw hnNm-c-fpw Bhnp ]p\x-{]-Xn-jvTn--bnqsS
Ah-bpsS Xmc-Xay hnth-N\w \S-p-p. kam-c ]p\x-{]-Xn-jvTm-coXn ]e-X-c-n-ep-v:
68
A
B
C
D
E
]cymb hmN-I-am-bh: Hm-as sse\n-ep Nn-Isf ASn-m-\-amn hyXy

hmp-Isf cm-as sse\n D]-tbm-Kn-p-p (k-o. 2:4; 3:1; 7:17).
hntcm-[m-e-m-c-am-bh Hm-as sse\nse Nnbvp hn]-co-X-amb Nn cm-as
sse\n D]-tbm-Kn-p coXn (k-o. 1:6; 34:10).
kwtbm-P\ kw_-n-bm-bh: Hm-as sse\n {]kvXm-hn-n-cn-p--hbvp hni-Zo-Ic-Whpw; hnI-k-\hpw cm-as sse\n \evIp coXn (k-o. 1:3; 95:3).
Imem-h--]-c-am-bh: Ah-km\ `mKs Hgn-p-sImv cmas sse\nse Bh\w
(ko. 29:1).
AS-bm-f(-ap-{Z) ]c-am-bXv H-as sse AXns {][m-\-t]mbnns\ ]n]p-tm
cmas sse AXns cp]s {]Im-in-n-p-p (ko. 42:1; 23:1).
cm-as {][m\ LSIw hmIym-e-m-c-am-Wv. Hp-a-sm-ns\ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cnv D]-tbm-Kn-p-tm-gmWv

hmIym-e-mcw Dm-Ip--Xp. Nn-I-sfbpw hnNm-c--sfbpw {]Xn-^-en-n-p-hm F{_mb Ihn-X-bn
CXns D]-tbmKw hf-sc-bm-Wv.
DZm-l-c-W-ambn ko. 1:2,3 ""btlm-h-bpsS \ymb-{]-am-W-n ktm-jn-p-h'' ""B-cn-Ip
\n-cn-p hrw-t]mse Ccn-bvpw.'' ""ktm-jn-p--h'' hr--f ]ntbm Ahsc \ne-\nevp hr--tfmSp D]-an-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. C-s\-bp-n-S-smw ""t]mse'' F hmv {in-pI
(ko. 5:12; 17:8; 131:2)
asmcp hmIym-e-mcw ]c-kv]cw Xmc-Xayw sNp--hn-[-am-Wv. CXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p hmv ""BIpp''
F-Xm-Wv. ko. 23:1 Zmho-Zv, ""btlmh Fs CS-b "BIpp' F-Xm-Wv. ko. 23:1 Zmho-Zv,
""btlmh Fs CS-b BIpp'' Fp ]d-n-cn-p-p. ChnsS ZmhoZv Hcn-epw \o tcma-tfmSpw \mep Imep-I-tfm-Spw, hmtemSpw IqSnb arKw Bbn-cp-n-, Fm Hcp CS-b BSp-Isf ]cn-]men-p-Xp-t]mse btlm-h-bpsS ]cn-]m-e\w e`n-p--Xns\ hn-p-I-bm-Wv (k-o. 84:11;91:4).
AXn-itbm-n-sbbpw AXn-h-\I
- s
- fbpw Ipdn-p-X
- mWv asmcp {]tXy-IX
- . ka-bm-ka
- b
-
- f
- n CXns
{]tbmKw ImWm-hp--Xm-Wv. ko. 6:6 ""cm{Xn apgph\pw Fs InS-sb Hgp-pp; Ip-\o sImv
Rm Fs In-ens\ \\-bvp-p'' Fp ]d-n-cn-p-p. ZmhoZv Hcn-epw Xs InS HgpIn \S-X--hw Ip-\o hmn-n ]t Ahs ZpxJw F{X AKm-[-am-bn-cpp Fm-Wn-Xp shfn-s-Spp--Xv (k-o. 78:27; 107:26).
Nne k`--fn Imcy--fpsS \nP-nXn At\z-jn-p-hm-\mbn tNmZy-cq-]- {]tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-Xmbn ImWp-p. ""\n\p Xpy B?'' (k-o. 35:10) btlm-h-bpsS hen-asb a\-n-em-p-hm-\p
B{K-l-am-WnXv. e`n-p D-ctam ""Bcp-an'' Fm-bn-cn-pw. (k-o. 56:8; 106:2)
hmIym-e-m-c-ns Ah-km-\s {]tbm-Khpw ssZhs Hcp X-]-n-tbmSv D]-an-p-sIm-m-Wv. ko.
17:8 ZmhoZv ssZh-tmSv ""\ns Nnd-Ins \ng-en Fs ad-p-sIm-t-Wta'' Ft]n-p-p.
ssZhw Hcn-epw Hcp ]n-b ]t Ah \evIp kwc-Ww X-]n Xs Ipp-p
\evIp--Xp-t]m-se-bm-sW-w (k-o. 91:4).
Ctm_v
(I-jvS-X-bn e`n-p A\p-{K-l-)
]pkvX-I-nse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-n\n-mWv ]pkvX-I-n\p Cu t]cp e`n--Xv. Ctm_v Hcp Ncn-{X]p-cp-j Bbn-cp-p (sb-l. 14:14,20; bmtm. 5:11). Fgp-p-Im-c Bscp Xo-bn-s-nepw hymJym-Xm69
-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-n Ctm_v kzbw FgpXn Fpw AX Feo-lq, tamsi, imtem-tam Fn-hcn Bsc-nepw Bbn-cn-m-sa-p-am-Wv.
Ctm-_ns Pnhn-X-Imew A{_-lmw, C-lm-v, bmtmv, tbmtk^v Fn-h-cpsS Ime-tmSv _nn-mWv Nnn-p-t]m-cp--Xv. Am-ev Pnhn-n-cp Ctm_v F hyn AXy-[nIw IjvSw kln-p.
([-\-\-jvSw, IpSw-_w, BtcmKyw Fn-h) Fmepw Fn\v Bbn-cpp CsXmw, F tNmZyw Ah-tijn-p-IbmWv?
Fgp-XnbImew:
Fgp-p-Im-cs
- \-p-dn-p \n-ba
- n-m-n-St- mfw Fgp-XnbImew \n-bn-pI FXpw kw`-hy-a
- . Fmbmepw tamsibvp \ymb-{]-amWw Inp--Xn\p apm-bn-cpp (1445-1405 B.C.) Fp hniz-kn-m \ymb-apv. \ymb-{]-amWw \evIp--Xn-\pw, tehym-]u-tcm-lnXyw \ne-hn hcp--Xn\pw apvv IpSpw-_-ns aq\m-bn-cpp ]ptcm-l-X. Ctm_v IpSpw_ ]ptcm-ln-X F \ne-bn bmK- An-p-p-v. (1:5)
BI-bm an-hmdw CXp A{_-lm-ans Imes Hcp kw`hw Bbn-cn--Ww.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
a\p-jys Xn-bp-sSbpw IjvS-X-bp-sSbpw \Sp-hn k-i--\mb ssZh-ns \-I-fpw, \oXn-bpw,
kmn-yhpw Fs\ shfn-hm-pp Fp Cu ]pkvXIw ka-ambn sXfn-bn-n-p-v. Fnepw ]pkvXI-ns ]T-\-n BZn-tbm-Sw Db-cp Hcp tNmZy-ap-v. ssZhw kvt\lhpw Icp-Wbpw \nd--h-\msW-n ]ns Fp-sIm-mWv \oXn-am-mv IjvShpw k-S-fpw hcp-Xv? ssZh-ns ]c-am-[nIm-c-sbpw a\p-jy AXp {Kln-t--Xns Bh-iy-I-X-tb-bp-amWv CXn\np e`n-p ]mT-.
Ctm-_ns aqq kvt\ln-X-m \evIp adp-]-Sn-bnse ImX-emb hnj-bhpw asm--. kIe IjvS-XI-fp-sSbpw \nZm\w ]m]w-X-s-sb-mWv Ah hmZn-bvp--Xv. Genlq Fm-bmepw CXn\np hyXy-ambn IjvSX \oXn-am-m-cpsS ipo-I-c-W--\mbn ssZthmt-i-{]-Imcw kw`-hn-p--Xm-sWp ]dn-p-v. AXp-sIm-mWv kzb-\oXn Dt]-nv ssZh-n B{i-bn-p-hm Ctm-_n-t\mSv Bh-iy-sSp--Xv. Cu hnj-b-s-p-dnv sbn-k B 22 (Gleason Archor) ]d-bp-Xp {in-mw:
""Cu ]pkvXIw ssZh `-m-cm-b-hp t\cn-Sp IjvS-X-bpsS knm--s-bmWp shfns-Sp-p--Xv. BI-bm \oXn-am-m Fn\v IjvSw kln-pp? F tNmZy-n-\p
D-c-hp-ap-v. adp-]Sn {Xnhn-[-n-emWv \evIn-bn-cn-p-Xv: (1) a\p-jy-cp-sS-ta sNmcn-bp
A\p-{K--l-p-]-cn-bmbn ssZhw kvt\l-ns ssZhw Xs. (2) \psS {]am-Wsf Ah-t\m-Sp `n-bn Imt--Xn\pw \s ipo-I-cnp i-cm-t--Xn-\p-ambn
Nne-tm IjvS-X-I Hcp apJm--c-am-bn-Xo-cm A\phZn-p-p. (3) \psS sNdp-a-\-pIp {Kln-m\pw Dsm-m\pw Ign-bm--hn[w ssZh-ns Nn-Ifpw hgn-Ifpw D-Xfpw A{]-ta-b-hp-a-t{X. Fnpw ssZhw Xs P\-n\v Ghpw \-sX-m-sWv a\-nemn Xs al-Xz-n-s\m--hw hnX-cWw sNp-p. k-i--s Cu hnim-e-X-bpsS
Bgw {Kln-mt\m Zin-mt\m a\p-jyp Ign-bp-n-s--XmWv ]c-amw. Ctm-_ns
Biz-k-I-mcmbn h aqp kvt\ln-X-m-cpsS (F-en-^m-kv, _nZm-Zv, tkm^) hmp-Ifn \nmWv CXp Xm-dm-n-b-Xv.'' 23
Cu ]pkvXIw shfn-s-Sp-p asmcp hnjbw bpK--fmbn \ne-\n-evp kmm\pw ssZh-hp-am-bp
kwL-\
- hpw X^-ea
- mbn a\p-jy\p t\cn-Sp IjvSX
- b
- p-am-Wv. Fm Ahn-sSbpw ssZhw Xs kvt\lnp--hmbn kI-ehpw \-bvmbn Xopp F kXyhpw sXfn-bn-n-p-v (tdm-a. 8:28).
{][m\ hyn-I:
Ctm-_v, \njvI-f-\pw \oXn-am-\p-amb a\p-jy. kmm, Ctm-_ns\ Ipw Na-p--h. _nZm-Zv,
Feo-^m-kv, tkm^, Feo-lq, Ctm-_n-t\-m {]mbw Ipd--h-sc-nepw Ahs\ D]-tZ-in-m\pw
Biz-kn-n-p-hm-\p-ambn Fnb m\n-I-fmb kvt\ln-X-m.
70
Ctm-_ns ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

]e {]Im-c-n {InkvXp-hns\ Zin-m CXn hgn-I-fp-v. Ctm_v shfn-s-Sp-p "hos-Sp-p-Imc' (19:25-27) Ah At\z-jn-p "ay-' (9:33; 33:23) Xs Zpcn-X-fpw IjvS-m-Sp-Ifpw Fns\p {Kln-n-p-hm Ah Bsf At\z-jn-s-nepw HSp-hn AXns adp-]Sn {InkvXp-hn Is-pI-bmWv; Fs-m tbip-{In-kvXp-am-{X-amWv ]nim-Nn-t\mSp t]mcm--n \oXn-am-\mbn \oXn-sI-hmbn Fmw kln-Xpw ssZh-ap-msI \ap-s-Xn-cmbn A]-hmZw ]d-bp-Ibpw ssZhoI ]cn-]m-Snsb
\in-n-m {ian-p-Ibpw sNbvX kmms\ ]q-ambn ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-n-b-Xv (F-{_m. 2:14-18; 4:15;
tdma.8:32-34).
_mlytcJ:
1. Bap-J--fp-sSbpw IjvS-X-I-fp-sS-bpw, \mi--fp-sSbpw ]n-I (1:12:13)
A
B
C
Npp-]m-Sp-I-fpsS {]IrXw (1:15)

Ctm-_ns {]iv\-fpw kmms X{-fpw (1:62:10)
Ahs Bizm-k-I-m (2:11-13)
2. kwhmZw aqp kvt\ln-X-m-cpsS hy kzm-\- (3:131:40)

A
hy-hm-Z--fpsS ]cn-hrn (3:114:22)

1) Ctm-_ns hnem]w (3:1-26)
2) Feo-^m-kns adp-]Sn (4:15:27)
3) Ctm-_ns adp-]Sn (6:17:21)
4) _nZm-Zns adp-]Sn (8:122)
5) Ctm-_ns adp-]Sn (9:110:22)
6) tkm^-dns adp-]Sn (11:120)
7) Ctm-_ns adp-]Sn (12:114:22)
B.
kwhm-Z-ns cmw ]cn-hrn (15:121:34)

1) Fen-^m-kns adp-]Sn (15:135)
2) Ctm-_ns adp-]Sn (16:117:16)
3) _nZm-Zns adp-]Sn (18:121)
4) Ctm-_ns adp-]Sn (19:129)
5) tkm^-dns adp-]Sn (20:129)
6) Ctm-_ns adp-]Sn (21:134)
kwhm-Z-ns aqmw ]cn-hrn (22:131:40)

1) Fen-^m-kns adp-]Sn (22:130)
2) Ctm-_ns adp-]Sn (23:124:25)
3) _nZm-Zns adp-]Sn (25:16)
4) Ctm-_ns adp-]Sn (26:131:40)
3. Geo-lq-hns hmp-I: (32:137:24)

A
B
C
D
Hm-as {]kwKw: IjvS-X-bn-eqsS ssZhw a\p-jy\p \evIp \nt-i- (32:133:33)

cm-as {]kwKw: ssZh-ns \oXnbpw hnth-Ihpw sXfn-bn-n-cn-pp (34:137)
aqm-as {]kwKw: mbn-bmb hnip-n-bp-sSbpw \n-e-X-bp-sSbpw t\w (35:116)
\mem-as {]kwKw:ssZh-ns hen-a, Fm ssZhw XtmSp \oXn-bmbn {]hn-n-sp Ctm-_ns ]cm-Xnbpw (36:137:24).
71
4. Npg-en-Im-n\n-p-sIm-p ssZh-ns shfn-mSv (38:142:6)

A
Hm-as shfn-mSv (38:140:5)

1) ssZh-ns k-in krjvSn I-n-eqsS {]kvXm-hn-n-cn-p-p. (38:139:30)
2) Ctm-_ns kzbw Ipm-tcm-]-Whpw Gp-]-d-nepw (40:140:5)
B. cm-as shfn-mSv: ssZh-ns inbpw a\p-jys _e-lo-\-Xbpw; Ctm-_ns Ffnb
{]Xn-I-cWw (40:642-6)
5. Ah-km\ `mjyw (42:717)

A
B
hy Bizm-k-Isc ssZhw imkn-pp (42:79)

Ctm-_ns ]p\-cp-m-c-W-hpw, {]Xn-^-ehpw (42:10-17).
ko-\-
({]m-\-bnqsS-bp kvXpXn-p-I)
ss__n-fnse Ghpw ZoL-am-bXpw Fm-h-cmepw IqSp-X D]-tbm-Kn--s-Sp--Xp-amb ]pkvX-I-amWv
ko-\-. Hcp-]t Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-sf C{Xbpw lrZ-b-kv]in-bmbn hn-p--Xn\p tJZnX
a\-n\p e`n-p Bizm-k-mepw Bbn-cnmw Cu BIj-Ww. timInX a\-p-I s\Sp-hop-Isf
{]m-\-bpw, ]mp-I-fpw, kvXpXn-p-I-fp-amn amp A\p-`hw hopw hopw CXn FSpp ImWn-pp-v. ]pkvX-I-ns Fgp-p-Im-c Bscp ]d-n-n-s-nepw ko-\--fpsS ioj-I-
\evIp t]cp-I-fn\np Fgp-p-Imsc Xncn--dn-bm km[n-pw. Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p ]nI ]cntim-[n-pI: 24
ZmhoZv
Bkm^v
tImc-lp-]p-{X-m
item-tam
tamsi
GYm
73
12
12
2
1
1
ko-\--fpsS {K-Im-
]pkvXIw 1, ]pkvX-Iw2,18; ]pkvXIw 3,1; ]pkvXIw 4,2; ]pkvXIw 5,15
ko\w 50, 73-83
ko\w 4249; 84; 86; 87; 88
ko\w 72,127
ko\w 90
ko\w 89
F{_mb `mj-bn ko-\-]p-kvX-I-n\v ""kvXpXnv'' AYhm ""kvXpXn-p-I-fpsS ]pkvXIw'' FmWv

t]cv. bYm-n 145-mw ko\w am{Xta ""kvXpXnv'' (F-{_mb `mj-bn tehillah, Cwo-jn
Praise) F ioj-I-n \ma-\ntiw sNbvXn-p--sh-nepw (a-e-bm-f-n ko-\- Fp
Xs-bm-Wv) Fm ko-\--fp-sSbpw lrZbw kvXpXn-p-X-s-bm-Wv. ko-\- kwKo-tXm-]I-c-W--tfm-Sp-IqsS ]mSp-hm X coXn-bn-ep Km\--tfm, Imhy-tfm BWv. ko-\- F
]Zw Km\-p ""X{n-I (I-n-I) D-Xmb D]-I-c-Ws hen-pI'' Fw hcp F{_mb
]Z-n\n-p-m-b-Xm-Wv.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
hnhn[ hnj-b--tfm-Sp-IsS hnim-e-amb ko-\ taJe-bn kml-N-cy--fnepw Ah--I-fn-epw, Ignbp t{]-Iv Ah Pohn-p Ime-pw PohnX at\m-`m-h-pw D]-cn-bmb A\p-`-h-sf
Bkz-Zn-p-hm-\p Ah-kc
- a
- p-v. ko- Fgp-Xnb Ime-s
- f-p-dnp sbvk B-dpsS (Gleason
Archer) hmp-I {inmw:
72
""ko-\--fn Gw ]pcm-Xo-\-am-bXp tamsibm FgpX-s 90mw ko-\-am-bn-cnWw. CXp B.C. 1405 Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-p-sap Duln-m-hp--Xm-Wv. Zmho-Zns hI-bmb
ko-\- B. C 1020\pw 975\pw CSbvp Fgp-Xn-bn-cn--Ww. Bkm-^ns ko-\fpw CtX Ime-b-f-hn cNn--s-n-cn--Ww. ko. 127 item-tams `c-W-ns Bcw-`n AXm-bXv B.C. 950 Bbn-cn--Ww. Fm tImclp ]p{X-m-cp-sSbpw cp F{kmlm-\y-cpsS (GYm) Imehpw \n-Nn-p ITn-\-am-Wv. {]hm-k-n\p apm-bn-cn-mw -Fv
Duln-mw. Xe-s-p-I \evIn-bn-n-m ko-\- NneXp \nw-i-b-ambn ZmhoZns hI Bbn-cp-p. (D-Zm. ko. 2,33) ap-h AXm-bXv ko. 126,137 {]hm-k-ns Ahkm\ \mfp-I-fn-teXpw aS-n-h--Xn-t\m-S-\p-_-npw D-h-bm-Wv. IrXy-amb Xob-Xn-I e`ya-s-nepw GXmv B.C. 500\v ASp-m-bn-cn--Ww. 25
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
ko-\- \evIp Bcm-[\m hnj-b--fn-eqsS \apv e`n-p-Xv {]Xym-i-bp-sSbpw Bizm-k-nsbpw ZqXm-Wv. hmkvX-h-n ssZh-ns Bf-Xz-tmSpw {]hn-tbmSpw hyn-]-c-ambn \mw {]XnI-cn-p-tm CXp \psS Pohn-X-n `b-n\pw ]cm-Xnbvpw FXn-cm-bp adp-a-cp-m-bn-o-cp-I-bmWv. ko-\- C{k-tb P\-X-bpsS Bcm-[-\, hnizm-kw, BoI PohnXw Fn-h-bpsS {]Imi\w Bbn-cp-p. ko\w Hc-n ssZh-P-\--fpsS lrZ-b-I-m-Sn-bmWv GXn-\m ssZhns Bf-Xzw, hmKvZ--, kmn-yw, ]-Xn-I Fn-hsb Fgp-p-sImv Ahsb BtKm-f-am\h Pohn-X-nse A\p-`-h-amn {]hn-p-hm km[n-p.
\qn A]Xp ko-\--fn-embn hnhn[ hnj-b--fpw, ]cn-X-n-Xn-Ifpw D-X-amb lrZ-b-hn-Im-c-fp-amWv \app e`n-p--Xv. AtXk-abw ssZh-ns Ir]bpw \-Ifpw A\p-`-hn-p Hcp hnizm-kn-msX CXnse hnj-b-fpw Dt-i-fpw a\-n-em-p-hm {]bm-k-am-bn-cn-pw. ]e-tmgpw ko-\m-cs kzw B-cnI hnIm-c-, \ncp-m-lw, hnjmZw Fn-hbpw i{Xp--fpsSta ssZh-k-lmb-m e`n hnP-b-mbn ssZh-n\p An-p \n-{]-I-S-\-fpw CXn {]Xy--am-Wv. hnjmZ-am-bmepw ktm-j-am-bmepw ko-\-m-c ssZh-km-n-y-n Bbn-cpp FXp F{Xtbm
A`n-Im-ay-am-Wv. Nne ko-\--fn (D-Zm-l-c-W-ambn ko. 2) ssZh-ns hnNm-c-fpw shfn-m-SpI-fpw-am{Xw {]tXy-I-ambn FSp-p-Im-n-bn-p-ap-v. 26
ko-\- Fmw-Xs Xncp-sh-gp-p-I-fpsS cwK-\n-co-Ww \S-p-Ibpw, KpW e-W-, ainlm-bpsS hc-hns {]Xo Fn-hsb {]Ion-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-p-v.
ko-\--fp-sSbpw hn`-P\w:
Ap ]pkvX-I-sf (hn-`m-K--sf) Hmn H ]pkvX-I-am-n-b-XmWv ko-\-. Hmtcm ]pkvXI
hn`m-Khpw Ah-km-\n-p-Xv ssZh-n\p {]tXyI kvXpXn-I An-nsImmWv. Fm 150-mw
ko\w kw]q ]pkvX-I-ns Ayw Ipdn-p--Xm-I-bm kvXpXn-ns hnhn[ coXn-I-tfm-SpIq-sS-bm-Wv.
Fn-m-\n-bmkp (Epipanius) ]d-bp-Xp {it-b-amWv: ""F{_m-b-m ko-\-sf Ambn Xncn-Xn-\m \app asmcp ]-{K-w-IqSn e`n-n-cn-p-p.'' ko. 1:1 s\p-dn-p hni-Zo-I-c-W-n ""tamsi
C{k-tb ap \evInb \ymb-{]-am-W-ns Ap ]pkvX-I-sf Hmp-hm\pw AXp-ambn _s-p-hm-\p-ambn ZmhoZp \evInb asmcp ]-{K--amWv Ap ]pkvX-I--f-S-nb ko-\-.'' 27
ko-\-fpw tamssiI ]pkvX-I--fp-am-bp _-ns _mly-tcJ: 28
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
a\p-jys krjvSn-n-s\-p-dnv ko-\- (1-41)

C{k-tbepw hos-Sppw ko-\- (42-72)
Bcm-[-\bpw tZhm-ebhpw ko-\- (7389)
Cu `qan-bnse acp-`q-bm{X ko-\- (90-106)
kvXpXn-pw, ssZh-h-N-\hpw ko-\- (107-150)
73
Dev]n]pkvXIw
]pd-mSv]pkvXIw
tehym-]p-kvXIw
kwJym]pkvXIw
Bh-\-]p-kvXIw
hn`-P-\-ns asmcp coXn:

]pkvXIw
I
II
III
IV
V
ko-\-
141
42-72
73-89
90-106
107-150
Fgp-p-Im-c
ZmhoZv
ZmhoZpw tImclv ]p{X-mcpw
Bkm^v
Am-X-\maw
ZmhoZpw Am-Xcpw
km[m-cmW hnjbw
Bcm-[-\m-Ko-X-
At]m Km\-
At]m Km\-
kvXpXn-Io-\-
kvXpXn-Io-\-
ko-\--fpsS amXr-Ibpw C\ hnh-c-fpw:

s]mXp-hmbn AwKo-I-cn--s-n-cn-p amXr-I-Ifpw Xcw-Xn-cn-hp-I-fp-am-Wn-hnsS tNn-cn-p-Xv:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
hnem]w (Zpx-Jw) AY-hm, bmN-\-I, hyn-]-chpw (k-o. 3) kmaq-lyhpw (k-o. 44)

\n (Ir-X--Xm) {]I-S\w AYhm kvXpXn-v, hyn-]-chpw (k-o. 30) tZio-bhpw (k-o. 65)
ssZhm-{ibw (k-o. 4)
btlm-h-bpsS knwlm-k-\m-tcm-lWw KoX-, sbdp-i-te-an-s\-p-dn-p-h (k-o. 48)
cmP-Iob (a-in-ssl-Iw) ko-\- (2;110)
{]t_m-[-\-n-sbpw ]cn-m-\-n-sbpw ko-\- (1;37;119)
hnjb ko-\-, {]tXyI hnj-b-sf Dsm-n-p-h bYm-{I-aw:
krjvSn-ns ko-\- (8;19;) {]Ir-Xn-sb-p-dn-p-h (19;104) KqVm-c (kva-c-W-bp-sS)
KoX- (111;112;119) ]pd-m-Sn-sXv (78) A\p-Xm-]-n-tXv (6) Xom-S\ ko-\- (120)
aio-sslI ko-\- aio-lm-sb-p-dn-p {]h-N-\- Ds-Xv (2; 8; 16; 22; 40; 45; 72;
110; 118).
{][m\ IYm-]m-{X-:
Zmho-Zv, tImclv XpS-nb t]cp-I Xe-s-n-ep-s-nepw s]mXp-hmb hnj-b- ssZh-P-\-ns
Bcm-[-\, BoI hfbpw \Spw XpS-n-b-h-sb-p-dn-m-I-bm {]m[m\yw Ah-cmWv Aln-p--Xv.
ko-\--fn {InkvXp:
]e ko-\-fpw ain-lm-bpsS Bf-Xzw, {]hn Fn-hsb BWv shfn-s-Sp-p--Xv. Ah Xmsg
]d-bp hn[-n-emWv:
1
2
3
4
5
ainlm kmZr-iy-: Ch-bn ko-\-mtcm ap Nnetcm kZr-i--fmbn hcm-sa-nepw

(cf.34:20;69:4,9) IqSp-X-embn ap hnj-b--fm-bn-cn-pw. {InkvXpthm Atm-kvX-e-mtcm NneXp FSpp-]-d-n-p-m-bn-cn-pw. (DZm:109:8; Atm. 1:20)
{]h-N-\o-I-amb kqN-tIm-]-tZiw: ko-\-m-c kz\m-`p-h-sf hn-p-tmXs AXp
Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn {]h-N-\n-I-ambpw {InkvXp-hn \nd-th-td-nb kXy-ambn \nevp-p. (22)
]tcm--ambn ain-lm-sb-p-dnv: Zmho-Zns IpSpw-_-stbm GsX-nepw cmPm--m-sctbm
Ipdnp ]d-bp-tm Xs AXns ]qo-Ic
- Ww {InkvXp-hns Bf-Xz-n-t-em-bn-cnpw (2,45,72)
]q-ambpw {]h-N-\oIw: Zmho-Zns ]p{X-\mbn Ah-X-cn-p-hm t]mIp ain-lm-sb-p-dnp
t\cn-p {]kvXm-h-\-I (110)
knwlm-k-\m-tcm-lWw: ssZh-cm-Py-m-]-\-hpw, AXn ainlm cmPm-hmbn hmgp--Xp-amWv hnjb- (96-99).
74
{InkvXp-hn-s\-p-dn-p {]hN\ \nhr-n-I:

{]h-N-\-
1. P\\w
2. XmgvN
3. ssZhXzw
4. ip{iqj
5. \ncm-I-cWw
6. Hn-sm-Sp-pp
7. {Iqio-I-cWw
8. Dbns-gp-tev]v
9. kzm-tcm-lWw
10. cmP-hmgvN
ko\w
104:4
8:4
45:6
69:9
118:22
41:9
22
2;16
68:18
102:26
]pXn-b-\n-b-a-`m-K-
F{_m. 1:7
F{_m. 2:6
F{_m. 1:8
tbml. 2:17
am. 21:42
tbml. 13:18
am. 27:39,43,46; eqtm 23:35
Atm. 2:27
Ft^. 4:8
F{km. 1:11
_mly-tcJ:
1 ]pkvXIw Hv: Bcm-[\m KoX- (k-o. 141)
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1: `mKy-hm-\mb a\p-jy: Pohn-X-ns cp-h-gn-I: hN\w temIw

2: ain-lm-cm-Pmhv: ssZh-n\pw {InkvXp-hn\pw FXn-cmb KqV-k-Jyw.
3: Ipg--n-S-bnse imX: A]-I-S-n kpc-n-XXzw
4: Hcp kym-{]m\: ssZhm-{i-b-ns Ddv
5: Hcp {]`mX {]m\: ssZh-km-n-y-ns \nbw
6: AXoh ZpxJ-ns \Sp-hn-p Bm-hns {]m\
7: kt-X-n-\m-bp {]m\
8: krjvSn-Xm-hns al-Xzhpw a\p-jys Apw
9: ssZh-\o-Xn-bvm-bp IrX-Xm {]m\
10: ZpjvSs\ \n{K-ln-t--Xn-\m-bp {]m\
11: ssZhw kt-Xhpw ssiehpw
12: hymP-ap \mhn-s\-Xn-cmbn klm-b-`y-\-bpsS {]m\
13: IjvS-n klm-b-n-\m-bn-p {]m\
14: a\p-jys _pn-lo-\-X-bp-sSbpw ZpjvS-X-bp-sSbpw h\
15: ssZhoI a\p-jys h\
16: ssZhw `-m-cpsS ktXw
17: ssZh-\o-Xn-bm-ep hnSp-X-en-\p-th-n-bp {]m\
18: hnSp-X-ens\ Hmp kvXpXn-ns {]m\
19: ssZh-kr-jvSn-bp-sSbpw ssZh-h-N-\-n-sbpw shfn-mSv
20:i{Xp--fp-sS-ta Pb-n-\m-bp {]m\
21: btlmh cmPm-hns _ew
22:{Iqins Nn{Xw. ZpxJm-n-bnse kvtXm{X-kz-cw.
23:kzob CS-bs Nn{Xw ssZhoI \-I-fpsS ko\w
24:al-Xz-ns cmPm-hn-s\-p-dn-p ko\w
25:ipm-c ko\w: hnSp-X, ]m]--a, \S-n-v Fn-h-bvm-bp {]m-\.
26:\nc-]-cm-[n-Xz-ns hos-Sp-n-\p-am-bp At]-.
27:btlm-h-bn-ep B{i-b-m `b-c-ln-X-am-bn-cn-m-\p {]m-\.
28:klm-b-n-\p {]m-\bpw adp-]Sn e`n--Xn-\p kvXpXn-v.
29:ssZh-ns in-tb-dnb kzcw
75
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30:Bhiy ka-b--fn ssZhw Imnb hniz--X-bvp-th-n-bp kvtXm{X {]m-\.

31: ]cm-Xn-I-fp-sS-bpw, At]--bp-sS-bpw, kvtXm{X-n-sbpw {]m-\.
32:ssZh-ns B{ibnsbpw ]m]-tam-N-\-n-sbpw A\p-{K-l-
33:krjvSn-Xmhpw hntam-N-I\pw F \nebvp ssZh-n-\p ]pI-gvN-I
34:ZmXmhpw hntamNI\pw F \ne-bn btlm-h-bvp kvtXm{X-.
35: i{Xp--fn\np tamN-\-n\pw \oXn-pw-th-n-bp {]m-\.
36:ssZh-ns kvt\l-n\pw Icp-Wbvpw FXn-cmb a\p-jys ZpjvSX
37: btlm-h-bn hn{i-an-t--Xn-\m-bp At]-.
38: ]m]-ns Aan-X-`m-cs Adnv \nc-n-\m-bp {]m-\.
39:a\p-jys Zu-ey-sf AwKo-I-cn-p-sIm-p {]m\
40:c-bpsS {]Xo--bn e`n-p ktm-j-n\n-p kvtXm{X-.
41: {]Xn-Iqe \Sp-hn Inp A\p-{K-l-mbn ssZh-n\p Ign-p kvtXm{X-.
2. ]pkvXIw II At]m cq]-n-ep kvtXm{X-Km-\- (42-72)

ko. 42,43: ssZh-ns c-bvmbn t\mn {]Xym-in-p-p.
ko. 44:tZiob hnem-]hpw hos-Sp-n-\m-bp {]m-\bpw
ko. 45:Zmho-Zns k-Xn-bn-sem-cp-hs hnhm-l-KoXw
ko. 46:ssZhw \psS kt-Xhpw _ehpw
ko. 47:btlmh Pbm-fn-bmb cmPm-hv.
ko. 48:kotbm ]-X-n-\pw, at\m-lc ]-W-n\pw thn-bp kvXpXn-v.
ko. 49:ssZhnI ]cn-m\w IqSm-sX-bp [\-k-m-Z-\-ns iq\y-X.
ko. 50: kvtXm{X-bmKw
ko. 51: Gp]d-nepw ]m]-s]m-dp-Xnbpw
ko. 52:ZpjvS-X-bn {]iw-kn-p--hp Ayw
ko. 53:ssZh-\n-tj-[n-bpsS Nn{Xw
ko. 54:btlmh \psS klm-bw.
ko. 55:btlmh \oXn-am-msc ]cn-]m-en-p-p.
ko. 56:\psS `b--fpsS ay-n-ep ssZhm-{i-bw.
ko. 57:Hp-an-m-bva-bpsS \Sp-hn btlm-h-bpsS alXzw
ko. 58:\oXn-am\p {]Xn-êw Dv
ko. 59:i{Xp--fn\nv hnSp-X-en-\m-bp {]m-\.
ko. 60:cmjv{S-ns hnSp-X-en-\m-bp {]m-\.
ko. 61: XI lrZ-b-n\n-p {]m-\.
ko. 62:btlm-h-bvmbn Imn-cn-p-I.
ko. 63:ssZh-kvt\-l-n-\m-bp Zmlw.
ko. 64:kwc--W-n-\m-bp {]m-\.
ko. 65:`qanbvpw a\p-jy\pw ssZhw \evIp kar-n.
ko. 66: ssZhw sNbvX {]hn-I-sf-p-dn-p Hm.
ko. 67:Fm-hcpw ssZhs kvXpXn-t--Xn-\m-bp Blzm-\w.
ko. 68:btlmh ]oUn-X\p ]nXm-hv.
ko. 69:btlm-h-bpsS Zb-bvsm--h--ap hnSp-X-en-\mbn {]m-\.
ko. 70:Zcn-{Z-\pw, Bh-iy-mpw-th-n-bp {]m-\.
ko. 71: hr-mm-bp {]m\
ko. 72: ain-lm-bpsS `c-W-ns alXzw
3. ]pkvXIw III At]-m-cq-]-n-ep kvtXm{X-Km-\- (7389)

ko. 73:\nXy-amb Hcp ImgvN-m-Sn-\m-bp {]m-\.
ko. 74: tZiob {]Xn-k-n-I-fn klm-b-n-\p A`y-\.
76
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75:\oXn btlm-h-bp-tS-Xm-Ip-p.
76:bmtm-_n ssZh-ns hnP-b-n in.
77:{]bm-k--fpsS Znh-k--fn ssZh-ns hen-asb Hmp-p.
78:C{k-tb-ens Ncn-{X-n\n-p ]mT-.
79:kz-ta-n-ense BSp-Isf Hm-W-sav ssZh-tmSp Ign-p At].
80:ssZh-ns Icp-W-bvm-bp C{k-tb-ens At]-.
81: ssZhs {in-p-hm C{k-tb-en-t\m-Sp A`y-\.
82:A\o-Xn-bp \ymbm-[n-]-msc imkn-p-p.
83:bn{k-tb-ens i{Xp-sf inn-p-hmth-n-bp {]m-\.
84:ssZh-km-n-y-n-\p-th-n-bp Bg-ta-dnb BImw-.
85: DWn-\m-bp {]m\.
86: cmjv{S-n-t Zb-hn-\mbn {]mn-p-p.
87:kotbm-\n Pohn-p--Xns ktm-jw.
88:ss\cm-iy-ns Cc-hn\n-smcp {]m-\.
89:IjvS-X-bn ssZh-ns Bf-Xzhpw hmKvZ--fpw Ah-Im-i-s-Sp-p.
4. ]pkvXIw
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kvXpXn Io-\- (k-o. 90-106)
90:R-fpsS Znh-k-tfm (\m-fp-I-sf) Fp-hm ]Tn-n-t-W-ta. (D-]-tZ-in--W-ta)

91: AXyp--Xs Nnd-In (a-d-hn) Iogn.
92:ssZh-ns kvXpXn-I-fn
93:btlmh aln-a-tbmsS hmgp-p.
94:`qan-bpsS \ymbm-[n-]Xn btlmhbmIp-p; {]Xn-Imcw Ah-\p--Xv.
95:\s krjvSn--hs apn app-Ip-mw. Bcm-[-\-bvm-bp hnfn.
96:temIs \oXn-bn \ymbw hn[n-p Im-hns\ \ap-m-cm-[n-mw.
97:btlmh hmgp-p. ktm-jn-p--kn-n.
98:btlm-hbvp Hcp ]pXnb ]mp-]m-Sp-hn.
99:hmgp btlm-hsb Dbp-hn.
100: ktm-j-tmsS btlm-hsb tkhn-n, Ah Imhpw \-h\pw BIp-p.
101: hnip Pohn-X-n-\m-bp ka-Ww.
102: XmgvN -`-hn--h-\mb `s {]m-\.
103: btlm-hsb hmgvp-hn Ahs Zb DXnp-t]m-I-bn-.
104: kI-e-kr-jvSn-Ipw thn-bp ssZhnI Icp-X.
105: c-bpsS Ncn-{X-n Im-hns hniz {]hn.
106: btlm-h-bpsS kvt\l-s-p-dn-p Hmbpw C{km-tb-ens A\p-k-c-W-t-Spw.
5. ]pkvXIw
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IV
107:
108:
109:
110:
111:
112:
113:
114:
115:
116:
117:
118:
kvXpXn-n Io-\- (k-o. 107-150)
]e-hn[ IjvS--fn\nv ssZhw hnSp-hn--Xn-\m-bp kvtXm{Xm-Ww.

Pb-n-\m-bnp kvXpXn kvtXm{X-.
i{Xp-s-Xnsc {]Xn-Imc \ymb-hn-[n-I \S-p-hm-\p {]m-\.
ain-lmsb hoc-\mb ]ptcm-ln-X-\mbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-n-cn-p-p.
ssZh-ns hniz-kvX-Xsb tLmjn-p-p.
hnizm-k-ns Pb-t`-cn.
XmgvN-bn-tev Cd-n-h--h-\mb Im-hns alXz ]pI-gvN.
]pd-m-Sns kvtXm{X-.
hn{K-l--fpsS Hp-an-m-bvIbpw ssZh-ns hen-a-bpw.
hos-Sp-n-\mbn Im-hn-\p kvXpXn.
Fm a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw ]pI-gvN.
ssZh-ns cn-p Ir]-bvmbn kvtXm{Xw.
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119:
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150:
Xncp-sh-gp-p-Im-bp kvtXm{X-.
\oN-m-cpsS ssIbn\n-p hnSp-X-en-\m-bp kvtXm{X-.
btlmh Fs ]cn-]m-en-I.
sbcq-i-te-ans kam-[m-\-n-\m-bp hmKvZm-\w.
Icp-W-bvm-bp At]-.
kz-`q-an-I-fnse krjvSn-Xm-hmWv \psS ]cn-]m-e-I.
C{k-tb-en-t kam-[m-\w.
Dm-c-W-n-\mbn kvtXm{Xw.
btlm-h-bpsS Zm\-amb am-bp kvtXm{Xw.
IpSpw_w btlm-h-bm A\p-{K-ln--s-Sp-p.
]oUn-Xm-bp {]m-\.
ssZh-ns hos-Sp-n-\mbn Imn-cn-p-p.
inip-k-l-P-amb ssZhm-{i-bw.
kotbm-\nt btlm-h-bpsS A\p-{K-l-n-\m-bp {]m-\.
ktlm-Z-c-m-cpsS sFIy-ns A\p-{K-lw.
cm{Xn-bn btlm-h-bvp kvXpXn-I.
ssZh-ns ApX {]hn-Im-bp kvtXm{X-.
btlm-h-bpsS \ne-\np Zb-bvm-bp kvtXm{X-.
{]hm-k-n-t-ep Ip-\o.
XmgvN-bp--hsc hnSp-hn-p-Ibpw D-c-a-cp-fp-Ibpw sNp btlm-h.
btlmh Fs Adn-bp-p.
hnSp-X-en-\m-bp {]m\; \o Fs ssZhw.
Fs {]m\ kpK--[q]w t]mse-bm-I-s.
F\n-mbn Icp-Xp-hm Bcp-an-. Fnepw btlmh Fs Hml-cn.
t\sc-bp ]mX-bn Fs \S-t-Wta. amZi-\-n-\m-bp {]m-\.
btlmh Fs {]mW\pw bp-ho-c-\pw.
ssZh-ns Ap-X-{]-hn-Ipw hen-a-bvpam-bp kvXpXn-p-I.
A\-h-[n-bmb klm-b-mbn ssZh-n\p kvtXm{Xw.
XI lrZ-b-sf kuJy-am-p btlm-hbvp kvtXm{Xw.
m\-tmsS kI-ehpw krjvSn--Xn\v ssZh-n-\p kvtXm{X-.
Xs P\-n {]km-Zn-p btlm-hbvp kvtXm{Xw.
btlm-hbvp kvtXm{Xw.
kZr-i-hm-Iy-
({]-t_m-[-\--fm-ep ]cn-m-\w)
1 cmPm. 4:32 item-tam 3,000 kZr-i-hm-Iy-fpw 1,005 KoX-fpw Na--Xmbn ]d-n-cn-p-p. Cu
]pkvX-I-ns `qcn-`mKw item-tam-t-Xm-sW-nepw Ah-km-\-`m-Kp hcp-tm item-tam am{X-a
CXns Fgp-p-Im-c Fp a\-n-em-p-p. ]pkvX-I-ns aqp-`mKw am{Xta item-tam-tXv Bbnp-p. Ah bYm-{Iaw 1:19:18;10:122:16;25:1--29:27 Fn-h-bm-Wv. AXnXs 25:129:27 hsc `mKw itemtams tiJ-c--fn\nv sbl-kvInbm cmPmhpw In-n-m-cpw-IqsS Xnc-s-Spp sNbvXn-p--Xm-Wv.
(25:1) AXp-t]mse 22:17 ""m\n-I-fpsS hmp-I'' Fpw 24:23 hopw ""Chbpw m\n-I-fpsS
hN-\-'' Fpw, kZr.22:17-21-hsc `mKp item-tams\ IqSmsX m\n-I-fpsS Hcp \nc-Xs Dmbn-cpp Fpw ImWmw. kZr. 30 {]tXy-Im Hcp bmt-bpsS aI-\mb A{Kq-cns hN\fm-Ip-p.
kZr. 31:19 hsc-bp-Xp eap-th cmPm-hn-\m-bp--Xm-Wv.
78
]pkvX-I-n\p Cu t]cp e`n-Xv AXnse D-S--n\n-m-Wv. henb kXy- Dsm-n-p-sImp sNdnb hmN-I- BWn-h. kZr-i-hm-Iy- F-Xns F{_mb t]cns Aw ""kamcw'', ""A\p-cq]w'' AYhm ""Xmc-Xayw'' Fsm-s-bm-Wv. shfn-s-tS kmoI \nb-a-n\p kam\-amb eLp-hm-N-I--fm kXys Nqn-m-p-p. Fm hn]-coX Xmc-X-ay-sf ImWn-p-p.
kmn-Ihpw Bo-I-hp-amb D]-tZ-i- \evIn m\-tmsS Pohn-p-hm a\p-jysc klm-bnp {]{In-b-bn\n-mWv ]pkvX-I-n\v Cu t]cp h-Xv.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
950-700 B.C.
m\-ns ]pkvX-I-sa \ne-bn kZr-i-hm-Iy- Hcp Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-I-am-bn- C{k-tb-ense ]nX-m AwKo-I-cn-n-cn-p--Xv. item-tams kZr-i-hm-Iy- At-l-ns ac-W-n\p appw (B.C.
931) ap-h sbl-kvIn-tb-ens imkv{Xn-am ]noSv (B.C. 700) Iqn-t-Xp-am-Ip-p.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
]pkvX-I-ns hnj-bhpw t]cpw (k-Zr-ihm-Iy-) (Proverb) AXns Ahpw t\mp-tm Pohn-ncn-p--hp mt\m-]-tZiw \evIpI F-XmWv ]pkvX-I-ns Dt-i-sap a\-n-em-p--Xm-Wv.
Pohn-X-ns GXp Ah--I-fn-tepw Bh-iy-amb D]-tZ-i- CXn Dsm-n-n-cn-pp: ]m]w,
\, [\w, Zmcn-{Zyw, \mhv, Ae-m-cw, Xmgva, \oXn, IpSpw_w (am-Xm-]n-Xm-, a, in-Ww) {]Xn-Imcw, apdn-hv, Ie-lw, Aan-Xm-lm-cn, kvt\lw, Ae-k-X, kvt\ln-X-m, Poh, ac-Ww, Cs\ \op-t]mIp Cu ]nI t\mn-bm C{X hyhpw A\p-`-h-tm-sSbpw A\p-Zn\ Pohn-X-n-tep shfnw
hoip asmcp ]pkvX-I-hp-an-s--XmWv kXyw.
]pkvX-I-ns ASn-m\ hnj-b-ambn ImWp--Xv kZr. 1:7a ""btlm-hm-`n m\-ns Bcw-`-amIpp'' F-Xm-Wv. btlmhm`mnbnm PohnXw t`mj-Xz-n-tep \bn-p-tm btlm-hm-`-nbm-Is ssZh-ns Znhy-kz-`m-h-tmSpw in-tbmSpw kwtPm-bn-p-hm-\mbn t{]cn-n-p-p. BI-bm
kZr-ihm-Iy- Nqn-m-p-Xp bYm m\w Hcp-hs\ F{]-Im-c-amWv btlm-hm-`-n-bn-tep
\S-p-s-X-m-Wv. (2:15)
{][m\ hyn-I:
kZr-ihm-Iy- Fm-hp-thn Fgp-X-s--Xm-I-bm {]tXy-Im Hcp hyn-bp-sSbpw t]cp-I \evIs-n-n-.
kZr-i-hm-Iy--fn {InkvXp:
kZr:8 m\-n\p BfXzw \evIn-bn-cn-p-p. AXns ]q-X-bn ZnhyXzpw (8:22-31) DZvKaw
Pohimkv{X-]-chpw Bo-b-hp-am-Wv. (3:18;8:35,36) AXp \oXnbpw, kZm-Nm-c-\n-b-a-hp-am-Wv. (8:8,9) AXns\
B{K-ln-p-h
- smw AXp {]m]y-am-Ip-p (8:16, 32-35). m\-ns Bf-Xz-amWv PU-sa-Spv {InkvXphn Zin-p--Xv. ""Ah-\n'', m\-n-s-bpw, ]cn-m-\-n-sbpw \nt-]- Hsbpw Kp]vXam-bnp Ccn-p-p'' (sIm-tem. 2:3) Fpw ""\ntfm Ah-\m {InkvXp-tb-ip-hn Ccn-p-p. Ah
\app ssZh-n- \np m\-hpw, \oXn-bpw, ipo-I-c-Whpw, hos-Sp-p-am-bn-Xop'' (1 sImcn.
1:30, eq. 1 sImcn. 1:22-24) Fpw hmbn-bvp-p. 29
_mly-tcJ:
1. apJ-hpc: kZr-i-hm-Iy--fpsS Dt-iw. (1:17)
2. m\-ns {]t_m-[\w: bphm-p kZp-]-tZ-iw. (1:89:18)
A
B
C
amXm-]n-Xm-sf A\p-k-cn-p-I. (1:8,9)

Zpjn Iqp-sI-p-I Ah-km-\n-n-pI (1:10-19)
m\-ns hnfnbpw D]-tZ-ihpw AwKo-I-cn-p-I. (1:20-33)
79
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
hy`n-Nm-cn-Wn-Isf Hgn-hm-pI (2:122)

ssZh-n B{i-bn-p-Ibpw Ahs\ aln-a-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvI. (3:112)
m\-ns A\p-{Klw (3:13-20)
ap--h-tcmSp Zbbpw klm-\p-`q-Xnbpw ImpI (3:21-35)
hnthIw {]m]n-p-I. (4:19)
No-Iq-p-sI-ns\ Hgn-hm-p-I. (4:10-19)
Fm-n\pw D]-cn-bmbn lrZ-bs kqn-p-I. (4:20-27)
hy`n-Nmcw sN-cpXv (5:114)
`mcy-tbmSp hniz-kvXX ]pepI (5:15-23)
Pmayw \nevIm-Xn-cn-pI (6:1-5)
Ae-kX Hgn-hm-pI (6:619)
]c-kv{Xo-_w Hgn-hm-p-I. (6:20-35)
]c-kv{Xosb (hy-`n-Nm-cn-sb) Hgn-hm-pI (7:127)
m\hpw t`mj-Xzhpw Xn-ep Acw (8:19:18)
3. item-tams kZr-i-hm-Iy- (10:124:34)

A
B
C
D
`\pw ZpjvS\pw Xn-ep Xmc-X-ays ImWn-p kZr-ihm-Iy-. (10:1-15:33)

`m-cpsS Pohn-X-n\v Dmlw ]I-cp kZr-ihm-Iy- (16:122:6)
]e-hn[ ]cn-N-b-sf hnh-cn-p kZr-ihm-Iy- (22:17-23:35)
hnhn[ P\--sf-p-dn-p kZr-ihm-Iy- (24:134)
4. item-tams hI kZr-ih
- m-Iy- sbl-kvIn-bm-hns Bfp-If
- m tiJcn sh
(25:1-29:27)
A
B
ap--h-cp-am-bp kw_-s Ipdn-p kZr-i-hm-Iy-. (25:1-26:28)

{]hn-I-sf-p-dn-p kZr-i-hm-Iy-. (27:129:27)
5. Aiq-dns hN-\- (30:133)

A
B
hyn-]-c-amb hN-\- (30:114)

kwJym-]-c-amb kZr-ihm-Iy- (30:1533)
6. seap-th-ens hN-\- (31:19)

7. kmay-ap `mcy (31:1031).
k`m-{]-kwKn
(bm-Ymy--fnse kXyw)
item-tam FgpXn F-Xn\p sXfn-hmbn cp hgn-I-fp-v. _mly-sX-fn-hp-Imbn blq-Z-m-cpsS ]mc-cy-sf B{i-bn-p-p. B-cn-Iambn ]nsbpw ]e am--fp-v. Hm-a-tXv ""bcq-i-te-anse
cmPm-hmb Zmho-Zns aI-\mb'' (1:1)F Xs. XpSv Fgp-p-Im-cs t{ijvT-amb m\-s-pdnpw (1:16) Aan-X-amb [\-s-p-dnpw (2:7) kpJ-ku-I-cym-Zn-I-sf-p-dnpw (2:3) hnti-j-s sIn-S-fpsS \nn-Xn-sb-p-dnpw (2:46) ]d-n-cn-p Imcy- IW-n-se-Sp-p-tm item-tam-\mWv Fgpp-Im-c-s\v hy-am-Wv. apI-fn ]d-n-cn-p KpW--sfmw kwtbm-Pn-p asmcp aI ZmhoZn\v Cm-bn-cp-p.
sk]vp-h-Pn v `mjm--c-n sImSp-n-cn-p Xe-s-n\n-mWv k`m-{]-kwKn F-t]cv ]pkvX-In\v e`n--Xv. {Kop-t]-cns Aw ""k`'' (Iq-w) Fm-sW-n F{_m-b-t]-cn\v ""k`-bn-tev hnfnp
Iqp-Ibpw kwkm-cn-p-Ibpw ({]-kw-K-I) sNp hyn'' Fm-Ww.
80
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
931 B.C.
sblqZm ]mc--cy-a-\p-k-cn-v, item-tam D-a-Ko-Xw F-gp-Xn-bXv Xs BZy Ime-L---fn-em-sWv ]dbp-p. Hcp sNdp--m-cs kvt\ls {]Xn-_nw-_n-p-sIm-v. kZr-iy-hm-Iy- Xs {]mb-]qn-bmb-Xn-\p-tijw Fgp-Xn, ay-h-b-kvI-\mb a\p-jys m\s FSp-p-Im-p-I-bm-Wv. k`m-{]-kwKn FgpXn-bXv Xs Ah-km-\-Im-e--fn, {]mb-]qn-bmb Hcp a\p-jys Zp:Jw {]Zin-n-p-sImv (cf. 12:1).
Hcp-]t k`m-{]-kwKn item-tams I-cmPm. 11se hnj-b-ns A\p-Xm-]-am-Imw. k`m-{]-kwKn Fgp-XnbXv item-tams ac-W-n\v sXmp-ap]v Bbn-cnpw Fv hniz-kn-mw, XpSp \S 931 BCbnse
cmPy--fpsS hn`-P-\-hpw.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
ssZh-n \nv Bh-iy-s-m Dm-Ip iq\y-X-bmWv ]pkvX-I-nse {][m\ hnj-bw. Cu {][m\
hnj-b-ns hni-Zo-I-c-W-n\v \mep {]tXyI Dt-i--fp-v. 30
Hv: ssZh-s-Iq-Sm-sX-bp PohnXw A-iq-\y-am-Ipp Fp hni-Zo-I-cn-p-hm-\mbn imtem-tam
am\p-joI ASn-m-\-n-t-ep m\-sbpw, t\--sfbpw ssIsh-Sn-bp-ImWv; Fp-sIm-s-m
a\p-jys kw]q-amb eyw AYhm ""a\p-jy\p icn-bmbn tXmp hgn'' Akw-Xr-]vXn-bn-tepw
Hp-an-m-bva-bn-te-p-amWv \bn-p--Xv. kz A\p-`-h--fpsS iq\y-Xsb FSp-p-Imn item-tam hmb\-m-scbpw ssZh hnj-b-ambn \ncm-i-cm-p-I-bm-Wv. ktm-j-n-\m-bp At\z-jWw am\p-joI am-fnqsS Pohn-X-n Hcn-epw ]qo-I-cn-p-hm kmy-a-sp Ah sh-fn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-pp.
cv: Pohn-X-n Hcp-]mSp Imcy- ]q-ambn a\-n-em-m km[n-m--h-bmsWp item-tam
kan-pp. AXm-bXp \mw ImgvN-bm-e hnizm-k-m-emtWm Pohn-t-Xv Fp kmcw. hni-Zo-IcWw \evImI-gn-bm kw`-h--fm- \nd--XmWv Pohn-Xw. a\p-jyp Akw-`-hyhpw A\n-b-{o-Xhp-am-b-h-bmWv . hnizm-k-m k-i-s m\-nepw {]hn-bnepw \app hn{i-an-mI-gnbpw. Ctm-_ns ]pkvX-I-s-t]m-se-Xs k`m-{]-kw-Knbpw a\p-jys ]cn-an-[n-Isf shfn-s-Sp-pIbpw Ap-X-I-c-ambn Pohn-m D]-tZ-in-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Cu `qan-bnse PohnXw AYhm ""kqcy\p
Iosg-bp PohnXw'' Hcn-epw Pohn-X-ns {][m\ LS-I-am-I-bn-s-pw, AXp ]qn-bm-tI-W-san ùanI a-e-n\np a\p-jys t\mw Db-c--fn-tev ssZh-n--te-p-Xs Bbn-cn--Wsa-pw, ssZh-n B{i-bn-p-Ibpw ssZhs `b-s-Sp-Ibpw thW-sav item-tam shfn-s-Sp-pp.
aqv: kZr-iy-hm-Iy--fn ]d-bp bmYmy-sf FXnpw-hn-[-amWv k`m {]kw-Kn-I hmbn-pp. DZm: kZr. 10:16 \oXn-am-sbpw, ZpjvS-sbpw Ah--Isf thXn-cnp ImWn-p-tm k`m{]kwKn-bn (8:14) cn\pw Htc-K-Xn-bm-Wv. Fm ChnsS \ntj-[m--I-ambn ssZh hN-\s Ip IqSm.
kZr-iy-hm-Iy-n ssZh-ns {]am-W-sf FSp-p-]-d-bp-tm a\p-jy ]m]-m \jvS-s Hcp
temI-n Pohn-p--Xn-\m ssZhoI hyh--Isf {]am-Wn-p--Xn\v Ign-hn-m--h-\m-sW-p-IqSn
ImWn-p-p. ]t k`m {]kw-Kn-bn \oXn-am-m-cpsS Ah kZr-iy-hm-Iy--fn-se-t]mse nc-amsb-nepw kqcy\p Iogn-ep a\p-jy AXns\ Xncn--dn-bm Ign-bm--Xn-\m-emWv Fmw Hp-t]mse
Fp ]d-n-cn-p--Xv.
\mev: kz Iui-e--fn-tep Xncn a\p-jy \ncm-i-bn-epw, \nKq-V-X-bnepw iq\ym-h--bn-ep-amIpp. Fnepw Cu ]pkvXIw Pohn-X-n\p Aw \evIm-Xn-cn-p-Itbm PohnXw kw]q-ambn D]tbmK-iq-\y-am-Ip-pthm Fp ]d-n-n; ]nstbm ssZh-`-b-n A-]qhpw ssZhoI Iqmbva-bn-t-ep kwXr-]vXn-bn \ncm-i-bp-sS-ta hnPbw {]m]y-am-Ipp Fp-IqSn {]kvXm-hn-n-cn-p-p.
{][m-\-hy-n-I:
imtem-tam cmPm-hmWv {][m\ IYm-]m-{Xw.
81
k`m-{]-kw-Kn-bpsS ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-ns Ahpw ssZh-n--te-p GI-h-gn-bpw, kwXr-]vXnbpw kar-n-bmb Poh\pw
(tbm-l. 10:10;7:37,38) tbip-{In-kvXp-hm-I-bm Pohn-X-iq-\yX amdn-n-p-hm Ghpw {InkvXp-hp-am-bp
hyn-]-c-amb _w A\n-hm-cy-sav shfn-s-Spp.
_mly-tcJ:
1 apJ-hpc: {]iv\w tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p. (1:13)
2. {]iv\-ns s]mXp-{]-I-S\w (1:42:26)
A
B
C
D
E
hy-Po-hnX N{Iw. (1:411)

a\pjy m\-ns \njv^-eX (1:12-18)
[\, kpJ--fpsS Hp-an-mbva (2:111)
ùXoI hmZ-ns A-iq-\yX (2:12-23)
D]-kw-lm-cw: ssZhoI Zm\-sf kzoI-cnv kwXr-]vX-cm-Ip-I. (2:2426)
3. Pohn-X-n\p ssZhw \evIp am-an-m ]Xn (3:122)

A
B
C
D
Pohn-X-kw-`-h-sf apIqn \nb-an-n-cn-pp (3:111)

Pohn-Xm-h--Isf ap\n-b-an-n-cn-p-p. (3:12, 13)
ssZhw Fm-h-scbpw \ymbw hn[n-pp (3:14-21)
D]-kw-lmcw (3:22)
4. PohnX kml-N-cy--fpsS hrm-h- (4:15:20)

A
B
C
E
Xn-bpsS kw (4:13)
ITn-\-{]-b-Xv\-ns ê-iq-\yX (4:412)
cmjv{Sob t\--fpsS \nc-IX (5:1-7)
D]-kw-lmcw (5:1820)
5. kw]q Pohn-X-ns ambm-h (6:112)

A
B
C
[\w kwXr]vXn \evIp-n-. (6:1,2)

a kwXr]vXn \evIp-n-. (6:36)
Azm\w kwXr]vXn \evIp-n (6:712)
6. ambbmb Pohn-X-tm-Sp-IqsS hkn-m-\p Btem-N\ (7:112:8)

A
B
C
D
a\p-jys ZpjvS-Xsb Ip-sIm-p D]-tZiw (7:129)

ssZhoI Zm\--fpsS ho-W-n-ep D]-tZiw (8:19:18)
\n-b-an-m Pohn-X-ns ImgvN-m-Sn-ep D]-tZiw (10:120)
a\p-jym-bp-ns h-\-hn-ep D]-tZiw (11:112:8)
7. D]-kw-lmcw (12:914).
D-a-KoXw
(sF-Iy-X-bnq-sS-bp ktm-jw)
item-tam CXns Fgp-p-Im-c. Ggp-{]m-hiyw item-tams t]cv hn-p-v. (1:1, 5; 3:7, 9,11; 8:11,12)
Ahs\ Im-\m-bnv ({]n-b) Nn{Xo-I-cn--cn-p-p. Hmw hmIy-n item-tam Fgp-Xnb \nc-h[n
]mp-I-fn t{ijvT-amb Hm-bnv CXns\ ]d-n-cn-p-p. 1 cmPm. 4:32 item-tam 1005 ]mp-I cNn82
-Xmbn ]d-n-cn-p-p. Xe-s-n i-em-tams KoX-sa- adnv ""KoX--fpsS KoXw'' AYhm itemtams AXyp--a-amb KoX-sa-m-Wv.
]pkvX-I-ns t]cn-s\-p-dnv tUm: Nmkv dbdn (Dr. Charles Ryrie) C{]-Imcw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-p-p:
""Cu ]pkvX-I-n\p hnhn[ Xe-s-p-I Dv. F{_mb `mj-bn hm. 1 KoX--fpsS KoXw
F-Xn\v AXyp--a-amb ]mv Fm-Ww. Cwo-jv `mjm--c-n hm. 1. imtem-tams
]mp-I FmWv AXm-bXv ]mv Fgp-Xnb Bfn-s\-qSn shfn-s-Sp-p-p. Iymn-nkv
(Canticles) FXv eo `mj-bn \np-mb hmm-Wv. CXn\v km[m-cW ""]mp-I''
FmWw.'' 31
Fgp-Xn-b-Imew:
GI-tZiw 965 B.C.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
t{]aw, hnhmlw Fn-h-sb-p-dnp ssZh-n-\p hoWw Fsp shfn-s-Sp-p item-tams
Hcp t{]a-Ko-X-am-Wn-Xv. kv{Xo]p-cpj kw_--ns CutemI-]-c-amb kvt\l-ns at\m-lm-cnX ChnsS
Zriy-am-Wv. hnhn[ cwK--tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp \mS-I-am-bn-mWv ]pkvXIw {Iao-I-cn-n-c-p--Xv. AXp Huvsse\n ImWmw.
GXmv 965 B.C.-bpsS Bcw-`-n cNn--s--h-bm-Wn-h. item-tam\v 60 cmn-Ifpw 80 shm-n-I-fp-apm-bn-cp-p. (6:8) Fm Ahs Pohn-X-ns Ah-km\ \mfp-I-fn 700 -`m-cy-amcpw (cm-n-I) aqhmbncw shm-n-I-fp-ap-m-bn-cpp Fp ImWp-p. (1 cmPm. 11:3)
{][m\ IYm-]m-{X-:
iptew-Im-cn (Im-), item-tam (cm-Pm-hv), bdp-itew ]p{Xn-am (Chorus)
D-a-Ko-X-n {InkvXp:
{InkvXp-hn\v hnizm-kn-tbm-Sp kvt\l-s-bmWv Cu ]pkvXIw shfn-s-Sp-p--Xv.
_mly-tcJ:
1. iojIw (X-e-s-v) (1:1)
2. t{]a-n-em-Ipp (1:23:5)
A
B
C
D
t{]a-n-\m-bp Im-bpsS hm (1:18)

]c-kv]-c- kvt\-l-ns {]I-S\w (1:92:7)
Im-bpsS `h\w kin-p cmPmhv (2:817)
th]m-Sn-s\-p-dn-p Im-bpsS BZy kz]v\w (3:15)
3. kvt\l-m-ep Hnv (3:65:1)

A
B
C
hnhml {]Zn-nWw (3:611)

Im-bpsS ku-cy-s-p-dn-p {]iwk (4:1-15)
hnhm-l-ns ]qo-I-cWw (4:16-5:1)
4. t{]a-nse t]mcm-- (5:27:10)

A
B
C
th]m-Sn-s\-p-dnp Im-bpsS cm-as kz]v\w (5:27)

Ims ({]n-b-s) Ag-In-s\bpw Ipe-\o-X-sbbpw Ipdn-p {]iwk (5:86:3)
Im-bpsS ({]n-b) ku-cy-s-p-dn-p {]iw-k. (6:47:10)
5. kvt\l-nse hf (]-Iz-X) (7:11-8:14)

A
B
Imbvv Ah-fpsS hoSv k-inp-hm-\p tamlw (7:11-8:4)

bm{Xbpw `h-\-n Fn-t-cp-Xpw (8:514).
83
84
`mKw 4
henb {]hm-NI
-
- m
C{k-tb-ense kIe {]hm-N-I-m-scbpw Ipdnv:
BapJw:
\psS kt-bn ""\ymb-{]-amW ]pkvX-I-'', ""Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-I-'' Fn-s\ cmbn thXn-cnn-cn-p-p. Ap ]pkvX-I- AS-p henb {]hm-N-I-m-cn sbi-m-hv, bnc-aym-hv, hnem-]-,
sbl-kvIn-tb, Zm\n-tb Fn-hb
- m-Wv. 12 ]pkvXI
-
- Ds-Sp-p. sNdnb {]hm-NI
-
- m-cn tlmsibm,
tbmth, Btam-kv, Ht_-Zym-hv, tbm\, aoJm, \lqw, l_-q-Iv, sk^-\ym-hv, lm-bn, skJ-cym-hv, amemJn
Fn-h-bp-am-Wv.
Cu {]hm-N-I-m Ah-cpsS hmp-Isf tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-I-bm ""Fgp-p-Im-cmb {]hm-N-I-m''
Fpw hnfn-m-dp-v, kz {]h-N-\-sf tcJ-s-Sp-m-Xn-cp ap {]hm-N-I-m-cmWv \mYm, Aln-bm,
Ctm, tblp,-G-en-bm, Geo-im, HmtZ-Zv, sia-bn-bm, Ak-cym, l\m-\n, bl-kn-tb, lqZm BZn-bm-b-h.
Fgp-p-Im:
{]h-N\ ]pkvX-I--fpsS Fgp-p-Imsc Ah-cpsS hnfn-bpw, ip{iq-j-bpw, A\p-k-cnp hnhn[ t]cp-I-fn
BWv Adn-b-s-n-cp-Xv: {]hm-N-I-m, Zi-I-m, Imhm-c, ssZh-a-\p-jy, ZqX-m (k-t-i-Im) btlm-h-bpsS Zmk-m BZn-bm-b-h.
""{]hm-NI
- '' F t]cns Bibw B[n-Im-cn-bmb hmhv Fm-Wv. BI-bm Hcp bYm {]hm-NI ssZh-n-\p-thn a\p-jy-tcmSp kwkm-cn-p-h
- Bbn-cn-W
- w, CXp hy-am-p-hm aqp ]gb
\nba `mK--fnse hni-Zo-I-c-W- klm-b-I-am-Wv. (1) ]pd-m-Sv. 6:28-7:2 btlm-h-bvp-thn ^d-thmt\mSp kwkm-cn-m Bh-iy-s-X
- ns\ tamsi XyPn-t- m btlmh Al-tcms\ tamsi-bpsS {]hm-NI
- \mbn AYhm tamsi-bpsS B[n-Im-cnI hmhv Bbn \nb-an-p. ChnsS Hcm asm-cmp-thn kwkmcn-p-X
- mWv hnj-bw. (2) kwJym-]p-kvXIw 12:1-8 Al-tcm\pw ancn-bmapw tamsi-bsS ay- F
m\w A]-cl
- n "btlm-hb
- psS shfn-m-Sp-I X-fpsS ]-ep-sp Ah-Im-is
- -t- m btlmh
\mS-Io-ba
- mbn CS-s]v Xm tamsi-tbm-S
- msX am-tcmSpw t\cnp kwkm-cn-n-n-s-pw, Xm Xnc-s-Spp {]hm-NI
-
- mp am{Xta Zi-\
- m-epw, kz]v\
- mepw Acp-f
- m-Sp-I \evIm-dpp Fpw shfn-sSp-p-p. CXn\nv {]hm-NI
- s Aw sXfn-hm-Wv. (3) Bh\w 18:922. acn-p-X
- n-\p-ap-mbn
tamsi C{km-tb P\-tmSv kwkm-cn-Xv ]q-{]-hm-NI
- s D-ch
- m-Zn-t- mSpw A[n-Im-ct- m-Spw32
IqsS Bbn-cp-p. CXn\nsmw Hcp kXy-{]-hm-NI
- shfn-s-Sp-p Imcy- btlm-hbvp P\tmSp ]d-bm-\p ZqXv btlm-hb
- n-\np t\cnp {]m]n-h
- b
- m-sW-t{X.
Ah-cpsS ZqXv:
ssZh-ns hmhv F \ne-bn {]hm-N-Is {]Ya [w ssZh-ns ZqXv ssZh-P-\-sf Adn85
bn-bvp-Ibpw Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn Ahp Fp kw`-hn-pp Fp {Kln-n-p-I-bp-am-Wv, {]h-N-\-ns

hnim-e-amb A-n kw`-hn-m t]mIp Imcy-sf Kuc-h-ambn {]kw-Kn-pI FXpw Dsn-cn-p-p. `mhn ]d-bpI Fp Npcp-pw. `mhn ]d-bp Bv ssZhw-ln-X-s-p-dn-p DIm-gvN-bp-Xn-\m ssZhs A\p-k-cn-p-hm P\s Dm-ln-n-p-Ibpw Xn-Sp--tmsS AXn-\mbn shphnfn Dbp-Ibpw sNp-p. asmcp {]Im-c-n {]hm-N-I ZoL-Zr-jvSn-bp--h-\m-I-bm ssZh-ln-X{]-Imcw P\-n\p k-abw Bh-iy-amb ap-dn-hp-I \evIp--XmWv {]h-N-\w. CXp Nne-tm ssZhoI
hmKvZ--sf Hmnp-sImv \oXn-am-msc Dm-ln-n-p--Xpw, A\o-Xn-sN-p--hp hcp-hm
t]mIp ssZhoI \ymb-hn-[n-sb-p-dn-p ap-dnhpw Bbn-cn-mw. Xm DXvtLm-jn-p ssZh-ns
Acp-f-m-Sp-I NneXv h-am-\-Im-ep Xs kw`-hn-p-Xpw ap NneXv `mhn-bn kw`-hn-t-n-bXp-am-bn-cnpw; ]t CXp {]h-N\ ZqXns Hcp `mKw am{X-am-bn-cn-pw. AXp-sImv Hcp {]hm-N-I
ssZhm Xnc-s-Sp--s--h-\pw, hmm-tem. Zriy-am-[y-a-m-tem, Fgp-p-I-fmtem ssZh-ns ZqXv
P\-sf Adn-bn-p ssZhoI hmhv Bbn-cn-pw. ""btlmh C{]-Imcw Acp-f-ns-pp'' F-Xm-bncnpw Ahs ZqXv.
btlm-h-bpsS hmhv F \ne-bn ZqXv 3 hyXykvX coXn-I-fn ]gb \nb-a-nse ssZhnI P\-XbpsS \Sp-hn {]hn-p-Xp ImWmw:
Hm-a-Xv, btlm-h-bpsS hmhv F \ne-bn tamssiI \ymb-{]-am-Ws {]kw-Kn-p-Ibpw Ahsb
hymJym-\nv cmjv{Ss DXv_p--cm-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn-\mbn Ah Bh-iy-amb ap-dn-hp-Ifpw, KpWtZm-j--fpw \evIp--tXm-sSmw \ymb-hn-[n-bns]Sm-Xn-cn-t--Xn\v ]m]s Dt]-nv am\-m--cs-Sp-hm \n-n-p-I-bpw, As\ sNp--hp e`n-p ssZhoI abpw Bizm-k-fpw sImSpp-sIm-n-cn-p-p. ssZhoI amw-hnv ]m]-n-tep Xncn-bp--hsc apJ-]-w-Iq-Sm-sXbpw A[n-Im-ctm-sSbpw imkn-p-Xpw am\-m--c-s-Sp-hm Bh-iy-s-Sp-Xpw {]hm-N-I-m-cnam{Xw In-cp
KpW-hn-ti-j-am-Wv. ssZhs A\p-k-cn-p--Xn ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-Ibpw kz _pn-bpsS ]-Xn-I \ndth-m _-s-Sp-Ibpw sNp-hp \ymb-hn-[n-bpsS {]Jym-]-\hpw imk-\-n s]Sp--h-bm-Wv.
(tbm-\. 3:4)
cm-a-Xv, {]hm-N-I-m \ymb-hn-[n-bpw, hnSp-Xepw {]Jym-]n-p-tm Xs AXns\ hcp-hm t]mIp
ain-lm-bpsS cmPy-m-]-\-tm-Sp _-n-em-bn-cpp {]h-Nn--Xv. Zmho-Zns\pdn-p a\p-jys
BImw--Iv Xr]vXn-h-cp-p-I-b ]nstbm `mhn-sb-p-dnv \n-bhpw \nb-{-Whpw D ssZhw
Xs Dt-i-sf a\pjy \-bvmbn Fs\ {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-p-hm t]mIpp Fp shfn-s-Sp-pI-bm-bn-cp-p. kXy-{]-hm-N-Is {]h-N-\- Xo-bmbpw \nhr-n-bm-Ip-Ibpw \app Zriy-am-Ip-Ibpw
sNpw. Am-Xv \nhr-n-bm-Im hymP {]kvXm-h-\-I am{X-am-bn-cn-pw (B-h. 18:2022). iap-th
btlm-hb
- psS \ma-n kwkm-cn hN-\
- \njvê
- a
- m-Ip-hm btlmh A\p-h[
- n-n Fp ]dncnp-Xp (1 iap. 3:19) kXy-{]-hm-N-Is \ne-]mSp hy-am-p-p.
aqm-a-Xp, Ah C{k-tb-ens Imhm Bbn {]hn-p (sb-l. 3:17). kotbms aXn-ep-I-fn-t
Imhm-cmbn \np-sImv AXym-h-iy-k-a-b--fn Imlfw DuXn P\-n\p A]-I-S-ns ap-dnhp
sImSp-n-cp--hsc t]mse C{k-tb-ens Bo-Im-[-]-X-\hpw aX-]-chpw kmmo-I-hp-amb XI-Isfbpw hnfn--dn-bn-bvp Imhm-c-\mbncp sbl-kvIn-tb. C{km-tb `c-W-Iq-S-ns sXmb
hntZ-i-\-bw, Ah-cpsS cmjv{So-b-hpw, ssk\o-I-hp-amb \o-, I\m-\y-cpsS hn{K-tk-h-tbmSpw Bcm[\m coXn Fn-h-bn ]Xn-bn-cn-p A]-I-S-sf a\-n-emn Ah-bvs-Xn-cmbn {]h-Nn-p.
HSp-hn-em-bn, {]hm-N-I-m Cu hn[-n ssZh-ns ZqXp-hm-ln-I-fmbn {]hn--Xn-\m C{k-tben Ahv am\y-amb m\-amWp e`n--Xv. tamssiI {]am-Wsf ewLnv P\-pw cmjv{Sn\pw ssZhoI \ymb-hn[n hcm-Xn-cn-p-hm cmP-Iob \b-X-{--msc t]mse-bpw, \nb-a-hn-Z-Kv[-sct]m-se-bp-amWv {]hm-N-I-m {]hn--Xv. 33
86
\mep {][m\ {]hm-N-I-m-sc-p-dn-p Xmc-X-ay-]-T\w: 34

\mep henb {]hm-N-I-m-cp-sS Xmc-Xayw
sbi-mhv
bnc-aymhv
sbl-kvIn-tb
{]h-Nn-Xv BtcmSv
blq-Zy-bnse blq-Z- blq- Z y- b n- s ebpw {]hm- k m-tcmSv

nsebpw blq-Z-m
Bscp-dnv?
blq-Z, bcq-itew blq- Z - b bpw cmjv { S- fpw C{k-tbhwiw apgp-h

(sb-i. 1:1;2:1)
(b-sl. 2:36;3:410,17)
(bn-c. 1:5,910;2:12)
Dnb
BcpsS `c- W - I m- tbmYmw

Blmkv
ev ? :
blqZm cmPmhmb
lnkvIn-bmhv
B.C.
XobXn
740-680
Ncn-{X-tcJ
2 cmPm. 1521;
Zm\n-tb
_m_n- t em {]hm- k - nse _m_n-tem-Wnse blqZ{]hm-kn-Iblq-Z

- m
tfmSpw PmXob cmPm--m-tcmSpw
C{k-tbepw PmXob cmjv{S-fpw

(Zm\n. 2:3643-;9)
tbminbm, btlm-hm-lmkv, btlm- blq-Zm-cm-Pm-hmb kntZ-n-bmhv btlm-bmow, btlm-bm-Jo, blqbmow btlm-bm-Jo,

_m_n-temWy cmPm-hmb s\_p-- Zm-cm-Pm-hmb knsZ-n-bmhv, _m_nblqZm cmPm-hmb knZ-n-bm
tem\y cmPm-hmb s\_p--Zvt\-k
Zvt\-k
B.C.
592-570
2 cmPm 22-25
Zm\n 16
627-585
B.C.
605-536
B.C.
Zm\n 16
2 Zn\. 2630
{InkvXp-hn-s\-p-dn-p ]g-b-\n-baw {]Xo--bpsS ]p\-c-h-tem-I\w: 35

CXp-h-sc-bp \psS ]T-\-ns shfn--n Dev]-n-]p-kvXIw {InkvXp-hn-te-p Xnc-s-Spns \ymb-{]-amW ASn-m-\-hpw, ]pd-mSp ]pkvXIw AXn-\m-bp hos-Sp-pw, tehy-]p-kvXIw ipoI-c-W-s-bpw,-kw-Jym-]p-kvXIw AXn-te-p am-Zi-\-hpw, Bh-\-]p-kvXIw AXn-\p t_m[\hpw \evIn C{k-tb P\s ssZh-h-N-\-n-sbpw ain-lm-bpsS sse\n-sbpw Imhm-cmn
hbvp-Ibpw sNbvXp (tdm-a. 3:1; Dev]. 12:13; tdma. 9:4,5) FmWp I-Xv.
hopw {InkvXp-hn-\m-bp Hcp--s-bmWv Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-I--fn (tbm-ip-hm) tZis Ahp AhIm-i-amn sImSp-pI hgn sXfn-bn-n-cn-p--Xv. Fm ]noSv hntZi in-I Cu cmjv{Ss
]oUn-n--X--hn[w Ah Ahn-iz--cmbn Xop. Fnpw ssZhw Ahp \ymbm-[n-]-msc sImSpp. B Ime-b-f-hnepw Nne hniz--cmb a\p-jy Dm-bn-cpp FmWv cqns ]pkvXIw shfn-hmp--Xv. cmPm--m-cm C{k-tb-en\p ncX \evIn-b-XmWv 1 iap-th-en iuens Ncn-{X-n-eqsS
ImWn-p--sX-n Zmho-ZnqsS tZi-n-\p-mb hnkvXr-Xn-bmWv 2 iap-then ]d-n-cn-p--Xv. 1
cmPm--m-cn (1-10) item-tam-\nqsS tZi-n-\p-mb al-Xzs FSp-p-Im-p-tm 1 cmPm. 11-22
cmjv{Sw ]p tKm{X--tfm-Sp-IqsS hS-t-cm-Py-sapw cp-tKm-{X--tfm-Sp-IqsS sXt cmPy-sapw
cmbn ]ncn-bp Imcy-amWv ]d-n-cn-p--Xv. cp cmjv{S-fpw HSp-hn A[-]-Xn-p-Ibpw (2 Zn\-hrm--) Aiq-cn-tepw, _m_n-tem-Wn-tepw {]hm-kn-I-fmbn t]mtI-n-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp (2 cmPm-m). tZhm-e-b-ns Ipd-hp-Isf 1 Zn\-hr-m--nepw AXns \miw 2 Zn\-hr-m--nepw ]dn-cn-p-p. ssZh-n\p Ahs hmKvZ---tfm-Sp hniz-kvX-X-bm tZhm-ebw ]p\\nn-Xv
(G-{km-bn-epw) B tZi-nse tijn-ns ]p\-cp-m-c-W-s-p-dnv (s\l-aym-hnepw) Ah-cpsS kwc-W-n-\mbn sNbvX Imcy- (Ft-dnepw) ]d-n-cn-p-p, Imhy-{K---fn-tep {]th-in-p-tm
apI--Xmb kIe Imcy--fp-sSbpw ASn-m-\-am-Ip {InkvXp-hn-\p-th-n-bp Bob BImw-bmWp shfn-s-Sp--Xv.
87
{Inkv X p- h n- \ m- b p {]h- N \ ]pkv X - I - - f nse {]Xo- sb Xmsg ]dbpw {]Imcw

a\nemmw:
""tlmsi-bm, tbmth, Btamkv Fo {]mcw` {]hm-N-I-m ain-lm-bnq-sS-bp tZiob
]p\-cp-m-c-W-s-bmWv {]kvXm-hn--Xv. sbi-m-hv, aoJm, XpS-n-b-h ain-lm-bnIqsS {]m]np km-tZ-iob c-sb-p-dnp {]h-Nn--tm Ht_-Zym-hv, tbm\, \lqw, l_-Iq-Iv,
sk^-\ymhv XpS-n-b-h ssZh-ns {]Xn-Im-chpw \ymhn-[nbpw tZi-n-t Fs\
hcm t]mIpp FmWv {]h-Nn--Xv. Cu hcp \ymb-hn-[nsb Ip hyk-\n-p-I-bmWv
hnem-]-. bnc-aymhv {InkvXp-hnqsS nc-am-tI-nb ssZhoI DS--Sn-I-fn-tepw hmKvZ-f
- n-te-p-amWv t\mn-bX
- v. sbl-kvIn-tb cmjv{S-ns aX-]c
- a
- mb ]p\-cp-m-cW
- s
- bpw
Zm\o-tb cmjv{Sob ]p\-cp-m-c-W-s-bpw-Ip-dnp {]h-Nn-p. _m_n-tem-Wnb {]hm-k-n-\ptijw lm-bn, skJ-cymhv aX-]-c-amb ]p\\nm-W-n-\mbn P\-sf {]t_m-[n-n-tm amemJn Ah-cpsS kmaq-lyhpw, kmmn-I-hp-amb ]p\\nn-Xn-mbn {InkvXp
"\oXnkqcy-\mbn Xs Nnd-InIo-gn tcmtKm-]-im-n-tbm-Sp-IqsS DZnbvpw' (4:2) FmWv
{]h-Nn--Xv"". 36
sbi-mhv
(b-tlm-h-bpsS c)
Ipeo-\-Xbpw, P\-k--Xnbpw D Hcp blqZ IpSpw-_-nse Btam-kns aI-\mb sbi-m-hmWv Fgpp-Im-c Fp ]pkvXIw sXfn-hm-p-p. Blmkv cmPm-hns hmgvN-bpsS Imes cmPm-Iob {]hmN-I-\m-bn-mWv Ah {]Xy--s-Sp--Xv. hnZym-k-pw kmt-iob Imcy--fn \n]p-W-\pw-B-bn-c-Xn-\m cmPm-hn\p hntZ-i-Im-cy--sf-p-dnp Btem-N\ \evIp-p-h-\mbn bcq-i-te-an-emWv IqSp-X-embn
]m-Xv. ssZh-m \ntbm-Kn--s--h-s\-nepw Aiq-dn-t\mSpw an{k-bn-an-t\mSpw bmsXmcp _-hpw
BI-cp-sXp {]kvXmhn--Xn-\m Ah-tl-fn--s-Sp-I-bp-m-bn. Bdmw Aym-b-n ssZhw \evInb
ap-dn-hn-\-\p-k-c-W-ambn Ahs ZuXyw ]cm-P-b-s-Sp--Xmbn ImWp-p, Fs-m P\-fpw `c-W-IqShpw ssZhoI hmKvZ {]Im-c-ap {InkvXp-sh GI hos-Sp-p-Im-cs\ Ah-K-Wnp cmjv{Sob _-fn IqsS am\-h-in hn-n-p-hm-\mWv {ian--Xv.
Hcp ]pcm-Xo\ ]mc--cy-a-\p-k-cnv a\-si-bpsS hmgvN-m-ev XSn-sIm-p Ba-n-env Cu-hm-fn\m Ahs\ cmbn Adp-p-ap-dnp sImp-I-bm-bn-cp-p.-A-s\ sbi-mhv c-km-n-I-fpsS \nc-bntep {]th-in-p. (F-{_m. 11:37) ktl-co-_ns ac-W-s-p-dnv Ah {]kvXm-hn-n-cn-p-I-bm
(sbi. 37:37,38) sbi-mhv ktl-cn-_ns ac-W-ti-jhpw (B.C. 681) Pohn-n-cpp Fp \n-bn-mw. 37
Fgp-p-Im-cs t]cp-Xs ]pkvX-I-n\p \evIn-bn-cn-p-Xp ]cn-ip-m--t{]-cn-X-am-Wv. F{_mb `mjbn t]cns Aw ""btlmh c-bm-Ip-p.'' Fm-Wv. ]pkvX-I-ns D-S-hpw hnj-bhpw AXpX-s-bm-Ip-p.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
740-680 B.C.
sbi-m-hn-tXv Hcp ZoL-Ime ip{iqj Bbn-cp-p. (B.C. 740 - 680) Dnbm cmPm-hns `c-W-Im-e-ns
Ah-km-\-n Bcw-`n-p-Ibpw (790-739 B.C.) tbmYmw (739-731 B.C.), Blmkv (731-715 B.C.), slk-nbm
(715-686 B.C.) Fn-h-cpsS `c-W-Im-ep XpS-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. PmXob `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I (A-iq-cn) B
Imep Xn-p--]n-te-k (745-727 B.C.) ktl-cn_v (705-685 B.C) Bbn-cp-p.
88
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
]pkvX-I-ns t]cns A-amb ""btlmh (bm-sh) BIpp c'' FmWv, ]pkvX-I-ns hnjb-hpw, CXn\v Ghpw ]nb sXfnhv "c' F ]Zw ]pkvX-I-n GXmv 26 {]mhiyw hn-pv
F-Xm-Wv. asm {]hm-NI ]pkvX-I--fnepw IqsS Cu ]Zw Ggp-{]m-hiyw am{Xta e`n-p-p-p. CXmbn-cnmw sbi-m-hns\ ""kphn-ti-j-I-\mb {]hm-N-I'' Fp hnfn-p--Xp. Fm-bmepw ain-lm-bpsS
cbpw hos-Sp-n {]hnbpw hfsc {]mhiyw sbi-mhv ]d-n-p-v. bYm-n asm ]gb-\n-ba ]pkvXI
-
- t- f-mfpw tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Bf-Xzhpw {]hnbpw \ap-n-Xn Zin-m km[npw.
Nne Imcy- hp-t\m-n-bm sbi-m-hns ]pkvX-Is Hcp ""an\n ss__n'' Fp hnfn-mw.
CXnse 66 Aym-b- ss__n-fnse 66 ]pkvX-I-p Xpey-am-Wv. BZys 39 Aym-b- ]gb-\n-b-a-nse 39 ]pkvX-I-t]mse ain-lm-bpsS hc-hns {]Xo \evIp-tm ]no-Sp 27 Aymb- ]pXnb \nb-a-nse 27 ]pkvX-I-p Xpy-ambn btlm-h-bpsS Zmk-\mb ain-lm-tbbpw
Ahs cmPy-sbpw Ipdn-mWv kwkm-cn-p--Xv. Aym-b- 139 hsc-bp `mKv a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xn\p AXym-hiyw th-Xmb csb Ipdnp kwkm-cn-nv Aym-b- 40-66 hsc `mKv B cbpw
ssZh-cm-Pyhpw ain-lm-bnIqsS Fs\ hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-cn-pp Fp hni-Zo-I-cn-n-cn--bm-Wv.
{][m\ hyn-I:
a\p-jy-\mbn ]d-bm sbi-mhp am{X-ta-bp-p, Fm Nqn-m-p-Xv C{k-tb-ens _e-hm\pw ]cnip\pamb btlmh BWv, Fs-m Ah ssk\y--fpsS btlmh BIp-p. Cu ]pkvXIw
{]m[m\yw \evIn-m-p-Xv Cu btlm-hsb BWv.
sbi-m-hns ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

sbi-mhv hc-p-Im-p--Xp-t]mse tbip-{In-kvXp-hns kw]q-Xsb Nn{Xo-I-cn-p-hm ]g-b-\n-b-a-nse
asmcp ]pkvX-I-n\pw Ign-n-n-. ain-lm-bpsS kzob ]c-am-[n-Imcw (6:10) Ahs P\-\hpw Xmgvabpw
(7:14;9:6;11:1) Ahs ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-ep ip{iq-jbpw (11:2) Ahs Znhy-kz-`mhw (7:14; 9:6) Zmho-Zns
hwi-ns--h-\m-Ip--Xv. (11:1) \app ]I-c-m-c-\mbn Ah sNbvX hos-Sp-ns {]hn, (53)
Zmks ip{iqj (49-52) Fn-s\ F{Xtbm Imcy--fmWv sbi-mhv shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p--Xv.
_mly-tcJ:
1. inm-hn-[-bp-sSbpw \ymb-hn-[n-bp-sSbpw {]h-N-\- (1:139:8)
A
blqZbvv FXn-cmb {]h-N\w (1:112:6)

1) blq-Z-bpsS inm-hn[n (1:15:30)
2) {]hm-N-I\p e`n \ntbm-Kw. (6:1-13)
3) anin-lm-bpsS hchv (7:112:6)
PmXob cmjv{S-s-Xn-cmb {]h-N\w (13:123:18)

1) _m_n-tem-Wn\v FXn-cmbn (13:114:23)
2) Ao-dn-bv FXn-cmbn (14:2427)
3) sên-kvXyv hn]-co-X-ambn (14:2832)
4) tamhm-_n\p FXn-cmbn (15:1-16:14)
5) Zt-ti-n\pw klm-bn-Ipw, C{k-tb-en\pw hn]-co-X-ambn (17:114)
6) FtXym-]ys-Xn-cmbn (18:17)
7) an{k-bo-an-s\-Xn-cmbn (19:120:6)
8) _m_n-tem-Wn\v hntcm-[-ambn (21:110)
9) GtZm-an\v hntcm-[-ambn (21:11-12)
10)Atd-_ybvv FXn-cmbn (21:1317)
89
11) sbcq-i-te-an\v hntcm-[-ambn (22:125)

12)tkmcn\v FXn-cmbn (23:1-18)
C
btlm-h-bpsS Znh-k-s-p-dn-p {]h-N\w (24:1-27:13)

1) atlm-{Z-h-Ime \ymb-hn-[n-I (24:123)
2) ssZh-cm-Py-ns A\p-{K-l-ns Imlfw (25:127:13)
bn{k-tb-en-\pw, blq-Zbvpw hntcm-[-am-bp {]h-N-\- (im-]hpw, A\p-{K-l--fpw) (28:135:10)

1) ia-cyv Atm IjvSw (28:129)
2) blq-Zbvv IjvSw (29:131:9)
3) Imepw, CXm ain-lmbpw Ahs cmPyhpw (32:120)
4) sbcq-i-te-ans\ Ih sNbvX Aiq-cn\v Atm IjvSw (31:124)
5) PmXob cmjv{S-p IjvSw (34:117)
6) shfn-s-Sp-hm-\p ssZh-cm-Py-ns hc-hn-s\-p-dnv (35:110)
ktl-cn-_n-s\-Xn-cm-bp {]h-N-\- (36:139:8)

1) Aiq-cn\n-p ]cn-lmk (Ip-p)-hm-p-I (36:122)
2) ssZh-n\n-p kXyw (37:17)
3) Aiq-cns òXn-s-Sp- (37:835)
4) Aiq-cn-t-ep hnP-b-Im-lfw (37:3638)
5) sbl-kvIn-bm-hns Zo\w (38:1-22)
6) sbl-kvIn-bm-hns aT-b-cw (39:18)
2. kzm-\-n-sbpw kam-[m-\-n-sbpw {]h-N-\- (40:166:24)

A
B
C
ssZh-ns hen-abpw C{k-tb-ens hnSp-Xepw (40:1-48:22)

bn{km-tb-ens\ hnSp-hn-p--h-s\bpw IjvS-s-Sp Zmk-\m-ep cbpw (49:157:21)
bn{k-tb-ens al-Xz-I-c-amb `mhn-sb-p-dn-pw, kam-[m-\-n-\m-bp ssZhoI ]cn-]m-Sn-sb-pdnpw (58:166:24).
bnc-aymhv
(]m-]-s-bpw, \ymb-hn-[n-sbbpw Ipdn-p ap-dn-bnvv)
sbi-m-hn-s\-tm-se-Xs Cu ]pkvX-Ihpw AXns am\p-joI Fgp-p-Im-c _\ymao \mnse (tZi-n-se A\m-tYmYv F ]ptcm-lnX ]-W-nse ]ptcm-ln-X-m-cn Hcp-h-\mb lnkvIn-bm-hns aI\mb bnsc-aymhp BIpp (1:1) Fp {]kvXm-hn-n-cn-p-p. bnc-aymhp ]dp sImSp-bpw Xs sk{I-dn- Bb _mcpv Fgp-Xp-I-bp-am-bn-cp-p. ""Ic-bp AYhm hne-]n-p {]hm-N-I'' FmWv bnscaymhv hnfn--s-Sp--Xv (9:1;13:17), ""GIm--\mb {]hm-N-I'' (Xm hnhmlw Ign-m-Xn-cp--Xn-\m-em-bn-cnWw Cu t]-cp-h--Xv(16:2)), IqSmsX ""ssha-\kyw Imnb {]hm-N-I'' (1:6) Fn--s\bpw hnfn-dpv. kI-e-hn[ FXn-pIfpw, ASn-bpw, XShpw Fmw Dm-bnpw btlm-h-bpsS \ymb-hn-[n-bpsS ZqXv
sXt-tZ-i-amb blq-Z-bn {]kvXm-hn-p. (11:18-23;12:6; 18:18; 20:13;26:124;37:1138:28).
Fgp-p-Im-c-\n \n-p-Xs ]pkvX-I-n\p t]cp-m-bn. bnsc-aymhv F t]cn\v ""btlmh nc-sSppw'' Fm-Ww.
90
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
627585 B.C.
sk^-\ym-hv, l_-q-v, Zm\n-tb, sbl-kvIn-tb Fo {]hm-N-I-m-cpsS ka-Im-en-I-\m-bn-cpp bnscaym-hv. At-l-ns {]h-N\ ip{iqj B.C. 626- Bcw-`n-p. 586 B.C.-bn Ah-km-\n-p. Fm AXn\v
CS-thf \evImsX sk^-\ymhv B ip{iqj Gs-Spv aptmp t]mb-Xmbn ImWmw. sbl-kvIn-tb
Bcw-`n-p-Xv B.C. 593 _m_n-tem-Wn hm-bn-cp-s-nepw bnsc-aym-hns Ah-km\ \mfp-I-fn
sbcq-i-te-an Ah ka-Im-en-I-m-cp-ambn {]hn-p. bnsc-aym-hns acWw Ftm Fhn-sS-h-m-bncpp FXv Xo-b-. CuPn-]vXn hp sIm-sp FmWv blqZ ]mc--cyw. (F-{_m. 11:37)
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
{]m[m\yw Aln-p hnj-b-: (1) ]m]-n-s\-Xn-cm-bp ssZhnI \ymb-hn-[n-sb-p-dn-p ap-dnbn-v. (2) tZio-b-ambn A\p-Xm-]-n-eqsS cmjv{S-n\pmIp ]p\-cp-m-c-W-n-sbpw {]Xym-i-bpsSbpw ZqXv.
{][m\ hyn-I:
bnsc-aymhv Xs-bmWv ]pkvX-I-n-ep-S-\ofw {][m\ \mb-I-\m-bn-cn-p--Xv. Xs {]kw-K--fpw, {]Xntcm-[--fpw, ]oV-\--fp-amWv hnj-b-.
bnsc-aym-hns ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

{InkvXp-hns hnhn[ Nn{X- CXn {]Xy--am-Wv. {InkvXp-hns\ Poh-P-e-ambpw (2:13; cf. tbml. 4:14)
Kne-bm-Znse kpK ssXe-ambpw (8:22) \ CS-b-\mbpw (23:4) \oXn-bp apf-bmbpw (23:5) \psS \oXn
Bbpw (23:6) ]pXn-sbmcp \nb-a-ns Im-hmbpw (31:3134) hc-p-Im-n-bn-cn-p-p.
ain-lmsb kw_-n hnh--I-fmWv ap {]h-N-\-. btlm-bm-Jos (sbm-J-\ymhv AYhm sIm\ymhv)
taep im]w taen Zmho-Zns knwlm-k\
-
- n-en-cn-m-\p ùXoI ]nXp-Sbvp hncm-aa
- n-p. (22:2830)
am. 1:117 hsc \evIn-bn-cn-p {InkvXp-hns Xe-apd Zmho-Zn\np butk-^n hp \nevp-snepw Zmho-Zns knwlm-k-\-n-en-cn-m butk-^n\p ùXoI k-Xn-bn-msX hXv btlm-bmJos ta h im]w aqeamWv. Fm Cu im]-ns sse \on-sm-mWv eqtmkv Xe-apdsb Fgp-Xp--Xv. eqtm. 3:2338 adn-b-ans ùXoI amXm-]n-Xm--fnIqsS Zmho-Zns asmcp aI-\mb
\mYm-\n-te-mWv (3:31) \s-sm-s-n-p--Xv. AhnsS btlm-bm-Jns im]-h-gnp {]k-n-bn-.
As\ {InkvXp-hm-Ip \oXn-bp- -apf Zmho-Zns knwlm-k-\-n-tep ISp hcn-I-bm-Wv. 38
_mly-tcJ:
1. bnsc-aym-hns hnfnbpw \ntbm-K-hpw. (1:1-19)
A
B
Ahs hnfn (1:110)

hnfn-bpsS nco-I-cWw (1:1119)
2. blq-Z-bvp {]h-N\w (2:145:5)

A
blq-Z-bpsS inm-hn[n (2:125:38)

1) blq-Z-bpsS a\x-]q ]m]w (2:1-3:5)
2) blq-Z-bvp _me inI (3:66:30)
3) blq-Z-bpsS sXmb aXw (7:110:25)
4) blqZ btlm-h-bpsS DS--Snsb ewLn-p-p. (11:113:27)
5) blq-Zbvp hcp hc (14:1-15:9)
6) blq-Z-bpsS {]hm-N-I-\m-bp ]p\\ntbmKw (15:1016:9)
7) blq-Z-bpsS ]m]w (16:1017:27)
8) blq-Zbpw kzo-b Ipi-h\pw (18:123)
91
9) blqZ F XI aIpSw (19:120:18)

10) blq-Z-bpsS cmPm--m (21:123:8)
11) blq-Z-bnse I-{]-hm-N-I-m (23:940)
12) blq-Z-bpsS {]hmkw (24:125:38)
B
bnsc-aym-hns Gpap-ep-I (26:129:32)

1) bnsc-aym-hns ip{iq-j-tbmSv blq-Z-bvp {]Xn-I-cWw (26:124)
2) blq-Zbvv bnsc-aymhv \evInb D]-tZiw s\_pZvt\--dn\p kan--tm (27:129:32)
C ]p\-cp-m-c-W-n-\m-bp blq-Z-bpsS {]Xymi (30:133:26)
D sbcq-i-te-ans hogvNbvp app kw`-h- (34:138:28)
E bcq-i-te-ans ]X\w (39:118)
F bcq-i-te-ans ]X-\-n\p tij-ap kw`-h- (40:145:5)
3 PmXn-I-tfm-Sp {]h-N\w (46:151:64)

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
CuPn-]vXn-s\-Xn-cm-bp {]h-N-\- (46:128)

sên-kvXy-tZ-i-n-s\-Xn-cm-bp {]h-N-\- (47:17)
tamhm-_n-s\-Xn-cm-bp {]h-N-\- (48:147)
Atm-\yp hntcm-[-am-bp {]h-N-\- (49:16)
GtZm-an\v hntcm-[-am-bp {]h-N-\-. (49:722)
Za-kvtIm-kn\v hntcm-[-am-bp {]h-N-\- (49:23-27)
Atd-_ybvp hntcm-[-am-bp {]h-N-\- (49:2833)
Gtem-an\p hntcm-[-am-bp {]h-N-\- (49:3439)
_m_n-tem-Wn\v hntcm-[-am-bp {]h-N-\- (50:151:64)
4. Ncn-{X-]-c-amb A\p-_-\w (52:134)

A
B
bcq-i-te-ans `mhn (52:123)

Nne {]tXyI Bfp-I-fpsS `mhn (52:2434)
hnem-]-
(I-p-\o \Zn)
Fgp-p-Im-cs t]cv ]pkvX-I-n ]dnn-s-nepw AXnse cv sse\p-I bnsc-aym-hmWv Fgpp-Im-c-s\v shfn-s-Sp-p-p-v. ]pkvX-I-ns hnjbw 1:1;2:1;4:1; Fn-h-bnse BZy-]-Z-amb "Fs\'
F-XmWv blq-Z-]m-c--cy-n ""hnem-]-'' Fp-am-Wv.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
586- As-n 585 B.C.
bcq-i-te-ans \mi-n\v (B.C. 586) sXmp-]n-mse Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-m-\mWp kmy-X. hnem-]--fnse tcJI hp t\mn-bm 586- As-n 585 B.C. CSbvv FgpXn Fp hniz-kn-p-p.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
sXt-tZ-i-amb blq-Z-bpsS ]m]-n-t-ep k-S-hn-em-]--fmWv hnj-bw. bcq-i-te-an-sbpw Ahn-sSbp tZhm-e-b-n-sbpw \miw ]cm-ain-n-cn-p-p. blq-Z-bp-sS-ta hcp-sap btlmh Iev]n \ymbhn[n hp Ign-p. CXp ]m]-ns ê-am-bp \ymb-hn-[n-bm-Ipp F-XmWv Hm-as hnj-bw.
92
CXn-t P\w X-fpsS ]m]hgn-Isf hnv ssZhw Xs CS-s]-S-en \ymbhpw \oXnbpw D-h-s\p
a\-n-emn ssZhoI Icp-W-bvmbn At]-n-p-hm Ah-tcmSv A`yn-p-I-bm-Wv.
bnc-aym-hns {]tXyI kw`m-h-\-I bnsc-aym-hns ]pkvX-Ihpw hnem-]-fpw Xn-ep Xmc-X-ay-]-T-\nIqsS \app {Kln-m-hp--Xm-Wv: 39
bnc-aymhv
(ap--dn-bn-v)
aptm-p t\mw
]cm-Pb
- hpw
bcq-iteans
\mihpw
hnem-]
-
(Zpx-J-)
]pd-tIm-p t\mw
{][m\ hyn-I:
bnc-aym-hv.
hnem-]--fpsS ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

c-Is Nn{Xw hc-p-Im-p cp {]tXyI LS-I-: (1) c-Is\ ZpxJ-ns a\p-jy-\m-bn, hyk\w
ioen--h-\m-bn, i{Xp--fm \nn-X-\pw, ]cn-lm-knbpw Bbn ImWn-n-cn-p-p. (1:12;2:15,16;3:14,19,30) (2)
bcq-i-te-ans \mis Hmp bnc-aym-hns hnem]w, bcq-i-te-ans\ Hmp tbip Ic--Xn\p
\ng-embn Icp-Xmw (a-m. 23:37-38).
_mly-tcJ:
1. bcq-i-te-ans \miw. (1:122)
A
{]hm-N-Is hnem]w (1:1-11)

B bdp-itew \K-c-s-p-dnp hne-]n-p-p. (1:1222)
2. btlm-hbvp Xs P\-tm-Sp tIm]w -(2:122)

A
ssZh-tIm]w (2:110)
B Fgp-p-Im-cs hnem]w (2:11-22)
3. ]oUn-X-\mb {]hm-N-I (3:166)

A
Ahs
Ahs
C Ahs
D Ahs
B
hnem]w (3:1-18)
{]Xymi (3:19-42)
IjvS-m-Sp-I (3:43-54)
{]m-\. (3:55-66)
4. bdp-i-te-anse ]cm-PnX P\w (4:122)

A
]-W-ns D]tcm[w (4:112)

D]-tcm-[-ns Imc-W- (4:13-20)
C `mhn-bvp-th-n-bp {]Xym-i. (4:21,22)
B
5. ]p\-cp-m-c-W-n-\m-bp {]m\. (5:1-22)

A
B
Gp ]d-n (5:118)
At] (5:19-22).
93
sbsl-kvtI
(Rm btlmh Fv Ah Adn-bpw)
_m_n-tem-Wy-{]-hm-k-Im-ep {]hm-NI hnfn {]m]nh\pw _qn-bpsS aI-\p-amb sbsl-kvtI ]ptcmln-X-\mWv CXns {K-Imhv (1:13) Ahs {]hm-NI ip{iqj ]ptcm-ln-X- ImgvNmSn tZhm-e-bw,
]utcm-ln-Xyw, bmK-, ssZh-a-lXzw Fn-hsb Dbn-m-n-sIm-m-bn-cp-p. sbslkvtI-en-s\-pdnp \apv Cu ]pkvX-I-nIqsS e`n-p Adn-hp-I am{X-ta-bp-p.- A-h hnhm-ln-X-\m-bn-cp-p
(24:15-18).
kzw `h-\-n (3:24; 8:1) Ahs {]hmkn ktlm-Z-c--tfm-sSmp hkn-p-Ibpw t]mp-h-c-hn-\p
kzmX{yw A\p-`-hn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sbi-m-hn-epw, bnc-aym-hnepw F {]Imcw ]pkvX-I-n\p AXns
{K Im-hn\np Xs-bmWv t]cp e`n-n-cn-p--Xv. sbl-kvIn-tb F t]cn\v ""btlmh
io-I-cn-pp'' AYhm ""btlm-h-bm i-\m--sp'' FmWv Aw.
Fgp-Xn-b-Imew:
593-571 B.C.
sbl-kvtI-tb-ens ]pkvX-n ]e Xob-Xn-I \evIn-bn-cn--bm IrXy-amb XobXn GsXv kqjva
]cn-tim-[\ \S-t--Xp-v. CXn sImSp-n-cn-p 13 Xob-Xn-I-fn 12-Dw btlm-h-bn\np
sbslkvtI-en\p Acp-f-mSp e`n Ime-s-bmWv Nqn-m-p-Xv. atXv sbdp-i-te-ans ]X-\s
{]kvXm-hn-p-hm-\mbn {]hm-N-I h-Xn-s\-bmWv ImWn-p--Xv (33:21). hmkvX-h-n X\np {]hmNI hnfn e`n--Xv B.C. 593 BWv. \o 22 hjw Xm {]hn-p. X\n-v A-h-km-\-ambn Acp-f-mSp
e`n-p-Xv AI-tZiw B.C. 571- BWv.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
ssZh-P-\-ns ]m]hpw a-chpw (1-32) Inv "`mhn-bn Ahp hcm t]mIp ssZh-ns
inm-hn-[nsb BWv (33-48) Xm shfn-s-Sp-p--Xv.
{][m\ hyn-I:
_m_n-temWy {]hm-k-n\p appw ]npw {]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cn-m hnfn--s _qn-bpsS aI-\mb
sbslkvtI- ]ptcm-ln-X.
sbslkvtI-ens ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

Db-chpw D-Xn-bp-ap ]-X-ap-Ifn \n-cn-p tZh-Zm-cp-hns Cfw Nn-tbmSv {InkvXp-hns\ D]-an-ncn-p-p (17:23,24), sbimhnepw (11:1) bnc-aym-hnepw (23:5; 33:15) skJ-cym-hnepw (3:8; 6:12) ain-lmsb Hcp
hr-imJ (ap-f)-tbmSv kZr-iy-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v. sbl-kvIn-tb ]nsbpw {InkvXp-hns\ `cn-p-hm
A[n-Im-chpw Ah-Im-i-hp-ap cmPm-hbpw (21:26-27) CS-b-]m-e-\-n\v tbmKy-\mb CS-b-\mbpw Nn{Xo-I-cnn-cn-p-p (34:11-31).
_mly-tcJ:
1. sbl-kvtI-ens hnfnbpw \ntbm-Khpw (1:13:27)
A
B
sbsl-kvtI ssZh aln-asb Zin-p-p. (1:128)

ssZh-h-N\w {]h-Nn-p-hm-\p \ntbmKw (2:13:27)
94
2. blq-Z-bp-sSbpw bcq-i-te-an-sbpwta DS-\Sn \S-p \ymb-hn-[n-I (4:1-24:27)

A
B
C
D
\ymb-hn[n hcp--Xn\v \mep AS-bm-f- (4:15:17)

hcp-hm t]mIp \ymb-hn-[n-sb-p-dn-p cp ZqXp-I (6:17:27)
Zi-\--fnq-Sn-bp \mep {]h-N-\- (8:111:25)
Ah-cpsS sXp-I-fm \ymb-hn[n nc-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p (12:124:27)
3. PmXob cmjv{S-p hntcm-[-am-bp {]h-N-\- (25:132:32)

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Atam-\yp hntcm-[-ambn (25:17)

tamhm-_n\p hntcm-[-ambn (25:811)
GtZm-an\p hntcm-[-ambn (25:12-14)
sên-kvXyv hntcm-[-ambn (25:15-17)
tkmcn\p hntcm-[-ambn (26:128:19)
kotZm\p hntcm-[-ambn (28:2026)
an{k-bo-an\p hntcm-[-ambn (29:132:32)
4. C{km-tb-ens ]p\-cp-m-c-W-s-p-dn-p {]h-N\w (33:148:35)

A
B
C{k-tb-ens kz tZi-t-bvp Xncn-p-h-c-hv. (33:139:29)

C{k-tb-ens ]p\-cp-m-cWw kz-cm-Py-v. (40:148:35).
Zm\n-tb
(C-{k-tb-ens kw]q hn[n-\n-bw)
]pkvX-Ihpw Fgp-p-Im-c\pw:
Zm\n-tb-ens Ah-Im-i-hm-Zhpw (12:4) ""Rm'' F {]tbm-Khpw (7:2) Fgp-p-Im-c Zm\n-tbX-ssbp sXfn-bn-p-p. Ahs bu-\-n s\_p--Zvt\--dmWv (B.C.605) Ahs\ _m_n-tem-Wn-tep
sImp-t]m-b-Xv. AhnsS cmP-[m-\n-bn hf-cp-Ibpw s\_p--Zvt\--dp-sS-bpw, Zmcym-th-in-sbpw Imes
cmPy-X-{--\mbn Db-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hcp {]hm-N-I-s\ \ne-bn A {]hn--sX-nepw {]hmN-I-\mbn F-s-p. (a-m. 24:15; atm. 13:14)
Cu ]pkvX-Ihpw Fgp-p-Im-cs t]cnXs Adn-b-s-Sp-p. Zm\n-tb F-Xn\p ""btlmh \ymbm-[n]Xn'' ""AYhm'' btlmh Fs \ymbm-[n-]Xn'' FmWv Aw.
Fgp-Xn-b-Imew:
537 B.C.
s\_p--Zvt\- bcq-itew ]nSn--S-p-Ibpw At\I _mey-msc {]hm-kn-I-fmn sImp t]mIbpw
sNbvX-h-cn Hcp--\m-bn-cp Zm\n-tb (B.C.605), _m_n-tem-Wnse {]hm-k-Im-e-mWv {Kw cNn-s-Sp--Xv.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
ssZhw k-i--\pw, kXy-hm-\pw, GI-\p-am-Ipp Fpw a-cn-I-fmb temI-`-c-W-Im-sf \ymbw
hn[n-p-Ibpw \in-n-p-Ibpw sNp-tm Xn B{i-bnp `n-tbmsS Pohn-p--hsc hnSp-hnp
cn-p-Ibpw sNpp Fp shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p. PmXob cmjv{S-p-ta-ep ssZh-ns
km-[n-]-Xyhpw {]hm-k-n Ign--hcpw AXn-\p-tijw bcq-i-te-an hkn--h-cp-amb blq-Z-mmbn
ssZhw {]hn--Xp-amb Imcy- ap--hp Dmlw ]I-cp-hm\v ]pkvXIw klm-bn-p-p.
95
{][m\ hyn-I:
{][m\ hyn Zm\n-tb X-s, IqSmsX Xtm-sSmw sNdp--m-cm-bn-cnt _m_n-tem-Wn-tep {]hmkn-I-fmbn t]m i{Z-v, tai-Iv, At_-Zvs\tKm (b-lqZ t]cv: l\-\n-bm, aoJm-tb, Ak-cym-hv) Fnh-cp-ap-v. Ch-scmw B tZis Khsns\ tkhn-p-tm Xs btlmh-tbm-Sp `n shfns-Sp-n-b-h-cm-Wv. Zm\n-tb btlm-h-bpsS hm-hmbn \np-sImv PmXn-Ipw blq-Z-cm-jv{S-n\pw
ssZh-ns ZqXp-\In. ap {]i-kvXc
- m-bh
- _m_-tem-Wns\ B.C. 605- `cn s\_p-Z- vt\- cmPmhpw,
Ahs\ XpSp-h--h-cmb s_i-, Zmcy-th-iv, t]j N{I-hn-bmb tImc-iv, XpS-n-b-hcpw;
{][m-\-Zq-X-\m-Ip aoJm-tbepw BWv. 10-mw Aym-b-n aoJm-tb Zm\n-tb-ens\ ip{iq-jn-p-Xmbn ImWpp:
Zm\n-tb-ens ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

Hcp {][m\ Nn{Xw {Iqio-I-c-W-s shfn-hm-p ""A`n-jn- tOZn--sSpw'' (9:25,26) F-Xm-Wv.
asmv temI-cm-jv{S--sf-sbmw Xp-S-bvp ""ssI sXmSm henb Iv.'' (2:34,45) BWv. a\p-jy-]p{X (7:13)htbm-[n-I-\m-b-h (7:22) Fn-hbpw, 10:59hscbp `mKs Zi-\hpw {InkvXp-hn-s\-p-dnp--Xm-Ip-p (sh-fn. 1:12-16).
_mly-tcJ:
1. Zm\n-tb-ens hyn-]-c-amb Ncn-{Xw. (1:121)
A
B
C
_m_n-tem-Wnse Ahs {]hmkw (1:17)

_m_n-tem-Wn Ahs hniz-kvXX (1:816)
_m_n-tem-Wn Ah\p e`n _lp-am\w (1:17-21)
2. PmXob cmjv{S-m-bp {]h-N\ ]-Xn. (2:17:28)

A
B
C
D
E
F
t\_p--Zvt\--dns kz]v\-nse henb _n_w. (2:149)

Fcn-bp Xoq-f. hnizm-k-ns Hcp ]mTw. (3:1-30)
s\_p--Zvt\--dns Zi-\-nse henb hrw (4:137)
_i--dns hncppw `nn-bnse Fgp-pw. (5:131)
Zmcn-bq-kns _pn-iq-\y-amb hnfw-_-chpw Zm\n-tb-ens knwl-p-gn-bnse ]mpw (6:128)
Zm\n-tb-ens Zi-\-nse \mep arK- (7:128)
3. C{k-tb-en-\p-th-n-bp {]h-N\ ]Xn (8:112:13)

A
B
C
Zm\n-tb-ens Zi-\-nse Bp-sIm\pw, tImem-p-sIm--\pw, sNdnb sImpw (8:127)

Zm\n-tb {]h-N-\-nse Fgp-]-]Xp BgvN-hw (9:127)
Zm\n-tb {]h-N-\-{]-Imcw C{k-tb-ens `mhn (10:112:13).
96
`mKw 5
sNdnb {{]hm]hm-NI
-
- m
BapJw:
sNdnb {]hm-N-I-m-cpsS Imew:
ss__n-fnse Cu ]{p ]pkvX-I-v ""sNdnb {]hm-N-I-m'' FmWp t]cp \evIn-bn-cn-p--Xv.
A.D. 4mw \qm-ns Ay-n-emWv Cu t]cp-m-b-Xv. sbi-m-hv, bnc-aym-hv, sbl-kvIn-tb Fn-hcpsS {]h-N-\--fp-ambn Xmc-a-Xy-s-Sp-p-tm Ch-cpsS {]h-N-\- lrkz-am-bn-cp--Xn-\m-eWv Chsc
sNdnb {]hm-N-I-m Fp hnfn--Xv. ]gb ]pXnb \nb-a--fpsS Imev ]gb \nb-as ""\ym{]-amWhpw {]hm-N-I-mcpw'' FmWv hnfn-n-cp--Xv.
{]hm-NI ip{iq-j-bpsS Bcw`w:

C{k-tb Hcp cmjv{S-sa \ne-bn\n-p-sImv temI-cm-jv{S-sf A\p-{K-l-n-tep hcp-p-hm\p GI Dt-i-n-emWv ssZhw {]hm-N-I-msc \nb-an-m-n-b-Xv. C{k-tb-en\p \ymb-{]-amWw sImSp-tm AXn-t\mSv A\p-k-cWw Imn-bm Ah Fpw ""ssZh-ns \nt]w'' Bbn-cn-p-sav
hmKvZw \evIn-bn-cp-p. B ssZthm-tiw \nd-th-t--Xn-\m-bn-mWv kI-e-Pm-Xn-I-fn\npw C{k-tbens\ Hcp cmP-Iob ]ptcm-ln-X-hw-i-ambn Xnc-s-Sp--Xv (]p-d. 19:5,6; Bh. 4:68). Fm Cu Dtiw
Hcn-epw \nd-th-dn-bn Fp-sIm-s-m Ah PmXn-I-fpsS hnizm-k-nepw hgn-I-fp-amWv \S--Xv.
tami-sb-bpsS ac-W-n\p apmbn Im\n {]th-in-p--Xn-\m-bp C{k-tb-ens Hcp--Im-ev Hcp
{]Im-c
- nepw Ah PmXn-If
- psS hgn ]Tn-tbm AXn{]-Imcw Pohn-tbm sN-cp-sXv tamsi-bnqsS
in-bmbn Iev]n-n-cpp; Fp-sIm-s-m PmXn-I `mhn Adn-tb--Xn-\mbn Nne kmm\y am Ah-ew-_n-n-cpp (B-h. 18:914) Atm ssZh-lnXw Adn-hm-\p hgn FmWv? \nb-am-\p-kr-Xambpw kXy-ambpw ssZh-lnXw Adn-hm P\-p hgn Fsp Bh. 18:15-22hscbp `mKv
hnh-cn-n-p-v.
""\ns ssZh-amb btlmh \n\p Fs-tmse Hcp {]hm-N-Is\ \ns aty \ns
ktlm-Z-c-m-cpsS CS-bn\np Fgp-t-ev]np Xcpw. Ahs hN\w \n tItWw. Rm acn-m-Xn-cn-t--Xn\p C\n Fs ssZh-amb btlm-h-bpsS i_vZw tIm\pw
Cu al-mb Xo Imm\pw CS-h-c-cptX Fn-s\ tlmtc-_nhp alm-tbmKw IqSnb
\mfn \ns ssZh-amb btlm-h-tbmSp \o At]-n--Xp-t]mse Xs. Ap btlmh
FtmSp Acp-fn-s-bvXXp Fs-m; Ah ]d-Xp icn, \ns-tmse Hcp {]hm-NIs\ Rm Ahp Ah-cpsS ktlm-Z-c-m-cpsS CS-bn\np Fgpt-ev]np Fs hN\-sf Ahs \mhn-t Bpw; Rm Ah-t\mSp Iev]n-p--sXm-sbpw Ah
Ah-tcmSp ]d-bpw. Ah Fs \ma-n ]d-bp Fs hN-\- bmsXm-cp--s\nepw tIm-Xn-cp-m Ah-t\mSp Rm tNmZn-pw. Fm Hcp {]hm-N-I Rm
Ah-t\mSp Iev]n-m hN\w Fs \ma-n Al-m-c-tmsS {]kvXm-hn-p-Itbm
A\y-ssZ-h--fpsS \ma-n kwkm-cn-p-Itbm sNbvXm B{]-hm-N-I ac-W-in
A\p-`-hn-t-Ww. AXp btlmh Acp-fn-s-m hN\w Fp R Fs\ Adnbpw
Fp \ns lrZ-b-n ]d-m Hcp {]hm-N-I b-tlm-h-bpsS \ma-n kwkm-cnp Imcyw kw`-hn-p-Ibpw Hp-h-cn-Ibpw sNm-m AXp btlmh Acp-fn-s-bvXX; {]hm-N-I AXp kzbwIrX-ambn kwkm-cn--Xt{X; Ahs\ t]Sn--cp-Xv.''
97
ss__n shfn-m-Sp-I {]hm-NI ip{iq-j-bpsS Bcw-`n\p sXfn-hp-I-fm-Wv. ssZhw {]hm-N-I-mp

{]tXyI shfn-m-Sp-Ifpw ap-dn-bn-p-Ifpw sImSpp A{_-lm-ap-am-bp ssZh-ns DS--Sn-bpsS ê]qX A\p-`-hn-p-hm P\-n\p Ah-kcw \evIp-I-bm-bn-cp-p (D-ev]. 12:1-3). CXns\ Ipd-p-IqSn
sXfn-hmbn ImWn-p-hm-\m-bn-mWv Bh. 2830hscbp `mKv A\p-{K-lsbpw im]-sbpw hnh-cnp ]me-kvXo-\n-b DS--SnsbqSn Xn-cn-p--Xv. A\p-k-c-WnIqsS A\p-{K-lhpw A\p-k-c-Wt-Sn-\m im]hpw F-Xm-bn-cpp hyh-. Ahn-sS-bmWv {]hm-NI ZuXy-ns {]m[m-\yX ImWpXv; F-m P\w sXn-tm-Ipw-tm ""\n btlm-h-bpsS \ymb-{]-am-W-sf ewLn-n-cn-p-Ibm AXn ]d-b-s-n-cn-p im]- \n-fp-sS-ta hoWn-cn-pp Ftm hogpw Ftm'' apdn-bnp \evIp-Xp {]hm-N-I-m Bbn-cp-p (B-h\w 28-30). Cu ]m--e-n thWw ]g-b-\nb-a-nse {]hm-NI ZqXp-Isf (]m-]-sbpw \ymhn-[n-tb-bpw, Ipdn-p--h) a\nemt--Xv.
{]hm-N-I-m tIhew ap-dn-bnp \evIp--h am{X-am-bn-cp-n adnv ssZh-ns c-sb-p-dnpw
hcp-hm-\n-cn-p Im-hn-sbpw Ahs cmPy-n-sbpw al-Xz-s-p-dn-p ZqXpw \evIn-bn-cp-p.
As\ ssZthm-t-i-{]-Im-c-ap Ahs km-[n-Im-c-fpw, Ahs P\--fpsS Pohn-X-n kw`-hnp-hm CS-bm-bn. Fm {]hm-N-I-m ChsS Nne k`--fn Zi-\--fn IqsS-bmWv a\-n-emn-b-Xv (Zm-\n. 9:24-27 As-n 70 BgvN-hw). Fm A{_-lm-anq-sSbpw Zmho-Znq-sSbpw P\n\p hmKvZw \evIn-bXv asm-cp-hn-[hpw {]hm-NI ZuXy-n\v ASn-m-\-hp-am-bn-cp-p.
sNdnb {]hm-N-I-m-cpsS kmln-Xy khn-ti-jX:

{]hm-N-I-msc Ipdnp ]Tn-m Fm-h-cnepw ASn-m-\-]-c-ambn Htc-L-SIw Xs Is-mw; (1) tZins ]m]w-aqew \evIp \ymb-hn-[-bpsS ap-dn-bn-p-I (2) ]m]-ns hni-Zo-I-c-Ww. (3) hcp-hm
t]mIp \ymb-hn-[n-bpsS hni-Zo-I-cWw (4) A\p-Xm-]-n-\m-bp hnfn (5) `mhn hnSp-X-ens hmKvZm-\w.
{]hm-N-I-]p-kvX-I--fpsS _mly-tcJ Xm-dm-p-tm Hmtcm bqWn-n-sbpw Bcw-`hpw Ah-km-\hpw
F-s\-sbv {]tXyIw {Kln-n-cn--Ww. ""btlmh C{]-Imcw Acp-fn-s-pp'' Fp ]d-p-Xp-S-p
Hcp `mKw Ah-km-\n-p-Xpw GXmv AXn\p Xpey-amb ssien {]tbm-K-tm-sStbm AtX hmpIsImtm Xs Bbn-cn-pw. 40
kw`-h-hn-h-c-W--fn-te-smcp Fn-t\m-w:
Cwojv ss__n-fn sImSp-n-cn-p sNdnb {]hm-N-I-mcpsS env:
1. tlmsibm
2. tbmth
3. Btamkv
4. H-t_-aymhv
5. tbm\m
6. aoJm
7. \{lqw
8. l_-IpIv
9. sk^-\ymhv
10. lmbn
11. skJ-cymhv
12. aemJn
blq-Z-bn-sebpw, C{k-tb-en-sebpw cmPm--m-cp-sSbpw {]hm-k-Im--esbpw {]hm-N-I-m-cpsS {Kqv env

{Kqv
]pkvXIw
{]hm-k-n-\p-ap-p
C{k-tb-ense {]hm-N-I-m
tbm\m
Btamkv
tlmtibm
Ht_-Zymhv
tbmth
aoJm
\lqw
sk^-\ymhv
l_-IpIv
lmbn
skJ-cymhv
aemJn
blq-Z-bnse
{]hm-N-I-m
{]hm-k-n-\p-tijw:
aS-n-h tijn-ns
{]-hm-N-I-m
GItZi XobXn
(_n.kn)
793 753
760
755 715
840
835 796
700
633 612
630 625
600
520
520 518
450 400
98
tlmtib
(kv-t\-lns kwc--Ww)
]pkvX-I-ns Hmw Aymbw Hmw hmIy-{]-Imcw Fgp-p-Im-c _-tb-cnbpsS aI\pw tKma-dns
`-mhpw Bb tlmtibm BIpp Fp a\n-em-mw.(1:1,3) C{k-tb F hSt cmPy-nse
]uc\pw tZi-`-\pw (i-a-cym-bnse cmPm-hns\ ""\psS cmPmhv'' (7:5) Fp hn-fn-n-cn-p-p). tlmsisb-p-dnv ]pkvXIw Xcp Adn-hp-I am{Xta \ap-p-q.
F--gp-p-Im-cs t]cn \n-mWv ]pkvX-I-n\p t]cp \-evIn-bncn-p--Xv. tlmtib F t]cp hmb\-mv ckw Icp--Xm-Wv, Fs-m C{k-tb--ense Ah-km-\s cm-Pm-hns t]cpw tlmtib
Fm-bn-cp-p. AXp-t]mse tlmti-b, tbmip-hm, tbip Fo t]cp-I-sfmw ""tlmtjbm'' HOSHEA
F F{_mb t]cn\npw Dm-bn-p--Xm-Wv. Cu t]cn\v "c' FmWv Aw. Fm-bmepw
tbmip-hm, tbip Fo t]cp-I "btlmh c-bm-Ipp' F kXyw sh-fnsSpptm tlmtib
B csb tZi-nse P\-se Adn-bn-p ZqXp-hm-ln-bmbn \np-sImv hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-hnv btlmh-bn--tep aS-n-h-cp-hm Ahsc Dm-ln-n-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p.
Fgp-Xn-b-Imew:
755 - 715 _n. kn.
1:1 tlmti-bm-bpsS {]h-\-Imew Dnbm (767-739 _n.-kn) tbmYmw (739-731 _n.-kn) Blmkv
(731-715 _n.-kn) lnkvInbm (715686 _n.-kn) Fo blqZ cmPm-
- m-cp-sSbpw btcm-_bmw II (782752 _n. kn)
F C{km-tb cmPm-hn-sbpw `c-W-k-a-b-m-bn-cp-p.
tlmti-bm-bpsS ip{iqj \nc-h[n Zim-_vZ- \ofp--Xm-bn-cp-p. app I-Xp-t]mse Dnbm cmPmhns Ah-km-\-\m-fp-I-fn Bcw-`np (790-739 _n.-kn) btcm-_bmw II s Ime-pw (793-753 _n.-kn.),
lnkvInb cmPm-hns Bcw-`-Im-ew-h-scbpw (715-_n.-kn) ZoLn Hm-bn-cp-p. lnkvInbmhp Xs ]nXmhmb Blm-kn-\p-thn doP v `cWhpw \S-n-bn-cp-p. tlmtibm {]hm-N-Is ip{iqj C{k-tb-emIp hSt tZi-mv thn-bm-bn-cp-npw {]h-N-\-Imew Adn-bn-p-hm D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-Xv \mev
blq-Z-cm-Pm--m-cpsS t]cp-I-fmWv. Fp-sIm-mWv B Imes Bdv C{k-tb cmPm--m-cpsS t]cpI hnnv Hcp C{k-tb cmPm-hns (b-tcm-_bmw II) t]cp-am{Xw ]d-n-cn-p-sXXpw Am-X-amWv. Hcp-]t hS-t-tZ-i-ns An-c-Xbpw (7:37). 41
ssZhw Zmho-Zns hwi-nIqsS (3:5) \evIp nc-amb cmPm-hns\ apI-p-sImpw Bbn-cn-mw.
AXp-a-s-n ]t s\_m-ns aI-\mb btcm-_bmw I s ]m]-sf Bhnpw ]m]w sNbvX
Bdp C{k-tb cmPm--m-cp-sSbpw t]cp-I a\-]qw amn-b-Xm-bn-cn-mw. blq-Z-bn Dmb \ho-I-cW-p Ahn-sS-bp cmPm--m t\XrXzw \evIn-b-Xp-t]mse C{k-tb-en Hcp \ho-I-c-W-n-\pthn H cmPm--mcpw {ian-n-. A{Xbvp Zp-m Bbn-cpp Ah.
hnj-bhpw Dtihpw:
Ahn-iz-bmb C{k-tb-en\p ssZh-ns hniz--X-tbbpw \ne-\n-evp kvt\l-sbpw shfn-sSpn sImSp-pI F-Xm-bn-cpp tlmti-bpsS Dt-iw. Ahs hnhm-l-Po-hn-X-n IqsS kvt\l-hm\pw, Icp-Wm-ab
- \pw Xs P\s A\p-{K-lnv ssZh-]c
- n-m-\
- n ssZh-sbpw a\p-jy-scbpw kvt\lnp-hm Dm-ln-n-p-Ibpw Imn-cn-p-Ibpw sNp btlm-h-bmb ssZh-ns lrZ-bs Xpd-pIm-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Cu henb Dt-i-tmsS {]hm-N-I C{k-tb-ens ]c-kyhpw cl-ky-hp-amb
99
Ahn-iz--Xbpw, kmn-I-am-bpw, aX-]-c-ambpw Ahp hn-cn-p XI-bpw, Xqew Ahp

ssItamiw h ssZhn-I-_-e-sbpw i-amb `mj-bn hnfn--dn-bn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. btlm-h-bmb
ssZhw Xs DS--Sn-bpsS `mcy-bmb C{k-tb-ens\ kvt\ln-p-Ibpw Ah-fpsS ]m]hpw Ahn-iz--Xbpw
an-p-hm\pw am\-km--c-sp aS-n-h-m ]nsbpw kzoI-cn-p-sapw Ahp a\-n-em-n-sIm-Spp--XmWv ]pkvX-I-ns hnj-bhpw Dt-i-hpw.
{][m\ hyn-I:
tlmti-bm, tKma, tbip, C{k-tb cmPmhv
tlmi-bm- ]pkvX-I-nse {InkvXp :

tlmi-b-bn ain-lmsb ssZh-ns ]p{X-\mbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-n-cn-p-p (11:1 cf. am-bn. 2:15), P\--fpsS
GI c-I (13:4 cf. tbml. 14:6), adp-hn-e-bmbn \evI-s--h (13:14 cf. 1 sImcn. 15:55), kvt\l-tmsS a\-enhp ImWn-p--h (11:4), Ah-\n-tev Xncn-bp--h-cpsS apdn-hp-Isf kuJy-am-p--h (6:1).
_mly-tcJ:
1. BapJw : (1:1)
2. tlmti-bpsS hnhmlw: btlm-hbvp Xs P\-hp-am-bp _-ns ]qcq]w. (1:2-3:5)
A.
tlmti-bm-bpsS ({]-hm-N-I-s\ \ne-bn) IpSpw-_w (1:22:1)

1) tlmti-bm-bpsS hnhmlw : bn{k-tb-ens Ahn-iz--X (1:23a)
2) tlmti-bm-bpsS a: bn{km-tb-ens \ymb-hn-[n (1:3b9)
3) C{k-tb-ens `mhn:]p\-cp-m-cWw (1:102:1)
B. in-bn IqsS-bp ]p\-cp-m-cWw (2:2-23)
1) bn{km-tb-en-\p btlm-h-bpsS in (2:213)
2) btlm-hbm C{k-tb-en\p e`n-p ]p\-cp-m-c-Ww (2:1423)
C. tlmti-bm-bpsS hnhmlw ]p\-m-]n-p-p (3:1-5)
1) ssZhnI Iev]-\ (3:1)
2) tlmti-bm-bpsS A\p-k-cW {]Xn-I-c-Ww (3:2,3)
3) kml-N-cy-ns hni-Zo-I-c-Ww (3:4,5)
3. \ymb-hn-[n, ]p\\nmWw Fn-h-sb-p-dn-p tlmti-bm-bpsS ZqXv (4:114:9)

A.
C{km-tb-en\p FXn-cm-bp btlm-hm-bpsS ]cm-Xn (4:16:3)

1) C{k-tb-ens sXp-Isf hnkva-cn-n-cn-p (4:1-19)
2) C{km-tb-ens \ymb-hn[n {]kvX-mhn-n-cn-p (5:114)
3) C{km-tb-ens ]p\-m-]\w {]h-Nn--s-p (5:156:3)
B. C{km-tb-en-s\-Xn-cm-bp btlm-h-bpsS ]cmXnbpsS hen-w (6:411:11)
1) C{km-tb-ens sXpw inbpw (6:48:14)
2) C{km-tb-ens sXpw inbpw hopw tcJ-s-Sp-p-p (9:111:7)
3) btlm-h-bpsS a\--en-hns\ ]pXpp-p (11:811)
c. C{km-tb-en\p hn]-co-X-am-bp btlm-hpsS ]cmXn Ah-km-\n-p-p (11:1214:9)
1) Ipm-tcm-]-W-ns Ayw (11:1213:16)
2) Hcp Ay{]t_m-[-\w (14:19).
100
tbmth
(btlm-h-bpsS (bm-sh) Znh-k-ns hc-hv)
tbmth Xs-bmWv Fgp-Xn-b-sX-mWv 1:1 Nqn-m-p--Xv. ""btlmh ssZhw BIpp''FmWv
t]cns Aw. Ahs ]nXmhv "s]Yq-th' BW--msX (1:1) asmcp hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw \app e`np-n-.
tbmth F t]cns A-n\p A\p-tbm-Py-amb hn[-am-Wv Ahs ZqXpw: btlmh km-[n-]Xnbpw, kw]q krjvSn-I-fpsS taepw cmjv{S--fps taepw, A[n-Im-chpw Ncn-{Xs \nb-{n-p--h-\pamb k-i--\mb ssZh-am-sWv kan-n-cn-p-p.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
835796 _n. kn.
{]tXyI Hcp Ime-L-s Ipdnp ]pkvX-I-n ]cm-ain-n-n-s-nepw AXn ]d-n-cn-p kw`h--fpsS shfn--n ]ecpw 835-400 _n. kn. FmWv A`n-{]-b-s-n-cn-p--Xv. Xo- ]d-bpI kmya-m--Xn-\m-emWv 835-796 _n. kn. F Ime-L-s B{i-bn-p-Xv, Fs-m C{km-tb-ens
i{Xp-fmb tkm, kntZm, sên-kvXy-tZ-iw, an{kn-bnw, GtZmw (3:4,19) Fn-h-sc-pdnp ]d-n-cn-p-Xn-\m Ah-cpsS Ime-L--hp-ambn t\mp-tm ta-d Xob-Xn-bmWp icn. Ch sXt-tZiw
{]hm-kn-I-fmbn _m_n-tem-Wn-tep t]mIp--Xn-\p-ap-p i{Xp- Bbn-cp-p. {]hm-k-n-\p-tijw
Ao-dn-b, _m_ntem-Wn-b, t]jy Fn-h-bm-bn-cpp i{Xp-.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
blq-Z-bpsS ta h hc-bptSbpw shp-n-fn-bp-sSbpw _m[sb FSp-p-Im-nbmWv tbmth btlmh-bpsS \mfn C{km-tb-en-\p-h-cm t]mIp B{I-a-W-ns ap-dn-bnp \evIn-b-Xv. shp-n-fnbpw
hcbpw aqew kIe ]-k-ky-fpw hfsc Npcp-nb ka-b-n-\p-n AXn-thKw \n-p-S-p-Ifbpw hn[-n-em-bn-cnpw B]-p- h-cp--Xv. Fn-cp-mepw cmjv{Sw A\pX-]nv btlm-h-bn-tep aSn
hm ssZhw Ahsc ]p\-cp--cn-p-Ibpw Ah-cp-am-bp _w ]pXpn A\p-{K-ln-pw. tbmth
Fgp-Xn-b-Ime Ncn-{X-nsbpw, `mhn-Ime Ncn-{X-n-sbpw Npp-]m-Sn CXp icn-X-s.
kw]q-amb A\p-{K-l-fpw ]p\-cp-m-c-Whpw BWv tbmth-ens hmKvZ--ambn tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cnp-X
- v. blq-Z
- mv A\p-`h
- n-p-hm-\mbn atlm-]{- Z-hI
- m-ens \ymb-hn-[nbpw XpSp ]cnipm
]Ibpw \evI-s-n-cn-p-p. CXp Im-hns \nc-kn- NS-m-Wv.
{][m-\-hy-n-I:
tbmth
tbmth-ens ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

tbmth Xs ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp-hns\ ]cn-ip-m-m-hns\ \evIp--h-\m-bnpw (2:28 cf. tbml.16:715;
Atm.- {]. 1:8) hwisf \ymbw hn[n-p--h-\mbpw (3:2,12) C{km-tb-ens kt-X-hpw, Dd-p--tImbpw (3:16) Bbn-mWv shfnsSp-n-bn-cn-p--Xv.
101
_mly-tcJ:
1. ssZh-ns Ncn{X Znh-kw. (1:120)
A.
B.
shp-n-fn-bpsS Ncn-{X-kw-`hw (1:1-12)

hc-bpsS Ncn-{X-kw-`hw (1:1320)
2. ssZh-ns {]mh-N-\nI Znh-kw (2:13:21)

A.
Bk--amb Im-hns Znhkw (2:127)

1) blq-Zp t\cn-Sp B{I-a-W-s-p-dn-p {]h-N\w (2:111)
2) blq-Z-bpsS cp thn-bp hyh--I (2:1227)
B. btlm-h-bpsS hepXpw `b--c-hp-amb Znh-kw (2:283:21)
1) btlm-h-bpsS Znh-k-n\p apmbn \S-p kw`-h- (2:2832)
2) btlm-h-bpsS Znh-k-nse kw`-h- (3:1-21).
Btamkv
(A-h-k-c- \-s-Sp-n-b-Xn-\m-ep \ymb-hn-[n)
sbi-mhv cmP-k-Z-nse a\p-jy-\pw, bnc-aymhv ]ptcm-ln-X\pw F-Xp-t]mse Btamkv Hcp CS-b\pw
Im-n-gw s]dn \S---h\pw Bbn-cp-p (1:1; 7:14). Ah sXtm-h-m-c Bbn-cp-p. sbdp-i-tean\np 10 ssa sXp, t_Xve-tl-an-\-Sp {]tZ-i-am-bn-cpp sXtm-h. Hcp Irjn-m-c\pw arK-kwc--W-tI-{-ns DS-abpw Bbn-cp-npw Ah ssZh-h-N-\-n \nbw {]m]n--h-\m-bn-cp-p.
Btamkv F F{_mb t]cn\v ""`mcw'' AYhm ""`mcw hln-p--h'' Fm-Ww. Cu `mcw Ah\p
tbmPn-pw-hn[w e`n--Xm-Wv. sXt-tZ-i-amb blq-Z-bn\np h-h-s\-nepw hSt tZi-amb C{ktb-en-s\-p-dn-m-bn-cpp Ahs `mcw. Ah-cpsS A\o-Xn, temI-a-b-Xzw, kzb-\oXn Fn-h-bvs-Xn-cmbp ssZhnI ZqXm-bn-cpp `mc-ns Imc-Ww. Btam-kn-s\-p-dnp ]Tn-p-tm sbi-m-hns ]nXmhmb Btam-k CXv F Imcyw Hmp-sIm--Ww (sbi 1:1).
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
GI-tZiw 760 _n.kn
Hmw hmIy-a-\p-k-cnv Btam-kv, Dn-b, sbtcm-_bmw II Fn-h-cpsS ka-Im-eo-\-\m-bn-cp-p. ""blq-Zm-cmPm-hmb Dnbm (790-739 _n.-kn) C{k-tb cmPm-hmb btcm-_bmw II (793-753 _n.-kn.) Fn-h-cpsS
Imev AXm-bXv `qI--n\v cp-hjw apm-bn-cpp'' (1:1) Btam-kns {]h-N-\w. (_n.kn 767-753
_n.-kn) `qI--n\p cp-hjw apv Fp ]d-bm-sa-nepw B XobXn Bpw \n-b-a-.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
Btam-kns\ ssZhw Gev]n-Xv \ymb-hn-[n-bpsS ZqXm-bn-cp-p, Fnepw AXn-s\m-Sp-hn {]Xym-i-bpsS
hmp-If
- p-ap-m-bn-cp-p. `qtem-I
- ns apgp-h km-[n-]Xn Bbn-cn-p ssZhns A[n-Im-ct- mSp
a-cn cm{-sf \ymbw hn[n-p-hm ssZhw Hcp tbmm-hn-s\-tmse hcp-sap Btamkv hnfn-p]-d-p. ssZho-I I-ev]-\-I-sf- ewLn C{km-tb-ens\ {]tXy-Im inn-p-sap ]d-bm\pw Xm
ad-n-.
btcm-_bmw cmPm-hns Iogn hS-t-tZiw ùXo-Im-`n-hrn A\p-`-hn-p {]Imcw hcm t]mIp
\ymb-hn-[n-bn \np c-s]-tS--Xn\p am\-m--c-sp kXy-ssZ-h-n--tep Xncnp c-s]-Sp-Xp-Im-Wp-hm Btamkv B{K-ln-p. ]cn-ip--\mb ssZhw Xnsb shdp-p--Xn-\m Ahs \oXn
C{k-tb-ens ]m]-n\p X-inj \evIm-Xn-cn-n-spw ]pkvXIw shfn-s-Sp-p-p-v.
102
{][m\ hyn-I:
Btam-kv, Dnbm (b-lq-Z-bnse cmPm-hv) sbtcm-_bmw (C-{k-tb cmPm-hv)
Btam-kns ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

Zmho-Zns hwis hopw ]Wn-bp--h\pw (9:11) Xs P\-n\p Dm-cWw \evIp--h\pw (9:1115)
Bbn-mWv Btamkv {InkvXp-hns\ Nn{Xo-I-cn-n-cn-p--Xv.
_mly-tcJ:
1. BapJw: Fgp-p-Im-c\pw hnj-bhpw (1:12)
2. Btam-knse Fp \ymb-hn-[n-I (1:3-2:16)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
Za-kvtIm-kns\ Ipdnv (1:3-5)

^nen-kvXysc Ipdnv (1:68)
tkmcn-s\-Ip-dnv (1:910)
GtZm-ans\ Ipdnv (1:1112)
Atms\ Ipdnv (1:1315)
tamhm-_ns\ Ipdnv (2:1-3)
blq-Z-sb-Ip-dnv (2:45)
C{k-tb-en-s\-Ip-dnv (2:616)
3. Btam-kns {]kw-K- (3:16:14)

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
C{k-tb-ens \miw (3:115)

C{k-tb-ens Zpcm-Nmcw ([mo-Im-[-]-X-\w) (4:113)
C{k-tb-en-\mbn Hcp Nc-a-KoXw (5:16:14)
hcp--hmt]m-Ip \ymb-hn[n aqew C{k-tb-ens iq\yX (5:117)
aX-`--cm-b-hp imk-\ (5:18-27)
k-cm-{-p-ap HutZym-Kn-I-amb Xmo-Xv (6:114)
4. Btam-kns Ap Zi-\- (7:19:10)

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
shp-nfn Xnp \in-n-p Zi\w (7:13)

Hcp \in-n-p XobpsS Z-i-\w (7:46)
Xqp-I--bpsS Zi-\w (7:79)
Hcp Ncn-{X-]-c-amb (-hn-Shv) CS-thf. _tY-ense ]ptcm-ln-X-m-cpsS FXnv (7:10-17)
Hcp sIm ]gp-]gns Zi-\w (8:114)
btlm-h-bpsS \ymb-hn-[n-bpsS Zi-\w (9:1-10)
5. C{ktbens ]p\-cp-mcW-s-p-dnv Ap hm-KvZ-- (9:1115).
Ht_-Zymhv
(Im-hy-\o-Xn)
blq-Z-bnse Adn-b-s-Sm {]hm-N-I-\mb Hcp Ht_-Zymhv (1:1) BWv Fgp-p-Im-c. t]cns Aw
""tkh-I AYhm btlm-h-bpsS Bcm-[-I'' Fm-Wv.
103
]g-b-\n-b-a-n Ht_-Zymhv F t]cv ]epw Dm-bn-cp-p. Zmho-Zns ssk\y-nse Hcp Hmô-k

(1 Zn\. 12:9) Blm-_ns AwK-c--I\pw {]hm-N-I-msc kwc-n--h-\p-am-b-h (1 cmP 18:3) tbmin-bmhns Imep Pohn Hcp tehy (2 -Zn-\. 34:12). F{km-tbm-Sp-IqsS {]hm-k-n \np-h Hcp
t\Xm-hv (F-{km. 8:9) Fn-s\bp \nc-h-[n-t] Cu enn s]Spw. Fgp-p-Im-c-\mb Ht_-Zym-hns
hoSv, {Kmaw, IpSpw_w Fnh Bcpw tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-n-sp am{X-a X\np cmP-Iob _-tam,
]utcm-ln-Xy-_-tam D-Xmbpw kqN-\-I-fn-. kz--]n-Xm-hn-s\-p-dnpw ]cm-ain-n-n-.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
840 _n. kn.
tIhew 21 hmIy- am{X-ap ss__n-fnse Gw sNdnb ]pkvX-I-am-Wn-Xv. sNdnb {]hm-N-I-m-cn
hyXy--\mb Ht_-Zym-hns {]h-N-\-Imew \n-bn-pI {][m-\-am-sW-nepw FtZm-an-s\-Xn-cm-bp
{]h-N-\hpw Atd-_ymbpw sêo-kvXym-tZ-ihpw inn--s-Sp-Xpw hp t\mp-tm btlm-cm-ans
hmgvN-bpsS Ime-amb 848-841 _n.kn (2 Zn\ 21:16,17) Bbn-cn--Ww. BI-bm GI-tZiw 840 _n.-kn- bn
FgpXn Fv A\p-am-\n-mw.
hnj-bhpw Dt-iyhpw:
"hogvN-bvp-ap-t-bp-ff \nKf'amWv Ht_-Zym-ans hnj-bw. bdp-i-te-an\p hwim-i-s-Iv ap PmXn-I-tfmsSmw GtZmapw \nK-fnp ]cn-l-kn--Xn-s\-Xn-cm-bmWv {]h-N-\w.
{][m\ hyn-I
Ht_-Zymhv:
Ht_-Zym-hns ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

cm{-sf \ymbw hn[n-p--h (15, 16) C{k-tb-ens c-I (17-20) cmPyw Ah-Im-i-am-p--h (21)
Fo \ne-I-fn-emWv Ht_-Zym-hn {InkvXp-hns\ ImWp--Xv. 42
_mly-tcJ:
1. GtZm-ans \ymb-hn-[n-sb-p-dn-p {]h-N\w (1:19)
A.
\ymb-hn-[n-bpsS \nbw (1:14)

B. \ymb-hn[n ]qn-bm--s-Sp-p (1:59)
2. GtZm-ans \ymb-hn-[n-bpsS ASn-m-\- (1:1014)

A.
Ahs ktlm-Zc kvt\l-an-m-bva (1:10)

Ahs Al-mcw (D-X-`m-hw) (1:11,12)
C. Ahs B{I-aW {]h-W-X (1:13 -14)
B.
3. \ymb-hn-[n-bpsS ka-bw (1:15)

4. \ymb-hn-[n-bpsS êw (1:1618)
5. C{k-tb-ens hnSp-X (1:1921).
104
tbm\m
(ssZ-h-ln-X-n \np HmSn-tm-v)
hSt-tZ-i-amb C{k-tb-ense Keoe ]W-m-c-\mb Aao-Ym-bnbpsS aI tbm\m F {]hm-N-I-\mWv
Fgp-p-Im-c (1:1). CXn ]d-b-s-n-cn-p e-fpw hyn-I-fpw, kbp-n-I-amb ap-]e sXfn-hp-Ifp-amWv ]pkvX-I-ns Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ASn-m-\w (2 cmPm 14:25) asmcp sXfnhv tbm\-sb-p-dn-p
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns kmy-am-Wv (a-m. 12:40). tbm\m F t]cn\v ""{]mhv'' Fm-Ww.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
793-753 _n.kn
2 cmPm 14:27 sbscm-_bmw II-mas `c-W-Im-e-tmSp _-sp tbm\-bpsS {]h\w ]-d-n-cn-p-Xn-\m Imew 793-753 _n.-kn. Xs-bm-Wv. A-Xm-bXv Feoim {]hm--N-Is tijhpw Btamkv, tlmtib
Fo {]hm-N-I-mp appw Bbn-cpp tbm\m-bpsS {]h\ Im-eLw.
hnj-bhpw D-t-ihpw:
F{_mbm-cpsS ssZhw Bscpw Ahs alXzw F{X t{ijvT-sa-p-amWv tbm\m shfn-sSp-p--Xv:
(1) ]m]-sf Hmp ]m--]n-p-I-bpw Gp-]-d-n-tem-Sp-IqsS aS-n-h-cn-Ibpw sNp Bpw Ah
c \evIp-p, (2) {]Ir-Xn-bpsS taepw, a\p-jys kI-e-{]-hn-I-fp-sSbpw ta km-[n-]-Xn-bm-Wv,
(3) ap hwio-b-tcm-Sp kvt\l-an-m \psS at\m`m-h- ssZh-lnXw \nhr-n-p-hm \ap-p-XS--ambn h-cpw.
{][m\ hyn-I:
tbm\
tbm\m-bpsS ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

tbm\m-bpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h--fnIqsS {InkvXp-hns Dbns-gp-tev]pw (a-m. 12:40). temI-c-nXmhpw Im-hp-sa \ne-bn km-tZ-iob {]hm-N-I-Zu-Xyhpw (2:9) shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p. (tb-ip{InkvXp tbm\-sb-tmse ssZh-ln-X-tmSp ssha-\kyw Imn-bn-cp-n-s hyXymkw Dv).
_mly-tcJ:
1. tbm\-bpsS HmSn-tm-v (1:117)
A.
B.
HmSn-tm-ns Imc-Ww (1:1, 2)

HmSn-tm-ns hgn (1:3)
C. HmSn-tm-ns êw (1:417)
2. tbm\m-bpsS {]m-\ (2:110)

A.
B.
{]m-\-bpsS kz`m-hw (2:19)

{]m-\-bpsS adp-]-Sn (2:10)
3. tbm\m-bpsS {]kw-Kw (3:110)

105
A.
{]kw-Kn-m-\p ssZh-I-ev]-\ (3:13)

B. tbm\m-bpsS {]kw-K-ns D-S-w (3:4)
C. tbm\m-bpsS {]kw-K-ns ]cn-W-X-^-ew (3:510)
4. tbm\m ]Tn-n ]mTw (4:1-11)

A.
tbm\m-bpsS ]cm-Xn (4:1-3)

B. tbm\bvp thn-bp ssZh-ns ]mTy-]--Xn (4:411).
aoJm
(ss-Z-h-s-tmse Bcpv?)
{]hm-N-I-\mb aoJm-bn \np Xs-bmWv ]pkvX-I-n\pw t]cp-m-b-Xv. Fgp-p-Im-c-\-p-dnv Imcyamb Adn-hp-I-sfmpw e`n-n-n-s-nepw ]pkvXIw shfn-s-Sp-p--Xpw, bnc-aymhv 26:18 \npw {]m]np--Xp-amb Adn-hp-I \ap-p-v. aoJ-bmhv F-Xns Npcp-nb cq]-amWv aoJ. ""btlm-hsbt]mse
Bcpv?'' FmWv t]cns Aw. 7:18emWv CXp shfn-s-Sp-p--Xv. ""\ns-tm-semcp ssZhw
Bcpq?'' F tNmZyw D-bn-n-cn-p--Xv. tZi-n-t hcp \ymb-hn-[n-sb-p-dnp {]h-Nn bncaym-hns hN-\-sf icn-h-bvp-hm BIm-e-p bn{km-tb aq-m FSpp Imn-bXp aoJm 3:12
]d-n-cn-p aoJm {]hm-N-Is hN-\--fm-bn-cp-p (bnc 26:18).
aoJm tamtc-tip tZi-m-c Bbn-cp-p. (1:1 cf. 1:14) sbcp-i-te-an \np 25 ssa ssXp-]-Sn-mdp
sênkvXy tZi-amb Kn\p kao-]-m-bn-cpp tamtc-siv F ]-Ww. bYm m\w blq-Zbnse km-tZ-iob hym]m-c-tI-{-amb emJo-in-\-Sp-p hn`-h-k-ar--amb aes-cnhv BIp-p.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
700 _n.kn
aoJm 1:1 Xs {]h-N-\-Imew tbmYmw (750-732 _n.-kn) Blmkv (736-716 _n.-kn) sblkvInbmhv
(716687 _n.-kn) Fn-h-cpsS \mfp-I-fn Bbn-cpp Fp tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v. blq-Zm-tZ-i-nse
{]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp-s-nepw hS-t-tZ-i-amb C{k-tb-en-s\-p-dnpw {]tXy-Im ia-cym-bpsS ]X-\-sp-dnpw {]h-Nn-n-cp-p. (1:6) C{k-tb-ens Aiq {]hm-k-n\p (722 -_n.-kn) apv GI-tZiw 700 _n.-kn.
bn Bbn-cppAhs Gdnb]v -{]-h-N-\-fpw \S--Xv.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
ssZhw Xs P\-hp-ambn sNbvX DS-Sn hyh--I ]menv A\p-k-cnv A\p-{Klw {]m]n-p-hm C{ktb-en\p Ign-bmsX ]cm-Pb
- s
- -Sp-Ib
- m im{]-{K-cmbn hmKvZ \mSp-hnp t]mtInhcp-p (B-h. 28:114;
28:1568) Fm-bn-cpp ao-JmbpsS {]h-N-\w. blq-Zm-sb-p-dnpw Ah ssZh-ns \oXn-bpw, \ymbhpw
Ah-K-Wnp {]hn A\o-Xn-I ad-m--]w ssZhw inn-p-sapw {]h-Nn-p. Ccp cmPy--fnsebpw ]m]-{]-hn-I-fmb P\-]o-V-\w, \ymbm-[n-]-m-cpsSbpw, {]hm-N-I-m-cp-sSbpw ]ptcm-ln-X-m-cpsSbpw CS-bnse ssIqen hm, AXym-{K-lw, NXn, Al-m-cw, _emkw-K Fn-hsb {]tXyIm Nqn-m-p-I-bp-m-bn. P\w in-W-m A\p-X-]np aS-n-h-m ssZhw Ahsc hopw Dcn-p-sa-p Imcyhpw ad-p-h-n-.
aoJm-bpsS aqp {]kw-K--fnepw \ymb-hn[n F hnj-b-n\p {]m[m\yw \evIn-bn-pv Fm ]p\cp-m-c-W-sa kXy-sbpw B Iq-n shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v. `mhn-bn hcp-hm-\n-cn-p ain-lmbpsS cmPy-n C{k-tb-en\p temI-cm-{-n-S-bn AXyp--X-amb Hcp m\w e`n-p-sap shfns-Sp-n-smv C{k-tb-ens tijn-n\p {]hm-N-I Nne s]cp-am- -N-- \nt-in-n-p-v (aoJm
2:12, 4:7; 5:7,8; 7:18).
106
]pkvX-I-ns An-a-L--n-tep hcp-tm {]hm-N-I Imcy-sf Ah-X-cn-n-p-Xp It-cn-a-nem-Wv. ssZh-n\p Xs P\-hp-ambn hnhm-Z-kw-KXn Dv. Cu X-kw-KXn tIp Xocp-am-\n-t--Xn\mbn ssZhw ]-X--sf-bpw, Ipp-I-sfbpw ay--X-bvmbn hnfn-p-p. P\- Poh-\p ssZhsbpw Ahs \oXn-bpsS {]am-W--sfbpw Dt]-nv iq\y-hpw, hy-hp-amb BNm-c-\p-jvTm-\-
\Sn ssZh-lnXw \nd-thn F kzb-kw-Xr-]vXn-bn A\p-Zn\ Pohn-Xs hj-fm-n-b-XmWv ssZ-hn\p ZpxJ-ambn Xo-Xv. ssZhw a\p-jy-t\mSv Bh-iy-s-Sp-Xv Fsp Xncn--dn-bm Ahp IgnbmsX t]mbn. ""Ip-m'' F GI-hn[n am{Xta Ahp e`n-p-I-bp-q.
{]Xym-i-bpsS Hcp Ipdnp \evIn-sm-mWv ]pkvXIw Ah-km-\n-p--Xv. \ymb-hn[n \S-p--h-\mb
ssZhw IcpWbp--h IqsS-bmWv. ""AIrXyw an--bpw, Xs Ah-Im-i-n tijn-p--h-tcmSp
AXn-{Iaw tamNn-bpw sNp \ntmSp ka-\mb ssZhw Bcpq? Ah Ftpw tIm]w
shp-sIm-p-n; Zb-bn-etm Ah\p {]km-Z-ap-Xv'' (7:18). {]hm-N-Is {]kvXm-h-\-bn Ap-X-sSm-\n Fs-m CXp {Kln {]hm-N-I AXn-\mbn Dd-tmsS Imn-cp--h IqsS-bm-Wv. ""Rmt\m
btlm-h-bn--tep t\mpw, Fs c-bpsS ssZh-n-\mbn Imn-cn-pw; Fs ssZhw Fs
{]m\ tIpw'' (7:7). 43
{][m\ hyn-I:
aoJm, tbmYmw, Blm-kv, sblkvIn-bmhv
aoJm-bpsS ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:
aoJm {InkvXp-hns\ bmtm-_ns ssZh-ambpw (4:2) PmXn-Isf (cm-{--sf) \ymbw hn[n-p--h-\mbpw
(4:3) t_Xve-tl-an P\n-m-\n-cn-p `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-sbbpw (5:2 cf. am 2:1-6) ]d-n-cn-p-p. ain-lbpsS P--e-s-p-dnv At\z-jn sltcmZm cmPm-hn\p ]ptcm-ln-X-mcpw imkv{Xn-amcpw sImSp
sXfnhv aoJm 5:2 B-bn-cp-p.
_mly-tcJ:
1. BapJw (1:1)
2. Hm-as ZqXv; ia-cy-bp-sSbpw blq-Z-bp-sSbpw taep \ymb-hn[n (1:12:13)
A.
\ymb-hn-[n-bpsS kZ-n-s\-p-dn-p {]h-N-\w (1:2-7)

B. P\-sf Hmp hnem-]w (1:816)
1) aoJm-bpsS hnem-]w (1:89)
2) aoJm ap--hsc hnem-]-n-\mbn Wn-p-p (1:1016)
C. blq-Z-bpsS ]m]- (2:111)
1) P\--fpsS ]m]- (2:15)
2) hymP-{]-hm-N-I-m-cpsS ]m]- (2:611)
D. `mhn Iqn-tn-s\-p-dn-p {]h-N-\w (2:1213)
3. cm-as ZqXv: \mihpw XpSp hnSp-X-epw (3:15:15)

A.
PmXn-I-fpsS Xe-h-m-cpsS tah-cp \ymb-hn-[n (3:112)

1) `c-Wm-[n-]-mp \ymb-hn-[n (3:1-4)
2) hymP-{]-hm-N-I-mp \ymb-hn-[n (3:58)
3) kztZ-iob t\Xm--mp \ymb-hn-[n (3:912)
107
B.
tZi-n\p hcp ssZh-cm-Py-ns A\p-{K-l- (4:15:15)

1) ssZh-cm-Py-ns kz`m-hw (4:18)
2) ssZh-cm-Pys XpSp kw`-h- (4:9-5:1)
3) ssZh-cm-Py-ns `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn (5:215)
4. aqm-as ZqXv: ]m]-ns inm-hn-[n-bpw, A\p-{K-l

- ns hmKvZ
- h
- pw. (6:17:20)
A.
ssZhw Npa-p Hcp Ipm-tcm-]-Ww (6:15)
B.
tZi-ns ay--\mbn aoJm-bpsS {]Xn-I-c-Ww (6:68)
C.
]m]w-aq-e-ap ssZhnI \ymb-hn-[n (6:916)

1) ]m]- (6:9-12)
2) in (6:1316)
D.
aoJm -ssZ-h-tmSp bmNn-p-p (7:1-17)

1) tZi-ns ]m]-aqew anJm-bpsS kSw (7:1-6)
2) aoJmbvp ssZh-n-ep hnizm-k-ns Dd-v (7:713)
3) ssZhw ]nsbpw C{k-tb-ens CS-b Bbn-cn-t--Xn\v thn aoJm-bpsS {]m-\
(7:14)
4) Xs P\-n-\p-thn Ap-X-Im-cy- {]hn-p-sa-p ssZh-ns hmKvZw
(7:15-17)
E.
ssZh-ns GIXzs-p-dn-p aoJm-bpsS nco-I-c-Ww (7:18-20).
\lqw
(\n-\-th-bpsS \miw)
FevtIm-iy-\mb \lq-an\p \ns\-sh-sbp-dn-p-mb Zi\w Fp 1:1 am{Xta Fgp-p-Im-c-s\-p-dnv
Fs-nepw a\-n-em-m klm-b-I-am-bn-p-p. \lqw F t]cn\v ""Bizmkw'' Fm-W-sa-nepw
\ns\-shsb ssIh-i-amn hn-cn-p Aiq-cns ZpjvS-X-bvs-Xn-cmbn {]h-Nn--tm Bizm-k-n\p
hI \evIn-bn-. Fn-cp-mepw Xm {]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp blq-Zbvp (1:15) AXp Bizmkw \evIn. FevtImins m\w IrXy-ambn ]d-bpI {]bm-k-am-sW-nepw bYm-n-I-cmb blqZ hnZzm-m-cpsS A`n-{]m-bn CXp sXt blq-Zy-bnse Hcp {]tZ-i-am-Wv.
asm sNdnb {]hm-N-I-m-sc-tmse Cu ]pkvX-I-n-sbpw t]cv Fgp-p-Im-c-\mb \lq-an-tXp Xsbm-Wv.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
663-612 B.C.
an{k-bn-an-ep tXt_-kns (t\m--A-tm) XI-sb-p-dnv ]d-n-cn-pp (3:810). tXt_-kns
]X\w 663 B.C.bn Bbn-cp-p. ]pkvX-I-ns aqp Aym-b--enepw B.C. 612- kw`-hn \n\-thbpsS ]X-\-s-p-dnp kao] `mhn-bn kw`-hn Imcy-ambn ]d-n-cn-p--Xn-\m (2:1; 3:14-,19) Cu
Ime-m-bn-cn-Ww \lq-ans {]h-N\
-
- \S-n-cn-p-X
- .v A-s\-sb-n \lqw sk^-\ym-hn-sbpw bnc108
aym-hn-sbpw ka-Im-eo-\-mcpw tbminbm cmPm-hns hmgvN-m-ep Pohn-n-cp Bfpw Bbn-cnWw.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
ZpjvS-m-cmb \n\-th-bnse Aiq-cy-cp-sS-ta hcp btlm-h-bpsS tIm]hpw {]Xn-Im-c-\-S-]n-Sn-bm D
XIbpw {]kvXm-hn-t--Xn-\m-bn-m-bn-cp-p. CXmWv tbm\m {]Xo-n-n-cp--Xv, ]t \lqw ]nsbpw
GI-tZiw 150 hj-p tij-amWv Xs {]h-N\w \S-n-b-Xv.
tbm\-bpsS {]kwKw tIp am\-m--c-s \n\-th-m ZoL-Imew AXn \ne-\n-n; adnv thKn Ah X-fpsS ]gb No hgn-I-fn-tep aS-n-tm-bn. C{k-tb-ense 10 tKm{X-sf B.C. 722 Aiq cmPm-hmb ktKm II ASn-a-I-fm-p-Ibpw ia-cysb \in-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\p-tijw
ktlco_v bdp-i-te-an-tep hcn-Ibpw sbl-kvInbm cmPm-hn-s\bpw P\-sbpw (B.C. 701) GXmv
{]hm-kn-I-fm-p-sa Ahbn Fn-b-Xp-am-Wv. ]t \n\th Xe-m-\-m-bp Aiq-cns Al-bpw, ssk\y-_-e-n-\p-sa-Xn-cm-bn-mWv btlmh \lq-an IqsS Xs \ymb-hn[n Adn-bn--Xv. Aiqcns in-bpw, {Iqc-Xbpw btlm-h-bpsS inp apn XI-Sn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Aiq-cns \ymbhn-[nsb {]kvXm-hn-p ]pkvXIw blq-Zbvp hcp Bizm-s-p-dnpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-cn-p-p.
{][m-\-hy-n-I:
\lqw
\lq-ans ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

{InkvXp-hn-s\-p-dnv t\cn-p {]h-N-\- Hp-an-s-nepw Fm {]h-N-\--fp-sSbpw ASn-m\ hnjbw
{InkvXp BIp--Xn-\m CXnepw XojvW-X-bp--h\pw {]Xn-tbm-Kn-I-tfmSp {]Xn-Imcw sNp--h-\p-am-bnmWv Nqn-m-p--Xv (1:213).
_mly-tcJ:
1. BapJw: (1:1)
2. \n\-th-bpsS ta hcp Jn-X-amb \ymb-hn-[n-bpsS {]h-N\w (1:215)
A.
B.
C.
\n\-th-bvs-Xn-cmbn btlm-h-bpsS hnip tIm]w (1:28)

btlm-h-bvs-Xn-cmbn \ns\-sh-bpsS ]Xn s]mfnbpw (1:911)
\n\-th-bpsS \ymb-hn-[n-bm blq-Z-bpsS IjvS-Xbvp Adp-Xn-h-cp-p (1:12-15)
3. \n\-th-bp-sS-ta hcp \ymb-hn-[n-bpsS hnh-cWw (2:113)

A.
B.
s]s-p B{I-a-W-ns hnh-c-Ww (2:16)

]cm-Pbw shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p (2:713)
4. \n\-thsb \ymbw-hn-[n-p--Xn\p btlm-h-bvp Imc-W- (3:119)

A.
B.
C.
Ah-fpsS B{I-a-W-hpw, NXnhpwaqew hcp \mW-tSv (3:17)

tXt_-kn-t\mSv (t\m--A-tm) sNbvXv Ah-fpsS kz ]cm-P-b-n\p tlXp-hmbn (3:811)
Ah-fpsS {]Xn-tcm[w ê-iq-\y-am-bn-tm-bn (3:12-19).
l_-qv
(Ip-g--p ]cn-lm-cw)
l_-qv BWv Fgp-p-Im-c Fv 1:1 \npw 3:1 \npw hy-am-p-p. Xm {]hm-N-I Fp
kzbw shfn-s-SpptXm-sSmw Ahs {]m-\-bpw, kvXpXnbpw shfn-s-Sp-p asmcp Imcyw
109
Ahs ]utcm-lnXy ]m--e-am-Wv. l_-qv Xs {]m-\m-KoXw Ah-km-\n-n-p-Xv ""kwKoX

{]am-Wnv X{n-\m-Z-tmsS'' Fp ]d-p-sIm-m-Wv (3:19 Ah-km-\w).
l_-qv FXv ""Benw-K\w'' Fw hcp F{_mb ]Z-n\n-p-f-hm-b-Xm-Wv. {]hm-N-I
btlm-hsb Ahs c-bpsS ssZhhpw _e-hp-ambn Ip Aht\mSp ]n-tNp \np.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
600 B.C.
Fp-sIm-s-m _m_n-tem-Wy-cpsS B{I-a-W-ns {]Xo-bpw Ah-cpsS {]iw-kbpw ]pkvX-In {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-p-v. AXm-bXv l_-q-ns ip{iqj _m_n-temWy B{I-a-W-n-\p-apv blqZm
cmPm-hmb btlm-bm-o-ans `c-W-Im-ep \S-n-cn-m-\mWp kmy-X. 1:6; 2:1 Fo thZ-`m-K-
CXn\p klm-b-I-am-Wv. _m_n-temWy B{I-aWw 605 B.C bn Bbn-cp-p.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
ZpjvS-m-cmb _m_n-tem-Wy B{I-a-W-n-\mbn hcp-Xp Ip l_-qIv Ipg--n BIp--XmWv
{]h-N\ hnj-bw. Ahs hnizm-k-ns apn {]bm-k-ta-dnb cp tNmZy--fmWv sXfn-hmbn hXv:
(1) Fp-sIm-mWv ssZhw inm-hn[n \S-msX Xn s]cp-Ip-hm blq-Zsb A\p-h-Zn-n-cn-p-Xv?
(1:24), (2) Fs\ Hcp hnip--\mb ssZhw (1:13) ]m]-ap PmXn-bmb _m_n-tem-Wns\ Xs \ymbhn[n \S-p-hm-\p apJm-n-c-ampw? (1:12-2:1). l_-q-ns\ CXp hmsX hnj-an-n-s-nepw ssZhns \nc--c-amb shfn-m-Sp-I-fnqsS {]iv\-n\p ]cn-lmcw hcn-Ibpw ktmj ko\w
]mSn btlm-h-bn B{i-bn-p-sImv Ah-km-\n-n-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Xn-bpsS {]iv\s t\cn-Sm\p ssZh-ns \-bp-sSbpw in-bp-sSbpw {]Xn-tcm-[-amWv Cu ]pkvX-Iw.
{][m\ hyn-I:
l_-q-Iv.
l_-q-ns ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

{]h-N-\-ns \nP-nXn ]cn-tim-[n-p-tm {InkvXp-hns\ cn-Xm-hmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-n-cn-p-Xp hyam-Wv. 3:13,18 `mK--fn ""c'' F hmp aqp {]mhiyw hn-cn-p-p. Cu c-bmWv am. 1:21-
tbip F t]cn-\m hnh-n-n-cn-p--Xp. Ahs\ ]cn-ip--\mbpw (1:12 cf 1 tbml. 1:9) hniz-kn-p-hsc \oXn-I-cn-p--h-\mbpw (2:4) Hcp Znhkw `qansb Xm \nd-bvp--h-\mbpw ]d-n-cn-p-p.
""shw kap-{Z-n \nd-n-cn-p--Xp-t]mse `qan btlm-h-bpsS al-Xz-n ]cn-m-\-m
]q-am-Ipw'' (2:14).
_mly-tcJ:
1. l_-p-ns {]Xn-kn: hnizmkw ]co-n--s-Sp-I-bpw, D]-tZ-in--s-Sp-Ibpw
sNp-p (1:12:20)
A
B.
C.
Hm-as {]iv\w: ssZhw Fn-\mWv ZpjvSX hn-n-p-hm blq-Zsb A\p-h-Zn-p-Xv? (1:24)

ssZh-ns Hm-as adp-]-Sn (1:511)
cm-as {]iv\w: blq-Zsb inn-m-\mbn ssZhw Fn\p ZpjvS-`-c-W-Iq-S-amb _m_n-temWns\ D]-tbm-Kn-p-p (1:12-2:1)
D. ssZh-ns cm-as adp-]-Sn (2:220)
2. l_-q-ns kvXpXnv: hnizm-k-ns hnP-b-t`cn (3:119)

A.
B.
ssZh--ns Bf-Xz-n-\mbn kvXpXn-p-p (3:13)

ssZhin-mbn kvXpXn-p-p (3:47)
110
C.
D.
ssZh-ns Dt-i-n-\mbn kvXpXn-p-p (3:816)

ssZh-n-ep hnizm-k-n-\mbn kvXpXn-p-p (3:17-19).
sk^-\ymhv
(\ym-b-hn-[n-bnqsS A\p-{K-lw)
Fgp-p-Im-c 1:1 ]d-bpw-t]mse lnkvIn-bm-hns aI-\mb KZ-ym-hns aI-\mb Iqin-bpsS aI-\mb
sk^-\ymhv BIp-p. km[m-c-W-bmbn ]nXm-hns t]cp-am{Xw \evIp-tm (sb-i. 1:1; bnc-aym. 1:1; sbl.
1:3; tlmsi. 1:1; tbmth 1:1) ChnsS \mep Xe-ap-d-bnse ]q ]nXm--fpsS t]cp \evIn-bn-cn-p-p. CXp
Xs Ipeo-\Xzw shfn-s-Sp-p-hm-\m-bn-m-Wv. AXm-bXv sk^-\ym-hns henb hen-b- blq-Z-bnse
\-h-\mb sbl-kvIn-bm cmPmhv Bbn-cp-sp kmcw.
Fgp-p-Im-c-\n\np Xs-bmWv ]pkvX-I-ns t]cp-m-bn-cn-p--Xv. t]cns Aw ""btlm-hbpsS ad-n-cn-p--h'' (2:3) Fm-Ip-p.
Fgp-Xn-b-Imew:
630-625 B.C.
apJ-hp-c-bn I-{]-Imcw (1:10) sk^-\ym-hns {]h-N\ ip{iqj tbminbm cmPm-hns `c-W-Im-e-mbn-cp-p. (B.C. 640-609) AXm-bXv \n\-th-bpsS \mi-n\pw (612 B.C.) apm-bn-cp-p. AXn\p sXfn-hmbn
\app 1:46 hscbp `mKv ]d-n-cn-p blq-Z-bpsS hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bpsS tcJ FSp-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
tbminbm-hns (622621 _n.-kn.)\ho-I-cW Ime-mWv CXn-s\mcp AdpXn h-Xv. CsXmw hp t\mptm 630- Dw 625 Dw B.C. bvpw CSbvv FgpXn Fp hniz-kn-p--XmWp \ymbw.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
a\-ti, Btam, Fo blq-Z-cm-Pm--m-cpsS Zp`-c-W-m (3:1-7) kmmn-I-am-bpw, Bo-b-ambpw
A[x-]-Xnv btlm-h-tbmSp A\p-k-c-W-tSp Imnb P\-Xbvp Bh\w 28- ]d-n-cn-p Fm
im]-fpw in-Ifpw A\p-`-hn-m ka-b-am-bn-cn-pp Fp ap-dn-bn-m-bn-cpp sk^-\ym-hns {]hN-\w. ssZhw Xs hnip-n-bn Fgp-sn hcn-Ibpw kIe cmjv{S--sfbpw hnfnp Iqn I-Wp
tNmZnpI-bpw, Ahsc \ymbw hn[n-p-Ibpw sNp Im-hns \m ASp-n-cn-pp F-XmWv
{][m\ hnj-bw. Fm hnip-ntb Af-hp-tIm Bp ssZhw Icp-W-bp--h\pw A\p{K-ln-p-h\pw IqsS BI-bm Fm-hpw A\p-X-]nv aS-n-h-cm-\p Ah-k-c-ap-s-pw- IqsS {]hm-N-I
{]kvXm-hn-n-p-v. sk^-\ym-hns {]h-N-\s (1) ]m]-ns \ymb-hn[n (2) aS-n-h-c-hn\pw am\-m-c-n-\p-am-bp hnfn (3) `mhn hnSp-Xepw A\p-{K-l-fpw Fp aqm-bnp Xncn-mw.
{][m\ hyn-I:
sk^-\ym-hv, tbmin-bm.
sk^-\ym-hns ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

{]tXyIw FSpp ]d-n-n-s-nepw C{k-tb-ens ay-n \oXn-bph (3:5) Ah-cpsS cmPmhv
(3:15) Fo {]tbm-K- ain-lmsbpdn-m-Ip-p.
_mly-tcJ:
111
1. Bap-Jw. (1:1)
2. btlm-h-bpsS Znh-k-nse \ymb-hn[n (1:23:8)
A.
kIe `qan-bnepw hcp \ymb-hn[n (1:2,3)

B . blq-Z-bpsSta hcp \ymb-hn[n (1:42:3)
1) \ymb-hn-[n-bpsS Imc-W- (1:413)
2) \ymb-hn-[n-bpsS hnh-cWw (1:14-18)
3) A\p-X-]n-p-hm\pw At\z-jn-m\pw cmjv{S-p ap-dn-bnp \evIp-p (2:13)
C Ab cmjv{S-p \ymb-hn[n (2:415)
1) sên-kvXy-cpsS ta (2:47)
2) tamhm-_n-t-epw, Atms taepw (2:8-11)
3) FtXym-]y-bpsS ta (2:12)
4) Aiq-cns ta (2:13-15)
D sbcq-i-te-ans ta hcp \ymb-hn[n (3:17)
1) {]hm-N-Is Ipm-tcm-]Ww (3:15)
2) btlm-h-bpsS \ymb-hn[n (3:6,7)
E kw]q `qan-ta hcp \ymb-hn[n (3:8)
3. btlm-h-bpsS Znh-k-nse ]p\-cp-m-cWw (3:920)

A
B
cmjv{S--fpsS ]p\-cp-m-cWw (3:910)

C{k-tb-ens ]p\-cp-m-cWw (3:11-20).
lmbn
(t{]m-m-l-\w)
apJ-hpc:
lmbn DssS aqp {]hm-N-I-m-cmWv _m_n-temWy {]hm-k-n-\p-tijw {]h-Nn--h. lm-bn,
skJ-cym-hv, amemJn Ch aqp-t]cpw C{k-tb-en-tep aS-n-h blq-Z-m-tcm-SmWv {]h-Nn--Xv. hfsc
Npcp-nb Hcp tijn-s-nepw Ah-cpsS kmmn-I-hpw, Bo-I-hp-amb hfsb t{]mm-ln-n-p-Ibm-bn-cpp Cu {]hm-N-I-m sNbvX-Xv. Fs-m kzw \mn Ahv tZhm-e-bhpw `c-W-Iq-Shpw
Fmw Dm-t-n-bn-cp-p.
lm-bnbpw skJ-cymhpw Ah-cpsS tZhm-ebw ]Wn-bvm-h-iy-amb Bob {]tNm-Z\w \evI-b-tm
amemJn Ah-cpS kmmn-I-hpw, kmaq-lyhpw Bb Bh-iy-sf Nqn-mn cmjv{S-\nm-W-n\p
{]tNm-Z\w \evIn.

lmbn F t]cn\v ""Bm-Z-{]Zw'' AYhm ""D-hm-tLmjw'' FmWv Aw. Nne-cpsS A`n-{]mbw
lmbn P\n-Xv GtXm Dh Zn\-n Bbn-cpp Fm-Wv. Fm CXn\v B[n-Im-cn-I-amb ]n_e-an-. ]pkvX-I-n\np e`n-p Adn-hp-Ifpw (9 {]mhiyw t]cp- h-n-p-v) F{km. 5:12; 6:14 \evIp
hnh-c--fp-a-msX lm-bn-sb-p-dnv IqSp-X hnh-c- Hp-an-. lmbnXs-p-dnp Xs {]hm-NI Fp ]d-n-cn-p-p (1:1). Ahs amXm-]n-Xm--sf-p-dnv bmsXm-c-dn-hp-an-. Ah skJy-cym-hns KhW-dm-bn-cp skcq-_m-t_-en-sbpw kaI-m-en-I-\m-bn-cp-p.
112
km[m-cW ap ]pkvX-I--fn-se-tm-se -Xs Cu ]pkvX-I-n\pw AXns t]cv Fgp-p-Im-ctXp

Xs-bm-Wv.
Fgp-Xn-b-Imew:
520 B.C.
t]jy cmPm-hmb tImc-ins hnfw-_c {]Imcw 50,000 blq-Z-m bcq-i-te-an-tebvp aS-n-h-p. Cu
Iq-n-emWv skcq-_m-t_ (F-{km. 1:24 cf. sbi. 44:28). alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-\mb tbmip-hm, {]hm-N-I-mcmb lm-bn, skJ-cym-hv Fn-hcpw aS-n-h-Xpw blq-Z-m-cpsS aS-n-h-c-hn\pw tZhm-e-b-ns
]p\\nn-Xnbvpw B[n-Im-cn-I-amb hnfw-_cw (A-\p-a-Xn) e`n--Xv 538 B.C. bn Bbn-cp-p.
Xncn-p-h--h F{X-bpw-th-K-n bmK-]oTw ]Wn-bp-Ibpw tehy- hn-[n-{]-Im-c-ap bmKmZn I-
(F{km 3:16) ]p\-cm-cw-`n-p-Ibpw cmw-hj-n tZhm-e-b-n\p ASn-m\anSp-Ibpw sNbvXp (F{km
3:813; 5:16). Fnepw ia-cy-cpsS òj-Wn-bpw, t]jy-bn\n-p Nne k-fpw tZhm-eb ]Wnv
XSw krjvSn-p. CXp P\--fpsS Bob hf-tbbpw _m[n-p. Cu Ah GXmv 16 \o hj AXm-b-Xv Zmcym-thiv cmPm-hns cmw Bp-hsc \op-t]m-bn. Zmcym-thiv lnm-kvs]kv t]jybn `cWw \S-n-bXv B.C. 521-486 hsc-bm-Wv. Zmcym-thiv cmPm-hns cmw Bn (B.C. 520) ssZhw
lmbn {]hm-N-I-\nqSn blqZ PmXnsb DWp-Ibpw tZhm-e-b-ns ]p\\nmWw Bcw-`n-phm Dm-ln-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp (F-{km. 5:1,2; lm.1:1).
lm. 1:1 ]d-n-cn-pw-{]-Imcw Zmcy-th-ins 2mw Bn (B.C. 520) Bdmw-am-k-amb Feq (B-Kv, sk]vw-_) Hmw -Xo-b-Xn-bm-bn-cpp lm-bnv BZy ZqXp (A-cp-f-m-Sv) e`n--Xv.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
]g-b-\n-b-a-nse Ghpw sNdnb ]pkvXIw Ht_-Zymhv BsW-n cm-as sNdnb ]pkvXIw lmbn
Xs. CXns `mjm-L-S\ efn-Xhpw {]tNm-Zn-X-hp-am-Wv. Hcp {]tXyI k`-n-te-mbn \ntbm-Knsh\pw A{]-i-kvX-\mb Hcp {]hm-N-Is \mep ZqXp-I-fmWv CXnse {]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-bw.
henb {]hm-N-I-m-sc-tmse {]i-kvX\pw Hcp henb {K-ns cN-bn-Xmhpw As-nepw Xs sNdnb
{K-nqsS \evIn-bn-cn-p \mep ZqXp-I AXn-i-hpw ssZh-n\n-p--Xp-am-bn-cp--Xn-\memWv tZhm-e-b-ns ]p\\nm-W-n\v P\- {]tNm-Zn-X-cm-b-Xv. ""ssk\y--fpsS ssZh-amb
btlmh C{]-Imcw Acp-fn-s-pp'' (1:2) Fv 25 A[nIw {]mhiyw {]kvXm-hn-n-cn-p-Xv {]h-N\-ns ssZhoI A[n-Im-c-s-bm-Wv shfn-s-Sp-p--Xv. ]pkvXIw Ah-km-\n-n-p-Xpw CtX {]kvXmh-\-tbm-Sm-Wv.
ASn-a-Xz-n\npw aS-n-h tijn-ns\ Dm-ln-nv btlm-h-bpsS Bebw ]Wn-bn-p--Xn-\mbn
sNbvX {]h-N-\--fn\nv aqp Imcy- hy-am-p-p: (1) ssZh-n\v {]Y-a-m\w \evIp-tmgmWv ssZhw Xs P\s A\p-{K-ln-p--Xv, (2) ssZh-n-\p-thn \mw sNp {]hn-I Hcnepw DZm-ko-\-X-tbmsS Bbn-cn--cp-Xv, (3) \mtf-p (`m-hn) ssZhoI hmKvZ-- Cv ssZh-n
B{i-bn-m-\p ASn-m-\-am-bn-Xo-cp-p.
{][m\ hyn-I:
lm-bn, Zmcy-th-iv, skcp-_m-t_, alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-\mb tbmip-h.
113
lm-bn-bpsS ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

tZhm-eb alXzw hos-Sp-p--h\pw (2-:79) temI km{am-Py-sf \nq-e\w sNp-h\pw (2:22)
Bbn-mWv CXn {InkvXp-hns\ Dbn-m-p--Xv.
_mly-tcJ:
1. Hm-as ZqXv: tZhm-ebw ]Wn-bp-hm-\p Blzm\w (1:115)
A
B
C
D
E
apJ-hp-c (1:1)
Hm-as imk\ (1:26)
]cn-lmcw (1:78)
cm-as imk\ (1:911)
{]hm-NI ZqXn-t\m-Sp {]Xn-I-cWw (1:12-15)
2. cm-as ZqXv: ssZhoI hmKvZ---fm-ep ss[cyw {]m]n-p-hm-\p hnfn (2:19)

A
apJ-hp-c (2:12)
B io-I-cn-m-sa-p ssZhoI hmKvZ-hpw `mhn al-Xzhpw (2:39)
3. aqm-as ZqXv, PohX ipo-I-c-W-n-\m-bp hnfn (2:10-19)

A
apJ-hpc (2:10)
Ipgw: tijn-ns A\p-k-c-W-tSv (2:11-14)
C ]cn-lmcw: tijn-ns A\p-k-cWw (2:15-19)
B
4. \mem-as ZqXv: `mhn Dd-m-p--Xn-\p hnfn (2:20-23)

apJ-hp-c (2:2021 a)
PmXob cmPy--fpsS `mhn-]-cm-P-b-s-p-dn-p hmKvZw (2:21 b22)
C Zmho-Zns cmPy-ns ]p\-cp-m-c-W-n-\p hmKvZw (2:23).
A
B
skJ-cymhv
(b-tlm-h-bpsS XojvW-X)
tehyp \mb-I\pw ]ptcm-ln-X-\p-am-bn-cp Ctm (s\-l.12:4) hns aI-\mb s_sc-Jym-hns aI\mb skJcym {]hm-N-I-\mWv Fgp-p-Im-c. Ctlw ]q {]hm-N-I-mp ka-Im-eo-\-\m-bn-cp-p
(F{km. 6:14).
t]cns Aw ""btlmh Hmpp'' AYhm ""btlmh Hmn-cpp'' Fm-Wv. ]pkvX-I-n-ep-S-\ofw
Cu hnj-bs ImWm-hp--Xm-Wv.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
520-518 B.C.
Hmw hmIy-n skJ-cymhv s_tc-Jym-hns ]p{X\pw Ctm-bpsS sImp aI\pw Fp ]d-n-cn-pp. Ctm skcp-_m-t_-ens ka-Im-eo-\-\mb ]ptcm-ln-X Bbn-cpp Fp s\l. 12:4 ImWp-p.
lmbn {]hm-N-I-t\m-sSmp tZhm-eb ]p\\nmWw \S-p-tm B.C. 520 skJ-cymhv bu-\-mc-\m-bn-cp-p (2:4). Ahs Ah-km\ {]h-N\w (7:114) cp hj-n-\p-tijw B.C.518 Bbn-cp-p.
914 hsc-bp `mKw Nne Zim-_vZ-p-tijw Iqn tN-Xm-bn-cn--Ww. Hcp ]t, B.C 480
Bbn-cn-Ww Fs-m 9:13- {Kons ]cm-aiw Dv.
114
IqSp-X Adn-hp-I Hp-an-s-nepw _m_n-tem {]hm-k-Im-ep P\nv aS-n-t]m {]hm-knIsmw hp Fp Icp-Xp-p. am. 23:35- tbip kqNn-n-p s_c-Jym-ans GtXm tZhm-eb
Ielnem-bn-cpp sIme sN-s--Xv. 2 Zn\. 24:20,21- ]d-bp btlm-bmZn-bpsS aI skJ-cymhpw
tbmin-bm-cm-Pm-hns Imep sIme sN-s-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. 44
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
{]hm-k-n\np aS-n-h tijn-ns\ Dm-ln-nv tZhm-e-b-ns \nWw ]qo-I-cn-p-I-bmbn-cpp Dt-iw. C{k-tb-ens ]p\-cp-o-I-c-W-n-\mbn ssZhw temI-n {]hn-p-sIm-n-cn-pspw AXns ê-ambn ain-lm-bpsS hc-hn Ahp Bo-Im-h-Im-i- e`y-am-sWpw {]hm-NI FSpp ]d-n-p-v. D]-tZ-i-]-c-ambn tZhm-ebw ]Wn bn{k-tbm-cpsS BoI ]p\\nm-Ws-bmWp ImWn-p--Xv.
{][m-\-hy-n-I:
skJ-cym-hv, alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-\mb tbmip-h.
skJ-cym-hns ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

Hcp-]t skJ-cym-hns ]pkvXIw ain-lmsb shfn-s-Sp-p--Xp-t]mse ]g-b-\n-b-a-nse ap bmsXmcp
]pkvX-Ihpw C{Xbpw ]q-ambn sNp-ptm Fp kwi-b-am-Wv. {InkvXp-hns cp hc-hp-I-sf-bpw,
a\p-jy-Xz-sbpw ssZh-Xz-s-bpw, Zmk-Xz-sbpw cmP-Xz-s-bpw, shfn-hm-p--tXm-sSmw Ahs\
btlm-h-bpsS ZqX-\mbpw (3:1) \oXn-bp apf-bmbpw (3:8) Ggp-I-p Imbpw (3:9) Ipn-Xp-f--h
AYhm {Iqin--s--h-\mbpw (12:10) XmgvN-bp cmPm-hmbn hcp-sapw (9:9,10) sht CS-b-\mbpw (13:7)
hcp-hm-\p \ymbm-[n-]-Xnbpw cmPmhpw Bbpw (14) CXn hfsc hy-ambn Nqn-Im-n-bn-cn-p-p.
_mly-tcJ:
1. A\p-Xm-]-n-\m-bp hnfn (1:16)
2. skJ-cym-hns Fp Zi-\- (1:76:8)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
IpXn-cbpw IpXn-c-m-c\pw (1:717)

\mep sImp-Ifpw, \mep sIm-m-cpw (1:18-21)
Af-hp-Im-c (2:113)
kz hnf-p-Xv (4:114)
]d-p Npcpfv (5:14)
G^-bpsS \Sp-hnse kv{Xo (5:511)
\mep cY- (6:18)
3. tbmip-hm-bpsS Inco-S-[m-cWw (6:915)

4. D]-hm-k-s-p-dn-p tNmZy- (7:18:23)
5. `mhn-sb-p-dn-p Acp-f-m-Sp-I (9:114:21)
A
B
ainlm XyPn--s-Sp-p (9:111:17)

ain-lm-bpsS hmgvN (12:114:21).
115
amemJn
(am-\-m--chpw aS-n-h-c-hpw)
{]h-N\ Im-hns t]cv Hmw hmIy-n ]d-n-cn-p--X-msX asm-cn-Spw C (1:1) t]cns
Aw ""Fs ZqX'' F-Xn\p tbmPn--h--am-Wv. hcp-hm-\p ""\nb-a-ns ZqXs\'' {]Xo-n-phm-\p {]hm-N-Is Blzm\w (cf.1) CXp tbml-m kv\m]-Is\ Ipdn-m-bn-cp-p (a-m. 11:10).
Fgp-Xn-b-Imew:
450-400 B.C.
amem-Jn-bpsS Ime-s-p-dnv n B-dpsS A`n-{]mbw:
""]pkvX-I-ns D-Sw ]cn-tim-[n-m amem-Jn-bpsS {]h-N-\- Amw \qm--ns
cmw ]Ip-Xn-bn AXm-bXv B.C. 435- \S-n-cn--Ww. Xmsg ]d-bp Imcy--fmWv Cu
Xocp-am-\-n\p ASn-m-\w: (1) tZhm-e-b-ns ]p\\nmWhpw tamssiI bmKmWhpw \S-n-cpp (1:7,10; 3:1), (2) B Imev Hcp t]jy KhW A[n-Im-c-n Dmbn-cp--Xn-\m s\l-aymhv KhW-dm-bn-cp--tm (445-433 B.C.) BIm hgn-bn-. (3) aemJn
Ip-s-Sp-p ]m]-sf s\l-aymhpw Xs cmw L-n Ip-s-Sp-p--Xm-Wv : ]utcmln-Xy-ns Xf: 1:6; s\l. 13:49) (b) tehy-cpsS Ah-Im-i--fmb Zimw-i-ns Ah-KW\ (3:112; s\l.13:10-13) (c) A\y-Pm-Xn-m-cp-am-bp an{i-hn-hm-lw (2:10-16; s\l.13:23-28).
Cu hn[ ]m]-s-Xn-cmbn amemJn i-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-n-cpp Fpw AXp s\l-aymhns aS-n-h-c-hn\p tij-am-bn-cpp Fpw Xo-bmbpw A\p-am-\n-mw. A-s\-sb-n
AXp 435 B.C. Bbn-cn--Ww.'' 45
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
s\l-aym-hns t\Xr-Xz-n Io-gn Hcp DWns Ime-am-bn-cp-p (s\l 10:28-39). Fn-cp-mepw
]ptcm-ln-X-mcpw P\-fpw AXns\ B-coI A\p-`-h-am-m-Xn-cp--Xn-\m ]nsbpw \ymb-{]amWtmSp Imn-bXv XWp- {]Xn-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-p. Cu bm{nI \o-ns ê-ambn ]ptcm-ln-Xm BoI Ae-k-cm-Ibpw, P\- an{i-hn-hm-l-n-esS PmXob hgn ]Tn--bpw, btlm-h-bpsS Beb-n-te-p Zimw-i--fpw, ap Zm\-fpw \n-em-p-Ibpw sNbvXXn-s\-bmWv amemJn Ip-s-Spp--Xv. Fnpw Fn-\mWv ssZhw X-fn {]km-Zn-m-Xn-cn-p--sX-m-bn-cpp P\--fpsS tNmZyw.
BoI a-X-bn Ipg-p-t]mb P\-ns ]nam--sbpw ]m]--sfbpw imkn-p-sIm-mWv amemJn-bpsS {]h-N-\w. Ahp adp-]Sn \evIn-b-Xv. AtX-k-abw Xs ain-lm-bpsS hc-hn\p hgn Hcp-phm hcp Im-hns \nb-a-Zq-Xs\pdnp {]kvXm-hnv Ahv {]tNm-Z\w \evIn-sm-mWv {]hN\w Ah-km-\n-n-p--Xv.
As\ kXym-cm-[-\sb Ah-K-Wnv P\-Xsb imkn-p-Ibpw A\p-X-]np btlm-h-bn--tep aS-n-hcm Blzm\w sNp--Xp-amWv ]pkvX-I-ns kwt-]w (1:6; 3:7). n B (Gleason Archer)
hnj-bs kmwio-I-cn-n-cn-p-Xp Xmsg ImWpI:
""Hcp tZi-ns km-nI ]ptcm-K-Xn-m-h-iy-am-bn-cn-p Irjn-Im-cym-Zn-I-fn-t ssZhw
{]km-Znp h-\hp \evI-W-sa-n Ahn-sS-bp P\w hnipcpw ssZh-tmSp BmX
Imp--h-cp-am-bn-cn--W-sa-mWv amem-Jn-bpsS {]h-N\ hnj-bw. Hcp hnip hwi-am-bn-cn-m\p D-X-hnfn e`n C{km-tb AXn-\-\p-k-c-W-ambn Pohn-t-Xpw ain-lm-bn-mbn
116
Imn-cn-t--Xp-am-bn-cpp; Fp-sIm-s-m C{k-tb-ens Gw {]nb-s {]Xym-i-bmbn-cp-p. tcmtKm-]-im-n-tbmsS ip{iqj sNp-I-bpw, PmXn-Isf \ymbw h[n-p-Ibpw sNp
ain-lm-bpsS BK-a-\w.'' 46
{][m\ hyn-I:
amemJn
amem-Jn-bpsS ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

amem-Jn-bpsS {]h-N-\-n Nqn-m-Wn-n-cn-p ain-lmsb kw_-np hnevInk\pw (wilkinson)
t_mhbpw (Boa) AXn t{ijvT-amb Hcp kwt]w Xbm-dm-n-bn-p-v:
""amem-Jn-bpsS ]pkvXIw hcp-hm t]mIp \m\qdp hjs \ni-_vZ-X-bvp apJ-hp-cbm-bn-cp-p. Cu \ni-_vZ-Xsb `n-p-sImv ""CXm temI-ns ]m]s Npa-sm-gnp ssZh-ns IpmSv'' (tbm-l.1:29) Fp hnfp ]d-p-sIm-p-hp ASp {]hmN-I amemJn Nqn-m-nb tbml-m kv\m]-I Bbn-cp-p (3:1 cf. sbi. 40:30). tbmlm kv\m]-Is hc-hn-s\-p-dnp {]h-Nn amemJn ASp--Xmbn {]h-Nn-Xv {InkvXp-hns
cmw-h-c-hn-s\-p-dn-m-bn-cp-p (3:25).'' 47
_mly-tcJ:
1. C{k-tb-en\p e`n {]tXyI B\p-Iqeyw (1:1-5)
A
B
C
ssZh-ns kvt\lw shfn-s-Sp-n (1:12 a)

ssZh-ns kvt\ls kwi-bn-p-p (1:2 b)
ssZh-kvt\lw {]Xy--am-Ipp (1:35)
2. C{k-tb-ens Zpjnv (1:63:15)

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
NXn (1:614)
Ahn-iz-X (2:19)
Bob Zmk-n-ep an{i-hn-hmlw (2:10-12)
Dt]-Ww (2:13-16)
henb ]m]w (2:17)
hcp-hm-\p ZqX (3:16)
Ih (3:712)
Al-mcw (3:13-15)
3. P\-n-\p hmKvZw (3:16-4:6)

A
B
C
kvacW ]pkvX-I-ns hmKvZw (3:16-18)

{InkvXp-hns hc-hns hmKvZw (4:13)
Gen-bm-hns hc-hns hmKvZw (4:46).
117
118
Aymbw 3
]pXn-b-\n-ba kt
119
120
apJ-hpc
]pXnb \nb-a-tcJ \psS Im-hmb tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Pohn-Xw, ac-Ww, Dbns-gp-t-ev]v, kzmtcm-l-Ww, Fn-h-bp-sSbpw XpSv Ah Xnc-s-Sp Atm-kvX-e-m-cm Cu temI-n \nhrn ip{iq-j-bp-sSbpw Ncn-{X-]-c-am-b sXfn-hp-I-fmWv IqSmsX BImw--tbmsS t\mn ]mn-cp
]g-b-\n-ba {]h-N\ kw`-h--fpsS \nhr-n-bp-am-Wv. CXns asmcp {]tXy-IX CsX-gp-Xn-bXv ]cn-ip-mm-hns \ntbm-K-n-epw \nb-{-W-n-ep-am-I-bm shdp-samcp temI-N-cn-{X-a ]nstbm CsXmcp
hnip Ncn-{X-am-Wv. AXm-bXv ]g-b-\n-b-a-s-tmse Xs a\p-jy-sX-p-I ISp IqSmsX ssZhnI
IrXy-X-bn ]qn-bm--s-Sp-Ibpw Imhp aS-n-h-cp-thmfw ssZh-k-`-bvpw, kw]q a\p-jy-hn-\mbpw \evI-s-n-cn-p GI Ncn-{X-{K-hp-am-Wn-Xv.
""]pXnb \nbaw'' F {]tbm-K-ns Dev]n:

\psS ss__n ]g-b-\n-b-aw, ]pXn-b-\n-baw Fp cmbn Xncn-n-cn-p-p. Fm-Wn-Xns Aw?
""\nbaw'' F-Xn\p {Kon D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p ]Z-n\p ""Hky-v'', "" \nb-aw, DS-Sn'' FmWv
Aw. ]gb \nbaw AYhm DS-Sn ko\mbn ae-bnhp ssZhw tamsi-bp-ambn sNbvX DS--Sn-bpsS
ASn-m-\-n C{k-tb P\-X-bp-am-bp ssZhnI CS-]m-Sns {]mY-anI tcJ-bm-Wv. Fm ]pXnb
\nba (D-S--Sn)-am-Is Fm hwi-n\n-pw, `mj-bn\n-pw, PmXn-I-fn\npw tbip-{In-kvXp-hn
hniz-knv c {]m]n-n-cn-p--hm-bp ssZh-ns {]tXyI Gm-Sm-Wv. CXn-s\-bmWv BImw-tbmsS P\- t\mn-mn-cp-Xpw (bn-c. 31:31), tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-\m \nd-th--s--Xp-amb
(1 sImcn. 11:25) ]pXn-b-\n-b-aw.
]g-b-\n-baw (D-S--Sn) shfn-s-Sp-p-Xp \ymb-{]-am-W-n ASn-m-\-s-n-cn-p ssZh \oXn-bpw,
hcp-hm-\p hos-Sp-p-Im-c-\mb ain-lm-tbbpw BIp-s-n ]pXnb \nbaw (D-S--Sn) ssZh-]p-{X-\mbn
a\p-jy-cpsS CS-bn-tep h tbip-{In-kvXp-hns \oXnbn ASn-m-\-s-n-cn-p ssZhoI hnipnsb BIp-p. BI-bm ]pXn-b-\n-baw BI-am\ DS--Sn-bpsS D-S--s-bmWv shfn-hm-p--Xv.
]pXn-b-\n-b-a-ns ZqXp tI{o-I-cn-n-cn-p-Xp: (1) ]m]-]-cn-lm-c-n-\mbn kzbw _en-bmbn Xo
(am. 26:28) tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-epw, (2) tbip-{In-kvXp-hnq-sS-bp csb AwKo-I-cn P\-fpsS
Iq-amb k`-bnepw BI-bm ]pXnb \nb-a-ns ktiw "c' F-Xp-X-s. 48
]gb ]pXnb DS--Sn-I Fp t]cp hXp Hm-aXp ssZhw Dm-nb Zznhn[ _-aq-e-hpw,
]noSv Cu _-s-p-dnp cp ]pkvX-I--fn-ep-ap D-S--mepw BIp-p. ssZhw \s kzoIcnp Xtm-Sp kam-[m-\-n Bn-Xo-Xns DS-Sn hyh--I-fmWv ]pXnb \nb-aw. 49
]pXnb \nb-a-n-\m-bp ssZhoI Hcpw:

]pXnb \nba cq]o-I-c-W-ns Imev temI km{am-Py-in tdmw Bbn-cpp. Adn-b-s Fm {][m\
tZi--fnepw Ah-cpsS A[n-Imcw hym]n-n-cp-p. Fnpw ]e-kvXo-\nse sNdn-sbmcp ]-W-amb
121
blqZybnse t_Xvetlan temI-ns apgp-h KXntbbpw amn-sb-Sp-p-hm in-bp ain-lm-cmPmhp P\n-p. CXn-s\-p-dnp Asm-kvX-e-\mb ]ueqkv ]d-bp-Xp {it-b-am-Wv. ""Fm Ime-kw]qX h-tm ssZhw Xs ]p{Xs\ kv{Xobn\np P\n--h-\m-bn, \ymb-{]-am-W-n Iogv
(-]p-Xn-b-\n-b-aw) P\n--h-\mbn \ntbm-Kn--bp'' (K-emXy. 4:4) \nc-h[n {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw at\m-l-c--fpamb hgn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv ain-lm-bpsS hc-hn-\p-thn temIs Hcp-n-b-Xv. Cu Hcp--n \nc-h[n
LS-I--fpsS kw`m-h-\-I-fp-v.
blqZ cmjv{S-nq-sS-bp Hcpw:

{InkvXp-hns hc-hn-\m-bp Hcp--amWv ]g-b-\n-b-a-nse IY. blq-Zs\ ssZhw Xnc-s-Sp-Xv Ah
ssZh-ns {]tXyI \nt]w F \ne-bn cmP-Iob ]ptcm-ln-X-mcpw hnip hwi-hp-am-bn-cn-t-Xn-\m-Wv (]p-d. 1:5,6). Cm-cy-m ]q ]nXm--fmb A{_-lmw, C-lm-v, bmtm_v Fn-hv
\evInb hmKvZ-- (12:13; tdma. 9:4) kIe ssZh-h-N-\--fp-sSbpw Imh-evm-cm-bn-cp-p (]-g-b-\n-b-an [tdma 3:2]). XpSn hos-Sp-p-Im-c-\mb ain-lm-bpsS sse DssS (D-ev]. 12:3; Kem-n-b
3:8; tdma 9:5). BI-bm ]g-b-\n-baw hcp-hm-\p c-I-\mb {InkvXp-hns IjvS-m-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw al-Xzn-sbpw kw]q Adn-hp-I sImp \nd-Xpw {]Xo Df-hm-p--Xp-amb Hm-Wv. hopw t\mnbm {InkvXp-hns sse, P--ew, P\-\-k-a-bw, ac-Ww, Dbns-gp-t-ev]v Fo Imcy--sf-p-dnp \nc-h[n {]h-N-\-fpw AXn Dsm-n-cn-p--Xmbn ImWmw.
C{k-tbm btlm-h-tbmSp A\p-k-c-W-tSp ImWnv ASn-a-Xz-t-enp t]msb-nepw hmKvZ
\nhr-n-bmb ain-lm-bpsS hc-hn-\mbn Hcp-p-hm Hcp tijn-ns\ ZoL-amb 70 hj-p-tijw
kztZ-i-tp aSn hcpn. ]g-b-\n-b-a-ns Fgpp ]qn-bm-bnv hj- \m\qdp ]nn-n-cpp. Ctm aX-]-c-amb BNm-c- ]co-i-m-cpsS I]-S-`-n--[o-\-am-Wv, Fn-cp-mepw ain-lm-bpsS
hc-hns {]Xo tijn-n\np Ap t]mbn-cpp am{X-a Ah ain-lm-bpsS hc-hns\ t\mn
]mbpw sNbvXp.
bh\mb (Greek) `mjbn IqsSbpff Hcpw:

tbip{InkvXp Xs injymsc `qtemIkphntijoIcWn\mbn (a-mbn 28:1920) ]dbbvptm
temI `mj {Kov (bh\mb) Bbncpp. CXp amkntUmWnbmbnse cmPmhmbncp ^nenns aI
AeIvkm N{IhnbpsS temIm[n]Xyhpw A`nemjhpw aqew kw`hnXmWv. {InkvXphn\v 300
hjw appmbncp ]pcmXo\ cmjv { S Hsmmbn AeIv k m ]nSnSn, H
km{amPyampIbmbncpp. XpSv {Kov `mjbpw kwkvImchpw P\fpsS ta ASntnpIbpw
Hcp km{amPyw, Hcp`mj, Hcp kwkv mcw F Xs A{Klw kêoIcnpIbpw sNbv X p.
AeIv k mdpsS `cWw ZoLambncpnsnepw {Kop `mjbpw kwkv mchpw P\fpsS
Nnm[mcbn ISncpXn\m hfpsImtbncpp.
Fm P\fpsS km[mcW `mjbmbn {Kons\ hfnsbSpXn ssZhns m\pw
IcNe\hpapmbncpp. Cs\bpff Hcp `mjbntebvv AXmbXv sImbns\ {Kon (Koine Greek)
emWv
]pXnb \nbaw FgpXnbXv. AsXmcnepw F{_mb, Acmay `mjIfn FgpXnbnmsbXpw
hnNn{XamWv, Fsm PmXob ]men \np eqtmkv HgnsI _mn Fm FgppImcpw
blqZm Bbncpp. Amep P\v amXr`mj Ignm ]ns {Kov AhcpsS cmas
amXr`mjbmbncpp.
tdmammcneqsSbp Hcpw:
ainlmbpsS hchn\mbp Hcpw ]cnanXnsSpmsX hnkvXrXambn XpScpIbmbncpp. tbip
t_Xv e tlan P\nptm As temIkm{amPy inbmb tdmans A[nImcn
Iognembncpp ]mekvXo. AhcpsS iamb \nba FhnsSbpw ASntev]nm\pff {ian
\S ZoLamb t]mcmpw c]pgsbmgpnb B`ycbppw AdpXn hXv BKkvXpkv
122
ssIkcpsS Imembncpp. \o 100 hjs B`ycbpptijw cmPyns hnkvXohpw

AXncpIfpw m]nsp. cmPyns Hcw apX at Aw hsc henb tdmUpI \nnpw
]mfs hn\ymknnpw AXncpI _esSpn. cmPIob [q{a hkv{Xw AWnv IncoShpw hv
]cam[nImcnbmbn `cWw \Snb tdma N{Ihn AKkvXqkv ssIk Bbncpp. Ahs
`cWImev kam[m\hpw A`nhrnbpw kpcnXXzhpw P\p e`np. ]cnm\tmSpw
`cWX{XtbmSpw IqsS P\fpsS Da\n\mbn Ah {]hnp. Cu ImeLsbmWv
]mIvkv sdmam\ (Pax Romana) AYhm tdmans kam[m\w (B.C. 27 apX 180 A.D. hsc) Fp hnfnpXv.
AKkvXqkns P\\n Hcp ssZhw P\np Fmbncpp tdmammcpsS A`n{]mbw. Fmbmepw
AKkvXqkv ssIkcpsS Imembncpp Fmhpw \nXykam[m\w \evIp--h-\pw. temIcnXmhmb
tbip{InkvXp P\nXv. Hcp a\pjys\ ssZhammsX ssZha\pjy\mbn Xoh\pw kmm
ssZhhpambhs\ hnizknv a\pjycpsS s]m hmKvZm\fn IpSpmsX \nXyPohnXhpw kam[m\hpw
hyn]cambn kzamphm\pff AhkcambncpXv . tdma `cW]cnjv mc kphntijw
ktemIntebvpw FnbvpXn\mbp apJmambmWv XoXv.
]pXnb \nba Imev temIns aX]camb Ah :

]pXnb \nbans ktbntev {]thinpw apv tbip{InkvXp temIn AhXcn Imes
aX]camb nXnsbpdnv kmam\yw FgptXXv BhiyamWv. tbip{InkvXphns k`bpsS Dhw
temInse {]h\w Fo Imcy a\nemm\pw Cu ]T\w AXymt]nXamWv. sadn.
kn. sSn. (Merril C. Tenney) bpsS Xmsg sImSpncnp IpdnpI CXn\phfsc klmbIcamWv:
"{InkvXob
k` ]ndp hoWXv ]ckv]cw shphnfnpsImncpXpw sshcpy]q

ambncpsnepw Hcp Imcyn am{Xw s]mXphmb A`n{]mbapmbncp aXkaql
sImp\nd temIntembncpp. AXmbXv XfpsS t]mcmw Bpw
Fn]nSnphm Ignbmhw XXzn AwKoIm-c-amb HcptZht\m, tZhmtm
thnbpffXmbncpp. ]nXmmtcmSpw, tamitbmSpw, {]hmNImtcmSpw kwkmcnpIbpw
kzbw shfnsSpn sImSppIbpw sNbvX Hcp kXyssZhw Dsp blqZaX knmw
HgnsI ssZhnI shfnmSpItfm, ]m]w, c FoImcysfpdntm icnbmb D]tZiw
sImSpm Ignbp Hcp aXfpw Anmbncpp. Cs temInXnbpw hyXya,
Fsm CpXmb Db kmmnI \nehmc Hpw Xs ]m]nt\m,
]m]nbmb a\pjy\p c \evIpXnt\m aXnbmbX.
Fn\[nIw, blqZaXwt]mepw shfnsSps kXys Dt]bmepw ]mccyfmepw
\nKqVamn Xoncpp. ssZhhN\nepff hnizmkhpw ssZhspdnpff ]cnm\w
e`nmXpamb Fm aXfpw PmXnIsftmse ssZhns kXyamb shfnmSpIv
adbnSpIbmbncpp. kXyns ASnm\ aqeysf kz lnX{]Imcw sXmbn
hymJym\nbm ssZhns km[n]Xys hn[n\nbambpw. Ir]bv v
ZmnWysapw, \oXnsb kz lnXns A\ph\ambpw, Bcm[\sb BNmc
NSpIfmbpw, {]m\sb tIhew kzm]camb bmN\bmbpw, kzobamb hopw
P\\s shdpw Ahnizmkambpw, ssZhoI{]Imis Im]Syns sIpIYIfm
adbvpIbpw sNbvXtm hnizmkns \nebpw hnebpw \jvSsv a\pjy Ipghcmbn
A\nnXXzn AepXncnbphm CSbmbn. Xp t_m[nXpt]mse PohnpI,
{]hnpI FXp Nnev PohnX ^ntemk^n Bbn amdn. Hn\pw Anaamb Hcp
Xobnsn kzm`mh cq]hcWn\p ncamb {]amW HpanmXmIpIbpw
a\pjy AXmXp kabfn icnsbp tXmpXp {]hnph\mbnocpIbpw
sNpw. ktlhmZnI hnPbnphm Xhw ]gb ssZhp int]mcm
FImcWm ]pXnbhsb {]XnjvTnp km{amPyns \m\m`mKp\npw \nch[n
\ho\aXhn`mKfpsS B{IaWw Dmbn. Fmw Xs ]mhss A`bm\saq
AhImissnepw kambsXmpanmsX hmSn t]mIbmbncpp. a\qjyPohnXs
hnebpffXmp `mhnktmj Hpw e`nmsX P\w \jvSshcmbn". 50
123
]pXnb \nbans cN\bpw {IaoIcWhpw:

]pXnb \nbaw Ccp]n Ggp]pkvXIfpsS kwtbmP\amWv. AhbpsS kam\Xbpw kz`mhhpw
A\pkcnv aqmbnv Xncnmw:
1.
Ap Ncn{X ]pkvXI : kphntij, AtmkvtXme{]hnI
2.
Ccp]nHp teJ\ : tdma apX bqZm hsc
3.
Hcp {]hN\w: shfnmSv
Xmsg Xncnp cp NmpIfn \npw CXns hn`P\coXn hniZambn a\nemmhpXmWv:51
]pXnb \nba
Ncn{Xw
teJ\ (FgppI)
{]hN\w
]utemkns hI
ambn
anj\dnbm{XIfpsS
Bcw`n
s]mXphmbh
bdpitean hpff
Adn\p tijw
bmtm_v
shfnmSv
atmkv
eqtmkv
KemXy
Hmw
Pbnhmkw
tamN\w
cmw
Pbnhmkw
F{_mb
tbmlm
1 sXtem\nIy
2 sXtem\nIy
1 sImcny
2 sImcny
tdma
sImtemy
1 XnsamYntbmkv
2 XnsamYntbmkv
bqZm
Ft^y
^netam
^neny
Xotmkv
Atm. {].
1 ]t{Xmkv
2 ]t{Xmkv
1 tbmlm
2 tbmlm
3 tbmlm
]pXnb \nba ]pkvXIsf tI{oIcnp s]mXp AhtemI\w

Ncn{X
kphntij:
ambn, atmkv
eqtmkv, tbmlm
{]XyX:
cIs hchpw, ApXhpw, {]h\hpw
AtmkvtXme {]hrnI:
AtmkvtXmemcn IqsS
]cniqmmhns {]h\w
kwt{]jWw:
temIcnXmhmbn hcphs ZqXp {]kvXmhnpp
teJ\
teJ\:
hynIpw kÌpapff
FgppI. tdma apX bqZ hsc.
hniZoIcWw
tbip{InkvXphns BfXzhpw, {]hnbpw
Hcp {InkvXym\nbn Fs\ hfp shfnsSppshv.
{]hN\w
shfnmSv:
tbip{InkvXphns shfnmSv
]qoIcWw:
`mhnImekw`hfpw Imhns aSnhchpw,
cmPy`cWhpw, \nXyImekw`hpw.
]pkvXI
124
]pXnb \nba]pkvXIfpsS {Iaw

sdbvdn (Ryrie) bpsS hniZoIcWa\pkcnv ]pXnb \nba]pkvXIfpsS {Iaw, Imem\pkmcsa
Xnt\m bpn]camWv:
""HmaXv tbiphns PohnXNcn{Xw shfnsSpp kphntij, AXns ]nmse
{InkvXob amw temIhym]Iambn ocphm CSbmb AtmkvtXmemcpsS t{]nX
{]hnbpsS Ncn{Xw. XpSv kÌfpsS hfmhiyamb D]tZifpw, {]iv\p
]cnlmcamfpw ASnb teJ\ Ahkm\ambn tbiphns aSnhchpw
`mhnImekw`hfpsS hnhcWfpaSnb shfnmSv.'' 52
]pkvXI FgpXnb ImesIpdnv ]WvUnXmnSbn Xapsnepw Fmhcpw kXnp
Hcp Ime{IaamWv Xmsg sImSpncnpXv:
]pkvXIw
XobXn
]pkvXIw
XobXn
(A.D.)
(A.D.)
bmtm_v
KemXy
atmkv
ambn
4546
49
50s or 60s
50s or 60s
Atm. {]hnI
1]t{Xmkv
1 Xntam-Yn-tbmkv
-Xotmkv
61
6364
63
65
1 & 2 sX-tem-\n-Iy
51-52
F{_m-b
64-68
1 sImcn-y
55
2 ]t{Xmkv
67-68
2 sImcn-y
56
2 Xntam-Ytbmkv
66
tdma
57-58
bqZm
70-80
eqtmkv
60
tbml-m
85-90
sImtem-ky, Ft^-ky
60-61
1, 2, 3 tbml-m
85-90
^nen-y, ^nte-tam
60-61
shfn-mSv
96
]pXnb \nba]pkvXIfpsS tiJcWw:

Bcw`n Hmtcm ]pkvXIfpw thXncnp InSpIbmbncpp, Fm Ime{ItaW Imt\m\nIamb
]cntim[\bneqsS XncsSpp IqnthbmWv Cs ]pXnb \nbaw. ssZhns {]tXyI
]cn]me\memWv k`bpsS BZyImepmb \nch[n tcJIfn \np Cu Ccp]ntbgp
]pkvXI thXncnp \apv e`nXv.AhbpsS B\nthinXhpw AtmkvtXmenI A[nImcfpw
t\mnbmWv XncsSpsXv. sdbvdn \evIp hniZoIcWw t\mpI:
""Hmtcm ]pkvXIfpw FgpXnb DSs\ Imt\m\ntev IqntsSpItbm 27 ]pkvXI
XncsSpv ]pXnb\nbaw Fp hnfnpIsb Ambncpp. Fm BZna k` Ahbm
NneXn\v {]tXyInv kphntijfpw ]utemkns teJ\fpw kqnpt]mp. Bmbn
]utemkv teJ\ FgpXntbm B hynI AXv kqnncpXn\memWv k`bvp
{]tbmP\sXv. ]noSv ]e Lfnembn apffhbpw tiJcnpIbpw Imt\m\nIamb
]cntim[\bvphnt[bampIbpw sNbvXmWv Cp 27 ]pkvXI Dsmffp
]pXnb \nbaw cq]w sImXv''.
Cu {]hrnmbn GItZiw 350 hjw FSpp. cmw \qmn {]Ncn A_tm]tZifpsS
AXn{]kcamWv kXyamb D]tZifpsS At\zjWn\v hgnsXbfnXv. Imt\m\nIambn
125
kzoIcnmhp ]pkvXI GsXp Xncndnbm Nne ]cntim[\I \SnbXv Xmsg

Ipdnpp:
1. ]pkvXIw AtmkvtXmemcm FgpXnbsXm AwKoIcnsXmtWm ?
2. ]pkvXIns DffSns Bob kz`mhsav ?
3. ]pkvXIns ssZhoI {]tNmZ\fpsS ({]t_m[\) sXfnhptm?
4. ]pkvXIw hym]Iambn kÌfn AwKoIcnsnptm?
Fm kÌfnepw Htckabw 27 ]pkvXIfpw Bcw`n kzoIcnncpn. hymtPm ]tZins
hm AwKoIcnnm FXpsImv ]pXnb \nbans km{XnIXbvp `wKw hn.
Bcw`n hynIfpsS t]cnepffh(^ntetam, 2.3 tbmlm) hym]Iambn hnXcWw
sNsncpnsnepw AhIqSn tNmWv A.D. 397 se ImtPv kpltZmkv ]pXnb \nbas
AwKoIcnp hnfwcw sNbvXXv.
]pXnb \nbans IrXn (ssIsgpp{]Xn)I Hpw Ahtijnpnsnepw GXmv
4500 A[nIw {Kop ssIsgpp{]XnIfpw GXmv 8000 A[nIw eo
ssIsgpp{]XnIfpw aqeIrXnbn \np 1000 A[nIw av XnaIfpw Cpw
\ne\nevppv. Chsbmw ]cntim[npIbpw XmcXay]T\w \SpIbpw sNp ]pXnb
\nbans Imt\m\nI km[yX a\nemmhpXmWv.'' 53
126
`mKw 1
Ncn{X]pkvXI
apJhpc:
apv \mw IXpt]mse ]pXnb \nbas kmlnXy]camb ASnm\n Ncn{Xw, teJ\,
{]hN\w Fp aqp hn`mKambn Xncnncnpp. \mep kphntijfpw IqSn ]pXnb \nbans 46
iXam\w FSpp AtmkvtXme {]hrnI IqSnbmIptm AXv 60 iXam\amIpw. AXmbXv
]pXnb \nbans 60 iXam\w {Inkv X ym\nXzns Ncn{X]camb hnImkspdnmWv
{]Xn]mZnncnpXv. kphntijn Aeo\ambncnp Ncn{XkXyfmWv {InkvXym\nXzns
ASnd. kphntijtam Ncn{XbmYmysfpdnv aph \evIp \ hmbpamWv (kmyam-Wv).
tbip{InkvXphns P\\w, PohnXw, acWw, Dbsgpt\evv FnhIfpsS Ncn{XamWv kphntijsan
BZnak`mImev AtmkvtXmemcpsS ip{iqjbpsS Ncn{XamWv AtmkvtXme{]hrnIfpsS
]pkv X Iw. BIbm teJ\fn \npw \mw ]Tnp Imcysf \nmbIampIbmWv
AtmkvtXme {]hrnI sNpXv. teJ\ {]tXyIefn Pohnncnphmbn
FgpXnb FgppI am{XamWv . AXpsImv ]pXnb \nbaw `qX, ham\, `mhnImefn
hknphpw AYhm am\h Ncn{Xn\pw Poh\p ssZhns hmKvZfpsS \hm
Adnbnp hnes Ncn{X{KamWv.
knt\m]vSnIv (Synoptic) kphntij:

Hmtcm kphntijsfbpw {]tXyI ktbntev {]thinpw apv FmWv ""knt\m]v S nIv
kphntij'' Fp {KlnncntXmWv. Hmtcm kphntijpw AXmXns {]tXyIXIfpw
Dtifpw Dtm Xs ambn , atmkv, eqtmkv FnhIfpsS kwt]hpw eyhpw
HpXsbmbn ImWpp. tbip{InkvXphns PohnXspdnv \evIp hnjbhpw, {Iahpw Fmw
]ckv]ctbmPntmSpw sFIytmSpw IqSnbmWv. asmcp {]Imcn XpSp hcp tbmlms
kphntijw hcpImp {InkvXphns PohnX Nn{Xn\p ]q ]npW AYhm A`n\\
\evIphm Hnp \nevp kphntijfmWnh. BZys aqp kphntijfnse kam\XI
Xmsg sImSpncnpp:
z
ainlmsb Ipdnp kv\m]I tbmlms {]Jym]\w ( am. 3, atmkv1; eqtm.3)
tbiphns kv\m\w ( am. 3; atm. 1; eqtm. 3)
tbiphns ]co (am.4., atm.1, eqtm, 4)
tbiphns D]tZifpw, ApXfpw ( kphntijfpsS apJy[mcbmWnXv)
tbiphns cq]mcw (am. 17, atm.9, eqtm. 9)
tbiphns hnNmcW, acWw, I_dSw ( am.26,27, atm 14,15; eqtm 22,23)
tbiphns Dbnsgptev]v (am. 28,atm. 16, eqtm. 24)

127
kphntijfpsS Dtihpw {]tXyIXIfpw:

\mep kphntijfptSbpw Dtiw tbip {InkvXphns\ shfnsSppIsbXmWv. am. 16: 1316
hsc `mKw CXn\p sXfnhmWv.
""tbip ^nenns ssIkbpsS {]tZiv Fnbtijw Xs inymtcmSv P\
a\pjy]p{Xs\ Fp ]dbpp Fp tNmZnp. Nne tbmlm kv\m]Is\pw ap
Nne Genbmshpw, thsd Nne bncaymthm {]hmNImcn Hcpt\m Fpw ]dbpp
Fh ]dp. \ntfm Fs B Fp ]dbpp Fh tNmZnXn\v intam
]t{Xmkv. \o Poh\p ssZhns ]p{X\mb {InkvXpshp Dcw ]dp.''
am. 16:14 \nv tbip{InkvXphns Imes P\fpsS \mep {]Imcnep ImgvNmSv \app
e`npp. tbip ssZh]p{X BIppshv a\nemnbh hfscpdpt] am{Xambncpp.
AXpsImmWv ]cnip \ntbmKn kphntijns FgppIm tbip Bscpw Ahs BfXzw,
{]hrn, Fnh IrXyambn shfnhmnbXv \mepXcnemWv.AhcpsS hoWs {]Iminnn
cnpXv . Fncpmepw Fmhcpw tbiphns tNmZyn\v Htc DcamWv \ev I nbncnp
Xv.Ahscmhcpw tbip hmkvXhn Bscp {]kvXmhnpIbmbncpp. kphntijImcpsS
shfnsSpen {]Imcw tbip ]gb \nbans {]Xobmb ainlmbmWv, Imhns Zmk\mWv,
a\pjy]p{X\mWv, ssZh]p{X\mWv, temIcnXmhmWv, ssZhw Xs ]p{X\n IqsS shfnsSpnb
{InkvXphns BfXzw, {]hrn Fnhsb \mep Ncn-{X--fnqsS Ah \app \evIn-bn-cn-p-IbmWv.
ambn ASn-m-\-]-c-ambn \{k-b-\mb tbip-Xs ainlm Fv blq-Zamsc t_my-s-Sp-p-I-bmWv. tbip-hns Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS (Cu temI-{]-Im-cw) enn \nhrnbmb thZ`mKsf FSppImn
ambn {ianpXv Fmhcmepw XyPnsh\mbn {Iqins tbiphmWv blqZPmXn ZoL\mfmbn
t\mn ]mncp ainlmsbmWv (am. 1:23; 2:15; 2:18; 2:23; 4:15; 8:15; 12:1821; 13:35; 21:5; 27:9, 10). cmjv{Sw
Ahs\ Xn {Iqinsnepw blqZmcpsS cmPmhmb tbip iq\yamb Hcp Idsb \ev I n
Dbnsgpt\evpIbmbncpp.
atmkv tdma P\Xsb {]Xn\n[oIcnpIbmWv. Npcpnb hmpIfpw IqSpX Azm\hpw tdmamm
cpsS {]tXyIXbmWv. AhcpsS apn tbiphns\ A\pkcWtbmsS ""kzPohs\ At\Ipthn
adphnebmbn sImSpp'' Imhns Zmk\mbnmWv NqnImnbncnpXv. kphntijfn
hv sNdnbsXnepw kv]jvShpw, {InbmIhpw, kPohhpamb Hcp ZrIvkmn hnhcWamWp \evIpXv;
{]tXyInv tbinhns `qanbnse Ahkm\ \mfpIsfpdnv, GXmv kphntijns aqn cp
`mKfn IqSpX Ahkm\ BgvNbnse kw`hfpsS hnhcWn\mbnmWv D]tbmKnncnpXv. 54
eqtmkv Hcp tUmIvSdpw Ncn{XImc\pambncpp. Xs kphntijn ""ImWmsX t]mbXns\ Xncp
cnm'' (eqtm.19:10) kwqa\pjy\mbn Xoh\mbnmWv tbiphns\ Nn{XoIcnncnpXv.
NnecpsS A`n{]mbn eqtmkv bh\mbmsc (Greeks) Dtinp IqsSbmWv kphntijw FgpXnbsX
mWv, Fsm lyqa ^ntemk^nbn Bbncpp AhcpsS Xmev]cyw. Fnepw tbiphns
]qa\pjyXzw shfnhmnbtm Ahs ssZhXzhpw eqtmkv FSpp]dnpv.
tbmlm tbip{Inkv X phns ssZhXzs ap\nnbmWv kphntijw FgpXnbXv . tbip
ssZhns \nXy\mb ]p{X\mIbm Ah\n hnizknp Ghpw \nXyPoh\pw, karnbmb
Poh\pw e`npp (tbml: 1:1,2,12; 3:1618; 36; 10-:10). tbmlms kphntijw s]mXphnepXm sWnepw
hntijm k`bvmbnpXmWv. Av Aymb tbip Xs acWn\p GXm\pw aWnqdpIp
apv injymsc BizknntXn\mbn \evInb hnS]dn ZqXpIfmWv. AtXmsSmw Xm am{XamWv
am\hPmXnbpsS cnXmhv Fpw Xn hnizknp P\ FhnsS Bbncpmepw Ahv
\nXyPoh e`npsapw Ddp\evIpp (tbml 20: 30; 31). Ggv ApX ASbmffpw \evInbnpv.
128
ambn
(blqZmcpsS cmPmhv)
FgppImc\pw ]pkvXIns t]cpw :
Hmtcm kphntijfpw AhbpsS am\pjnI FgppImcpsS t]cn XsbmWv hnfnsncnpXv.
Bcw`n Cu Hmas kphntijn\p t]cp \evInbncpn. BZna k`bpsS s]mXphmb kmyw
CXp ambn FgpXn Fmbncpp. \psS {]mNo\ aqe{KfpsS kmyhpw CXp hyamnsImv
""ambn FgpXnb kphntijw'' Fp t]cp \evInbncnpp. tbip{InkvXphns {]mcw` inymcn
Hcmfmbncpp ambn. Ctlw Hcp blqZ\pw tdmamKhs n\pthn ]mekv X o\o Icw
]ncnph\pambncpp. tbiphn hnfnsb A\pkcnv Fmw hnp ]namdpIbmbncpp. bYm
t]cv tehn Fmbncpp (am. 9:910; 2:1415). Ahs s]sp Xocpam\w tbiphns ip{iqj
Ahs lrZbs F{Xb[nIw kzm[o\nncpp FmWv shfnhmpXv.
FgpXnb Imew:
A.D.
50s or 60s
A.D.
40140\pw CSbv v FgpXnbncnWsa A`n{]mbmcpv ; ""Fm A.D. 70 bdpitew

\innsXv `mhnbn kw`hntXmbnmWv CXn hmbnpXv (24:2). As\sbn
AXn\papmbncnWw Cu kphntijw FgpXnbXv. apNne CXv kphntijfn HmatXv
BIbm A.D. 50- FgpXn F A`n{]mbmcmWv, thsd Nne HmatXv Aspw CXp A.D. 60
Fpw ]dbpp.'' 55
hnjbhpw DtZihpw:
tbip injymtcmSp tNmZn tNmZyns (16 : 13 15) shfnn blqZmv \{kmb\mb tbip
Bscp hyamIphm\mWv ambn Xs kphntijw FgpXnbsXp \app hnizknmhpXmWv.
blqZm Bi hncp ainlm Xm XsbmsWv tbip kzbw shfnsSpnbnpv. Fncpmepw
{]hmNIm {]hNn ainlm Ch Xstbm? Ch Xs Bbncpsn ]ns FpsImv
]ptcmlnXhw Ahs\ AwKoIcnmXncpp? FpsImv tbip hmKvZ{]Imcap cmPyw
m]nmXncpp? C\n Fsnepw AXp m]nXamIptam? As\sbn AXv FtmgmWv?
Cs\ \nch[n tNmZy Ahsc kwibmepfpw kXyn \nv A\ycpw Bnop.
CXns\mw ]cnlmcw hcptXn\v blqZmsc DtinpsImmWv ambn CsXgpXnbXv. Ah
ZoL\mfmbn t\mn ]m ainlmbmWv tbip Fv XeapdIfpsS enphgnbpw (1: 117), hnZzmmcpsS
hchn IqsSbpw ( 2: 112) tbiphns bcqiteantep ssP{X bm{Xbn IqsSbpw (21 : 5), hwisf
\ymbw hn[nm\p Znhks NpnImnbpw (25:3146) kzcmPyspdnp XpS{]kvXmh
\Ifmepw, \nhrnbmb ]gb \nba{]hN\fpsS DcWnIfneqsSbpw ambn m]np Ibmbncpp,
ambnbpsS kphntijnse {InkvXp:

\mw ap]p IpXpt]mse ambnbpsS eyw ]gb\nba ]nXmm Bish ainlm Ch
Xssbp shfnhmpIbmbncpp. B ainlm A{_lmansbpw, ZmhoZnsbpw ]p{X\mbncpp.
BIbm Ahs hchns eyw hmKvZm\w sNbvX cmPyw m]np\IpIsbXmbncpp.
kzobcmPmhv F {]tbmKw GXmv 32 {]mhiyw Cu kphntijn ImWmw. ]gb \nbans
BimtI{w tbip XsbmWv. 10 {]mhiyw ambn hntijm FSpp ImpXp tbiphn
kw`hnsXmw ]gb\nbans \nhrnbmbncpp. ap ]pXnb\nba ]pkvXItfm IqSpX
(130 {]mhiyw) ]gb\nba DcWnIfpw ambn Xs kphntijn Dsmnnpv.
129
_mlytcJ:
1. cmPmsh hynbpw AhXcWhpw (1:14:25)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
P\\w (1:125)
Xncndnb (2:112)
HmSntmv (3:1323)
Ahs aptmSn (3:117)
Ahs ]co (4:111)
Ahs BZy injym (4:1225)
2. cmPmhns hnfw_cw AYhm {]kwKw (5:17:29)

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
kzImcyt\sfpdnv (5:112)
hnizmknIfpsS DchmZspdnv (5:1320)
_sfpdnv (5:2148)
Zm\, {]\, D]hmkw, Fnhsbpdnv (6:118)
icn-bmb \nt-]-s-p-dnv (6:19-34)
\ymb-{]-am-W-ns ]qo-I-c-W-s-p-dnv (7:129)
3. cmPmhns A[nImcw (8:111:1)

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
kuJyw \evIp-p. (8:117)

aphsc hnfnpp (8:1822)
Imns\ imampp (8:2327)
`qXsf ]pdmpp (8:2834)
IqSpX tcmKimn (9:138)
injymsc \ntbmKnpp (10:111:1)
4. cmPmhns ]cn]mSnIfpw XpSbmb AhKW\bpw (11:2-16:12)

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
tbip tbmlm kv\m]Is\ ]pIgvpp (11:219)

am\kmcn\mbp Blzm\w (11:2030)
]coimcpsS FXnv (12:150)
tbiphns D]aI (13:158)
tbmlm kv\m]Is inctOZw (14:112)
IqSpX ApX (14:1336)
]mccyfpw I]S`nbpw (15:1--20)
IqSpX tcmKimn (15:2139)
IqSpX FXnpI (16:112)
5. cmPmhns injymcpsS XmsdSpv (16:1320:28)

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
]t{Xmkns Gp]dn (16:1328)

tbiphns cq]mcw (17:113)
`qX{K (17:1423)
hnizmkhpw Ichpw (17:24-27)
hnizmkhpw kvt\lhpw (18:119:12)
hnizmkhpw Ippfpw (19:1315)
hnizmkhpw injyXzhpw (19:1630)
kXns (DSSn) am\yX (20:116)
A[nImcw, DtZymKw (20:1728)
130
6. cmPmhns {]Zi\w (20:2923:39)

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
IpcpSs\ kuJyampp (20:2934)

bdpiteantep {]thi\w (21:127)
D]aIsf ]Tnnpp (21:28:22:14)
hopw FXnpI (22:1546)
]coimv IjvSw (23:139)
7. cmPmhns\pdnp {]hN\ (24:125:46)

A.
B.
C.
Ahs aSn hchns\ pdnv (24:151)

Hcpspdnp D]a (25:130)
\ymbhn[n (25:3146)
8. cmPmhns XnckvcWhpw ZpJhpw (26:127:66)

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
HnsmSpepw Adpw (26:156)

hnNmcWbpw Dt]bpw (26:5775)
]mm]w (27:110)
{IqioIcWw (27:1156)
I_dSw (27:5766)
9. cmPmhns sXfnhv (28:120)

A.
B.
C.
Ahs Dbsgpt\ev]v (28:1-10)

aqSnhbv (28:1115)
AyIev]\ (28:16 20).
atmkv
(Imhns Zmk)
]pkvXIhpw FgppImc\pw:
FgppImc Bscpw shfnsSpnbnnmXn\m CsXmcp t]cnm ]pkvXIambnmbncpp
AdnncpXv. ""atmkv FgpXnb kphntijw'' F Xesv GXmv A.D. 125\papmbn Hcp
imkv{Xn \evInb t]cmWv. Fm hfsc {]kamb sXfnhpI atmkmWv FgpXnbsXp
sXfnbnm DpXm\pw. 56 BZnak`m]nXmm sFIyIWvTambn ]t{Xmkns klmbn Bb
atmkmWv FgpXnbsXp A`n{]mbw \evInbnpv. A.D. 112 Pohnncnp k`m ]nXmhmb
]mntbmkv atmkns\ ]t{Xmkns s]mcp Xncph Fp hntijnnnpv. hm Fw.
Upv (Walter M. Dunnett) F F tZlw NqnmpXp ImWpI: ""Atm-kvXe {]hrn 10:3643se
]t{Xmkns {]kw Khpw amtmkns kphntijhpambn XmcXmayw sNptm HmatXv Cu
kphntijn\p \evIp tbiphns hniZamb PohnXns _mlytcJbmWv.'' 57
atmkv AtmkvtXmemcpsS KWn s]SpIbnsnepw tbiphns\ A\pKan kv{XoIfn
Hcphfpw sbdpiteanse [\mVybpw am\ym\hpap adnbmw FhfpsS aI\pw ( Atm. {]. 12:12)
AtmkvtXme\mb ]t{Xmkns kl{]hI\pw (1 ]t{Xm. 5:13), __mns ap\\pambncpp
(sImsem.4:10). Cu hnhn[ _ {]tXyInp ]t{Xmknt\mSp IqsSbp klhmkamWv kphntij
cN\mhiyamb AdnhpI tiJcnptm atmkn\p apJmcambXv. ]t{Xmkv atmkns\
""F\np aI'' (1 ]t{Xm 5:13) FphntijnnpXn\m atmkns\ {InkvXphntep \SnbXpw,
]t{Xmkp Xssbp hnizknmw. ]t{Xmkn \npw e`n hnhc DsSpnbXn\m
AtmkvtXmenI AwKoImchpw e`nm CSbmbn.
131
CXn\p]pdta, atmkn\p AtmkvtXme\mb ]utemkpambpw \ _apmbncpp Nmkv sdbvdn

(Charles Ryrie) bpsS Fgpp t\mpI:
""]ueqknsbpw __mnsbpw Hmw anjy\dnbm{Xbn ]mfnbmIm\p Aaqey
Ahkcw atmkp\p e`nsnepw B bm{X ]qnbmmsX Ah aSn. CmcWm
cmw anj\dn bm{Xbn IqsS sImpt]mIph ]ueqkv hnknXnbm Ah _
_mkns IpsS Ipt{]mkntep t]mbn (Atm. {]. 15:3840). Fm GXmp ]{p
hjn\ptijw atmkv hopw ]ueqkns ip{iqibpsS Ay \mfpIfn Aht\mSv
klIcnpIbpw, klmbnpIbpw sNbvXnv sImtemntev AbbvsSpIbpw sNbvXp.
(2 Xntam. 4:11; ^ntetam 24; sImtem. 4:10). PohnXnse Hcp sXv Hcnepw Hcps\
D]tbmKiq\yamIpn adnv IqSpX {]tbmP\ntep \bnpp F sXfnbnbvp
XmWv atmkns PohnX Ncn{Xw.'' 58
FgpXnb Imew:
A.D. 50s
As-n 60s
XobXn IrXyambn ]dbpI {]bmkamWv. ]e thZimkv{XamcptSbpw A`n{]bw GXmv \mep

kphntijfnepw hv BZytXv FmWv. atmknse {][m\ hmIy ap kphntijfnepw
FgpXnbncnpXmbn ImWmw. Fmw hp t\mptm bdpitew tZhmebns \min\p apmbn
AYhm A.D. 70\papmbn FgpXn Fp hnizknmw (13:2).
hnjbhpw Dtihpw:
{InkvXphns ZmkXzw FXmWv hnjbw. ip{iqjbpw AXnse XymKhpw FSpp]dbpp. ""a\pjy
]p{X ip{iqjsNsSm\ ip{iqjnm\pw At\Ipthn Xs Pohs\ adphnebmbn
sImSpm\pw At{X hXv'' (10:45). {itbmSpIqsS Cu hmIyw ]Tnphp XymK]qamb
tkh\n\v amtmkv Xs kphntijn {]Ya m\w \evInbncnpXv a\nemmhpXmWv.
atmkns kphntijw tdmammtcbpw AXpt]mse PmXob hmb\mtcbpw Dtinmbncpp.
tbip{InkvXphns hwimhen, ]X {]kwKw, Fnhsb CXn Dsmnnnsp am{Xa
aXt\Xmmcn \npmb FXnpIpw henb {]m[m\yw \evInbnn. Fnepw AXns
kwkvmc LS\I blqZ hmb\mv kzoImcyambhn[nemWv. btlmhbpsS Zmk\mb tbiphn
hniz\mbn Xs {]hrn sNpIbpw ]namdmsX tiw klnv AXv ]qoIcnpXpamWv
atmkv \evIp Nn{Xw.
atmkns kphntijnse {InkvXp:

""bmsXmcp kwibhpan atmkv shfnsSpp {InkvXp At\Imbn kzw Pohs\
adphnebmbn sImSpp A\pkcWbpff btlmhbpsS Zmk\m-Wv. kzw Bhiysfm
apffhcpsS Bobhpw, ùXoIhpamb Bh- i y- - f n klmbn Bbn HmSnsbp
ip{iqjbmbncpp Cu Zmk\pmbncpXv. {InkvXphns tkh\ns amXrI Fmbncpp
FmWv CXv shfnsSppXv. BsIbpff tbiphns Fgp]Xp D]aIfn ]Xns\sw am{Xta
atmkv tcJsSpnbnpq. CXn NneXp Hcp hmNI \ofw am{XaphbmWv. Fm
{InkvXphns 35 ApX {]hnIfn ]IpXnbne[nIhpw atmkv tcJsSpnbnpv''. 59
_mlytcJ :
1. tkh\n\mbn Imhns Zmks Hcpw (1:113)
A.
B.
C.
Ahs aptmSn (1:18)

Ahs kv\m\w (1:911)
Ahs ]co (1:12,13)
132
2. Zmks Keoebnse {]kwKw (1:149:38)

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Ahs anjy (1:142:12)

{]mcw` FXnpI (2:133:35)
D]aI (4:134)
AXnib {]hnI (4:355:43)
{]XnIqe hnpp (6:18:26)
]s{Xmkv {InkvXphns\ Gp ]dbpp (8:2733)
injyXzn hne (8:349:1)
Zmk\bmhs cq]mcw (9:213)
Aipmmhp _m[n aI\v hnSpX (9:1429)
tbip Xs acWs apIqn Adnbnpp (9:3032)
3. tbip F Zmks s]dnbmbnse {]kwKw (9:3310:52)

A.
B.
tbip injymp Hcpn\p ]mT \evIpp (9:3310:45)

_nbmbn F IpcpS kuJyamIpp (10:4652)
4. Zmk\p bdqitean hpmIp ]oV\ (11:115:47)

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
km[mcW ki\w (11:119)

{]\sb pdnp \nti (11:2026)
t\Xmmcn (aqmcn) \np FXnv (11:2712:44)
`mhnsb Ipdnp \nti (13:137)
Ahs ]oVm\p`h (14:115:47)
5. Zmk\mbhs Dbnsgpt\ns A`nhrnI (16:120)

A.
B.
C.
Dbnsgpt\v (16:18)
Ahs {]XyXI (16:9-18)
Ahs kzmtcmlWw (16:19,20).
eqtmkv
(a\pjy ]p{X)
FgppImc\pw ]pkvXIns t]cpw:
eqtmkpw AtmkvtXme {]hnIfpw cp hmeyfnembn sXtbm^ntemkv Fsmcmfns t]v
eqtmkv FgpXnbXmWv. asmcnSpw eqtmkns\ FgppImc\mbn \mw ImWpnsnepw Ahs\
sshZy\mb {]nb eqtmkv (sImtem 4:14) Fv Iqpthemc Fpw kwt_m[\ sNbvXnpv.
hmkvXhn Cu cp ]pkvXIfpw IqsS {Kop ]pXnb \nbans \men Hcp`mKw FSpnpv.
eqtmkns\pdnv BsIbp ]cmaiw sImtem. 4: 14; 2 Xnsam 4:11 ; ^ntem24 FnhbmWv. asmcp
`mKw Atm. {]. 16:1017; 20:521:18; 27:128:16 Fo `mKfn ImWp R (we) F {]tbmKamWv.
]ueqkns\msSmw anjy\dnbm{Xbn ]sSp Imcyw ]dbptm eqtmkv Xs t]cp shfnsSp
msX R F ]Zw D]tbmKnncnpIbmWv. cpt]cpI am{Xta {XnXob ]pcpj\n (R
F hmn\m) D]tbmKnnpffq. AXn\m eqtmkns\ IqSmsXbpffXv Xotmkv BIpp. Cuhn[
sXfnhpI hp t\mptm ]utemkns klbm{XnI\pw , {]nb kvt\lnX\pw Ippthemc\pw
(sImtem-y 4:14) sshZy\mb (^nte-tam hm. 24) eqtmkmWv FgppImc Fp t_myamIpp.
sImtemkvXy 4: 1-014 F `mKp \npw eqtmkv PmXnIfn \nph Bbncpp FmWv
a\nemtXv. ]utemkv blqZcmb Acnkv{Xlqkns\bpw, amtm kns\bpw Ipdnp ]dnv
PmXob IpSp_mcmb F{]mkv, eqtmkv, tZamkv Fnhsc thXncnp (Atm. {]. 1:19)
ImWnncnpp. 60
133
eqtmkns {]mcwÌme Ncn{Xw \app adhmbnncnpXn\m Xm tbiphns PohnX kw`hv

ZrIvkmnbmsbmsX (eptm 1:24) Xm FmWv {InkvXym\nbmbsXpw AdnpIqSm. Fm
bmepw Xm XnI Hcp kphntijI\pw sshZy\pw Bbn ]ueqkns anj\dnbm{Xbn ]mfn
bmbncpp. {Kop`mjbn Ah\v XnI {]mhoWyw Dmbncnp (Atm. {]. 1: 19). ]ueqkns
ckmn acW kabv eqtmkpw ASppmbncpp (2 Xntam 4: 11). Fm ]noSpff Ahs
PohnXsIpdnv Hcp tcJbpan. 61
FgpXnbImew:
A.D. 60.
cp A`n{]mbfmWv \ne\nevpXv (1) eqtmkns kphntijw A.D. 59 63 ImeLn Fpw

(2) A.D. 70\pw 80\p CSbvmWv FXmWv. Fm AtmkvsXme {]hnbpsS Ahkm\n
]ueqkv tdman Bbncpp Fp ImWpXn\mepw, 1:1 {]Imchpw eqtmkv kphntijw A.D. 60
t\mSSpImev FgpXn Fp hnizknm\mWv \ymbw.
hnjbhpw Dtihpw:
kphntijns BZys \mep hmIyfn FgpXnbXns Dtiw shfnsSpnbnpv:
""{ioam-\mb sXtbm-^n-tem-tk, BZnapX I kmnIfpw hN\ns ip{iqjImcm
bh \s `mctaev]nt]mse \psS CSbn ]qambn {]hnphcp Imcysf
hnhcnp Hcp Ncn{Xw Nam ]ecpw Xp\nncnpXpsImv \n\v D]tZiw
e`nncnp hmbpsS \nbw \o AdntbXn\p AXp{Iaambn FgpXpsXp
BZnapX kIecpw kqv a ambn ]cntim[nnv F\npw tXmnbncnpp''
(eqm 1:14).
kphntijw FgpXpXn\p Xm kzoIcn amsfpdnv ]eXpw ]dbphm\pv:
Ahs {]hrnbpsS DtP\w ap ]ecpsS FgppIfmbncpp (1:1). ZrIv k mnIfpambn
BtemN\sNbvXp (1:2) \nehnepmbncphsb kkqvaw ]cntim[np (1:3). ]cnipmmhns
kw]q \nb{Wn hnizmkns Ncn{X]camb \nPnXnsb sXtbm^ntemkns\ D]tZinp
sImSppIbmbncpp(1:4). 62
PmXnIfn \nv hh\mIbm eqtmkv eyanXv PmXnIfmb hmb\mv tbip{InkvXphns
]qcq]w {Klnphm hgnsbmcppI FXmbncpp. Cu DtinemWv Xs cp hmyfnepw
AcmanIv ]Ztfbpw blqZ]mccytfbpw `qanimkv{Xsbpw {Kov hmb\mmbn {Kov
`mjbnsegpXnbXv. 63
""sshZy\mb {]nb eqtmkn''\m cNns kphntijamWv apffhsbm ZoLambXv. CXn
cI\mb {InkvXphns\ ]qa\pjy\mbn AYhm ImWmsX t]mbXns\ Xncp cnm h
a\pjy]p{X\mbnmWv ]dncnpXv (19:10). ambnbn tbiphns\ C{kmtbens cmPmhmb
ZmhoZns kXnbmbpw, atmkn aphsc tkhnp Imhns Zmk\mbpw \mw Ip.
eqtmkv tbiphns\ a\pjycpsS HcmhiyambnmWv NqnmWnpXv. Fsm Ah a\pjy
cnse kw]q a\pjyXzw a\pjycm tim[\ sNsv cI\mbpw alm]ptcmlnX\mbpw AwKoIcn
sh\pamWv. sshZy\pw, Ncn{XImc\pw F\nebn eqtmkns hniZoIcWw IrXyhpw \oXn]q
hpamWv. ambn {][m\ kw`hsfbpw atmkv Ah-bpsS kwt-]hpw \evIp-tm, eqtmkv
ZoLambn kIeXpw hniZoIcnncnpIbmWv.
a\pjy]p{X F \nebvv Ah Xs ssZh]p{X\pw BIpp. Ahs ]q a\pjykz`mhs
sXfnbnphm\mbnmWv tbiphns hwimhensb ]ndtImv Fn BZman sImsnncnpXv
(3:38). ambn hwimhen FgpXptm A{_lmw hsctb ]dbppffq FXpw {int-XmWv.
134
Ahs am\knIhpw (2:4052), BoIhpw, kmmoIhpamb hfbpsS ]q kv\m\ kabv

]nXmhns kzn \npff kmymepw, ]cniqmmhns Cdnhchn\mepw sXfnbnsp
(3:21,22). As\ eqtmkv tbiphn icocw, a\v, Bmhv FnhIfpsS ]qams Hcp
a\jys\bmWv hcpImnbncnpXv.
eqtmkns kphntijnse {InkvXp:

tbiphns a\pjyXzhpw a\enhpw XpSmbmbn CXn FSpp]dbpp. eqtmkv tbiphns
hwimhen, P\\w, a\pjy]p{Xs\ \nebvv ]m]nIfmb a\pjycpsS kSfpw `mcfpw Gn
{Iqins\ klnv \app c\evIpXpw bh\mb Zins ]qa\pjys\ apn ImWv
hnkvXncnncnpXv. 64
_mlytcJ:
1. apJhpc
2. Fgpns Dtihpw coXnbpw (1:14)
3. a\pjy]p{Xs\ a\pjy Xncndnbpp (1:54:13)
A.
B.
C.
D.
{InkvXphns P\\spdnpff kw`h (1:556)

{InkvXp P\nptmgs kw`h (1:572:38)
{InkvXphns _meyIme kw`h (2:3952)
{InkvXphns\ tZhmebn AnpXns\pdnpff kw`h (3:14:13)
4. a\pjypthn a\pjy]p{Xs ip{iqj (4:149:50)

A.
B.
C.
D.
tbiphns AWw (4:1430)

tbiphns A[nImcns shfnsSp (4:315:28)
{InkvXphns ]XnbpsS hniZoIcWw (5:296:49)
{InkvXphns ]XnbpsS hnIk\w (7:19:50)
5. a\pjy]p{X a\pjycm XyPnsSpp (9:5119:27)

A.
B.
hnp FXnpI (9:5111:54)

{InkvXphns\ XyPnphm\pff \nti (12:119:27)
6. a\pjypthnbpff a\pjy ]p{Xs kl\w (19:2823:56)

7. a\pjycpsS apn a\pjy ]p{Xs bmYmyXbpsS shfnsSp (24:153).
tbmlm
(\nXy\mb ssZh]p{X)
]pkvXIhpw FgppImc\pw:
cmw \qmns {]mcw`nembncpp k`m]mccya\pkcnv Cu kphntijns Imhv tbmlm Xssbv \nPsSpnbXv . sk_- Z n- b psS aI\pw bmtm_ns ktlmZc\pambncp
tbmlm\mWnXv . tbmlm\pw bmtm_n\pw tbip \Inb t]cv CSnaFmbncpp
(atmkv 3:17). AhcpsS A iteman Keoebn hv tbiphns ip{iqjIcmb ap kv{XoItfmsSmw
{IqioIcWn\v kmyw hlnpIbpw sNbvXp (atmkv 15: 40,41). ]ncphcn Hcph\mbn
tbiphn\Sph FXn\p]cnbmbn Ahs\ ]cnNbsSpnbncnpXv ""tbip kvt\ln injy
135
FmIpp'' (13:23; 18:15,16; 19:26,27). adqcq]aebnse cq]mckabv tbiphnt\mSp IqsS Dmbncp

aqhcn Hcph tbmlm\mbncpp (a:17:1). ]t{Xmkpambn IqSpX ASpapff h\mbncpp.
tbip{InkvXphns kzmtcmlWn\ptijw tbmlm BZna k`bn IqSpX {]ikvXn
{]m]nncpXn\memWv Ahs\ k`bpsS XqWpIfn Hmbn ]ueqkv hntijnnncnpXv (Kem.
2:9).
IrXyambn ]dm CsXmcp AmX kphntij\mamWv. FgppImcs\pdnv IrXyambnsmpw
]pkvXIn ]dnn. FpsImmm kphntijfpw, teJ\fpw Xn kmlnXy\nba
{]Imcw hnXymkapv. ]ueqkns teJ\ Fmw Xs Ahs t]tcmSpIqsSbmWv Bcw`npXv.
]pcmXo\temInse FgppImcpsS Hcp coXn AXmbncpp. Fm kphntij FgppIm Bcpw
XfpsS t]cv kzbw shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-cp-n. Fncpmepw AhcpsS t]cpI ]tcmambn AXn
shfnsSpnbnpapv. CXpIqSmsX ]mccyfn \npw Ahscpdnv \app a\nemm
km[npXmWv.
FgpXnb Imew:
A.D.
8590
kphntijfn \mematXv BbnmWv k` CXns\ IcpXnbncnpXv. tbmlm

BtmkvtXmes hmIyImemWv CXns cN\ \SXv. BIbmemWv 8595 \pw CSbvv
FgpXnImWpsav A\pam\npXv. tbml. 21:18,23 {]Imcw Ah ]t{Xmkns PohnXImes
AXnPohnv Iptd\m PohnpXmbn a\nemmw. 65
hnjbhpw Dtihpw:
ss__nfnse ap ]pkvXIsfm tbmlm Xs kphntijns hnjbhpw Dtihpw IrXyambn shfn-s-Sp-p-p-v. CXp a\-n-em-p-hm ]nb kw`-h-amWv Dbsgp-t Im-hns\pdnv
tXma-kn-\p-mb kwi-bw (tbm-l-. 20:24-25). tXmakv Xs kwi-bs ]c-ky-s-Sp-n-b-Xns\ XpSv
s]s-m-bn-cpp tbip-hns {]Xy--Xbpw tXma-kn-t\mSv t\cnp kwkm-cn--Xpw,
""\ns hnc Ctmp \on Fs ssIIsf ImWpI; \ns ssI \on Fs hnem-p-dv
CSpI; Ahn-izm-kn-bm-ImsX hnizm-kn-bm-bn-cn-pI Fp ]d-p. tXmakv Ah-t\m-Sv,
"Fs Imhpw Fs ssZhhpw' Bbp-tmth Fp-cw ]d-p. tbip Ah-t\mSv
\o Fs I-Xp-sImv hniz-knp ImWmsX hniz-kn--h `mKy-hm-m Fp ]d-p''
(tbm-l. 20:2629).
tbml-m Xs kphn-ti-j
- ns hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw ""tbiphn hnizknpIFXmWp FSpp
]dbpp,
""Cu ]pkvXIn FgpXnbncnpXmsX at\Iw ASbmffpw tbip Xs
injym ImsI sNbvXp. Fm tbip ssZh]p{X\mb {InkvXp Fp \n
hnizknpXn\pw hnizknnv Ahs \man \np Poh DmIpXn\pw
CsXgpXnbncnpp'' (tbml 20:30,31).
Cu Dtis ap\nnsImv P\ tbiphns\ XfpsS cnXmhmbn AwKoIcnpXn\p
tbmlm tbiphns Bcy{]h\w Fnhsbpdnv a\nemphm\mbn Ggv ApX
tcJsSpnbnpv:
1. shffw homIpp (2:111)
2. cmP`rXys aIs\ kuJyamIpp (4:4654)
136
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
XfhmXnsb kuJyampp (5:118)

P\qs t]mjnnpp (6:6-13)
shffnt \Spp (6:1621)
IpcpS\p ImgvN\Ipp (9:17)
emdns\ Dbnpp (11:145).
ap kphntijfnse (ambn, atmkv, eqtmkv) {]kvXmh\Ifn \npw tbmlms kphnti

jn\pff hnXymkw Xs FgpXnbXns Dtihpw hnjbhpw FmsWp {KlnntXn\mbnmWv.
kphntijfpsS XmcXmay ]T\w \Sp Hcmp tbmlms kphntijns {]tXyIX
a\nemmhpXmWv. Cu kphntijn tbiphns hwimhen, P\\w. kv\m\w, ]co, `qXsf
]pdmpXv, D]aI, cq]mcw, IrtaibpsS m]\w, KXka\bnse AXnthZ\ kzm
tcmlWw FnhI DsSpnbnn. Fm tbip-hns bdp-i-te-anse ip{iq-j, blq-Z-m-cpsS
s]cp-\m-fp-I, hyn-I-fp-ambn tbip \S-nb kw`m-j-W- (3:14;38; 18:28-19:16) injy-mmbn tbiphns tkh-\- (13:117:26) Fnh {]tXy-Im tNn-p-ap-v. 2:112:50 hsc-bp `mKw tbip sNbvX
Ap-X--fpsS Hcp {]tXyI tiJ-cWw AYhm ]pkvXIw Xs-bm-Wv. CXn Dsm-n-n-cn-p
Ggp Ap-X- tbip ssZh-]p-{X-\mb ainlmXs-sbp shfn-s-Sp-p-p. Cu sNdp ]pkvX-In Xm sNbvX Ap-X--sf-p-dn-p {]Xn-]m-Z-\-fpw Dv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Am-bn-c-sf t]mjnn kw`-h-n-eqsS (6:115) temI-n\p Poh \evIp-hm-\mbn kzob ]nXmhp Zm\w sNbvX Pohs
Aw Xm BIpp Fv tbip shfn-s-Sp-n (6:25-35). Cu \mem-as kphn-ti-j-nse asmcp
{][m-\yX XpS-bmbn hmbn-p ""Rm BIpp'' F tbip-hns {]tXyI {]tbm-K-am-Wv (6:35; 8:12;
10:7; 911,14; 11:25; 14:6; 15:1,5).
Cu kphn-ti-j-ns hoWw AXns hyXy--X-bn-em-Wv. kphn-ti-j- Poh Ncn-{X--f-s-nepw
D]-tZ-i-sf {Kln-p--Xn-\m-h-iy-amb Adn-hp-I henb tXmXn {Iao-I-cn--s-n-p-v. ap aqp kphnti-j--fnepw \evIn-bn-cn-p tbip-hns hmp-I-sfmw IqSn Hcm Dds hmbnp tIn-p-Xn\p aqp aWn-q aXn-bm-Ip-sa-mWv IW-v. 66
tbml-ms kphn-ti-j-n {InkvXp:

ss__n-fnse Fm ]pkvX-I-epw tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ssZh-Xzs shfn-s-Sp-p-p-s-nepw a\pjym-h-Xmcw sNbvX ssZh-]p-{Xs ssZh-Xz-s-p-dnv tbml-ms kphn-tijw \evIp-{X shf-s-Sp asm-n-ep-an-. tbip F t]cn hnfn--s a\p-jys\ (9:11) GI ssZhw Fpw (1:18) Poh-\p
ssZh-ns ]p{X-\mb {InkvXp Fpw (6:69) ssZh-ns ]cn-ip- Fpw (6:69) hnfn-n-cn-p-p.
tbip-hns ssZhXzw ""Rm BIpp'' Fp Ggp {]kvXm-h-\-I-fn-eq-sSbpw shfn-s-Sp--bn-p-v, Ah
Xmsg Ipdn-pp:
1. Rm ""Pohs Aw'' BIp-p (6:35)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Rm ""temI-ns shfnw'' BIp-p (8:12)

Rm ""hmXn'' BIp-p (10:7,9)
Rm ""\ CS-b'' BIp-p (10:11,14)
Rm ""]p\-cp-m-\hpw Poh\pw'' BIp-p (11:25)
""Rm Xs hgn-bpw, kXyhpw, Poh-\pw BIp-p'' (tbm-l-m. 14:6)
7. ""Rm kmm apn-cn-h-n-bm-Ip-p'' (tbm-l. 15:1,5).

tbml-ms kphn-ti-j-ns asmcp khn-ti-jX tbip-{InkvXp ssZh-]p-{X Fp shfn-s-Sp-p
Ap kmy--fm-Wv (tbm-l. 5:3147). tbip-hns FXn-cm-fn-I Ah-t\mSp in-bmbn hmZn-p-Ibpw
137
Ahs {]kvXm-h-\-Ip X-Xmb sXfnhp Bh-iy-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX Ah-k-c-n-em-bn-cpp tbip

Cu kmy- \nc-n-b-Xv. FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS Bt-]- hne-bn-m--sXpw Xm ]d-bp--hbvp
kz-nepw `qan-bnepw AwKo-Im-c-ap-spw ImWn-p-hm-\m-bn-mWv blq-Z-a-X-ns hniz-kvXcpw ASnm-\--fp-am-b-hsc kmy-\n-c-bn-tep sImp-h--Xv. ]nXm-hmb ssZh-ns kmyw (5:32,37), tbmlm kv\m]-Is kmyw (tbm-l. 5:33), Xs Ap-X-{]-hn-I-fpsS kmyw Xncp-sh-gp-p-I-fpsS
kmyw (5:39), tamsi-bpsS kmyw (5:46), (tbm-l. 5:36); Xm \evInb kmy- kv]jvShpw kXyhp-am-Ipp Fp Jn-X-ambn {]kvXm-hn-p-sIm-mWv tbm-l. 8:14 Xs ssZh-Xzs sXfn-bn-p-h
btlm-h-tbmSp ka-\mbn ""Rm BIpp'' F ]gb \nba hmIyw D]-tbm-Kn--Xv (4:25,26; 8:24,28,58; 13:19;
18:5,6,8). tbip {InkvXp-hns ssZh-Xz-ns \nm-b-I-amb Nne {]kvXm-h-\-I \app tbml-m
1:1; 8:58; 10:30; 14:9; 20:28 Fo `mK--fn\np e`y-am-Wv. 67
_mly-tcJ:
1. apJ-hpc: ssZh-]p-{Xs a\p-jym-h-Xmcw (1:118)
A
B
C
D
E
F
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ssZhXzw (1:12)

{InkvXp-hns a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-n\p app {]hn (1:3-5)
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns aptmSn (1:68)
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Xnc-kvI-cWw (1:911)
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns kzoI-cWw (1:12-13)
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns a\p-jym-h-Xmcw (1:14-18)
2. ssZh-]p-{Xs s]mXp Ah-X-cWw (1:19-4:54)

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
tbml-m kv\m]-I\m (1:19-34)

kv\m]I tbml-ms injy-mv (1:35-51)
Im\m-bnse hnhm-l-th-f-bn (2:111)
sbdp-itew tZhm-e-b-nhv (2:1235)
\otm-tZ-tam-kn-t\mSv (3:121)
hopw tbml-m kv\m]-I-\m (3:22-36)
ia-cym-kv{Xov (4:142)
I^-lq-anse cmP-`r-Xy\v (4:4354)
3. ssZh-]p-{X-\p-mb FXnp-I (5:112:50)

A
B
C
D
E
F
bdp-i-te-anse Dh Zn\-n (5:1-47)

Keo-e-bnse s]lm thf-bn (6:171)
bcq-i-te-anse IqSm-c-s]-cp-m-fnhv (7:110:21)
bdp-i-te-anse {]Xn-jvtTm--h-\m-fn (10:22-42)
s_Ym-\y-bn hv (11:112:11)
bdp-i-te-an hv (12:12-50)
4. ssZh-]p-{Xs \nt-i- (13:116:33)

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
]m]-tam-N-\-s-p-dnv (13:120)
Xs Xn--d-bp--Xn-s\-p-dnv (13:21-30)
Xs th]m-Sn-s\-p-dnv (13:31-38)
kz-s-p-dnv (14:114)
]cn-ip-m-m-hn-s\-p-dnv (14:15-26)
kam-[m-\-s-p-dnv (14:27-31)
ê-]q-X-sb-p-dnv (15:117)
temI-s-p-dnv (15:1816:6)
]cn-ip-m-m-hn-s\-p-dnv (16:715)
138
aS-n-h-c-hn-s\-p-dnv (16:1633)
5. ssZh-]p-{Xs ay-X (17:126)

6. ssZh-]p-{Xs {Iqio-I-cWw (18:119:42)
7. ssZh-]p-{Xs Dbns-gp-tev]v (20:131)
A
B
iq\y-amb Id (20:19)
Dbns-gp-t {InkvXp-hns {]Xy-X (20:10-31)
8. ]cy-h-km\w: XSm-I-n-se {]Xy-X (21:125)

A
B
C
Ggp-in-jy-mp \evInb {]Xy-X (21:114)

]t{Xm-kn-t\m-Sp kw`m-jWw (21:15-23)
kphn-ti-j-ns ]cn-k-am]vXn (21:24-25).
Atm-kvXe {]hn-I
(kp-hn-ti-j-ns hnX-cW hym]vXn)
Fgp-p-Im-cs t]cv Am-X-sa-nepw sXfn-hp-I ]cn-tim-[n-p-tm eqtm-mWv Fgp-p-Im-cs\p a\-n-em-Ipw. AXm-bXv eqtm-kns cmw hmey-amWv Cu ]pkvX-Iw. tbip sNbvXpw D]-tZinpw XpS-nb Imcy-sf sshZy-\mb eqtmkv sXtbm-^n-tem-kn-\p-thn Fgp-Xp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. CXns
Xe-sv {Kov ssIsb-gpp {]Xn-bnse-t]mse Atm-kvXe {]hn-I Fm-Wv. Fn-\mWv As\-sbmcp t]cp \evIn-b-sX--dn-bn-.
IrXy-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-m Fm Atm-kvX-e-m-cp-sSbpw {]hn-I AXn hn-n; Atm-kvX-em-cmb ]t{Xm-n-s-bpw, ]ueq-kn-sbpw {]h-\--fmWv apJy-ambn tNn-cn-p--Xv. temI kphnti-jo-X-I-c-W-n-\mbn ]cn-ip-m-mhv Fm Atm-kvX-e-mpw Xpey in \evIn-bmWv \bn--Xv.
]e-cp-sSbpw A`n-{]mbw Cu ]pkvXIw ]cn-ip-m {]hnsb (1:2-8) hnh-cnp ImWn-p--Xn-\m
""]cn-ip-m-m-hns {]hn-I-fpsS ]pkvXIw'' Fp t]cm-bn-cpp \evtI-n-bn-cp--sX-m-Wv. ]cn-ipm-mhv `qan-bn-tev Cd-n-hv (2:1) {]h\w Bcw-`n--Xn-\m-emWv {InkvXym-\nXzw hf-sc-th-K-n
hym]n--Xv. CXnse {][m\ hyn-I ]t{Xm-kv, tbml-m, kvtX^m-t\m-kv, ^nen-tm-kv, bmtm-_v,
_-_m-kv, ioem-kv, ]ueqkv Fn-h-cm-Wv.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
A.D.
61
Fgp-Xnb Ime-s-p-dnv men sunbm v (Stanley Toussaint) F BfpsS A`n-{]mbw Xmsg

tNpp:
""]pkvX-I-ns cN\ A.D. 70 bdp-tiew \in-n--s-Sp--Xn\p apv \S-n-cn--Ww.
C- s \- s bmcp {][m\ kw`- h s Ah- K - W n- p- h m Bpw kmy- a - . CXn\p
]npWtbIp Hcp hnj-b-amWv blq-Z-m {InkvXp-hns\ XyPn--tm ssZhw Ahsc
hnnv PmXn-I-fn-tep Xncn--Xv.
]ueq-kns ac-W-s-p-dnv eqtmkv Hpw tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-n-. ]mc--cy-a-\p-k-cnv A.D.
66-68 \p anSbvv AXp kw`-hn-n-cn-mw. Atm-kvXe {]hn-I-fpsS ]pkvXIw FgpXn
Xocp-ap-m-bn-cp-s-n AXpwIqsS Xo-bmbpw tcJ-s-Sp-n-tb-s\.
139
asm-cp-Imcyw A.D. 64 tdman kw`-hn henb An-_m-[-bvp-tijw N{I-hn-bmb

\otdm \S-nb {InkvXob ]nV-\s
- -p-dnpw eqtmkv Hpw-Xs ]d-n-n-m-sb-XmWv.
am{X-hp-a \otdm B Imev k`sb Cmbva sNp-hm thn ITn\ ]oV-\- Bcw-`nn-cn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Fm Atm-kvX-e-{]-hn-I-fn N{I-hn-bpsS Iogp-tZym-K-cn\np ]ueq-kn\p e`n B\p-Iq-ey-fpw apw hp-t\m-p-tm ]oV-\-n\p apv
Fgpp \S-n-cnmw F \nK-a-\-n-emWv Bcpw Fn-t-cp-I.
bmYm-n-Xn-I-cmb ]n-X-m Fm-hcpw A.D. 60-62\pan-Sbvv Asm-kvXe {]hnI FgpXn F A`n-{]m-b-m BWv. AXp-t]mse Xs Fgp-Xn-b-ew tdman-tem, Asn tdmanepw ssIk-cy-bnepw hm-bn-cn--W-sapw ]d-bp-p. Cu Imev ]ueqkv XShn\np ]pd-p-h-n-cn-p-Itbm AXn-\p kmy-X-I hn-n-cn-p-Itbm sNbvXn-cn-Ww.'' 68
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
]pXnb \nba ]pkvX-I-sf ]c-kv]cw tbmPn-n-p Hcp In-bm-bn-cn X-hw XnI-hp HmWv
Atm-kvXe {]hn-I-fpsS ]pkvX-Iw. ""tbip sNbvXpw D]-tZ-inpw XpS-nb'' Imcy-sf kphn-ti-jn tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p--Xns XpS-bm-bn-mWv (1:1) CXp \ne-sIm-p--Xv. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns
kzm-tcm-lWw apX ]pXnb \nb-a-te-J-\--fpsS Imew- h-sc-bmWv CXns ]cn-[n. tbip {InkvXp
]cnipm-m-hnIqsS Atm-kvX-e-m-cn {]hnv Ahscsmv kphn-tijw {]N-cn-n-p-Ibpw
Xs ico-c-am-Ip k`sb m]n-p-Ibpw sNbvX hrm--am-Wn-Xv. BI-bm kphn-ti-j--sfbpw
teJ-\--sfbpw Xn tbmPn-n-p Ncn{XIn-bm-Wn-Xv.
AtmXs ]ueqkv Atm-kvX-es Pohn-Xhpw teJ-\- Fgp-Xp-hm-\p Ncn-{X-]-m--ehpw
\ap-n-Xn\np e`n-p-p. k`-bpsS apXp hjs {]mcw` Ncn{Xw khn-kvXcw app a\-n-em-phm CXp klm-bn-p-p. hnhn[ ImgvN-m-Sp-I-fpsS Dt-is Npcp--ambn ]d-nv men un-bkv
C{]-Imcw Fgp-Xpp:
""Asm-kvXe {]hn-I-fpsS ]pkvX-I-ns Dt-is \ap-n-s\ hnh-nmw: eqtm-kns
kphn-ti-j-n hni-Zo-I-cn-p ssZh-cm-Py-ns ZqXv AXns ]c-am-[n-Im-c-tmsS blq-Z-mcn\np PmXn-I-fn-te-pw, bdp-i-te-an\np tdman-tepw hym]n-p. {InkvXym-\n-Xz-ns thcpI ]gb \nb-a-n-epw, blq-Z-a-X-n-ep-am-sW-n AsX-s\ Hcp temI-a-X-am-bn-op? F
tNmZy-n-\p-cw eqtm-kns kphn-ti-j-n \evIp-p-v. Fs-m Atm-kvXe {]hnI eqtm-kns kphn-ti-j-ns Rc-p-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv aptmp \on-b-Xv. BI-bm {]iv\n\p ]cn-lm-c-am-bn''. 69
Atm. {]. 1:8 BWv ]pkvX-I-ns hnj-bw. ]cn-ip-m-m-hns A[n-hmkw ssZh-P-\s tbip{In-kvXp-hns kmn-I-fmbn sbcp-i-te-anepw (`-h-\-n) blq-Zy-bn Fm-bn-Spw ia-cy-bnepw (ASpp Ab{]-tZ-i-) `qan-bpsS A-tmfw (A-mX taJ-e-I-fn) {]hn-p-hm in
\evIn.
Atm-kvXe {]hn-I-fn {InkvXp:

Atm-kvXe {]hn-I-fnse {]kw-K--fn-semw Dbns-gp-t {InkvXp Xs-bmWv tI{ hnj-bw.
Atm-kvX-e-m-cpsS kmy-n-eqsS ]cn-ip-m-mhv P\--fn cq]m--c-s-Sp-p in-bmbn
{]hn-p. B kmytam ""tbip Imhpw {InkvXp-hp-am-Ipp'' (2:22-36) ""Ah-\n hniz-kn-p
Gh\pw Ahs \maw aqew ]m]-tam-N\w e`npw Fp kIe {]hm-N-I-mcpw kmyw ]d-bp-p.''
140
(10:3443) ""asm-cp--\nepw c-bn-, \mw cn--s-Sp-hm BIm-i-nIo-gn a\p-jy-cpsS CSbn \evI-s thsdmcp \mahpw C'' (4:12) Fm-bn-cp-p. 70
_mly-tcJ:
1. bdp-i-te-anse kmyw (1:16:7)
A
B
Xnc-s-Sp--s--h-cpsS {]Xo- (1:12:47). A`n-hr-n-bpsS dntmvv 1

bdp-i-te-an k`-bpsS hym]n- (3:16:7). A`n-hr-n-bpsS dntmv 2
2. blq-Zy-bnepw ia-cy-bnepw kmn-I (6:89:31)

A
kvtX^m-t\m-ns c-km-nXzw (6:88:1 a)

1) kvtX^-t\m-ns (6:87:1)
2) o^s {]kwKw (7:253)
3) o^s taep B{I-a-Ww. (7:54-8:1 a)
B ^nen-tm-kns ip{iqj (8:1 b40)
C iuens ZqXv (9:119 a)
D iuens {]Xn-kn (9:19 b-31) A`n-hr-n-bpsS dntmv 3
3. `qan-bpsS A-tm-f-hp-ap kmyw (9:32-28:31)

A
B
C
D
k`
k`
k`
k`
Atym-Iy-bn-tep hym]n-p-p (9:32-12:24) A`n-hr-n-bpsS dntmv 4

Gjym-ssa-\-dn-tep hym]npp (12:25-16:5) A`n-hr-n-bpsS dntmv 5
bqtdm-n-tep hym]n-pp (16:6-19:20) A`n-hr-n-bpsS dntmv 6
tdman-tep hym]npp (19:21-28:31) A`n-hr-n-bpsS dntmv 7
141
142
`mKw 2
]ueq-kns teJ-\
-
apJhpc:
Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-I--fmb kphn-ti-j-, Atm-kvXe {]hn-I Fn-h-bvp-tijw teJ-\--fpsS
]T-\-n-tep \ {]th-in-p-I-bm-Wv. teJ-\- 21 F-am-Wv, shfn-mSp ]pkvXIw IqSn Iqn-bm
Fw 22 BIpw. shfn-mSpw Hcp teJ\w Xs-bmWv (1:4) Fnepw AXp-ey-amb shfn-m-Sp-I-fpsS kz`mh-m \mw AXns\ Hcp {]h-N\ {K-am-bnmWv Icp-Xp--Xv. teJ\-sf km[m-c-W-bmbn ]ueqkns teJ-\-, ]ueq-kn-t-X-m teJ-\- Cs\ cmbn Xncn-n-cn-p-p. ]ueq-kns teJ\--fn H]Xp Fw k`-Ip--hbpw \msew ]m-d teJ-\--fp-am-Wv. ]no-Sp Fsw
F{_mb {InkvXym-\n-Im-bp--Xm-Wv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambn {InkvXob Pohn-Xns Ahpw D]-tbmKhpw \nc-h[n XhW tNmZyw sN-s-n-p--Xm-Wv. Fm Ah-bvp Dcw \evIp-Xv teJ-\--fmWv. Fsm tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Bf-Xzw, {]h-\- Fn-hsb icn-bmbn hymJym-\np hnizmkn-Ip lrZn--amn sImSp-p-Xp teJ-\--fm-Wv.
]ueq-ns ]m-ew:
ZoL-Imew ]ueqkv Adn-b-s-n-cp-Xv ""Xtkm-p-Im-c-\mb iu'' F t]cn-em-Wv. Inen-Iy-bn-ep
Xtkm-n blq-Z-am-Xm-]n-Xm--fpsS ]p{X-\mbn iu P\n-p. Ahs kzw kmy-n {]Imcw
Hcp blq-Z F-Xn-t\-m Hcp ]co-i\pw ]co-is aI\pw (A-sm. 23:6) F{_m-b-cn\np P\n
F{_m-b\pw (F-{_m-b, Acmay `mj-I Ah kwkm-cn-n-cp-p) _\ym-an tKm{X-m-c\pw (^n-en. 3:4,5)
sXmgn]-c-ambn IqSm-c-]Wn A`y-kn--h\pw (A-sm. {]. 18:3), aX-]-c-ambn _myw apX bdp-ti-te-an
]nX t{ijvT-\mb Kam-en-tb-ens (ln-te-ens injy) Imev-en-cp-p thZw ]Tn--h\pw (Atm.
{]. 22:3) ]nXr ]mc--cy--fn Fcn-th-dn-b-h\pw (K-em. 1:14) Bbn-cp-p.
XnI blqZ aX-`- F \nebvp Ah-\p-m-bn-cp XojvW-X-bmWv k`sb D]-{Z-hn-p-hm
Ahs\ t{]cn-n--Xv. bu-\-m-c-\mb ]co-is aX-{`m-m-bn-cpp kvtX^m-t\m-ns\ Is-dnp sImp-Xn iuens\ ]m-fn-bm-n-b-Xv (Atm. {]. 7:58-83). {InkvXym-\n-I-fmb ]pcp-j-m-scbpw kv{XoIsfbpw ]nSnp sIp-hm\pw Zn-n-p-hm\pw alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-\n\np A[n-Imc ]{Xw hmn-smmWv ap ]-W--fn-tep Ah \on-b-Xv. {InkvXp-hns k`sb apSn-pI F-Xm-bn-cpp eyw
(A-tm.{]. 26:10,11; Kem. 1:13). Fm-bmepw ZuXy-\n-l-W-n-\m-bp Hcp bm{X-bvn-S-bn-em-bn-cpp
Ahs aX ]cn-h\w (A-tm. {]. 9).
]ueqkv {Kop kwkvIm-c-tmSp ASp--ap-h\pw {Kop-`mj ]Tn--h\pw Bbn-cp-p (A-tm. {]. 17:28;
Xop. 1:12). BI-bm {Kop Nnm-K-Xn-tbmSp aaXbp-h\pw X\n-p-ap-p-m-bn-cp--h-cpw, ka-Im-eo-\m-cp-am-b-h-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-fpw Fgp-p-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n-bpw sNbvXn-cp-p. tdma {]tZ-ip P\n-143
Xn-\m tdmam ]ucXzw km-Zn-n-cpp (A-tm. {]. 22:28); ^nen-y-bnhp Xs Adp sNbvX-tm
ssIksd A`bw sNmp-hm CXv klm-b-I-am-bn-op (A-tm. 16:37-39).
Fm-hn-[-nepw PmXn-I-fn-tep kphn-tijw Fn-p-hm X-hw {]m]vX ]ueqv Bbn-cpp
Fp Ahs kz-hm-NIw kmn-pp: ""GXp-hn-[-nepw Nnesc cn-t--Xn\p Rm Fmhpw Fmw Bbn-op'' (1 sImcn. 9:22).
]ueq-ns aX-]-cn-h\w:
Xo{h-amb {InkvXob ]oV-\-ns ssP{X-bm{X \S-n-bmWv iu Za-kvtIm-kn-tep t]mb-Xv, Fm
hgn-bvp-hv Dbns-gp-t {InkvXp-hns tXPv Ahs\ Iogvs-Sp-p-Ibpw hn-h-I-c-amb ]cn-h\-n\p Ahs\ hnt[-bs
- -Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp (A-tm. {]. 9:3-30). \{km-b\mb tbip-Xs ainlmsbp
{InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS hmZ-s-bpw, Ah acn--h-cpsS CS-bn\np Dbns-gp-t ssZh-]p-{X-\m-Ipp
Fp Ah-cpsS hnizm-k-sbpw iu AwKo-I-cn-n-cp-n-. ""CXm kzw Xpd-n-cn-p-Xpw a\p-jy]p-{X ssZh-ns he-p-`m-K-p-\n-evp-Xpw Rm ImWp-p.'' (A-tm. {]. 7:56) F kvtX^mt\m-ns Ana {]kvXm-h-\sb iuepw Iqcpw hymP-sa \ne-bn Xn--f-n-mWv Ahs\ Isdnp sIm-Xv.
Fm Ctm X\n-p-mb ]pXnb A\p-`hw Ap kvtX^m-t\mkv ]d-Xv icn-bm-bn-cp-spw
sXp-]-n-bXp X\n-m-sWpw a\-n-em-n-sm-Sp-p, ssZh-]p-{X-\mb tbip Pohn-pp Fp iuen\p
t_my-am-bn. Za-kvtIm-kn Fn-b-tijw blq-Z-m-cpsS kn\-tKm-Knhv ]ueqkv CXp {]kvXm-hnp-Ibpw sNbvXp (9:20). Ah-\p-mb ]cn-h\w s]spw \mS-Io-bhpw Bbn-cp-s-nepw AXns
A\p-`hw Ftbvpw \ne-\n-evp--Xm-bn-cp-p. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Cu kzm[o\w ]ueq-ns am\-nIhpw _un-I-hp-amb Ah--bn henb Agnp]Wn Xs \S-n. bdp-itew k`-bn-te-p Xs
Hm-as ki-\-n\p apv Atd-_y-bn Ign Ime-mWv CXns ]q-amb {Iao-I-c-W-
\S--Xv (K-em. 1:1619). ]noSv Xs kz-]--W-amb Inen-Iy-bn-tep t]mbn (Kem. 1:20,21). ChnsS Xm
Fp {]hnp Fp hy-a-. 71
]ueq-kns teJ-\--fpsS khn-ti-jX Dun--d-bpp:

]ueq-kns teJ-\- Hmtcm-mbn FSpp ]cn-tim-[n-p--Xn\p apmbn \ap--h-bpsS {]tXyI
e-W-fpw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Fsp ImtW-n-bm-bn-cn-p-p. 72
Imcm-Krl teJ-\-:
Ft^-ky, ^nen-y, sImtem-y, ^nte-tam Fo teJ-\- ]ueqkv XS-h-d-bn N-e-I-fm
_n--s-n-cp Ime--fn Fgp-Xn-b-h-bm-Wv. Ch Hmtcmpw AXns kml-N-cy-sf shfn-hm-pp-v (F-t^. 3:1; 4:1; 6:20; ^nen. 1:7,13; sImtem. 4:10,18; ^nte-tam 1,9,10).
bYm-n Cu hne-s teJ-\- GtXm tdma _mcm-ntem GtXm hmS-I-ho-n N-e-bm
_n--sv tdma ]S-bm-fn-I-fpsS Imh-en Bbn-cn-p-tm Fgp-Xn-b-XmWv (A-tm. {]. 28:30) Cu
Ap-X-I-c-amb hni-Zo-I-c-W-n ssZhw \psS h-am-\-Ime IjvS-X-I-fn \nv alXzw FSp-psImv \app ip{i-jbvv Ah-k-c- Dm-n Xcp--sX--s\-sb-mWv ImWn-p--Xv (^n-en.
1:12,13). _\w \ap-mWv ssZh-h-N-\-n-\nm F (2 Xntam. 2:9) kXyw-IqsS CXp shfn-s-Sp-p-p.
CS-b-te-J-\-:
]ueq-ns asmcp {][m-\-s teJ\ kam-lm-c-amWv CS-b-te-J-\-. 1 Xntam-Yn-tbm-kv, 2 XntamYntbmkv, Xotmkv Fo aqp teJ-\--fmWv Cu {]tXyI \ma-n hnfn--s-n-cn-p--Xv. Bcw-`n ^nte-tams teJ\w t]mse Ch-Ifpw hyn-KX Fgp-p-I am{X-am-bn-cp-p, Fm ]nmev Ahnsb k`m-]-c-amb D]-tZ-i--fpsS {][m-\yX IW-n-se-Spv ""CS-b-te-J-\-'' F
{KqnsSp-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. hyn-]-c-amb Fgp-p-I F {]Im-c-n ]e hyn-K-X-amb Bib
144
hn\n-a-b-epw CXn-ep-S-\ofw ImWm-sa-nepw AXn-ep-]-cn-bmbn s]mXp-hmb D]-tZ-i-n-\mWv {]m[m\yw

sImSp-n-cn-p--Xv. ssZh k`-bnse CS-b-]m-e-\s (Pastoral Care) Ipdnp hy-amb \nt-i-
XntamYtbm-kn\pw, Xop-kn\pw \evIp--Xn-\m-bn-mWv Ah-cpsS t]cn Cu teJ-\- Fgp-Xn-b-Xv
(1 Xntam. 3:14,15; 4:615 cf. 2 Xntam. 2:2).
k`bpsS Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb hf-bvm-h-iy-amb k`m `c-W-IqSw, ]-Xn-I, {]tbmK coXn-I Fnh
Imcy- CS-b-mv a\-n-emn ssZhw Gev]n-n-cn-p AP-]m-e\w F D-c-hm-ZnXzw IrXyambn \n-lnv {]mtZ-inI k`-Ip amXr-Ibpw hnI-k-\hpw \evIpI FXmWv CXns Dt-iw.
Cm-c-W-m {]m[m-\y-ta-dnb Hcp \nco-Ww CXn-\m-h-iy-am-Wv. ]ueq-ns ]Xn-aqp teJ-\-fn Ghpw HSp-hn-embn Fgp-Xnb teJ-\--fm-Wn-h. Fm-Wn-Xns {]tXy-I-X-I? k`m Imcy--sf
ip{iq-j, kwL-S-\, {Iaw--B-Zn-bmb Imcy--sf-p-dnp N sNp--Xn-\m CXt BZyw htc-nbXv? Rm\pw \n-fp-am-bn-cp-s-n {]tXy-Inv Cu Imev kwL-S-\sb HmU-dn \nn A[n-Imc-]-cn-[n-bn sImp-hcm\m-bn-cnpw Hm-aXv {ian-p--Xv. ]no-Sm-bn-cnpw D]-tZ-i-Im-cy--fn-tep
IS-p--Xv.
\psS Nn-bvmbn Nne kqN-\-I Xmsg sImSp-pp:

kqN\ 1:
Xo-bmbpw kwL-S-\bpw \nb-a-fpw Fmw AXym-h-iyw-X-s. k`bpw Hcp BoI ico-c-sa \nebn AXnse AwK--fmb {]tXyI hnizm-kn-Ip Ah-cp-tS-Xmb D-c-hm-Zn-Xz-fpw Dv. ASn-m\-]-c-amb ssZh-h-N-\-ns ]T-\-n\pw {InkvXp kam-\-amb Pohn-X-n\pw k`m {]h-\-pw
icn-bmb D]-tZ-i- (ssZ-h-im-kv{Xw) Adn-n-cn-t-Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.
CXp k`bvv Bo-I-hpw, kmmn-I-hp-amb ASn-d Dd-n-p-Ibpw \tbm-]mb sshZ-Kvy-tm-Sp-IqSnb `c-W-co-Xn-I Ah-ew-_n-p-hm\pw \p-tS-Xmb am- _e-lo-\-am-Ip-tm ssZh-h-N-\-ns
\nXy-{]-Im-i-n ]c-kv]c hncp--a-m ssZhoI ]Xn shfn-s-Sp-p-hm\pw klm-bn-p-p. DZm-lc-W-ambn k`bvv Fm-hn[ klm-b-fpw sNp-I-sb-Xp kl-Ic-Wm-Sn-m-\-n-ep Npa-X-e-bmWv
AYhm Iqp--c-hm-Zn-Xz-amWv; Fm ]Ww \evIp-Xpw kzoI-cn-p-Xpw (kz-cq-]n-) Hcn-epw
Xncp-sh-gp-nse {]am-W-sf ewLn-p hn[-am-bn-cn--cp-Xv. Hcp hnizm-kn-bpsS Zm\- Hcn-epw
\n-m Bbn-cn-msX kz-a-\-tmsS Bbn-cn--Ww (2 sImcn. 9:6-10).
kqN\ 2:
k`-bpsS ASn-m\w Xncp-sh-gp-p-I-fpsS icn-bmb D]-tZ-i-a-\p-k-cn-m-bn-cn--Ww (2 Xntam. 2:15). hkvXp\n-jvT-amb ssZhoI kXy-sf {]mtbm-Kn-I-X-e-n sImp-h-n-cn-p (1 Xntam. 3:110) hnizm-kn-IfmWv k`-bpsS BtcmKyw t\sc adn-v, ]mc--cy--sf-bpw, ]m--e--sfbpw ASn-m-\-am-n-bmWv
k` {]hn-p--sX-n AXp ssZhoI m\n thZ-]p-kvX-Im-Sn-m-\-n-ep Hcp k`-bmbn Hcnepw \ne-\n-evp-I-bn-.
Cu ]pkvX-I- k`m {Iao-I-c-W--sf-p-dn-mWv N-sN-p--Xv. k`-bnse `c-W-co-Xn-I-fpw, \nb-afpw Ds {]tXyI teJ-\- \app Xcpw apt tdma, 1 & 2 sImcn-y, Kem-Xy, Ft^-ky,
^nen-n-b, sImtem-y Fo teJ-\-sf \app \evIn-X-p. CXn\nv FmWv a\-n-em-p-I,
Hcp kwL-S\ Bh-iy-an-m--XmtWm? Hcn--ep-a--, ]nstbm kwL-S-\Ifpw, `c-W-Iq-S--fp-samw cmw
m\ta Aln-p-p-p. k`-bpsS hfbvp Ch-sbmw Bh-iy-am-sW-nepw ssZhoI Af-hn
{]Im-c-ap-- ^-e-]q-amb kphn-i-jo-I-cWw \S--W-sa-n hnizm-kn-I ]q BoIcpw ]tYym-]tZ-i-n \ne-\n-evp--h-cp-am-I-Ww.
]ueq-ns teJ-\--fn-semw tbip-{In-kvXp-hn\p ]ca {]m[m-\yX \evIn-smv hnizm-kn-Ifpw tbip{In-kvXp-hp-am-bp At`-Zy-_-sbpw kphn-tij ZqXn-s\bpw FSp-p-Im-p-p-v.
145
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ FSpp Imp-p

tdma
1 sIm-cn-y
2 sImcn-y
Kem-Xy
Ft^-ky
^nen-]y
sImtem-y
1 sX-tem-\n-Iy
2 sX-tem-\n-Iy
1 Xnsam-sY-tbmkv
2 Xnsam-sY-tbmkv
Xoqkv
^nte-tam
tbip
tbip
tbip
tbip
tbip
tbip
tbip
tbip
tbip
tbip
tbip
tbip
tbip
\app ssZh-i-n-bm-Wv.
\app ssZh-ns m\-am-Wv.
\app ssZh-n\n-p Bizmkw
\app ssZh-n\n-p \oXn-bm-Wv.
\app ssZh-ns [\-amWv
\app ssZh-ns kq-X-bmWv
\app ssZh-ns \nd-hmWv
\app ssZh-ns hmKvZ--am-Wv.
\app ssZh-ns {]Xn-^-e-am-Wv.
\app ssZh-ns ay--\m-Ip-p.
\app ssZh-n\n-p \ymbm-[n-]Xn
\app ssZh-ns Zb BIp-p.
\app ssZh-n\n-p B{i-b-m-\-am-Wv.
kphn-tij ZqXp-Isf Dun--d-bpp

tdma
1 sImcn-y
2 sImcn-y
Kem-Xy
Ft^-ky
^nen-]y
sImtem-y
1 sX-tem-\n-Iy
2 sX-tem-\n-Iy
1 Xntam-Y-tbmkv
2 Xntam-Y-tbmkv
Xoqkv
^nte-tam
kphn-ti-jhpw
kphn-ti-jhpw
kphn-ti-jhpw
kphn-ti-jhpw
kphn-ti-jhpw
kphn-ti-jhpw
kphn-ti-jhpw
kphn-ti-jhpw
kphn-ti-jhpw
kphn-ti-jhpw
kphn-ti-jhpw
kphn-ti-jhpw
kphn-ti-jhpw
AXns ZqXp-Ifpw
AXns ip{iq-j-bpw
AXns ip{iq-j-I-mcpw
AXns\ hnI-e-am-p--hcpw
AXns kzo-b --ehpw
Cu temIhpw
AXns XXz-m-\hpw
k`-bpsS `mhnbpw
An-{In-kvXphpw
]mamcpw (C-S-b-m-cpw)
AXns FXn-cm-fn-Ifpw
AXns {]tbm-Kn-I-Xbpw
AXns HuNn-Xyhpw
hnizm-kn-I-fpsS sFIy-X-bn-t kphn-ti-j-ns {]`mhw

tdma
1 sImcn-y
2 sImcn-y
Kem-Xy
Ft^-ky
^nen-]y
sImtem-y
1 sX-tem-\n-Iy
2 sX-tem-\n-Iy
1 Xntam-Y-tbmkv
2 Xntam-Y-tbmkv
Xoqkv
^nte-tam
{InkvXp-hn-ep
{InkvXp-hn-ep
{InkvXp-hn-ep
{InkvXp-hn-ep
{InkvXp-hn-ep
{InkvXp-hn-ep
{InkvXp-hn-ep
{InkvXp-hn-ep
{InkvXp-hn-ep
{InkvXp-hn-ep
{InkvXp-hn-ep
{InkvXp-hn-ep
{InkvXp-hn-ep
146
\oXo-I-cWw
hnip-o-I-cWw
Bizmkw
kzmX{yw
DXvIr-jvSX
BmZw
]qX
cq]m-cw
{]Xn-êw
BImw
Xocp-am\w
Du-kz-eX
{]tbm-PIw (t{]-c-Iw).
tdma
({InkvXp: ssZh-n\np \ap-p in)
teJ-\-n\np a\-n-em-Ip-Xp ]ueq-kmWv Fgp-p-Im-c-s\-mWv (1:1) am--sfm-p-an-msX BZna-k` Cu teJ\w ]ueq-kn-s-Xmbn AwKo-I-cn-n-cp-p. CXn sImSp-n-cn-p Nne Ncn{X kqN-\-I
]ueq-kns PohnX bmYmyw shfn-s-Sp-p--h-bm-Wv. IqSmsX CXnse D]-tZi hnj-b- AtmkvX-es ap teJ-\--fp-ambn tbmPn-p-p-ap-v.
]ueq-ns ""AXn-a-l-mb {]hn''-bm-bn-mWv tdmam-te-J-\s hnti-jn-n-n-cnp--Xv. tdmanep
k`-bvmbnv Fgp-Xn-b-Xn-\m-emWv tdmam teJ\w F-t]cp knn--Xv (1:7,15). tdmanse k`-bpsS m]I ]ueqkv As-nepw PmXn-I-epsS Atm-kvX-e F \ne-bn B k`sb kin-m ]ueqkv
hfsc hj--fmbn B{K-ln-n-cp-p (15:22,23). Ahsc IqSp-X hnizm-k-n Dd-n-t--Xn\p AhtcmSp kphntij kXy-sf {]kw-Kn F-Xm-bn-cpp eyw (1:13-15).
tdmanse k`-bn ip{iq-jn--W-sa-p Xs B{K-l-\n-hr-np hgn-bp-m-tI--Xn-\m-bn-mWv ]ueqkv
Cu teJ\w Fgp-Xn-b-Xv (15:1417). bdq-i-te-anse (]m-e-kvXo) hnipmm-bp [-ti-J-cWw
]qn-bm-n-b-tijw sImcn-n\nmWv Cu teJ\w Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. XpSv ]ueqkv ]W-hp-ambn bcqi-te-an-te-p-t]m-bn. AXv AhnsS sImSp-nv kvs]bn\pw, tdmabpw kin-p-hm-\m-bn-cpp m (15:24)
]t Xm tdman-tep t]mbXv XS-hp-Im-c-\m-bn-m-Wv. GXm-bmepw sImcn-n-\-Sp e-amb sIw{Inb-bnse k`m sa-dmb t^_m-F ktlmZcn hiw ]ueqkv Xs teJ\w tdma-bnse k`bvv Fnp-sIm-Sp-p (16:1).
Fgp-Xn-b-Imew:
A.D. 57,58
]ueq-kns aqmw anj-\dn bm{X-bvsm-Sp-hn GXmv A.D. 57,58 Ime-mWv Cu teJ\w Fgp-Xn-b-Xv.
(A-tm. {].18:23-21:14; tdma. 15:19), tdma 15:26se ]ueq-kns {]kvXm-h\ A\p-k-cnv X\nbvp [-tiJ-cWw e`n-Xv a-tZm-\y-bn\n-pw, BJmb ]-W-m-cn\npw (sIm-cnp nXn sNp ew)
Bbn-cp-p. Fnepw sImcnp k`-bnepw X\n--Xn-\mbn sNs-p-hm Ign-bm--Xn-\m-emWv Atmpw
teJ\w Ab-Xv (1 sImcn. 16:14; 2 sImcn. 8:9). GXmv A.D. 55 BWv Hpw cpw sImcnym teJ\w
]ueqkv Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. AXn-\p-ti-j-amWv Cu teJ\w Fgp-Xp--Xv.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
ap-Nne teJ-\--fn-se-tmse k`-bnse GtXm Ipg--p ]cn-lmcw \nt-in-p-hm-\ Cu teJ\w
Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-p--Xv. CsX-gp-Xp--Xn\v hy-amb aqp Dt-i- Dm-bn-cpp: Hm-aXv, bdp-itew
ki-\
- n-\p-tijw tdmanse hnizm-kn-Isf ImWpI F ]ueq-kns B{Klw {]I-Sn-n-p-I (15:24,28,29
cf. Atm. {]. 19:21). Cu B{Klw Adn-bn-p--tXm-sSmw ]qo-I-cWn-\mbn Ah-cpsS {]m-\bpw
{]Xo-bpw Bh-iy-s-Sp-p (15:30-32). cm-a-Xm-bn, ssZhw Xs hnfn-bpw Xnc-s-Sp-bpw sNbvXnv
Xs ] Gev]n kphntij-n-s kw]q ZqXv shfn-s-Sp-p-I. 1:15 ImWpI "" As\ tdmabn
epff \n-tfmSpw kphn-tijw Adn-bn-m Fm Bthmfw Rm Hcp-n-bn-cn-pp.'' tdma-bnse
hnizm-kn-Iv CXn-s\-p-dnv hy-amb Hcp Adn-hp-m-hp-Ib
- pw, tbip-{InkvXphns \oXn-Ic
- W {]hnbm Ign--Im-em-h--bn\np Ahcpw \oXn-I-cn--s-n-cn-pp Fpw, X^-e-am-bn-mWv Atm
hnip-o-I-c-W-n \S-m Ign-bp--sX-pw, CXn-aqew Ah `mhn-bn {InkvXp-hns al-Xzo-I-c-Wns ]m-fn-If
- m-Im t]mIpp Fp-ap \nbw {]m]n-W
- s
- apw ]ueqkv B{K-ln-p-p. aqmaXv,
147
tdma-bn-ep blqZm, PmXob {InkvXym-\n-In-S-bn Dmb ]e tNmZy-p Dcw \evtI--Xn-\mbn-cp-p, Ah Fsp a\-n-em-Ip-Xp \m-bn-cnpw. ]gb\nba \ymb-{]-am-W-tm-Spw, ]cn-tO-Z-\tbmSpw kphn-ti-j-n-\p {]Xn-I-c-W-sav? blq-Zs Ah ]pXnb \nb-a-{]-Im-c-sa-mWv? A,
ssZhw blq-Zs\ Xn--f-pthm? ad-p-I-f-pthm? blqZ PmXn-tbm-Sp ssZh-ns hmKvZ-sf ssZhw ad-p-t]mtbm? Fn-s\ hnhn[ tNmZy-v ]ueqkv adp-]Sn sImSp-p-sImv blqZ-\pw, PmXnpw tbip{InkvXphns c-bp-sS ]-Xnsb a\-n-emn sImSp-p-p.
]pkvX-I-ns hnjbw ]ueqkv 1:16,17`mKv shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v. ssZhw F-s\-bmWv ]m]n-Isf
cn-p-Xv FmWnXv, teJ-\-ns {][m\ hnj-b--fmb kphn-ti-jw, ssZh-i-n, hniz-kn-p
Fm-h-cpw, ssZh-n\n-p \oXn blq-Z\pw, PmXn-I-fpw, Fn-h-sbmw ta hnh-cn thZ-`m-K--fpambn _-s-mWv InS-p--Xv. ]pkvXI hnj-b-sbpw D-S--sbpw Ipdnp Nmkv dbdn \evIp
hni-Zo-I-cWw {in-pI:
""]ueq-kns Fm teJ-\-s-mfpw Cu teJ\w ap]-n-bn \np-Xv ""hnizm-km-ep \oXn-I-cWw'' F hnj-b-m-em-Wv. teJ-\-ns hnjbw ssZh-\oXn FXmWv (1:16,17), Fmepw av ]e {InkvXob D]-tZ-i-fpw (]-Tn-n--ep-I-fpw) CtXm-sSm-nv
\apv e`n-p-p-v. Ah bYm-{Iaw: {]Ir-Xn-bpsS shf-s-Sp- (1:19,20), ]m]-ns k
euIn-IXzw (3:920), \oXo-I-cWw (3:24), {]mbm-nw (3:25), hnizmkw (4:1), P-]m]w (5:12),
{InkvXp-hp-am-bp XmZmyw (6:1), C{km-tb-ens Xnc-s-Sp-pw, XyPn-epw (9-11), Bob
hc- (12:38) `c-W-Iq-S-tm-Sp _lp-am\w (13:17) Fn-h-bm-Wv.'' 73
apJ-hpc (1:117) ]ueq-kns D]-kw-lm-c-hm-p-Iepw (15:14-16:27) IqSmsX Cu teJ-\s aqp `mK-fmbn Xncn-mw:
1. BZys Fv Aym-b- D]-tZ-i- BIp-p. ssZh-\o-Xnsb (\o-Xo-I-c-Ww, hnip-o-I-cWw)
hnizm-k-m {]m]n-m-\p ASn-m\ D]-tZ-i--fm-W-h.
2. H]-Xv, ]v, ]Xn-s\mv Fo aqsw tZio-b-am-Wv. kphn-ti-j-tm-Sp _-n ssZhw
blq-Z-t\mSpw PmXn-tbmSpw CS-s]-Sp hn[-am-W-h. Ah-km\ Aym-b- (9-11) kphn-tijw
A\p-k-cn-p hnizm-kn-I-fpsS A\p-Zn\ Pohn-X-ns {]mtbm-KnI hi--fm-W-h.
3. Ah-km-\s Aym-b- (12-16) kphn-tijw A\p-k-cn-p hnizm-kn-I-fpsS A\p-Zn-\- Po-hnX-ns {]mtbm-KnI hi--fm-W-h.
tdmam teJ-\-nse {InkvXp:

]ueqkv tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ cm-as BZm-am-bn-mWv hnti-jn-n-n-cn-p--Xv. Xn hnizm-kn-p-hpw Xs \oXn-bmepw {]mbm-n _en-bmepw tbip \oXo-I-cWw \S-p-Ibpw AXp ]m]n-Ip
ssZhoI inm-hn-[n-bn\n-pw, tIm]-n\n-pw, ]m]-npw tamN\w {]m]n-p-hm-\p Ir]
Zm\-ambn \evIp-Ibpw sNp-p. \psS hos-Sp-n-s-bpw, \oXn-I-c-W-n-s-bpw, \in-n-s-bpw, c-bpsSbpw, al-Xzo-I-c-W-n-sbpw ASn-m\w tbip-{In-kvXp-hns acW ]p\-cp-m-c-W- BIp-p. 74
_mly-tcJ:
1 apJ-hpc: (1:117)
2. inm-hn[n: F-m-hcnepw hym]n-n-cn-p ]m]w-aqew ssZh-ns \oXn-bpsS
Bhiyw (1:183:20)
A.
B.
Ak-mn-I-fmb a\p-jyp inm-hn[n (Pm-Xn-I) (1:18-32)

kmn-bmb a\p-jy-\p inm-hn[n (2:116)
148
C.
D.
\oXn-am-\mb a\p-jy-\p inm-hn[n (b-lq-Z) (2:17-3:8)

kIe a\p-jyp-ap inm-hn[n (3:920)
3. \oXo-I-cWw: ssZh-\o-Xn-bpsS Ipm-tcm-]-W-n\nv {InkvXp-aqew hnSp-X

(3:215:21)
A.
B.
C.
D.
ssZh-\o-Xn-bpsS hni-Zo-I-cWw (3:2131)

ssZh-\o-Xn-bpsS ZrjvSmw (4:125)
ssZh-\o-Xn-bpsS A\p-{Klw (5:111)
\oXnbpw inm-hn-[nbpw Xn-ep Acw (5:1221)
4. hnip-o-I-cWw: \oXn-bpsS shfn-s-Sp- AYhm hnX-cWw (6:1-8:39)

A.
B.
C.
hnip-o-I-c-Whpw ]m]hpw (6:123)

hnip-o-I-c-Whpw \ymb-{]-am-Whpw (7:1-25)
hnip-o-I-c-Whpw ]cn-ip-m-mhpw (8:139)
5. m]n-: blq-Z-\pw, PmXn-pw, \oXn-p-ap Bi (9:111:36)

A.
B.
C.
bn{km-tb-ens `qX-Imew: ssZhoI Xnc-s-Spv. (9:129)

bn{km-tb-ens h-am-\-Imew: ssZh-m XymPn--s-Sp-p. (9:30-10:21)
bn{km-tb-ens `mhn: ssZhoI Dm-cWw (11:136)
6. D]-tbmKw: ip{iq-j-bn \oXn-bpsS A`y-k\w (12:1-15:13)

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
ssZh-hp-am-bp _-n (12:1-2)

kzb-tm-Sp _-n (12:3)
k`-tbm-Sp _-n (12:48)
kaq-l-tm-Sp _-n (12:921)
`c-W-Iq-S-tm-Sp _-n (13:114)
ap hnizm-kn-I-tfm-Sp ({In-kvXym-\n-I-) _-n (14:115:13)
7. hyn-]-c-amb ZqXpw Binhm-Zhpw (15:1416:27)

A.
B.
C.
]ueq-kns ]Xn (15:1433)

]ueq-kns hyn-]-c-amb h\w (16:116)
]ueq-kns D]-kw-lm-chpw Binhm-Zhpw (16:17-27).
Hp sImcn-y
({InkvXp: \app ssZh-ns m\w)
Fgp-p-Im-c ]ueqkv Xs-bm-Wv. teJ-\-n-\-Ip\npw ]pd-p-\npw CXn-\m-h-iy-amb sXfn-hpI e`n-p-p-v. Hmw \qm-p-ap-X aptm-p (A.D. 96) Ime--fn teJ-\-ns Fgp-p-Im-c
]ueqkv Xs-bm-sWv sXfn-hp-I e`n-n-p-v. cmw \qm-n Pohn-n-cp tdmanse sav F
_njv (]m-) sImcn-y-cpsS Hmw teJ\w A\p-{K-lo-X-\mb ]ueqkv BWv Fgp-Xn-b-sXv {]kvXmhn-n-p-v. CXp Xm sImcn-ys-gp-Xnb teJ-\-nepw ap Fgp-p-I-fnepw {]Xn-^-en-n-p-v. Fgpp-Im-c Xs ]ueqkv Fp kwt_m-[\ sNbvXn-cn-p ]e e--fp-v (1:1;16:21 cf.1:12-17; 3:4; 6,22).
{i-]qpw Atm-kvXe {]hn-Ifpw ap teJ-\-fpw ]Tn-p Hcmv sImcn-y-bnse k`bpw
]ueqkpw Xn-ep _w {Kln-m {]bm-k-ap-m-I-bn-sp am{X-a Xmsg--d-bp kwt]w
149
k-Xn-t-n-h-cn-Ibpw sNpw: (1) Xs BZy ki-\-s-p-dnp (2) Fgp-Xnb BZy teJ\w (AXp
\jvS-s-p) Ctm-gp AXv Ign-p--Xm-I-bm (3) cm-asXmWv (1 sImcn-y) (4) cm-as
ki-\-s-p-dnv (th-Z-\m-]qamb ki-\w) Fgp-Xnb teJ-\-amWv (2 sImcn-y 2:1) (5) hopw
Hcp aqm-as teJ\w (AXpw \jvS-s-p) Fgp-Xn. (6) CXns\ XpSmWv \mem-a-t-Xmb 2 sImcny Fgp-Xn-bXv (7) Ghpw HSp-hn-embn Hcp aqmw ki-\w-IqSn sImcn-n \S--Xmbn ImWp-p
(A-tm. {]. 20:2,3). \jvS-s--Xmb cp teJ-\--sf-p-dnv Ah Xncp-sh-gp-p-I-fn Ds-Sp-t--hbmbn ssZhw ImWp--Xn-\m \jvS-s-p-sp Fp hnNm-cn-m aXn.
Fgp-Xn-b-Imew:
A.D.
55.
]ueq-kns cm-as anj-\dn bm{X-bvn-S-bn-emWv sImcn-n BZy-ambn kphn-tijw {]kw-Kn--Xv

Av AIznmtbmSpw {]nkvIn--tbmSpw-IqsS ]mmWv {]hn--Xv. Fs-m Fm-h-cpsSbpw sXmgn IqSm-c-]Wn Bbn-cp-p (A-sm. {]. 18:3). Xs ]Xn-h-\p-k-cnv ]ueqv Hm-aXv blqZ-m-cpsS kp-tKm-Kp-I-fn {]kw-Kn-pbpw Ah FXnp ]pd-m-nbtm PmXn-I-fn-tep Xncn-bpIbpw sNbvXp. As\ Ah Xoq-v, bqkvtXmkv (A-sm. 18:7) Fsm-cp-hs hon-tep Xm-akwam-n. blq-Z-m X\n-s-Xn-cmbn tdma Kh-W Bb Kn-tbm-tbm-t\mSv ]cm-Xn-s-npw ]ueqkv 18
amkw sImcn-n ]mp (A-sm. 18:117; 1 sImcn. 2:3). Cu teJ\w Fgp-Xp-Xv Xm Ft^-tkm-kn
Xma-kn (16:8) aqp-hj-ns HSp-hn-em-bn-m-Wv (16:59) Atm. {]. 20:31).
(A.D. 50).
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw a\-n-em-I-W-sa-n Npcp--ambn AXns ]m-ew t\mt--Xp-v. GXmv
700,000-tmfw P\-kw-Jy-bp Hcp sNdnb sat{Sm-t]m-en- ]-W-am-bn-cpp sImcn-v. Fnepw P\kw-Jy-bpsS aqn cp `mKhpw ASn-a-I-fm-bn-cp-p. GPn-b kap-{Z-n\pw, B{Un-bmp kap-{Z-n\pw
CSbvp hS- {Konte-p am-ambn CSpn \op kap-{Z-n-tep InS-p Hcp sNdnb `q{]tZi-am-Wn-Xv. a\p-jy-Zr-jvSn-bn sFizcy kw]q-amb Hcp ]-W-am-bn-cp-s-nepw ssZh-\o-Xn-bpsS kphntijw Fm Hcp m\-ambn ]ueqkv AXns\ Ip. ùXnI kar-n-bn ]m]-n\pw Bgw-Iq-Sn.
kXy-ssZ-hs Adn-bm--Xn-\m PmXob tZho-tZ-h-m-cpsS t]cn ]Ww apgp-h t{X- sImp
\nd-p. -G-Xmv 1800 ASn (550 ao) Db-c-ap "At{Im-sIm-cn-qkv' F ]-tXm--Xn-bn Bbn-cpp
A]vtlm-c-U-b-n-kns t{Xw \nn-cp--Xv. ]pcm-Xo\ bh-\mb Fgp-p-I-fn {]Imcw ChnsS [\hpw,
Ak-mn-I-Xbpw kt-fn-n-cp m\-am-bn-cp-p. tZi-ns ]m]m-h-sb hnfn--dn-bn-p ]Zfpw ssien-Ifpw Xs Df-hm-bn. Hcp thiysb kqNn-n-p ]Z-am-bn-cpp "sImcn-y tK' FXv, AXp-t]mse hy`n-Nm-cn-Wnsb Nqn-m-p--Xn\p "sImcn-y-m-cs\ t]mse' Fpw ap-ap {]tbmK- km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-p. hy`n-Nmc {]hn-bp-ambn _-s Bbn-c--W-n\p t{X- Dmbn-cp-Xp IqSm-sX-bmWv A]vtlm-d-U-bn-ns t{X kn-[n-bnse Zp-S-]-Sn-I Ac-t-dn-bn-cp--Xv.
CXn-s\-m-ambn [mcmfw [\hpw t{X--fn Nne-hn-n-cp-p. ""sImcn-n-te-p I-temw Fm-hpap--X'' Fsmcp kwkm-cw-Xs Am-e-p-m-bn-cp-p.
Atm-kvXe {]hn-I-fn\np {Kln-m Ign-bp-Xv sImcn-n ]ueq-kn\v Npcpw Nne blq-Zm-scm-gn-m _mn Fm-hcpw PmXn-I-fn \np {InkvXp-hn-izm-k-n-tep h-h Bbn-cps{X.
AXp-t]mse am\y IpSpw-_--fn\np Nne-scms hniz-kn--tm Xmsg-n-S-bn \np--h-cmWv
A[n-I-ambn k`-bn-tev h-Xv (1:26-31). kmaq-ln-Ihpw km-n-I-hp-amb hnXymkw Ahn-S-bn
\ne-\n-n-cp-p (7:20-24:11:21-34). k`-bnse Nne hopw PmXn-If
- psS Ak-mn-IX
- sb ]cn-Nb
- np t]mp.
(6:911) bh-\-m-sc-tmse X _pn-am-m Fp Nnnv Al--cn-bvp-Ibpw X-fpsS BoI
\ne-hm-c-n\np hfsc thKw A[--Xnp t]mIbpw sNbvXp (1:17; 1:1-5). 75
Ak-mo-I-Xbpw aXhpw Hnp tNp ssItImp ]nSnp sImcn-n \S-nb aptw k`150
bpsS BoI hfsb hmsX _m[n-p. X \nan--amWv ]ueqkv teJ-\-ns {]mcw` hnj-bambn FmWv {InkvXp-hnse ]pXnb Pohn-X-sa-pw, AXns\ hnipn-bn Imp-sImv hnip--msc t]cv Pohn-X-ns Fm taJ-e-I-fnepw \ne-\n-W-sapw ]d--Xv. tbip-{In-kvXp-hnse Cu
]pXnb PohnXw ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-\m-ep Hcp ]pXnb PohnX]mX-bm-Wv (3:16,17; 6:11, 1920). hnizm-knp
hyn-bmbpw kaq-l-]-c-ambpw Pohn-m-\p Ah-kcw Hcp-m-\mWv tbip ssZh-n\np \app
m\-ambn Xo-Xv.
]ueqkv tI-dn sImcn-p-k-`-bnse \nc-h[n {]iv\-pw, AXn-{I-a-pw CS-b F \nebvp
Ahp Btem-N-\bpw Xncp--ep-Ifpw \evIn A\p-Xm-]-tmsS aS-n-h-tc--Xn-\m-bn-mWv Cu teJ\w
Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. Hm-as {]iv\w hn`m-Kob Nn-bm-bn-cp-p (1:11) Ah ssZh-ns Btem-N-\-tb-m
am\p-jnI Btem-N-\bvv Du \evIn (1:21-30). asmp Zp-Sv Bbn-cp-p (5:113; 6:920). IqSmsX
F-an-m tNmZy- hnhm-lsIpdn-pw, hnhm-l-_w Hgn-bp--Xn-s\-p-dn-pw, `-Ww, Bcm-[\, Bo-I-h-c-, Dbns-gp-t-ev]v,- A-h-cpsS k`mPo-hn-X-n IS-p-I-Snb aX-ns Ak-moI-X-I, sXmb hnizmkw Fn-s\ ]e-Xn\pw ]ueqkv ]cn-lmcw \evIn.
sImcn-yp Hmw teJ-\-n {InkvXp:

{InkvXob Pohn-X-ns k-bpw, D-h-hpw, D]m-[nbpw Fmw {InkvXp-X-s-sbv 1:3-0 ]d-n-cnp-p, ""\ntfm Ah-bm {InkvXp-tb-ip-hn Ccn-p-p. Ah \apv ssZh-n\np m\hpw,
\oXn-bpw, ipo-I-c-W-hpw, hosSppw Bbn-op.''
_mly-tcJ:
1. apJ-hpc: (1:19)
A.
B.
h\w (1:13)
\n-bpsS {]m-\. (1:49)
2. k`-bnse `nX (1:10-4:21)

A.
B.
`n-X-sb-p-dn-p dntmv (1:10-17)

`n-X-bvp Imc-W- (1:18-2:16)
1) {Iqin-s\-p-dn-p ssZh-Zq-Xns\--n-bp sXnmcW (1:18-2:5)
2) ]cn-ip-m-m-hns ip{iq-jsbpdn-p sXn-m-cW (2:616)
C. `n-X-bpsS êw (3:14:5)
1) BoI hf XS--s-Spp (3:19)
2) {]Xn-^-e--fpsS \jvSw (3:10-4:5)
D. ]ueq-kns amXr-Ibpw, e-W-hpw (4:621)
3. k`-bnse kmmoI ewL\w (5:16:20)

A.
B.
C.
\njn kwK-a-s-p-dnv (5:113)

PmXob tImS-Xn-I-fn \oXn-m-bp t]mn-s\-p-dnv (6:920)
[manI \nb-a--tf--n-bp ap-dn-bnv (6:920)
4. hnhml Pohn-X-s-p-dn-p \nt-i- (7:140)

A.
B.
C.
D.
hnhm-lhpw
hnhm-lhpw
hnhm-lhpw
hnhm-lhpw
{_-N-cybpw (7:19)
Dt]--Whpw (7:10-24)
{InkvXob ip{iq-jbpw (7:25-38)
]p\hn-hm-lhpw (7:39,40)
151
5. hn{K-lmn-X--sf-p-dn-p \nt-i- (8:111:1)

A.
B.
C.
Hcp {InkvXym\n PmXob tZh-mmbn An hn{K-lmnXw Xnmtam? (8:113)

]ueq-ns amXrI (9:127)
{]t_m-[\w (10:111:1)
6. s]mXp Bcm-[-\-sb-p-dn-p \nt-i- (11:214:40)

A.
B.
C.
kv{XoI Xe-aq-Sp--Xn-s\-p-dnv (11:216)

Ir-tai (11:17-34)
BoI hc--fpsS D]-tbm-K-s-p-dnv (12:114:40)
1) hnhn[ Ir]m-h-c- (12:111)
2) hc--fpsS Dt-iw, sFIyXbpw, sshhn-y-fpw (12:12-31)
3) k`-I-fn kvt\l-ns AXn-{]m-[m\yw (13:113)
4) `mj-I-sf-m {]h-N-\-n-\p {]m[m\yw (14:125)
5) hc- D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xn-\p {Ia- (14:2640)
7. Dbns-gp-t-ev]n-s\-p-dn-p D]-tZiw (15:158)

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Dbns-gp-t-ev]ns AXym-hiyw (15:111)

Dbns-gp-t-ev]ns\ Ah-K-Wn-p--Xns A\--c-êw (15:12-19)
{InkvXob {]Xymi (15:20-34)
Dbn icocw (15:35-50)
{InkvXp-hnq-sS-bp {InkvXob hnPbw (15:51-58)
8. bdp-i-te-anse k`-bvm-bp [-ti-Jcw (16:14)

9. D]-kw-lmcw (16:524).
2 sImcn-y
({InkvXp: \app ssZh-n\n-p Bizm-kw)
teJ-\-ns Bcw-`-n Nqn-Im-Wn-n-cn-p {]Imcw Fgp-p-Im-c ]ueqkv Xs-bm-Wv. ]ueqkv
Xs-bmWv Fgp-p-Im-c F-Xn\v AIpw, ]pdpw sXfn-hp-If
- p-v. bYm-n aphbn\np
hyXy-kvX-ambn CsXmcp B-I-Y-bpsS cq]-n-em-Wv. 76
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
A.D.
56
shn--Wn-m-cmb Xm-m-cpsS Ie-lw-aqew (A-sm. {]. 19:23-41) ]ueqkv A.D. 56 Ft^-kq-kn\npw

atm-tZm-\y-bn-tep hp (A-tm. {]. 20:1), Xop-kp-ambn IqSn-t-cp-hm\pw sImcn-nse nXn-K-XnI a\-n-em-p-hm-\p-ambn t{Xmhm-kn ]ms-nepw (2 sImcn. 2:13) km[n-m-sX B `mc-tmsS
atm-tZm-\y-bn Fn (7:5,6), Ahn-sS-hv Xoq-kns\ ImWp-Ibpw sImcn-n km[m-cW PohnXw
\nb-{-W-hn-t[-b-am-bn-p-s-n-epw i-amb asmcp {Kqv ]ueq-kns Atm-kvX-es tNmZyw-sNbvXpsImv Fgp-t-n-cn-pp F hm e`n--Xns ASn-m-\-n-emWv ]ueqkv Xs \mem-as
teJ-\-am-b 2 sImcn-y a-tZm-\y-bn\npw Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. XpSv A.D. 56,57 Ime-L--n Hcp ioX-Imev (Winter) ]ueqkv Xs aqm-as sImcnp ki\w \S-n (A-sm. {]. 20:2,3).
152
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
]ueq-kns Fm teJ-\--fnepw hv hyn-]-chpw IqSp-X {]nb--c-hp-amb HmWv cp-sIm-cn-y.
CXn ]ueqkv Xs lrZbw Xpdv sImcn-y-cn ]ecpw X\n-s-Xn-cm-sW-nepw Ahsc F{X-b-[nIw
kvt\ln-ppsv shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v. sPbnwkv sI. temdn (James. K. Lowery) F- t Zlw
ss__n t\mfPv Ia-dn-bn sImSp-n-cn-p kwt]w {iml-am-Wv:
""teJ-\-sa-gp-Xp-hm-\p {][m-\-Im-cWw sImcn-p-k-`-bn IS-p-Iq-Snb I-{]-hm-N-I-m-cmWv. kzbw Asm-kvX-e-m-scp hnti-jn-n-Xp IqSmsX Ah bYm Atm-kvX-e-\mb
]ueq-kns\bpw At-l-ns ]Tn-n--ep-I-sfbpw FXnp-sImp Zpcp-]-tZ-ihpw {]N-cnn-p. ]ueq-ns {]i-kvXnp hnLmXw krjvSn-p-I-bm-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS eyw. Cu
ZpjvIr-Xys Cm-bva-sN-bvXp-sImv ssZhm-m-hn ]ueqkv sNbvX {]hnsb Dun
Dd-n-p-hm-\p-am-bn-m-Wv 2 sImcn-y Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. Xs hyn-]-c-amb t\-m-bn-
adnv sImcn-y XtmSp Imnb kvt\lhpw kphn-ti-js kzoI-cn hn[hpw Ahsc
Hm-s-Sp-pI FXv Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-p.'' 77
sImcn-y-k-`bvv bYmyw a\-n-em-t--Xn\v ]ueqkv aqp {][m\ Imcy--fmWv FSpp ]d-bpXv: (1) Xs kphn-tij {]h-\s AwKo-I-cnv Ah k`-bn h-Xn-ep AXn-bmb ktmjw
{]I-S-am-p-p (1:17:16); (2) Ah-cpsS ka-W-sbpw blq-Z-bnse hnip--mp [-ti-J-c-Wsbpw Hm-s-Sp-p-p (8:19:15); (3) Xs Atm-kvX-e-Xzs m]n-p-p (10:113:14).
2 sImcny teJ-\-n {InkvXp:

Cu teJ-\-n {InkvXp Bizm-k-{]-Z-\m-Wv (1:5), \psS hnP-b-amWv (2:14), \psS Im-hmWv (2:4),
]pXp-Po-hn-\-X-n-\m-bp kzmX-{y-am-Wv (3:17), {]Im-i-amWv (4:6), \ymbm-[n-]-\mWv (5:10), \nc-mWv
(5:19), hc-amWv (9:15), DS-b-h-\mWv (10:7), in-bmWv (12:9).
_mly-tcJ: 78
1. ]ueq-ns kz`m-hw, Atm-kvX-eXzw Fn-h-bpsS hni-Zo-I-cWw (1:1-7:16)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
kml-Ncyw (1:1,2)
IjvS-X-bpsS HSp-hnse ssZhoI Bizm-k-n-\m-bp \n-]-d-n (1:311)
]ueq-kns {]h\w, s]cp-amw Fn-hbnse kXy-k-X (1:12-2:4)
sImcn-p-k-`-bnse Ip-m-tcmSp an-p-p. (2:511)
ip{iq-j-bn ssZhoI \S-nv (2:12-17)
sImcn-nse hnizm-kn-I {InkvXp-hns ]{Xw (3:111)
aqSp-]Sw amn ssZh-ns tXP-ns\ Zin-p-p. (3:12-4:6)
a]m-{X--fnse \nt]w (4:716 a)
hnizm-kn-Iv ac-W-sbpw AXns A-sbpw Ipdn-p ImgvN-m-Sv. (4:16b 5:10)
\nc-ns ip{iqj (5:11-6:10)
Hcp Bob ]nXm-hns a-tfm-Sp At]-. (6:117:4)
Xoq-kp-am-bp IqSn-mgvN (7:516)
2. sbdp-i-te-anse hnip--mm-bp [ tiJ-c-W-n-\p-th-n-bp Dm-lnn- (8:19:15)

A.
HuZm-cys {]iw-kn-p-p (8:115)

B. Xoq-kn-s\bpw kl{]h-I-scbpw sImcn-n-tev Ab-bvp-p (8:16-9:5)
C. HuZm-cy-ns êw (9:615)
153
3. ]ueq-kns Asm-kvsXm-e -]-Z-hn-bpsS A[n-Imcw hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p (10:113:14).

A.
]ueqkv Asm-kvsXmes \nP-n-Xnbpw {]m-\-Ifpw shfn-s-Sp-pp (10:118)

B. ]ueqkv Xs hrYm-`n-am\w ]d-bm \n_-n-X-\m-Ip-p (11:112:21)
C. Ah-km\ ap-dn-bn-v (13:1-10)
D. D]-kw-lmcw (13:1114).
Kem-Xy
({InkvXp \ap-m-bp ssZh-\o-Xn)
]ueqkv kzbw Atm-kvX-e-s\p ]dp XpS-p--Xn-\m (1:1) Fgp-p-Im-c ]ueqkv Xs.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
A.D.
49
]ueq-kns Hmw anj-\dn bm{X-bn-emWv sX Kem-Xy-bn k`-I m]n--s-Sp--Xv. Xs bm{XbpsS Ah-km-\- \m-fp-I-fn Ahn-sS-bp {InkvXym-\n-Imbn Fgp-Xn-b-XmWv Cu teJ-\w. an-hmdpw
F.Un. 49 Atym-Jy-bn \nm-bn-cnWw Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. A-s\-sb-n CXv- Xs bcqitew
bm{Xbvp apm-bn-cn--Ww (A-tm. {]. 15).
hnj-bhpw D]-tZ-ihpw:
]e thZ-im-kv{X-
- mcpw Kem-Xy-te-J\
-
- n\p ""{InkvXob kzmX-{y-ns Ic-Sp-tcJ AYhm {]amWw''
FmWv t]cp \evIn-bn-cn-p--Xv. CXv Ir]-bv-[o-\-cm-bn-cn-pXns\-m \ymb-{]-am-W-n\v A[o\-cm-bn-cn-m {ian blqZ {InkvXym-\n-I-tfm-Sp Hcp shp-hn-fn-bm-Wv. {InkvXobk`-bn \ymb-{]amWw \nt-in-p ]e Imcy- IqsS \S-n-em--W-sap iTn--h-cmWv Ah. Bb-Xn-\m Ahv
hnizm-k-m-ep \oXo-I-c-Ww, ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-\m-ep hnip-o-I-cWw Fn-h-sb-p-dnp t_my-sSpn hymtPm-]-tZ-i--fn\np kzX-{-cm-pI F ey-tm-sS-bmWv ]ueqkv CXv Fgp-Xn-bXv.
Cu \ymb-{]-amWhmZn-I-fmb blq-Z-m Ir]-bpsS kphn-ti-js \ntj-[np IqSmsX ]ueq-kns
AtmkvXe-Xz-sbpw tNmZyw sNbvXp. Hpw, cpw Aym-b--fn ]ueqkv Ah-cpsS FXnp-Isf
{]Xn-tcm-[n-m-\mbn X\np e`n kzo-b-Zi-\hpw Atm-kvsXm-en-I-Xbpw hnh-cn-p. aqpw \mepw
Aym-b--fn Ir]-bpsS kXy D]-tZ-i-sbpw hnizm-k-m-ep \oXo-I-c-W-sbpw hni-Z-am-n.
Apw, Bdpw Aym-b--fn {InkvXo-b-kzm-X{yw Zp-Xbvp ad-b-spw Hcp kXy-hn-izmkn Bmhns in-bn-epw, \nb-{-W-n-epw, \Sv ê-]q-\m-Ip--X-msX PUs A\p-k-cnp \S--cpsXpw {]kvXm-hn-p. B Imev Nne hnizm-kn-I \ymb-{]-am-W-hm-Zn-I Am-bn-cp-s-nepw Ahp
e`n {InkvXob kzmX-{ys ]m]w sNm-\p Hcp ssekkmn amn-bn-cp-p.
Kem-Xy-te-J-\-nse {InkvXp:
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns acWw aqew hnizm-kn-I \ymb-{]-am-W
- n-\mbn acn-n-cn-p-Ib
- m kzX-{cpw Ctm
Pohn-p-Xp {InkvXp-hn-\p-th-n-bp-am-Wv (2:20), \ymb-{]-am-W-n\v Ah-cp-sS-ta C\n bmsXmcp A[nIm-c-hp-an- (51- f.). Fs-m {Iqins in Ahv \ymb-{]-am-W-ns im]-n\npw ]m]ns inbn\n-pw, \ymb-ns kzm[o-\-X-bn\npw ]q-kzm-X{yw hcp-n-bn-cn-p-p (1:4;
2:20; 3:13; 4:5; 5:16, 24; 6:14).
154
_mly-tcJ:
1. hyn- ] cw: Ir]- b psS kphn- t i- j w, hnizm- k - m- e p \oXo- I - c - W ns
{]Xntcm[w. (1:1-2:21)
A
B
apJ-hpc (1:1-9)
Ir]-bpsS kphn-tijw shfn-m-Sn-\m {]m-]n-p. (1:10-24)
C Ir-]bpsS kphn-tijw bdp-itew k` AwKo-I-cn--Xv. (2:1-10)
D Ir]-bpsS kphn-ti-j-ns hmkvX-hn-IX ]t{Xm-kns\ imkn-pXphgn kan-p-p. (2:1121)
2. D]-tZiw: Ir]-bpsS kphn-ti-jw, hnizm-k-m-ep \oXo-I-c-Ww, Fn-h-I-fpsS

hni-Zo-I-cWw (3:1-4:31)
A.
Kem-Xy-cpsS A\p-`hw: hnizm-k-m Bm-hns\ {]m]n-p (3:15)

A{_-lm-ans DZm-l-c-Ww, Ah {]hn-I-fm-e-, hnizm-k-m-emWv \oXo-I-cn--s--Xv (3:69)
\oXo-I-cWw hnizm-k-m-em-Wv, \ymb-{]-am-W-m-e- (3:104:11)
D. Kem-Xyv A\p-{Klw e`n-Xv hnizm-k-m-em-Wv \ymb-{]-am-W-m-e (4:1220)
E. \ymb-{]-am-Whpw Ir]bpw ]-c-kv]-c-\n-tj[-I--fm-Wv (4:21-31)
B.
C.
3. {]mtbm-KnIw: Ir]-bpsS kphn-ti-jw, hnizm-k-m-ep \oXo-I-cWw Fn-h-IfpsS

D]-`m-Kw (5:16:18)
A.
kzmX-{y-ns Ah--bvp nc-X (5:112)

kzmX-{y-ns ]cn-io-e-\w. ]c-kv]cw kvt\ln-p-Ibpw tkhn-p-Ibpw sNp-p (5:1315)
kzmX-{y-ns in: Bm-hn-\m-ep \S-w (5:16--26)
D. kzmX-{y-ns ]qo-I-cWw: Fm-hpw \ sNp-p (6:1-10)
E. D]-kw-lm-cw (6:11-18).
B.
C.
Ft^-y
({InkvXp: \app ssZh-n\n-p [\w)
Fm Imcm-{K-l-teJ\-fp-sSbpw BZy-hm-Iy--fn hy-am-n-bn-cn-p--Xp-t]mse CXnepw Fgp-pIm-c ]ueqkv Xs-sbp {]kvXm-hn-n-p-v (1:1)
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
F.-Un. 6061
Ft^--ky-te-J\w Fgp-Xp--Im-ev ]ueqkv XS-hn Bbn-cp-p. (F-t^. 3:1, 4:1, 6:20). thZ-im-kv{X-mn-S-bn CXn-s\-p-dnp A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xymkw Dv. Nne Nnn-p-Xv ]ueq-kns ssI-cybnse XS-hp-Im-ev (F.Un. 5759) Fgp-Xn-sb-mWv (A-sm. {] 24:27) ap -Nn-e-cpsS hmZw F.Un. 60-62
Imes XS-hp -k-a-b-m-bn-cpp Fm-Wv. (Atm. {] 28:30). Fm tdmanse XS-hp-Im-ev FgpXn
F-Xn-\mWv {]k-n-bp-Xv; Fs-m Cu Ime-p-X-s-bmWv ^nen-y-b, sImtem-y, ^nsetam Fo teJ-\fpw ]utemkv Fgp-Xn-b-Xv (^nen-y 1:7 sImtem 4:10; ^ntem 9), am{X-hp-a Ft^ky-te-J-\-n ]ueq-ns tamN-\-s-p-dnp bmsXmcp ]cm-aihpw C. Fm ^nen-y-b 1:1926;
^ntetam 1:22 Fo `mK--fn \ap-Xp {Kln-m Ign-bpw. ]ueq-ns Imcm-Kr-l-hm-k-ns BZyIm-e-mWv Fgp-Xn-sb-mWv ]e-cp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-bw. (F.Un. 60) Fs-m B Imev ]ueqv
Imh]-m-f-ns tat\m--n Hcp hmS-I-ho-n ]mp-I-bm-bn-cp-p (A-tm.-{]. 28:30). ImcmKr-ln\np tamN\w {]m]n--ti-jw ]ueqkv 1 Xntam-Yn-tbmkpw Xotmkpw Fgp-Xn. Gsd Xma-kn155
bmsX hopw Ad-n-em-bn, B Imev 2 Xotam-Y-tbmkv Fgp-Xn. XpSv Xm c-km-nXzw hcn-p

AYhm tdmanhp sIme sN-sp.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
Fs^ky teJ-\-n ]ueqkv shfn-s-Sp-p-Xv "k`' F cl-ky-am-Wv. k` {InkvXp-hns ico-c-amI-bm {InkvXp AXns Xebpw hnizm-kn-I B ico-c-ns hnhn[ Ah-b-h--fmbn kz-n-ep
kIe Bo-Im-\p-{K-l--fnepw \nd--hcpw BIp-p (1:22,23; 1:3; 2:1122). hmkvX-h-n k`-bm-Ip
ico-c-nse AwK--fm-Ip hnizm-kn-Ip Xe-bm-Ip {InkvXp-hn \nn-]vX-am-bn-cn-p Af-hp-Ifpw, AXn-cp-I-fn-m [\-s-p-dnv {]Jym-]n-p-I-bmWv ]ueq-kns Dt-iw. CtXm-Sp _-n
cv AXn-{]-[m-\-Im-cy- teJ-\-n ]d-n-p-v. Hm-a-t-Xv, hnizm-knp {InkvXp-hn-ep A{]tab [\-nIqsS ssZh-ns \nXy-amb Dt-i- Fs\ kz-nepw `qan-bnepw ]qo-I-cn-s-Spp Fp hnh-cn-p-p (1:312). cm-a-t-Xv, BZy-t-Xn\np Xs-bmWv XpS-p--Xv. AXmbXv hnizm-kn-I Ahp e`n-n-cn-p kzo-b-m-\-hpw, hnfn-bpw, AXp-aqew {]m]n-n-cn-p Dc-hm-Zn-Xz-fpw t_m[-]qw a\-n-emn Fs\ AXn-\-\p-k-cnp Pohn-Xs \bn-p-sap hni-Z-amp-I-bm-Wv (1:18-23; 3:1421; 4:1).
Cu teJ\w ap--h-sb-tmse GsX-nepw {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-n\p hnizm-kn-Ip \evIp D]-tZ-i-ambn- Fm Ahn-izmkn Bn-I-ambn hf {]m]n-p-Ibpw {InkvXp-hn-ep t`Zm-t`-Z-sf Xncn-dnv A\p-Zn-\-Po-hn-X-n {]tbm-P-\-s-Spn ]cm-P-b-sf Hgn-hm-m-\p {]Xn-tcm-[-am-bn-mWv \evInbn-cn-p--Xv. Ghpw HSp-hn-embn hnizmknp kam-\-am-bp bps Ipdnv (6:10-18) IqSn ]d-bp--Xn\m Hcp {InkvXym-\np {InkvXp-hn-ep [\w, \S-v, bp- Fo Im-cy--fmWv teJ-\-nse
apJy hnj-b- Fp a\-n-em-Ip-p.
Ft^ky teJ-\-nse {InkvXp:

Cu teJ-\-n ""{InkvXp-hn'', ""{InkvXp-hn-t\m-Sp-IqsS'' Fo {]tbm-K- GXmv 35 {]mhiyw ]dnpv. CXv ]ueq-kns km[m-cW ssien-I-fm-Wv. ]s ap teJ-\--sf-m CXn- IqSp-X-epsp am{Xw. CXp-aqew hnizmknIv Ahp {InkvXp-hn Fp m\-am-Wp--sXv a\-n-em-Ipp (1:1). IqSmsX {InkvXp-hn-ep kI-e-hn[ A\p-{K-l-fpw (1:3) {InkvXp-hn-ep Xnc-s-Spv (1:4)
{InkvXp-hn-eq-sS-bp Z-h-Imiw (1:5) {]nb-\m-b-h-cn Bbn-cn-p-Xv (1:6) hos-Sp--s-n-cn-pp
(1:7) Ah-\n Ah-Imiw {]m]n-n-cn-p-p. (1:11) Ahs al-Xz-ns ]pI-gvN-bvm-bp {]Xym-i. (1:12)
hos-Sp-n \mfns Ah-Im-i-n-\mbn ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-\m-ep ap{Z. (1:13,14) Ah-t\m-Sp-IqsS Pohn-nv
(D-bn-v) kz--e--fn Ccp-n-bn-cn-p-Xv (2:56) {InkvXp-tb-ip-hn k{]-hn-mbn krn-s-n-cn-p-Xp (2:10) hmKvZ-ns ]m-fn-w. (3:6) {InkvXp-hnse hnizm-k-m ssZh-n--tep {]th-i\w (3:12) Fo Imcy-fpw {]m]n-m km[n-p-p.
_mly-tcJ:
1. h\w AYhm \n-{]-I-S\w (1:1,2)
2. teJ-\-ns D]-tZ-i-`mKw: k`-bpsS hnfn. (1:3--3:21)
A.
hos-Sp-n-\m-bp kvXpXnv (1:314)

1) ]nXm-hn-ep Xnc-s-Spv (1:36)
2) ]p{X-\nIq-sS-bp hos-Sp-v (1:712)
3) ]-cn-ip-m ap{Z-Ww (1:1314)
B. ]cn-m-\-n-\mbn {]mn-pp; Hcp shfn-m-Sv (1:1523)
1) {]m-\-bpsS Bh-iyw (1:15-18 a)
2) {]m-\-bpsS D-S-w (1:18 b23)
C. m\w (]-Z-hn) kw_--am-b-Xv (2:122)
156
1) kzob e--fnse ]pXnb m\w (2:110)

2) ssZh-`-h-\-nse AwK-sa ]Zhn (2:1122)
D. {_mp Ime--fpsS hni-Zo-I-cWw (3:113)
1) shfn-m-Sn-\m-ep aw (3:1--6)
2) kno-I-c-W-n-\mbn hos-Sp--s ip{jq-j-I (3:713)
E. bYm-a-dn-bp--Xn-\m-bp {]m-\ (3:1421)
3. teJ-\-ns {]h-\-a-ew; k`-bpsS \S-v. (4:1--6:24)

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
hnizm-kn-I-fpsS sFIy-X-bn-ep \S-v (4:1-16)

1) sFIyw \ne-\np-hm-\p A-t]- (4:1--3)
2) sFIy-X-bpsS ASn-m-\w (4:46)
3) sFIy-X-bpsS Aw (4:716)
hnizm-kn-I-fpsS \oXn-bnse \S-v (4:175:18)
1) ]gb Pohn-X-nse \S-v (4:1719)
2) ]pXnb Pohn-X-nse \S-v (4:2032)
3) \S-ns hn[w (5:17)
4) \psS \S-ns Imc-Whpw sXfn-hpw (5:813)
5) \psS \S-ns inbpw e`y-Xbpw (5:1418)
hnizm-kn-bpsS Cutem-I-nse \Sv (5:196:9)
1) Ahs kzbhpw k`-bpw (5:1921)
2) Ahs IpSpw_w (5:22-6:4)
3) Ahs sXmgn (6:59)
hnip-n-bpsS t]mcm--ns \S-v (6:1020)
1) Bbp-[-h-s-p-dn-p {]t_m-[-\w (6:1013)
2) \psS Bbp-[-h--sf-p-dn-p hniZo-I-c-Ww (6:1417)
3) Bbp-[-sIm-p \psS bp- (6:1820)
D]-kw-lmcw (6:2124).
^nen-y
({InkvXp: ssZh-n\n-p \ap-p- kw]qn)
]ueqkv BIpp Fgp-p-Im-c, ""^nen-y-bnse k`bvv Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wv.'' ]ueq-kns a-tZm\y {]tZis Hm-as k`-bm-Wn-Xv. ^neo-n-bv Fgp-Xn-bXv FmWv Xe-s-p-X-s.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
A.D.
60-61
Ft^-ky-te-J\w t]mse CXpw ]ueqkv XS-hn InS-p-sImv Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wv. Imh ]-m-f-n\p \Sphn acWs {]Xo-np tdman Ign-bp-tm-gmWv Fgp-Xn-b-Xv (1:13; 1:20-26). acWw Xo-sbv Adnnpw ]utemkv tamN-\s {]Xo-n-p. Npp-]m-Sp-I hp-t\m-p-tm Ft^-ky-te-J-\-n\p tijamWv Cu teJ\w Fgp-Xn-bXv Fv a\-n-em-mw.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
Ft^-ky-te-J\w tXP-t-dnb a--fm-Ip ""k` {InkvXp-hns icocw'',""{InkvXp k`-bpsS Xe''
(1:22, 23) "hnizm-kn-I k`-bm-Ip ico-c-nse' AwK-fpw kz-nse kI-e-hn[ A\p-{K-l--fmepw
157
Iqmbn A\p-{K-ln--s--hcpw'' (1:3; 2:11-22) BIpp Fo hnj-b- shfn-s-Sp-p-tm Cu hI

Imcy-sf {Klnpw sFIy-Xsb Imp-kq-n-pw-sImv {InkvXp-hn B\-n-p-hm-\p {]tNm-Z-\amWv ^nen]y teJ\w \evIp--Xv (1:27; 2:2; 4:1 f), BI-bm ""{InkvXp-hnse sFIy-Xbpw ktm-jhpw''
F-XmWv Cu teJ-\-ns hnj-bw.
^nen-yv Cu teJ\w Fgp-Xp--Xn\v ]ueq-kn\p kv]jvS-amb ]e- D-t-i-fpw Dm-bn-cp-p. (1) ]ueqkns Bh-iy-mbn ^nen-n-bm-bnse hnizm-kn-I Ab-p-sIm-Sp Zm\-p \nbpw Ah-tcmSp kvt\lhpw Adn-bn-p-I (1:5; 4:10-19), (2) Xs Ctm-gs kml-Ncyw Ahsc Adn-bn-p-I (1:1226;
4:1019), (3) I-Xbpw ]oV-\--fp-sSbpw ay-n hnizm-k-n Dd-p-\n-evp-hm Ahsc Dm-ln-np-p (1:2730; 4:4), (4) sFIy-X-bnepw XmgvN-bnepw hf-cp-hm Ahsc {]t_m-[n-n-p-p (2:111; 4:2--5), (5)
Xotam-Y-tbm-kn-s\bpw, F-t{^m-Zo-tm-kn-s\bpw, ^nen-nbnse k`-bn `c-ta-ev]n-pp (2:19-30), (6)
\ymb-{]-amWhmZn-I-fmb blq-Z-m-cn\npw ths]-n-cn-m ap-dn-bnp \evIpp (A. 3).
^nen-y-te-J-\-nse {InkvXp:
Cu teJ-\-n shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-pXpt]mse {InkvXp-hns a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-ns \nP-n-Xnbpw
{]-Ir-Xhpw (2:58) ap ]pkvX-I--fn ImWp-n-. Dm-bn-cp--h\pw Ctm D-h-\p-amb {InkvXphns\ ]ueqkv hnh-n-n-cn-p-Xv hnizm-kn-I-fpsS: (1) Poh\pw (1:21), (2) Xmgva-bp-sSbpw, XymK-]qamb kvt\l-n-sbpw, amXr-I-bmbpw (2:4-5), (3) \psS Xmgva-bp ico-c-sf Ahs al-Xzap
icoc--tfmSp A\p-cq-]-s-Sp-p--h-\mbpw (3:21) (4) GXp Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-nepw \psS in-bpsSbpw _e-n-sbpw Ahpw, ASn-m-\hpw Ah am{X-am-bnpw (4:12) BIp-p.
_mly-tcJ: 79
1. ^nen-]y-bnse hnizm-kn-Ip-ff h-\hpw, \n-bpw (1:111)
2. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ {]kw-Kn-pI \nanw tdman ]ueq-kn-\p-mb Ah--I
(1:1230)
3. {InkvXob Pohn-X-ns amXr-I. {InkvXp-hns a\phcm-bn-cn-pI (2:130)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Xmgva-bvp {]t_m-[-\w. (2:14)

Xmgva (hn-\-bw)bpsS kw{Klw (2:511)
Xmgva-bpsS A`y-k\w (2:1218)
Xmgva-bpsS Zrmw Xotam-Y-tbm-kn-s-bpw, Ft{^m-Zn-tm-kn-sbpw Pohn-X--fn (2:1930)
4. {InkvXob Pohn--X-ns {]Xn-êw: {InkvXp-hn-s\-p-dn-p ]cn-m-\w (3:121)

A.
B.
D.
\ymb-{]-am-W-hm-Zn-I-fmb blq-Z-mp ap-dn-bn-v (3:14 a)

]ueq-kns amXrI (3:4 b14)
ap--hp {]t_m-[-\w (3:15-21)
5. {InkvXob Pohn-X-nse kam-[m\w: {InkvXp-hns kmn[yw A\p-`-hn-p-p

(4:123)
A.
B.
C.
ap--h-cp-am-bp kam-[m-\w (4:13)

Xtm-Sp-X-s-bp kam-[m-\w (4:49)
Npp-]m-Sp-I-fp-am-bp kam-[m-\w (4:1023).
sImtem-y
({InkvXp: \app ssZh-ns \nd-hv)
]pkvX-I-ns t]cpw Fgp-p-Im-c-\pw:
158
teJ\n-s {]mcw-`-ambn ]ueqkv \evIp h-\-amWv (1:1,2) ]pkvX-I-ns t]cv Adn-bm \s

klm-bn-p--Xv (sIm-tem-ky).
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
A.D.
6061
tdman XS-h-d-bn Bbn-cp Ime-mWv \mep Imcm-{K-l-te-J-\-fpw Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. AXm-bXv A.D. 60-61
Ime-L--n (F-t^-ky, ^nen-o-b, Ch t\mp-I.).
hnj-bhpw Dt-i-hpw:
{InkvXp-hn\p k`-bn-ep ]c-am-[n-Imcw, {]Y-a-m\w AYhm ico-c-am-Ip k`-bpsS Xe F {]Im-cap kw]qX Fo hnj-b- Dsm-p kphn-ti-j-ns ê-]q-amb insb shfns-Sp-p-p. {InkvXp-hns ]q-amb Nn{Xw ]ueqkv hmb-\-mp \evIp-I-bm-Wv. tbip-{In-kvXphns Bf-Xz-nqsS {]hnsb XnI-p-Ibpw \psS hnizm-k-ns tI{-_n-p-hmbn \npsImv \s Ah-\n ]q-cm-p-Ibpw sNp-p (2:10). BsI-qSn t\mp-tm {InkvXp-hns k
kq-X, km-[n-Im-cw, AXp-ey-X, ssZh-a-\p-jy F \ne-bn-ep Bf-Xz-c--Wy-hpw, {]h-\hpw, krjvSn-Xm-hpw, cn-Xmhpw F \ne-bn k-tem-I-n-sbpw ]cn-]m-e-\hpw, Ime-fpw \nXyXbpw hsc-bp a\p-jys {]iv\-p ]cn-lm-chpw Av sImtemy teJ-\-n hni-Zo-I-cn-n-cnp--Xv. {InkvXp krn-Xm-hpw, ]cn]meI-\pw, hos-Sp-p-Im-c-\pw, a\p-jy-scbpw `qtem-I-scbpw ssZhtmSp \nc-n-p--h\pw BIp-p. 80
sImtemky teJ-\-nse {InkvXp:

hnnk-sbpw, t_mh-bp-sSbpw A`n-{]mbw t\mpI:
""{InkvXp tI{-am-bp {InkvXp imkv{X-amWv Cu ]pkvX-Iw. kI-e-hm-gvNbvpw, A[n-Im-cpw Xe-bmWv {InkvXp (2:10), kIe krn-I-fp-sSbpw Im-hm-Wv (1:16,17), \nc-n-p-h-\mWv (1:2022; 2:1315), hnizm-kn-I-fpsS {]Xym-i-bpsS ASn-m-\-am-Wv (1:5, 23, 27), hnizm-knI-fpsS ]pXp-Po-h-sbpw in-bp-sSbpw t{kmX-m-Wv (1:11, 29), hos-Sp-p-Im-c\pw \n-cn-p-h\pamWv (1:14, 2022; 2:1115), ssZh-ns kqX Ah-\n-emWv IpSn-sIm-p--Xv.
(1:15,19;2:9) Fm-hs
- cbpw hln-p krjvSn-Xm-hmWv (1:16, 17), k`-bpsS Xe-bmWv (1:18), Dbsgp-tp Pohn-p ssZh-a-\p-jy-\mWv (1:18; 3:1), kkw]q-\m-Wv (1:28; 2:3, 20; 3:14).'' 81
_mly-tcJ: 82
1. D]-tZiw: {InkvXp-hns Bf-Xzhpw {]hn-bpw (1:12:3)
A.
BapJw (1:114)
1) sImtem-kyp ]ueq-kns h-\w (ip-`m-iw-k) (1:1, 2)
2) sImtem-kvXy-cpsS hnizm-k-n\p ]ueq-kns IrX-X (1:38)
3) sImtem-ky-cpsS hf-bvmbn ]ueq-kns {]m-\ (1:914)
B. {InkvXp-hns Bf-Xzw (1:1518)
1) ]nXm-hp-am-bp _w (1:15)
2) krn-tbm-Sp _w (1:16, 17)
3) ]pXnb krjvSn-tbm-Sp _w (1:18)
C. {InkvXp-hns {]hn (1:19 - 2:3)
1) Ahs {]hn-bpsS hni-Zo-I-c-Ww (1:19, 20)
2) Ahs {]hn-bpsS D]-tbmKw (1:21-23)
3) Ahs {]hn-bpsS {]N-c-Ww (1:242:3)
159
2 hnhm-Z-]cw: {InkvXp-hn-t\m-Sp kwtbm-P-\-s-p-dn-p Zpcp-]-tZ-iI {]iv\-

(2:43:4 a)
A.
Zpcp-]-tZ-i-s-Xn-cm-bp {]t_m-[-\w (2:48)

1) Zpcp-]-tZ-i-I-m-cpsS coXn-Is-Xn-cmb {]t_m-[\w (2:4, 5)
2) hnizm-k-n hf-cp-hm-\m-bp {]t_m-[-\w (2:6, 7)
3) Zpcp]-tZ-i-I-m-cpsS XXz-m-\-hm-Z-s-Xn-cmb {]t_m-[-\w (2:8)
B. icn-bmb D]-tZ-ispdn-p \nt-i- (2:915)
1) hnizm-kn-bpsS {InkvXp-hn-ep m\w (2:910)
2) hnizm-kn-I-fpsS ]cn-tO-Z-\ (2:1112)
3) hnizm-kn-Ip {]tbm-P-\- (2:13-15)
C. icn-bmb ]Tn--I-ep-I-tfm-Sp IS-m-Sv (2:163:4)
1) \ntj[w: \ymb-{]-am-W-ns {]hn-I-fn\np kzmX{yw (2:1619)
2) \ntj[w: aX-ns N--fn\n-p kzmX-{yw (2:2023)
3) hmkvX-hnIw: kzo-b-Po-hn-X-n-\m-bp A`n-emjw (3:14)
3. {]mtbm-KnIw: {InkvXp-hn hnizm-kn-bpsS {]mtbm-Kn-I-X (3:5-4:6)

A.
B.
B-cnI Pohn-Xw (3:517)

`h-\hpw IpSpw-_-Po-hn-Xhpw (3:184:1)
C. _mly-Po-hnXw (4:26)
4. hyn-]cw: Atm-kvtXm-es {]tXyI ]-Xn- Im-cy- (4:718)

A.
Ahs {]tXyI {]Xn-\n-[n-I (4:79)

B. Ahs hyn-]-c-amb Biw-k-I (4:1018).
1 sX-tem-\o-Iy
({InkvXp: \apv ssZh-ns hmKvZ-w)
]ueq-mWv Fgp-p-Im-c Fp 1:1Dw 2:18Dw shfn-s-Sp-p-p. sX-tem-\n-Iy FmWv ]pkvX-Ins t]cv.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
A.D 5152
sX-tem-\n-Iyp cp teJ-\-fpw AtmkvtXm-e-\mb ]ueqkv sImcn-y 18 amkw ]mncp Imev Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wv (A-tm. {]. 18:111). sImcn-nse Xma-k-ns {]mcw-`-Im-ev sX-tem\nIym k`-bpsS BnI hf-sb--dnv Xotam-Y-tbmkv sImp-h dntmn-t-emWv Hmw teJ\w
Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. Nne BgvN-Itfm amk-tm tij-amWv cmw teJ\w Fgp-Xp--Xv. CXns Ime-\nbw
GI-tZi cq]-amtb ]d-bm Ign-bq. AXm-bXv Dtiw F.Un 5152.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
]ueq-ns sX-tem-\n--bnse Xmakw aqmgvN (A-tm. {]. 17:2) am{X-am-bn-cp--Xn-\m Bh-iy-amb
\nt-i- ]pXnb k`bvp \evIp-hm ]ueq-kn\p Ign-n-. Bb-Xn-\m Cu teJ\w hgn Xmsg]-d-bp Imcy- Npcp--ambn Ahsc Ad-bn-pI F-Xm-bn-cpp Dt-iw: ]ueq-kn-\m Bcw-`n
thebvp a Gev]n-m {ian-p--h-tcmSv sX-tem-\n-Iy (1:23) FXnp -\nv ssZhw Ahcn Bcw-`n {]hnsb Im-Xn\p \n ]d-bp-p (2:1-12). Ah Bbn-cpp PmXob Pohn-X-n160
tep Xncn-p-t]m-Im-\p k-n \np-c--s]-Sp-hm\pw ]oU-\-sf `b-s-Sm-Xn-cn-m\pw Dmln-n-p-p (3:2,3, 4:112). acn-p-t]mb {InkvXym-\n-If
- psS Ah-s
- b-p-dnv Ahp-mb kwi-b
- pw
D]-tZ-i-]-c-amb \nhm-cWw \S-p-p (4:113). ""Im-hns \mfns\''pdn-p tNmZy-n\p adp-]Sn
\evIp-p (5:111). Hcp k`bpw hnizm-kn-I-fp-sa \nebvv Ah-cn hnImkw {]m]n-p tNmZyv
DNn-X-amb adp-]Sn \evIp-p (5:12, 13, 19, 20).
sX-tem-\nIym teJ-\-nse {InkvXp:

Hmtcm Aym-b-nepw {InkvXp-hns aS-n-h-c-hn-s\-p-dn-p {]kvXm-h\ D-Xn-\m hnizm-kn-IfpsS Cl-n-se-bpw, ]c-n-se-bpw, c-bpsS {]Xym-i-bm-bn-mWv {InkvXp-hns\ ImWn-n-cn-p--Xv.
Ah hcp-tm \s tIm]-n\np cnpw FXv atlm-]-{Z-h-n\nv k`sb (hn-izm-kn-Isf) hnSp-hn-p--Xn-s\-p-dn-m-sWp thWw hniz-kn-p-hm (1:10; 5:411). \apv {]Xn-^-e- Xcpp
(2:19). ]q-cm-p-p (3:13). Dbnn-p-p (4:1318). Ah-\n B{ibw hn-cn-p kI-e-scbpw hnipo-I-cn-p-p (5:23).
_mly-tcJ:
1. Ign--Imew (`qXIm-ew) : hnizm-k-ns {]hn (1:13:13)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
sX-tem-\n-Iy-sc-Ip-dn-p {]iwk (1:110)

1) ]utem-kns hne-bn-cp- (1:14)
2) Pohn-X-ns sXfn-hp-I (1:57)
3) sXfn-hp-I-fpsS hni-Zo-I-c-Ww (1:810)
]ueq-kn-sbpw Iqp-{]-h-I-cp-sSbpw kz`m-hw (2:112)
1) Ah-cpsS kmyw (2:1, 2)
2) Ah-cpsS hmv (2:37a)
3) Ah-cpsS \Sv (2:7b12)
sX-tem-\n-Iy-cpsS kz`m-hw (2:1316)
1) Ah hN-\s kzoI-cn-p (2:13)
2) hN-\-tm-Sp Ah-cpsS {]Xn-IcWw (2:14)
3) hN\w Dt]-n-p-p (2:15, 16)
Atm-kvX-es DXvIWvT (2:1720)
1) sX-tem-\yscpdn-p Nn (2:17)
2) kmmaqew Ahs CS (2:18)
3) sX-tem-\n-Iy-sc-p-dn-p {]Xym-i (2:19, 20)
sX-tem-\n-Iy-cpsS nco-I-c-Ww (3:110)
1) Xntam-Y-tbm-kns\ Ab-bvp-p (3:1-5)
2) Xntam-Y-tbm-kns dntmv (3:610)
An-a -{]m\ (3:1113)
1) sX-tem-\n-Iy-bn-tep aS-n-t]m-tI--Xn-\m-bp {]m-\ (3:11)
2) sX-tem-\n-Iy kvt\l-n hf-tc--Xn-\p {]m-\ (3:12)
3) sX-tem-\n-Iy-cpsS lrZ-b- hnip-n-bn nc-s-tS--Xn-\p {]m\ (3:13)
2. h-am-\-Imew: kvt\l-ns {]b-Xv\w (4:112)

A.
hnip--Po-hn-X-n-eqsS ssZh-tm-Sp kvt\lw {]Zin-n-p-p (4:18)

B. ssZhw Bhiys-{]-Imcw ktlm-Z-c-hs kvt\ln-p-p (4:9, 10)
C. ssZhn-I-Po-hn-X-n-eqsS \-s--hsc kvt\ln-p-p (4:11, 12)
161
3. hoWw: {]Xym-i-bpsS kl-\w (4:135: 28)

A.
{InkvXp-hns \mfn-s\-p-dnv: Ahs hc-hns Bizm-kw (4:1316)

1) \n{Z-bn-em-bn-cn-p hnip--m-cpsS Dbs-gp-t-ev]v (4:1316)
2) Pohn-n-cn-p hnip--m-cpsS DXv{]m-]-Ww (4:1718)
B. Im-hns Znh-k-s-p-dn-v (5:111)
1) Im-hns Znh-kns {]tXy-I-X (5:15)
2) {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS kz`m-hw (5:610)
3) D]-kw-lmcw (5:11)
C. k`-bnse ]pd-m- (5:1228)
1) Ah-km\ \nt-i- (5:1222)
2) Ah-km\ At]- (5:23, 24)
3) A\p-_-w (5:25-28).
2 sX-tem-\n-Iy
({InkvXp: \app ssZh-ns {]Xn-^-ew)
]pkvX-Ihpw Fgp-p-Im-c\pw:
sX-tem-\n-Iy-cpsS Hmw teJ-\w-t]mse Xs cmw teJ-\-n-sbpw Fgp-p-Im-c ]ueqkv Xsbm-Wv (2 sX. 1:1; 3:17).
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
F.-Un. 51-52
CXn-\p- Im-cWw Hm-a-t-Xn-sbpw cm-a-t-Xn-sbpw Ncn-{X-]-m--e--fpsS sFIy-cq-]y-am-Wv.
A[nIw Bfp-I-fp-sSbpw A`n-{]mbw Bdp-am-ks CS-th-f-sbmWv. k`-bv-I-sbpw Ah kam-\am-I-bm ]oV-\- hnp Fp a\-n-em-mw (1:4,5). CXpw CXp-t]m-se-bp ap ]e Imc-W--fpamWv Cu cmw teJ\w Fgp-Xp--Xn\v ]ueq-kns\ \n_-n--Xv. As\ F.-Un. 51tem 52tem
ioem-kpw, Xntam-Y-tbmkpw Hm-as teJ\w sImSp-nv aS-n-hv sImSp dntmn-s\bpw {Kln-ti-j-amWv sImcn-n \np ]ueqkv cmw teJ\w Fgp-Xn-b-Xv.
hnjbhpw Dt-ihpw:
sX-tem-\nIym k`-bnse k--amb aqp {][m-\-Im-cy--fmWv ]ueqkv a\-n-em-n-b-Xv: (1) Ah
t\cn-Sp ]oV-\-ns h-\-hv (1:4, 5), (2) ""Im-hns \mfn-''s\-p-dnv ]ueq-kns ]Tn-n-
F {]Im-c-n Ahp e`n hymP-te-J-\hpw (2:1 f), (3) Im-hns aS-n-h-c-hn-s\-p-dnp NnecpsS sXmb hnizmkw Ahsc sXmgn sNm--h-cmn Xo-Xp-am-bn-cp-p. Fm-bmepw ]ueqkv
Ahsc {]t_m-[n-nv Dm-ln-n-p-Ibpw Ae-kX shSnv Bzm-\n-I-fm-p-hm Ahp Xmev]cyw
Dm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp (3:515).
sX-tem-\nIym hnizm-kn-Isf Biz-kn-n-p--Xn-\pw, Xncp-p--Xn\pw Ans\ Ah-cpsS Bh-iy ]qo-I-cn--s-tS--Xn-\p-am-bn-mWv Cu teJ\w Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-p--Xv: (1) ssZh-ns Ay\ymbhn[n-bn {]m]n-p-hm t]mIp {]Xn-^-e--fpw, in-Ifpw Nqn-mn Iw kln-m t{]cnn-p-p (1:3-10), (2) Im-hns hchv kw`-hn-n-cn-pp F hymtPm-]-tZ-i-I-m-cpsS {]N-c-W-n-s\Xn-cmbn {InkvXp-hns ]p\-cm-K-a\ kw`-h-sf hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p (2:12), (3) tPmen sNmsX Ae-kcmbn Ign-bp--h, Azm-\-io-e-cm-Ip-hm th \nt-i- \evIp-p (3:615).
162
cp sX-tem-\nIym teJ-\-nse {InkvXp:

Cu teJ-\-nse {]tXy-Inv Hpw cpw, Aym-b-fnse apJy-hn-j-b- {InkvXphns aS-n-h-chn a-cn-I-sfbpw Ahn-izm-kn-I-sfbpw inn-p-Xm-Wv. BI-bm {InkvXp-hns\ hcp-hm-\p \ymbm[n-]-\m-bn-mWv Cu teJ-\-n ]d-n-cn-p--Xv.
_mly-tcJ:
1. A`n-hm-Z\w AYhm Bap-Jw (1:12)
2. ]oV-I-fp-sS-bpw, I--fp-sSbpw \Sp-hn ]ueqkv Biz-kn-n-p-p (1:412)
3. Im-hns {]Xy--X-sb-p-dnp icn-bmb hnh-c-Ww (2:117)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
h-am-\-Im-e-hp-ambn _-sv (2:12)

hnizm-k-Xym-K-tm-Sp _-n (2:3a)
A[-aqn-tbm-Sp _-n (2:3 b4)
\nb-{n-p ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-t\m-Sp _-n (2:59)
Ahn-izm-kn-I-tfm-Sp _-n (2:1012)
hnizm-kn-I-tfm-Sp _-n (2:13-17)
4. Ae-k-X-bvs-Xn-cmbn the sNm-\p Blzm-\w (3:115)

A.
B.
Atm-kvtXm-es Ddv. (3:1-5)

Atm-kvtXm-es Iev]\ (3:615)
5. h-\-hpw, Binhm-Zhpw \evIn D]-kw-l-cn-p-p (3:1618).
1 Xotam-sYtbmkv
({InkvXp: \apv ssZh-ns ay-)
bu-\-m-c-\mb Xotam-sYtbmkv Ft^-kq-knse k`-bn-epw, kaq-l-nepw {]Xn-k-n-Ifpw shp-hn-fnIfpw t\cn-Sp Ime-am-bn-cpp AXv. CXp a\-n-em-nb Ahs am-Zinbpw, D]-tZ-m-hp-amb ]ueqkv
Bh-iy-amb D]-tZ-ifpw Btem-N-\-Ifpw hyn-]-c-ambn \evIpXmWv teJ-\-ns D-S-w. CtX
Imc-W--fm ]ueqkv t{I-bn-ep Xoq-kn\pw Fgp-Xp-p-v. Cu aqp teJ-\-fpw hyn-I-fpsS
t]cn ]ueqkv Fgp-Xn-bXpw ""CS-b-te-J-\-'' (Pastoral epistles) F t]cn Adn-b-s-Sp--h-bpamWv.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
F.-Un.63
Atm-kvX-e-{]-hn-Ifpw teJ-\-fpw kqva-]-cn-tim-[-\bvp hnt[-b-am-n-bm ]ueq-kns \nc-]cm-[n-Xz-n-t tdmanse XS-hn\np Hm-aXv e`n hnSp-X-ens Ime-mWv Xotam-Y-ntbm-kns
Hm-as teJ-\-sa-gp-Xn-b-sXp a\-n-em-mw. CXv GXmv A.D. 63 AXm-bXv tdmam- N-{I-hnbmb \otdm Bcw-`n F.-Un. 64se {InkvXob ]oVbvp apm-bn-cpp Xop-kn\v F.Un. 65epw XotamY-ntbm-kns cmw teJ\w F.-Un. 66epw Fgp-Xn. ]ueqkv hopw XS-hn-em--s-Sp-Ibpw F.-Un. 67
c-km-nXzw hcn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hcp tdma ]uc F \ne-bn ]ueq-kn\p ]t{Xm-kns\tmse
{Iqip-a-cWw \evImsX hmfn-\m shn sImp-I-bm-bn-cpp (in-c-tO-Zw) FmWv k`m-]n-Xm-hmb Fkq_n-bv tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p--Xv.
163
]ueq-kns anjy-\-dn-bm-{X-I F.-Un. 48-56 Bbn-cp-p. F.-Un. 5660hsc-bp Imew tdma tImnte-p ]ueq-kns kmh-[m\ bm{X Bbn-cp-p. cp hj-tp (F.-Un. 61, 62) Ah tdmanse
hop-X-S--en Bbn-cp-s-nepw HSp-hn tamNn-X-\m-bn. F.-Un. 62-67hsc-bp Imev ]ueqkv kzX{-k
- mcw \Sp-Ibpw Xotam-sYtbm-kns\ Ft^-tkmkn-epw, Xoq-kns\ t{I-bnepw ip{iq-jb
- vmbn
Ab-bvp-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpSv Ahv hyn-]-c-amb teJ\fpw FgpXn Ab-p. F.-Un. 63-65s
Imev Xntam-sYtbm-kn-\p Hm-as teJ-\hpw Xoq-kn-\pXpw Fgp-Xn. hopw Xm XS-hn-em-s-Sp-I-bm AhsS InS-p--sImv Xs Bo-b-te-J\w Xotam-Y-tbm-kn\v Fgp-Xp-Ibpw Xotam-sYtbm-kn-\p cmw teJ-\-sa t]cp hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv F.-Un. 66 Bbn-cp-p. 83
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
Hmw teJ\w Fgp-Xp--Xn\p Ipd-Xv Ap Imc-W--fp-v: (1) Xotam-sYtbm-kns D-c-hm-Zns Hm-s-Sp-p-Ibpw Ahs ss[cys {]Ionv Dm-ln-n-p-Ibpw sNp-p (1:3), Ahs
Bo-b-h-c- (4:14), kXy-amb Gp-]-d-n (6:12), Ah- `c-ta-ev]n--s-n-cn-p D]-tZ-i-
(6:20), Fnh Xs. (2) A_-tm-]-tZ-i-sf Xncn--dn-bp-hm\pw Ah-cn \np k`sb Imp-kq-np--Xn-\pambn Ah\v Xncp-shgppI-fnse ]tYym-]-tZ-i-ns B-cn-I-{]-Im-i-hpw, Bm-hns Bthihpw ]Ip-sIm-Sp-p-p (1:311; 18-20; 4:116; 6:310). (3) k`-bnse Bcm-[-\m-co-Xnsb Ipdn--dn-bnp
(2:115). (4) Nne hnti-j-Im-cy- Fs\ ssIImcyw sN-W-sap Btem-N\ ]d-p-sIm-S-p-p.
CXn k`-bnse Ay--m (aq-, CS-b) ip{jq-j-Iam Fn-h-cpsS tbmKy-X-Ifpw (3:116) hnhn[
{]mb-n-ep--h X-fn {]mbw IqSn-b-h-tcmSpw hn[--h-am-tcmSpw (5:116) BZ-chp ImWn--W-sapw.
(5) ùXoI km-Zy--fpsS \njv^-e-Xsb a\-n-emn ssZh-n Bi-sh-m-\p-ap-ff \nt-ifpw
Ds-Sp-p (6:11-19).
Hpw cpw Xntam-sYtbm-kv, Xoqkv Fo teJ-\--fn hyn-Ipw k`bvpw ZqXp-v. hynI ""\t]m s]mcp-Xp-hm\pw'' (1:18) k` ssZh-ns `h-\-am-I-bm AXnse {]hn-I Fs\
{Ia-{]-Imcw \S--W-sapw (3:15) sXfn-hm-p-p.
Hp Xotam-Yn-tbm-knse {InkvXp:
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Bf-Xzhpw {]hnbpw shfn-s-Sp-p \nc-h[n `mK- CXn-ep-v. \psS hnfnbp-sS-bpw, in-bp-sS-bpw, hnizm-k-n-sbpw ip{iqj bvmh-iy-am-bn-cn-p- kvt\l-n-sbpw Dd-hnS-am-W-h- (1:1214). Ah ]m]nIsf cn-m h c-I-\m-Wv (1:15), ""ssZh-n\pw a\p-jypw
CSbnse GI ay--\m-Wv'' (2:5). ""PU-n shfn-s ssZhhpw Bm-hn \oXo-I-cn--s-v,
ZqX-mp {]Xy--\m-Ibpw PmXn-I-fpsS CS-bn {]kw-Kn--s-Sp-I-bpw, temI-m hniz-knsSpIbpw sNbvX-h-\p-am-Wv'' (3:16). Ah Fm a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw {]tXy-Inv Xn hniz-kn-p-h-cpsS c-I-\p-am-Wv'' (4:10).
_mly-tcJ:
1. {]iw-kbpw h-\-hpw (1:1,2)
2. D]-tZ-i--sf-p-dn-p \nt-i- (1:320)
A.
B.
C.
Zpcp-]-tZ-i-s-Xn-cm-bp ap-dn-hv. (1:311)

Ir]-sb-pdn-p ]ueq-kns kmyw. (1:1217)
]ueqkv Xntam-Y-tbm-kn\p sImSp-p D-c-hm-Zn-- (1:18-20)
3. Bcm-[-\-sb-p-dn-p \nt-i- (2:1-15)

A.
B.
{]m-\-s-p-dn-p \nt-i- (2:17)

]pcp-j-m-sc-bpw, kv{XoI-sfbpw Ipdn-p \nt-i- (2:815)
164
4. aq-msc (A-y--m-sc) Ipdn-p \nt-i- (3:116)

A.
aq-m-sc-bpw, ip{iq-j-I-m-scbpw Ipdnv (3:113)

B. {_m-p-Ime hni-Zo-I-c-Ww. (3:14--16)
5. `mhn-Ime A]-I-S--sf-p-dn-p \nt-i- (4:116)

A.
B.
A\--fpsS hni-Zo-I-c-Ww (4:15)

A]-I-S--fn\np c-s]-Sp-hm-\p {]Xn-hn-[n-bpw, D-c-hm-Zn-Xz-hpw (4:616)
6. _lp-hn[ D-c-hm-Zn-Xz--sf-p-dn-p \nt-i- (5:16:10)

A.
B.
hnhn[ {]mb-mp \nt-i- (5:12)

hn[-h-am-sc-p-dnv (5:316)
C. aq-m-sc-Ip-dnv (5:1725)
D. ASn-a-I-sfbpw bP-am-\-m-scbpw Ipdn-v (6:1, 2)
E. Zpcp-]-tZ-i-m-sc-bpw, AXym-{K-ln-I-sfbpw Ip-dn-v (6:310)
7. Xotam-Yn-tbm-kn-\p Ah-km\ \nt-i- (6:1121)

A.
ssZh-`-n-sb-p-dn-p {]t_m-[-\w (6:1116)

B. [\-hm-mscIpdn-p \nt-i- (6:1719)
C. hniz-kvX-cmbn \nevp--Xn-\p {]t_m-[-\w (6:20, 21).
2 Xotam-sYtbmkv
({InkvXp: \app ssZh-ns \ymbm-[n-])
Fmw Hmw teJ-\-n t\mp-I.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
F.-Un. 66
Hmw teJ\w t\mp-I.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
Xotam-sYtbm-kns cmw teJ-\-n-tep hcp-tm A-cow ]mtS hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. Hmw teJ-\nepw, Xoq-knepw kzX-{-\m-bn-cn-p ]ueq-kns\ Zin-p-tm ChnsS \mw Imcm-{K-l-n
_-\--\m-bn-cn-p ]ueq-kn-s\-bm-Wv. ]ueq-kns a\-n-ep cp {][m-\-s Dt-i--fmWv
CXnIqsS {]I-S-am-Ip--Xv: (1) F{Xbpw thK-n Xotam-sYtbmkv tdman \np Xs ac-W-n\papv ImWp-I (4:9, 21 cf. 4:68). (2) ]tYym-]-tZ-is {]kw-Kn-p-Ibpw Zpcp-]-tZ-m--m-cn\np k`sb
Imp--Xn\pw, {InkvXp-hns \ `S-\mbn Iw kln-p-hm-\pw, hnizm-kyXtbmSp FXnp-\n-evphm\pw Xotam-sYtbm-kn-t\mSp Iev]n-p-p.
Hmw teJ-\nse -t]mse Xs Cu ]pkvX-I-nepw hyn--]-c-amb hnj-b- ImWmw. DZm-l-c-Wn\p ""\nn-ep ssZh-ns Ir]m-hcw Pzen-n--Ww'' (1:6). CXn-t\m-Sp-tN ap-]e hmIy-fpw
ImWm-hp--Xm-Wv (1:14; 2:1; 2:15; 4:5). k`-tbm-Sp _-n ]tYym-]-tZ-is ]Tn-n-p hnizmkw
a\p-jysc kphn-tijw `c-ta-ev]n-p-hm\pw {InkvXp-hns \ `S-\mbn Iw kln-p-hm\pw (2:2--4) \
t]m s]mcpXn Hmw XnI-p-hm\pw (the XnI-p-hm-\pw) \nt-in-p-p (4:67).
165
cp Xotam-sYtbm-nse {InkvXp:
Fm ip{iq-j-bp-sS tI{hpw B ip{iqj XnI-bvp-hm \app e`n-p Ignhpw {InkvXp-hns Bf-Xzn-sbpw {]hn-bp-sSbpw D]-tZ-i-am-Wv. BI-bm Cu D]-tZiw ASn-m-\-am-n-bn-cn-p Hcp
]pkvX-I-n kl-\s Ipdn hmbnp-tm Ap-X-s-Sm-s\m-p-an-. ChnsS ]ueqkv {InkvXphns\ ""acWw \on kphn-ti-jw-sImv Po-h\pw A-b-Xbpw shfn-s-Sp-n-b-h-\m-bn-mWv'' (1:10)
]d-n-cn-p--Xv. Ah ac-W-n\npw Dbns-gp-t-d-h-\m-bm (2:8) cbpw \nXy-tX-Ppw \evIp-h-\m-Wv (2:10). Aht\mSp-IqsS kIe hnizm-kn-Ifpw acn--bpw, Dbnp Pohn-p-I-bpw, hniz-kvX-cmbn
tkh sNbvX-Xn-\m \oXn-bpsS Inco-S-sa {]Xn-êw Ah-\n \np-{]m-]nv Aht\m-Sp-IqsS hmgpIbpw sNpw (2:1113; 4:8).
_mly-tcJ:
1. {]iw-kbpw h-\hpw (1:1, 2)
2. Xotam-sYtbm-kns\ Hmp \n Itc-p-p. (1:37)
3. Xotam-sY-tbm-ns\ Ahs D-c-hm-Zn-Xz-s-p-dnp Hm-s-Sp-p-p. (1:818)
4. Hcp hnizkvX tkh-Is kz`m-h-. (2:1-26)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Ir]-bn _e-s-n-cn-pw. (2:1)

Ah injy-msc hn-n-pw. (2:2)
Hcp ]S-bm-fn-sb-tmse nc-am-\- Bbn-cn-pw. (2:34)
Ah Hcp Imbn-Im-`ym-kn-sb-tmse \njvT-bp--h-\pw, Irjn-m-c-s\-tmse ZoL--a-tbmsS
kln-p--h-\p-am-bn-cn-pw. (2:513)
E. Ah \mbn ip{iqj sNp--h-\m-bn-cn-pw. (2:1419)
F. Ah Hcp ]m\-]m{Xw (ip{iqjn-s--Xv) Bbn-cn-pw. (2:2023)
G. Ah im-\mbn ip{iqj sNp--h-\m-bn-cn-pw (2:24-26)
5. Hcp hniz-kvX-tk-hI {i-bp--h-\m-bn-cn--Ww (3:117)

A.
B.
hnizmk XymK-ns A]-I-S-s-p-dnv (3:19)

hnizm-k-Xym-K-n\np kwc-Ww \evIp--Xn\v (3:1017)
6. hN\w {]kw-Kn-p--Xn\p ipjvIm-n-bp--h-\m-bn-cn- (4:1-5)

7. hnizkvX ip{iq-j-Is Bizmkw (4:618)
A.
B.
C.
Pohn-X-n Hcp \ Ah-km-\w (4:67)

Cu Pohn-X-n\p tij-ap `mhn {]Xymi (4:8)
Pohn-X-n \ kvt\ln-X-m-cpsS \nc (4:9-18)
8. D]-kw-lm-chpw IrX--Xbpw (4:19-22).
Xoqkv
({InkvXp: \apv ssZh-ns Zb (I-cp-W))
CSbteJ-\--fn Xn-cn-p Fgp-p-Im-cs `mKw t\mp-I, 1 Xotam-Y-tbm-kv.
166
Xoq-kn-s\-p-dnv Atm-kvtXme {]hn-I-fpsS ]pkvX-I-n hmbn-p-n-s-nepw ]ueq-kns

teJ-\--fn ]e-hw (13 {]mh-iyw) hmbn-p-hm Ignbpw. CXn\nv Xoqkv kphn-tij {]h\-n ]ueq-kns Ghpw ASp--h\pw hniz-kvX-\p-amb Iqp-{]-h-I Bbncpp FmWv a\-nem-t--Xv. Ir]-bpsS kphn-ti-j-s-p-dnv bdp-i-te-an-ep Atm-kvtXm-e-m-cp-ambn N-sN-p-hm
]ueqkv Atym-Jy-bn\np t]mb-tm PmXn-bmb Xoq-kn-s\bpw IqsS sImp-t]m-bn-cp-p
(Atm.{]. 15:1 cf. Kem 2:13). ]cn-t-Z\ IqSmsX Ir]-bpsS kphn-tijw AwKo-I-cnv {InkvXym-\n-bmbn
Pohn-p-h Fp ImWnp-hm-\m-bn-cpp AXv (Kem 2:35). aqmw anjy-\-dn-bm-{X-bn ]ueq-kn-t\mSp-IqsS Xoqkpw Ft^-ky-bn {]Ion-p. AhnsS \np Xoq-kns\ sImcn-nse k`sb klmbn-p--Xn-\mbn ]d--b-p (2 sImcn 2:12,13; 7:5,6; 8:6).
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
F.-Un. 65
IrXy-amb Imew e`y-a-s-nepw kw`-h--fpsS Npcpw Hm-Ip-tm GI-tZ-i-amb Hcp XobXn Inp-pv. Hcp-]s ]ueqkv Hcp tdmam ]uc-\m-bn-cp-p F Imc-W-m-tem, Ahs FXn-cm-fnI Ah-s\Xn-cmb tIn-t kw sNep-m-bvItbm aqew tdmanse hop-X-S--en\npw ]ueqkv tamNn-X-\mnbpw (A-tm.-{]. 24-25; 28:30) blqZ ]w tXmevp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]noSv ]ueqkv Ft^-kpv
kin-p-Ibpw, Xotam-Y-tbm-kns\ k`-bpsS Hcp t\m-n-\mbn AhnsS Bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ahn-sS\nv hS- {Konse atm-t\ym-\bvp t]mIbpw Xotam-Y-tbm-n-\p Hmw teJ\w Fgp-Xp-Ibpw
sNbvXp (1 Xosam 1:3). ASp-Xv t{I kin-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Ahn-sS-bp k`-bnse Imcy-sf
{Iao-I-cn-p--Xn-\mbn Xoq-kns\ AhnsS hnnv ]ueqkv sX {Konse Aym-b-{]-tZ-i-am-Ip
\nm-t]m-en-n-tep t]mbn (Xo-p. 3:12). CXn-\n-S-bn atm-tZm-\y-bn \ntm \ntm-t]m-enn\ntm Bbn-cn-Ww Xoq-kn-\p teJ\w Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. Xoq-kns\ ss[cy-s-Sp-p-Ibpw,
sNt Imcy--sf-p-dnv \ntiw \evIp-Ibpw sNpI F-Xm-bn-cpp Dt-iw. ]noSv ]ueqkv
t{Xmhmkv kin-p (2 Xnam. 4:13). Ahn-sS-hv hopw Adp sN-s-Sp-Ibpw tdman-tep sImp-t]mIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]noSv Imcm-{K-l-n \np ]pd-p-h-cmsX HSp-hn Xe tOZn--s-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-p.
tdmanse XS-h-d-bnse òI-c-X-bpsS \Sp-hn\n-mWv Xotam-Y-tbmn\p cmw teJ\w Fgp-Xn-b-Xv.
CsXmw kw`-hn-Xv F.-Un. 62-67 hsc-bp Ime-L--n-em-Wv.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
\nc-h[n hnj-b-fpw Dt-i-fpw Cu teJ-\-n-ep-v: (1) t{I-bn-ep k`-I-fn \S-n hcp-t-Xmb Atm-kvsXm-en-I-amb D]-tZ-i-fpw Hm^-dp-Ifpw (D]-lm-c-) IrXy-ambn Xoqkns\ Adnbn-p-p; (2) FXnp-I-fpsS \Sp-hn \s-tm-Sp-IqsS \nv IrXy-\n-lWw \S-p-hm Xop-kns\
]ueqkv A[n-Im-c-s-Sp-p-p (2:15; 3:115); (3) Zpcp-]-tZ-i-m-cpsS FXnp-Isf AXn-Po-hn-p-hm X
kXy-hn-izm-khpw {InkvXo-b-kz-`m-hhpw D-h-cm-bn-cn-m Xo-q-kns\ D]-tZ-in-p-Ibpw (1:5, 10-11; 2:18,
15; 3:111) ioX-Im-ev \ntm-t]m-en-n hv Ccphcpw Hn-p--Xn\v \nt-in-p-Ibpw sNp-p
(3:12). Fm Cu B{K-l-{]-Im-c-ap IqSn-mgvN \nd-th--s--Xmbn tcJ-I-fn-. Xoqkv aSn t{Ibnt]m-Ibpw injvS-Imew AhnsS ip{iq-jn--Xmbpw ]mc-cyw ]d-bp-p.
Cu teJ-\-nse {][m-\-hn-jbw tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ac-W-]p-\-cp-m-\--fn-eqsS \n DZbw sNbvX
ssZh-s Ir]bpw a\--en-hpw, {]]--tam-l-sf h-n-nv Xncp-sh-gp-nse D]-tZ-i---\p-kc-W-ambn kpt_m-[-tmSpw \oXn-tbmSpw ssZh-`-n-tbmSpw kXv{]-hn-I-fn ipjvIm-n-bp--Xp-amb
Hcp PohnXw Cu temI-n Ign-m {]m]vX-cm-pp F-Xm-Wv (2:103:9).
k`m t\XrXzw hln-p--h-cpsS tbmKy-X-I (1:59) hnhn[ {]mb-n-ep--h ]c-kv]cw ImWn-t
kvt\l-_-lp-am-\- (2:18) `c-W-Iq-S-hp-am-bp _w (3:1,2) hopw P\-\-n-eqsS Bm-hn-t\mSpw
{]hn-tbm-Sp-ap _w (3:5) ssZh-a- F \ne-bn k{]-hn-Imbn e`n-p ssZh-Ir]-bpsS Ah- (2:113:8), Fn-s\ {][m-\-s hnhn[ hnj-b- Cu ]pkvX-I-n-ep-v.
167
Xoq-kns ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

]ueq-kns ap teJ-\--fnse ]Tn-n--ep-ambn CXn-\p sFIy-cq-]yw. {InkvXp-hns BfXzw {]hn
Fn-h-tbm-Sp _-n hnizmkn ({In-kvXym-\n)-bpsS `qX-h-am-\w, `mhn-Ime kz`m-h-am-lm-y-amWv. Cu teJ-\-n {InkvXp-hns ssZh-Xzhpw (2:13) cn-Xm-sh (2:12) \ne-bn-ep hos-Sp-ns
{]hnbpw Nqn-m-Wn-n-cn-p-p. ""alm ssZhhpw \psS cn-Xm-hpw, \s kIe A[n\npw hos-Spp k{]-hn-I-fn ipjvIm-n-bp-tmcp kz-P-\--fmbn X\np ipoI-cn-t--Xn\p Xs-m \app thnsIm-Sp-p'' (2:1314).
_mly-tcJ:
1. {]iw-k-bpw {]mcw-`-h--\hpw (1:14)
2. k`- b nse ip{iq- j - I - m- c psS (- a q- - m, CSbm, ip{iq- j - I - m) \nb- a \w
kw_nvv (1:59)
3. k`-bnse FXn-cm-fn-Isf (Zp-cp-]-tZ-i-m) Ipdnv (1:1016)
4. k`m {]h-\-s-p-dnv (2:1-3:11)
A.
B.
C.
Xoq-kns tPmen (2:1-10)

ssZh-Ir-]-sb-p-dnv (2:1115)
k{]-hn-I-fpsS {]Zi\w (3:111)
5. Ah-km\ \nt-i-fpw D]-kw-lm-chpw (3:1215).
^nte-tam
({InkvXp: \apv ssZh-ns Dd-v)
ap Imcm-Krl teJ-\-t]mse (F-t^-ky, ^nen-n-b, sImtem-ky) ^nte-tam\pw Atm-kvX-e\mb ]ueqkv Xs Hm-as tdma XS-hp-Im-ev Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wv. Ht\kntamkv F ASnabpsS DSa--\mb ^nte-tams t]mWv teJ\w Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-p--Xv. B Imev tImSn--W-n\p ASn-a-I
tdma km{am-Py-n Dm-bn-cp-p. sImtem-ky-bnse hnizm-kn-bmb ^ntem-tams `h-\-n tamjWw
\S-n-b-tijw bP-am-\s\ hnv HmSnb Ht\kntamkv tdman-emWv Fn-t-Xv. As\ GtXm-{]Imcw ]ueqkv Ahs\ Ip-ap-p-Ibpw Ah-t\mSv kphn-tijw ]dv {InkvXp-hn-te-p \bn-p-Ibpw
sNbvXp (1:10). {InkvXym\n Bbn-o Ht\-kntamkns\ ^nte-tam-\p-ambn \nc-m-p--Xn\pw HptNp {]hn-p--Xn-\mbn Xncn--b-p-p. Hfn-tm-Sn-tm-Ip ASn-abvp h[-in--bmWv {]Xn-ê-sa-nepw Ht\-kntamn-\p-thn ]ueq-kns a[y-X Ahs\ ^-e-]q-amb Hcp PohnXw \bn-phm CS-bm-n.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
F.-Un. 6061
]ueq-kns Hm-as XS-hp-Im-ev Fgp-Xn-b-Xn-\m F.-Un. 6061 F-XmWv icn-bmb ka-bw.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
CXn-se {]Y-ahpw {][m-\-hp-amb hnjbw Xs kzn\p \jvSw hcpn HmSn-tmb ASnabmb Ht\-n168
tam-ns\ {InkvXp-hn Hcp ktlm-Z-c-\pw, Iqp {]h-I-\mbn ^nte-tam kzoI-cn--W-sap ]ueqns At]--bm-Wv (1:10-17). Ht\-n-tam-ns hI IS- ]ueq-ns t]cn IW-n-p-sImI
FXv tbip {InkvXp \psS ]m]-sf Xs-ta Gp \app \evIn-X tamN-\-ns {]Zi\w
BIp-p (1:18). Cu teJ-\-ns asmcp Dtiw {InkvXob hnizm-kn-Ip ]c-kv]cw `h-\-n-tem,
tPmen e-tm, bP-am-\ Zmk Fo \ne-I-fntem D _s FSp-p-Im-p-I-bm-Wv. ]ueqns ap Imcm-Krl teJ-\--fnepw CXp Zin-m-hp--Xm-Wv (F-t^. 6:59; sImtem. 3:22; 4:1) Fpw
\ Gw \ Hcp amXrI Cu teJ-\-n-emWv ssIh--Xv. Cu teJ-\-nse ap Dt-i- XS-hd hnph-cp-tm X\n-smcp CSw Hcp-t--Xn-\p, ^nte-tams {InkvXob kmtlm-Z-cy-n\p \n ]d-bp--Xn\p-am-bn-m-Wv (1:47,22). Ap-Xm-h-l-ambn Pohn-X-p cq]m-cw hcp-p kphn-ti-j-ns in
kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-n-tep ISv Hc-Sn-abvv Fs\ {InkvXob kmtlm-Zcy _--fn Fn-t-cm
Ign-bp-sa-Xpw CXnse {][m\ hnjbw Xs.
sImtemy k`-bn ^nte-tam-s\-tmse ASn-a-I D bP-am-\-m ]e-cp-m-bn-cpp Fp thWw
a\-n-em-p-hm (sIm-tem. 4:1), BI-bm Cu hyn-]-c-amb teJ\w B tZi-p ]e bP-am-\mpw {InkvXob Zi-\-ns shfn--n bP-am-\--sXm-gn-emfn _-se AYhm {InkvXob
hnizm-k-n-tep h ASn-a-Isf ktlm-Z-c--fmbn AwKo-I-cn-p Imcy-n amXrI]c-amb Xocp-am\-sa-Sp-m klm-b-I-am-bn. Hcp bP-am-\ F \ne-bnepw B Ime \nb-a-km-l-N-cy--fpsS shfn-nepw ^nte-tam\v Ht\-kntamns taep Ah-Im-im-[n-Im-c- Cm-Xm-Ip-I-bn ]nstbm {InkvXphn-emb ASn-abvpw {InkvXob bP-am-\\pw ssZhkn-[n-bn-ep Htc- m-\hpw am\y-Xbpw a\-nemn ktlm-Zc `mh-n CsS-s]-S-W-sa-mWv (1:16), ]ueqkv \nt-in-p--Xv. AtX-k-abw Ht\-ntam-ns `mKp Hcp {InkvXym\n F \nebvp ^nte-tam\p sImSp-t-Xp aSn sImSpp Xs
sN-Ww, ]t Ahs Ign-hn-m-bva-bn Ah\p ]Icw ]ueqv B ISw Gs-Sp-p-I-bm-Wv. {InkvXob
bP-am-\-mcpw ASn-a-Ifpw ktlm-Z-c-_pym Pohnp ImWn-p amXrI temI-n\p Xs ]pXa \evIp-Xm-bn-cp-p. BZy \qm-nse {InkvXob kmtlm-Z-cy-_w BIj-Wo-b-am-bn-cpp. Fs-m
CXp tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-ep hnizm-k-nepw amXr-I-bnepw A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp-p. Fm-bn-cp-mepw ]ueqkns At]--{]-Imcw ^nte-tam Ht\-n-tam-ns\ AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw XpSv ]ueq-ns tkh-\n-\mbn Ahs\ hn-b-p (1:14), Fpw ]ueq-ns in-W-n Ht\-n-tamv {InkvXob hnizm-kn hfv Hcp iq{iq-j-m-c-\mbpw ]noSv Ft^-kqv k`-bpsS Ay- Bbn-Xo-cp-hm kwK-Xnhp Fp-amWv ]d-b-s-Sp--Xv.
^nte-tams teJ-\-n {InkvXp:

tbip-{In-kvXp-hn Hcp \jvS-s ]m]np e`n-p ]m]--asb DZm-lcW klnXw AXn-a-t\m-l-cambn Cu teJ-\-n hcp Imn-bn-p-v. Ht\-n-tamv ^nte-tam-t\mSv sNbvX henb sXn\p (1:11,18)
]utem-ns ay--X-bpw (1:8), ISw sImSppho-epw (1:1017), ]cym-]vX-hpw, AwKo-Im-c-hp-am-b-tm
Ht\-n-tamv Ftbvpw kzX-{-ambn Fp am{X-a Hcp ]pXnb _w AXp-hgn DS-se-Sp-bpw IqSn
sNbvXp (1:15,16). tbip{InkvXp \ap-p-thn sNbvX {]mb-n _en-bp-sS-bpw, Cp sNbvXp-sIm-ncn-p ay {]hnbvpw C{Xbpw sXfn-hmb DZm-l-c-W-an-sp thWw ]d-bm. 85
_mly-tcJ:
1. ^nte-tam\p thn-bp {]m-\bpw \nbpw (1:17)
2. Hs\-n-tam-n-\p-th-n-bp ay-X (1:818)
3. ]ueqv ^nte-tam\p \evIp hmKvZw (1:19-21)
4. Nne hyn-]-c-amb Imcy- (1:22-25).
169
170
`mKw 3
km-{XnI (km-[m-c-W) teJ-\-

BapJw:
]pXn-b-\n-ba Imt\m-\nse Ah-km-\s Fp teJ-\--fn-te-mWv \mw C\n {]th-in-p--Xv. AXn
Gsgw F{_mb teJ\w Hgn-sI-bp-h km[m-c-W-ambh AYhm, ImtXm-enI (km-{Xn-I) amb-hsbp hnti-jn-n-n-cn-p-p. km[m-c-W-am-bh Fm hyn-Itm, k`bvtm Bbn {]tXyIw
Fgp-XmsX s]mXp-hmbn Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-p--hbmsWw. 86 Fm 2,3 tbml-m AXnXs
hyXy--am-Wv. s]mXp-hmb teJ-\- DZm-l-c-W-amWv bmtm-_v. ""NnX-dn-mp ]{p tKm{Xv'' (1:2) FmWv kwt_m-[\ sNbvXn-cn-p--Xv. Am-ep ]e-bn-S--fn-embn NnX-dn-tmb blqZ
{InkvXym-\n-I-sf-bmWv Nqn-m-n-bn-cn-p--sX-nepw blq-Z-c-m {InkvXym-\n-I-sf-qSn IcpXn FgpXn-bn-p--Xm-Ip-p. Hp ]t{Xm-nepw (1 ]t{Xm. 1:1,2) ""s]mtm-n-epw, Kem-Xy-bn-epw, Itm-tZm-Iy-bnepw, Bky-bn-epw, _nYp-\y-bn-epw, NnX-dn-mp ]c-tZ-in-I-fmb'' Fp kwt_m-[\ sNbvXn-cn-p-p.
tbml-m cpw aqpw Nne hyn-I-fpsS t]cn-emWv XpS--sa-nepw Ahbpw Cu s]mXp-te-J-\-fn hc-X--h--amWv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-p--Xv. \psS Cu {]tXyI ]T-\-n-ep Fp teJ-\-fpw ""s]mXphmb teJ-\--fpsS'' ]n-I-bn-emWv hcp--Xv. ]ueq-ns teJ-\- Fmw Xs (F-{_mb teJ\w
Hgn-sI) Ah-bpsS Fgp-p-Im-cs t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s-Sp--Xv.
s]mXp-hmb (km-[m-c-W) teJ-\--fn bmtm-_pw, 1 ]t{Xmkpw kmmn-I-amb AYhm ssZhoI
\oXn imkv{X-ns shfn--n sXpw icnbpw GsXv ImWnv hnizm-kn-Isf cn-Xm-hn-s\mw \Sp-hm kmlm-bn-p teJ-\--fm-Wv. cp ]t{Xm-kpw, bqZbpw {]h-N-\oI teJ-\--fm-Wv, hnizm-knIp Zpcp-]-tZ-i-I-m-cpsS ]Tn-n--ep-Isf Xncn--dnv hnizm-k-n Dd-p-\n-ev]m CXp klm-bn-pp. F{_m-b, tbml-m Fo teJ-\- {InkvXp imkv{Xw, kZm-Nmc {Ia- Fnh Dsm-p-Xm-I-bm hnizm-kn-Ip {InkvXp-hn hknv ]g-b-\n-ba hmKvZ--fpw kphn-tij kXy-fpw
Pohn-Xm-\p-`hw Bp-hm klm-bn-p-p.
Cu Fp teJ-\--fp-sSbpw ]c-kv]c _--sfbpw Ah-bpsS ssZLyhpw (]p-Xnb \nb-a-ns BsI
hym]vXn-bp-sSbpw 10% \p Xmsg-am-{Xw) t\mp-tm CXp BsI-bp ap teJ-\--fpsS Hcp A\p-_-am-bn-p-thWw Icp-Xp-hm. ]t {InkvXob kXy--fpsS kw]p-jvShpw hyXy ho-W--tfmSp IqSnb-Xp-amb Hm-Wn-Xv. Ap Fgp-p-Impw (bm-tm-_v, ]t{Xm-kv, tbml-m, bqZm, F{_mb teJ\-m-c) Ah-cp-tS-Xmb ImgvN-m-Sp-I Dv. Chsc IqSmsX ]pXnb \nba shfn-m-Sp-I A]q-am-bncn-pw. BI-bm Atm-kvXe {]hn-Ip-tijw ]ueq-ns teJ-\- ]pXnb \nb-a-ns
Atm-kvX-enI Zi-\-sf shfn-s-Sp-p Zo]-kvXw-`--fm-bn-mWv \nevp--Xv. 87
171
F{_m-b
({InkvXp: Fm-n\pw aosX-bp--h)
GI-tZiw 1200 hj-mew (A.D. 400-1600) Cu ]pkvXIw Adn-b-s-n-cp--Xv. ""]ueqv F{_m-bv FgpXnb teJ\w'' F Xe-s-tmsS Bbn-cp-p. Atm Xs BZy-\q-m-p-I-fn Fgp-p-Im-cs\pdnv
A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-fpw \ne-\n-n-cp-p. Ghpw ]g--ta-dnb Xe-s-n ""F{_m-bp teJ\w''
Fp am{X-am-bn-cp-p.
thZ-imkv{X-mn-S-bn CXns\ sNmn hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-fpw hncp A`n-{]m-b-fpw Dm-Im-\p
ImcWw Fgp-p-Im-cs t]tcm, Fgp-Xnb ew, Bs-gpXn Fn-hsbpdn-smpw CXn ]cmain-n-n-m--Xn-\m-em-Wv.
Fn-cp-mepw Cu AmX \ma-Im-c-s\-p-dnv BZy-Ime hmb-\-mn-S-bn kwi-b-sam-p-an-m-bncp-p. AXn\p ImcWw 13:18-24 hsc-bp `mK-am-bn-cp-p. ]t GtXm Imc-W-m k`m ]mc--cyn Fgp-p-Im-cs\ sNmn `nm-`n-{]mbw Dmhpw Hcp `mKw CXp ]ueq-kn-tXv Fp kan-tm adp-`mKw _-_m-tm, eqtm-tm, atm Bbn-cn-m-samWv hmZn--Xv. Fm-bmepw Fgpp-Im-cs\pdnv Adn-hn-s-nepw F{_mb teJ-\-ns Bob \ne-hmcw Bg-ta-dnbpw AXnse
kmy- hmb-\-mv \thm-tjw \evIp--h-bp-am-Wv.
]ueq-ns ap teJ-\--fn-se-tmse Bs-gpXn Fp FSpp ]d-n-n-s-nepw CXnse ]g-b-\nba D-c-WWn-Ifpw apw hp-t\m-p-tm F{_mb {InkvXym-\n-Im-bnp FgpXn Fp hniz-kn-mhp--Xm-Wv. skbn kn. tlmUvPkv (Zane C. Hodges) ]d-bp A`n-{]mbw Xmsg sImSp-p-p:
""Fgp-p-Im-cs
- \-tmse Xs kzoI-cn-p-h
- \pw Am-X\
- m-Wv. Fnepw Ah Hcp {]tXyI
P\-hn-`m-K-ns--h-cmWv. Ahp hnizmkw kw_--ambn Hcp ]nevme Ncn-{X-ap-v
(10:32-34). Ah-cpsS `qX-Ime _--fpw, ap {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-am-bp h-am\ _-fpw
(6:10), Fgp-p-Im-c\v ]cn-N-b-ap-m-bn-cp-p-shp am{X-a- Fgp-p-Im-c\v Ah-cp-ambn t\cnp
_hpw Ah-cpsS BoI Ah--sb-p-dnp (5:11-14) ]q \n-bhpw Dm-bn-cp-p.
CXns shfn--n Ahsc kin-p-hm-\p B{K-lhpw Xotam-sY-tbm-ns\ IqsS Iqn sImpt]m-Im-\p Xocp-am-\hpw (13:19,23) shfn-s-Sp-p-Ibpw AXn-\mbn Ah-cpsS
{]m-\sb At]-n-p-Ibpw (13:18) sNp-p.
kIe kml-N-cy-fpw hp-t\m-p-tm blqZ ]mc--cy-ap--hm-bn-mWv CsX-gp-Xn-bsXp \nw-ibw a\-n-em-mw. ]pcm-Xo\ slUnwKv ""F{_m-bp teJ\w'' FXv
CXn-s\mcp \ DZm-l-c-W-am-sW-nepw CXn-s\-Xn-cmbpw hmZn-p--h Dv. Fm-bmepw
Cu sXfn-hp-I-sfmpw Dulm-t]m-l--f bYmy- Xs-bm-Wv. Hcp PmXob k`-bpsS
apmsI C{X Imcy-am-bnv blqZ BNm-c-\n-b-a-sf hmZnp sXfn-bn-t Bh-iy-an-,
adnv Ch blqZ ]mc--cy--fn-tep Xncnp t]mIm {ian {InkvXob Iqw Bbn-cp--Xn\m-emWv Fgp-p-Im-c tehy \nb-a--fpsS \nP-n-Xnbpw Ah-bpsS Bh-iy-an-m-bvIbpw
Imcy-Im-c-W-k-lnXw hni-Zo-I-cnv {InkvXob hnizm-k-ns kw]q-Xsb m]n--Xv. ]gb-\n-ba Xncp-sh-gp-p-I-sf-p-dnv Adn-hn-m--h-cpsS apn Cs\ Hcp hni-Zo-I-c-W-ns
Bh-iy-sam-p-an-m-bn-cp-p.'' 88
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
A.D. 64- 68
172
]e Imc-W--fm-emWv A.D. 64-68 F Ime-I-Wp e`n-p--Xv. Hm-aXv Cu ]pkvX-I-n\nv

tdmanse BZn-a-k-`-bpsS Ay--\m-bn-cp sav (A.D. 95) D-c-Wn-I FSp-n-p-v. BI-bm Cu
]pkvXIw AXn-\p-apv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn--Ww. cm-aXv CXv A.D. 70 bdp-itew \in-n--s-Sp--Xn\p
apmbn Fgp-Xn-sb-p sXfn-hp-I: (1) AX-m-bn-cp-s-n bdp-itew tZhm-e-b-ns \mi-tmsS
blqZ tZhm-e-b-nse bmKm-Zn-I- Cm-Xn-b-Xn-s\-p-dnpw Fgp-p-Im-c kqNn-n-p-am-bn-cp-p.
(2) Fm teJ-I Fmw aps]-t]mse XpS-cp--Xm-bn-mWv ImWn-n-cn-p--Xv. (5:13; 7:23,27;
8:3--5; 9:69; 13,25; 10:1,3,4,8,11; 13:10,11); (3) Fgp-p-Im-c \evIp Xotam-sY-tbm-ns Pbn tamN\w (13:23)
CXp ]ueq-ns tdma-bnse ip{ijm Ime-m-bn-cp-p. A-s\-sb-n Fgp-Xnb Imew A.D. 60\ptijw
Bbn-cn--Ww.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
hfsc sXfn-hmbpw IrXy-ambpw tbip-{In-kvXp-hns hen-asb ]e-Xn-t\mSpw Xpe\w sNbvXp ImWn-p-Xn-t\m-sSmw Ahs k`bpw, BNmc \nb-a-fpw ]g-b-\n-ba BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\--tf-m Fm-X-cnepw t{ijvT-hpw, kw]q-hpw, kzo-bhpw BIpp Fpw teJ\ Imhp sXfn-bn-n-cn-p-p.
Ap {]tXyI Imc-W--fm-emWv tbip-{InkvXp ap--h-tc-m anI--h-\m-bn-cn-p--Xv: (1) tbip ]gb-\n-ba {]hm-N-I-m-tc-m t{ijvT-\m-bn-cp-p (1:13); (2) Ah ZqX-m-tc-m t{ijvT-\m-bn-cp-p
(1:42:18); (3) Ah tamsi-sb-m hen-b-h-\m-bn-cp-p (3:16); (4) Ah tbmip-b-h-sb-m hen-b-h\mWv (3:74:16); (5) Al-tcms ]utcm-ln-Xy-t-m henb ]utcm-lnXyw (5:110:18) Fgp-p-Im-c
]cn-{i-an-p-Xv Xs hmb-\-m ]g-b-\n-ba BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\--fmb \ng-ep-I-fn IpSpn s]mcpfpw
kmm k-kz-hp-am-Ip {InkvXp-hn\nv A\y-sp t]mI-cp-sXpw (10:1) {InkvXob hnizm-knI Ah-cpsS kzob hnfnbpw Xnc-s-Sppw a\-n-emn hniz--cpw, t`Zm-t`-Z-sf Xncn--dn-bm X-hw hf {]m]n--hcpw BtI--Xn\v Ahsc Dm-ln-n-p--Xn-\p-am-Wv (2:14; 3:14:13; 5:11-6:20;
10:2639; 12:1429).
F{_m-b-te-J-\-n {InkvXp:
{InkvXp-hns alm-ys ImWn-m-\p Dt-i-n Fgp-Xnb F{_mb teJ\w hmkvX-h-n
]pXnb \nb-a-nse {InkvXpimkv{X-{K--ambn Xocp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. ]nXmhmb ssZh-hp-ambn kmcmw-in Hm-bn-cn-p {InkvXp-hns\ ChnsS ""]p{X-\mbn''mWv {]kvXm-hn-n-cn-p--Xv (1:3,13). ]nXmhns he-p-`m-K-n-cn-p--h (1:3) ]nXm-hn-\m ""ssZh-hp-ambn'' {]Jym-]n--s--h\pw (1:8,9) \nXy\mb krjvSn-Xmhv
(1:10-12) aevIo-k-tZ-ns {Ia-{]-Imcw \nXy-\mb alm-]p-tcm-ln-X (7) ssZh-a-\pjy-\mb {]hm-N-I, ]ptcm-ln-X, cmPm-hv, hos-Sp-p-Im-c, Fo \ne-I-fn shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p.
\app thn-bp Ahs _en-a-c-W-hpw, alm-]p-tcm-lnX ay--s\ \ne-bn \psS _e-lo-\-XI-fn kl-Xm-]w-Imn kz-n-eqsS IS-p-t]m-bXpw AXn-a-t\m-l-c-ambn CXn hnh-cn-n-cn-p-p.
_mly-tcJ:
1. ]g-b-\n-ba DS--Sn-bpsS Bm-sc-m {InkvXp hen-b-h (1:17:28)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
{InkvXp ]g-b-\n-ba {]hm-N-I-m-tc-m hen-b-h (1:1-3)

{InkvXp amem-J-am-tc-m (Zq-X-m-tc-m) hen-b-h (1:42:18)
{InkvXp tamsi-tb-m hen-b-h (3:16)
{InkvXp tbmip-h-sb-m hen-b-h (3:74:13)
{InkvXp Al-tcm\y ]utcm-ln-Xy-t-m hen-b-h (4:14-7:28)
1) kzoImcyw apdp-sI-n-Sn-m-\p {]t_m-[\w (4:14-16)
2) ]ptcm-ln-Xs tbmKy-X-I (5:110)
3) Bob Ae-kX ssIsh-Sn-bp-hm-\p {]t_m-[\w (5:11-6:12)
4) ssZhoI hmKvZ---fpsS Xo (6:13-20)
5) {InkvXp-hns D-X-amb ]utcm-ln-Xy-ns {Iaw (7:128)
173
2. alm-]p-tcm-ln-X F \ne-bn \ap-p-thn \S-nb al--c-amb _en-Iw

(8:110:39)
A.
B.
C.
D.
t{ijvT-amb
t{ijvT-amb
t{ijvT-amb
{]t_m-[\w
DS-Sn (8:113)
ancw (9:112)
_en (9:13-10:18)
(10:19-39)
3. hnizmkw Imp-kq-n-p--Xn-\p An-am-`y\ (11:112:29)

A.
B.
C.
D.
]g-b-\n-ba hnizm-k-ho-c-m-cpsS amXr-I-I (11:140)

hnizm-k-n \ne-\np--Xn-\m-bp t{]mm-l\w (12:1-11)
hnizm-k-]-cn-]m-e-\-n-\m-bp {]t_m-[\w (12:12-17)
hnizmk nc-X-bvm-bp {]tNm-Z\w (12:18-29)
4. D]-kw-lmcw (13:125)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
{InkvXob Pohn-X-nse {]mtbm-KnI hiw. (13:117)

{]mn-m-\p At] (13:1819)
BiohmZw (13:20,21)
hyn-KX \ncq-]Ww (13:22,23)
h-\hpw Ana Biohm-Zhpw (13:24,25).
bmtm_v
({InkvXp: \psS amXr-I)
""ssZh-n-sbpw Im-hmb tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-sbpw Zmk-\mb bmtm_v Fgp-Xp-Xv; NnX-dnmp ]{p tKm{X-pw h\w'' (1:1) Fp ]d-p-sIm-mWv Cu ]pkvXIw Bcw-`n-pXp Xs. ]pXnb \nb-a-n bmtm_v Fp t]cp \mep t]cpv: (1) sk_-Zn-bpsS aI\pw
tbml-ms ktlm-Z-c-\p-amb bmtm_v. (atm. 1:19), (2) Aev^m-bn-bpsS aI-\mb bmtm_v (atm.
3:18), (3) CkvI-cn-tbm-m-h-m bqZ-bpsS ]nXmhv (eq-sm. 6:16) (4) Im-hns ktlm-Z-c-\mb
bmtm_v (K-em. 1:19). CXn-s\-p-dnv sdbvdn Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-p-Xp t\mpI:
""]pXn-b-\n-b-a-n \mep bmtm-_vam-sc-p-dnp ]d-bp-p-s-nepw Cu {K-ns Fgpp-Im-cmbn sk_-Zn-bpsS aI\pw tbml-ms ktlm-Z-c-\p-amb bmtm-_n-s-bpw, Imhns ktlm-Z-c-\mb bmtm-_ns t]cp-I-fpamWv Nqn-m--s-Sp--Xv. Fm sk_-ZnbpsS aI\pw A.D. 44 c-km-nXzw (A-sm. {]. 12:2) hcn-bpw sNbvX (""bmtm_mWv'' eqtm. 6:16) CsX-gp-Xn-sb--Xn-\mWv IqSp-X ]npW e`n-p--Xv. ]t ]pkvXI-nse `mjm-co-Xn-I bcp-i-te-anse k`-bpsS By-\pw Im-hns ktlm-Z-c-\p-ambn-cp bmtm-_n-te-mWv hnc Nqp--Xv (A-sm. {]. 12:17; 15:13; 21:18). ]pkvX-I-ns
D-S-hpw bcp-itew kp-l-tZm-kn bmtm_v sNbvX {]kw-Khpw Xn-ep kam-\-XI ({Ko-n) CXn\p IqSp-X {]k-n-tb-dp-p (bm-tm. 1:1 & Atm. {]. 15:23; bmtm.
1:27 & Atm. {]. 15:14; bmtm. 2:5 & Asm. {]. 15:13).'' 89
bmtm_v Bm-bn-mWv CsX-gp-Xn-bn-cn-p-Xv FXpw {]m[m-\y-aln-p-p, Fs-m CXp ""NnXdnmp ]{p tKm{X-m-bn-m-Ip-p'' (1:1). Fm ""Fs ktlm-Z-c-msc'' (1:19; 2:1,7) F
{]tbmKw _mt_ {]hm-ks XpSv X-fpsS kz-hm-k--e- hnp Zqcp ]mn-cp--hcpw
{InkvXym-\n-I Bbn-Xo-h-cp-amb blq-Z-msc kw_-n-m-Wv, AmsX A.D.66\pw 70\pw, CS-bvpmb NnX-dn-tm-n-s\-b Nqn-m-p--Xv (a-m. 1:11,12,17). s]-tmkvXp s]cp-m-fn\p temI-ns
174
hnhn[ `mK--fn\np blq-Z-m bdp-i-te-an hn-cp--Xmbpw (A-tm. {]. 1:5) Ah-cn ]ecpw
Ap AhnsS kw`-hn ]cn-ip-m ]Ibvp ZrIvkm-n-I-fm-Ibpw tbip-{In-kvXp-hn hniz-knm CS-bm-Ibpw sNbvX-Xmbn Atm-kvXe {]hn-I-fpsS BZy Aym-b--fn hmbn-p-p. Ah
aS-n-tmbn X-fpsS e--fn kphn-ti-j-n\p kmyw hlnp Fp \ymb-ambn hniz-kn-m-hp-Xm-Wv. Cu NnX-dn-]mp blqZ {InkvXym-\n-I-sf-bmWv bmtm_v ""Fs ktlm-Z-c-msc'' Fp
kwt_m-[\ sNbvXn-cn-p--Xv.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
A.D. 45 or 46
an-hmdpw bmtm-_ns teJ-\-amWv Hm-atXmbn IqSp-X t]cpw IW-m-p-Xv CXn\p ImcWw. CXv A.D. 45- FgpXn FXn-\m-em-Wv. Nne-Im-c-W- t\mmw: (1) BZn-a-k` blqZ \b-{-Wn Bbn-cp Imev CsX-gpXn Fp hnNm-cn-m X-hn[w blqZ kz`mhw teJ-\-n ImWpp. (2) PmXn-I-fpsS ]cn-tO-Z-\sb kw_-n-smpw ]d-n-n-. (3) ""k`'' F ]Z-t-m ""kn\tKmKv'' (]-n) F ]Z-amWv IqSn-h-c-hns m\s ImWn-m-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p--Xv (2:2). (4)
bdp-itew kt-f-\-n FSp blqZ {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw PmXob {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw Xn-ep sFIyns ]cm-ai- Hpw Xs C (A-sm. {]. 15:1 f.; A.D. 49). CXpw teJ\w AXn\p apmbn
FgpXn F-Xn\p sXfn-hm-Wv. (5) tbip-hns D]-tZ-i--sf-p-dn-p ]cm-ai- kphn-ti-j--fnse
]Zm-\p-KX {]tbm-K--fp-ambn Ipd-p-am-{Xta tbmPn-p-p-p. 90
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
Xo-bmbpw bmtm_v B{K-ln-p-Xv Hcp {]mtbm-KnI hnizm-k-am-Wv. AXm-bXv Poh\p-Xpw, inbp--Xpw, I-\n-c-X-hp-am-bn-cn-p hnizm-k-hp-ap {InkvXym-\n-I-sf-w. k`-bn CXm-h-iy-am-bncp-p. _mly-tem-I-n-se -t]mse N-h-cpw, ssZh-ln-X-n-s\m--hw {]hn-m--h-cp-ambn hnizmkn-I Xom hcm t]mIp `hn-jy-p-I Fsp Nqn-mn k`m hnizm-kn-I Bo-I-ambn
hfpw ]Iz-X-bp--h-cp-ambn êw ]pd-s-Sp-hn-p-hm Dm-ln-n-p-I-bmWv bmtm_v Xs teJ-\nIqsS sNp--Xv.
bmtm_ns teJ-\-n {InkvXp:

1:1.epw 2:1epw tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-s\-p-dnp kqNn-n-t- ijw 5:7,8 Ahs hc-hn-s\bpw {]Xn-ê
-
- s
- fbpw
Ipdnp ]d-bp-p. teJ-\
- nse BsI-bp 108 hmIy-f
- n ]gb \nb-a
- nse 22 ]pkvXI
-
- f
- n\np
D-cW
- n-If
- pw, {InkvXp-hns ]-X{- ]-kw-K
- n\np Ipd-Xp 15 kqN-\I
- fpw CXn-epv. 91
_mly-tcJ: 92
1. hnizm-k-n nc-X-tbmsS \nevpI (1:127)
A.
B.
h-\hpw Biw-kbpw (1:1)

hnhn[ ]co--I-fn thp B\w (1:212)
1) ]cn-tim-[\m ay-nse at\m-`mhw (1:2)
2) ]co--I-fm-ep t\w (1:34)
3) ]co--I-fnse ]n_ew (1:512)
C ac-W-I-c-amb ]co--I-fnse {]Xn-tcm[w (1:13-18)
1) ]co--bpsS Dhw (1:13,14)
2) ]co--bpsS ]Sn-I (1:15,16)
3) ]co--bpsS ]cn-lm-c-amw (1:1718)
175
ssZhnI kXy-n hn{i-an-p-I. (1:19-27)

1) hN-\-ns kzoI-cWw (1:19-21)
2) hN-\-tm-Sp {]Xn-I-cWw (1:22-25)
3) hN-\-tm-Sp Dt] (1:26,27)
2. a\--en-thm-Sp-Iq-Snb tkh\w (2:126)

A
ap--hsc kzoI-cn-p-I. (2:113)

1) Fm-h-tcm-Sp-ap acymZ (2:14)
2) Fm-h-tcm-Sp-ap a\--enhv (2:59)
3) Fm Ah--bnepw nc-X (2:1013)
B ap--hsc klm-bn-pI. (2:14-26)
1) bYm hnizm-k-ns {]I-S\w (2:14-17)
2) bYm hnizm-k-ns sXfnhv (2:18-20)
3) bYm hnizm-k-ns amXrI (2:21-26)
3. kqva-X-tbmsS kwkm-cn-p-I (3:118)

A
\nb-{-W-tm-Sp-Iq-Snb kwkmcw (3:112)

1) \mhns in (3:15)
2) \mhns h\ (3:68)
3) \mhns aen-\o-I-cWw (3:912)
B {Iao-I-cn--s Nn-I (3:13-18)
1) hnthIw hn\-b-ap--Xm-Ip-p. (3:13)
2) hnthIw hne-s--Xm-Wv (3:14-16)
3) hnthIw kam-[m-\-]-c-amWv (3:17-18)
4. A\p-Xm-]-tm-sS-bp kaWw (4:117)

A
shdp-ns\ hn\-b-am-n-op-I. (4:16)

1) Ie-l-p ImcWw (4:1,2)
2) Ie-l--fpsS A\--c-êw (4:3,4)
3) Ie-l-p {]Xn-hn[n (4:5,6)
B \ymb-hn-[nsb \oXn-bmn ampI (4:712)
1) \oXn-bvm-bp D]-tZiw (4:79)
2) \oXn-bpsS {]tbm-P\w (4:10,11)
3) \oXn-bpsS DS-b-h (4:12)
C s]m-s hnizm-k-amn amp-I. (4:13-17)
1) s]m--ns {]kvXm-h\ (4:13)
2) s]m--ns hn[n (4:14)
3) s]m--n-\p ]cn-lmcw (4:1517)
5. Xmev]-cy-]q-ap ]p-h-bv (5:1-20)

A
k-ns ]p-h-bv (5:16)

1) [\-n\n-p Zpcn-X- (5:1)
2) [\-ns {Zhn- AYhm Id (5:2,3)
3) [\-ns inm-hn[n (5:46)
B a-bnse ]p-h-bv (5:712)
1) a-bpsS kv (5:79)
2) a-bpsS amXrI (5:10,11)
3) a-bpsS sXfnhv (5:12)
C {]m-\-bnse ]m-fnw (5:13-20)
1) Bh-iy--sf-p-dn-p t_m[w. (5:13)
2) Bh-iy-m-bp bmN\ (5:14-18)
3) Bh-iy--fpsS A ]qX (5:19,20).
176
1 ]t{Xmkv
({InkvXp: IjvS-X-bpsS amXr-I)
Bcw` hmIyw -Xs ]t{Xmkv BWv Fgp-p-Im-c Fp {]kvXm-hn-n-p-v (1:1). BZn-a-k-`-bpsS {]hI-\mb Atm-kvX-e-\mb ]t{Xm-mWv Hp ]t{Xm-ns {K-I-m-shv BtKmf hym]-I-ambn
AwKo-Im-chpw e`n-n-p-v. s]mtm-n-epw, Kem-Xy-bn-epw, I-tZm-Iy-bn-epw, Bky-bn-epw, _nYp-\ybnepw NnX-dn--mp ]c-tZ-in-Im-bn-mWv CsX-gp-Xn-bn-cn-p--Xv.
"]c-tZ-in-I' FXv kz-tZiw hnv A\y--ev Xmm-en-I-ambn Xma-kn-p--h F An-epw, "NnX-dn-mp--h' FXv ]e-kvXo \mn\np saUn--td-\n-b {]tZ-in-n-\-pdw t]mb
blq-Z-m-sc-p-dn-m-Wv. Fm ]t{Xm-ns a\-n tIhew blqZ {InkvXym-\n-I am{X-am-bn-cp-n
]nstbm Ahn-izm-kn-I-fpsS temI-n\np ths]v tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-\mbn Pohn-p-sImv \nXy-hmk--es t\mn ]mp PmXob {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw Dm-bn-cp-p. BI-bm Cu {Kw Fm
hnizm-kn-Ip-am-bn-mWv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-p-Xv. 93
Gjym-ssa-\-dn-ep Ap tdma t{]mhnkp-I-fn-embn NnX-dn-mp {InkvXym-\n-Isf kwt_m-[\
sNbvXp-sIm-mWv Hp ]t{Xmkv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-p--Xv. Cu e- Ctm hS- Xpn (Turkey)
bnem-Wv. Cu {]tZ-i--fnse k`-I blq-Z--Pm-Xob {InkvXym-\n-I tNv cq]o-Ir-X-am-b-h-bm-bn-cp-p.
]g-b-\n-ba D-c-Wn-IsImv teJ\w kw]p-jvS-am-Wv. ""NnX-dn-]mp--h'' (1:1) F ]Z-n-\p-]-tbmKn-n-cn-p DIASPORA F hmv bdp-i-te-an\p ]pdp Xma-kn-n-cp blq-Z-mp-thn D]-tbm-Kn-Xm-Wv.
ssZh hN\ kw_--ambn A-cm-bn-cp (1:14) PmXob hnizm-kn-I, BI-bm ]t{Xm-kns Cu
teJ-\-nse {]t_m-[-\- Ah-cpsS hnip Pohn-Xs t{]mm-ln-n-p-hm thn-bm-bn-cp-p.
Ahcpw ssZh-ns hnip--P\w FmWv hnfn--s-n-cn-p--Xv (2:9,10). As\ Cu teJ\w blq-Z-Pm-Xob hnizm-kn-Iv Dt-P\w ]I-cp--Xm-Wv. 94
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
A.D.
6364
k`m ]mc-cyw A\p-k-cnp ]t{Xm-kns Ah-km\ \mfp-I tdman Bbn-cpp Ign--Xv. 5:13se
"_m_n-tem-Wnse k`' FXv tdmam ]-Ws Dt-in-m-Wv. tdman Nne-h-gn Ah-km\ Zi-I--fnemWv ]t{Xmkv Cu Is-gp-Xn-b-Xv, AXm-bXv A.D.63-. \otdm-bpsS ]oV\w (A.D.64) Bcw-`n-p--Xn\p
apm-bn-cp-p. ]t{Xmkv tdmans\ {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS i{Xp-hmbn In-cp-n- (1 ]t{Xm. 2:13-17), BIbm \otdm-bpsS ]oU-\--fpsS hym]vXn {Kln-m B \mfp-I-fn Ign-n-cp-n-.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
Hp ]t{Xm-kns teJ\w {InkvXob Pohn-Xhpw D-c-hm-Zn--fpw shfn-s-Sp-p \nc-h[n D]-tZi- Dsm-p--Xm-I-bm AXns tI{ hnjbw hnizm-k-n-\p-th-n-bp ]oV-\--fpsS kl\-am-Wv. {InkvXym-\n-I tbip-{In-kvXp-hns m\m]-Xn-I-fmbn Cu ZpjvS temI-n Fs\ PohnWw Fp hni-Z-am-p Hcp am\p-h AYhm lmUv _pm-Wn-Xv (1:1,13-21; 2:11-12; 3:14,17; 4:1,13,15,16,19).
]e {]tXyI Dt-i- Cu ]pkvX-I-n-ep-v. Fmw Xs ]oV-\-n-em-bn-cn-p--hv Bizmkw
]I-cm-\m-bn-p--Xm-Wv: (1) ain-lm-bpsS hc-hns {]Xy--Xbpw hnSp-Xepw ey-amn (1:312); (2) {InkvXp177
hns ]oVm-\p-`-h-sf amXr-I-bmn Ahs\ ]n]-p-I (2:21-24); (3) PmXob temI-n X-fpsS
hnfn--\p-k-c-W-ambn ssZh-ns {]tXyI P\-ambn Pohn-p--Xn\v (2:412; 4:1-19) ap Dt-i--sfmw
D]-tZ-i
- fpw Ah-bpsS {]tbm-Kn-I
- fpw shfn-s-Sp-p-h
- b
- m-Wv (5:12). Hcp XnI t\Xm-sh \nebvv
\ CS-b-\mbn ssZh k`sb (hn-izm-kn-I-sf) tabn-p-hm\pw thn-bmWv (5:14) B{I-a-k--amb Hcp
temI-n CXp AXym-hiyw th-Xp-am-bn-cp-p.
Hp ]t{Xm-kn {InkvXp:
{InkvXp-hns Bf-Xzhpw {]hn-bpw- sIm-mWv ]pkvX-Is \nd-n-cn-p--Xv. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns
Dbs-gp-t-ev]n-eqsS hnizm-kn-Ip Poh-\p {]Xym-ibpw ""\nXy-amb Ah-Im-ihpw'' BWv e`n-ncn-p--Xv (1:3,4). ]e ep ]t{Xmkv {InkvXp-hns {]Xy--am-Im t]mIp aln-asb shfn-s-Spn-bn-p-v (1:7,13; 4:13; 5:1;). tbip ssZh-ns Ipm-Smbn \psS ]m]-sf Gp-sImv {Iqin-t
Ibdn \apv hos-Spv \evIn-bXpw (1:18,19; 2:24) IjvSw klnv \apv amXr-I-bm-Ip-Xpw (2:21-24) BSpI-fpsS henb CS-b-\mbn \s ]men-p-Xpw (2:25; 5:4) \mbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-n-cn-p-p.
_mly-tcJ:
1. hnizm-kn-I-fpsS c (1:112)
A.
B.
C.
h\w (1:1,2)
`mhn-{]-Xym-ibpw Pohn-X-hpw, Cp tim[-\-Ifpw (1:39)
`qX-Ime shfn-m-Sp-Ifpw h-am-\-Ime cbpw (1:10-12)
2. hnizm-kn-I-fpsS hnip-o-I-cWw (1:13-2:12)

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
hnip-n-m-bp hnfn (1:13-21)

Xn Xn kvt\ln-m-\p hnfn (1:22-25)
hN-\-am-Ip ]m IpSn-m-\p hm-bvm-bp hnfn (2:1-3)
Bob bmKw Ign-m-\m-bp hnfn (2:410)
PSo-Im-`n-em-j--fn \n-I-n-cn-m-\p hnfn (2:11-12)
3. hnizm-kn-I-fpsS Iogvs-S (2:13-3:12)

A.
B.
C.
D.
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ip Iogvs-SpI (2:17)

sXmgn]-c-amb Iogvs-S (2:18-25)
hnhml Pohn-X-nse Iogvs-S (3:18)
Pohn-X-ns Fm taJ-e-I-fnepw Iogvs-SpI (3:912)
4. hnizm-kn-I-fpsS IjvS-X-I (3:13-5:14)

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
IjvSw kln-p--Xn-\m-h-iy-amb kz`mhw (3:13-17)

IjvSw kln-p--Xn-\p {InkvXp-hns amXrI (3:18-4:6)
IjvSw kln-m-\p B (4:719)
CS-b-m-cpsS IjvS-X-I (5:19)
D]-kw-lm-chpw Biohm-Zhpw (5:1014).
2 ]t{Xmkv
({InkvXp: hN-\-ns XnI-hv)
Fgpp-Im-c\pw ]pkvX-I-ns t]cpw:
{K-Im-c intam ]t{Xmkv F t]cn-emWv kzbw ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-Xv (1:1) Atm-kvX-e-\mb
178
]t{Xmkv Xs-bmWv Fgp-p-Im-c F-Xn\v teJ-\-n thsdbpw ]e sXfn-hp-I-fp-v. hfsc {]m[m\y-aln-p NneXp t\mpI: ac-Wm-k--\mb Hcp ]nXm-hns A`n-em-j- shfn-s-Sp-p-p. 1:14se
`mKw, adp-cq] ae-bn tbip-hn-t\m-Sp-IqsS A\p-`-hn Imcy--fpsS ZrIvkmn hnh-c-Ww (1:16-18; am.
17:15). Cu teJ\w Xs cm-a-t-Xm-sWp hmb-\-msc t_my-s-Sp-p-Xv (3:1). CXn ]t{Xmkv
]ueq-kp-am-bp Xs hyn-_-s shfn-s-Sp-p-Ibpw ""{]nb ktlm-Z-c'' Fp kwt_m-[\
sNp-Ibpw sNp-p (3:15). BZy teJ-\-n\npw hyXy-kvXX ImWn-p-hm CXns\ ""cp-]-t{Xmkv''
Fp ]d-n-cn-p-p.
]t{Xmkv Hmw teJ-\-n-se-t]mse Htc {]Im-c-n-ep hnizm-kn-Im-bn-mWv CsX-gp-Xn-bn-cn-p-Xv (3:1). CsXmcp Ana \nb-a-hpw, ap-dn-bn-pw, Ah-km\ \mfns\ Ipdn-p Ip-am-Wv (1:14; 2:1-22;
3:3). hne-tb-dnb hnizm-ks Imp-kq-n-p blq-Z-cpw, PmXn-I-fp-amb {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-ambn s]mtmn-epw, Kem-Xy-bn-epw, Itm-tZm-Iy-bnepw, Bky-bn-epw, _nYp-hm-bnepw ]mphm-bn-mWv Fgp-Xnbn-cn-p--Xv (1. ]t{Xm. 1:1).
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
A.D. 67-68
BZn- a - I me k`m Ncn- { X- I m- c - \ mb Fkq- _ n- b - ns tcJ- I - f n {]Imcw ]t{Xmkv (1:1214)

c-km-nXzw hcn-Xv \otdm-bpsS ]oV-\-Im-e-m-bn-cp-p (A.D. 67-68). Cu Ime-b-f-hn Hcp bm{X-]d-n Im-bnv ]t{Xmkv Fgp-Xn-b-XmWv 2 ]t{Xm-kv.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
Asm-kvX-e-\mb ]ueqkv Xs Ime-tijw hcmt]m-Ip hnizmkXymK-s-p-dnv Xntam-Y-tbmkn\p ap-dnhp \evIn-b-{]-Imcw (2 Xntam-Yn-tbm-kv), ]t{Xmkpw hnizm-kn-Isf sXnp If-bp-hm k`bntep \pg-p-I-b-dp Zpcp-]-tZ-i-msc kqn-sm-gn-bp-hm\pw, Im-hpw, Atm-kvX-e-m-cpw, {]hmN-I-mcpw Ch-sc-p-dnp ]d-n-p Imcy- Hmp-hm\pw ap-dn-bnp \evIp-p (2:1; 3:13).
Dm-l-an-m--hcpw \njv^-ecpw BImsX ]cn-m-\-tmsS hf-cp-hm X-hw PohnXw `nbpw
(1:3) thp--sXmw Im-hn hf-cp-hm (1:8) ]t{Xmkv a\--en-thmsS At]-n-p-p. Xs \ncymW-Imew ASp-n-cn-pp Fpw IqSp-X {]hn-p-hm kmy-a-s-pw, ]t{Xmkv a\-n-em-n-bncp--X-\m-emWv (1:13-15), hnizm-kn-I Asm-kvsXm-enI D]-tZin ASn-m-\-sv Zpcp-]-tZ-i-I-mcn\npw (2:13) I {]hm-N-I-m-cn\npw ths]-p-sIm-t-W-sap ]d--Xv. {InkvXp-hn-ep
hnizm-k-n ASn-m-\-s-n-cn-p Hcmp am{Xta Ir]-bnepw cn-Xm-hns\pdn-p ]cn-m\-nepw hf-cp-hm Ign-I-bp-p(1:13; 3:1,2). BI-bm ]s{Xmkv hnizm-kn-I-fpsS a\-p-Wn (1:2-11;
3:18). hcm t]mIp `hn-jy-p-Isf t\cn-Sp-hm-\mbn (1:15) D]-tZ-i-{]-Imcw (2:13) Ahsc kpk--amp-hm-\m-bn-mWv Cu teJ\w Fgp-Xn-b-Xv (1:211; 3:18).
Zpcp-]-tZ-i--tfmSpw Zpcp-]-tZ-i-I-tcmSpw FXnp-\n-evp-hm-\p GI-amw ktXym-]-tZ-i-ns kpnc-amb ASn-m-\-n \ne-\n-evpI am{X-am-Wv (1:12-21) IqSmsX Nne hymtPm-]-tZ-i--fm k`-bvpm-Ip A]-I-S--sfbpw Ahp hcm t]mIp \ymb-hn-[n-tbbpw Ipdnp ]t{Xmkp {]kvXm-hn-pIbpw (2:122) Ah-cn \n-Iv Im-hns aS-n-h-c-hns\ {]Xo-n-p-hm hnizm-kn-Isf Dm-lnn-p-Ibpw sNp-p (3:116).
""AXp-sImv {]nb-ap--htc \n Ch-bvmbn Imn-cn--bm Ah \nsf Idbpw, If-hpw Cm-h
- c
- mbn kam-[m-\t- msS Imm Dm-ln-p-sImv \psS Imhns ZoL--asb c Fp hnNm-cn-n, ... Fm {]nb-ap--h-tc, \n appIqn Adn-n-cn--sImv A[n-I-fpsS h-\-bm IpSpn kz nc-X-hnp hoWp
t]mIm-Xn-cn-m kqn-p-sImhn, Ir]-bnepw \psS Imhpw cn-Xmhpw Bb
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ]cn-m-\-nepw hf-cp-hn. Ah\v Ctmgpw F-tbvpw alXzw.
Bta.''
179
cp ]t{Xm-kn {InkvXp:
`n-bp-sSbpw {]Xo--bp-sSbpw Ddh {InkvXp-X-s-sbp ]t{Xmkp ImWn-p-p. ""Imhpw cnXmhpw'' Fp \mep {]mh-iyhpw, ""Imhv'' Fp ]Xn-\mep {]mh-iyhpw {InkvXp-hn-s\-p-dnp ]d-ncn-p-Xp IqSmsX Ahs adp-cq-]-a-e-bnse {]Xy--X-bpw, al-Xz-I-c-amb cmw hchpw IqsS FSpp
]d-n-cn-p-p. ]t{Xmkpw ap cp-t]cpw IqsS Zin adp-cq] ae-bnse tbip-{In-kvXp-hns alna
Ahs cmw hc-hn kI-epw Zin-m Ign-bp--Xm-Wv.
_mly-tcJ:
1. h\w (1:12)
2. {InkvXob kz`m-h-ns hfbpw hnI-k-\hpw (1:321)
A
B
hnizm-k-ns hfbpw hnI-k-\hpw (1:311)

hnizm-k-ns ASn-m\w (1:12-21)
3. hymtPm-]-tZ-i-Ip (Zp-cp-]-tZ-i-Iv) inm-hn-[n. (2:122)

A
B
C
Ah-cpsS A]-IS {]hn (2:13)

Ah-cpsS \mihpw inm-hn-[nbpw (2:49)
Ah-cpsS kz`m-h-ns hni-Zo-I-cWw (2:10-22)
4. `mhn {]Xym-i-bpsS cq]-tcJ (3:118)

A
B
C
D
Zpcp-]-tZ-i-I-cpsS ]cn-lmkw (3:17)

Im-hns hc-hns Xmakw (3:89)
Im-hns hc-hn-t\mSv A\p-_--am-bh (3:1013)
A]-I-Ss a\-n-emn Bh-iy-amb apI-cp-X FSp-p-I. (3:14-18).
Hp -tbm-l-m
({InkvXp: ssZh kvt\lw)
Fgpp-Im-c\pw ]pkvX-I-ns t]cpw:
Fgp-p-Im-cs t]cp teJ-\-n ]d-n-n-s-nepw Im-hn-t\mSp IqSp-X ASp--ap-m-bn-cp
(1:15) Atm-kvX-e-\mb tbml-m-\mWv CsX-gp-Xn-b-sX-mWv ]mc--cy- shfn-s-Sp-p--Xv.
teJ-\-n-ep-S-\ofw hnizm-kn-Im-bp {]t_m-[-\--fm-sW-nepw (2:1,12-14,19; 3:1; 5:13) Ah AhcpsS CS-bn ]d-n-cpp Fpw shfn-hm-p-p-v. Cu Iv \nc-h[n k`-I-fn hmbn-p-hm CS-bmbn-pv; Hcp ]t At\-I Nqn-m-p-tmse tbml-ms Ah-km\ \mfp-I Ft^-tkm-n
Nnehgn--Xn-\m AXn\p Npp-]m-Sp-ap k`-I-fn-semw CXp {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-n-sbp hniz-kn-mw.
Ft^-tkmkv, Gjy t{]mhnkv (C-tm-gs Sn) Bbn-cp--Xn-\mepw tbml-m B {]tZ-i--fnsemw ip{i-jn-n-cpp Fp BZna k`m-y--\mb Ae-Ivkm{Un-bm-bnse sav kmn-p--Xn\mepw tbml-ms Hmw teJ\w Gjy apgp-h {]N-cn-n-cn-pp Fp a\-n-em-m-hp--Xm-Wv. 95
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
A.D.
85-90
IrXy-amb Hcp XobXn ]d-bpI {]bm-k-am-sW-nepw tbml-ms kphn-ti-j-nse hnj-b-fpw hmpI-fp-ambn kmayw ImWp--Xn-\m kphn-tijw Fgp-Xnb tijhpw A.D. 95se sUmao-jy N{I-hn180
bpsS ]oU-Ip apmbn CsX-gpXn Fp A\p-am-\n-mw. A-s\-sb-n A.D. 85\pw, 90\pw CSbvv
F XobXn Bbn-cnpw tbmPn-p--Xv.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
tbip-{In-kvXp-hn IqsS ]nXm-hmb ssZh-tm-Sp Iqmbva (1:37) BWv ]pkvX-I-ns hnj-bw.
Kvt\mnv (Gnosticism) Zpcp-]t- Z-ia
- m-bn-cn-Ww (ù-Xo-Ia
- m-bs
- Xmw ]m]-ab
- hpw AXn \np kzmX{yw
m\ km-Z-\-m-em-sWpw Ah hnizm-kn-p-Ibpw {]N-cn-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp) Cu hnizm-kn-I
A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t-n-h {][m\ {]iv\w. CXn-s\-Xn-cmbn tbml-m Dbn-Im-n-bXp ssZh-hp-ambp Iqm-bva-bmWv; Fs-m ssZh-amWv bYm shfnw (1:5) kvt\lw (4:8,16) Poh (1:1,2; 5:11-13)
GsXm-cp-h ssZh-tmSp Iqmbva BN-cn-p-p-thm, Ah ssZhoI shfn--n \Sv Pohs\ A\p`-hn-p-I-bpw, ap--hsc kvt\ln-p-Ibpw \oXn ]pep-Ibpw sNpw. XpSv ]pkvX-I-n \nc-h[n
]co-W sXfn-hp-I Nqn-m-n-sm-mWv Cu Iqm-bvasb hnh-cn-p--Xv. CXn NneXp c-bpsS
sXfn-hp-I IqSn-bm-Wv. cn-Xm-hns\ Xncn--dnv Ah-\nqsS ssZh-hp-ambp Iqmbva A\p-`-hn-p-XmWv {InkvXp A[n-h-kn-p cq]m--cs Pohn-X-.
hmkvX-h-n Cu hnizm-kn-I A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn Zpcp-]-tZiw CXv Fp Xop ]d-bpI {]bm-k-amsW-nepw ]pkvX-I-ns D-S--n\npw AXv {InkvXphns a\p-jym-h-Xm-cs Xnd-bp
]m] kz`m-h-am-bn-cpp Fp ImWmw. ssZhw a\p-jy-\mbn F kXys XyPn-bpw ssZh-tm-Sp
Iqmbva \ne-\nm {ian-p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xm-bn-cpp ]m]w. BI-bm tbml-m hnizm-kn-Isf
""Fs Ipp-tf'' Fp kwt_m-[\ sNbvXp-sIm-mWv (2:1,18,28; 3:7,18; 5:21) {]t_m-[n-n-p--Xv. FgpXp--Xn-\p Ap-Im-cy-: (1) bYm Iqm-bvasb hn-n-p-I (1:3); (2) ]q ktmjw A\p`-h-am-p-I (1:4); (3) Iqm-bva-bnIqsS hnip-nsb XnI-bvp-I (1:6-2:2); (4) Zpcp-]-tZ-i-s-Xnsc Pm{KX
]men-p-I (2:1827) (5) Ddp \evIpI (5:1113).
Hp tbml-m-\n {InkvXp:
Poh-t\m-Sn-cn-p hnizm-kn-I-fn tbip-{InkvXp Ctm F-s\-bmWv {]hn-p--sXpw XXvê-ambn hnizm-kn-I tbip-hns ]p\-cm-K-a-\s F{X BImw--tbm-sS-bmWv hon-p--sXpw Cu
]pkvXIw shfn-s-Sp-p-p. Gp ]d--Xmb kIe ]m]--fn\npw (hy-n-]-c-ambhbn \n-pw)
kIe A\o-Xn-bn\npw hnizm-kn-Isf tbip-hns cw XpS-bmbn ipo-I-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p
(1:7,9). Fs-m tbip-{In-kvXp- ]nXmhns hep -`m-Kv \ap-p-thn \oXn-am-\mb Hcp ho-em-bnpv (2:1) FXpw Ah {Iqin ]qo-I-cn _en k-tem-I-n\pw thn-bm-bn-cn-p-tm
Xs AXp hnizm-kn-Ip {]tXy-Im {]tbm-P-\-s-Spp F-Xp-amWv (2:2). CXn-\p-th-n-bmWv tbip
PU-n hXpw (2:22; 4:2,3) c-mepw sh-mepw (kv\m-\w, {Iqip-a-c-Ww) hXpw (5:6) C\n
Ah cm-a-Xp-h-cp-tm \mw Ahs\ ImWp-Ibpw Ah-s\-tmse (A-h-t\mSp kZr-i-cm-bn) Bbn-Xo-cpXpw (2:28-3:3).
_mly-tcJ:
1. Bap-Jhpw teJ-\-ns Dt-ihpw (1:14)
2. bmYm Iqm-bva-bpsS hyh--I (1:52:2)
A
B
shfn--n \S-pI (1:57)

]m]-sf Gp ]d-bpI (1:82:2)
3. nc-X-bp Iqm-bva-bpsS am-Zi\w (2:327)

A
B
C
{InkvXp-hn-s\-tmse Bbn-cn-p kz`mhw (2:311)

temIs kvt\ln-msX Iqm-bva-bn \nev]m-\p Iev]\ (2:12-17)
An-{In-kvXp-hn\np kqjva-X-tbmsS Hgnp Iqm-bvasb \ne-\npI (2:18-27)
4. Iqm-bva-bpsS kz`mhw (2:28-5:3)

A
\psS ho-W-ns ]cn-ipn (2:28-3:3)

181
B
C
{InkvXp-hns ac-W-ns shfn--n-ep \oXn-bpsS A`y-k\w (3:424)

Bm-sf tim[\ sNp-p (4:16)
D {InkvXp kvt\ln--Xp-t]mse kvt\ln-p-sImp \evIp amXrI (4:75:3)
5. Iqm-bva-bpsS êw (5:421)

A
temI-nta-ep Pbw (5:4,5)

{InkvXp-hns tbmKy-X-I-fpsS ]cn-tim-[\ (5:612)
hnizm-kn-I-fpsS c-bpsS Ddv (]-cn-tim-[-\) (5:13)
D {]m-\bvp e`n adp-]-Sn-bpsS \nP-nXn {Kln-p-I. (5:14-17)
E Pohn-X-nse XpSam-\-amb ]m]--fpsSta Pbw (5:18-21).
B
C
cp tbml-m
({InkvXp: a\pjymh-Xmcw sNbvX ssZhw)
Fgp-p-Im-cs t]cv shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-n-s-nepw Xs ""aq'' F ]Zw-sImv hy-am-n-bn-p-v.
CXn\npw kphn-ti-j-hpw, Hmw teJ\w Fgp-Xnb tbml-m Xs cmw teJ-\hpw Fgp-Xnsbp hy-am-p-p.- C-Xp -Xs aqmw teI-\-n-sbpw Bap-J-am-bn-cn-p-p. ""aq'' F kzbw
]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p--Xn\np Cu teJ\w kzoI-cn-p-hv Xm kp]-cn-Nn-X-\mWv Fp hy-am-Wv.
Xs HutZym-KnI m\s Nqn-mn Fgp-Xp Cu teJ\w Xs ip{iqjbpsS hen--sbpw
A\p-`-h-sbpw hmb-\-m-cn {]tNmZ\w Df-hm-m Imc-W-am-bn-cp-p.
]mc--cy--fnepw Fgp-p-Im-c tbml-m Fpw, tbml-ms cm-as teJ-\ (""cp-tbm-lm'') -sa-p-amWv ImWp--Xv. tbml-m kwt_m-[\ sNp-Xv k`-bnse ""Xnc-s-Sp--s Hcp
kv{Xobvpw (am\y \mb-In-ampw) apw'' BWv (1:1,4,5) Fnepw CXp Bscp hy-a-.
Fgp-Xnb Imew:
A.D.
85-90
Fgp-Xnb Imew Xo-s-Sp-pI {]bm-k-am-sW-nepw teJ-\-nse hnj-b--fpw, kml-N-cy-fpw hpt\m-p-tm Hmw teJ-\hpw Fgp-Xn-b -Im-e-b-fhv A.D. 85-90 FXp AwKo-I-cn-mhp--Xm-Wv.
hnjbw Dt-ihpw:
cmw teJ\w tbml-m Fgp-Xn-b-Xv, Xs A\p-bm-bn-I-fmb hnizm-kn-I Atm-kvX-enI D]-tZ-inepw Iev]-\-I-fnepw \ne-\n-ev-W-sa Dt-i-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv (1:46); Fp-sIm-s-m ""tbip{In-kvXp-hns\ PU-n h-h Fp kzoI-cn-m hI-cmb ]ecpw temI-n-tep ]pd-sn-cn-p-p'' (1:7), kXy-amw hnp (1:9) t]mIp--hcpw AXn \nevp--hsc sXn-p--h-cp-am-b-hcn\nv kXy-hn-izm-kn-Isf Dd-np \np-hm-\mWv tbml-m {ian--Xv. CtXm-S-\p-_-nv cp
Imcy- ImWmw: (1) Ahs hmb-\-m Ah-cpsS {]Xn-êw \jvS-s-Sp--cpXv (1:9), (2) Zpcp-t]-Z-jvSmsf kz-`-h-\--fn-tem, k`-bntem kzoI-cn-p-Itbm h\w sNp-I-tbm sNmsX Ah-cn \npw
Hgn-hm-bncn-p-I, Fn-cp-mepw Ah-kcw e`n-m (tIp-hm B{K-ln-m) Ah-tcmSp kXy D]tZiw C-sXp k-am-[m-\-]-c-ambn kmn-p-I.
182
cp tbml-m-\n {InkvXp:
Hmw teJ-\-nset]mse-Xs CXnepw tbip-{InkvXp PU-n Ah-X-cn ssZh-am-sWv hmb-\m-scbpw hnizm-kn-I-sfbpw t_my-s-Sp-p-I-bm-Wv.
_mly-tcJ:
1. h-\hpw hnX-c-W-hpw (1:13)
2. kXy-n \S-p--Xn-\m-bp {]iwk (1:4)
3. Xn Xn-ep kvt\l-n DS-se-Sp-p-hm-\p B (1:5,6)
4. Zpcp-]-tZ-jvSm-s-Xn-cmbn kqjva-X-tbmsS Pohn-m-\p \nt-i- (1:711)
5. D]-kw-lm-c-p-dn-p-Ifpw Ah-km\ h-\hpw (1:12,13).
aqp tbml-m
({InkvXp: GI \maw)
Cu teJ-\-ns Fgp-p-Im-c Atm-kvX-e-\mb tbml-m Xs-bm-Wv. cpw aqpw teJ-\-fn {K-Imhv kzbw ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-Xv ""aq'' F ]Zw-sIm-m-Wv. AXp-t]mse cnepw D]tbm-Kn--cn-p ap Nne {]tbm-K-fpw ImWpI: ""kXy-n kvt\ln-p'' (1:1) ""kXy-n \Sp'' (1:4).
CXp Atm-kvX-e-\mb tbml-m ""{]nb Kmtbm-kn\p'' Fgp-Xp Hcp hyn-]-c-amb Im-Wv (1:1).
k`m-]-c-ambn Kmtbmkv t\cn-Sp {]iv\-p {]Xn-hn-[n-bm-Wn-Xv. Kmtbm-kns\ kwt_m-[\ sNp
coXn -t\m-p-tm tbml-m ip{iqj sNbvXn-cp Gjy-ssa-\-dnse k`-Ip Atlw kph-cn-NnX Bbn-cpp Fp thWw a\-n-em-p-hm. ]pXnb \nb-a-n Kmtbmkv F -t] ]e {]mhiyw
ImWm-hp--Xm-Wv. tdma. 16:23 sImcn-nse Kmtbm-kn-s\-p-dnpw Atm. {]. 19:29 a-tZm\y-mc-\mb Kmtbm-kn-s\-p-dn-pw, Atm. {]. 20:4 Z_-bnse Kmtbm-kn-s\-p-dnpw ]d-n-cn-p-p.
Fm Ch Bcp-ambpw tbml-m\p _-ap--Xmbn ]d-n-n-.
Fgp-Xnb Imew.
A.D.
85-90
Fgp-Xnb Imew t\mp-tmgpw teJ-\- Xn tbmPn-p-v. CXpw A.D.85-90 Imev Fgp-Xn-b-XmWv.
hnj-bhpw Dt-ihpw:
BYnXy acym-Z-I-sf-p-dn-pw, kmc anjy-\-dn-ampw ]c-tZ-in-Ip-ap klm-bsfp-dn-pamWv
Kmtbmkn\p FgpXpXv. Fncpmepw hnjbw tI{oIcnncnpXv, AtmkvXes D]tZisfbpw
Xm \nbanX\mbncnp Kmtbmkns ip{iqjbpw XyPnv kXyn \SmsX k`bn henb
h\mIm kzbw {ian Zntbms{Xt^mkp aqeapff {]iv\nemWv (1:9).
Cu teJ\n {][m\amb ]e Dtifpw shfnsSpnbnpv: (1) Ktbmkn\pff B (1:16 a),
183
(2) tbmlm Ab ip{iqjIsc Kmtbmkv kevcnXn\p \n]dbpXnt\msSmw tbmKy-cmb

kphntij the-msc klmbnphm DmlnnpIbpw sNpp ( 1:6 b8), (3) kzmkz`mhnbmb
Zntbms{Xt^kns\ imknphm D]tZinpp (1:911), (4) sZta-{Xntbmkns\ DmlnWw (1:12),
(5) AhnsSbpff hnizm-kn-Isf kinv AhcpsS {]bmkp ]cnlmcw hcpphm tbmlm\pff
B{Klw Kmtbmkns\ Adnbnpp (1:10 a,1314).
aqp tbmlm\nse {InkvXp:

tbip{InkvXphns \maw sXfnhmbn Dcnsnnsnepw kqN\IfneqsS hyamnbnpv.
Xncp\maw \nanatm (1:8) FXp ImWpI. CXp sXfnhmbn tbip{InkvXphns iq{iqjsb IpdnmWv
(Atm. {]. 5: 40,41). ChnsS 5:41 {Kop {Kmadns LS\bmWv sXfnhmIpXv. CXn\p Xpeyamb
]utemkn asmcp {]tbmKw tdma. 1:5epw, tbmlmtXmbn 1 tbml 2:12epw ""\nv Ahs
\maw \nanw ]m] tamNn-n-cn--bm'' Fpw, tbmlms kphntijw 1:12,3:18 FnhnSfn
""Ahs (tbiphns) \man'' Fpw ImWmhpXmWv.
_mlytcJ:
1. h\w AYhm BapJw (1:1)
2. Kmtbmkns\ Ipdnpff {]iwk (1:28)
A.
B.
Ahs `n (ssZh`bw) (1: 24)

Ahs HuZmcyw (1: 5-8)
3. Zntbms{Xt^kn\p inm-hn-[n-bpsS A`n{]mbw ( 1:911)

A.
B.
Ahs kzm]camb B{Klw (1:9)

Ahs kzm {]h\w (1: 1011)
4. sZta{Xnt^mkns\pdnpff {]iwk (1:12)

5. D]kwlmcpdnpI (1:1314).
bqZm
({InkvXp : a\pjymbpff kpcnXXzw)
{K-Imhv bqZm F t]cn-emWv kzbw ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p--Xv (1:1), {Kop `mj-bn bqZmkv FmWv, Fm ]mc--cy-a-\p-k-cnv tbip-hns\ Hn-sm-Sp bqZm-kn\nv {KImcs\ thXncnp
ImWnphm\mbnmWv Cwojv ]cn`mjbn bqZm F t]cp am{Xw \evInbXv. FgppImc tbip
{InkvXphn Zmk\pw, bmtm_ns ktlmZc\pw BIppshpw 1:1 ]dncnpp. bYmn
Ctlw tbip{InkvXphn AktlmZc\mWv (a.13:55; a: 6:3).
XmsgsImSpp hnhcWw CXn\p klmbIamWv:
""bmtm_pw,bqZmbpw ]q ktlmZcmcpw (butk^nsbpw adnbbpsSbpw a)
tbip{InkvXphns P\\w am\pjnI_n Asnepw adnbbn PsaSpXn\m bqZmbvv
Ah A ktlmZc\pamWv. bqZm FpffXv Hcp km[mcWt]cpw BZy-\q-m-n Imhns
injyamcn Xs Hn IqSpX t] Cu t]cv \ne\nnbXn\mepw, HpImc\mb bqZmbn
\nv Xs thXncnp ImWnpXn\pw thnbmWv bmtm_ns ktlmZc FpIqn
tNXv.'' 96
184
Fm {InkvXym\nIpw thnbmWv bqZm Xs teJ\w FgpXnbncnpXv. Hcp {]tXyI hn`mKs

IqmsX ""]nXmhmb ssZhn kv t \lnsSpw, tbip{Inkv X pho\mbn kqnspw
Ccnph\mbn hnfns-hv'' (1:1), FmWv kwt_m[\ sNbvXncnpXv. XpSv Xm\hsc
""{]nbsc'' Fpw (1:3) hnfnncnpp.
FgpXnb Imew:
A.D. 70 - 80
CXnse hnjbw 2 ]t{Xmknse hnjbhpambn kmayapffXmWv. {][m\ hyXymkambn ImWpXv, ]t{Xmkv

`mhnbn kw`hnm t]mIp Imcyfpdnv ""Zpcp]tZjvSm hcpw'' (2:1) Fp]dbptm, bqZbm- I s AhcpsS CSbntebv v \pgpIbdnbncnp Zqcp]- t Z- j v S m- - mscpdnmWv (1:4)
kwkmcnpXv. Hp ham\Imesbpw asXp `mhnImetbpw kw`hsf NqnmWnpI
bmbncpp. CXn \np 2 {]t{Xmkns tij-amWv bqZm FgpXnbsXp a\nemIpp. 2 ]t{Xmkv
A.D. 67-68 FgpXnsbn, bqZmbpsS teJ\w A.D. 7080 ImemWv FgpXnbXv.
hnjbhpw Dtihpw:
\psS csbpdnv FgpXphm B{Kln bqZm AXp hnnv Kvt\mnv (m\aXw) Ifmb
Zpcp]tZiIcpsS \qg-p-I-bw apew kJyhnImkn\p FXncmbn Dbcp shphnfnIsf sNdp
k` ss[cytmsS aptdphm\pw hnizmkw Imp kqnphm\papff t{]mml\w \evIpIbmbncpp.
ùXoIambhsbmw ]m]abhpw, Bobm\w \evIpXv am{Xw \sXpambncpp Kvt\mn
pIfpsS hnNmcw. 97
Cu NnmKXnaqew Bobhfpthn {ianptm Xs icocn\p \nb{WanmsX
]ehn[amb \nba ewL\fnepw sNps]Sphm CSbmbn. teJ\ns cp {][m\ D]tZi
CXn \nv Dcnncnhm amambn: (1) AkmnIfmbh k`tbbpw, hnizmknIsfbpw
hjfmphm \Sp {ias imknp; (2) hnipmv (k`p) Hcnembnp
`mctaev]nsncnp Atm-kvtXm-enI hnizmkn hfcphm\pw AXn\mbn t]mcmSphm\pw
hnizmknIv BtemN\ \evIn.
bqZmbpsS teJ\n {InkvXp:

Hcp hnizmknp {InkvXphnepff `{ZXbpw (1:24) \nXyPoh\pw (1:21) {InkvXphn aSnhchns \nbhpw
(1:21), ]nXr kn[nbntepff {InkvXpaqew e`nncnp {]thi\pw (1:25) BWv bqZm FSpp]dbpXv.
_mlytcJ:
1. h\hpw, Dtihpw (1:14)
2. Zpcp]tZjvSamcpsS Zpcp]tZisf Xpdp Imn hnhcnpp ( 1:516)
A.
B.
C.
AhcpS ap inmhn[n (1:57)

AhcpsS ham\Ime kzm`mhw (1:813)
AhcpsS `mhninmhn[n (1:14-16)
3. IcpX \S]SnImbn hnizmknIsf {]t_m[nnpp (1:1723)

4. BiohmZw (1:24,25).
185
186
`mKw 4
{]hN\ ]pkvXIw
shfnmSv
{InkvXp : aSn hcph)
apJhpc:
ap\pjypthn ssZhw \evInb thZ]pkvXI shfnmSpI Cu Ahkm\ ]pkvXIw sImv
]qnbmsSpIbmWv. Dev]n ]pkvXIw ss__nfns Bcw` {KambncnpXpt]mse shfnmSp
]pkvXIw ss__nfns Ana {Kambncnpp. `mhnIme (AyIme) kw`hsfbpw {InkvXphns
aSnhchv , Ahs `cWw, \nXyamb hmkw Fo Imcysf khnkv X cw hnhcnncnpp.
thZ]pkvXIn IqsS kcnp Hcmv AXn{][m\amb ]ehnjbsfbmWv a\nemphm
IgnbpXv: BImihpw,`qanbpw ]m]w AXns im]w, Zp:Jw, a\pjy\pw, cbpw, kmm Ahs
knnbpw Ana inbpw, C{kmtbens XncsSppw, A\p{Klfpw inW coXnIfpw;
temIcmjv{S; _m_ntemWpw _m_ntemWyaXhpw `cWIqShpw. Fnhbn NneXmWv. Fm
hnjbfpsSbpw kqX shfnmSv ]pkvXInemWv \evInbncnpXv. kphntijhpw, teJ\fpw
Cu hnjbsfpdnp {]kvXmhnppsnepw shfn]mSp ]pkvXInemWv ]qamb hniZoIcWw
\evInbncnpXv. Xmsg sImSpncnp Nmv CXv a\nemm klmbIamWv:
shfnmSv: XncpshgppIfpsS \nhrn

Dev]napX ]gb ]pXnb \nbafneqsS
kzhpw \cIhpw
a\pjy krjvSnv, hogvN, c
]m]w Imc-Ww, im]w, kSw
kmm kzm`mhw, hogvNbpw, \mihpw
shfn-mSp
cmjv{S A\p-k-c-W-tSv, aX-
]pkvXIw
bn{km-tb sXc-s-Sp-v, A\p-{K-lw, inWw

hmKvZ ainlm the, `cWw
cmPyw hmKvZ, hnhn[ ]cn]mSnbpw.
187
FgppImc\pw ]pkvXIns t]cpw:

]pkvXIn \npXs FgppImc tbmlm BsWp a\nemmw (1:4,9; 22:8). Ctlw
AtmkvXe\pw, {]hmNI\pw (22: 9) t\Xmhpw Gjymssa\dnepff Fm kÌpw kp]cnNnX\pw
(AhmbnmWv CsXgpXnbXv) Bbncpp (1:4).
]mccya\pkcnv AtmkvtXme\mb tbmlm FmWv AdnbsncpXv. Ctlw tbiphns
injymcn Hcph Bbncpp. shfn]mSp ]pkvXIns teJ\ssien tbmlms kphntijn
\npw hyXyamWv. Cu ]pkvXIw {]hN\ kz`mhapffXmWv.
FgpXnb Imew:
A.D.
96.
tdman sUmaojy N{IhnbpsS `cWImew A.D. 8196hsc Bbncpp. Cu ImeLn

]Xvtamkn CcpmWv tbmlm CsXgpXnbsXmWv sFtd\nbkv ]dbpXv. AeIvkm{Unbbnse
sapw, bqko_nbkpw ap hnizmknIfmb thZ]WvUnXcpw Cu A`n{]mbs icnshbvpp. As\
sbn kphntijhpw ap aqpteJ\fpw FgpXnb tbmlm XsbmWv A.D.96 Cu shfnmSp
]pkvXIhpw FgpXnbXv.
hnjbhpw Dtihpw:
Cu ]pkvXIn {][m\ambn ZpjvSXbpsS hyn`mhhpw AXn\v kmm \evIp DtP\hpw
tNtm DmIp BtKmfamb ss]imNnI km{amPyw {InkvXphn\pw ssZhP\psaXn-cmbn
t]mcmSpXpw Fm tbip{InkvXp AXns\ ]cmPbsSpnb tijw \oXnbptSbpw kam[m\n
tXpamb Xs km{amPyw Bbncw Btv (ant\nbw AYhm kl{km_vZw) m]npXpw AXp
XpSv Bcw`np A\c kw`hfpamWv hnjbw (shfn. 20).
hmbnph\pw tIhn-mpw Cu ]pkvXIw Hcp t]mse A\p{Klw \evIpp (1:3). km{amPyin
bpsS {]IrXhpw, {]`mhhpw Cu temIn F{Xb[nIw hnpshv tbmlm\v Zi\n
shfnsp. Zmho-Zns thcpw, blqZm tKm{X-ns knwlhpambn Nn{XoIcnncnpXv ssZhns
hnipnbpsS apn Xnbvpff \ymbhn[n F{X]qhpw amanmXmIpp Fp ImWnpXn\mIpp. Fm AtX knwls Adps IpmSmbpw Nn{XoIcnnpv. CXv ssZhw Xs
kvt\ln a\pjyhns tamN\n\mbn tbip {IkvXphn IqSn \nhNn
]m]]cnlmcamsbmWv shfnhmpXv.
{]tXyI Ihy \nlWneqsS {][m\nIfmbn Xo hynI AYhm BfpI Cu ]pkvXI
nepv. Hcn HmaXmbn hcpXv tbip{InkvXp XsbmWv. ASpXv {KImhmb
tbmlm\mWv. ]noSv cp kmnI, Iff{]hmNI kap{Zn \np Ibdnhcp arKw, Imhn
t\mSp IqsS aSnhcp aWhmn Fns\bmWv B env.
shfnmSp ]pkvXInse {InkvXp:

shfnmSp ]pkvXIw tbip{InkvXphns shfnmSmWv Ahs alXzw, m\w, in (1:120), k`bpsS
taepff Ahs A[nImcw (2:13:22), temIs \oXnbn \ymbw hn[nm\pff Ahs in (5:119:21),
Fnh shfnsSpsncnpp. {InkvXphns shfnmSv F \nebn hnhn[ t]cpI \evIsn
cnpp. {][m\ambn hcpXv tbip{InkvXp (1:1), hnizkvX kmn, acnhcn\nv BZyPmX, `qcmPm
mcpsS ta B[n]Xyw \Sph, (1:5), BZnbpw Ahpw (1:17), Pohnph (1:18), ssZh]p{X
(2:18), hnip\pw kXyhm\pw (3:7), Bta, hnizkvX\pw kXyhm\pamb kmn, ssZhkrjvSnbpsS Bcw`w
(3:14), blqZk{amPyns knwlw, ZmhoZns thcvv (5:5), IpmSv (5:6), hniz\pw kXyhm\pw (19:11),
ssZhhN\w (19:13), cmPm[ncmPmhpw Im[n Imhpw (19:16), Aev^bpw Hta-Kbpw (22:13), ip`-amb
DZb \{Xw (22:16) Imhmb tbip {InkvXp (22:21).
188
_mly tcJ:
1.
D]{Ia {]kwKw (1:18)
2.
Ign Imcy (1:9-20)
3.
CtmgpffXv (23)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Ft^tkmkv k`pff ZqXv (2:17)

kvabnse k`bvpff ZqXv (2:811)
s]amknse k`bvpff ZqXv (2:12-17)
Xqb--bnc k`pff ZqXv (2:18-29)
koknse k`pff ZqXv (3:16)
^nesZ^nb k`bvpff ZqXv (3:713)
eshm-ZnIy k`-bvp ZqXv (3:14-22)
4. hcphm\pffImcy (4:1-22;5)
A.
B.
C.
D.
atlm-]{Zh Imew (4:119:21)

1)
kznse knwlmk\w (4:111)
2)
Ggp ap{ZIfpff ]pkvXIhpw, knwlhpw IpmSpw Bbncnp hynbpw (5:114)
3)
\ymbhn[nbpsS ASbmf (6:117)
4)
D]\mSIw, atlm-]-{ZhImev hosSpsh (7:117)
5)
BZys \mep \ymbhn[n Imlf (8:113)
6)
Amasbpw Bdmasbpw Imlf, BZys \mep CjvSfpw (9:1-20)
7)
sNdnb ]pkvXIhpw ZqX\pw (10:1-11)
8)
tZhmebw, cp kmnI, Ggmas Imlfw (11:119)
9)
ZqXmnSbnepmb Ielw (12:117)
10)
arKhpw Iff {]hmNI\pw (13:118)
11)
{]tXyI ]ckyw (14:120)
12)
Ahkm\s Ggp_m[Imbpff BapJw (15:18)
13)
\ymbhn[nbpsS t{Im[ Ieiw (16:121)
14)
_m_ntemWy aXn taepff \ymbhn[n (17:118)
15)
hym]mc _m_ntemWntepff \ymbhn[n (18:124)
16)
{InkvXphns cmw hchv (19:121)
{InkvXphns `cWw (kl{km_vZw) shffknwlmk\hpw (20:115)
1)
kmm _nX\mIpp (20:13)
2)
hniqmcpsS Dbnv (20:46)
3)
]m]nIfpsS acw (20:79)
4)
kmms \miw (20:10)
5)
]m]nI \ymbw hn[nsSpp (20:11-15)
\nXyXbpsS Ah (21:122:5)
1)
]pXnb bdpitew Xmtgp hcpp (21:18)
2)
]pXnb bdpiteans hnhcWw (21:927)
3)
]pXnb bdpiteanse ktmjw (22:15)
D]kwlmcw (22:6-21).
189
190
Aymbw 4
hymJym-\-n-\m-bp
ASn-m\ {]am-W-
191
192
BapJw
Aymbw \men- s Dtiw ]Tn- X m- h n\v hymJym- \ - n- \ m- h - i y- a mb \mep ASn- m\ \nb- a - fpw
]Xn-\v auenI XXz-fpw a\-n-em-n-sI-Sp-pI F-Xm-Wv. ChnsS \nb-aw Fm ssZhhN\ ]T-\n-\mbn Hcp am-an-m a-Zi\w \evIpI F-am-Wv. Hcp XXzw Fm Hcp \nb-a-ns D]tbm-K-n {]m[m\ LS-I-am-bn-cn-pI Fm-Ww. Fm AXv Fm-bn-tmgpw As\ {]tbm-Kn-W-sa-nepw aptm-p ]T-\-n XXz--fpsS hnhn[ {]tbm-K- \app a\-n-em-p-hm Ignbpw.
ssZh-h-N-\-ns icn-bmb hymJym-\-sa-Xv Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h \nevp Hcp \njvT-bm-I-Ww. Bscnepw Fgp-t-p-\nv ss__n Xpd-p-Ibpw GXm\pw an\n-p-Ip-n AXnse Hmtcm-`m-K--fp-sSbpw
Aw a\-n-em-p-hm X-hn[w bmsXmcp t^map-e-bmbpw (kq{X-hm-Iyw) C. kXym-t\z-j-I-\mb
]Tn-Xm-hn\v Cm-`w-K-n\v bmsXmcp CShpw CXn-en-. \psS kz-_p-n-hn-nv ]cn-ip-m-m-hn B{ibn-t--Xn-\mbn Nne hnj-a-X-bp Imcy-fpw ssZhw Xncp-sh-gp-n Dsm-n-n-p-v. (1 sImcn.
13:12).
Xncp-sh-gp-p-Isf hymJym-\n-t--Xn\v Fs-nepw {]tXyI kq{X-hmIyw D]-tbm-Kn-m-am-bn-cp-s-n
GXv Ahn-izm-knpw AXn{]-Imcw hymJym\w \S-p-hm Ign-b-Ww. Fm ssZh-\n-bw Ahs\
]n]-p--h BoI h-\-hn-\mbn Ahs\ At\z-jn-p-Ibpw Xncp-sh-gp-p-Isf A`y-kn-p-Ibpw
thW-sa-m-bn-cpp (2 Xnsam. 2:15), BI-bm ChnsS Xn-cn-p \nb-a-fpw (N--) XXz-fpw
kIe kXy-nepw hgn \S-p ]cn-ip-m-m-hn B{i-bn-p-sImv {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-p-I (tbm-l. 16:13).
\mw ]Tn-m t]mIp \nb-a--fp-sS kwt]w t\mp-I:
\nbaw Hv: Xncp-sh-gp-p-Isf ]cntim[nv ssZh-sbpw (bm-Ymyw) {InkvXp-hns\-bpw-Ip-dn-p \nP-nXn Is-p-hm-\p At\z-j-Ww
A.
B.
XXzw Hv: ssZh ksb ]Tn-pI

XXzw cv: {InkvXp shfn-s-Sp-b hgn At\z-jn-p-I.
\nbaw cv: \s \bn-p-hm aXn-bmb thZ-`mKw D]-tbm-Knv bmYmyw a\-nem-p-hm-\p At\z-jWw

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
XXzw
XXzw
XXzw
XXzw
XXzw
XXzw
aqv: shfn-mSv ]ptcm-K-a-t\m-p-I-sap {Kln-p-I

\mev: A-cm-ambn (]-Zm-\p-]-Z-am-bn) hymJym-\n-p-I
Av: {]tXy-I-am-b-hsb hnNn-\w sNp-I
Bdv: {]mY-anI `mKw ]Tn-pI
Ggv: am\p-jnI Csb Xncn--dn-bp-I
Fv: DS--Sn-Isf Hmp-I
\nbaw aqv: Xncp-sh-gp-p-Isf Xncp-sh-gp-p-I-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-]-T\w \S-p-hm-\p

193
m\-n-\mbn At\z-jn-p-I
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
XXzw
XXzw
XXzw
XXzw
XXzw
XXzw
H]Xv: hyXym-k-mbn t\mp-I

]v: k`s a\-n-em-p-I
]Xn-s\mv: Xmc-Xay hymJym\w sNp-I
]{v: sFIy-Xsb At\z-jn-p-I
]Xn-aqv: bpK-sf ]cn-K-Wn-p-I
]Xn-mev: {]h-N-\-sf kqn-p-I
\nbaw \mev: ssZh- n- \ - \ p- k - c - W - a mb {Inkv X ob PohnXw \bn- p- h - \ m- b p

At\zjWw
A.
B.
C.
D.
XXzw ]Xn-\v: bp-amb hymJym-\-n-\m-bp bp-amb {]tbm-K-co-Xn

bp-amb {]tbm-K-n-\m-bp Ap Nph-Sp-I
bp-amb hymJym-\-n-\p Bdp XS--
{]tbm-Ks ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-p Fp-h-gn-I.
`mKw 1
194
\nbaw Hv
\nbaw (N-w) Hv: Xncp-sh-gp-p-Isf ]cn-tim-[nv ssZh-sbpw {InkvXp-hn-s\bpw Ipdn-p
bmYmyw (\n-Pn-Xn) Is-p-hm-\p At\z-j-Ww.
Cu \nbaw ssZhk-bpsS (km-cmw-iw) ASn-m\ kz`m-hw, KpW-hn-tijw Fnh thXn-cn--dnv
icn-bmb hymJym\w \S-p-hm klm-bn-p-p. AXns k AYhm kmcmwiw Iqn--e-stXm (A-\p-c-\ hnt[-b-tam) AXn Xs tN-bn-m-tXm (ssh-cp-y-am-b-tXm) A. ssZh-kz-`mh-ns Ap-Xm-h-l-amb nXnsb IqSp-X-embn {Klnv AwKo-I-cn-p-hm\pw (^n-en. 3:10) IqSp-X ]cnm-\-tmsS Ah\v FmWv ]d-bp-hm-\p-Xv Fp a\-n-em-p-hm\pw Cu \nbaw klm-b-IamWv.
ssZhnI k-bpsS bmYmyw Fm ]nXm-hn-s-bpw, ]p{X-s-bpw, ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-sbpw kmcmwiw
Hm-Ipp F-t{X. CXn-s\-bmWv thZ-]p-kvXIw {XnXzw Fp hnti-jn-n-n-cn-p--Xv. asmcp {]Im-cn ]nXm-hv, ]p{X, ]cn-ip-m-mhv FXv Hcp ssZh-ns aqp-hn[ {]Xy--X-I BIp-p. ASnm-\-]-c-ambn aqp-t]pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb {]tXyI I-]-cn-]m-Sn-I Dv. ]nXm-hmWv ]Xn Bkq{XWw sNp-Xv (A-sm. {]. 2:23). ]p{X AXv \n-ln-p-p (tbm-l. 5:36). ]cn-ip-m-mhv AXns\
shfn-s-Sp-p-p. (tbm-l. 16:13) \mw {XnXzs Ipdnp ]Tn-p-tm AXns\ hn`-Pn-p-hm {ian--cp-Xv.
ssZhw Hcp-h-t\-bp-p. (B-h. 6:4) ]nXm-hv, ]p{X, ]cn-ip-m-mhv FXv B ssZh-ns {]h\
kz`mhfm-I-bm Ah aqpw Hp Xs-bm-Wv.
]nmse IqSp-X hni-Z-ambn {XnXzspdnp ]Tn-mw.
A. XXzw Hv: ssZh-k (km-cmw-iw)-sb-p-dnp ]T-\w.
ssZh-n A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-p ]p KpW-hn-ti-j-. CXp nc-ambn Hmn-cn-t--Xm-Wv.
1. ]c-am-[n-Imcw
(SOVEREIGNTY)
ssZhw km-[n-]-Xn-bm-Wv, Ah cmP-Io-bm-[n-Im-c-tm-sS-bmWv {]hn-p--Xv. ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-bmbn-cn-p--h ]cn-[n-I-fpsS a-e--fn \S-p A[n-Imc {]hn-bvmWv km-[n-]Xyw Fp
]d-bp-X
- v. ssZhw kIe _mly-\n-ba
-
- f
- n\npw kzX-{-\m-Ib
- m kIe krjvSn-If
- p-sS-bpw-ta Ah\v
km-[n-]Xyw Dv. Ah krjvSn-Xm-hm-Wv, krjvSn-b (tdm-a. 1:20,25), AXp-sImv Ahs ]-Xn-Ifpw
Dt-i-fpw \nb-a-fpw \S-n-em-p-hm Ah A[n-Im-c-ap--h-\m-Wv. ]e-tmgpw ssZhoI Dt-i-fpw,
\ymb-hn-[n-Ifpw a\-n-em-p-hm a\p-jy\p {]bm-k-am-bn-cn-pw.
2. \oXn
(RIGHTEOUSNESS)
ssZhw kq \oXn-am-\m-Wv. CXns Aw ssZhw Fm {]Im-c-nepw ]cn-]q-\m-Ipp FmWv. GX-nepw \oXn-bpsS Af-hp-tIm Ah am{X-am-Wv. [mn-I-ambn (k-Zm-Nm-cw) \apv A\p-Icn-m X-hw kw]q-\m-W-h (F-t^. 5:1).
3. \ymbw
(JUSTICE)
195
ssZhw \ymbm-[n-]-\mWv Fp ]d-bp-tm ]q-ambpw Ip-a--h BIpp Fw. ssZh-ns

\oXn \S-p-hm\p D-c-hm-Zn-Xz-amWv Ah\v \ymbm-[n-]-\mn ImWn-p--Xv. ssZh-n\p apJ-]-an (tdm-a. 2:11). ssZhoI \nb-as hI-h-bvmsX AXn-cp-I-S-p Bscbpw \ymbw-hn-[n-p--Xn
ssZhw bmsXmcp Zmn-Wyhpw ImWn-p-n-. CXn-emWv \ymb-ns kwXr]vXn (tdm-a. 5:13).
4. kvt\lw
(LOVE)
ssZhw kvt\l-am-Ip-p. Ip-a-Xpw hyh--I-fn-m--Xp-amb kvt\lw ssZh-nam-{X-amWv Zin-p-Xv. Ghpw icn-bm-bXpw {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-hp-amb Imcy- ap--hvthn sNp--XmWv kvt\lw. CXp
sNp-tmXs Aln-X-I-c-amb hnIm-c-fpw ]nXp-Sp-sIm-n-cn-pw. ssZh-ns kvt\l-n
]m-fn-I-fmbn AXns\ ap--h-cn-tep ]I-cp-tm-gmWv Ah\p ssZhs Adn-bp-hm CS-bm-Ip--Xv
(tbm-l. 13:34,35).
5. \nXy-Po-h
(ETERNAL LIFE)
ssZhw \nXy-Po-h BIp-p. Ah Fm-ehpw Dm-bn-cpp C\n Dm-bn-cn-p-Ibpw sNpw. \nXy-Poh\v Bcw-`tam Ah-km-\tam C. Fm hntcm-[n-I-fmb \app e`n \nXy-Po-h\v Hcp Bcw-`-ap-v,
]t Ah-km\w C. ssZhw ac-W-n-\-[o-\-\ B kXy-amWv \nXy-Po-h shfn-s-Sp-p--Xv.
6. k-i-
(OMNIPOTENT)
ssZhw k-i- BIp-p. CXns Aw B{K-ln-p--sXpw sNp-hm ssZh-n\p in-bps-m-Wv. CXn\v D-tam-Zm-l-c-W-amWv BImi `qan-I-fpsS krjvSn-v (D-ev]. 1:1) ""Ahs hN-\-m
BIm-ih
- pw, hmbnse izmk-m Ahs kIe ssk\yhpw Dfhmbn'' Fp \mw hmbn-p-p (ko. 33:6).
7. k-hym]n
(OMNIPRESENT)
ssZhw khym]n-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv Htc-k-a-bv Fm-bn-Spw Xs Dt-is \nhr-n-m ssZhn\p Ignbpw FmWv CXns Aw Fmw ssZhw BIpp F (Pantheism) ]ntbm ssZhw
Fm-bn-Spw D]-n-X-\m-Ipp Fm-Wv.
8. k-m\n
(OMNISCENT)
ssZhw k-m-\n-bm-Ipp. CXns Aw `qX, h-am-\, `mhn-sbmw Adn-bp--h-\mWv ssZhw

Fm-Wv. GXp Imcy-n-sbpw _lnK-a\w Fm-bn-cn-p-sav AYhm Hns nXnbpw kmy-XIfpw Fmw ssZh-n-\-dn-bmw. ssZh-ns \nXy-amb ]Xn CuhI-bp-sS-sbmw bmYy-fpw kab
]cn[n-Ifpw apIqn Adn-bpp (tdm-a.8:28-30).
9. am-an-m--h
(IMMUTABLE)
ssZhw am-an-m--h BIpp F-Xns Aw Ahs kbvtm kz`m-h-nt\m bmsXmcp

hyXn-bm-\hpw kw`-hn-p-nm Fm-Wv.
10. kXy-hm
(TRUTHFUL)
ssZh-amWv kw]q kXyw. Cu kz`mhw \ap--hs Fm hmp-Ifpw hniz-kn-m-sa-p Ddp Xcpp (kw-Jym. 23:19). hymPw ]d-bpI FXv ssZh-n\p Akm-y-amb HmWv (Xo-p. 1:2).
B. XXzw cv: {InkvXp shfn-s-Sp-nb hgn At\z-jn-pI
cm-as XXzw aqew Ncn-{X- ZrjvSn Fs\ {InkvXp-hn--tep tI{o-I-cn-n-cn-pp Fp a\-n-emp-p. tbip-{InkvXp kI-e-n-sbpw krjvSn-Xmhpw (tbm-l. 1:1,3,14; sImtem.1:16,17) Aev^-bpw, Hta-Kbpw, BZnbpw A-hpw, (sh-fn. 1:8) a\p-jym-h-Xmcw sNbvX GI kXy-ssZ-h-hhpw (^n-en. 2:68) BIpp
F hmkvX-ho-I-Xsb CXp Nqn-m-p-p.
ssZh-h-N-\s a\-n-emn IrXy-amb hymJym-\-n-\mbn \mw At\z-jn-p-tm Xnc-s-Sp-n-cn-p
196
{]tXyI `mKv tbip {InkvXp-hm-Ip kXys Fs\ ]d-n-cn-pp Fp t\mWw. CXn-\p

GI amw hyn, ew, km[\w Fn-h-sb-p-dn-p Xncp-sh-gp-nse ]cm-ai- tbip {InkvXphp-ambn Fs\ _-s-n-cn-pp Fp a\-n-emIp-XmWv. C-s\-bp At\z-jW ]T-\-n
bmYm kXy-n-\pw, Gw \-Xn\pw \ng-ep-I-fmbn \nevp \ym{]-am-W-mtem ap ]e-Xn-\mtem
kwXr-]vX-\m-ImsX bmYmyhpw, Ghpw \-Xp-am-b-Xns\ {]m]n-m Dm-ln--Ww (F-{_m. 10:1;
tbml. 14:6). Fm Bfp-I-fpw, e-fpw, hkvXp-fpw (km-[-\-), kw`-h-fpw ]g-b-\n-b-a-n
\mw hmbn-bvp-Xp tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-s\-p-dnp ]Tn-p-hm\pw a\-n-em-p-hm-\p-amb ssZhw Gm-Smn-bn-cn-p--Xm-Wv (1 sImcn. 10:16).
DZm-l-c-W-n\v tbm\m F hynsb FSp-mw, ssZhw Iev]n Ao-dn-b tZi-tbvp (\n-\-th)
t]mIp-hm a\-n-msX X\np t_m[n asmcp e-t-bvmWv tbm\m t]mb-Xv. Fm bm-{Xmaty Dmb kw`-h- aqew Ah IS-en hen-s-dn-b-s-Sp-Ibpw Ahs\ Hcp henb ayw hngp-nbnv Ao-dn-b tZi-amb \n\-th-bpsS Xoc-p- Xs inp-hm Ah\v CS-bm-bn. As\ ssZthm-ti-n-tep aS-n-h-cp-hm Ah\v CS-bm-bn. ay-ns hbn Bbn-cp aqp cmhpw ]Iepw tbip{InkvXp I-d-bvp-n Bbn-cp \mfp-I-sf-bmWv Nqn-m-p--Xv (a-m.12:39,40).
Hcp e-s-p-dn-m-Ip-tm t_Xve-tl-amWv tbip-{In-kvXp-h-ambn IqSp-X _w ImWn-p--Xv.
{]h-N\ \nhr-n-bmbn tbip AhnsS P\n-p (ao-Jm. 5:2). t]cns Aw ""A--fpsS `h\w'' FmWv.
tbip-{In-kvXp-hmWv bYm-n kz-n \nn-d-n-h Pohs Aw (tbm-l. 6:35).
Hcp hkvXp-hns\ (km-[-\-s) Nqn-m-p-tm \ng-ep-I-fmbn \nevp kam-K-a-\-Iq-Sm-c-hpw, tZhm-ebhpw tbip-{In-kvXp-hp-ambn _-s-n-cn-p--Xmbn ImWmw. AXn-\p-nse hnip e-s-p-dnp
Nnn-p-tm AhnsS ImgvNb
-
-
- ns taibpw s]m\n-eh
- n-fpw s]mp-s]m-Xn [q]-]o-Thpw tbip{In-kvXp-hns\ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p--Xmbn ImWmw. ImgvN-bw tbip-hm-Ip A-sbpw (tbm-l. 6:35),
hnfp temI-ns shfn--am-Iphs\bpw (tbm-l.8:12) ([q]w tbip-hnq-sS-bp hnip--m-cpsS
[sh-fn. 8:3,4] {]m-\-sbbpw [F{_m. 13:15,16]) shfn-s-Sp-p- kw`-h-fpw ]cn-tim-[n-p-tm tehy
bmK-fpw AXp An ]ptcm-ln-X-mcpw tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\pdn-mWv kwkm-cn-p--Xv (tehn. 17).
""tbip Hcn--em-bnv An--s, ]m]s Npa-sm-gn-p ssZh-Ip-mSv BIp-p'' (F{_m.
10:10-12; tbml. 1:29).
ss__n hnZymn kkqjvaw ]cn-tim-[n-m AXnse apJy-hn-jbw tbip-{In-kvXp-hm-Ipp Fp
ImWmw. 98
Dev]n:
krjvSn-Xm-hpw, kv{XobpsS k-Xnbpw (1:1; 3:15)
]pd-mSv:
]m]-ns {]mb-n--ambn Adp--s ssZh-Ip-mSv (12:113).
tehym-]p-kvXIw:
alm-]p-tcm-ln-X (ap-gp-h ]pkvX-Iw)
kwJym-]p-kvXIw:
bmtm-_ns \{Xw (24:17)
Bh\w:
tamisbt]msemcp {]hm-N-I (18:15)
tbmiphm:
btlm-h-bpsS ssk\y-ns A[n-] (5:13-15)
\ymbm-[n-]-m:
\ymbm-[n-]Xn (11:27)
cqv:
hos-Sp-p-Im-c (B.3)
iap-th:
cmPm--m-cpsS Imhv (2 iap. 7:18-20)
cmPm--m, Zn\-hr-mw: kz-n-sbpw `qan-bp-sSbpw Im-hv. (apgp-h ]pkvX-Iw)
F{km:
]p\-cp-m-c-I (1:1)
s\l-aymhv:
hniz- (9:32)
Ft:
\ tamt-Jmbn (B. 10)
Ctm_v:
Dbns-gp-tv aS-n-h-cp hos-Sp-p-Im-c (19:25)
ko-\-:
`mKy-hm-\mb a\p-jy (1)
ssZh-]p-{X (2)
{Iqin--s--h (22)
Dbns-gp-t--h (23)
hopw- h-cp--h (24)
hmgp--h (72)
197
kZr-iy-hm-Iy-:
k`m-{]-kwKn:
D-a-KoXw:
sbi-mhv:
bnc-aymhv:
hnem-]-:
sbl-kvIn-tb:
Zm\n-tb:
tlmsibm:
tbmth:
Btamkv:
Hm_-Zymhv:
tbm\m:
aoJm:
\lqw:
l_-qv:
sk^-\ymhv:
lmbn:
skJ-cymhv:
amemJn:
kvXpXn-Ip tbmKy (t\-Xm-hv) (150)

m\w (B. 4)
ad m\n-bmb a\p-jy (9:14,15)
Fs {]nb (2:16)
(IjvSw kln-ph {]mbm-nw ) (53)
\psS \oXn-bpsS Imhv (23:6)
ZpxJ ]pcp-j (1:12-18)
knwlm-k-\- (1:26)
XIp Iv (2:34)
Zmho-Zns henb cmPmhv (3:5)
kar-n-bpsS ssZhw (2:18,19)
C{k-tb-ens hntam-N-I (3:12)
kotbm ae-bnse hos-Sp-p-Im-c (hm. 17)
I_-d-S--sv Dbns-gp-t c-I (ap-gp-h)
\nXy\mb ssZhw (5:2)
t{Im[-Zn-h-k-n Hcp tIm (i-c-Ww) (1:7)
hnizm-k-ns \qcw (2:4)
\ymb-hn-[n-bp-sSbpw ipo-Ic
-W
--
- n-sbpw CS-bn \nevp-h
- (3:5,15)
Zn-n-p CS-b (2:17)
apf (3:8)
\oXn-kq-cy (4:2)
ambn:
atmkv:
eqtmkv:
tbml-m:
Atm. {]hn-I:
tdma:
1 sImcn-y:
2 sImcn-y:
Kem-Xy:
Ft^-ky:
^nen-n-b:
sImtem-y:
1 sX-tem-\y-Iy:
2 sX-tem-\n-Iy:
1 Xnsam-Y-tbmkv:
2 Xntam-Y-tbmkv:
Xoqkv:
^nte-tam:
F{_m-b:
bmtm_v:
1 ]t{Xmkv:
2 ]t{Xmkv:
1 tbml-m:
2 tbml-m:
3 tbml-m:
bqZm:
shfn-mSv:
blq-Z-m-cpsS cmPmhv (2:1)

btlm-h-bpsS Zmk (ap-gp-h)
]q-a-\p-jy (3:38;4:113)
ssZh-]p-{X (1:1)
kzm-tcm-lWw sNbvX Imhv (1:8,9)
\oXn (3:22)
acn--h-cn\n-p BZy-êw (15:20)
\ap-p-thn ]m]-am--s--h (5:21)
\ymb-{]-am-W-ns Ayw (3:10,13)
\psS km-bp-[-hw (6:11-18)
Fm Bh-iy--sfbpw ]qo-I-cn-p--h (4:19)
ap\n-bn--s--h (1:18)
aS-n-h-cp Imhv (4:15-18)
temIs \ymbw hn[n-m hcp Imhv (1:79)
ay- (2:5)
Inco-S-sf \evIp--h (4:8)
alm-ssZ-hhpw cn-Xmhpw (2:13)
XS-hp-Im-cs ]mfn (1:9)
hnizm-k-ns hn{i-aw, \ng-ep-I-fpsS s]mcp (911)
i-ns Imhv (5:4)
]g-b-\n-ba {]h-N-\--fpsS hnjbw (1:10,11)
ZoL--a-bp cn-Xmhv (3:9)
Pohs hN\w (1:1)
An-{In-kvXp-hns eyw (1:7)
kXy-ns BfXzw (1:3,4)
hnizm-kn-I-fpsS `{ZX (1:24,25)
cmPm-[n-cm-Pmhpw Im-[n-Imhpw (19:11-16)
`mKw 2
198
\nbaw cv
\nbaw cv : \s \bn-p-hm aXn-bmb thZ-`mKw D]-tbm-Knp bmYmyw
{Kln-p-hm-\p At\z-j-Ww.
Cu \nb-a-m Ffp--n a\-n-em-Ip Hcp thZ-`mKw Xnc-s-Spv AXp-hgn {]bm-k-ta-dnb `mKfpw a\-n-em-p-hm km[n-p-p.
CXn-t\mSp _-sv Bdp XXz- Dv. Cu XXz- hnZymnv Xncp-sh-gp-p-Isf hni-Z-ambpw
hnj-bm-\p-_--ambpw ]Tn-p-hm klm-bn-p-p. IqSmsX ssZhw Ncn-{X-n-eqsS shfn-s-Sp-p Xs
]-Xnbpw Cu hn`m-K-n \app hnNn\w sNm-hp--Xm-Wv. Hcp hnj-b-nse ssZhoI ]Xn hniZ-am-bntm, hnti-j-cq-]-ntem ]Tnv hymJym-\n-t--sX-s\sbpw CXn-\m {Kln-mw. a\p-jys
Cm-i-nbpw ssZhoI hmKvZ--epw hymJym-\-n Xpey ]m-fnw hln-p--Xm-Wv.
A.
XXzw aqv : shfn-mSv ]ptcm-K-a-\m--I-sav Xncn--dn-b-Ww.
ssZhw Hcp {]tXyI Ime-n-\-p-d-tpw Xs ]-Xn-I-sf-p-dn-p Adnhv ZoLn-n-pp FmWv

CXp-aqew a\-n-em-p--Xv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v Dev]n 3:15- BWv \mw ain-lmsbpdn-p BZy {]hN\w ImWp--Xv. CXn ]d-n-cn-p "kv{XobpsS k-Xn-sb-p-dn-p Adn-hmWv ]gb \nb-a-n
apgp-h hym]n-n-cn-p--Xv. A{_-lm-ans ""kXn''bmbpw (D-ev]. 12:3), C-lm-ns ""kXn'' Bbpw
(D-ev]. 21:12), bmtm-_ns ""kXn'' Bbpw (D-ev]. 35:10-12), blqZm tKm{X-n \np-h-\mbpw
(D-ev]. 49:811), bnim-bn-bp-sS Ipn-bn \np--h-\mbn (sb-i.11:1) Zmho-Zns `h-\-n\n-p--h-\mbpw
(2 iap. 7:12-16), Ahs P\\w t_Xve-tl-an (aoJm 5:2) Bbn-cn-p-sapw (k-o. 110:1), Ahs t]cv
Cm-\p-th Fm-bn-cn--W-sapw (sb-i. 7:14), Ah Hcp {]hm-N-I Bbn-cn-p-sapw (B-h. 18:18),
Hcp ]ptcm-ln-X Bbn-cn-p-sapw (k-o. 110:4), \ymbm-[n-]-\m-bn-cn-p-sapw (sb-i. 33:22), cmPm-hm-bn-cnp-sapw (bn-c-aym. 23:5), Ah ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-\m A`n-jn--\m-bn-cn-p-sapw (sb-i. 11:2), ssZh-`-h\-s-p-dnp Fcn-hp--h-\m-bn-cn-p-sapw (k-o. 69:9), {]kvXm-hn-n-cn-p-p.
shfn-m-Sp-I apI-fn ]d--Xp-t]mse Hcp {]tXyI kab ]cn-[n--pdw IS-p--Xm-Wv. Bb-Xn-\memWv ]ptcm-K-a-t\m-p-J-amb AYhm hnIm-k-t\m-p-J-amb shfn-mSv Fp ]d-bp--Xv. km[m-cW {]h-N\- IW-m-p-Xp Ah-bpsS kab ]cn-[npd-ap shfn-s-Sp--ep-Isf B{i-bn-m-Wv.
AXp-sIm-v, Hcp hnj-b-n tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p Hm-as kqN\ t\mn A\-c kw`-h-sf
a\-n-em-p-hm CXp _pn \evIp-p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Dev]. 3:1 kmms D]m-b-fpw hym]m-cfpw tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p. Cu ]mns\ ""km-m'' pdnp ]Tn-p-tm Ah NXn-b\pw ssZhns ]c-a-i-{Xphpw BIpp F kXyw a\-n-em-Ipw. a\p-jy-N-cn{Xw BI-am\w ]cn-tim-[n-m
kmm Hcn-epw \-bvmbn {]hn-n-n-m Imcyw hy-am-Ipw (sh-fn. 12:9; 20:2,3,10). Hmtcm
{]tXyI Ah-k-c--f-\p-k-cnv Ahs ]-Xn-Ip amw hcp-n-sb-nepw kao-]\ coXn-bvtm, at\m`m-h-nt\m amw hcp-n-bn-n- (sb-i. 14:12-14; shfn. 12;9; 20:78). Ah Cpw hmZn-p-Xv ssZh-ambn
XocpI FXv kmy-am-sW-mWv; Bb-Xn-\m-emWv ""A[-aqn'' shfn-s-Sp-tm (a-tlm-{Z-h-Im-ev) Ah tZhm-e-b-n Ccpv kzbw ssZh-sap {]Jym-]n-p--Xv (2 sX. 2:4).
199
]e-tmgpw Hcp hnj-b-n Aeo-\-am-bn-cn-p AwKo-I-cn--s--kXyw a\-n-em-p-hm AXns

{]mcw` kqN-\-I ]Tn-m aXn-bm-Ipw. thZ-]p-kvX-I-nse [mcmfw hnj-b-p kqN-\m-]m-T-
Dev]n ]pkvX-I-n-emWv InS-p--Xv. Bb-Xn-\m ss__n hymJym-Xm-hn\v Kuc-h-]q-hpw, hni-Zhp-amb ]cn-m\w Dev]n ]pkvX-Ispdnv Dm-bn-cn-t-Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.
B.
XXzw \mev: A-co-I-ambn hymJym-\n-p-I.
ssZhw Fv Dt-in-pthm AXp ]d-bp-I-bpw, Fp ]d-pthm AXv Ahs lrZ-tbm-tiw Bbn-cpp

Fp-amWv Cu XXzw \s {Kln-n-p--Xv. CXv h-fsc {]m[m-\y-ap Hcp \nb-a-amWv Fs-m \psS
hN\ ]T\w F-s\-bp-s-mWv CXp shfn-s-Sp-p--Xv. \mw \psS kzw Ipp-sf D]-tZ-inp-tm Ahv Hmn-cn-p-hm X-hn-[-n Gw sXfn-hmbn `mK- ssIam-dp-hm-\mWv B{Kln-p--Xv. ]e-tmgpw \mw ]d-bp Imcy- Ipp- a\-n-em-t--Xn\v Ahsb ]e {]Im-cn hnh-cnp sImSp-m-dp-v (F-{_m. 1:1). AXp-t]mse Ahsb ]e-{]m-hiyw Bhnp ]d-bm-dp-apv. \fpw ssZh-ns a-fm-I-bm (1 tbml. 3:1) ssZhw \psS ]nXmhv (ABBA or DADDY) BIp-p
(tdm-a. 8:15).
B-coI hymJym\w Fm ssZh-a- F \ne-bn ssZhw ]d-bp Imcy- A-co-I-ambn
AwKo-I-cn-pp Fw, Fs-m ssZhw ]d-bp-Xp kXy-am-Wv. Cu coXn BZy-ambn hN-\-ns
efn-X-hpw, sXfn-hpw, t\cn-p-ap BtKmf {]kvXm-h-\sb a\-n-em-p-hm klm-bn-p-p. km[m-c-Wbmbn Hcp hmIy-ns {]Imiw Hcp {]tXyI thZ-`m-Kp ad-n-cn-p Imcy-sf shfn--mn
Xcpw. CXn\p Ghpw tbmPn DZm-l-c-W- tbml-m 3:16 BIp-p ""Xs GI-Pm-X-\mb ]p{X\n hniz-kn-p Gh\pw \in-p-t]m-ImsX \nXy-Po-h {]m]n-t--Xn\v ssZhw Ahs\ \evIphm X-hw temIs kvt\ln-p.'' CXn-sem-cn-Spw ssZh-kvt\-l-s-p-dnp \n-b-an-m-bvatbm, kwi-bm-kv]-Z-amb hmp-I-tfm--]-t, Fn, XpS-n-bh D]-tbm-Kn-n-n-, ]nstbm ssZhw
temIs kvt\lnp Fp sXfn-hm-bpw, ""hniz-kn-p Gh\pw'' Fpw ""\nXy-Po-h Dv'' Fpw
IrXy-ambpw ]d-n-cn-p-p. AXm-bXv Cu {]kvXm-h\ efn-X-hpw, icn-bm-b-Xpw, t\cn-pw, BtKm-f-hym-]I-hp-am-Wv. CXn\p ssZhw \evIn-bn-cn-p hni-Zo-I-c-W-t-m IqSp-X-embn \evIp-hm \mw ]cn-{i-ant--Xn-.
asmcp {]kvXm-h\ tdma 3:23- ]d-n-cn-p-p ""Fm-hcpw ]m]w sNbvXp ssZh tXPv Cm--hcmbn Xop.'' ]m]-ns Ah ss__n-fn {]Imcw BtKm-f-hym-]-I-am-Wv. tbip-{InkvXp HgnsI
kIe a\p-jy-cnepw AXp hym]n-n-cn-p-p (1 ]t{Xm. 2:22). \nb-as m]n-p-hm\pw \nb-a-n\p amw
hcp-p-hm\pw ss__n-fn\p am{Xta Ign-bq. ssZh-ns km-{Xo-I-amb {]kvXm-h-\-Isf shfn-hm-p
Ahs hN-\-sf Hgn-hm-p-hm hymJym-Xm-hn\p (th-Z-hn-Zymn-v) kzmX{yw C. BI-bm tbip{In-kvXp-shm-gnsI _mn Fm-hcpw ]m]n-I BIp-p.
\ymb-ns Kn-jvS-X-bn \np-f-hm-p ad-n-cn-p-tXm Bg-ta-dn-btXm Bb A- \nNn-p-Xp \ncp--c-hm-Z-]-c-am-Wv. \mw t\cs N sNbvX {]Imcw Xncp-sh-gp-n-t\mSv ZrjvSm cqt]W-bp kao-]\w ssZhhN-\-tmSp Iqp tNp-Xpw, ]pcmW IYm cq]-n-ep kao-]\w Xncp-shgp-\npw \ow sNp--Xp-amb {]hn Bbn-cn-pw. ssZhw \app ap-dnhp Xn-p--XmWv
(sh-fn. 22:18,19). BI-bm hN-\-ns A-cm-amb Ncn-{X-n-em-I-bm Fm Ncn-{Xhpw {]m[m-\yapXp Xs (1 sImcn. 15). C{k-tb-en-s-bpw, k`-bp-sSbpw Ncn-{X-n \nc-h[n thZ-im-kv{X-]-c-amb
sXp-I IS-p-Iq-Sn-b-XmWv ]cm-P-b-Im-c-W-am-bn-o-Xv.
ap Nne DZm-l-c-W- km-{XnI {]kvXm-h-\-bvmbn ]d-bm-dp-Xv t\mp-I. ]Zm-\p-]Z hymJym-\n CXv {]m[m\yw \evIp--h-bm-Wv (tdma. 8:35-39; tbml. 3:16,18,36; Ft^. 2:810 1 tbm-l. 2:1-2;
Xoqkv 3:5).
200
C.
\nbaw Av : {]tXyIamb-hsb hnNn-\w sNp-I.
ss__n hymJym-\n-p-tm Nne {]tXyI tNmZy-p \mw Dcw Ip-]n-Sn-t--Xm-bn-p-v. DZml-c-W-ambn CXp ""Bcp ]dp?'' ""Btcm-Sm-WnXp ]d-Xv?'' ""Fp kml-N-cy-n CXp ]dp''
""Bsc-p-dn-mWv CXp ]d-bp-Xv?'' Fn-Xym-Zn.
{]amWw ASn-m-\-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-Xv As-n a\-n-em-n--cp-Xv ssZhw Ncn-{X-n aqp
coXn-I-fn-ep P\--fp-ambn kw ]pen-bn-cp-p, blq-Z-m, PmXn-I, k` (1 sImcn. 10:32).
Bb-Xn-\m Xncp-sh-gpv Bsc kzoI-cn--sp F-XmWv Ghpw {][m-\-s Imcyw. AXp a\-n-emn-bm Xncp-sh-gpv hmKvZ--amtWm DS--Sn-bmtWm ap-dn-bn-mtWm \tm-Sp--sXv a\-n-em-phm ]pw.
\psS XpSp DS--Sn-sb--n-bp ]T-\-n CXp a\-n-em-mw. PmXn-I (b-lq-Z-m-c-m--h)
DZm: \ncm-i-cm-bn... kpta-dn-b, _m_n-tem-Wn-b, Ako-dn-b, t]jy F-b
ssZhw bn{km-tb-ens\ NnX-dnpw Fp-am-{X-a- Iqn-h-cppw Fp hmKvZw sNbvXp. Fm Cu
hmKvZw asmcp cmjv{S-tmSpw sNbvXn-n-. Fm \mw B coXn-bn-ep Fs-nepw kwtbm-P\w
bn{km-tb-ep-am-bnp \S-n-bm \ sXn-e-I-s-Sp-hm kmy-X-bp-v.
cm-as DZm-l-cWw hmKvZ-tmSp _-sv Hcp cmjv{S-ns \ne-bn Nnn-p-tm, ew
]ucXzw XpS-n-bh ssZhw bn{km-tb-en\v I\m aptJ\ \evIn (D-ev]. 12:13, 13:15), Fm k`bvv
kz-n ]ucXzw \evIn (^n-en. 3:20). tZi-n\p \evInb hmKvZ-- Hcn-epw k`-bpsS hmKvZ--fmbn Iqn-p-g-bv-cp-Xv.
Ah-km-\s DZm-lWw bn{km-tb-ens A\p-{K-l- ssZh-tm-Sp Hcp _-ns ASn-m-\n-emWv (B-h. 8:710), PmXn-Ip A\p-{K-l- bn{km-tb-en\pw Ah-Im-i-s-Smw (D-ev]. 12:3).
Fm k`bvpw PmXn-Ip-ambn {]tXy-I-am-bn-p Hcp hmKvZw sImSp-n-n-.
D.
{]amWw Bdv : {]mYanI `mKns ]T\w.
Cu \nbaw \app a\nemnXcpXv Nne {]tXyI thZ`mK \psS Bob PohnXspdnpff

ssZhns at\m`mhw Fspff {]mYanI {]kvXmh\bmWv. ]etmgpw AhnShnSfnembn
NnXdnnSp thZ`mK IjWsf ssZhw Iqntv Hcp {]tXyI kXys AYhm ew
shfnsSpmdpv. Nne DZmlcW t\mpI:
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
tbip{InkvXphns Dbsgpt\ev]v
a\pjy\mhv
C{kmtbens ]p\cpmcWw
hnizmkns Imlf[z\n
ssZhafpsS inWw
k`
hnizmkmepff \oXoIcWw
\nbaw
ssZhns kmbp[w
kvt\lw
1 sImcn 15
bmtm.3
tdma.11
F{_. 11
F{_. 12: 111
Ft^ 13
tdma. 3: 10 21
]pd. 20
Fs^ . 6: 1017
1 sImcn. 13
Cu \nbaw aqew Xncpshgpnse {]mYanI `mKfnse {][m\ Imcysf ImWphm\pw AhtbmsS

A\p_snpff ap `mKsfqntphm\pw Ignbpp.
DZmlcWn\v , thZ]pkv X Inse AXn{][m\hnjbamb kv t \lns KpWKW
201
shfnsSppp. 1 sImcn. 13:48a hscbpff `mKw FSpmw. GXmv ]Xn\mdp KpW ]q

AtfmsS AhnsS {]kvXmhnnpv. \apnXv am{Xw HcmgvN msSpphm\pv.
kvt\lw ZoLambn anpIbpw ZbImWnpIbpw sNpp; kvt\lw
kv]npn, kvt\lw \nKfnpn, Nopn, AtbmKyambn
\Spn, kzmw At\z-jn-p-n, tZjysSpn. A\oXnbn
ktmjnmsX kXyn ktmjnpp, Fmw s]mdppp, Fmw
hnizknpp, Fmw {]Xyminpp, Fmw klnpp, kvt\lw Hcp\mfpw
DXnp t]mIbn.
CXpt]mse atm. 12:2931 hscbp `mKv GXmWv {][m\ Iev]\sbv tbip{InkvXp {]mhnp
Xmbn hmbnpp.
Fmnepw apJyIev]\tbm, bn{km-tbte tI; \psS ssZhamb
Imhv GIImhv, \ns ssZhamb Imhns\ \o
]qlrZbtmSpw, ]qa\tmSpw ]qintbmSpw IqsS
kvt\lnWw FmIpp. cmatsXm IqpImcs\ \nstmse Xs
kvt\lnWw Ft{X.
Cu cp Iev]\Ifnepw kvt\lns KpWsfbmWv DsmffnncnpXv, BbXn\m \app
icnbmb hnebnSph ssZhapmsIbpw,apffhcpsS apmsIbpw \Sm Ignbp Hcp
a\kmnbmWv Bhiyw. kvt\lns {]m[m\y atmkp 12 ImWpsn 1 sImcn. 13
BWv AXns {]XyXsbpdnp hmbnpXv.
1 sImcn. 13se Imcy icnbmbn a\nempXn\v \nfpsS lrZbtmSpXs C{]Imcw
tNmZnpI. ""Rm anpptm?'' ""Zb ImWnpptm?'' ""kv]npptm?''
Cu \nbans asmcpZmlcWw F{_. 6:1017 hscbp `mKp]dncnp ssZhns
kmbp[hnhnpv . CXmWv hnizmknIfpsS Bob Bbp[hsIpdnpw
]dncnp GIew. AhcpsS BsI kXyspdnp sbi. 11:5epw, \oXn F Imespdnv
1 sX. 5:8epw Bobhmfns\pdnv F{_m. 4:12epw hmbnpp.
E. {]amWw Ggv : am\pjnI XncsSpns\ XncndnbpI.
Cu \nbaw hnhcnpXv ssZhw a\pjy\psImSpncnp CminbpsS kzmX{yspdnmWv.

Cu Xocpam\saSpm\p CminbpsS DchmZnXz tbml. 3:18; Ken. 6:7epw Dv. CminbpsS
]q shfnsSpemWv Dev]. 2:3 se BZmansbpw lmbpsSbpw ]co.
ssZhw Xs km\n a\pjy \XnIsfpdnpff Adnhns hrêw Xnpsap
a\nemnbncpp. Fm Ahv tZmjambn XoXns ImcWmc ssZha adnv
hnesXns\ Xnphm Ah FSp Xocpam\w (C) BWv ImcWambXv. As\ a\ns
sXmb XncsSpns êambnmWv Ah tXmn\p ]pdmtIn hXv (tdma. 8: 29;
1 ]t{Xm. 1:1,2).
a\pjys XncsSpns in shfnsSpp \nch[n hmpI Dv. hnizknpI. (Believe)
B{ibnpI, hnizmkw ( Faith). Cu cp]Zpw {Kon Hcp aqeamWpffXv. ssZhw Xs
km\n AsXms Xs ]p{X\mb tbip{InkvXphn hnizknv c{]m]npsav Adnbpp
Fncpmepw hnizmkn\mhiyambsXmpw ssZhw \ow sNbvXn.
a\pjys icnpw sXmb XncsSppIsfpdnv ss__n tcJsSpnbnpv. Ch AXns
BcnI Aksb shfnhmpIbpw sNpp. Cu \nban ss__n tcJsSpnbncnp
a\pjys sXmb Xocpam\sfbmWv \mw ImWpXv. ssZhw {]tXyIm Bm]npXpw
AtXkabw Xs Dt- i - n- \ mbn a\pjy\v \InbXpamb Cmin AYhm icnbpw sXpw
202
XncsSpm\pff AhImin Zpcp]tbmKw Xs. a\pjys {]hrnIsf ss__nfn

tcJsSpnbncnpXn\m Ahsbmw ssZhlnX{]Imcapffhsbv IcpXcpXv. bqZmkv Xs
HnsmSppsa Imcyw tbiphn\dnbmambncpp. tbip CXns\Xncmbn bqZmkn\v apdnbnpw
\evInbncpp (am. 26:24), Fnpw Ah Xs Cminbp]tbmKnv Kpcphns\ Xffn ]dv ]m]
{]hrnbpsS êw A\p`hnpIbmbncpp.
XncsSpm\pff kzmX{yw ssZhw a\pjy\p \evInbnpsnepw icn am{Xw XncsSpm\pff
]qIgnhnmXn\m a\pjyhw sXpw ]m]hpambhtbbpw XncsSppp Fp
a\nemnthWw hymJym\w sNphm.
F.
{]amWw Fv : D`bkXw AYhm DSSnsb HmpI.
Cu \nban ssZhhpw a\pjy\pw Xnepff DSSnbpsS XncndnhmWv e`npXv. a\pjykXn

t\Sm hyhm]nXambn sNbvXncnp DSSnIfpw, ssZhhN\ns kXymhbn hyhI
IqSmsXbpff DSSnIfpw Dv.
DSSnI AXymhiyamWv Fsm ssZhw a\pjycpambn Fs\ CSs]Sppsh Ncn{Xns
{]mYanI Ahsb ImWm AXp klmbnpp. ssZhoI DSSnIsf a\nemn Ahs
hmKvZfm \psS PohnXsf \bnphm A\phZnm F{X Ipgw ]nSn thZ`mKfpw
sXpIqSmsX hymJym\nm \app Ignbpw. DZmlcWambn am\h Ncn{Xnse {]bmkfpw
Iem]]qhpamb Ahkcfnepw ssZhw C{kmtbens\ \njv I mk\w sNmsN Xs
hmKvZ{]Imcw ]cn]men hn[w Xs (tehn. 26).
hyn]camb ]T\n\mbn H]Xp hmKvZ \nba (DSSnI) Dv . Xncpshgpn Ahbvpff
m\hpw AhbpsS eLphnhcWamWv ChnsS {]kvXmhnpXv:
1.
GZ\y DSSn
GZtXmn hv ssZhw BZmant\mSpw lmtbmSpw sNbv X DSSnbmWv GZ\y DSSn

FdnbsSpXv (Dev]. 12). AXpa\pjys A\pkcWntepw ssZhm\p{Klns kw]qX
bpsS Aconepw (2:8) ]qamb Bib{Iahpw (2: 9) ]qamb Imemhbpw (1:6,7; 3:8) icnbmb
ssewKoInepw (2:2125) ssZhhpambp Zn\w{]XnIqmgvabnepw (1:26, 27; 3:8) ASnm\sXmbncpp.
DSSn a\pjy AwKoIcnsnepw hnes I\n BlcnpIhgn AXp ewLnsSpIbpw sNbvXp.
GZXy DSSn Cp {]_eynensnepw AXn IqsS \evInbncnp ]e A\p{Klfpw a\pjy
hns `mhn D]tbmKn\mbn kqnsncnpp. ]pXphm\`qanbn {]thinphmbn
Ah \ne\nev pXmIbm (shfn. 21 22) GZ tXmnse DSSntbmSpIqsS Chsbmw
Xoncnppshv hymJym\npXv. tbip{InkvXphn IqsS ssZhw \evIp A\p{KlfmsX
a\pjyhn\p aphn[amb bmsXmpw {]m]nphm km[npIn.
2.
BZmay DSSn
CXpw ssZhw BZmant\mSpw lmtbmSpw GZ tXmn hp sNbvX DSSnbmWv. ]t Ah

]m]n \n]XnXn\ptijambncpp Fpam{Xw (Dev]. 3: 14 -19), CXp hyhIfnmXmbncpp.
Cu DSSn DmIm ImcWw a\pjy BZy]m]w Bbncpp. CXns\bmWv hogv N Fp
hntijnnncnpXv. CXns êambn ssZhw Ahsc hn-h
- s\ i]np (3:14). ApapX BZmans
hhpw, kns hhpw Xnepff t]mcmw Ncn{X kw`hambn XpScpp (3: 14, 15). kv{XobpsS
ta ]pcpj\p B[n]Xyw Iev ] npIbpw thZ\tbmSpIqsS asf {]khnphm\p in
203
sImSppIbpw sNbvXp (3: 16), `qan i]nsSp ( 3: 1719) Ibpw Dev]mZ\ amw sshjayapffXmIpIbpw
sNbvXp. ]pcpj\pw kv{Xopw imcocacWw hn[nsp. (3: 19 knF^v 2:17) cpt]cpw tXmn
\npw ]pdmsSpIbpw sNbvXp (3: 1719).
BZmay DSSnIfpsS êw a\pjys bpK]camb PohnXhrnIfneqsS kl{km_vZn\ptijw ssZhw
kmms\ Xos]mbvIbn XffnbnSpImew hsc \ofpp (shfn. 20: 710), BZmans hogvNbpsS êw
kq a\pjyhnta hym]np FImcyw hnkvacncpXv ( tdma. 5: 1214).
3.
t\msslI DSSn.
Dev ] . 8:209:17 hscbp `mKmWv \mw Cu DSSnsb ImWpXv . t\mlbpsS Imes

Pe{]fbn\ptijamWv ssZhw t\mlbpambn DSSn (hmKvZw) sNbvXXv. hyhI Hpw IqSmsX
{]fbn\p appff P\Xsbpdnpw Ahsc \innXns ImcWspdnpw kwkmcnnv taen
a\pjyhs Pe{]fbm \innpIbns hmKvZw \evIn. IqSmsX hopw `qanbn hnp
s]cpIphm\pw (9:1) amwk`Wn\pff A\paXnbpw (9: 24) Ipe]mXIn\p acWinbpw (9: 5,6)
AXn DsSppIbpw, ssZhoI hnizXbpsS ASbmfambn DSSn IqSmsX BImihnXm\n
aghnpw \nn.
{]fbtmSpIqsS Bcw`n t\msslI DSSn Ftpw \ne\nevpp. sNdnb sNdnb Pe{]fbfmWv
tZipw Poh\psams Hcp {]Imcn Cpw hn\miw kw`hnpsnepw BtKmfhym]Iamb
{]fb \miw ]noSpmbnn. arKamwkw `nptm A\paXn e`nXn\m kkymlmcta Ignmhq
F \n_hpw icnb (Zm\n. 1). Cu DSSnbpsS Ahkm\ `mKw Cpw \ne\nevpp
acWinbpsS {]m_eytmsSbmWv.
4.
A{_lmay DSSn
A{_lmapambpff DSSnbpsS ASnm\w Dev]. 12:1-3 hscbpff `mKamWv. AXns _mn ]{Xw
]nmse \evIs]Sppapv. Cu hyIfnt Ap \evInbXv, AXn {]Imcw A{_lmw ssZhw
AhtcmSv Bhiys Imcysf sNpIbmbncpp. A\cêtam Cu hmKvZw Ahs hcm\pff
XeapdIpw AhImiambn Xop.
A{_lmant\mSpff hmKvZn hyn]camb A\p{Klfpw Fanm XeapdIfpw, kpw
Hcp ]Whpw, kmaqlnI t\XrXzw Iqmb A\p{Klfpw, kwcWhpw, ainlmbpsS hmKZhpw
Dsmncpp (Dev]. 17:18).
A{_lman\p ssZhw \evInb hmKvZtfmSp IqsSbmWv Cu DSSnbpsS XpSw. ainlmbpsS sse
]qnbmpXv tbip{InkvXphns Hmw hcthmsSbmWv ( Kem. 3:16). ùXoIamb A\p{Kl
hnhn[ kabfnembn A{_lman\pw kXnIpw e`nsnepw kw]qamIpXv
kl{km_vZkm{amPynembncnpw. BIbm Cu hmKvZfpsS ]qX Fm bpK ]cn]mSnIsfbpw
ISmWv kl{km_vZn FpXv.
ssZhhN\ns ]TnnepIsf IqSpX {itbmsS a\nemnbmte Ipgw \nd `mKfpsSbpw
Aw Fsp Xncndnbphm\pw \nbasf bYmhn[n {]tbmKnphm\pw IgnbpIbpffq.
am. 11:2024 se thZ`mKw t\mpI:
]ns Ah Xs hocy{]hnI anXpw \S ]W
am\kmsSmbvIbm Ahsb imknp XpSn. tImckns\, \n\p
lm Ijv S w; t_v k bntZ \n\p lm Ijv S w. \nfn \S
hocy{]hrnI tkmcnepw kotZm- \ nepw \Sncpsn Ah
204
]pXs cnepw shodnepw am\kmcsSpambncpp. Fm

\ymbhn[n Znhkn \ntfm tkmcn\pw kotZm\pw
klnmhXmIpw Fp Rm \ntfmSp ]dbpp. \otbm
I^lqta, kztmfw Dbncnptam? \o ]mXmfw hsc
XmWpt]mIpw; \nn \S hocy{]hnI tkmtZm- a n
\Sncppshn AXp Cphsc \npambncpp. Fm
\ymbhn[n Znhkfn \ntm tkmtZmaycpsS \mn\p
klnmhXmIpw Fp Rm \ntfmSp ]dbpp.
Ir]bm bn{kmtbImv A{_lm\nt\mSpff ssZhoI DSSn {]Imcw A\pXm]n\p {]tXyI
Ahkc IqSpXembn e`np. Fnpw Ah am\kmsSmbv I bm ITn\tadnb in
A\p`hntn hp. Ncn{Xn \npw AhcpsS cmjv{Ss Ftpambn \onbnnsp am{Xw.
5.
tamssiI \nbaw
ko\mbn aeta \ymb{]amWw sImSppsImv ssZhw tamibpambn sNbvX hmKvZ DSSnbmWnXv.

]pdw. 20 epw, tehym, kwJym, Bh\w Fo ]pkvXIfn hnhn[ CSfnembqw CXp ImWmhpXv.
Cu \nbahpw hyhm]nXamWv. A\pkcnph A\p{KlnsSpIbpw, A\pkcWtSpImph
i]nsSpIbpw sNpp (tehn. 26).
tamssiI {]amWns {]Ya Dtiw ainlmsb shfnsSppIbmWv ( Kem. 3: 24, 25), IqSmsX AXp
ssZhns kmmnI \nbasbpw shfnsSppp. tehym]ucmlnXyw, kamKa\IqSmchpw
ip{iqjIfpw XpSn bn{kmtbImcpsS aX]camb PohnX coXnIp thsXmw AXn
\evInbncnpp.
\ymb{]amWs kw]qambn XnIbvphm\mWv tbip{InkvXp hXv (am. 5:17). Fm Cu
{]amWw bn{kmtbens bpKntepam{XapffXmbncpp. AXmbXp \ymb{]amWw sImSp \mapX
(]pd. 20) s]tmkvXpZn\w hscbpff ImeLw (k`mImebfhns Bcw`w hsc). IqSmsX k`bpsS
FSppsIms]Sen\ptijw hcp atlm-]-{Zh Imehpw CXns]SpXmWv.
]gb\nbanse ]e {]tXyI \ntifpw \ymb{]amW ImeLntep am{XapffXmbncpp
FtmWw. DZmlcWn\p ]earKtfbpw ""Aipsap'' hn[nv Ahsb `npXp
hnenbncnpp (tehn. 11). Fm Cp tbip{InkvXphn\m ""ipoIcnshv'' Cu \nbaw
_m[Iat]mepw (amtm. 7: 1418).
6.
ZmhoZpambp DSSn
ssZhw ZmhoZnt\mSp sNbvX DSSn 2 iap. 7:819epw, ko. 89epw ImWpp. hyhIsfmpw IqSmsX
ZmhoZn\v Hcp ""henb aIs\'' hmKvZw sNpp. CXp hcphm\ncnp ainlmtbbpw, Ahs temI
Khsan-s\bpw shfnsSpphm\mbncpp.
ZmhoZpambpff DSSn IqSpX {]_eambncpXv Ahs cmPhmgv N bpsS Imembncpp.
""tbip{InkvXphns'' Hmw hchn Hcp DSSnbpsS Hcp `mKw \nhrnbmbn (eqtm. 1: 32).
DSSnbpsSêw \nXyamWv.
Hcn ZmhoZns hwins tbminbmhv Fmw hbn knwlm\\mbn (2 cmP. 22:1). B
ImepPohnncp blqZmp ssZhoI hmKvZsf B{ibnphm\pw {]Xyminphm\pw km[np.
]nXmhmb ssZhw tbip{IkvXphn\v kznnepw `qanbnepw Dff kIe A[nImcfpw \evIn
(am. 28:18). Atm Cu DSSnbpsS Hcp \nhrnIqSnbmbncpp AXv. tbip{InkvXp kzob
205
knwlmk\n Ccnpp FXmWv hnizmknIfpsS {]XymibpsS ss[cyw (F{_m. 8:1).

F{XbpwthKw `qanbn Xs knwlmk\w m]npXmbncnpw (am. 25: 31).
7.
Ah
]mekvXo DSSn
]mekvXo DSSn FXv A{_lmans DSSnbpsS XpSXsbmWv. CXp hyhm]nXamWv.

ssZhoI \ymb{]amWsf ewLn bn{kmtb P\X NnXdnsSpIbpw ASnaXzn t]mtIn
hcnIbpw sNbvXpshnepw A\pX]npIbpw A\pkcnpIbpw sNbvXm aSn hcpmsap
mbncpp (Bh. 30:110).
Cu \nbaw bn{kmtbep bpKntebvpffXpw ainlmbpsS cmwhchn \Sp bn{kmtbens
Iqntn kw]qamsSpXpamWv (am. 24 : 31; atm 13: 27). am{Xahpa A{_lmant\mSp
hmKvZwsNbvX AhImi`qanbpsS AXnn an{ibnw \ZnapX bq{ôkp hscbpff `mK Cv
Ahv A\ysanepw Amfn Ahp e`yampXpamWv (Dev]: 15: 18).
8.
bn{kmtbepambpff ]pXnb DSSn.
ssZhw bn{kmtb Krlhpambn Hcp ]pXnb DSSn sNbvXXns\pdnv bnc 31: 3134 hscbp `mKp
]dncnpp. CXns\ F{_mb teJ\ Imhpw FSpp ]dncnpp (F{_m. 8: 812). Fm
CXp tbip{InkvXphns cmemWv ncsSpXv FXt{X hntijw (F{_m. 9 : 11-14), am{Xhpa
hopw P\\w {]m]n blqZmv CXp hyhIfnmsX {]m]nmhpXpamIpp.
DSSnbnse hmKvZhnjbfmb BtKmfmSnm\n \evIsncnp ]cnipmmhns
A[nhmkhpw ùXnI kmZyfpw (bnc.32:41; sbi.61:8) ]qamsSpXv kl{km_v Z
cmPynembncnpw. Fm XncpshgppIsf ]Tnp Hcm Hmncnt {][m\Imcyw Cu
A\p{Klsfmw hnizmknIfmb blqZmp am{XapffXmsWpw AXmsX blqZ\mbn P\n
FmhpapffXmsbpamWv.
9.
]pXnb \nba k`tbmSpff ]pXnb DSSn
am. 26:26- 2 8 hsc- b p hmIy- n {]Imcw Hcp ]pXnb DSSn ]pXnb \nbak`bpambpw
sNbvXnpspImWmw. tbip{InkvXphn hnizknphp CXp hyhIfnmsX
{IqioIcWnsbpw AXns Hm \ne\np Irtai (hnip kwkw) bpsSbpw
ASnm\nemWnXv (F{_m. 9:1114; 1 sImcn. 11:25). CXns ay tbip{InkvXp (F{_m. 9: 15).
BIbm hnizmknIfpsS ]utcmlnXyw kpncamsncnpXp IqSmsX (F{_m. 9:11) AhcpsS
hmKvZfpsS \nhrn Cu Imepw \nXyXbnepw \nhrnbmsSpIbpw sNpp.
Cu DSSn k`bpsS m]\ Znhkamb s]tmkvXp apX ( Atm. 2) aptmpff ImesamamWv
thZhnZymnsb \nebn Cu \nban Iogn e`np A\p{Kl Ftpw
\ne\nevpXmsWpw Hcnepw FSppIfbsSphbspw \mw AdnncnWw. BIbm
k`mbpKn Pohnp hnizmknp kw]q kpcnXXzw Dv . Fsmw {]bmk
A\p`hntn hmepw ssZhw Ahsc ssIhnSpn, ssIhnSpIbpan (am. 28:1820).
206
`mKw 3
\nbaw aqv
\nbaw aqv : XncpshgppIsf XncpshgppIfpambn XmcXmayw sNpXn\v
m\nbmIm {ianpI.
aqmas \nbaw XncpshgppIsf a\nemphm\pw icnbmbn {]tbmKnphm\pw Bhiyamb m\w
At\zjnpIbmWv . HcpImcyw \mw a\nempIbpw hnizknpIbpw thXv ssZh`mKp
IpgsampanmsbXmWv (1 sImcn.14:33). FhnsS m\w IpdhmtWm AhnsS m\h\hv
\evIm\mWv ssZhw IS--Y-I-fpw, kmZrifpw Xncpshgpn DsmffnncnpXv (kZr: 1:26).
hyJym\n C{X IqSpX kwthKan-mbva ISp IqSnbXv XncpshgppIsf XncpshgppIsImv
XmcXmayw sNmXn\memWv. hymJym\nm XncsSpncnp thZ`mKw ap`mKfpambn
Fs\ _sncnpp Fv AdnncnWw. ssZhhN\w ]Tnp Hcm Xs
kzPohnXsqSn t\mpXmWv _pn. ssZhhN\ ]T\n Hcp hmmIs, hmIyamIs
hnpIfbmXncnm {inWw. henb hyXymk CXpaqew DmIpXmWv.
Cu \nbatmSp _sv thsd Bdp {]amW IqSnbpv. ssZhhN\n AhbpsS hyXymk
FsdnncnWw. k`sf t\mn AXv {KlnWw. XmcXay hymJym\w XncpshgppIfpsS
]ckv]c sFIynt\bpw bpK]cambXpw {]hN\nI]cambXpamb ]T\n ASnm\sncnpp.
A.
{]amWw H]Xv : hyXymksf t\mpI.
ssZhw hn-cn-p hyXymksf a\nemphm Cu \nbaw klmbnpw. asmcp {]Imcn

thZ]pkvXIw FSppImp hnizmkhpw {]hnbpw cbpw ]m]hpw, \ymb{]amWhpw Ir]bpw
XpSn \nch[n hnjb Xnepff hyXymkw Xncndnbphm CXp klmbnpp. hymJym\nbpsS
apn CsXmw Hcp shphnfnbmWv.
DZmlcWn\v hnizmkhpw {]hrnbpw Xnepff hyXymkw Ft^. 2:810 hscbp `mKp
]dncnpXp ImWpI:
Ir]bmetm \n hnizmkw aqew cnsncnpXp;
AXn\p \n ImcWa, ssZhns Zm\at{XbmIpp. Bcpw
{]iwknmXncnm {]hnIfpw ImcWa. \mw Ahs
ssInbmbn k{]hnImbnp {Inkv X ptbip- h n
krjv S nshcmIpp; \mw sNbv X t]mcmn\p ssZhw
Ahkcsamcpnbncnpp.
Xobmbpw c Ir]bm hnizmkw aqeamWv {]hrnIfme. Fm {]hnIpff {]m[m\yX
Xn-f
- b
- p-Ib
- p-ac
- pXv. {]hnI cmbn, ]nstbm {InkvXob PohnXns {]m[m\yXbmWh.
hnizmkn\v AXnXs B\p-Iqeyfn. Fmw AXns ASnm\LSIn ASnbncnpXp
207
am{XamWv. Hcphs hnizmkw hnizmktmSpIqsSsbnse B{ibnth\n A{ibnm

km[npIbpffq. \apdnbmw \mw Fmw ]m]nIfmbm \n Xs B{ibnpXv hnthI]camb
Hcp XncsSpsv (tdma 3: 23).
Hcp h Kns Ccphifnepw \nevp _elo\amb hrNnIfn _nncnp Hcp
\nmc NcSn Xqn Hcp henb `mcapff a\pjy Hcp hip\nv adphitp t]mIphm {ianm
AXv hnizk\obtam hnthI]qtam Bb HmbncnpIbn. Fm _eapff Hcp hSw inbpff
cp hrfn sIn AXn Xqn Apdw ISpIsbXv hnizkn Hmbncnpw.
tbip{InkvXp ]m]sf Xs icocn hlnp {Iqint acnpIbpw hopw acnhcn \nv
DbsgptpIbpw sNbvXp FXv hnizknmhp ImcyamWv.
Hcp {]hrnbvv AXntXmb Hcp \ hiapv, AXns {]IrXn ASnbncnp \
s]cpammemWv ]mhshsc klmbnm IgnbpXv (Ken. 2: 10). Fncpmepw bmsXmcp \
{]hnbmepw \apv cs]Sphm IgnbpX (Xotm. 3: 5). Fm tbip{InkvXphnepff \psS
hnizmks {]XnênnpXn\mbnmWv ssZhw k{]hnIsf \apv XncnpXv .
bYmn tbip{InkvXphns \man \mw sNp {]hnIsmw Hcp Znhkw IWp
t_m[nntXpw {]hnISp {]Xnêw {]m]ntXpamIpp (2 sImcn. 5 : 10). Imhp
\appsNbvX D]Imcpff \nkqNIambnmbncnWw \psS {]hnIfpw. Hcnepw \psS
hyn]camb t\mbncncpXv.
asmcp hyXymkw \app Nnnm\pffXv hnizmknIfpsS cm`{ZXbpw Ahcnepff ]m]mhbpsS
bmXmyhpamIpp.
\mw i{Xpfmbncnptm {InkvXp \appthn acnXnt\m hepXmsbmcp {]hrn ssZhn\p
sNm\nmbncpp. As\sbn \mw Ahs `h\nse AwKfmbn Xotijw Ah\n \np
Fn\p IpdXp {]XonWw (tdma. 5:610).
ss__n hyampXv cnstijhpw hnizmknp ]m]w sNphm\pff kmyX DsmWv:
\app ]m]w Cm Fp \mw ]dbpsn \s Xs
hnpp; kXyw \n CmsXbmbn. \psS ]m]sf
Gp]dbppshn Ah \tmSp ]m]sf anp kIe
A\oXnbpw t]mn \s ipoIcnm Xhw hniz\pw
\oXnam\pw BIpp. \mw ]m]w sNbvXnn Fp ]dbppshn
Ahs\ AkXyhmZnbmpp. Ahs hN\w \n CmsX
bmbn (1 tbml. 1: 810).
bmsXmcp kwibhpan Cu `mKw hnizmknIsf kw_nphbmWv . \psS ]m]tmSpff
BknsXncmbn F{Xtbm apdnbnpIfmWv ]pXnb \nabn XncnpXv . BIbm
hnizmknbpw ]m]w sNpw FXn Bpw Xan. ]t Hcp hnizmkn ]m]w sNbvXm c
\jvSsSptam Ctbm ? FXmWv ]etcbpw Aep tNmZyw.
ss__nfnse ]e ]pkv X Ifnsetmse tdmam teJ\n c FpffXp Hcp \nXyamb
bmXmyambnmWv ]dncnpXv. AXpsImv Ctm {InkvXpthiphnepffhp Hcp inm
hn[nbpw C. Pohs Bmhns {]amWw F\nv ]m]nsbpw acWnsbpw {]amWn
\np {Inkv X pthiphn kzmX{yw hcpnbncnpp (tdma. 8:1,2), FmWv ]ueqkv
]dncnpXv. sImcnybnse k` Fanm ]m]fn IpSpnbncnpXmbn ImWpp.
]ueqkv Ahsc ""PUoImscmWv hnfnXv (1 sImcn. 3:1,2). Fm Hcnepw ""cnsSmh
Fp hnfnn, adnv hnipmcpsS ""k` FmWv hntijnnncpXv (1 sImcn 1:2).
208
Xobmbpw {InkvXym\nIp ]m]ntev hgpXnt]mIm\pff kmyXIfpv. Fm AXpaqew

c \jvSsSpp Fan. \mw Ahnizmknbmbnomepw Ah hniz\mbn ]mpp.
Fv 2 Xntam. 2: 13 hmbnpp.
Hcp {InkvXym\n ]m]w sNptm AXns ]cnWnXêambn Ah\p e`ntnbncp {]Xnêw
\jvSsSppIbmWv: \mw Xn--d-bp-sa-n Ah \sbpw Xn--d-bpw (2 Xntam. 2:12). GXp-{]Im-c-m-ep ]m]-mepw \mw {InkvXp-hns\ Xn--d-bp--h BIp-tm Ah-t\mSp IqsS hmgp-hm\p `mKy-m\w \mw \jvS-s-Sp-p-I-bm-Wv.
Cu ZrjvSmfn IqsS ssZhhN\n ssZhw hncnp hyXymksfbmWv \app ImWm
IgnbpXv, ]t Hcp PohnXImew apgph Nnehnmse AXpIp]nSnm\pw Ahbnse hyXymk
Xn Dff _w Xncndnbm\pw km[npIbpffq.
B.
{]amWw ]v : k`ns ]cnKW\.
Cu \nbaw aqew \app shfnhmbn Inp bmYmyw Hcp hmnstbm, hmIynstbm ]nmse
hcphsbpdnpff apdnbnmWv (Hmasbpw Ahkm\sbpw hmIy HgnhpffhbmWv).
ùXnI m\_fmWv IqSpXembn Xncndnbm IgnbpXv. ssZhw Xs {]Imis Hcp
hmIyn IqsStbm AXn\Sp thZ`mKpIqsStbm Bbncnpw AXnse {][m\hnjbw
shfnsSppXv. Nnetm CXn\p kam\amb asmcp `mKp\nmbncnpw.
HcphmIyns hnjbm\p_ambnpff Aw amn asmv Hcnepw \evIcpXv. bYmamb
As amn asmv sImSppXv kzw Bibsf XncpInIbn hN\s tImnIfbpIbmWv.
Cu hn[]cnNbw kXyn \np ]qambn amphmt\ klmbnpIbpffq.
hnjbmSnm\nepff hymJym\w Ftmgpw Bcp kwkmcnpp, BtcmSv kwkmcnpp, FmWv
B `mKnse hnjbns {][m\ Dtiw ens {][m\yX Fnh hfsc {][m\sXmWv.
Xncpshgpn aqp hn[nepff k`m]camb hymJy\ Dv :
1.
ASppff k`w (]mew)
Hcp JWvUnIbnse hmIysfbmWv ASppff kàmbn FSppXv. DZmlcWn\v Ke. 5:1-

kzmX{yn\mbnp {InkvXp \s kzX{cmn; BIbm AXn Ddp \nev]n; ASnaXzn
]nsbpw IpSpnt]mIcpXv. ASnaw F]Zw Hcp {]tXyI etm, kabtm \SncpXpw,
imcocnIambn asmcphs A[o\Xbntem GsXnepw cmjv{Sob hn`mKfpsS A[o\Xbntem kw`hn
Imcyambntm FSppImWnphm\mWv \ DtinpXv . Fm ChnsSbmIs Bob
ASnaXzsbmWv hnhnpXv. \ymb{]amWns ImNmc (hntijm ]cntZ\) BWv
a\pjyhs ASnasSpnbncnpXv, AXn\pffn \npw csSphm (kzmX{yamhm)
IgnbpX (Ken. 5:13).
2.
aya k`w (CSbvpff ]me hnhcw a\nemIpp)
ayn hcp k`n AXpsImncp `mKs apgph ImWn hn[w ]pkvXIw

]qambn IWmpp. Ap cpt] hben Ccnpw; Hcps\ ssIsmpw ahs\
Dt]npw (am. 24 : 40). ChnsS AyIme kw`hsbmWv k`w Bbn FSpncnpXv
]t tNmZyapZnpXv BcmWv FSppsImffsSpXv? BcmWv hnSsSpXv? k`
FSppsImsSp\mfn \oXnamm FSpp sImffsSpIbpw ZpjvSm hnSsSpIbpamtWm ?
AtXm ZpjvSm FSpsSpIbpw \oXnamm hnSsSpIbpamtWm ? Hmas k`w CXn\p adp]Sn
\evIpn.
209
am. 13: 49 Fmbmepw CXn\v adp]Sn Xcppv. Ahkm\ \mfnse FSppsImsSens\

Ipdnp ]dbp Cu `mKv ....... \oXnammcpsS CSbn \npw ZpjvSmsc thXncnpw.
ay`mKphcp kàmWv Cu hI Imcyv Dcw \evIpXv. CXp cmw hchns
ImesbmWv kqNnnpXv. Cu CSbvphcp k`w hmIy{]Xn hmIyambnpff
]T\spdnpff Adnhv XcpXn\m ]mew a\nemphm\pw Ignbpp. Fm Hcm t\cnv
am. 24 s ]T\ntebv p {]thinppshn \mw Ctm NnnXpt]mse apIfn
]dncnp tNmZyv Dcw ]dbpI {]bmkambncnpw. ]t ]Tn-Xmhv ]pkvXIw apgph
am. 24 hsc hmbnnmsWn Dcw ]dbpXp Ffpambncnpw.
3.
AIsebpff k`w. (AI `mKsf a\nempp)
CXn\m ssZhhN\ns DffS ss__nfn GXp`mKmbncpmepw {]tXyI

]cnKW\bvlamIpp.
ss__nfns GXI `mKsbpw asmcp AI `mKw sImv a\nemphm CXp klmbnpp.
Nne {]tXyI hnjb Ir] hnizmkw kvt\lw XpSnb GXp hnjbspdnpw ss__nfns
Fm `mKfn \npw Hcp ItImUkp (]ZkqNnI) sImv Ip]nSnm km[npp. Hcp
ItImUkv Fm, Hcp ]Zns Xpey ]Z kamlcnphncnp {KamWw.
CXpsImv Hcp hnjbspdnv ss__nfn FhnsSsbmw ]dncnppshv Ffpn
Ip]nSnphm km[npp. ItImUkns\pdnv hniZambn ]nmse t\mmw.
AI ]me IptdqSn Db {]amWsf \app \evIpp. CXn\m {]hN\ hnjb,
kmZri, ASbmf, {]Xncq] FnhbpsS Asasp {Klnphm Ignbpw.
DZmlcWambn kamKa\ IqSmcnse Xncoe (]pd. 26:3135). CXmWv hnipancsbpw
AXnhnipancsbpw Xn thXncnpXv. CXns hymJym\w F{_m. 10: 20 tbiphns
icocamIp ancs {]Xn\n[oIcnncnpXmbn ImWmw.
kXyhN\s bYmambn hn`Pnphm (2 Xntam . 2:15). Cu ]me]T\w
BhiyambncnpXpt]mse Xs D]tZi hnjbsf sXfnbnpsImSppXn\pw ss__n
hnjbfpsS ]ckv]c _s Xncndnbphm\pw Cu hn[ ]T\w AXymhiyamWv.
C.
{]amWw ]Xns\mv : XmcXay hymJym\w.
Xncpshgpns\ Xncpshgppambn Xs XmcXayw sNbvXpsImpff hymJym\w hN\ns BcnI

A {]m]vXnp hfsc klmbIamWv. FmWv icnbmb Aw Fp Ip]nSnmw.
Hcp hnjbtmSp IqSpX A\pcq]sncnp asmv IspI AXn{]m[m\yalnp ImcyamWv.
DZmlcWambn Ir]bpw IcpWbpw . AXpt]me ssZhw, ]nimNv F hyXykvX hnjb. kam\XIsf
Isn hnjbns AI `mKsf Hmptm XI ImSn hopw AXns
]qnXnbn FpXn\p XpeyamWv. Cu AIhsb Hmnbpff ]T\memWv thZimkv{Xw
hf {]m]nXp Xs.
]pXnb injy\mbmepw (1 Xntam. 3:6), A\p`h\mbmepw hymJym\n XntbmfPnbpsS (kZr-iy. 3:56)
hfsb a\nempIbpw Xncpshgpnse GXmv 31,000n A[nIw hcp hmIytfbpw Ah
GXn\mbn \nesImppshXpw {Kln-n-cn-Ww. ]qamb XncndnhnmsX sNp GXp
hnXymkhpw sXpIp ImcWamIpw, BIbm hn\btmsS ssIImcyw sNpI.
Xncpshgpns\ XncpshgppsImv XmcXayw sNptm ss__nfns hnhn[ `mKfnepff
XntbmfPn ]TnnepI IqSpX shfnhmIpXmWv. DZmlcWn\p hnizmkmepff
210
\oXoIcWw F hnjbw t\mpI (Dev].15:6; tdma. 34). CXns ]mentendnbm CXns

FXncmbpff {]hnbmepff \oXoIcWw Fsmv ImWmw (bmtm. 2:1426). \mw CXns\
cns\bpw Hnnptm {]hrn FXp ssZhoI ]Xnbnse AXn{][m\amb Hmbn
a\nemmw; Fm AXv cpff amambsp am{Xw. Cu \nbaw Fs^. 2: 810-epw ImWmw,
Ir]bm hnizmkaqew cnsSpp Fm k{]hnImbn krjvSnsncn
pIbpamWv .
Cu {]amWs B[mcamn thZimkv{Xtam D]tZitam ASnbncnp `mKsf hmbnpIbpw
]TnpIbpw sNptm icnbmb Aw a\nemIpXmWv. DZmlcWn\v atm. 16:9s {Kop
]cn`mj hmbnm ]pkv X Ins Ahkm\w A\nnXXznemWv . Fnpw ]ecpw Cu
AhyXbnt D]tZi m]ntm thZimkv{Xw sXphm\nSmbn.
Xncpshgpns\ XncpshgppsImv XmcXayw sNp {]amWn ImWp asmv ]pXnb
\nbanse andn (clkyw, aw, ]qambn shfnsSmh) IfpsS hymJym\amWv. km[mcWbmbn
Ft^. 3se andnsbpdnp a\nemIWsan HmaXv FmWv andn ? Fp a\nemWw.
\apXn\p e`np Dcw sImtem. 1: 25 27 BWv:
\ n p t h n s s Z h w F \ n p \ e v I n b n c n p
DtZymK{]Imcw ssZhhN\tLmjWw \nhrntXn\p Rm
k`bpsS ip{iqjI\mbncnpp. AXp ]q Imepw,
XeapdIpw adpInS aw Fnepw Ctm Ahs
hnipmp shfnsncnpp. AhtcSp PmXnIfpsS CSbn
Cu ans alnam[\w Fsdnbnm ssZhn\v
Cjv S ambn: B aw alXzns {]Xymibmb {Inkv X p
\nfn Ccnpp FpffXpXs.
Cu as Xncpshgpp {InkvXphpambpff At`Zyamb _ambnmWv ImWnncnpXv. Cu
_ns ]pXnb ImeLs k`mbpKw Fp hnfnpp.
D.
{]amWw ]{v : sFIyXsb t\mpI.
Cu {]amWm ssZhns kXykXbpw hnizXbpamWv shfnsSpXv. ssZhw Iens

ssZha (1 sImcn. 14 :33). asmcp hn[n ss__n ]cvk]c hncpa, ]nstbm sFIyXbpw
ssZhoI Poh\m XmcXayw \ndXpamIpp.
hymJym\kw_amb Ass\Iy am\pjnIamsWpw AXp ssZhoIaspw HmncnWw. ]ecpw
XfpsS Bibfpw hnImcfpw A\pkcnmWv ss__n hymJym\npXv. Fnepw CXv ssZhoI
{]amWsXncmWv (tbml. 5: 37; kZr. 3:5,6; 2 sImcn. 5:7). Imhns\ \mw Hcp Znhkw t\cn
ImWpXphsc (1 sImcn. 13:12) ss__nfns ]e`mKfpw adhmbncnpw. BIbm hnizmkn
\Spw (F{_m. 11: 6 ; sImtem. 2: 6) ssZhoI `h\ntev B\bnstSXn\v ssZhn B{ibnpw
thWw Cp Pohnphm.
ImgvNbn cp `n hmIysfnepw Ahsb kap\zbnnv Aw {KlnpXmWv m\ns
{]hrn. kZriyhmIyfpsS Bcw`n (1: 26) Aemc hN\fpw, ISYIfpw \apv m\w
hnntXn\mbn \evIsncnpp shmWv hmbnpXv. CXp Bgtadnb ]T\n\p \s
klmbnpp. hopw DZmlcWn\mbn tdma: 3Dw 4Dw bmtm. 2Dw hmbnv hnizmkhpw {]hrnbpw
Xnepff _w XncndnbpI.
hnhn[ `mK Xnepff _w a\nempXn\p Nqnmnbncnp kabw, ew Fnhsb
a\nempIbpw \nmcfmbhsb FSpp hymJym\n\p XSw krjvSnmXncnpIbpw thWw.
211
asmcp Imcyw \mw HmncntXv Hcp {]amWw Xs hnhn[ cq]n D]tbmKnnpv FmWv.
DZmlcWambn tdma. 3:23 Fmhcpw ]m]w sNbvXp Fp ]dncnpXpt]mse tehym
]pkvXIn Fmhcpw ]m] bmKw sImphtcWw F {]tbmKapv. cp Imcyfpw Htc Imcys
XsbmWv shfnsSppXv.
GXmbmepw thZ]pkv X Ins sXfnhmb ]T\w \s \bnpXv hN\ns kmlnXy
LS\bntepw AXns kwLS\bntepamWv.
E.
{]amWw ]Xnaqv : bpKsf a\nempI.
ssZhw Xs P\mbn m]nncnp hnhn[fmb DchmZnfpsS Ncn{X]camb

ImeLsfbmWv bpK Fp hntijnnncnpXv. Ncn{Xns Cu hn`P\ AXns
DchmZnXzfmemWv XncndnbpXv . F{_m. 7:12 ]utcmlnXyw amdntmIp ]w
\ymb{]amWn\pw IqsS amw hcphm Bhiyw Fp hmbnpp. Cu hmIyn \np ssZhw
Ncn{Xs DchmZnXzfpsS {Iaw A\pkcnv hn`Pnv ncspnbncnpp FmWv.
BZmans hogvN apX Dff ImeLs \mep bpKfmbn Xncnncnpp:

1.
PmXnIfpsS bpKw. BZmans hogvNapX an{kbnan

\npff ]pdmSp hsc.
GItZiw 3900 B.C. apX 1445 B.C. hsc Dev]n ]pkvXIhpw Ctm_pw Cu bpKnsXmWv.
2.
bn{kmtbens bpKw bn{kbnan \npff ]pdmSp apX

s]tmkvXphsc
Dev]nbpw, Ctm_pw HgnsIbpff Fm ]gb \nba ]pkvXIfpw, ]pXnb \nbanse \mep

kphntijfpw AtmkvtXme {]hrnIfpwA-tm. {]. 1. Cu ImeLnsXmWv. IqSmsX ]gb
\nbanse Xs kl{km_vZ hmgvNsb Nqnmp {]tXyI `mKfpw DsSpp. DZmlcWambn,
sbi-. 6166; sblkvIn. 4048 Fnh ImWpI.
Cu ImeLw GXmv B.C 1445 apX A.D . 33 hscbmWv. k`bpsS DXv{]m]Ww apX {InkvXphns
cmw hchp hscbpff Imehpw CXn s]SpXmWv Cu ]ocnbUv Zm\ntbens 70mw BgvNhw AYhm
atlm]{ZhImew GdnbsSpp (Zm\n 9:2427).
3.
k`mbpKw s]tmkvXp \mapX k`bpsS FSppsImffs]S hsc
(atlm]{ZhImew FXv k`bpsS DXv{]]Ww apX tbip{InkvXphns aSn (cmw hchv) hchp
hscbpff GgphjamWv.)
Atm. {]. 2- 28; teJ\, shfn. 23 Fo `mK CXn s]Spp. shfn. 419 hsc `mKw
atlm]{ZhImesbmWv hnh-cn-p--Xv.
Cu bpKw A.D. 33 Bcw`npIbpw k` FSppsImffsSptXmsS Ahkm\npIbpw sNpp.
4.
kl{km_vZ bpKw tbip{InkvXphns cmw hchp XpSn

shff knwlmk\nse \ymbhn[nhsc.
shfn. 20, ]gb, ]pXnb \nbafnse Nne {]tXyI thZ`mKfpw Cu bpKntXmWv.

a\pjyhn\mbn ssZhw \nban hyXykvX ]utcmlnXy coXnIsfpdnv ]Tnptm bpKsf
Ipdnv IqSpX hyambn a\nemIpXmWv. DZmlcWn\v bn{kmtb Hcp cmjv{Sw (hwiambn)
KWnsSpXn\papv AXmbXv an{kbnan \np ]pdsp t]mXn\p tijapffImes PmXnIfpsS
212
bpKsap hnfnpp. B Imep \nehnencpXv IpSpw_ ]utcmlnXyw Bbncpp. Hmtcm

IpSpw_ntebpw aq B ]ptcmlnX I \Sn t]mp. v t\mlbpsS \mfn CXmbncpp
]cnNbw (Dev]. 8 : 20) A{_lmansbpw (Dev]. 22: 2) Ctm_nsbpw (Ctm. 1:5) \mfpIfnepw CXmbncpp
]Xnhv. Chsmw ]npScphm\pmbncp \nbaw a\mnbpsS {]amWw am{Xambncpp. XmfpsS
lrZbfn FgpXnbncnpp (tdma. 2: 15).
Fm an{kbnan\np ]ndspt]m tijw bn{kmtb ap ssZhw tehn tKm{Xs
]utcmlnXy tPmenImbn thXncnp. ApapX ]utcmlnXyw XeapdIfmbn tehy ]utcmlnXyw
FdnbsSpp. IqSmsX CXv ahgn XpSp t]mtc--Xn-\mbn Al-tcms IpSpw_ t\Xr-Xz-n
XpS-n-b-Xp-am-Ipp; tehy ]utcm-lnXyw kamKa\ IqSmcnse ip{iqjImbnm bncpp.
Bmes ]ptcmlnXm arK_enbmWv \Snt]mXv. tamibn IqsS e`n {]amW
\pkcnmbncpp Cu _enIfpw Bcm[\Ifpw \SncpsX {]tXyIX CXn\pv. GXpImcyhpw
]pdmSv, tehy, kwJy, Bh\w XpSnb tamssiI ]pkvXIsf B[mcamn sNbvXpt]mp.
Fm aptmp t]mbtm CXv shdpw NSpI am{XamhpIbpw AXns Bobtam BcnI
Dtitam ssIshSnpt]mbn FXmWv ]camw. tbip{InkvXphns Imev aXns Ah
CXmbncpXn\memWv ainlmsb Xncndnbm Ahp IgnbmsX t]mbXv (F{_m. 10:8).
tbip{InkvXphns {IqioIcWw Dbsgptev]v Fnhbvp tijw s]tmkvXp Znhkn
ssZhw Xs ]pXnb bpKns Bcw`w Ipdnp. CXmWv k`mbpKw AYhm k`m- Unkvs]tk-j
Cu ]pXnb bpKn tbip{InkvXphn hnizmknph ]ptcmlnX\mIpp (1 ]s{Xm. 2:5, 9). Cu
hnizmknIfmIp ]ptcmlnXm arK_en \SpIb ]nstbm ""XmfpsS icocsf Poh\pw
hnipnbpw ssZhn\p {]kmZhpapff bmKambn kanpIbmWv'' (tdma. 12:1). Cu bpKn
]utcmlnXyw F ]Zns D]tbmKw Xs amdntmbn. Fncpmepw ]utcmlnXyns hnhn[
Bob {]h\p aman. Fmhcpw ssZhhN\ {]Imcw kvtXm{XbmKw Anp t]mp.
bpK \mw IXpt]mse ssZthm]tZi \Sn hcpm\pff ImebfhpIfmWv. k`mbpK
kzmX{yns \nban\mWv {]m_eyw (bmtm. 1: 25; 2: 12). CXp kv\lns AconemWv
(tdma. 13 : 810; Ke. 5:14; bmtm. 2:8).
kl{km_vZbpKn (Imebfhn) hopw ]utcmlnXyw amdpp. Ap tehn tK{Xns
kmtZmns t\XrXznepffhcmbncnpw. ]ptcmlnXm (sbl. 40:46; 43:19; 44:15; 48:11) bn{kmtbepambn
tbip{InkvXp sNp ]pXnb DSSnbpsS \nbaambncnpw \nehn hcpXv (31:3133, F{_m.8:8 10).
""AXv Ccp-p-tImsImv hwisf `cnpXmbncnpw'' (shfn. 12:5).
bpK]camb hymJym\w Cu hyXymksf XncndnpsImmbncnWw. coXnIp am{Xta
hyXymkapffq. ASnm\ \nba Bob kz`mhapffh XsbmWv. DZmlcWn\v Ctmgs
bpKn tbip{InkvXphns _enacWns kvacW \ne\nphm\mbn arK_en Bhiyan (F{_m.
10:10) ]Icw k`bvp Ir taibpw kvtXm{XbmKfpapv (1 sImcn 11:2324). kl{km_vZbpKn
hopw arK_en ISphcppv ]s CXv tbip{Inkv X phn \nhn bmKns
Hmbvmbnmbncnpw (sbl. 43:1827).
XncpshgppIfpsS hymJym\n \nmWv Ncn{X hn`P\w \SncnpXv AmsX \n_
\nbame. bpK Xnepff AIesfpdnv hnhn[ ImgvNmSpIfpv. Fm Chsbmpw
ASnm\\nbap amw hcpphtbm, ssZhw a\pjyp sImSpncnp Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Dc-hm-Zn-Xz-v amw hcn-Itbm sNp-n-.
Cu B[p-\nI Ime-v- D-S-se-Sp-n-cn-p HmWv ssl Unkv]tkj\enkwsNdnbXmb
Imehn`P\sfsbmw Hcp henb bpK Imebfhn\pffn Bphm\mWv Ch {ianpXv. Chbvp
thpXmb Xncpshgpns ]n_esampansImcyw \mw HmncntXmWv . kzw
BibmSnm\nt Cu hymJym\w kXy hymJym\s hnIrXampItb Dffq. AXncp IS
213
\njvSI Cu {]amWs Hcp \nbaknmampIbpw {InkvXob PohnXns tkh\n\pff

Ahkcw ]mgmpIbpw sNpw. DZmlcWambn ]X {]kwKn (Kncn {]`mjWw) k`bvp Hcp
hnebpan. FpsImsm ChnsS tbip bn{kmtby bpKnse ImcyamWv kwkmcnXv. AmsX
1 Xntam 6: 3 ]ueqkv ]dncnp ktXym]tZins Imcyan.
GXp bpKn ]mphtcmSpw ]ptcmlnXm F {Ian shfnsSps \nba{]Imcw
bmK sImphcm ssZhw BhiysSpp, CsXmsSmw ssZhhN\w ]TnpIbpw thWw.
F.
{]amWw ]Xn\mev : {]hN\ hnjbw kqnpI.
Cu \nba {]Imcw `mhn kw`hsfpdnv ss__n IrXyambn kwkmcnppv. kXyamb {]hN\w

]cnipmmhv a\pjycn IqsS sNpXmsWpw IpsS ss__n shfnhmpp. Xncnshgpnse
{]hN\w Hpw kzbamb hymJym\m DfhmIpX (2 ]t{Xm. 1 :.19 21). {]hN\ hymJym\n\mbn
hfscb[nIw ]cn{ia \Snpv Fnepw Ahbne[nIhpw ]cmPbsSpIbmbncpp. Zpcp]tZi
BfpIsf XtfmSp IqSn tNpXv {]hN\s sXmbn hymJym\npsImmWv. \mw hnizmknIsf
]ptcmlnXm BIbm Fmhn[ ZphymJym\sfbpw Xncndnv Zpcp]tZiIqmbvaIfn \npw
ths]tSXmWv.
Hcp icnbmb {]hN\ hymJym\n BbncWn\v IjWfmbn apdnsncnp Nn{Xs Hnp
tNp ]WnbmWv sNpXv. ({]hN\ hmIy Xs ]Xn\mbnctmfw Dv) B Nn{Xw
HmsSptm \app e`npXv {InkvXphns apJw Bbncnpw. Fm `qX, ham\,
`mhn ASnbncnp Ncn{Xns ]qcq]amWh. BIbm Ncn{Xns Hcp IjWhpw
\jvSsSmsXbpw Xncnpw, adnpw t]mImsXbpw AXnkqvaXtbmsS ssIImcyw sNtXmWv.
NneXp tNcpnmsbp ]dv \psS BtemN\ {]Imcw Ahsb ampIb \psS tPmen.
{]hN\ hymJym\ ]T\w Hcp {]tXyI tImgvkv XsbmWv Fsm Xncpshgpnse 1/4 `mKw
]pkvXIfpw {]hN\fmWv. \psS ]T\ Xmev]cys IcpXn aqp efnXamb {]hN\ hymJym\sf
ChnsS {]kvXmhnmw:
1.
{]hmNI Xs hymJym\w \ev I nbnptm Fp Xocpam\npI.
tbip {InkvXp tZhmebspdnp tbml. 2: 19 21 `mKp sNbvXXpt]mse {]hmNI kzbw

hymJym\w \Snbnptm Fv ]cntim[npI:
tbip AhtcmSp Cu ancw s]mfno, Rm aqp-Zn-h-k-n\Iw AXns\ ]Wnbpw ...... blqZm Aht\mSv Cu ancw
\mev ] mdp kwhcw sImv ]WnXncnpp. \o aqp
Znhkw sImv AXns\ ]Wnbptam .......
CXpt]mse Ffpn hymJym\nmhp ]e {]hN\ Dv, Hcp hmIyn Xs \qmpIfmbn
adp InS {]hN\ Dspw, Ahb Ihp ISphm ssZhn\p Ignbpambncppshpw
HmncnWw. ZrjvSmambn emtm . 4: 18 21s\ sbi. 61 : 1, 2Dw Bbn XmcXayw sNpI.
2.
{]hN\w Ncn{X]cambn \ndthdnbnptm Fp Xocpam\npI.
]dbsncnp {]hN\w Xncpshgpnse atsXnepw `mKv \nd-th-dn-b-Xmbn ]dnptm Fpw

HmaXmbn Ip]nSnWw. Fnse AXv \psS `mhn {]hN\ambn \nesImppthmsbv a\nemIp.
t\mlbpsS Imes Pe{]fbw DZmlcWambnsSpmw. AXp kw`hnpXn\p 120 hjw apmbncpp
214
AXns\pdnpff {]hN\w (Dev]. 6:3), CXp \nhrnbmbncnpp Fp Dev]. 7, 8 `mKfn \np

hyamIpp.
bn{kmtbens Iqn tNens\pdnpff Hcp {]hN\w ImWpI (skJ. 9:14; am. 24:31). Cu {]hN\w
XncphN\ {]Imchpw Ncn{X]cambpw C\nbpw \ndthdphm\pffXmWv.
Nne {]hN\fpsS \nhrn Ftm Bbncnpsadnhm \app ùXoI Ncn{Xtfbpw
]cntim[ntn hcpw. temI Ncn{Xw B{]tNmZnXambXn\me, Ah Xncpshgpnse kw`hp
kmyw ]dbpXn\memWv thZ ]TnXm Ahsb ]cntim[npXv.
3.
{]hN\ `mj GXmsWp Xocpam\npI
Nnetm Aemc`mjbnembncnpw AXns {]tbmKw. DZmlcWn\p tbiphns\ blqZ

tKm{Xns knwlw ssZhns IpmSv (shfn 5) Fp ]dncnpp. AXpt]mse shfn. 13
searK, ]pdmSv 25 40 hsc `mKp kmZriyfmbn ]dbsncnp kamKa\ IqSmchpw
D]IcWfpw GXmbmepw CXpt]mse ]eXpw a\nemIWsan {]hN\ `mj GsXv
AdnncnWw.
\psS Dulfpw hnNmcfpw hymJym\fmsbv HmpsImffWw. {]hN\ `mjsbpdnv
sXmbn a\nemIptmgmWv Dul ISp hcpXv . D]tZi]camb hnjbfntep
kzhnNmctfbpw tXmepIsfbpw ISn hnSm hfsc FfpamWv. AtXkabw Xs Nne {]hN\
`mjI AXntXmb {]tXyI kabp am{Xta a\nemIq FpXpw hmkvXhamWv (Zm\n. 12: 4, 810).
215
216
`mKw 4
\nbaw \mev
\nbaw \mev : ssZhhN\mSnm\nepff Hcp {InkvXob PohnXw Pohnphm thXv At\zjnpI.
Cu \nbaw tbip{InkvXp tbml: 7:17 \evInbncnp {]kvXmh\bntemWv. \mw hmkvXhambn
ssZh hN\w Adnhm B{Klnppshn Ahs hN\w {]kvXmhnphm\pw XmdmIWw.
Cu {]amWw ssZh hN\w ]Tnphpmbncnt _pn]camb hnizkv X Xsb IqsS
shfnsSppp. \ptSXmb ASnm\fpw aphn[nI\pkcamb Bibsf hnnv
hnizkv X XtbmsS ]cnipmmhns {]Imin\p Iogv s SWw (1 sImcn. 2:14). Cu {]amWw
hyn]cambn B]cntim[\pw IqSn klmbIamWv DZmlcWambn \psS hnNmcfpsS
]cnipnsb hnebncppp (2 sImcn 13:5).
kzw A`n{]bfnepw aphn[nbnepw Ddp \npsImv AXn\pklmbIamb XncpshgppIsf
IspI hfsc FfpamWv. Fncpmepw Cu hn[ kao]\w sImv Hpw t\Sm IgnbpIbn.
FpsImm \ kzw lnX{]Imcw XncsSpp thZ`mKs kXyw Xncndnbphm
IgnbmsX \ Aip--cm-bn-cn--bm AXv \s ap amfntembncnpw \bnpXv.
DZmlcWambn Hcm ZmhoZp cmPmhv Xs hnizkvX\mb ssk\n-I-\mb Ducnbmhns `mcysb kzoIcn
hn[ambncnpw hmbnpXv (2 iaq. 11). AbmfpsS a\n A[nImcm\ncnp Bp
hy`nNmchpw Ipe]mXIhpw sNpXv A\phZ\obambnmbncnmw tXmpI. Fm ssZhkn[nbn
CXv AwKoIcnsXspw inmlamsWpw a\nemIWsan AXn\Sp Aymbhpw
]p Iev]\Ifpw IqsS hmbntXmWv (]pd. 20:117). ZmhoZv ]nsbpw cmPmhmbn XpScpXv Ahs
A\pXm]ns êambnmWv ssZhw Aht\mSp ImWn IcpW{]ImcamWv (ko. 51).
A.
{]amWw ]Xn\v : IrXyamb hymJym\amWv icnbmb {]tbmKcoXnv ASnm\w.
IrXyamb ssZhhN\ns {]tbmKw km[nWsan hymJym\w icnbmbncnWw. {]tbmK coXnI

]eXmbncnmw. ]t icnbmb hymJym\w Hpam{Xambncnpw. DZmlcWn\v 1 Xntbm 3: 17 `mKp
k`bnse aqmpmbncnt KpW hmbnpI. B m\tbvp \nbans Bfns\
kw_nmbncnWw hmIyns hymJym\w. AhnSps {]tbmKw ]pXnb injy FmWv. Hcp
aq\mbn k`sb \bnt B {]mbhpw ]IzXbpw XnI B BbncnWsaXmWv bYm
hymJym\w.
icnbmb {]tbmKcoXnbpsS Aw ssZhhN\{]Imcw \nbafpw XXzfpw D]tbmKnph hfsc
{itbmSpw hnizkv X XtbmSpw thWw AXns\ D]tbmKntsXmWv . ssZhhpambn _w
m]nphm B{Klnp B ssZh]cnm\tmsS Ir]bnepw hnizmknepw A{ibnv thWw
AXv sNphm. AXt]mse tbip{InkvXphns\ kzoIcnm ]cnipmm inbpw ip{iqjbpw
t\SWw.
217
kq thZ`mKw \psS PohnXn\v amZ\w \evIpXmIWw. injym \oXntbmSpw

{InkvXphns at\m`mhtmSpw IqsS PohnXv aX \nba A\pkcn. ssZhhN\hpambn XmZmyw
{]m]nmWv.
B.
icnbmb {]tbmKn\v Ap NphSpI:

sv 1
: ]cnPvRm\n\mbpw Hmmbpw Aob \nbafpsS icnbmb D]tbmKn\mbpw

{]mnpI (bmtm. 1:5).
sv 2 : XncsSpncnp thZ`mKw icnbmbpw ]qambpw {KlnpI. Cu ]T\w

hmpIfpw hmNIfpambpw, hmNIfpw JWvUnIIfpambpw, JWvUnIIfpw
Aymbfpambpw, Aymbfpw ]pkvXIfpambpff _s Xncndnbphm
klmbnpw (2 Xntam2:15).
sv 3 : {]tXyI `mKns hymJym\n \npff BoI {]amWw Fsp
XosSppI. Hcp Bob{]amWw Fm LS\Isfbpw kmwkv mcnI
kabsfbpw IpdnmIpp. DZmlcWn\v ssewKoI AcmPIXzw (hnhmlnX
Xnem icoc thgv N ) GXp Imepw kwkv mcnepw sXmb ]m]
{]hrnXsbmWv. BbXn\m Bob{]amW{]Imchpw ssewKoI AcmPIXzw
\ow sNtXmWv (tdma. 13: 810).
sv 4 : hnizX PohnXsf ]cntim[npIbpw Xncpshgpnse GsXnepw \nbas
ewLnntm, AhbpsS {IaoIcWn\mbn (tamN\n\mbn) ssZhn\p kzbw
kannptm Fpw sXfnbnWw. CXn sXpIsf ssZhtmSp
Gp]dbpXpw ]pXpw {]m]nv hnizmkn \SpXpw DsSpp (1 tbml
1: 9; sImtem. 2:6). thZ hnZymn 51mw ko\w hmbnv ZmhoZv s_Xvti_bpambn sNbvX ]m]spdnv A\pX]nv Gp]dbpIbpw tamN\w {]m]npIbpw
sNbvXXnse {][m\ LSI IpdnsImtXmWv (2 sImcn. 13: 5).
sv 5 : Ir]-bnepw hnizm-k-nepw \S-p-I. Asm-kvX-e-\mb ]ueqkv sImsem. 2:6
""\n Im- h mb tbip- { In- k v X p- h ns\ ssIsIm- - X p- t ]mse Ahs
Iqm-bva-bn \S-o.'' Fp ]d-n-cn-p-p. \mw Ahs\ ssIsm-Xv Ir]bm hnizmkw aqe-amWv (F-t^. 2:8,9), BI-bm Ir]bvpw hnizmkn\pw
H êw thWw ]pd-s-Sp-hn-p-hm (F-t^. 2:10).
C.
icn-bmb hymJym-\s XS--s-Sp-p Bdp Imcy-:
ssZh-h-N-\-ns bYm hyJym-\-n\p \nc-h[n XS-- Dv. Ah-bn Bsdw am{Xw

ChnsS {]kvXm-hn-p-I-bm-Wv. sXn-tm-Im--h Bcp-an-s-nepw Cu Bsdw hymJym-\s sXnp-h
- b
- m-Wv. Cu m\v ]ueq-kns {]t_m-[\w hfsc {]k-a
- m-Wv. ""BI-bm Xm \nevpp
Fp tXmp--h hogm-Xn-cn-m t\mn-sm--s'' (1sImcn. 10:12).
1.
PUo-I-Xzw.
bYm hymJym-\-ns Hm-as XSw PUo-I-Xz-am-Wv. Cu temIa-b-m-cpsS Pohn-X-ssi-enbmWv t`mKm-k--cmbn Pohn-pI FXv (1 sImcn. 3:3). hnizm-kn-I PU-ns {]hn-I-tfmSp
t]mcmSn Bm- h ns {]hnbpw êhpw D- h - c m- b n- c n- m Xnc- s - S p- - s - - h - c m- W v
(K-em. 5:19-23). Fm PUo-IXzw Gp ]d-bm ]m]-ambn \nevp--Xn-\m (1 tbml. 1:9) Ahsb-p-dnp th{X A\p-Xm-]hpw Dm-bn-n-sp ImWmw (2 sImcn. 12:21). ssZh-h-N\w ]Tn-p
Hcm PU-ns {]hn-I-fn--A-k-mn-I-X, Aip-n, t`mKm-k-n, hn{K-lm-cm-X-\m, B`n-Nm-cw,
218
i{Xp-Xm, Ie-lw, Akq-b, t{Im[ {]hn-I, X-, Ass\-Iyw, `n-X, hntcm-[w, aZy-]m-\w,
el-cn-bpsS hnt\m-Zw--ap-gp-In-b-h-s\-n (K-em. 5:1921) Ahs hymJym\w A_--]q-am-bn-cn-pw.
ZrjvSm--ambn ssewKoI Aip-n-bn IpSp-nb Hc-ym-]-I A-s\-bp `mK- sXmbn hymJym\n-p-I-bp-p.
]cn-ip-m-m-hmWv kXys shfn-s-Sp-p--Xv (tbm-l. 16:13). Fm PUo-I-\m-b-h ]cn-ip-m
\S-n-n\v Iogvs-Sm-bvI-bmepw (Ip-d--Im-e-t-m-bm-epw) BoI kz`m-h-an-m-bva-bmepw kXys
Xncn--dn-bm Ign-bmsX hN-\s sXmbn hymJym-\n-p--Xm-bn-cn-pw.
PUo-I-\mb a\p-jy "{]mIrX a\p-jy\p' Xpey-am-Wv. {]mIr-X-a-\p-jy Ahn-izm-kn-Ip Xpey-am-Wv.
""Fm {]mIr-X-a-\p-jy ssZhm-m-hns D]-tZiw ssIsm-p-n-. AXv Bh\vv t`mj-Xz-amIp-p. Bo-I-ambn hnth-Nn-t--Xm-I-bm AXp Ah\p {Kln-m Ign-bp--X'' (1 sImcn.
2:14) ""{]mIr-X-a-\p-jy-\mb As-n PUo-I-\mb hnizm-knv ]cn-ip-m-m-hp-ambn Iqm-bva-bn-m-Xn-\m ssZh hN-\s a\-n-em-p-hm\pw Ign-bp--X-.''
2.
Zpc-`n-am\w
a\p-jy-cpsS {]iwk ]nSn-p-]-p-hm (ssI--Sn-hm-p-hm) D A{Klw Nne-cn IqSp-X-emWv CXp

hN-\-n-s sXmb hymJym-\-n-tep Ahsc \bn-p ""\mi-n\p aps Kw; hogvNbvp
aps D-X-`m-hw'' (k-Zr. 16:18). hymJym-\n-p Da D]-tZ-i-am-Wn-Xv.
ssZh-h-N\w {i-tbmsS ]Tn-p-I-sb--t]m-se-Xs AXns\ icn-bmbn ssIImcyw sNt--Xp-amWv (2 Xntam. 2:15). \psS ]T-\-m Im-hn-t\m-Sp \psS kvt\lw shfn-s-Sp-p-Ibpw
(asm.12:29-31) \psS B-cnI Nn-Isf Xncn--dn-bp-hm\pw Ign-b-Ww. ap--h AwKo-I-cn-t-Xn\p Xncp-sh-gp-n\np ]pXnb Imcysf At\z-jnp ]T\w \S-p-I-bm-sW-n AXp hyhpw
Bm-X-bn-m--Xp-am-Wv. Fm \mw Isp ]pXnb Imcy- \psS hyn-]-c-amb
]cn-m-\-n\pw BoI hfbvpw thn-bm-bn-cn--Ww.
\psS ]T-\-co-Xn-I IrXy-amb hyJym-\-n-\p Dd-m-sWv IcpXn Al--cn--cp-Xv, AXp sNbvXm
]cn-ip-m klm-bm-m-ep hN\ ]T-\-ns ASn-m\w ssIhn-p-t]m-Ipw.
3.
]-]mXw
icn-bmb hymJym-\-n\p t\cn-tSnbn-cn-p aqm-as XSw ]-]m-X-am-Wv. hyn-]-c-amb

apK-W-\-Isf ASn-m-\-am-n-bp aphn-[n-bmWv ]-]m-X-ns ASn-m-\w. CXn-\m hymJym\n-t hnj-b-n\v ASn-m-\-]-c-ambn Xs \ntj-[m--I-a at\m-`mhw Dm-Ip-p. CXp F{X
A[n-I-am-bn-ptm A{Xbpw ssZh-h-N-\-ns bYm `mh-n\pw amw hcp-pw. BI-bm Cs\
Hpw kw`-hn--cp-sX-mWv Fs B{K-lw.
tJZ-tmsS ]d-tb-n-bn-cn-p-p, Nne hyn-]-c-amb aphn-[n-tbmsS ssZh-k-a-p \oXo-I-cnm-\mbn {ian-p-p. CXp henb A]-I-S-I-c-am-Wv, ss__n CXn\v FXn-cp-am-Wv.
""{InkvXp-hn-t\mSp tNcp-hm kv\m\w Gn-cn-p \n Fmhcpw {InkvXp-hns\ [cn-n-cn-p-p. AXn blq-Z-\w, bh-\\pw
Fn-m, Zmk\pw kzX-{\pw Fn-, BWpw s]p-sa-n;
\n Fm-hcpw {InkvXp-tb-ip-hn H-t{X'' (K-em. 3:27-29).
ssZhw Hcp ]-]mXn Bbn-cp-s-n H PmXn-It]mepw cn--s-Sp-I-bn-m-bn-cp-p.
4.
nc-X-bpsS (sF-Iy-X-bp-sS) A`m-hw.
ssZh hN-\s hymJym-\n-p \v BoI A\p-`-h--fn-m-sb-n sXmb hymJym-\-

Dm-p--Xm-Wv.
219
a.
nc-amb hne-bn-cp--en-sbpw Gp-]-d-n-en-sbpw ]cn-io-e-\w.
""\n hnizm-k-n Ccn-p-\-\pthm Fp \n-sf-s ]co-n-n, \n-sfXs tim[\ sNbvho'' Fp 2 sImcn. 13:5 ]d-n-cn-p-p. \mw \psS {]hnIsf am{X-a Dt-i--sfbpw ssZhoI Af-hp-tIm-en-\m Xmc-Xayw sN-Ww. ]cm-Pn-Xscp t_my-s-m ssZh apmsI AXp k-Xnp ipo-I-cWw {]m]n--Ww. 1 tbml. 1:9 ""\mw \psS ]m]-sf Gp-]-d-bpp Fn Ah \tmSp ]m]-sf
anp kIe A\o-Xnbpw t]mn \s ipo-I-cn-m X-hw hnizk-kvX\pw
\oXn-am\pw BIpp'' Fp ]d-n-cn-p-p.
Cs\ kzb-]-cn-tim-[-\-bpw, ]cm-P-bs Isn Gp]-d-bm-Xn-cn-bpw sNp-tm-gmWv
\mw PUo-I-cmbn Xocp--Xv. Cu Ah--bn Bbn-cn-p B ssZh-h-N-\s tImn-f-Ibpw hymJym-\-n ambw tNp-Ibpw sNpw.
b.
nc-amb {]m-\-bpsS ]cn-io-e-\w.
am. 7:78- ""bmNn-o Fm \np Inpw; At\z-jn-o Fm \n

Ispw; app-hn Fm \np Xpd-pw. bmNn-p Gh\pw e`n-pp;
At\z-jn-p--h Is-p-p. app--h\p Xpd-pw.'' Fp ]d-n-cn-p-p.
BI-bm ssZh-h-N-\s IqSp-X \mbn {Kln-t--Xn\pw AXn nc-sp
\ne\npXn\pw XpSbmb {]m\ Bh-iy-am-Wv. CXn ]cm-P-b-s-m ]nXmhmb ssZh-tm-Sp Iqmbva \jvS-s-Sp-Ibpw Ahs hN-\s \mw \psS Dt-i-{]Imcw hymJym-\n-p-Ibpw sNpw.
c.
nc-amb ]T-\-ns ]cn-io-e\w
""kXy-h-N-\s bYm-ambn {]kw-Kn-p-sImp en-m kwK-Xn-bn-m the-mc-\mbn ssZh-n\p sImm-hp--h-\mbn \nev]m {ian-'' (2Xnsam. 2:15-) Fp \tmSp
]d-n-cn-p-p.
ssZh hN-\-ns ]T-\-n \mw nc-X-bn-m--h-cm-bm AXnse hnj-b-sf \mw
sXmbn hymJym-\n-m kwKXn hcpw.
5.
sXmb ]-Xn-I:
Nne-tm hymJym-\-n-\mbn \mw Xm sNp ]-Xn-I bmYmy-n \np sXn-m

Imc-W-am-tb-mw. \psS ASn-m\ hnizm-k-n-\-\p-k-cn-m-bn-cnpw hnj-bs \mw a\-n-em-p-Xpw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn kq ss__n ssZhizm-ko-bsav hniz-kn-p-n-s-n (2-Xn-tam. 3:16,17)
AXnse ApX {]hn-Isf _pn-]-c-am-tbm, imkv{Xnb sXfn-hp-I-fmtem km[q-I-cn-m-\m-bn-cnpw
Hcm {ian-p--Xv. Fm A-cw-{]Xn ssZh-h-N\w ]cn-ip-m {]tNm-Zn-X-sav hniz-knph\p
AXnse AXn-ib {]hn-Isf Bo-I-ambpw Ncn-{Xm-Sn-m-\-nepw hymJym-\n-p-hm {]bm-k-apm-I-bn-.
ssZhw Nne {]tXyI hnizm-kn-Ip am{Xta hymJym-\-n-\p Ignhp sImSp-n-pp Fp hnizkn-p Nne-cp-v. Fm-bn-cp-mepw hnizm-kn-I ]ptcm-ln-X-m (1 ]t{Xm. 2:5,9) BIpp FmWv
ss__n ]d-bp--Xv. ]ptcm-ln-X-m F Ah--bn ssZh-ns knwlm-k\ apdn-bn-tep
\app {]th-i\w Dv (F-{_m. 4:16). Ahn-sS-bmWv \mw ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-\m ]Tn-n--s-Sp--Xv
(1 sImcn. 2:15).
220
ap Nne kmZr-iy--sfbpw KqVm--sfbpw A-cm-n hymJym-\n-p-bm-emWv sXp-h-cpp-Xv. kmZr-iy--fn hntZ-i-hm-p-I Ibdn ]p-p. t\ml-bpsS Imes Pe-{]-fbw BtKmf
hy]-I-amb H-m-bn-cpp ]nstbm a\p-jy-h-n-\m-I-am\w hcp IjvS-X-bpsS kmZriyw am{Xam-bn-cpp Fp hymJym-\n-m BI-msS AXp sXm-bn-cn-pw.
km-ev]n-I- ]e-tmgpw Aev]w kXyhpw hfsc IqSp-X Bcyw P\nnp Ak-Xy- \nd-Xp-am-bn-cn-pw.
Nne tbip-{In-kvXp-hns {Iqio-I-c-Ww, Dbsgptev]v Fn-h-tbmSpw kmev]nI IY-Isf Iqntm-dpv. Fm tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Pohn-X-{]-hn-Isf km-ev]nI IY-bm-n-bm \psS
]m]-tam-N-\-n-\pw, hos-Sp-n\pw thn Ah kln--Xpw, acn-Xpw Dbs-gp-t-Xpw Fmw
A-iq-\y-am-bn-Xo-cp--Xm-Wv. Cu Ncn-{X-kw-`-hs AtX-]Sn AwKo-I-cn-n-s- \mw henb Ipg-n sNps]Sp--Xm-bn-cn-pw (1 sImcn. 15).
\n-e-amb kmln-Xy-c-N-\sb hymJym-\n-p-tm Ae-m-c-`mj XS--ambn hcm-Xn-cn-m kqn-Ww. DZm-l-c-Wambn D-a-KoXw FSp-mw.- Hcp {]Im-c-n AXn-hn-ti-j-amb Hcp kml-Xy-c-N-\-bmW-Xv, Fm AXns A-coI hymJym\w A-an-m--Xm-bn-cn-pw. BI-bm hymJym-Xmhv
Ae-m-c-`m-j-bpw, kmZr-iy-fpw IrXy-ambn a\-n-em-n-bmte sXp-Iq-Sm hymJym\w sNp-hm
Ign-b-I-bp-p. Cu ]pkvX-I-ns HSp-hn CXn-s\-p-dnp hni-Z-ambn Nnn-mw.
6.
sXmb \ymb-hm-Zw.
A\--amb ssZh-Xzs {Kln-p-hm a\p-jy-_p-n-tm, hmZ-K-Xn-Itm Ign-bp--X-. \psS

Ign-hp-I-fm ssZhs a\-n-em-m km[n-p-am-bn-cp-s-n \mw Kn-I-fmbn amdn-tb-s\.
BI-bm-em-Wv kZr. 3:57- ""]q-lr-Z-b-tmsS btlm-h-bn B{i-bn; kz hnth-I-n
Du-cpXv; \ns Fm hgn-I-fnepw Ahs\ \n\-p-sImI; Ah \ns ]mX-Isf t\sc-bm-pw;
\n\p Xs \o m\n-bmbv tXm-cpXv; btlm-hsb `b-sp tZmjw hnp-am-dpI.'' Fp ]dn-cn-p--Xv. ssZhw B{K-ln-p-Xv \mw \psS _pn-bn B{i-bn-msX hnizm-k-m \S-W-sa-m-Wv.
Hcp Znhkw \mw ssZhs ]q-ambn a\-n-em-p-sa-mWv ]ueqkv shfn-s-Sp-p--Xv. ""Ctm
\mw Im-Sn-bn IS-sam-gn-bmbn ImWpp; Atmtgm apJm-ap-J-am-bn ImWmw; Ctm Rm
Awi-ambn Adn-bpp; Atmtgm Rm Adn-b-s--Xp-t]mse Xs Adn-bpw'' (1 sImcn. 13:12). \mw
Im-hns\ ImWp B Znhkw Cp \apv Dcw e`n-msX Fm Xncp-sh-gp-p-`m-K-pw
Av icn-bmb Dcw e`n-p--Xm-Wv (2- sIm-cn. 3:18).
Hmw \qm-nse blq-Z-mp Ah-cpsS sXmb \ymb-hm-Z--fm ain-lmsb Xncn--dn-bm IgnbmsX t]mbn. ]co-i-mcpw tbip-{In-kvXphpw Xn-ep kw`m-jWw t\mpI:
""]co-i-m Hcp-anp IqSn-bn-cn-p-tm tbip Ah-tcmSv: {InkvXp-hn-s\-p-dnp \np
Fp tXmpp? Ah BcpsS ]p{X Fp tNmZnp; Zmho-Zns ]p{X Fv Ah ]dp. Ah Ah-tcmSv Fm ZmhoZv Bm-hn Ahs\ Imhp Fp hnfn-p-Xv
Fs\? ""Rm \ns i{Xp-sf \ns ]mZ-]oTw Bp-thm-f-n\p Fs he-p-`m-Kv
Ccn Fp Imhv Fs Im-hn-t\mSv Acp-fn-s-bvXp.'' F-h ]d-bp-p-h-tm. ZmhoZv
Ahs\ Imhv Fp ]d-bpp Fn Ahs ]p{X BIp--sX-s\ Fp tNmZn-p.
Ah-tcmSp Dcw ]d-bp-hm Bpw Ign-n; Ap apX Bcpw Ah-t\mSv Hpw tNmZnm Xp\n--Xp-an-'' (a-m. 22:41-46).
tbip-{InkvXp ChnsS D-cn-Xp ko. 110:1 Bbn-cp-p. ainlm Htc ka-bv Zmho-Zns aI\pw
Imhpw BIp--sX-s\ F-h tNmZn-p. bYm-n ainlm ssZhpw a\p-jy\pw BIpp
F-XmWv Dcw ]t, a\p-jys \ymb-hmZw Cu kXys AwKo-I-cn-ptam?
221
D.
{]tbm-Ks ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-p Fp-h-gn-I:
hfsc e`n-X-amb Fp-h-gn-I-fmWv Ch-sb-nepw hN\w ]Tn-p B Ch Hmtcm-nepw Dsm-ncn-p ]cm-P-b-am--fpsS IqSp-X Ipd-hp-I a\-n-emn sIm-Ww. CXns shfn--n
hopw kZr. 3:5,6 hmbn-p-Xp {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-Wv, ""]q-lr-Z-b-tmsS btlm-h-bn B{i-bn;
kz-hn-th-I-n Du-cp-Xv. \ns Fm-h-gn-I-fnepw Ahs\ \n\-p-sImI; Ah \ns ]mXIsf t\c-bm-pw.''
1.
btlm-h-bn B{i-bnv in-tbmsS bXv\n-p-hm ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-p.
2.
ssZhoI kXy-sf FXnp at\m-`m-h--sf-bpw, {]hn-I-sfbpw XS-bp-hm

]cm-P-b-s-Sp-p.
3.
icn-bmb {]am-W-sf Adn-npw A\p-k-cn-m Ign-bm-sX-h-cp-p.
4.
Cu temI-n\p A\p-cq-]-cm-Im-\p k-n\p Iogvs-Sp-p.
5.
ssZh-h-N-\s kz-Po-hn-n {]tbm-Kn-p-hm Xmev]-cy-an-m-bvI.
6.
]m]s \nm-c-am-bn--\n-e-\n-evm-Xpw \nb-am-\p-kr-X-a-m--Xp-ambn ImWp-I.
7.
m\-tmsS FSp-t Xocp-am-\-sf hnIm-c--[o-\-am-p-p.
8.
aphn-[n-Ipw, Ae-k-Xbvpw H-hw Nn-Isf hf-sm-Sn-p-I.
222
223
224
Aymbw 5
ssZh-ns
Bf-Xz-s-p-dn-p D]-tZiw
225
226
`mKw 1
{XnXzw
A.
{XnXz-s-p-dn-smcp hnh-cWw:
ssZh-h-N-\-ns ASn-m-\-n \app hnizm-kn-p-hm Ignbpw ssZhw GI-\m-sWv (B-h.

4:35; 6:4; 1 sImcn.8:46; Ft^. 4:36; bmtm.2:19). B ssZhw Xs Xm ]nXm-shpw (tbm-l. 6:27)
]p{X-s\pw (tbm-l. 1:1) ]cn-ipmmshpw (A-tm. {]. 5:3,4) shfn-s-Spn Xn-cn-pp Fpw,
Fm Ahs B-cnI {]h-\-s-bmWv \app a\-n-em-m {]bm-k-ambn hcp-Xv.
{XnXz-s-p-dnv Hcp kq \n-N\w \evIpI kmy-a-, Fp-sIm-s-m \psS _pn-p-d-am-bmWv B {]b-w. Ah ssZhw Xs Bbn-cn--bm (tdm-a. 11:33) \psS {InkvXob \Sv
B ssZhs {]km-Zn-n-p-amdv hnizm-k-m-em-bn-cn-t--Xm-Wv. (F-{_m. 11:6) ssZhw Bbn-cn-p-hn[w Ahs\ Adn-bp-hm\pw a\-n-em-p-hm\pw \app Ign-m kz-ns Cu hip \mapw
ImgvN-bm \S-p-am-bn-cp-p. Gsd Xma-kn-bmsXmcp Znhkw \ Ahs\ \mbn Adn-bp-sa-new
(1 sImcn. 13:12) Ctm hnizm-k-m-emWv Adn-tb--Xv. {XnXzs a\-n-em-m Hcp apsb ]cntim-[n-mw. AXn\v tXmSp-v, Nph Dn-bpw, sh--cphpw Dv. aqp {]tXyI `mK- ap-bvps-nepw Fmw-IqSn ap-sb-mWv hnfn-p--Xv.
\ap--dnbmw {]]--nse aqp Bf-Xz-pw {]tXyI {]hn-I Ds-v. Fm ]-Xnbpw
Bkq-{XWw sNpXv ]nXm-hmWv (A-tm. {]. 2:23). ]nXm-hns ]-Xn-Isf \S-n-em-p-Xv ]p{X\m-Wv (tbm-l. 5:36). kw]q ssZh-ln-Xs shfn-s-Sp-p-Xv ]cn-ip-m-m-hm-Wv (tbml.16:13).
Ch-cpsS {]tXyI {]hn-Isf ]Tn-p-tm {XnXzs hn`-Pn-p-hm {ian--cpXv; Fs-m
]nXm-hv, ]p{X, ]cn-ip-m-mhv Fn-h Hcp-t]mse ssZh-k-sb Dsm-p-p.
CXp \ap-smcp {]iv\-a-. \psS hml-\-ns {]h-\-KXn F-s\-sbv \ap--dn-bm Ign-bp-Xv, FPn mv sNbvXp ey-n-tep ss{Uhv sNp-tm BIpp F-Xp-t]mse ssZhns {]IrXw Fsv A-hs krjvSn-I-fnqsS \ap--dn-bm Ign-bpw (tdm-a. 1:20).
B.
sXfnhv:
{XnXz-ns sXfnhv bYm-n ]nXm-hv, ]p{X, ]cn-ip-m-mhv F aqp Bf-Xz--sfbpw

""ssZhw'' Fp hnf-n-cn-p--Xm-Wv. ssZh-n-\p-am-{X-ap KpW hnti-j--fpw, ssZhw am{Xw sNp
{]hn-Ifpw Cu aqp hyn-Xz-pw D-Xm-bpw, sNp--Xmbpw ImWp-tm bmsXmcp kwibhpw IqSmsX \app ]d-bm Ignbpw Cu aqhcpw Hm-Wv, Hcp ssZh-am-Wv. Hmw `mKw Aymbw 4
""ssZhoIksb ASn-m-\-am-n-bp hyJym-\-n ssZhoI k Fsp ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-nbnpv. Ctm \mw sNpXv ssZh-ns kz`m-h- hn-ti-j--fpsS hni-Zo-I-c-W-sf hn]p-e-sSpn XznXz-nse Hmtcm hyn-Xz-tmSpw Ahsb _n-n-p-I-bm-Wv.
227
]T-\-ns AXn{]m-[m-\y-aln-p Hcp Gcnbm BWn-Xv. Cu hmIy- ss__n Xntbm-f-PnbpsS aueo-I-amb cp ASn-m-\-sf nc-s-Sp-pp F Imcyw sshZy-hn-Zymn ad--cp-Xv.
Hm-as ASn-m-\w, ""ssZhw GI-ssZhw BIpp'' F-Xm-Wv. cm-a-t-Xv, ""Rm A\''
F-Xp-am-Wv.
C.
ssZh-k--bpsS kz`mh hnti-jWw:
Xmsg sImSp-p On- a\-n-em-pI: Hm-as {_mv () ]nXm-hmb ssZh-s-p-dn-p

hmIy--fm-Wv. cm-a-tXv < > ]p{X-s\-p-dn-p hmIy--fm-Wv, aqm-a-tXv [ ] ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-s\p-dn-p hmIy--fm-Wv.
1.
]c-am-[n-Im-cw.
ssZhw am{X-amWv ]c-am-[n-Im-cn. CXns Aw Ah-\mWv cmPm-hv, cmPm-hns A[n-Imcw Ah

D]t-tbm-Kn-p-p (Zm\n. 4:17; 1 Xntam. 1:17; ko. 47:2,7;), < shfn. 19:16; tbml. 5:21; >, [ skJ. 4:6; 1
]t{Xm. 4:14; 1 sImcn. 12:11 ].
]c-am-[n-Imcw F-Xn\p ""]c-tam-X A[n-Im-cn-bm-b-h ]cn-[n-I-fp Xmgv m\p {]hnpI'' Fm-Ww. ssZhw _mly-\n-b-{-W-p hnt[-b-\-, Ah k-kr-jvSn-Pm-e-ptaepw ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-bm-Wv. Ah krjvSn-Xm-hmWv krjvSn-b- (tdm-a. 1:20,25).
ssZh-n\p Xs kzw ]-Xn-bpw, \nb-a--fpw, \ymb-hn-[n-Ifpw \S-m-m A[n-Im-c-ap-v. Ah
Xnc-s-Sp-p {]Imcw Ah {]hn-p-p. Ahs Dt-i- \psS _pnp a\-n-emm {]bm-k-am-Wv.
2.
\oXn.
ssZhw kw]q \oXn-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv Ah kI-e-nepw XnI-hp--h-\m-Ip-p (tbm-l. 17:25; 1

tbml. 1:5) < 1 tbml. 2:1; eqtm. 1:35; F{km. 7:26 > [ sbi. 32:15-18; ko. 143:10; s\l. 9:20 ] \oXn
bpsS Af-hp-tIm Ah-\m-Ip-p. \mw A\p-I-cn---hn[w kmmn-I-ambn Ah ]q-\m-Wv
(Ft^. 5:1).
3.
\ymbw.
ssZhw BWv \ymbw. apgp-h-\m-bpw, BsI-q-sSbpw bYm-ambpw AhX-s (sb-i. 45:21; Ctm.
37:23) < tbml. 5:22, 30; shfn:19:11 > [ sbi. 4:4;28:6]. ssZh-ns \ymbw Ahs \oXn-bpsS Bh-iyn-\p adp-]-Sn-bm-Wv, Fs-m ssZhw apJ-]--an-m--h-\m-Wv (tdm-a. 2:11). Hcm Ahs Iev]\-Isf ewLn-m (]m]w sNbvXm) ssZhw Hcn-epw AXn\p ]w ]nSn--bn-, Xs \oXnbpw
\ymbhpw \S-p-I-bmWp sNp-Xv (tdm-a. 5:13).
a\p-jy\v Hcn-epw ssZh-ns \oXn \nd-th-m Ign-I-bn, AXp-sIm-mWv Hcp ainlm "{]mbmn'amtIn h-Xv. Imhdn {Iqin Im-hmb tbip-{InkvXp \app ]I-c-m-c-\m-bn, \psS
{]mbm-n--am-bn, adnv ssZh-\oXn \nd-thdn Ahs B _en k-tem-I-n-sbpw ]m]-n-\pthn Bbn-cp-p (1-tbm-l. 2:1,2).
4.
kvt\lw.
ssZhw kvt\lw BIp-p. kw]qhpw hyh--bn-m--Xp-amb kvt\lw Ah-\n am-{X-amWv \mw

ImWp--Xv. (1-tbm-l. 4:810; Xop. 3:4; tbml. 17:24-26) < tbml. 15:9 > [ Kem. 5:22].
ssZh-ns Cu {]tXyI kz`m-h-amWv tbip-{InkvXp temI-n-tep hcm Imc-W-am-b-Xv (tbm-l.
3:16). B kvt\l-amWv tbip-hns\ \tmSp tNp-\nn \psS ]m]-Sw Xop-hm ImcWamb-Xv <eqtm.23:34> Bm-hns "ê'-nse Hm-as LShpw kvt\lw Xs-bm-Wv [ Kem. 5:22].
228
ap--hmbn \mw sNp icn-bm-bXpw Ghpw \-Xp-amWv kvt\lw. bmsXm-cp-hn[ Akw-p-jvSnbpsS koImc `mh-an-m-sX-bp {]hn-bm-W-Xv. {Ink-Xym-\n-I ssZh-kvt\-l-ns ]m-fn-I-fmbn
AXns\ ap--h-cn-tep ]I-cp-tm-gmWv Bfp-I ssZhs Adn-Ibpw AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNpXv.
(tbm-l. 13: 34,35).
5.
\nXy-Po-h.
ssZhw \nXy-Po-h BIp-p. Ah Fpw Dm-bn-cp-p, Ctmgpw Dv, Fm-ehpw Dm-bn-cn-bpw

sNpw (sb-i. 57:15), < tbml. 8:54; 1 tbml. 5:11,12; aoJm.5:2; shfn.1:8,17 >, [ F{_m. 9:14 ].
\nXy-Po-h\v Bcw-`hpw Ah-km-\hpw C, hnizm-kn-I-fmb \mw \nXy-Po-h {]m]n--h-cm-Wv. Bcw-`hpw
Ah-km-\hpw C. Zmh-ns \nXy-Po-h ]Tn-n-p-Xv Xm ac-W-an-m--h-\m-Wv.
6.
k-i-.
ssZhw k-i--\m-Ip-p. CXn-\w Fp {]hn-p-hm\pw Ah i-\m-Ipp Fm-Wv

(atm.14:36; 1]t{Xm. 1:5), < am. 28:18; shfn. 19:6 >, [ 2Xn-tam. 1:7; tdma.15:13].
ssZh-ns k-i-nXzw a\-n-em-m-\p Hcp DZm-l-c-W-amWv BIm-i-`q-an-I-fpsS krjvSnv
(D-ev]. 1:1) Ah Xs hmbnse hN-\-m BIm-ihpw `qanbpw AXn-ep--sXm-sbpw krjvSnp
F (ko. 33:6) hmbn-p-p.
7.
k-hym-]n.
ssZhw k-hym]n BIpp Fp ]d-bpw-tm Htc-k-abw GXp epw Xs in-tbmsS

Bbn-cn-m Ign-bp-sa-m-Ww (k-Zr. 15:3; 2 Zn\2:6) < am. 18:20; 28:20> [ ko.139:716]. Fm
{in-q-I, Fmw ssZh-am-sWpw Ah Fm-nepw Dv F Nnm-KXn (]m-t-bn-kw) A
adnv ssZh-ns hyn-]-c-amb {]Ir-X-s-bm-WnXp ImWn-p--Xv. IqSmsX ssZhw Fhn-sStbm
Bcp-an-m ep \nn-Im-c-\m-tbm, Xs hnhn[ Dt-i--fp-ambn hnhn[ CS--fntem Bbn-cn-b-sp Cu kz`mhw shfn-s-Sp-p-p (k-o. 139:717). Ahs {i Hcm-fn IqSp-Xepw asm-cmfn Ipdhpw A. k-hym-]nXzw F {]tbmKw shfn-s-Sp-p-Xv Bpw klmbw \evIp-hm
X-hw Htc-k-abw Hnq-Sp-X e--fn {]Xy--s-Sp-hm Ign-bp--h FmWv.
8.
k-m\n.
ssZhw k-m-\n-bm-Ipp Fp ]d-m Ah Fmw Adn-bpp Fm-Wv Aw. `qXw,

h-am-\,- `mhn Imcy- Ah\v Adn-bmw (k-o. 139:16; F{km. 4:13). < tbml. 2:24, 25; 18:4; am.
9:4; >, [ 1sImcn. 2:10,11; sbi. 11:2]. Fm-n-sbpw _ln-a\w Fm-bn-cn-p-sa Ah-\-dn-bmw. hmkvXhn-I-Xsb am{X-a-, kmy-X-I-sf-bpw, Fm-Im-e-n-sebpw Hmtcm Xocp-am-\--fp-sSbpw in Fmbn-cn-p-sapw Ah-\-dn-bmw. Ahs \nXy-amb ]-Xn-bn CuhI Imcy- Fmw ]cn-K-Wn--sn-p-v (tdm-a. 8:28-30).
9.
am-an-m--h.
ssZhw am-an-m--h BIp-p. CXns Aw Ahs k-bpsS `mh-n\v hyXym-k-sam-p-ans-m-Ip-p. (bm-tm. 1:17; F{_m. 6:17; aem. 3:6), < F{_m. 13:8 >, [ 1sIm-cn. 12:4; Ft^. 1:13 ].
ssZhw hmKvZw sNbvXXp \nhr-n-p--h-\m-I-bm Ahs Cu kz`mhw a\p-jy-h-n\p {]tbmP-\-I-c-am-Wv. ""{InkvXp-tb-ip-hn-ep--hv Hcp inm-hn-[nbpw C'' (tdm-a. 8:1) Fp ]d-Xv a\p-am-dp--h-\ ssZhw. \ap--Xn ]q-ambpw ic-W-sSmw Fs-m Ah a\p amp-I-bn-.
tbip-{In-kvXp-hn hniz-kn-p--hp \nXy-Po-h Dsp Iev]n--h (hm-KvZw sNbvX-h)
s]sv kphn-ti-j-n\p amw hcp-p-I-bn- (tbm-l. 3:16). ssZhw Xs hmp-am-n-bm (hm-KvZ-sf \nhr-n-m-Xn-cp-m) Ah I-s\p hnfn--s-Spw. Ah-\n A\o-Xn-bp--h-\m-bn-cnpw
(F-{_m. 6:17,18).
229
Cu temI-n-ep--Xn-s\mw amw kw`-hn-pw. Fm ssZhw am{Xw bYm-hm-\m-Wv. CXp-sImv

Ah-\n {]Xym-i-bp--hsmw Ah Bm-hns \q-c-am-Wv (F-{_m. 6:19).
10.
kXy-hm.
ssZhw kXy-hm-\m-Ip-p (B-h. 32:4; tbml. 7:28;17:3), < tbml. 14:6; 1 tbml. 5:20 >, [1 tbml. 5:7,8;
4:6; tbml. 14:17; 15:26, 16:13].
Cu kz`mhw \tmSp ]d-bp--Xp, ssZhw Fp sNbvXmepw ]q-ambn hniz-knmw Fm-Wv
(kwJym. 23:19). AXp-h-fsc ]c-am-amb HmWv ssZh-n\p hymPw ]d-bp-hm Ign-I-bn FXv (Xo-p.1:2).
kXyw CXm-Wv, ssZhw tbip-{InkvXp F Bf-Xz-n- kzbw shfn-s-Sp-n. < tbml. 14:6 > Ncn{X-n-ep-S-\ofw kXys At\z-jn-p--h AXns\ shdpw k-ev]-am-tbm, {]m-\-am-tbm, {]am-Wamtbm am{X-amWv At\z-jn--Xv. CXp-sIm-mWv kXys At\z-jn-p a\p-jy-hw AXns\
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns hN-\--fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNt-n-bn-cn-p--Xv < 1 Xntam. 6:3 >.
230
`mKw 2
ssZh-ns t]cp-I
apJ-hpc:
Cu hn`m-K-n Xncp-sh-gp-n ]d-n-cn-p ssZh-ns t]cp-I AYhm ]Z-hn-I-fmWv Nmhn-j-bw. F{_m-b, {Kop `mj-I-fn ssZh-n\p hnhn-[-amb t]cp-I D]-tbm-Kn-n-p-v. CsXmw
Ahs kz`m-h-tmSpw Bn-Xz-tmSpw _-s--h-bm-Wv.
Nne Xn-a-I-fn F{_mb {Kop ]Z- AtX-]Sn ]pXnb `mj-bn-tep ew amn-bn-p-v
(CXns\ {Smkn-en--tj Fp ]d-bp-p). ]pXnb `mj-bnse A-c--fn Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-p--Xn\m Dm-cW amhpw hcpw, ]t Aw a\-n-em-m X klmb hgn-I Hpw C. Cu
]T\w Fm-bmepw hnZymnp aqe ]Z-fpw Xn-a-Ifpw e`y-am-p-hm klm-bn-p-p.
A.
F{_mb t]cp-I:
1.
ssZhw
ssZhw F-Xn\v F{_m-b-`m-j-bn Gtemlnw (Elohim) Fm-Wv. Dev]. 1:1 \ap-nXp e`n-p-p.
CXp-Iq-SmsX ]g-b-\n-b-a-n GXmv 2,500 {]mhiyw Cu t]cp-h-cp-p-v. Cu t]cns A-n
ssZh-ns kwq k DsImpXn\m AXv s]v Ahs KpW-hn-ti-j-sf shfnhm-p-p. IpSp-X {]mhiyw CXv ssZ-h-ns ']nXmhv' F ]Z-hnsb BWv Nqn-m-Wn-n-cn-pXv. Fm hnZymn a\-n-em-n-bn-cn-Ww CXp ]p{X-s\bpw ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-s\bpw shfn-sSp-p-p-v. Fs-m {XnXzw ssZh-am-Ip-p.
Gtemlnw FXv Hcp _lp-h-N\ ]Z-amWv (H-nq-Sp-X) thZ-]p-n-X-m CXns\ ""ssZhns _lp-h-N\w'' Bbn hnh-cn-n-cn-pp; Fs-m AXp ssZh-ns hen-asb BWv ImWnp--Xv. _lp-h-N-\-]-Z-am-sW-nepw GI-h-N\ {Inb-bn-mWv kZm D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p--Xv, AXm-bXv
ssZhw GI Xs-sb-w (Bh. 6:5).
Gtemlnw F ]Zw ssZh-s-p-dnp IqSp-X Adnhp \evIp ap-Nne hmp-I-fmbn tbmPnpIbpw AX-h-s -\maw Bbn-o-cp-Ibpw sNbvXn-p-v.
a.
k-i-\mb ssZhw.
""k-i--\mb ssZhw'' FXv Fk-Zmbn (EL-Shaddi) F hmns Xna BWv. "F'

FXv Gtemlnw F hmns Npcp--am-Wv. ssZhw Xs P\-n-s-ta sNmcn-bp A\p-{K-lsf hnh-cn-m-\mWv Cu ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p--Xv.- CXp \app Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p hmIy`m-K--fn ImWmw:
Dev]: 17:1; 28:3; 35:11; 43:14; 48:3; 49:25; ]pd.6:3; kwJym.24:4-,16; cqv 1:20,21; Ctm. 5:17; 6:4,14; 8:3,5; 11:7;
13:3; 15:25; 21:15,20; 22:3,17,23,25,26; 23:16; 24:1; 27:2,10:11,13; 29:5; 31:2,35; 32:8; 33:4; 34:10,12; 35:13; 37:23; 40:2; ko.
68:14; 91:1; sbi.13:6; sbl-kvI. 1:24; 10:5; tbmth 1:15.
231
b.
AXyp--X-\mb ssZhw.
""AXyp--X-\mb ssZhw'' FXv "F Gen-tbm' (El-Elyon) F hmns Xn-am-bm-Ip-p.

kI-e-nepw ssZh-n-\p km-[n-]-Xy-s-bmWv CXp ImWn-p--Xv. CXpw Gtem-ln-ans klmb
hmm-Wv. Xmsg Xn-cn-p hmIy- t\mp-I:
Dev]. 14:18,19,20,22; 40:17; kwJym. 24:16; Bh.26:19; 28:1; 32:8; tbmip. 16:5; 2iap. 22:14; 1 cmPm. 9:8;
2cmPm.15:35; 18:17; 1Zn\.7:24; 2Zn\. 7:21; 8:5; 23:20; 27:3; 32:30; s\l.3:25; ko. 7:17; 9:2; 18:13; 21:7; 46:4; 47:2;
50:14; 57:2; 73:11; 77:10; 78:17,35; 56; 82:6; 83:18; 87:5; 89:27; 91:1,9; 92:1; 97:9; 107:11; sbi. 7:3; 14:14; 36:2: bnc.
20:2; 36:10; hnem. 3:35,38: sbl. 9:2; 41:7; 42:5.
c.
\nXy-\mb ssZhw.
""F Hmew'' (El-Olam) F hmns Xn-a-bmWv "\nXy-\mb ssZhw' FXv. "Hmew' F

F{_mb hmn\v \nXy-\mb (B-cw-`hpw Ah-km-\hpw Cm--Xv) F ]Z-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv.
Ah-km-\-an-m--h F Aw hcp Everlasting F-Xn-t\-m BZnbpw A-hp-an-m-Xv F
Aw hcp Eternal F ]Z-amWv kzoIm-cy-ambn FSp-n-cn-p--Xv. Xmsg-sm-Sp-n-cn-p thZ-`mK- hmbn-pI:
Dev]. 21:33; sbi. 40:28 Fhn-sS-sbmw \nXyX (Olam or Eternity) F hmp {]tbm-K-n hn-ptm
Ahn-sS-sbmw ssZh-ns \nXy-X-bmWv shfn-hm--s-n-cn-p--Xv.
2.
""bmth''
Imhv.
(Yahweh)
F ]Z-amWv Fm-bn-Spw ""Imhv'' Fp Xna sNbvXn-cn-p--Xv.

ssZhs kqNn-n-p-Xpw Am-Xpw Xn Xncn--dn-bp--Xn-\mbn Cwo-jn henb A-c-fpw, sNdnb A-c-fpw D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-p. (Lord and lord) ssZhoI Bf-Xzs ImWn-p bmthbpsS ap hnh-c-fpw Dv.
"bmth' FXp ssZh-ns {]tXyI t]cm-Wv (]p-d. 3:14). GI-tZiw 5,300 {]mhiyw ]g-b-\n-b-a-n
Cu t]cv D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-p. CXv Ahs kzb-t_m-[-tm-Sp-Iq-Snb An-Xz-s-bmWv ImWn-p-Xv. Lord- btlmh F Hm-a-s {]tbmKw Dev].2:4 BWv ImWp--Xv. Gtemlnw F hmnt\mSv tNv D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p--Xn-\m "btlm-h-bmb ssZhw' (Lord God) Fw hn-cn-p-p.
ssZh-ns {]tXyI t]cv (Personal Name) IqSp-X ]cn-ip--ambn bn{k-tbm Icp-Xp-hm XpS-nbXv _m_n-tem-\y ASn-a-Xzn\v (B.C. 586-516) tij-am-Wv. B t]cn-t\m-Sp `b-`-n-aqew kZm
AXp-]-tbm-Kn-msX ]Icw AtVmWmbn (Adonai) ""bP-am-\'' FmWv D]-tbm-Kn--Xv. A.D. Bdpw Ggpw
\qm-p-I-fn AtVm-W-bnse kzcm--c--fpw, bmth-bnse hy-\-fpw kwtbm-Pn-n-p-mb ]pXnb
]Z-amWv "btlm-h.' bmth Ds-Spn AtVm-Wmbn D-cn-m hmb-\-m-cs\ klm-bn-p-I-bm-bncpp Dt-iw.
a.
btlmh Icp-Xn-sm-pw.
""bmth bntc'' (b-tlm-h -bn-tc) F hmns A-amWv "btlmh Icp-Xn-smpw'' F-Xv.

CXv Dev]. 22:14 ImWp-p. C-lm-ns\ _en-I-gn-m ]pd-s-Sp A{_lmw BnIpn FhnsS?
F ]p{Xs tNmZy-n\p adp-]Sn \evIp--XmWv k`w.
b.
btlmh Fs sImSn.
""bmth \nn'' (b-tlmh \nn) F-Xns X-a-bmWv "btlmh Fs sImSn' F-Xv. ]pd.
17:15- tamsi Atam-te-Iy-cp-sS-ta hnPbw BtLm-jn-p-hm ]WnX bmK-]o-T-n-hv ]d-Xm-Wv.
232
c.
btlmh kam-[m-\w.
""bmth imtemw'' (b-tlmhm imtew) F t]cns Xn-a-bmWv "btlmh kam-[m\w' FXv. \ymb 6:24- CXp ImWp-p.
d.
ssk\y--fpsS btlm-h.
""bmth ktmv'' (b-tlmh imtm-v) F t]cmWv "ssk\y--fpsS btlmh' Fp Xna

sNbvXn-cn-p--Xv. CXv Hcp anen-dn ]Z-am-Wv. btlmh Fs ssk\y-ns A[n-] (I-amU)
Fm-Ww. bn{k-tb-ens ]cn-]m-e-\-n\v Bn-bn-cn-p ZqX-m-cpsS hyql-n-sbpw A[n] F-ap-v. 1 iap. 1:3 BWv BZy-ambn CXv hmbn-p--Xv. ]noSv \qdp \qdp {]mhiyw D]tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-p.
3.
Imhv, bP-am-\, DS-a-.
"BtZm-\mbn' (Adonai) FXpw Gtemlow F-t]mse Hcp _lp-h-N-\-]-Z-am-Wv. CXp ssZh-ns ]cam-[n-Im-cs ImWn-p-p. GXm-bmepw Gtem-ln-bnset]mse Xs CXns GI-h-N-\-amWv AtUm
(Adon). AtUm-Wn\v ""Imhv'' (sN-dnb A-cw) bP-am-\, DS-a- Fm-Ww. A[n-Im-cs
ImWn-m-\m-bn-mWv CXp-]t- bm-Kn-n-cn-p-Xv. Dev]. 18:3 BZy-ambn hmbn-p-p. A{_lmw ssZhs
Cu t]cn kwt_m-[\ sNbvXn-cn-p-p.
CXns kam\ ]Z-amb {Kon Ipdn-tbmkv (Kurios) F hmmWv D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p--Xv.
B.
{Kop-t]-cp-I:
1.
ssZhw (GOD)
{Kon ssZhw F-Xn\v "Xntbmkv' (Theos) F hmv D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-p. CXp Gtemlow F

F{_mb hmn\p kam-\-am-Wv. ssZh-ns Fm KpW-hn-ti-j--sfbpw Hnp shfn-s-Sp-p-hm\mbn sk]vp-Pn v F {Kop ss__n ]cn-`m-j-bn Cu ]Zw XpS-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-p.
tbml. 1:1epw, Dev]. 1:1epw Xn hfsc kmay-ap-v. Gtemlnw F-Xn\v Xntbmkv F ]Z-ap]-tbm-Knv _w m]n-n-cn-p-p.
2.
Imhv (LORD)
{Kop-]-Z-amb Ipdn-tbmkv BWv Imhv F hmns aqew. 700- A[nIw {]mhiyw Cu hmv
]pXnb \nb-a-n D]-tbm-Kn-n-p-v. ]c-am-[n-Im-cw, B[n]Xyw Chsb ImWn-p-p. _lp-am-\-]-cambpw D]-tbm-Kn-m-dp-v.
\mw app Nnn--Xp-t]mse Gtem-low, Xntbmkv F hmp-Iv Xpey-A-am-Wp-Xv. AXpt]mse Ipdn-tbm-kpw, bmth F hmp-Ipw Xpey A-am-Wp--Xv. atmkv 11:9 Fgp-pIm-c D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p ko. 118:26-se F{_mb hmIy-amb ""btlm-h-bpsS \ma-n hcp--h
hmgv-s--h'' F-Xn\v ""Im-hns (Ip-dn-tbm-kv) \ma-n.....'' ({Ko-v) FmWv D]-tbm-Kn-ncn-p--Xv.
3.
bP-am-\ (MASTER)
""bP-am-\'' F {]tbmKw ]e-tmgpw tkzm-[n-]-Xy-sbpw \njvTq-c-X-sbbpw ImWn-m-\m-bn-pamWv Xna sNbvXn-cn-p--sX-n-epw, ss__n-fn "Imhv' F A-n Xna sNbvXncn-p-Xv km-[n-]-Xy-sbpw A[n-Imc Zphn-\n-tbm-K-sbpwIm DS-a--X-bn-ep ]cn-]m-e-\s
ImWn-p-hm-\m-bn-m-Wv (eq-tm. 2:29; Atm. 4:24;) IqSmsX; 1 Xntam. 6:1,2; 2 Xntam. 2:21; Xoq. 2:9;
1 ]t{Xm. 2:18; 2 ]t{Xm. 2:1; bqZm. 1:4; shfn. 6:10 F `mK--fn\npw CXp a\-n-em-mw.
233
234
`mKw 3
ssZh ]nXmhv (]n-Xr-Xz- XXzim-kv{Xw-Paterology)

A.
Ahs BfXzw:
ssZh-ns ]nXrXzw a\-n-em-m-\p Ffp--hgn Ahs\ shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p ssZh-h-N-\s

]Tn-p-I-bm-Wv. {XnXz-ns ]T-\-n ]nXm-hpw, ]cn-ip-m-mhpw Htc KpW-hn-ti-j- D-h-cmsWp \mw Ip. C\n \apv ]nXm-hns\pdnp ss__n \evIp {]tXyI {]tbm-K-fpw hniZo-I-c-W-fpw t\mmw.
]nXm-hv, ]p{X, ]cn-ip-m-m-hv F hyXymkw \ne-\nevpwtmgpw ssZhw Hcp-h am{X-am-Ip-p
(B-h. 6:4). ]e-tmgpw {XnXz-nse GXp Bf-Xz-s-p-dn-mWv {]tXyI hmIy-n kqNn-n-n-cn-p-sXp a\-n-em-pI {]bm-k-am-Wv. Cu {]bm-k-n\p ImcWw ssZhw hn`-Pn--s-Sp-n FXp-sIm-m-Wv (tbm-l. 10:30; 14:9). Fnepw ]nXm-hns Bf-Xz-s-p-dn-p ]cn-tim-[-\-bn e`np hmIy--fpw, thZ-`m-K-fpw Ahs Bf-Xzs Xncn--dn-bp--Xn\p \s IqSp-X klm-bn-pIbpw \psS Xmev]cyw hn-n-p-Ibpw sNpw.
]e-tmgpw hni-Zo-I-cWw Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-p-Xpw ssZh ]nXm-hns\pdnp ]d-n-cn-p--Xp-amb Hcp
hmm-Wv ""Fs'' my F-Xv. CXp ]nXm-hns hyn-]-c-amb kz`m-hs shfn-s-Sp-p--Xm-Wv.
]nXm-hp-am-bp hyn-_-s ImWn-p--Xn\p ""\ns'', ""Ahs, ""Ah-fpsS'' F GI-h-N-\-]Z-fpw, ""\psS-'', ""\n-fpsS, ""Ah-cpsS'' Fn-s\ kaql (Iq-p) _s ImWn-m _lph-N-\-]-Z-\-fpw D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-p.
B.
]nXmhv F hynsb hn-n-cn-pXp ImWpI:

z
""k-i-'', CXp shfn-s-Sp-p-Xv A\p-{K-ln-m-\p Ahs Ign-hn-s\-bpw, intbbpw BIp-p. Dev]. 49:25; kwJym.24:4,16; cqv. 1:20,21; Ctm. 5:17; 6:1; 14; 8:3,5; 11:7; 13:3;
15:25; 21:15,20; 22:3, 17,23,25,26; 23:16; 24:1; 27:2,10,11,13; 29:5; 31:2,35; 32:8; 33:4; 34:10,12; 35:13; 37:23; 40:2;
ko. 68:14; 91:1; sbi. 13:6 sbl. 1:24; tbmth. 1:15; shfn.1:8
""htbm-[n-I-\m-b-h'' CXv Ahs \nXy-{]-Ir-Xs ImWn-p-p Zm\n.7:9,13,22
""\nXy-ssZhw'' CXpw Ahs \nXy-amb {]Ir-Xs ImWn-p-p. sbi. 40:28; Dev]. 21:33
""hniz-kvX-\mb ssZhw'' CXv Ahs am-an-m kvt\l-{]-Ir-X-s-bmWp ImWn-p-Xv Bh. 7:9
""al-Xz-ns ]nXmhv'' Ahs\ ]n]- aln-a-bpsS bmYmys CXp shfn-sSp-pp. Ft^. 1:17
""a\--en-hp ]nXm-hv'' CXp Ahs Af-h Ir]sb ImWn-p-p. 2 sImcn. 1:3

235
""AXyp--X'' Ahs Ghpw Db m\-s-bpw, `qae-n-t-ep A[n-Im-csbpw shfn-s-Sp-p-p. Dev]. 14:18,19,20,22; ko.57:2; 78:35; F{_m. 7:1
""hymP-an-m hniz--\mb ssZhw'' bmsXmcp sXp-an-m \ymbhpw \oXnbpw

\S-p-hm. Bh. 32:4
""al-Xz-ns ssZhw'' Ahs hen-a-bpsS kz`m-hs ImWn-p-p. ko. 29:3;

Atm. {]. 7:2
""tZhm-[n-ssZhw'' ssZh- Fp ]d-bp--h-bp-sS-ta Ah-\p ]c-am-[n-Im-cs ImWnp-p. Bh. 10:17; ko. 136: 2; Zm\n. 2:47; 11:36
""kam-[m-\-ns ssZhw'' Ipg---sfbpw Iem-]--sf-bp-a ssZhw B{K-ln-p-sXp hnkvX-cn-p-p. tdma. 15:33; 16:20; ^nen. 4:9; 1 sX. 5:23; F{_m. 13:20.
""Poh-\p--h-cpsS ssZhw'' CXv Ahs \nXy-kz-`m-hs ImWn-p-p. am. 22:32;

atm. 12:27; eqtm. 20:38
""AXyp-X ssZhw'' _lp-am-\n-X

- Ahs Db m\s ImWn-p-p. aoJm. 6:6
""kXy-ssZhw'' Ah-s\m-cp-h am{Xw kXy-hm-\m-bn-cn-pp F bmYmyw shfn-sSp-pp. ko. 31:5; sbi. 65:16
""hen-b-h\pw `b--c-\p-amb ssZhw'' Ahs A[n-Im-c-sbpw hen-a-tbbpw Ipdnpp. Bh. 7:21; s\l. 1:5; Zm\n. 9:4
""al-Xzhpw h-`-Xz-hp-ap ssZhw'' Ah F{X i-\pw, Db-hs\pw ImWnp-p. bncaym 32:18; s\l. 9:32
""kIe tZh-mpw aosX alm-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cn-p ssZhw'' a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-Ifpw, k-ev]--fp-amb tZh-mp-ta Ahs ]c-am-[n-Imcw Fsp ImWn-p-p. ko.
95:3
""`b--c-\m-b-h'' CXv Ah F{X _lp-am-\n-X Fp ImWn-p-p ko. 76:11
""]cn-ip-'' AXp-ey-amb Ahs \oXnbpw kq-Xbpw shfn-s-Sp-p-p. 2 cmP.

19:22; Ctm. 6:10; ko. 22:3; 71:22; 78:41; 89:18; kZr.9:10; 30:3; sbi. 1:41; 5:19,24; 10:17,20; 12:6;
17:7; 29:19,23; 30:11,12,15; 31:1; 37:23; 40:25; 41:14,16,20; 43:3,14,15; 45:11; 47:4; 48:17; 49:7; 54:5; 55:5; 60:9,14;
bnc-aym.50-:29; 51:5; sbl. 39:7; tlmi. 11:9,12; l_.1:12; 3:3; 1tbml. 2:20
""XojvWXbp ssZhw'' Ahs P\w ap-tZ-h-m-cp-ambn _w IqS-cp-sX-p Ahs

\n-s ImWn-p-p ]pd. 34:14
""XojvW-X-bp--h\pw {]Xn-Imcw sNp--h-\p-am-b-h'', Xs P\s IhpI-f-bp--hsc IrXy-ambn \ymbw hn[n-p--h Fp shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p. \lqw. 1:2
""al-Xz-ns cmPmhv'' aln-a-bp Ahs ]Z-hnsb ImWn-p-p. ko. 24:7,8,9,10.
""Poh-\p kXy-ssZhw'' \mw I-Xp-t]mse Ahs \nXy-X-bpw, kz`m-hhpw shfn-sSp-pp 1 sX. 1:9
""k-i-n-bp Im-hmb ssZhw'' Imhv FXv A[n-Im-c-s-bpw, ssZhw

FXv kz`m-h-s-bpw, k-i- FXv in-sbbpw ImWn-p-p. shfn. 4:8; 11:17; 15:3;
16:7; 19-:6; 21:22
""kam-[m\w'' FXv B-co-I-amb kw]q sFIy-Xsb ImWn-p-p. \ymbm. 6:24
""AXyp--X-\mb btlmh'' A[n-Im-c-n-s-bpw, Hun-Xy-n-sbpw bmYmys

236
ImWn-p-p ko. 7:17, 47:2

z
""ssZh-amb btlmh'-', hyn]c-amb _-sbpw A[n-Im-c-sbpw ImWn-p-p.

ko. 90:17; Zm\n. 9:9,15; atm. 12:29; Atm. {]. 2:39.
""kvt\lw'' Ahs P-kn--amb kz`m-hs ImWn-p-p. 1 tbml. 4:8,16.
""ZoL-a
- b
- p-h
- '' Ahs kvt\l-ns KpW-hn-ti-js kqNn-n-p-p. ]pd.34:6,7;
Bh. 5:10; 7:9,12; 1 cmP. 8:23; 1 Zn\. 16:34; 2 Zn\. 6:14; F{km. 3:11; s\l. 1:5; 9:17; Ctm. 37:13;
ko. 6:4; 13:5; 26:3; 31:16; 32:10; 36:5,7; 63:3; 89:2,14; 103:8,11; 136:1-28; 138:8; hnem-]. 3:22,32; tbmth.
2:13.
""t{ijvT-tX-P-ns ssZhw'' Ap-X-I-c-amb Ahs {]Ir-Xs ImWn-pp

2 ]t{Xm.1:17.
""kztm--Xn-I-fnse aln-a-bpsS ssZhw'' ssZh t{ib-ns\ ImWn-p-p.

F{_m. 1:3; 8:1
""aln-a-bp--h-\mb btlmh'' ssZh-ns {]`p-Xzs A-`n-Pm-Xys Ipdn-p-p.

sbi. 33:21
""AXyp--X'' Fm kmy-X-Ipw taem-bn-cn-p--h Fp kmcw. kwJym. 24:16; Bh.

32:8; 2 iap. 22:14; ko. 7:17; 9:2; 18:13; 21:7; 46:4; 47:2; 50:14 ko. 57:2; 73:11; 77:10; 78:17,35,56; 82:6;
83:18; 87:5; 91:1,9; 92:1; 97:9; 107:11; sbi. 14:14, hnem]. 3:35,38; Zm\n.3:26; 4:2,17; 24,25,32,34; 5:18,21;
7:18,22, 25,27; tlmi. 7:16; 11:7; atm. 5:7; eqtm. 1:32,35,76; 6:35; 8:28; Atm. {]. 7:48; 16:17;
F{_m. 7:1
""Fs ]mv'' ktmj kwKoXw Ah-\mbn Be-]n--s-Sp-p. ]pd. 15:2; ko. 118:14;
119:54; sbi. 12:2
""GI ssZhw'' Ahs AXp-ey-Xsb shfn-hm-p-p. tbml. 5:44; 1 Xntam. 1:17; bqZm 1:25
""GI -m-\n-bmb ssZhw'' CXv Ahs hnth-I-ns AXp-ey-Xsb ImWn-p-p.

tdma. 16:27
""kw]q'' -A-h-\n ]m]w Cm-bn-cp-p. am. 5:48
""kXy-ssZhw'' CXnsbw Ah a\p-jys\ krjvSn-p, AmsX a\p-jy ssZhs

A krjvSn--Xv 2 Zn\ 15:3; bnc-aym. 10:10; 1 tbml. 5:20.
C.
]nXm-hns tPmen (I-hyw):
{XnXz-n ]nXm-hns Ihyw BIm-i-`q-an-I-fpsS krjvSn-Ip apta Xm-dm-nb hos-Spns {]hnsb \S-m-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p (F-t^. 1:11; 3:11).
D.
]nXm-hns Ihyw Xmsg hnh-cn-pp:

(Architect) ]nXm-hns Unssk sNm-\p Ign-hns\ shfn-s-Sp-p-p. AIpw
]pd-p-\n-p-ap ksf hI-h-bvmsX AXp sNbvXp F{_m. 11:10
""inev]n''
""\nn-Xmhv''
""a\--enhpw Icp-W-bp-ap ssZhw'' a\p-jy-h-tm-Sp Ahs kln-jvW-Xsb
(Builder)
Ahs ]-Xnsb bYm-am-pp Fw. F{_m. 3:4; 11:10.
ImWn-p-p ]pd. 34:6

z
""Ffn-b-h\p Zp-am-bn-cn-p--h'' _e-hm-m-cpsS D]-{Z-h--fn\nv _e-lo-\sc

237
hnSp-hn-p ssZh-am-Wv sbi. 25:4

z
z
""imizX cmPm-hv'' hopw Ahs ]c-am-[n-Im-cs shfn-hm-p-p. bnc-aym. 10:10

""shfn---fpsS ]nXmhv'' temIs {]Im-in-n-p-hm-\p shfnw \evIp--sh-w.
bmtm. 1:17.
""a\--en-hp ]nXmhv'' krjvSn-I-tfmSv Ir]-tbmsS Fpw CS-s]-Sp--h-s\-w

2 sImcn.1:3
""Bm--fpsS ]nXmhv'' tbip-{In-kvXp-hn hniz-kn-p--hv Bob Zm\-sf

sImSp-p--h-s\p ImWn-p-p F{_m. 12:9
""]nXm-hn-m--h-cpsS'' (A-\m-Y-cp-sS) ]nXmhv'' A\m-Y-m-tcmSv ssZh-n-\p a\-en-hns\ ImWn-p-p ko. 68:5
""an-p ssZhw'' a\p-jy-hs Ah-cpsS ]m]--fn\np kqn-m-\p Ahs

B{K-ls ImWn-p-p s\l. 9:17. ko. 99:8
""Poh-P-e-ns Dd-h'' \nXy-Po-hs\ {]Zm\w sNp--h Fp {]kvXm-hn-p-p
bncaym. 2:13; 17:13
""apn-cn-tm--m-c'' Bo-b-^-e-sf hnizm-kn-I-fn \nv {]Xo-n-p-Ibpw DXv]mZn-n-p-hm klm-bn-bpw sNp--h-s\-w tbml. 15:1
""bn{km-tb-ens al-Xz-am-b-h'' C{k-tb P\-tm-Sp Ahs {]Xn-_--Xsb ImWnp-p 1 iap. 15:29; aoJm. 1:15
""\psS Im-hmb tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ]nXmhpw ssZh-hp-am-b-h'' tbip{In-kvXp-hns kzob krjvSn-bmb ico-c-nse nXn shfn-hm-p-p. tdma. 15:6; 2 sImcn.
1:3; Ft^. 1:3; 1 ]t{Xm. 1:3.
""Fs krjvSn-Xm-hmb ssZhw'' a\p-jy-i-co-c--fp-sS-ta Ah\p t\cn-p CS-]mSns\ ImWn-p-p. Ctm. 35:10
""Fs ]md-bmb ssZhw'' hnizm-kn-Ip \evIp Dd-ns\ Nqn-m-p-p. ko.

42:9.
""A{_-lm-an-s-bpw, C-lm-n-s-bpw, bmtm-_n-sbpw ssZhw'' ssZhw

A{_-lm-an-t\mSp sNbvX DS--Snsb nco-I-cn-p-hm-\m-Wn-Xv. ]pd. 3:16; Atm. {]. 3:13; 7:32.
""km-izm-k--fp-sSbpw ssZhw'' {]bm-k--fpsS ka-bp \app Xcp klmbs ImWn-p-p 2 sImcn. 1:3
""kIe PU-n-sbpw ssZhw'' a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-bpsS Npa-Xe Ah Gs-Sp-p-p.

bncaym. 32:27
""{]Xym-i-bpsS ssZhw'' Ah-\n B{i-bn-p--h-cpsS `mhn ]-Xnsb shfn-hm-p-p

tdma. 15:13
""kvt\l-n-sbpw kam-[m-\-n-sbpw ssZhw'' {]iv\--fpsS \nc-p-m-p-h-\mWv ssZhw 2 sImcn. 13:11
""Fs c-bmb ssZhw'' \psS \nXy-c-sb km[n-np Xcp-hm hyn-]-c-ambn

CS-s-Sp {]Ir-X-m-c Fw ko.18:46; 25:5; 27:9; 51:14; 88:1; aoJm 7:7; l_.3:18;
eqtm.1:47
238
""Fs ic-W-amb ssZhw'' hyn-]-c-ambn a\p-jy-hs klm-bn-p--h-s\-w

ko. 43:2
""{]Xn-Im-c-ns ssZhw'' CXv Ahs \oXn-bp \ymb-hn-[nsb ImWn-p-p

bnc-aym. 51:56.
""k-P-U-n-sbpw Bm--fpsS ssZhw'' Pohs\ ]cn-]m-en-p ssZh kz`mhs ImWn-p-p kwJym. 27:16.
""\psS ]nXm-hmb ssZhw'' ssZhhpw hnizm-kn-I-fpambp IpSpw_ _s ImWnpp tdma.1:7; 1 sImcn. 1:3; 2 sImcn. 1:2; Kem. 1:3; Ft^. 1:2; ^nen. 1:2; sImtem. 1:2; 2
sX. 1:1; 2:16; ^nte-tam. 1:3; bmtm. 1:27
""\psS _e-amb ssZhw'' Ah \psS hyn-]-c-amb _e-ns Dd-hnSw FXp-t]mse Xs Ah-tcmSp tNn-cn-p Xpey-_-e-sbpw ImWn-p-p ko. 81:1.
""`qan-bnse kIe cmPy--fp-sSbpw ssZhw'' ZqX-m-cm-emh-s, a\p-jycmemhs

D kIe A[n-Im-c-pw aosX ssZhw km-[n-]-Xn-bm-bn-cn-pp Fm-WnXp ImWnp-Xv 2 cmPm. 19:15; sbi. 37:16.
""]nXm-hmb ssZhw'' Fmn\pw Fmw \evIp--h Fm-Ww tbml. 6:27; 1

sImcn.8:6; 15:24; sImtem. 1:1; Ft^. 5:20; 6:23; ^nen. 2:11; sImtem. 1:3; 3:17; 1 sX. 1:1; 2
sX. 1:2; 1 Xntam. 1:2; Xop. 1:4; 1 ]t{Xm. 1:2; 2 ]t{Xm. 1:17; 2 tbml. 1:3; bqZm. 1:1.
""F\n-p-thn {]Xn-Imcw sNp ssZhw'' hyn-]-c-ambn sNp sXp-Isf

innp {Iao-I-cn-p--h-s\p Dt-in-n-cn-p-p 2 iap. 22:48; ko. 18:47.
""nc-Xbpw Bizm-khpw \evIp ssZhw'' hnizm-kn-I-fpsS {]Xn-Iq-em-h--Ifnepw {]bm-k--fnepw ]cn-]m-en-p--h-\mb ssZhw Fw. tdma. 15:5
""A\-s-p-dnv A\p-X-]n-p ssZhw'' tZi-n-t hcp-m-\n-cn-p

hn]-ns\ amn--f-bp-hm ssZh-n\p Ign-bp-p tbm\m. 4:2.
""ImWp ssZhw'' a\p-jy-cp-sS-ta-ep Ahs ip{iq-jsb ImWn-p-p Dev]. 16:13.
""A\m-Y-cpsS klm-bn'' ]nXm-hn-m ]cn-]m-e-I-cn-m--hsc Ah ]cn-]m-en-p-p

ko.10:14.
""\nsf Biz-kn-n-p--h'' thZ-\-Isf Cm-Xm-m Ign-bp--h-s\-w

sbi. 51:12
""a\p-jy-t\mSp Ahs \ncq-]Ww C-sXv Adn-bn-p ssZhw'' a\p-jylr-Z-b--fp-sS-ta ssZhoI shfn-m-Sn-\p m\-s-bmWv CXp ImWn-p--Xv Btam.
4:13
""a\pjylr-Z-b-sf sa\ ssZhw'' krjvSn-m-\p ssZh-i-n-sb CXp shfns-Sp-p-p ko. 33:15.
""\mw tNmZn-p--Xn\pw \n\-bvp--Xnepw AXyw]c-ambn sNp ssZhw''

ssZhm-m-hns A\--amb {]hnsb ImWn-p-p Ft^. 3:20
""tbip-hns\ acn--h-cn\nv Dbnn--h'' Dbn-p-hm Ign-bp ssZh-insb shfn-s-Sp-p-p tdma. 8:11
""]cn-ip ]nXm-hv'' \oXn-bn ssZhw ]q-\m-bn-cn-pp Fp sXfn-bn-p-p tbml. 17:11.

239
""\n-fpsS aty ]cn-ip--\m-b-h'' \oXn-bn-ep ssZhoI kmn-ys Nqnm-pp tlmi. 11:9.
z
z
""\ns `mhv'' ssZh-ns kvt\l-k-q-amb Zm\-sf ImWn-p-p sbi. 54:5.

""hn[-hbvp \ymbm-[n-]-Xn'' kwc-Ww e`n-m--hp kwc-Ww \evIp--h\mWv ko. 68:5.
""k-`q-anpw \ymbm-[n-]Xn Bb-h'' `qan-bp-sS-ta ssZh-n-\p B[n-]XysbmWv CXv Nqn-m-p--Xv Dev]. 18:25.
""kz-ns cmPm-hv'' ssZhoI knwlm-k-\-ns m\w shfn-s-Sp-p-p Zm\n.

4:37
""Poh-\p ]nXm-hv'' Ahs kvt\l-n-sbpw Icp-X-en-sbpw Ctm-gs Ah-sb

ImWn-p-p tbml. 6:57
""Imhv'' Ahs bP-am-\-Xzs shfn-hm-p-p eqtm. 2:29
""btlmh Fs sImSn'' Hcp cmjv{S-ns sImSn F-Xp-t]mse \s Dbn

ImWn-p sImSnbm-W-h ]pd. 17:15
""btlmh Fs ]md'' hnizm-kn-Ip B{i-bn-m X-hw Ah nc-X-bp-h-s\-mWv CXns Aw ko. 19:14; 28:1; 144:1.
""k-`q-an-bp-sSbpw Im-hv'' kq `qanbpw Ahs A[n-Im-c-ko-a-bv-[o-\-saw tbmip. 3:11,13; ko. 97:5; aoJm. 4:13; skJ. 4:14.
""kz-n-sbpw `qan-bp-sSbpw Im-hv'' kq `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmbn kz-`qan-I-fn hmgp--h-s\-mWv CXns Aw. am. 11:25; eqtm. 10:21; Atm. {]. 17:24
""cmPm--m-cpsS Im-hv'' `qan-bnse `c-W-Im--fnta Ah-\p A[n-Im-cs

shfn-s-Sp-p-p Zm\n. 2:47
""\s \nn btlm-h'' a\p-jysc krjvSn-p-hm ssZh-n-\p A[n-Im-cs

ImWn-p-p ko. 95:6.
""\psS ]cn-N-bm-Ip Im-hv'' \s kwc-n-p--h Fw. ko. 59:11
""\ns kuJy-am-p btlm-h'' tcmK-n-\p-ta A[n-Imcw ssZh-n-\p-v ]pd. 15:26.
""\ns ipo-I-cn-bvp btlm-h'' Xs kz-P-\-n\p \evIp {]tXy-I-X-bpw,

temI--ns ipo-I-c-W-n-\p am-hpw ]pd. 31:13; tehy. 20:8; 22:32.
""Zn-n-ph\mb btlmh'' ssZh-P-\-n-\p-ta hcp ssZhoI in-W-sfbpw temI-cp-sS-ta hcp ssZhoI \ymb-hn-[n-I-sf-bp-amWv A-am-n-bn-cn-p--Xv.
sbl. 7:9
""\ap-mbn Icp-Xn-smv {]Xy--\m-Ip--h'' ssZhnI ]cn-]m-e-\-ns

t{ijvTX a\-n-em-p-p Dev]. 22:14
""\ns krjvSmhv'' hyn-]-c-amb \psS krjvSn-n ssZh-Icw Fs\ D]-tbm-Kn-sp Fp ImWn-p-p sbi. 54:5.
""kI-ehpw Dm-p ssZhw'' krjvSn-ns ]q D-c-hm-ZnXzw Gs-Sp-p-p

240
k`m.{]. 11:5; bnc-aym. 10:16; 51:19.

z
""kz-nse bP-am-\'' Fm A[n-Im-cn-I-sfbpw \ntbm-Kn-p--Xpw, \nb-{n-pXpw ssZh-am-Wv sImtem. 4:1
""Fs Imcy-'' (Pm-ay-m-c) \psS c-bvmbn {]hn-p--h Fw

Ctm. 16:19.
""Fs B{i-bw'' ssZh-n-ep \psS {]tXyI B{i-b-s-bmWv CXp sXfn-bn-pXv ko. 71:5
""Fs klm-bw'' hnSp-X-ens {]tXyI kz`m-hs {]I-Sn-n-p-p ]pd. 18:4; ko. 27:9;
40:17; 54:4; 63:7; 70:5; 118:7; 121:1; F{_m. 13:6.
""Fs ad-hnSw'' CXpw ssZhoI kwc--W-sb-bmWv ImWn-p--Xv ko. 32:7
""Fs {]Xymi'-' `mhn {]Xo--I ssZh-n An-n-cn-p hnizm-kn-bpsS kz`mhs ImWn-p-p ko. 25:5,21; 39:7; 62:5; 71:5; 119:74,81,114,147, Atm. {]. 23:6, 26:6
""Fs shfnw'' ({]-Im-iw) ssZhoI \S-n-ns\ ImWn-p-p kZr. 27:1,-ao-Jm. 7:8
""A\-Zn-h-k-n Fs ic-Ww'' IjvS-X-bpsS Zn\--fn kwc-Ww \evIp-h-\mWv ssZhw bnc-aym. 17:17; ko. 59:16.
""Fs XpW-bmb btlm-h'' ssZhnI Icp-X-ens kz`m-h-s-bmWv CXpw shfn-sSp-p--Xv 2 iap. 22:19; ko. 18:18.
""\psS ewL-\-sf ambnp If-bp--h'' ]m]-tam-N-\-ns asmcp kz`m-hw.

sbi. 43:25.
""\psS ]mnS m\w'' Ah-\mWp \psS bYm `h-\w ko. 90:1.
""\psS \ymbm-[n-]-Xn'' Ah-\mWv kI-e-cp-sSbpw \ymbm-[n-]-Xn 1 iap. 24:15; sbi.

33:22
""\psS \ymb-Zm-Xm-hv'' \app {]am-W-sf Xcp-Xv btlm-h-bm-Wv sbi. 33:22
""\psS hos-Sp-p-Im-c'' Ah \ap-mbn csb hne-bvp-hm-n-sb-mWv

CXns Aw sbi. 47:4; 63:16.
""\psS kt-Xhpw _ehpw'' \n-bp--hsc kqn-p ssZh-sav Aw

ko. 46:1.
""kz-n-sbpw `qan-bp-sSbpw \mY'' ssZh-amWv Fm-n-sbpw DS-a. Dev].

14:19,22.
""Ipi-h'' CXns Aw ssZhw Xs ssIbn-ep--Xns\ X\n-n-jvS-ap BIr-Xnbn Bpp Fm-Wv sbi. 29:16; 45:9; 64:8; bnc-ay. 18:4,6; skJ. 11:13; tdma 9:21.
""\ns hos-Sp-p-Im-c'' Ah \ap-mbn km-Zn c as-m-nepw t{ijvT-amb-sXv ImW-p-p sbi. 54:5
""Xs P\-n-s\mcp kt-X-m-\w'' ssZhw Fpw Xs P\-ns kpc-mm\w BIp-p tbmth. 3:16.
241
""sImSp-m-n Hcp kt-Xw'' {]Xn-Iqe Imp-Ip \Sp-hn Ahs P\-n\p

\evIp kt-Xs ImWn-p-p sbi. 25:4
""\oXn-am-\mb ]nXm-hv'' Ahs KpW-ta-sb ImWn-p-p tbml. 17:25.
""\oXn-am-\mb \ymbm-[n-]Xn'' Ahs Xocp-am-\- Id-b-Xv Fp ImWn-p-p

ko. 7:11; bnc-aym. 11:20; 2 Xntam. 4:8.
""btlmh F\nv tKm]p-chpw ic-Whpw'' Fnepw btlmh F\nv tKm]p-chpw

Fs ic-W-ssi-e-amb Fs
p. ko. 94:22.
ssZh-hp-am-Ip-p-D-d
-- n-s\bpw, \ne-\nn-s\bpw ImWn-p-
""Fs _e-ns ]md'' hyn-]-c-ambn e`n-p insb ImWn-p-p ko. 62:7.
""\psS c-bpsS ]md'' c-bpsS `{Z-Xbpw hn{i-ahpw ko. 95:1
""\psS hnip an-cw'' hnizm-kn-Iv Hc-`-b-m\w Dv sbi. 8:14; sbl. 11:6
""\psS cm-Zpw'' \ap--h Fpw Hcp kt-X-amsWv Aw ko. 28:8.
""DjvW-n Hcp XW'' `mc--fpw, k-fpw IqSp-tm ssZhw \s Bizkn-n-p-p.-sb-i. 25:4
z
z
""\psS in'' Bh-iy-amb _ew Xs kmn-y-m Xcp-p sbi. 28:6

""Fs lrZ-b-ns _ew'' hnizm-kn-bpsS lrZ-b-n-tep ssZhw Xs _ew
]Ip sImSp-p-p ko. 73:26.
z
z
""Fs c-bpsS _ew'' Xs cn-p insb shfn-s-Sp-p-p ko. 140:7.

""]oUn-Xs A`-b-m-\w'' a\p-jy-k---fmb `mc-s-Sp--h\v ssZhw \evIp
A`-bs ImWn-p-p ko. 9:9.
""IjvS-Im-ev Hcp A`-b-m-\w'' AXpw ssZhoI kwc-Ww Ftmgpw DsmWv ImWn-p--Xv ko. 9:9.
""Fs {]mWs\ Xmp--h'' ssZh-ns {]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\bpw Bob IcpX-ep-I-sfbpw ImWn-p-p ko. 54:4
""D]-tZ-i-I'' (Kp-cp) kZm Xs P\s D]-tZ-inp \ne-\np--h-\mWv ssZhw

Ctm. 36:22; sbi. 30:20
{]m\ tIp--h'' CXns Aw Ah \psS B{K-l-sf Adn-bpp
FmWv ko. 65:2.
""\nb-ahpw Zbbpw ]men-p--h'' ssZhw Xs kvt\l-n DS--Snsb Imp]m-en-p-p 1 cmPm. 8:23; 2 Zn\. 6:14.
""IjvS-n ASp XpW'' GXp ka-bpw \s klm-bn-m IqsS Dv. ko. 46:1.
242
`mKw 4
ssZh-]p-{X ({In-kvXp XXz-im-kv{Xw)
A.
tbip-{InkvXp F BfXzw:
tbip-{InkvXp F ssZh-]p-{X (]p-{X) PU-n shfn-s-- ssZhw BIp-p. Hcp \ a\p-jy

ssZhw Bbn-Xo-X-, ]nstbm ssZhw a\p-jy-\mbn Xo-Xm-Wv (tbm-l. 1:1,14). ssZh kz`m-hns hmkvX-h-amb {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-W-h (tbm-l. 14:89; F{_m. 1:3).
1.
Ahs ]qImew.
tbip-{InkvXp ico-cnI Pw FSp-p--Xn\p apt Dm-bn-cp--h-\m-Wv. asmcp {]Im-c-n Hpw

krjvSn--s-Sp--Xn\p apt Ah-\p-m-bn-cp-p. \mw Cs\ hmbn-pp: ""kz-n-ep--Xpw, `qanbn-ep-Xpw Zriy-am-bXpw AZr-iy-am-bXpw knwlm-k-\- BIs Ir-Xz- BIs hmgvNI BIs A[n-Im-c- BIs kI-ehpw Ah apJm-cw krjvSn--sp; Ah apJm-chpw Ah-\m-bnpw kI-ehpw krjvSn--s-n-cn-p-p. Ah k-n\pw apt D-h'' (sImtem. 1:15-,16,17). blq-Z-m-cp-am-bp kw`m-j-W-aty tbip Xs ""A{_lmw P\n-p--Xn\p apt
Rm Dm-bn-cp-p'' F-h-tcmSp ]d-p (tbm-l. 8:58).
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ]q-Im-e-s-p-dnv tbml-ms kphn-ti-j-n hfsc sXfn-hmbn tcJ-sSp-n-bn-cn-p-Xp t\mpI: ""BZn-bn hN\w Dm-bn-cpp; hN\w ssZh-tmSp IqsS Bbncpp; hN\w ssZhw Bbn-cp-p, Ah BZn-bn ssZh-tmSp IqsS Bbn-cp-p. kI-ehpw
Ah apJm-cw Dfhmbn; Df-hm-b-sXmpw Ahs\ IqSmsX Df-hm-b-X-.'' (tbm-l.1:13); AtX
Aym-b-n Xs. ""hN\w PU-am-bn-Xop; Ir]bpw kXyhpw \nd--h-\mbn \psS CS-bn
]mp. R Ahs tXPv ]nXm-hn \np GIPmX-\m-b-hs tXP-mbn Ip''
(tbm-l.1:14).
2.
ssZh--a-\p-jy-\nse sFIy-X.
tbip-{InkvXp ssZhhpw a\p-jy\pw kwtbm-Pn--Xm-Wv. AXm-bXp Ah ]q ssZhhpw ]q-a-\pjy\pw BIp-p. Cu kXyw a\-n-em-m {]bm-k-ap--sX-nepw Xo-bmbpw kXyw Xs-bm-Wv.
Xs {Iqip-a-c-W-n\p apmbn tbip-{InkvXp ]co-i-m-tcmSv C{]-Imcw tNmZnp: ""{InkvXp-hn-s\-pdnv \np Fp tXmp-p.... ZmhoZv Ahs\ Imhp Fp ]d-bp-p-sh-n Ahs ]p{X
BIp--sX-s\?'' (a-m. 22: 41-46). CXp kmy-am-Ip--Xn\p GI hgnsb Dq, {InkvXp ssZhhpw
a\p-jy\pw Bbn-cn-p-I.
3.
Ahs ]q-X.
Fm {]Im-c-nepw Ah ]q-\m-bn-cp-p. ssZhw F {]Im-c-nepw Ah ]q-\m-bn-cp-p.

Fm tbip-{In-kvXp-hns a\p-jyXznse ]q-Xsb tNmZyw sNbvX-h-cp-v.
243
tdmam teJ-\-n\np \app ]Tn-p-hm Ign-bp-Xp ""AXp-sImv GI a\p-jy-\m ]m]-hpw,

]m]-m ac-Whpw temI-n IS-p. Cs\ Fm-hcpw ]m]w sNbvI-bm...'' (tdm-a. 5:12), B
GI a\p-jy BZmw Bbn-cp-p. Ahs ewL-\-amWv kI-e-nepw ac-W-Im-c-W-am-b-Xv (tdma.5:1319).
PU-{]-Imcw Hcp ]nXmhv tbip-hn-\n-m-bn-cpp F-m Ahs P\\w ]cn-ip-m-m-hn Bbn-cpp (eq-tm. 1:35). CXp am{X-a Ahs\ ""ssZh-]p-{X'' Fp hnfn-p-hm ImcWw ]nstbm BZmanIqsS hym]-cn {]IrXw tbip-hn Cm-bn-cp-p. BZmw ]q-X-bn krjvSn--s-s-nepw
]noSv hogvN-bns]-p, Fm tbip P\n--tijw Hcn-epw hogvNbvp Imc-W-am-bn-.
tbip-{InkvXp Hcp ]m]-an-m ]q-Po-hnXw \bn-spw Ah-\n ]m]-hpw, h-\bpw Hp-an-mbn-cp-spw (1 ]t{Xm. 2:22) Hcn-epw ]m]w sNm--h-\mbn PU-n Pohn--bpw, Ctm
Ftpw Pohn-bpw sNp-p (F-{_m. 5:9; 7:28).
B.
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ]v:
ssZh ]nXm-hns ]-Xn-{]-Imcw {]hn-pI AYhm ssZh-lnXw ]qn-bm-pI F-Xm-bn-cpp

Ahs ]v (tbm-l. 8:28,29). a\p-jy-hw c-s-tS--Xn-\m-h-iy-amb {]hn AYhm ]m]-ns
{]mb-n--hne sImSp-p-I-bm-bn-cpp Ah sNbvX-Xv (2 sImcn. 5: 21).
1.
Hcp inip-hmbn tbip-hns hc-hv.
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns P\-\-s-p-dnp ]g-b-\n-b-a-n {]tXy-Inp sbim {]hm-N-I-\n-eqsS

{]hNns-n-cp-p (sb-i. 7:14; 9;6; 11:1; 53:2). F-m Ah ""hmKvZ {]Im-c-ap kv{XobpsS
k-Xn'' Bbn-cp-p (D-ev]. 3:15).
Ahs P\-\-s-p-dn-p Nne {]h-N-\- ImWpI: Ah t_Xvetl-an P\n--Ww (aoJm. 5:2),
A{_-lm-ans k-Xn-bm-bn- P\n-Ww (D-ev]. 22:18; am. 1:1; Kem. 3:16), C-lm-n\nv (D-ev].
21:12), bmtm-_n\nv (D-ev]. 35:10-12), blq-Z-bn\nv (D-ev]. 49:811), bnm-bn\nv (sb-i. 11:1),
Zmho-Zn\nv (2 iap. 7:12-16); bnc-aym. 23:5; ko. 132:11).
2.
I\yIm P\-\w.
{InkvXp (a-in-lm) Hcp I\y-I-bnqsS P\n--W-sa--Xm-bn-cpp ssZh-ns ]-Xn (sb-i. 7:14).

tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Cu ApX P\\w thZ-im-kv{X-nse AXn-{]-[m\ kw`-h-ambn \nevp-p.
Cu {]h-N\ \nhrn adn-bman \nv tbip P\n--tm \nhr-n-bm-bn (a-m. 1;20,25).
3.
{InkvXp-hns ac-Ww.
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns acWw ]eXpw km[n-n-p. hmkvX-h-n Ah acn-t--h-\-m-bn-cp-p. (eqtm.23:4) ]m]w sNbvX-h-\m-bn-cpp acn-t--Xv. (tdm-a. 3:23; 6:23) Fm tbip-{InkvXp \oXo-am\pw
]cn-ip--\pamb ssZh-ns apmsI a\p-jy-h-n-\p-thn ]m]-ns in-bmb acWw A\p`-hn-pI Bbn-cp-p (tbm-l. 10:15-17).
a.
]I-c-m-c.
""Fm tbip-{InkvXp \psS ]I-c-m-c-\mbn {Iqin acnp Fm-Wv ""\mw ]m]w kw_-np
acnp \oXnp Pohn-t-Xn\p Ah Xs ico-c-n \psS ]m]-sf Npa-p-sImv {Iqint Ibdn; Ahs ASn-n-W-cm \np kuJyw hn-cn-pp'' (1 ]t{Xm. 2:24). tbip
shdpsX Xm\mbn \ap-p-thn {Iqin Ib-dp-I-b-m-bn-cp-p, Ah \psS ]m]--sf-bpw, im]-sfbpw hln-p-sImv ""\app ]Icw'' {Iqin acn--bm-bn-cp-p (K-em. 3:13).
244
b.
hos-Sp-v.
""hos-Spv'' Fm \s kzX-{-m-cm-t--Xn-\mbn Hcp-h apS-nb hne (ap-X) Fm-Ww.

CXv ASn-aw \ne-\n-n-cp Ime-L--n Hc-Sn-a-bpsS kzmX-{y-n-\mbn A]-c \evIp hnesb
BWv kqNn-n-p--Xv. Fm ChnsS Bo-b-ambn ]m]-n-\-Sn-a-sv kmms km{am-Py-n
ASn-a-I-fm-b-hv ]m] tamN\w \evIn kzX-{-cm-p {InkvXp-hns {]hnsb BWv shfn-sSp-p--Xv (sIm-tem. 1:1314).
a\p-jy-h-n-\p-thn tamN-\-hne tbip-{In-kvXp-hmWv \evIn-b-Xv (2 ]s{Xm. 2:1), AXp-aqew ]m]n-sbpw ac-W-n-sbpw {]am-W-n\nv \mw ap-cmbn Xop (tdm-a. 8:2). \ap-p-thn
Ah \evInb hne Ahs cw Xs Bbn-cpp; {Iqip-a-c-W-ns Dtiw Xs AXm-bn-cpp (shfn. 5:9,10). As\ \mw Cp kzmX{ytmsS Im-hns\ tkhn-m-\p AlX {]m]nn-cn-p-p (1 sImcn. 6:19,20) CXp Hcp IS-m-Sm-bn- adnv \n-bmbn sNt--Xn-\mWv Ir]-\-evIn-bncn-p--Xv. BI-bm am\p-jo-I-am-bn- ]nstbm bP-am-\s hen-a-bpsS al-Xz-n tkh sNp
tkh-I-s\-tmse \mw {InkvXp-hns\ tkhn-t--Xm-Wv (1 sImcn. 7:19-23).
{InkvXp-hn \mw {]m]n-n-cn-p kzmX-{y-n Dd-p-\n-evt--Xn\p XpS-bmbn t]mcm-tS-n-bncn-p-p (K-em. 5:1). \psS am\p-jnI t{]cW ]co--Ip hwi-h-Z-cmbn Ahn-izm-kn-I-sf-tmse
{]hn-p-hm-\m-Wv (F-t^. 5:114). tbip-{In-kvXp-hn Ir]-bm e`nncnp kzmX{yw Hcnepw PU-n\p Ah-k-c- BIm-Xn-cn-t--Xn\p kvt\l-n At\ym\yw tkhn-t--Xm-Wv
(K-em.5:13).
c.
\nc-v.
cp {Kqp-I Xn-ep Ielw (I-em-]w) Ah-km-\n-n-p--Xn-\mWv ""\ncv'' F-am-n-bn-cnp--Xv. \nc-ns êw kam-[m-\-am-Wv. Ahn-izm-kn-Isf ssZh-ns i{Xp--fm-bn-mWv hnti-jn-nn-cn-p--Xv (tdm-a. 5:10). Ah-cp-sS-ta ssZh-t{Im[w \ne-\n-evpp Fpw ]d-n-cn-p-p (tdm-a.
5:9). CXns Aw tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ cn-Xm-hmbn AwKo-I-cn-p--Xn\p apv (tbm-l. 3:16,18,36)
Hmtcm {]tXyI hynbpw ssZh-tmSp a-cnpsImn-cpp Fm-Wv (F-s^. 2:3). tbip-{InkvXp
hXv blq-Z-m-sc-bpw, PmXn-I-sfbpw ssZh-tmSp \nc-n-t--Xn-\m-bn-m-Wv (F-t^. 2:16). As\
Ah Xs icocw ac-W-n-t\-ev]n-p-sImv ssZh-k-am-[m\w \ap-mbn nc-s-Spn (sIm-tem.
1:22).
ssZhkam-[m\w nc-s-Sp--W-sa-n ]m]-n\p {]mbm-nw hcp-t-n-bn-cpp (2 sImcn.
5:19) tbip-{InkvXp i{Xp-Xbvpw a-c-n\pw \nb-{Ww hcp-nsmv \nc-ns ip{iq-j \s
Gev]n-p. ssZh-tbpw a\p-jy-tcbpw Xn \nc-n-p ip{iqj Cp \mw BWv XnI-bvt-Xv (2 sImcn. 5:18-21). ]c-kv]cw i{Xp-`m-h-tmsS a-cn-p cp h-sf Xn tbmPn-np
kam-[m\w ]p\x-m-]n-p {]hn-tbmSp Cu {]tXyI ip{iq-jsb kZr-i-am-mw (a-m. 5:9).
bYm-n \mw \ncp {]m]n-Xv ssZh-ns AXn-c kvt\l-n-sbpw al-Xz-n-sbpw
hena Hp-sIm-p-am-{X-am-Wv (tdm-a. 5:8; eqtm. 6:31-35). Cu \ncp kIe a\p-jypw thn-bp-Xm-Wv (sIm-tem. 1:20).
d.
{]bm-n-w.
]cn-ip--\mb ssZh-ns \oXn, \ymbw Fn-hsb Xr]vXn-s-Sp-pI FmWv {]mbm-nw F

hmp-sImv A-am-n-bn-cn-p--Xv. CXp km[n-p-Xv bmK-nIqsS am{X-am-Wv.
]m]-tmSv ssZh-n\p tIm]hpw t{Im[hpw Dv. Ahs t{Im[-ns ImcWw ]gb\nb-a-n-epw,
]pXnb \nb-a-nepw {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-p-v. (B-h. 6:14; tbmip. 23:16; ko. 78:21; tbml. 3:36; tdma. 1:18;
245
Ft^. 2:3; 1 sX. 2:16 XpS-n-b ]eXpw) ssZhw kvt\l-hm-\pw, Icp-W-bp--h-\pw-IqsS BIp-p.
Nmkv sdb-dn-bpsS hmp {i-npI:
""bmsXmcp Imc-Whpw IqSmsX Fs Xr]vXn-s-Spq Fm-h-iy-s-Sp Hcp PmXob
tZh-\m-bn- ]gb \nb-a
- n ssZhs shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-X
- v, adnv ]m]s ImWm
Xmev]-cy-an-m \oXn-am-\mb ssZhw a\p-jys\ Xs Iqm-bva-bn sImp-h-cm B{Klnp shfn-hm-nb kvt\l-ns aqn-bm-bn-m-Wv.'' 99
C-s\-bp Hcp ssZhs kwXr-]vXn-s-Sp-p-I-bm-Wv. tbip-{InkvXp Xs acWwhgn km[n--Xv
(tdm-a. 3:23-25). a\p-jy-h-ns ]m]-n-s\-Xn-sc-bp ssZh-t{Im-[s Ah Cm-Xmn
(1 tbml. 2:2). Ahs kvt\ls shfn-s-Spn (1-tbm-l. 4:10) CXp ssZhoI ]-Xn-bnse Hcp
{][m\ `mK-am-bn-cp--Xn-\m-emWv ssZhw a\p-jy-\mbn Ah-X-cn--Xv (F-{_m. 2:17,18).
4.
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Dbns-gp-t-ev]v.
CsXmcp {]tXyI ]Z-{]-tbm-K-am-Wv. ac-W-n\p hnt[-b-\mb Hcm ac-W-n\npw aS-n-h-cn-Ibpw

ac-W-a-m ico-cs {]m]nv Pohn-p Ah-sb CXp ImWn-p-p (1-sIm-cn. 15:42,54). Fm
CXp ac-W-n\npw ac-W-I-c-amb ico-c-n-tep aS-n-h-cn-I-bpw hopw acn-bpw sNp Ah-tbbpw ImWn-p-p-s-nepw hyXy--X-tbmsS AXns\ a\-n-em-t-n-bn-cn-p-p (1 cmPm.
17:21,22; 2 cmPm. 4:34,35; tbml. 11:43).
tbip-{InkvXp acn--h-cn\np Dbs-gp-t-p. tbip-{InkvXp bYm-n acnp AmsX Dd-n-tem, t_m[-t-Sntem Am-bn-cpp Fpw Xncp-sh-gpp sXfnhp \evIn-bn-p-v (a-m. 27:62-66;
atm. 15:39,44; eqtm. 23:48,49; tbml. 19:33). {]h-N\ \nhr-n-mbn Hcp ih---dbpw Hcp--sn-cp-p (sb-i. 53:9; am. 27:57,58; atm. 15:42-45; eqtm. 23:50-52; tbml. 19:38). tbip-hns\ iha-S--n-\p hkv{XwsImv s]mXn-n-cp-p (a-m. 27:59,60; atm. 15:46; eqtm. 23:53,54; tbml.
19:40-42), Ahs\ Ah ih---d-bnhp (a-m. 27:62-66) tbip-hns\ Fhn-sS-bmWv ASw sNbvXsXv blq-Z-m-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-p. AhnsS I-dbvp ap{Z-h-nv \mep -tdm-a ssk\ym-[n-]-m
Imh \nn-cp-p (a-m. 27:62-66), Fnepw HSp-hn blq-Z-m Xs tbip-hns injy-mhv
Ahs icocw Ip-sIm-p-t]mbn Fp I {]N-cWw \S-p-Ibpw sNbvXp (a-m. 28:11-15; atm.
14:15).
aqmw Znhkw I-d-hm-Xn-evse Ip Dcpn amn-bn-cn-p--Xmbn Ip (a-m. 27:60). ChnsS D]-tbmKn-n-cn-p "Ipentbm' (KULIO) F {Kop hmn\p ""Dcp-n-hp'' Fm-Ww. atm. 16:3,4
"A\mIp-entbm' (ANAKULIO) F hmmWv, CXn\v ""Dcp-n-I-fp'' Fw. eqtm. 24:2
"Atm-Ip-entbm' D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-p, "\on-I-f-bpI' "Dcp-n-I-f-bpI' Fm-W-Xn-\w. Fm
tbml-m 20:1 sImSp-n-cn-p ""Fbntdm'' (AIRO) F hmn-\v, ""s]mn'', ""\on-bn-cn-pp''
Fo A- sImSp-n-cn-p-p. Iv Btcm Dcpn s]mn amn-I-f-bp-Ibpw Id iq\y-am-bn-cnp-Ibpw sNp--Xm-bn-mWv I-Xv (a-m. 28:58; atm. 16:28; eqtm. 24:18 tbml. 20:1).
I-d-bvp-n BsI-qSn Ah IXv Ahs\ s]mXn-n-cp hkv{X- am{X-am-bn-cp-p. XpWnI amn-h-n-cn-p coXn Bcpw icocw FSp-p-am-nb Ah--bn-e adnv ssZho-I-i-n-bm kw`hn coXn-bn-em-bn-cp-p (tbml. 20:210). \of-ap XpWn-I-fm-emWv tbip-hns\ s]mXnpsI-n-bn-cp-Xv. Xe-bpsS `mKw am{X-am-bn-cpp am-s-n-cp--Xv, Cu `mK-p-Iq-Sn-bmWv icocw ]pd-p-t]m-bn-cnp--Xpw. ico-c-nse Cu \nc-h-[n-bmb Np-ep-I Agnv icocw FSp--tijw hopw ]g-b-]Sn
Npn-s]m-Xnv AtX BIr-Xn-bn hbvpI Bpw kmy-a-m-bn-cp-p. Bb-Xn-\m icocw kzbw
{]hnp ]pd-p-t]mp Fp kv]jvS-am-Wv.
Dbs-gp-t-ev]n-\p-tijw, tbip aKvZ-e-m-cn adn-bbvpw (tbm-l. 20:14), ap kv{XoIpw {]Xy-\m-bn (a-m. 28:910), IqSmsX ]t{Xm-kn\pw (eq-tm. 24:34; 1 sImcn. 15:5), Fm-hq-n-tep t]mb
cp injy-mpw (eq-tm. 24:13-33), tXmakv Hgn-sI-bp Atm-kvX-e-mpw (eq-tm. 24:36-43;
246
tbml. 20:19-24), ]noSv tXmakv Ds-sS-bp--hpw (tbm-l. 20:26-29); Keo-e-I-S-en-\-cn-sI-hv Ggp

injy-mpw (tbm-l. 21:123); Keo-e-bn-ep Hcp ae-bnhv 500- A[nIw injy-mpw (1 -sImcn. 15:6); tbip-hns ktlm-Z-c-\mb bmtm-_n\pw (1 sImcn. 15:7); {]Xy--\m-bn. hopw Xs
kztm-tcm-lW ka-bp ]Xn-s\m-p injy-mpw (a-m. 28:16-20; eqtm. 24:33-52; Atm. {].
1:312); kztm-tcm-l-W-tijw Atm--e-\mb ]ueq-n\pw (A-tm. 9:36; 1 sImcn. 15:8) Xs {]XyX \evIn.
tbip- { In- k v X p- h ns kphn- t i- j - ns \nm- b - I - h pw, tI{- m- \ - h p- a mWv Dbs- g p- t ev ] v
(1 sImcn.15:13) tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ temI-a-X-t\-Xm--fn\np hyXy--\m-p-Xpw CXp-X-s-bmWv.
Fp-sIm-s-m Ah-cmcpw Xs Dbs-gp-t-n-n-. tbip-{InkvXp kzbw Xs Dbs-gp-tev]n\p kmyw Xn-p-v: (a-m. 16:21; 17:9,22-23; 20:18,19; 26:32; atm. 9:10; eqtm. 9:22-27). bYmn tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Dbs-gp-tev]v A-cm-nepw Ncn-{X-]-c-ambpw tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cpn-s-n Ahs kq ip{i-jbpw hne-bn-m-Xpw \ Ctmgpw \psS ]m]--fn
\jvS-s--h-cm-bn-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-am-bn-cp-p (1- sIm-cn. 15:16,17) Ahs Dbs-gp-t-ev]n\v ]nXmhmb ssZhw Hcp GPm-bn-cp-p (sImtem. 2:12; 1 sX. 1:10; 1 ]t{Xm. 1:21; F{_m. 13:20). AXp-t]mse
Xs-bmWv ]cn-ip-m-m-hpw (A-tm. {]. 2:24; tdma. 8:11; 1 ]t{Xm. 3:18).
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Dbs-gp-tev]v Ah ]d-X
- pw, {]hn-X
- p-amb Imcy- \-Xpw, kXyhpw
Bbn-cpp F-Xns sXfn-hm-Wv.
\psS {InkvXob PohnX \S-n-ns ASn-m\w tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Dbs-gp-t-ev]n-ep
hnizm-k-amWv (tdm-a. 6:4).
5.
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns kzm-tcm-l-Ww.
{InkvXp-hns ""kzm-tcm-lWw'' Fm acn--h-cn\nv Dbns-gp-t tbip-{In-kvXp-hns kzn-te-p aS--bm-{Xsb BWv ImWn-p--Xv. kzm-tcm-lWw sNbvXp Xs icn-bmb m\amb ]nXm-hns he-Xp-`m-Kp t]mbn Ccn-bpw sNbvXp. CXp kIe krjvSn-Ipw ]c-ambn DX-m\w BIp-p (k-o. 110:1; Ft^. 1:20; sImtem. 3:1; F{_m. 1:3,13; 8:1; 10:12; 1 ]t{Xm. 3:22).
kzm-tcm-lWw \S-p-Xv blq-Z-m-cpsS s]-tmkvXp s]cp-m-fn\p ]p Znhkw apm-bn-cp-p,
XpSv hmKvZw sNbvXn-cp--Xp-t]mse ]cn-ip-m-m-hns\ Abv Ahs k`sb `qan-bn m]np (A-tm. 2:33). Xs hc-hn-t\-n hmKvZw sNbvXp (tbml. 14:16,17 cf. Atm. {]. 2). tbip-hns
kzm-tcm-lWw ZqX-m-cpsS Gp-ap--en\pw ]cn-lm-c-am-bn-cp-p (F-{_m. 1:313).
tbip-{InkvXp kzm-tcm-lWw sNbvX-tm Ap-hsc acnv A{_-lm-ans aSn-bn, hn{i-an-n-cp
(eq-tm. 16:22) \oXn-am-m-cpsS Bm-sf IqsS Xtm-Sp-IqsS sImp-t]m-Ibpw a\p-jyv Zm\sf \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp (F-t^. 4:710) Cu Zm\- k`bvp ]cn-ip-m-m-hmWv hnX-cWw
sNbvX-Xv (1 sImcn. 12:11).
C.
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns k`m-Im-ew:
kzm-tcm-l-W-tijw ]nXm-hns he-p-`m-K-p-m-bn-cp tbip-{InkvXp cm-aXp hcp--Xp-h-scbp Ime-s-bmWv CXp kqNn-n-p--Xv. ""Xs i{Xp- Ahs ]mZ-]o-T-am-Ip-thmfw Ah
he-p-`m-K-n-cn--W-sa-Xv ]nXm-hns lnX-am-Wv'' (k-o. 110:1).
Cu Imes tbip-{In-kvXp-hns (ssZ-h--a-\p-jy) al-Xzo-I-c-W-ns Ime-ambpw ]d-n-cn-p-p.
""kIe A[n-Im-chpw Ah\p \evI-s-Sp-Ibpw'' ""Fm-ap-g-mepw Ahs \ma-n- aS-p-Ibpw''
sNpw (^n-en. 2:9). CXp Zm\n-tb {]h-N-\-ns \nhr-n-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv (7:13-14).
Cu Ime-L--n tbip-{InkvXp a\p-jy-hs ip{iq-jn-p- hn[w t\mpI:
1.
]-]mXw sNp--h.
247
]nXm-hn-t\mSv hnip--mmbn sNpp (F-{_m. 7:25). CXn ]cn-ip-mm-hn\pw ]m-fnw Dv

(tdm-a. 8:26,27,34). CXns ê-ambn ""ssZhs kvt\ln-p--hv kI-ehpw \-bvm-bn-IqSn
hym]-cn-p-p'' (tdm-a. 8:28).
2.
ho.
]nXrk-n-[n-bn hnip--ms-Xn-cmbn kmm D-bn-p kIe tZmjm-tcm-]-W-pw FXncmbn hmZn-bvp--Xns\ ImWn-p-p (1 -tbm-l. 2:1; shfn. 12:10).
3.
CS-\n-e-m-c (a-y-).
""ay-'' Bbn tbip a\p-jys ""\Sp-hn \np'', Ch-\n-eq-sSbmWv \apv ssZh-n-t- e-bvp-ff
hgn-bpw, _hpw. Ccp-]--p-ap-f-f-h-cpsS \Sp-hn-tebvv ]cn-lm-c-hpambn hcp--h\pw, hc-hns ]nn
Hn-n-pI F eyhpw Dm-bn-cp-p.
""ssZh-n\pw a\p-jy\pw'' ""CS-bn'' \n-p-sImv kam-[m-\--cm Dm-p-p (1- Xn-sam. 2:5), CsXmcp
]pXnb DS--Sn-bmWv. CXp \ymb{]am-W-ns ASn-m-\-n-e-, Icp-W-bpsS ASn-m-\-n AXmbXv (F-{_m. 8:613). tamsi-bpsS \ymb-{]-am-W-n Iogn-em-bn-cp--h-cp-sSbpw Am--h-cp-sSbpw ]m]]-cn-lm-c-n-\mbn tbip-{InkvXp \S-nb _en-bpsS cw AwKo-I-cn-p-sIm-p--Xm-Wv (F-{_m. 9:1315; 12:22-24).
ssZh-n\pw (]n-Xm-hn-\pw) a\p-jypw Xn-ep kwtbm-P-\-n\p Xm am{X-amWv CS-bvp-sXp tbip-{InkvXp kzbw {]kvXm-hn-n-cp-p (tbm-l. 14:6).
4.
alm-]p-tcm-ln-X
ssZhns t\cn-p \nb-a-\-m tbip-{InkvXp \app alm-]p-tcm-ln-X Bbn Xop. PwsImv tehotKm{X-n ]ptcm-ln-X-\mbn P\n--h-\m-b-\ ]nstbm ]pXnb \nba hnip--mmbn
{]tXyI \nb-a\-am-Wv. Cu alm-]p-tcm-lnX ip{iq-jsbpdnp F{_mb teJ-\-n hfsc {]kvXmhn-n-p-v (F-{_m. 5:410; 7:528).
tehym ]utcm-lnXyw Bcw-`n-p--Xn\p 400 hjw apv \ne-hn-en-cp aevo-k-tZ-ns ]utcm-lnXy-am-bn-cpp CXv (F-{_m. 7:13). ]m]-m-ep ]co--bn hoW a\p-jy-h-n-\p-thn hniz-kvXX-tbm-Spw, Icp-W-tbm-Spw-IqsS ]nXm-hns {]kmZ {]Im-c-ap Hcp {]mb-n--amWv tbip-{InkvXp \Sn-b-Xv. BI-bm Ahs ]utcm-lnXyw \nXy-ambn \ne-\n-evp-p (F-{_m. 2:17; 4:14,15; 6:20; 7:3; 24).
Hcp ]ptcm-ln-X bmKw \S-p-hm-\m-bn-mWv \nb-an--s-Sp--Xv (F-{_m. 8:13). BI-bm tbip{InkvXp \ap-mbn kzbw bmK-ambn (F-{_m. 9:614). ""Ft-bvp-am-bn-p GI-bm-K-am-bn-cpp CXv''
(F{_m. 10:10,12). BI-bm tbip-{In-kvXp-hns alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-s\ \ne-bn-ep ay--X-bpw, CS\n-e-m-c-s\ \ne-bn-ep hmZ-fpw {]m-\-Ifpw \ne-\n-evp-p. Cu {Ia-n-emWv k`-bnse
hnizm-kn-Ifpw ]ptcm-ln-X-m-cmbn Xon-cn-p-Xpw (1 ]t{Xm. 2:5,9; shfn. 1:6), tbip-hns\ A\p-Icnv (1 sImcn. 11:1) \s Xs ]nXm-hns lnX-{]-Im-c-ap _en-bmbn kan-p--Xpw (tdm-a. 12:1).
5.
k`-bpsS Xe.
k`bpsS "Xe' AYhm "\mb-I' tbip-{In-kvXp-hm-Wv (F-t^. 1:22,23; sImtem. 1:18). tbip-{In-kvXp-hn
hniz-kn-p Fm-hcpw tN-XmWv Ahs "icocw' AYhm "aW-hmn' AYhm "k`' (1 sImcn.12:13)
tbip-{InkvXp k`-bpsS hmKvZw sN-s-n-cp "`mhv' BWv (F-t^. 5:23) Ahs am-an-m
kvt\lw Fpw k`-tbm-SmWv (F-t^. 5:25-27), bYm hnhml ip{iq-j-Ifpw hncp-p-Ifpw Imhns aS-n-h-c-hnt\m-S-\p-_-nv kz-nhp \S-p--XmWv (sh-fn. 19:710 cf. 11-16) Fm
248
hnhm-l-\n-bw Ign-n-cn--bm Ahs kvt\lw Cpw {]I-S-am-Wv. k`bpw hnhml Znh-ks

{]Xo-n-p-sImv Ah-fpsS Ims\ Cp kvt\ln-bpw _lp-am-\n-bpw sNp-p (F-t^. 4:15;
5:26,27).
6.
CS-b.
""]m'' F hmns bYm Aw CS-b Fm-Wv. tbip-{InkvXp ""\ CS-b-\mbn'' hv

BSp-Ip-thn Xs Pohs\ sImSpp (tbm-l. 10:11). Ahs BSp-Ip-th-n-bp henb IcpXepw Poh-Xym-Khpw Ahs\ ""henb CS-b-\mn'' Xop (F-{_m. 13:20).
Cv Im-hmb tbip-{InkvXp ]nXm-hns hep `mKv ""{][m\ CS-b-\mbn'' (1 ]t{Xm. 5:4),
\sf kqnp-Ibpw \ap-mbn ]-]mXw sNp-Ibpw sNp-p.
D.
tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-s\-p-dnv ss__n \evIp hni-Zo-I-cWw t\mpI:

z
""ho'' (Im-cy-). ]nXr-k-n-[n-bn \ap-mbn ]-]mXw sNp--h-s\-w

1 tbml. 2:1.
""Aev^bpw Hta-Kbpw'' Hm-a--h\pw HSp---h-\pw, Bcw-`hpw Ah-km-\-hpw, BZnbpw

Ahpw Fsmw Aw hcp {Kop A-c-am-e-bnse BZy-sbpw Ah-km-\-sbpw
A-c
- f
- m-Wn-h. tbip-{In-kvXp-hmWv kI-e
- n-sbpw Bcw-`hpw Ah-km-\hpw (A-Sn-m\w)
Fw (sh-fn. 1:8; 21 :6; 22:13)
""Bta'' Hcp hnj-b-ns Ah-km\ i_vZw Fw 2 sImcn. 1:20; shfn. 3:14
""A`n-jn-'' tbip-{InkvXp kz-m \nXy-ambn A`n-tjIw sN-s-n-cn-p ainlm, BIpp Fw 1 iap. 2:35; 2 Zn\. 6:42; ko. 2:2; 28:8; 84:9; 89:38,57; 132:10,17; Zm\n.
9:25,26; Atm. 4:26
""Atm-kvX-e'' A[n-Im-c-ap--h-\mbn Ab-bv-s--h Fw (F-{_m. 3:1)
""hnizm-k-ns \mb-I'' CXv A-am-p-Xv a\p-jys c-tb-n ssZhw

]Xn Xm-dmn \n-lnp (F{_m. 2:10).
\psS hnizm-k-ns ""\mb-I\pw ]qn-h-cp-p--h\pw'', ssZhw F \ne-bn

{InkvXp ]Xn Xbm-dm-p-Ibpw a\p-jy F \ne-bn AXp ]qn-bm-p-Ibpw sNpp
Fw F{_m. 12:2
""Bcw-`hpw Ah-km-\hpw'' Pohs tI{-_np tbip-hm-Ip-p (sh-fn. 21:6,22:13)
""ssZh-kr-jvSn-bpsS Bcw-`-am-b-h'' krjvSn-I-fp-sS-ta tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-\p A[nIm-cs shfn-s-Sp-p-p shfn. 3:14
""[\y-\mb GIm-[n-]Xn'' Ahs DX ]Z-hnsb ImWn-p-p (1 Xnsam. 6:15)
""btlm-h-bpsS apf'' Ahs ssZh-Xz-n\np thXn-cnp a\p-jy-Xzs Nqn-mpp sbi. 4:2
""ssZh-ns Aw'' Poh\p _e-ta-Ip kzob t`mP-\s ImWn-p-p tbml.

6:33,51
"Pohs Aw'' \psS Bh-iy-sf ]qn-bm-p--h Fw tbml. 6:35,48.
""aW-hm-f'' hnizm-kn-I-tfm-Sp tbip-{In-kvXp-hns At`-Zy-amb _s ImWn-p-p

sbi. 62:5; am. 9:15; 25:1,5,6,10; atm. 2:19,20; eqtm. 5:34,35; tbml. 2:9; 3:29; shfn. 18:23
249
""ip{`-amb DZb \{Xw'' Bo-Im--Im-c-ns \Sp-hn {]Im-in-p kzob

\-{Xw shfn. 22:16
""CS-b-t{i-jvT'' BSp-I-fpsS kw]q D-c-hm-ZnXzw Ah-\n \nn-]vX-am-Wv 1

]t{Xm. 5:4.
""t{ijvT-hpw, am\y-hp-amb aqe--v'' {]tXy-I-amb Ahs Xnc-s-Sp-n-s\-bpw, Ah\p-am-bp hnizm-kn-I-fpsS kpZr-V-_--s-bpw ImWn-p-hm-\mWv Cu kZr-iw. Ft^. 2:20;
1 ]t{Xm. 2:4,6.
""Im-hmb tbip-{InkvXp {][m\ Iv'' CXv A-am-p-Xv Xn Bbn-ocph {][m\ Ins KpW-ap--h-cm-Wv. (^n-en. 3:8).
""Fs Im-hmb tbip-{InkvXp'' \psS `mhn kpc-n-X-Xz-sbpw Ah-\n

Zin-p-p 1 Xntam. 1:1.
""ssZh-ns {InkvXp'' ssZh-m-ep Ahs Xnc-s-Sp-ns\ km[q-I-cn-p-p.

eqtm. 9:20; 23:35
""ssk\y-ns A[n-]Xn'' Ahs A[n-Im-c--\n-asb ImWn-p-p Zm\n 8:11
""bn{km-tb-ens Bizmkw'' {InkvXp-hn ssZh-P-\-n-\p t{]mm-l-\-am-Wn-Xv

eqtm. 2:25.
""P\-ns \nbaw'' {InkvXp-hnq-sS-bp ]pXnb \nb-a-am-Wn-Xv sbi. 42:6
""hmXn'' ssZh-cm-Py-n-te-p {]th-i-\-I-hmSw Ah-\m-Wv tbml. 10:7,9
""\nXy-]n-Xmhv'' Ah Fpw ssZh-am-bn-cn-p-p sbi. 9:6
""\nXy-Po-h'' Hcp hyn-bnIqsS Hcp XXz-nIq-sS-b e`n-p--Xm-Wn-Xv 1 tbml. 1:2
""imiz-X-amb ]md'' Ah-\n \ap-p nc-Xsb ImWn-p-p sbi. 26:4
""ssZh-kz-`m-h-ns bYm {]Xn-\n[n'' ssZh-am-bn-cp--h a\p-jy-\m-bn-Xop

kXyw shfn-hm-p-p F{_m. 1:3.
""hniz- k v X \pw kXy- h m\pw'' Ahs
kXy- k - - X sb FSp- p- I m- W n- p- p.
(sh-fn. 19:11)
z
""hniz-kvX\pw kXy-hm\pw'' Ahs am\y-Xsb ImWn-p-p shfn. 3:14
""hnizkvX kmn'' Ahs Dbs-gp-t-ev]ns ]c-am-Xsb shfn-hm-p-p shfn.1:5.
""BZnbpw Ahpw'' krjvSn-Ismw GI ImcWw Ah-\m-Ipp Fw

shfn. 1:17; 2:8; 22:13
""acn--h-cn\np BZy PmX'' Ahs acW ]p\-cp-m-c-W--fpsS {]tXy-I-Xsb

ImWn-pp sImtem. 1:18; shfn. 1:5
""k krjvSn-Ipw BZy-Pm-X'' Ah krjvSn-Ip apt-bp--h Fw.

sImtem. 1:15.
""\n{Z-sIm--h-cn BZy-êw'' Dbnns BZy A\p-{Klw Ah-\m-Ip-p 1 sImcn. 15:20
""ssZh-ns kuc-`y-hm-k-\-bm-b-h'' {InkvXp-hns _en-bpsS amlm-ys {]ISam-p-p. Ft^. 5:2

250
""Np-m-cp-sSbpw ]m]n-I-fp-sSbpw kvt\ln-X'' kaq-l-n Xnc-kvI-cn--s-hcpw, \nb-a-an-m--h-cp-am-b-hsc kvt\ln-p--h-\msWv ImWn-p-p am. 11:19; eqtm.
7:34
""Ahs P\-amb bn{km-tb-ens ]pIgvN'' (a-l-Xzw) Ah-\mWv kvXpXn-v tbmKys\p ImWn-p-p eqtm. 2:32.
""k-`q-an-bp-sSbpw ssZhw'' a\p-jy-h-tm-Sp Ahs _-ns k shfn-hmp-p sbi. 54:5
""k-n\pw aosX ssZh-am-bn-cn-p--h'' hnti-jm Ah C{k-tb-ens

ssZhw Fw tdma. 9:5
""\ CS-b'' \s \bn-p--h\pw \ap-mbn Icp-Xp--h\pw Fw tbml. 10:11
""t{ijvT-a-lm-]p-tcm-ln-X'' Ahs ]Z-hnsb ImWn-p-p F{_m. 4:14
""hen-sbmcp shfnw'' A-Im-cs \op-hm aXn-bm-b-h-\m-Wv sbi. 9:2; am. 4:16
""t{ijvT CS-b'' \ap-mbn Icp-Xp ssZh-sa-w F{_m. 13:20
""hnti-j-ta-dnb \nb-a-ns D-c-hmZn'' tbip-hns DS--Sn-bp-sS-bpw, hmKvZ--fp-sSbpw t{ijvT-X-bn-tep hnc Nqp-p F{_m. 7:22
""\n-fpsS Bm--fpsS CS-b'' hnizm-kn-I-fpsS {]am-W-sf IrXy-ambn kqnp--h Fw 1 ]t{Xm 2:25.
""Xe'' Ahs t\Xr-Xz-ns _pn ssh`-hs ImWn-p-p 1 sImcn. 11:3; Ft^. 4:15;
sImtem. 2:19.
""PmXn-Isf `cn-m Fgp-t-evp--h'' blq-Z-c-m--h-cp-sS-taepw tbip-{In-kvXphns A[n-Imcw \ne-\n-evp-p-v tdma. 15:12.
""hnip-o-I-cn-p--h'' tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-\mbn P\s thXn-cn-p--Xns\ CXp shfnhm-p-p F{_m. 2:11
""D]q-hp-I-sfbpw lrZ-b--sfbpw Bcm-bp--h'' \psS \ncq-]-W--fn-tep

ISp hcp--h-s\-w shfn. 2:23.
""ico-c-ns Xe'' k`-bpsS t\XrXzw tbip-{In-kvXp-hn Xs-sbp ImWn-p-p

sImtem. 1:18
""k`-bpsS Xe'' hnizm-kn-Isf t_m[-]qw \bn-p--hs\-mWv Aw Ft^. 5:23
""Fm hmgvNbvpw A[n-Im-c-n-\pw-X-e-bm-b-h'' {InkvXp-hns kq A[nIm-cs ImWn-p-p sImtem. 2:10
""kI-e-n\pw Ah-Imin'' ]nXm-hns ]p{X F \ne-bn Fmw Ah-t-Xm-Ip-p

F{_m. 1:2
""alm-]p-tcm-ln-X'' Ahs ]Z-hnsb ImWn-p-p. F{_m. 2:17; 3:1; 14; 15; 5:5,10; 6:20;
7:26; 8:1; 9:11; 13:11,12.
""\s kvt\ln-p--h\pw \psS ]m]w t]mn-b-h\pw'' tbip-{In-kvXp-hn

\mw {]m]n-p ]m]--asb ImWn-p-p shfn. 1:5
""GI-Pm-X-\mb ]p{X'' kIe krjvSn-I-fnepw AXp-y-\m-b-h tbip-am-{Xw tbml.

251
3:16; F{_m. 11:17; 1 tbml. 4:9.

z
""]cn-ip-\pw \oXn-am-\p-am-b-h'' tbip-hns ]q-kz-`m-hs ImWn-p-p

Atm. 3:14
""ssZh-ns ]cn-ip--\m-b-h'' kw]q a\p-jy-Xz-n Pohn--hs\-w

atm. 1:24; eqtm. 4:34; tbml. 6:69.
""]cn-ip Zmk'' tbip {InkvXp Hcp inip-hn-s\-t]mse A\p-k-c-W-n XnI--h\m-bn-cp-p. Pais F {Kop ]Z-n\p child (in-ip) Fm-Ww. (Atm. {]. 4:27,30)
""bn{km-tb-ens {]Xymi'' bn{km-tb P\-ns B{i-b-ns bYm ASnm\w GsXp shfn-s-Sp-p-p bnc-aym.14:8; 17:13; Atm. {]. 28:20
""c-bpsS sImv'' cn-p--hs _es Ipdn-p-p eqtm. 1:69
""AZr-iy-\mb ssZh-ns {]Xna'' tbip-{InkvXp PU-n shfn-s ssZhw

BIpp sImtem. 1:15.
""Cm-\p-th'' Cu F{_mb ]Z-n\p ""ssZhw \tm-Sp-IqsS'' Fm-Ww sbi. 7:14;

8:8; am. 1:23.
""]d-p-Xo-cm Zm\w'' {InkvXp-hns t{ijvT-Xsb hn-p-hm hmp-I t]mcm

2 sImcn. 9:15.
""\{km-b-\mb tbip'' Ah hf ]-Ws ASn-m-\-amn ]d-n-cn-p-p am.

26:71; atm. 1:24; 10:47; eqtm. 4:34; 18:37; 24:19; tbml.1:45; 18:5,7 Atm. {]. 2:22; 6:14; 10:38;
22:8; 26:9
""Poh-\p--h-cp-sSbpw acn--h-cp-sSbpw \ymbm-[n-]Xn'' in hn[n-m-\p tbiphns A[n-Im-cs ImWn-p-p Atm. {]. 10:42; 2 Xntam.4:1.
""cmPm--m-cpsS cmPmhv'' Fm A[n-Im-c-h-n-tepw A[n-Imcw D-h-\mWv tbip

shfn. 19:16
""k-Pm-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw cmPmhv'' CXpw Ahs DX ]Z-hnsb ImWn-p--Xm-Wv

shfn. 15:3.
""ssZh-ns IpmSv'' ssZh-\o-Xnsb Xr]vXn-s-Sp-m kzbw _en-bmb tbiphns\ Nqn-m-p-p tbml. 1:29,36
""HSp-s BZw'' a\p-jy-h-ns c-bvmbn ]m]w IqSmsX HSp-hn {]Xy-\m-b-h Fw 1 sImcn. 15:45
""Poh'' tbip-hn-emWv \mw bYm Poh Is-p--Xv tbml.1:4; 11:25; 14:6
""Pohn-n-p Bmhv'' tbiphpw ]cn-ip-m-mhpw Xn-ep sFIy-Xsb ImWnp-p 1 sImcn. 15:45
""PmXn-Ip shfn-s-Sp-hm-\p {]Im-iw'' kIe a\p-jypw Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-pXp {InkvXp-hn-s\-bm-Wv eqtm. 2:30
""Pohs {]Imiw'' Pohn-X-n a\-n-em-p-hm {]bm-k-ta-dnb hgn-I-fnIqsS Ahs

{]Im-i-m \s \bn-p-p ko. 56:13; 49:19; Ctm. 33:30 tbml. 8:12.
""a\p-jy-cpsS {]Imiw'' a\p-jy-h-n\p e`n-p ssZhoI \S-n-ns\ CXp Ipdn252
p-p tbml.1:4
z
""temI-ns shfnw'' Cu temIm--Im-c-n \app e`n-p BoI shfns ImWn-p-p tbml. 8:12; 9:5
""Poh-\p--h'' Dbns-gp-t-ev]nIqsS km-Zn \nXy-kz-`mhamWn-Xv shfn. 1:17,18
""Poh-\p Iv'' Ah-\n-ep Pohs Dd-ns\ ImWn-p-p 1 ]t{Xm. 2:4
""Imhvv'' CXv a\-n-em-n--cp-Xv Xs AwKo-Im-cs (A-tm. {]. 4:24; shfn. 6:10).
""Imhpw cn-Xmhpw Bb tbip-{InkvXp'' Xs A[n-Imcw D]-tbm-Knv a\pjy-hs ]m]-n\np hnSp-hn-p--Xns\ ImWn-p-p 2 ]t{Xm. 1:11,20; 3:18.
""tXP-ns Imhv'' CX-hs Ap-X-I-c-amb A[n-Im-cs shfn-s-Sp-p-p

1 sImcn. 2:8.
""Im-[n-Imhv'' Ah-\mWv ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-sb-mWv Aw shfn. 19:16
""kam-[m-\-ns Imhv'' Ah aqew ssZh-tm-Sp-\n-cpw kam-[m-\hpw \app

e`n-p-p 2 sX. 3:16.
""sImbvXns bP-am-\'' kphn-ti-jo-I-c-W-ns A[n-Im-cnbpw Ah-\m-Wv am.

9:38; eqtm. 10:2
""im-ns Imhv'' ]p-I-ev]-\-I-fnse \mem-a-t-Xmb i-nsbpwta

Ah-\mWv A[n-Im-c-ap--Xv am. 12:8; eqtm. 6:5
""btlmh \psS \oXn'' \app \oXnsb Xcp--h\pw, \psS \oXn-bpsS Af-hptImepw Ah-\m-Ip-p bnc-aym. 23:6; 33:16.
""ssZhw \np ImWn-p-X ]pcp-j'' Ahs ssZhoI kzoIm-cy-Xsb shfnhm-p-p. Atm. {]. 2:22
""kz-n \np--h'' CXv Ahs Znhy-{]-Ir-Xs ImWn-p-p. 1 sImcn. 15:47.
""hyk-\-]m{Xw'' a\p-jy-h-n-\mbn Ah-\p-mb D]-{Z-hsfbpw, XyPn--s Ah-tbbpw ImWn-p-p. sbi. 53:3
""\mY'' Ahs kq A[n-Im-c-n \s ]cn-]m-en-p-Xp a\-n-emn B{ibn-m Ign-bp-p. eqtm. 5:5; 8:24,45; 9:33; 17:13; Ft^.6:9; sImtem. 4:1; 2 Xntam. 2:21.
""]pXnb \nb-a-ns ay-'' \ap-mbn ssZh-tmSp ]pXnb DS--Snsb Dd-mn-b-h-s\v Aw F{_m. 9:15; 12:24.
""Icp-W-bp--h\pw hniz-kvX-\p-amb alm-]p-tcm-ln-X'' Ahs a\--enhpw ]Zhn-sm nc-Xbpw shfn-s-Sp-p-p F{_m. 2:17.
""\nb-a-Zq-X'' ]pXnb hyh--bpsS hm-bp-ambn hcp--h Fw aem. 3:1
""ainlm'' a\p-jysc Ah-cpsS ]m]--fn\np cn-m-\mbn ssZh-m Xnc-s-Sp-s--h Fw tbml. 1:41; 4:25.
""hoc-\mb ssZhw'' Ahs ssZhoI insb ImWn-p-p sbi. 9:6
""DZb \{Xw'' Npp-]m-Sp-ap A-Im-c-n {]Im-in-p \-{X-n-S-bn

{]Im-i-ta-dnb \{Xw Fw 2 ]t{Xm. 1:19; shfn. 22:16.
253
""\{km-b'' Hcp ]cn-lm-k-t]cv am. 2:23
""Zmho-Zns thcpw hwiwhpw'' {InkvXp-hns a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-ns hgnsb Nqn-mpp shfn. 22:16.
""]nXm-hp-ambn Hm-bn-cn-p--h'' ssZhoI kmcmw-i-hpw, sFIy-X-tbbpw sXfn-bnpp tbml. 10:30
""]nXm-hn\nv GI-Pm-X-\m-b-h'' ]nXm-hp-am-bp _-n Ahs AXp-eyXsb ImWn-p-p tbml. 1:14,18
""\psS cn-Xm-hmb GI ssZhw'' Ahs Bf-Xz-n-sbpw {]hn-bp-sSbpw

AXp-ey-X-sb ImWn-p-p bqZm. 1:25
""tXP-p--h-\mb \p-sS Imhv'' hnizm-kn-I-fpsS CS-bn Ah F{X-t{ijvT Fp shfn-s-Sp-p-p bmtm. 2:1
""\psS ssZhhpw cn-Xmhpw Bb-h'' k`-bvm-bp Ahs Bf-Xz-nsbpw {]hn-tbbpw shfn-hm-p-p 2 ]t{Xm. 1:1
""\psS Poh-\m-b-h'' k`-bn {InkvXp-hns BnXzw F{X-am-{X-sap shfn-hmpp sImtem. 3:4
""\psS Imhv'' k` {InkvXp-hns A[n-Im-cs AwKo-I-cn-pp Fw tdma.

1:4; 5:21; 7:25; 1 sImcn. 1:9; bqZm. 1:25
""GI-\m-Y\pw \psS Im-hp-am-b-h'' k` tbip-hns sshin-jvSy-sbpw

A[n-Im-c-sbpw AwKo-I-cn-pp F-Xns sXfn-hm-Wn-Xv bqZm. 1:4
""\psS s]l'' k`-bvm-bp Ahs _ensb Nqn-m-Wn-p-p 1 sImcn. 5:7
""\psS kam-[m\w'' ssZhhpw k`bpw Xn sNbvXn-cn-p kam-[m\ Icm-dns\

ImWn-p-p Ft^. 2:14
""\psS c-I'' k`bvp \evInb ]m]-n \np hnSp-X-ens\ FSpp ImWnp-p Xoq. 3:6.
""\psS sshZy'' kuJy-am-m-\p tbip-hns insb ImWn-p-p eqtm. 4:23.
""{]`phpw cn-Xmhpw'' \psS Pohn-X-n-epw, c-bnepw t\XrXzw FSp-phs\mWv Aw Atm. {]. 5:31.
""Poh-\m-b-I'' tbip-{In-kvXp-hmWv hnizm-kn-bpsS PohnX \nb-{n-Xm-hv Atm. {]. 3:15
""kam-[m-\-{]`p'' CXns Aw ssZh-hp-ambn kzc-t-bn Bbn-cn-m {InkvXp

\s \bn-pp F-t{X sbi. 9:6.
""{]`p--m-cpsS {]`p'' (Im-[n-Im-hv) Ah-t\-m henb t\Xm-hn-s-w

Zm\n. 8:25.
""{]hm-N-I'' Ah-s\-p-dn-p--Xpw, Ah-t-Xp-amb {]h-N\ \nhr-n-I ImWn-p-p

Bh. 18:18 cf. Atm. {], 3:22
""\psS ]m]-n-\p-th-n-bp {]mbm-nw'' {InkvXp \ap-mbn ssZh-ns

\oXnbpw \ymbhpw Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn \nhn-p 1tbm-l. 2:2
254
""hnip-o-I-cn-p--h'' \n\np ]m]s XpSp amp--h Fw amem. 3:3.
""tXP-ns {]`'' ]nXm-hns kz`m-h-ns {]`-bm-b-h Fm-Ww F{_m. 1:3.
""Fm-hpw thn adp-hn-e-bm-b-h'' \s kzX-{-cm-p-hm tbip- ap-XapSn(1 Xntam. 2:6)
""]p\-cp-m-\hpw Poh\pw'' \nXy-Po-h-\n-te-p Dbs-gp-tev]v tbip-{In-kvXpsh Bf-Xz-nIqsS BIpp FnXp ]Tn-n-p-p tbml. 11:25
""\oXn-bp \ymbm-[n-]Xn'' Ah Xs \oXn-bp Af-hp-tImsImv Afv Hmtcmcp-pw in-Whpw {]Xn-^-ehpw \evIpp Fp kmcw ko. 7:11; 2 Xntam. 4:8.
""\oXn-am'' Ahs Af-hp-tIm-en {]Imcw ]q-X-bp--h-\m-Ip-p sbi. 24:6; Atm.

3:14; 7:52; 22:14; 1 tbml. 2:1.
""Zmho-Zns hwiw'' Ahs \nXy-{]-IrXw CXnqsS FSpp ImWn--s-Sp-p

shfn. 22:16.
""`qcm-Pm--m-[n-]Xn-'' `qan-bnse A[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS-ta A[n-Imcw D-h Fw

shfn. 1:5.
""temI-c-n-Xmhv'' temIs ]m]--fn\np cn-m-\p--h tbip-{InkvXp am{Xw

tbml. 4:42; 1 tbml. 4:14
""CS-b'' tbip-hns Icp-X-ens\ shfn-s-Sp-p-p Dev]. 49:24 ko. 80:1; k`m. {]. 12:11.
""Bm--fpsS CS-b'' \psS B-cn-I-hpw, AaXy-am-b-Xp-amb `mK-s-p-dn-p

Ahs Icp-X-ens\ ImWn-p-p 1 ]t{Xm. 2:25.
""hwi-p sImSn-bm-b-h'' CXns Aw Fm-hcpw tbip-hns\ Xs At\zjn-t-n-hcpw F-t{X sbi. 11:10.
""ssZh-]p-{X'' {XnXz-hp-am-bp Ahs _s hy-am-p-p tbml. 10:36; 11:4
""Poh-\p ssZh-ns ]p{X'' CXpw GI kXy-ssZ-h-hp-am-bp Ahs _s

hy-am-p--Xm-Wv. am. 16:16
""atlm--X-\mb ssZh-ns ]p{X'' ZqX-m Ahs\ a\-n-em-n-bn-cpsXs\-sbp ImWn-p-p. atm. 5:7, eqtm. 8:28.
""\nXy- c - - b psS Imc- W - Z q- X '' c-bpsS ASn-m\w tbip-{In-kvXp-hm-Ip-p

F{_m. 5:9.
""nc-X-bp \ns Imew'' Pohn-X-sf nc-s-Sp-p {InkvXp-hn {]hnbpsS ka-b-n-tep hnc Nqp-p. sbi. 33:6.
""Iv'' tbip-{In-kvXp-hn Pohn-X-p Dd-ns\ ImWn-p-p sbi. 28:16
""]Wn-m Xn--f Iv'' bn{km-tb-ense aq-m Gp-ap-nb ssZh-ns Iv

Ah-\m-bn-cp-p ko. 118:22; am. 21:42; atm. 12:10; eqtm. 20:17; 1 ]t{Xm. 2:7
""Kpcp'' (dq\n) D]-tZ-in-p-hm tbmKy-\m-b-h Fw tbml. 20:16
""]cn-tim-[n--s Iv'' CXv A-am-p-Xv {InkvXp-hns Pohn-X-n-e-\p-`-hn

A\p-`-h-sf (sbi-.28:16).
255
""X-k-a-bp Adn-bn-t kmyw'' ssZhw Xs ka-bp shfn-s-Spnbh\mWv tbip-{InkvXp Fp hy-am-n-bn-cn-p-p. 1 Xntam 2:6.
""kmm Aw'' tbip-{InkvXp \app Bo-I-t]m-jWw \evIp-p tbml. 6:32
""kXy-sh-fnw'' Ah shfn-s-Spn Xcp kXyw Fw tbml. 1:9; 1 tbml. 2:8
""kmm apncn'' Bob ]g- (\ {]hn-I) Xp \s Xr]vX-cm-p-h-s\-w tbml.15:1
""kXyw'' Ahs Pohn-X-ns Hmtcm `mK-n-sbpw ]q-Xsb shfn-s-Sp-p-p tbml

5:33; 8:3132; 14:6
""hgn'' ssZho-I-amb kI-eXpw {]m]n-m-\p GI hgn tbip-{InkvXp BIp-p am. 7:14;

tbml. 14:5,6
""cm-k-arn'' hos-Sp-ns hne Fsp hy-am-p-p sbi. 33:6
""m\w'' ssZh-nepw ssZh-h-N-\-nepw D-hsb a\-n-em-m-\p Ign-hns\ Xcpp sbi. 33:6
""\psS \oXn-bpw, ipo-I-c-W-hpw, hos-Sppw Bb-h'' Bob hf-bpsSbpw c-bp-sSbpw XnI-hns\ shfn-s-Sp-p-p 1 sImcn. 1:30.
""\app ssZh-n\n-p m\w'' {InkvXp-hn \app e`n-p ssZhoI

hnth-Is FSpp Imp-p 1 sImcn. 1:30
""PmXn-Ip kmn'' Fm a\p-jypw tbip-{In-kvXp-hmWv ssZh-n\n-p

kmyw sbi. 55:4
""Ap-X-a{n'' GXp hn]-nepw \ap-m-h-iy-amb \ Btem-N\ Xcp--h FmWv

Aw sbi. 9:6
""hN\w'' Fm hmm-hn-\n-a-b-pw ASn-m\w tbip-{InkvXp BIp-p ko. 119:81;

tbml. 1:1,14; 1 tbml. 1:1; shfn. 19:13
""ssZh-h-N\w'' ]c-kv]-c-ap kIe CS-]m-Sp-Ipw ssZh-n\n-p ASn-m\w

tbip BIp-p. 2 ]t{Xm. 3:5; tbml. 1:15; shfn. 19:13.
""Pohs hN\w'' Fm Pohn-X-fpw ]Wn-Xp-bp-hm thnb ASn-m\ ine-bmWnXp ^nen. 2:16; 1tbml. 1:1
""\n-fpsS `mhv'' Ah-\p-am-bp _hpw ]cn-N-bhpw Dd-m-p-p sbi. 54:5
""\ns krjvSmhv'' Ah-\mWv a\p-jy-hs \nn--h sbi. 54:5
""\ns hos-Sp-p-Im-c'' \psS ]m]w t]mp--Xn\p apX apS-n-b-h sbi.

54:5
""\ns c'' CXpw \psS cbpw hnSp-Xepw tbip-hn Xs-sbp hy-am-p-p

eqtm. 2:29,30.
256
`mKw 5
]cn-ipmm-hm-Ip ssZhw
(]cn-ip-m XXz-imkv{Xw)
A.
Ahs BfXzw:
100
]cn-ip-m-mhv ssZhw BIpp Fp \mw I-p-I-gn--Xm-Wv. ]cn-ip-m-m-hn\v Hcm-fXzw Dv. CXv

tIhew Znhy-Xzs ImWn-p--Xn-\p-th-n-bp Hcp {]tbm-K-a adnv [ojm-Wm-i-n-bpw, hnImchpw D Hcp bYm Bf-Xz-am-Wv.
k`m-N-cn-{X-n XpS-bmbn `nm-`n-{]m-b- Dbn-p HmWv ]cn-ip-m-m-hns Bf-Xz-hpw,
{]h-\hpw F-Xv. BI-bm AXoh Icp-X-temsS ""Bm-hns sFIyX kam-[m\ _-n
Imm {ian-t--Xm-Wv'' (F-t^. 4:3). icn-bmbhn[w ]cn-ip-m-m-hns\ a\-n-em-p-Ibpw B{ibn-p-Ibpw sNbvXm kvt\l-n \nd-bp-hm\pw (Kem. 5:22) ssZhs kvt\ln-p-hm-\pw, Xn
Xn kvt\ln-p-hm\pw \app Ign-bp--Xm-Wv (1-tbm-l. 4:20).
]cn-ip-m-m-hns ""ancw'' {InkvXp-hns ico-c-am-Ip k`-bm-Wv. Atm-kvX-e-\mb ]ueqkv C{]Imcw tNmZn-p: ""ssZh-n Zm\-ambn \n-fn Ccn-p ]cn-ip-m-m-hs an-c-am-Ip (G-Ih-N-\w, Hcp ico-cw, Hcp ancw Fw) \n-fpsS (_-lp-h-N-\w, \ Hmtcm-cp-cpw Fw)
icocw (G-I-h-N-\w) Fpw \nsf hnebvp hmn-bn-cn-p-I-bm \n Xmm-p--hc Fpw Adn-bp-n-tbm?'' (1-sIm-cn. 6:19). CtX teJ-\-n CXn\p kam-\-amb asmcp tNmZyw
]utemkv tNmZn-n-cpp: ""\n (_-lp-h-N-\w, Fm-h-cpw) ssZh-ns ancw (G-I-h-N-\w) Fpw
ssZh-ns Bmhv \n-fn (G-m-h-cn-epw) hkn-pp Fpw Adn-bp-n-tbm?'' (1 sImcn.
3:16). ]cn-ip-m-mhv {InkvXphns ico-c-nse AwK-sf (k`m hnizm-kn-I-sf) ]c-kv]cw _nn-p-p. \psS Aip-n-aqew B ancw \in-m CS-bm-cpsXp ap-dnhp Xn-p-v (1 sImcn.
3:17). tbip-{In-kvXp-hn\v Hcp ""aWhmn'' am{X-ta-bp-p. AXp hnip--am-Wv. \psS Cu ]T-\-n
CXp \s \bn--s.
1.
_pn-km-ayw.
Fmw Adn-bm\pw Fmw At\z-jn-p-hm\pw ]cn-ip-m-m-hn\p Ign-hp-v. (1 sImcn. 2:10-11) CXn\nv

FmWv a\-n-em-p--Xv, ]cn-ip-m-m-hn\v Hcp a\pw (tdm-a. 8:27) \s ]Tn-n-m-\p Ignhpw
Dv (1 sImcn. 2:13).
2.
hnImcw.
Xncp-sh-gpp hfsc sXfn-hmbn ]dncn-p Imcy-amWv ]cn-ip-m-m-hn\v ZpxJn-m Ign-bp-sa-pXv (sb-i. 63:10; Ft^. 4:30) AXm-bXv Ah hnIm-c-ap--h-\m-sWp Npcp-w. ]cn-ip-m-mhp
257
shdp-samcp kzm[o-\-tam, t{]c-Wtbm Bbn-cp-s-n Bf-Xz-]-c-amb hnIm-c- ImWp-I-bn-m-bn-cpp. CXp asmcp bmYmy-n-tep AX-bmXv ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-s\-Xn-cmbn ZqjWw ]d-bm\pw km[np-sa--Xn-te-mWv \psS {i Xncn-p--Xv (asm. 3:24).
3.
C.
]cn-ip-m-m-hn\p t`Zm-t`-Z- Xnc-s-Sp-p-hm-\p Ign-hp-v. AYhm Cm-i-n-bp-v. {InkvXphns ico-c-am-Ip k`bvp thp BoI hc-sf hnX-cWw sNp-Xp ]cn-ip-m-m-hm-Wv
(1 sImcn. 12:11). Hcp {InkvXym-\n-bpsS (hn-izm-kn-bp-sS) {]hn-Isf \nb-{n-p-Xpw \bn-p-Xpw
]cn-ip-m-m-hm-Wv (A-tm. 16:611).
4.
BIrXn.
Htc Hcp thZ-`mKw am{Xta ]cn-ip-m-m-hn\p kam-[m-\-ns Nn-amb {]mhns BIrXn

\evInbnpp; AXv tbip-{In-kvXp-hns kv\m\-k-a-b-tmSp _n-m-Wv (a-m. 3:16; atm. 1:10;
eqtm. 3:22; tbml. 1:32).
B.
Ahs ]m-fnw:
1.
krjvSn-n.
]cn-ip-m-m-hn\v BIm-i-`q-an-I-fp-sSbw asm krjvSn-Imcy--fnepw ]p-v. `qan Bmn-msX

]mgpw iq\y-hp-ambn InS--tm ""ssZh-ns Bmhv sh-n-t ]cn-hn-p-sIm-n-cp-p''
(D-ev]. 1:2). CXv Igp-I Xs IqSv A\n Ipp-p-aosX ]d-p''Xnt\mSv kZr-i-amWv (Bh. 32:11). ssZhw Xs hN-\-m BIm-is hncn--tm ]cn-ip-m-mhv AXns\ {]Im-in-n-phm \-{X-sf hncn-p (k-o. 33:6) Fpw ]cn-ip-m-m-hn\v k-kr-jvSn-I-fp-sS-taepw \nb{Ww Dspw (C-tm. 26:13) Xncp-sh-gpp ]d-b-p. krjvSn-I--fn Fmw ]p--Xp-t]mse
a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-nepw arK-Pm-e--fpsS krjvSn-bnepw ]cn-ip-m-mhv ]m-fn-bm-Wv (C-tm. 33:4; ko.
104:24, 25 cf. 104: 30).
krjvSn-I--fn Fmw ]mfnw hln-p-sImv ssZh-amb Im-hns\ shf-s-Sp-p-I FXm-bn-cpp ]cn-ip-m-m-hns Dtiw (sb-i. 40:12-13 cf tdma. 1:20 cf. tbml. 16:13,14)
2.
shfn-mSv
]pXnb kXy-sf shfn-s-Sp-n-sIm-Sp-p-I-bmWv ]cn-ip-m-m-hns {]h-\-]-Xn (tbm-l. 16:13)

kXys ap--h-cn-tep Fn-p-hm ]cn-ip-m-mhv a\p-jy-sc-X-s-bmWv GPm-p--Xv.
(2 iap. 23:2); Nne-tm kXywt]mepw Hcp No-hm-bmbn Nnev tXmm-dp-v (an-Jm. 3:8).
Xncp-sh-gp-p-Xs ]cn-ip-m-m-hns Hcp shfn-m-Sm-Wv (22:42,43, Atm. {]. 1:16; 24:25; 28:25-26;
G{_m. 10:1516).
3.
Ah-t_m[w
]cn-ip-m-mhv P\-n\p shfn-s-Sp-n-bXv Bob Adn-hp-I-fm-Wv. Fm Ahsb a\-n-em-m

Nnp Nne-\m-fp-I thn-h-cpw (1 sImcn 13:12); BI-bm ssZh-h-N-\s a\-n-em-p-hm-\p
Ignhv ]cn-ip-m-mhv \evIp-p (1 sImcn. 2:12-16); hN-\-ns GXp `mK-amWv hyXy-k kml-Ncy-sf Pohn-X-ap-n sImp-h-cp-Xv Fp a\-n-em--Ww (eq-tm. 12:1112; F{_m. 3:7,8); Bob-amb Cu a\-n-em--en-s\-bmWv "m\w' Fp hnfn-p--Xv.
4.
Znhy-{]-tNm-Z\w
]cn-ip-m-mhv Nnep \evInb Bob {]tNm-Z-\-amWv Xncp-sh-gp-p-Isf tcJ-s-Sp-m Ahsc

tbmKy-cm-n-bXv (2 ]t{Xm. 1:21) Fm Xncp-sh-gppw ssZh-izm-ko-b-am-sW-mWv \mw hmbn-p--Xv.
258
A-cm-n ssZhw Ahs Poh (B-m-hp) \evIn-sb-w. (2 Xnsam. 3:16,17) Asm-kvXe-\mb ]ueqkv ChnsS D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p {Kop hmp asm-cn-Spw ImWm Ign-bp-n-. B
hmv Xntbm-s]-\p-tmkv (Theopneustos) FmWv CXv cp hmp-I tNn-p--Xm-Wv. Xntbmkv
(Theos) ssZhw F-Xpw, \yqam (Pneuma) Bmhv FXpw BWv B hmp-I. Npcp--n ss__n
]cn-ip-m {]tNm-Zn-X-am-Wv.
5.
AXn-i-b-.
tbip-{InkvXp ]cnipmm in-bn-em-Wv Ap-X- {]hn--Xv (eq-tm. 4:18). Fm-hn[ ApX

{]hn-I-fp-sSbpw GP v ]cn-ip-m-m-hp-X-s. CXn\v Ghpw \ sXfn-hmWv FtXym-]y-m-cs\
kv\m\-s-Sp-m ^nen-tm-kn\p e`n \S-n-pw, CXp Ign DS ^nen-tm-kns\ Bmhv
A{]Xy--\m-p-Xpw (A-tm. {]. 8:39) asmv I\y-Im-P-\-\-am-Wv.
6.
I\y-Im-P-\\w.
I\y-I-bm-bn-cp adn-bbvv "K{_n-tb Fsmcp ZqX-\nIqsS ssZhoI ktiw e`n-p. AXn{]Imcw Ah ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-\m K`n-Wn-bmbn Hcp aIs\ {]k-hn-p-Ibpw P\n-p inip-hn\v
""ssZh-]p-{X'' Fp t] hnfn--s-Sp-Ibpw sN-W-am-bn-cp-p (eq-tm. 1:27,35). CXn\np {XnXzn Hcph\mWv tbip-{In-kvXp-hns kzob ]nXm-sh-m-Wv. am{X-hp-a CXv ]cn-ip-m-m-hns
ssZh-Xz-n\p Hcp sXfn-hp-Iq-sS-bm-Wv. Cu kw`-h-n-\p-tijw K{_n-tb ZqX adn-bm-an\p hnhmlw
\nbw sNbvXn-cp tbmtk^v F ]pcp-js\ kinv adn-bm-ans K`-[m-cWw ]cn-ip-m-mhn-\m BIpp F kXyw {Kln-n-p-sIm-Sp-p (a-m. 1:18-20).
7.
]m]-t_m[w.
]cn-ip-m-m-hns asmcp {]h\w a\p-jy-lr-Z-b--fn hcp-p ]mt_m-[-am-Wv. temI-tm-Spw,

hyn-I-tfmSpw Ah ssZhoI {]am-W-sf ewLn--bm ]m]n-I-fm-sW-pw, Cu Zpc-h--bn\nv
Ahsc cn-p c-Is\ AwKo-I-cn-t--Xm-sWpw \p-sS a\-m-n-bnIqsS \s t_mys-Sp-p-p (tbm-l. 16:8; tdma. 9:1).
8.
hopw P\\w.
""]pXp-P-\\w'' Fw hcp hmm-Wn-Xp. Hcm c-n-s-Sp Ah-k-c-n cn--s-tijw \S-m t]mIp--X kw`-hn-p Hm-Wn-Xv. ssZhw Xs hN-\-nIqsS \evIn-bn-cnp Cu hmKvZs \n-tep Hcp bmYmy-am-n-X-cp-Xv ]cn-ip-m-m-hm-Wv (1 ]t{Xm. 1:23cf
Xop. 3:5).
9.
kv\m\w.
]cn-ip-m kv\m\-s-p-dnv hfsc IqSp-X sXn-m-c-W-I {InkvXob kaq-l-n ISp IqSnbn-p-v. Fm ss__n-fn CXn-s\-p-dnv \ap-p-X-cp sXfnhv Fm-sWp t\mmw.
""kv\m\-s-Sp-pI'' F hmn\v {Kon BAPTIDZO Fpw Cwo-jn _m]vsskv (Baptize) Fp-amWv
D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-X
- v. CXn\v ""appI'' (TO DIP) Fm-Ww.101 {Ko-cpsS CS-bn XpWn-I Nmbn
app--Xn-\mWv Cu ]Zw km[m-c-W-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp--Xv. IqSmsX \nd ]m{Xfnse Pen asmcp ]m{Xw apn Pew kw`-cn-p--Xn\pw D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-p. Hcm sh-n Cd-nap-p--Xn-s\tbm (Ip-fn) Xs hm c-n app--Xn-s\tbm Dt-inpw Cu hmp (kv\m\w
Baptism) D]-tbm-Kn-n-p-ap-v. asm-cm-fpsS Bh-iy-ns ]qn-mbn kzbw hnt[-b-s-Sp-n-sm-Spp--Xn\v kmZr-i-ambpw ]d-n-cn-p-p. cp hyn-I-tfm, ]mn-Itfm Xn hmmtem imco-cnI-amtbm hnIm-c-]-c-am-tbm, kml-N-cys A\p-k-cnsm D _-sbpw CXp shfn-hm-p-p. DZml-c-W-ambn {Iqip-a-c-Ws A\p-kva-cn-n-p-sImv tbip ""F\n-smcp kv\m\w Gev]m-\pv'' Fp
]d-p (asm. 10:38), CXp ]d-bp-tm tbip-hns Pe-kv\m\w Ign-n-cp-p (atm. 1:9). AXv
259
Ahs PohnX ]-Xnsb ]nXm-hmb ssZhw AwKo-I-cnp F-Xns sXfn-hm-bn-cp-p.

kv\m]I tbml-ms kt-i-n tbip ""]cn-ip-m-m-hn kv\m\w'' Ign-n-p--h BIp-p
Fp ]d-n-cp-p (a-m. 3:11; asm. 1:8; eqtm 3:16; tbml. 1:33; Atm. {]. 1:5); CXp kw`-hnp-Xp tbip ]cn-ip-m-m-hns\ s]-tmkvXp Znhkw `qan-bn-tep Ab-bvp-tm-gm-Wv (tbm-l.
14:16, 17; Atm. {]. 2:14). CXn-s\-bmWv ""BZn-bn'' Fp ]t{Xmkv kqNn-n-n-cn-p-Xv (A-tm.
{]. 11:16) CXn\p apv Hcp hynbpw AXm-bXv s]-tmkvXp Znh-k-n k`-bpsS kv\m\w \Sp--Xn\p apv Cu A\p-`hw {]m]n-n-cp-n-. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ico-c-am-Ip k`-tbmSp hnizm-knIsf kwtbm-Pn-n-p Hcp {]hn-bm-bn--msX ]cn-ip-m kv\m\s a\-n-em-pI {]bm-kam-Wv (1sImcn. 12:12,13, Ft^. 5:22-30). CXp ]d-bpw-tm Hcp Imcyw Hmn-cn-Ww hnizm-kn-I-fpsS
]m]-tam, PUo-I-tam Hcmsf Cu ico-c-n\np thXn-cn-p-n; As\ Bbn-cp-s-n
sImcnp k`tb ImWp-I-bn-m-bn-cp-p, A{X-b-[n-I-am-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS ]m]- (1 sImcn. 111).
Xncp-sh-gp-n Hcn-Spw hnizm-kn-I ""]cn-ip-m kv\m\w {]m]n-tWw'' F Iev]-\-tbm
{]t_m-[-\tam C; Fp-sIm-s-m Hcm (hn-izm-kn) tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ac-Ww, I_-d-Sw
Db-s-gp-tev]v Fn-hI
- sf hnizm-kn-w-Ko-Ic
- n-p ka-b
- mWv Cu kv\m\hpw \S-p-X
- v (1 sImcn.
15:14). BI-bm CsXms \\ kv\m\-a adnv "DW-nb' kv\m\-am-Wv.
Cu BoI kXy-s-p-dnv (kv\m-\-s)-p-dnv Atm-kvX-e-\mb ]ueqkv ]d-n-cn-p-Xv {inpI:
""tbip{InkvXp-hn-t\mSp tNcp-hm kv\m\w G-h-cmb \mw Fm-hcpw Ahs ac-Wn ]m-fn-If
- m-Ip-hm kv\m\w Gn-cn-pp F-dn-bp-n-tbm? As\ \mw Ahs
ac-W-n ]m-fn-I-fm-bn-Xo kv\m\-m Ah-t\m-Sp-IqsS Ipgn-n-S-sp; {InkvXp
acn-np ]nXm-hns aln-a-bm Pohn-s-gp-t--Xp-t]mse \mapw Pohs ]pXp--n
\S-t--Xn-\p-X-t. Ahs ac-W-ns kmZr-iy-tmSp \mw GIo-`-hn--h-cm-sb-n
]p\-cp-m\ns kmZr-iy-tmSpw GIo-`-hn-pw'' (tdm-a. 6:35).
]cn-ip-m kv\m\-n-eqsS hnizm-kn-bn Bm-hns A[n-hmkw XpS-p-p (tbm-l. 14:17; tdma.
5:5). AXp-sImv Hcm tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ cn-Xm-hmbn kzoI-cn-p--Xp-ap-X Ah-\n ]cn-ip-mm-hns {]h\hpw \S-p-p.
10.
B-ap{Z.
Hcp km[-\-n-t-ep DS-a-m-h-Im-is ImWn-m-\mWv ap{Z-bn-Sp--Xv. ]e-tmgpw Hcp tamXn-camWv Ac-n Ipn CXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv. blq-Z-m tbip-hn-s I-d-bnta ap{Z-]-Xn-n-ncpp (am. 27:66) CXv Bcpw hmXnse Ip \om-Xn-cn-m-\m-bn-cp-p. CXp-t]mse Hcp hyn
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ cn-Xm-hmbn kzoI-cn-p-tm ]cn-ip-m-mhv Ah-s-ta Xs BZr-iy-amb
ap{Z Cv DS-a-m-h-Imiw m]n-p-p (F-t^. 1:13).
CXp hnizm-knbvv ssZhoI AwKo-Im-c-ns Am-c-am-Wv. CXp apX hnizmkn tbip-{In-kvXp-hp-ambp nc-_--n-tev {]th-in-p-Ibpw ]cn-ip-m-mhp Cu sFIy-X-bvmbn Hp-h-bvp-Ibpw
sNp-p. ]cn-ip-m-mhv ssZh-am-bn-cn--bm BWv ""ssZh-ns ap{Z'' CSp-Xv (2 sImcn. 1:22)
CXp AZriy AS-bm-f-am-Wv.
Ah \s ap{Z Cv kz-am-n-bn-cn--bm ]m]-{]-hn-I-fn-eqsS Ahs\ ZpxJn-n-m-Xn-cn-m
\mw {ian--Ww (F-t^. 4:30).
\s ap{Z Cn-cn-p-Xv hos-Sp-p-\m-fn-\m-bn-m-Wv (F-t^. 4:30; 1:14). CXp `mhn-bn ]qo-I-cn-s-Sp-hm t]mIp (D-bs-gp-t-ev]ns Zn\w) hos-Sp-n-s\-bmWv kqNn-n-p--Xv (tdm-a. 8:23).
260
11.
Bm-hns A[n-hm-kw.
tbip-{InkvXp \evInb hmKvZ--{]-Imcw Cu kw`-hhpw cn--s-Sp ka-bp \S-p--Xm-Wv.

""Fm Rm ]nXm-hn-t\mSp tNmZnpw; Ah kXy-ns Bmhv F asmcp Imcy-s\
Ftpw \n-tfm-Sp-IqsS Ccn-t--Xn\p \np Xcpw. temIw Ahs\ ImWp-Itbm AdnItbm sNm-bvI-bm AXn\p Ahs\ e`n-m Ign-I-bn; \ntfm Ah \n-tfm-Sp-IqsS hknbpw \n-fn Ccn-bpw sNp--Xp-sImv Ahs\ Adn-bp-p'' (tbm-l. 14:16,17). s]-tmkvXp-\m-fn\p apv ]cn-ip-m-mhv hnizm-kn-I-fn ""ta'' (Upon)hkn-n-cp-s-n s]-tm-kvXp-\mfn\ptijw ]cn-ip-m-mhv "Ah-cn' hknp AYhm Ah-cpsS AIp A[n-h-kn-p (Dwelling inside)]cnip-m-m-[n-hmkw AXp-sImv k`-bn AXp-ey-X-tbmsS \nevp-p (tdm-a. 8:9; 1 sImcn. 3:16; 6:19;
2 Xntam. 1:14).
]m]-t_m[w hcp-p-I, kXys shfn-s-Sp-pI XpSn ]cn-ip-m-m-hns hnhn[ ip{iq-j-I
smpw am-an-msX XpS-cpp ]t "m\'-n\p am{Xw amw hp.
]cn-ip-m kv\m\-ns ka-b-p-X-s-bmWv hnizm-kn-bn A[n-h-kn-t--Xn\v Bmhv Ah\n-tep {]th-in-p--Xpw. AXm-bXv CsXmw Hcm cn--s-Sp ka-bp \S-p kw`-h-fm-Wv. CXp cpw ssZhw hnizm-kn-Ip \evIp hc{]km-Z-am-Wv (A-tm. {]. 11:16,17; tdma. 5:5).
BI-bm amdn-tm-Ip--h-b- (tdm-a. 11:29). Hcp hnizm-kn-bpsS Pohn-X-n hcp Nne ]m]w-aqew
sImcn-p-k-`-m-sc-tmse ]cn-ip-m-mhv Ahsc hnp-t]m-Ip-n- (1 sImcn. 1:2; 3:16; 6:19). sImcnnse k`mhnizm-kn-I _lp-hn[ ]m]- sNbvX-h-sc-nepw ]ueqkv Ahsc cn--s--h-cm-bnmWv IW-m-n-b-Xv (1 sImcn. 5,6).
Atm-kvX-e-{]-hn-bpsS ]pkvX-I-n cp-m-\-p-am{Xw cn--stijw ]cn-ip-m-m-hns\
\evIn-b-Xmbn ]d-n-p-v (A-tm. {]. 10:44; 19:16). Chn-sS-bmWv hnZymn kqjva-X-tbmsS Bcv?
Fv? Ftm? Fo tNmZy- tNmZn-t--Xv. Cu cp epw ]d-b-s-n-cn-p Bfp-I
ain-lm-bpsS hc-hns\ {]Xo-n-n-cp--h Bbn-cpp, Fm ain-lm-hp F Imcyw Adn-n-cpn-. ainlm hp Fpw Ahs\ hniz-kntXm-h-iy-am-sW-p-ap kphn-tijw tI-tm
Ah AwKo-I-cn-bvp-Ibpw XpSv Ahpw ]cn-ip-m-m-hns\ ssZhw \evIp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Hcp
hntij kw`-hs FSp-pImn D]-tZiw m]n-p-Xpw icn-b-.
12.
\ndhv (B--\n-d-hv).
]cn-ip-m \nd-hn-s\-p-dnp a\-n-em-p--Xn\pw \app ssZh hN-\-n-tep Xs Xncn-b-Ww.

ssZh hN-\-n ]d-n-cn-p--hsb \psS Pohn-X-n-em-p-hm\pw \mw Xocp-am-\n--Ww.
a.
]cn-ip-m \ndhv BIpp:

1)
{]tXyI ip{iq-j-bvmbn Iui-e-]-Wn-I, t\XrXzw
XpS-n-bh
- b
- vmIpp.
bn{km-tbm-cpsS bpK-n ]cn-ip-m \ndhv Nne {]tXyI hyn-Ipw {]tXyI Imcy-\nl-W-pw thn Bbn-cp-p. ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-\mbn bmNn-t-n-bn-cp-p (eq-tm. 11:13). _kte F hynp {]tXyI Iui-e-]-Wn-mbn CXp \evIn-bn-cp-p. Ah kam-K-a-\-Iq-Sm-c-nse
]Wn-m-cn Hcp-h Bbn-cp-p, BI-bm Ahs {]hn-I ssZh-n\p alXzw \evIp--Xmbn-cp-p (]p-d. 31:3; 35-:31).
""tbmip-hbpw m\m ]q-\m-bn-cpp'' (B-h. 34:9). tamsi-bvp-tijw bn{km-tb asf
\bn-t--Xn-\m-bn-cpp CXv.
2)
Hcp {]tXyI ip{iq-j-bvm-bn, t{]mm-l-\-n-\m-bpw,

261
{]h-N-\-n-\m-bpw.
eqtm-kns kphn-ti-j-n tbml-m kv\m]-I (eqtm. 1:15) Ahs amXm-hmb Fen-kt_v (eq-tm. 1:41) ]nXm-hmb skJ-cymhv (eq-tm. 1:67) Fn-h ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-\m \nd--hcm-bn-cpp Fp hmbn-p-p. CXp-hsc I-Xmb sXfn-hp-I Fmw hp-t\m-p-tm Hcp {]tXyI
ip{iq-jbvv AYhm ZuXy-\n-l-W-n-\mbn ssZh-i-n-bm Nne hyn-Isf \nd-bvpI F-Xmbn-cpp ]cn-ip-m \nd-hns A-sap a\-n-em-mw.
3)
Hcp {]tXyI Iq-n-t\mSp hnti-j-hmm-_w

m]n-p-hm.
tbip-{InkvXp Xs Dbs-gp-t-ev]n-\p-tijw kzm-tcm-l-W-n\p apv injy-msc hnfn-nv

""]cn-ip-m-m-hns\ {]m]n-o'' (tbm-l. 20:22) F-h-tcmSp ]d-p. injy-m ]cn-ip-m-m-hns\
{in-p-hm-\p (Atm. {]. 1:2) Hcp {]t_m-[-\-am-bn-cpp CXv Fp hy-am-Wv. Fs-m
Ah bmYmy-t_m-[-an-msX Ipg-bp ka-b-am-bn-cpp AXv (A-tm. {]. 1:8). AXp-t]m-se-Xs
tbip-hns\ {Iqin--h-tcmSv Ahcpw an-t--Xn-\p Ir] \Ip-hm\pw thn Bbn-cp-p (tbm-l.
20:23).
s]-tmkvXp Znh-k-n Ah ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-\m \ndv i-cm-b-tm AXn-\p-apv ]Tn-nn-m a\p-jy-`m-j-Ifn Ah kwkm-cnp (A-tm. {]. 2:111) hm. 4:8,11 hnti-jm). ]t{Xm-kv Imcy{]-k--amb Hcp henb {]kwKw sNbvXp (A-tm. {]. 2:1440). AXn Ah kphn-ti-j-n hnizkn-p Ghpw e`n-m t]mIp ]cn-ip-m--Zm-\-ns Ddp \evIn (2:38-40). Chn-sS-sbmw
C{k-tbey bpK-n Hmtcm {]tXyI Ah-k-c--fn {]tXyI ip{iq-j-bvmbn ]cn-ip-m \ndhp
\evI-s-n-cpp FmWv hy-am-p--Xv.
4).
BoI {]Xn-tcm-[-n\pw ss[cy-n-\pw-th-n.
ASp--kw-`hw ]s{Xm-kns blq-Z-m-tcm-Sp {]Xn-tcm-[-n\pthn Bbn-cp-p (-A-sm. {]. 4:512).

Ah AXp kvt\ln-X-msc Adn-bn-bvp-Ibpw sNbvXp. injy-m Fm-hcpw ]cn-ip-m \nd-hn\m hN\ {]tLm-j-W-n-\m-h-iy-amb ss[cyw {]m]n-ncpp (A-tm. {]. 4:31) Cu cp {]tXyI
kw`- h - - f nepw Bcpw A\y- ` m- j - I kwkm- c n- n- c p- n FXp {]tXyIw {in- t - - X m- W v .
CXn\np ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-\m \nd-bpw-tm-sgms A\y-`m-jbpw ]d-n-cn-Ww F hmZ-KXn
Am-\-m-sWv hy-am-Wv.
Bcw-`-Ime kw`-h-sf Ah-tem-I\w sNp-tm ]cn-ip-m-mhv hnizm-kn-bn Ft-p-ambn Hcn A[n-h-kn-pp Fpw Fm Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw ]cn-ip-m--\n-dhv \nc-h-[n-{]m-hiyw DmIpp Fpw a\-n-em-p-p. CXn\p X-Xmb sXfn-hmWv hnizm-kn-I-tfmSv ]cn-ip-m-m-hns A[nhmkw {]m]n-n Fsmcp Iev]\ \evImsX ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-\m \nd--h-cm-bn-cn-o Fp Iev]nXv (F-t^. 5:18) ]cn-ip-m-m-hns A[n-hmkw \ap-smcp {]tXyI ]Z-hn-t\-Sn-X-cp-p. AXp asmp-a \mw {InkvXp-hnepw ]cn-ip-m-mhp \nepw hkn-pp F-Xm-Wv. Cu Adnhpw A\p-`-h-hpamWv ssZh-in shfn-s-Sp-p-hm \s klm-bn-p--Xpw.
5).
ip{iq-j-p insb Xcp-p.
]cn-ip-m--\n-dhv k`-bnse hnizm-kn-Isf icpw Itm-p-Icpw Bp-p. hn[-h-I-fpsS kwc-W-Imcyw h-tm Atm-kvX-e-m B Imcyw k`sb Adn-bn-p-I-bpw, B-\n-dhpw m\-hpap Bfp-Isf B in{iq-j-bvmbn k` Xnc-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp (A-tm. {]. 6:25). Fp hmbnpp.
k`-bn A[n-h-kn-p-sImv ]cn-ip-m-mhp ip{iq-j-bvmbn Hmtcm-cp-m-h-iy-amb \ndhpw
inbpw \evIn-sm-n-cn-p-p.
262
6)
kmm\y h\ sXfn-bn-p--Xn\pw XS-bp--Xn\pw.
tdma tZim-[n-]-Xn-bmb skKyqp ]ueq-n-t\mSp kphn-tijw ]d-bp-tm Asm-kvX-e-\mb ]ueqns\ Fen-amkvv F hnZzm FXn-tm Atm-kvX-e ]cn-ip-m--]q-\mbn (Bmhn
\nd-v) Ahs\ imkn-p--Xmbn \mw hmbn-p-p (A-tm. {]. 13:610).
7)
kphn-ti-j-Xym-Kn-Isf t\cn-Sp-hm.
]nkn-Zy Atym-Jy-bnse blq-Z-m ]ueq-n-s\bpw _-_m-kn-s\bpw kphn-tijw \nanw

XyPn--tm Ah B-\n-d-hn ss[cyw-]qp kwkm-cn-p--Xmbn hmbn-p-p (A-tm. {]. 13:4257). ChnsS Atm-kvX-e-m-cpsS ip{iq-j-bpsS ]ptcm-K-Xnsb klm-bn-m-\m-bn-cpp \nd-hv (13:52).
b.
hf-cp {InkvXym-\n-bnse B-\n-d-hv.
hnizm-kn-I ]cn-ip-m-m-hn \nd--h-cm-bn-cn--W-sa B (F-t^. 5:18) {]Imcw Fm-hcpw

Fm-bn-tmgpw As\ Bbn-cn-p-nm Fp-IqSn ]d-p-thWw CXv Ah-km-\n-n-p-hm.
ssZh-hp-am-bp Iqm-bvasb XS--s-Sp-p-hm ]m]-n\p Ign-bp--Xp-t]m-se-Xs ]cn-ip-m
in-bn Pohn-m-Xn-cn-p--Xn\pw ]m]w XS-bn-Sm-dp-v (1 tbml. 1:6). ]cn-ip-m-m-]q-cmbn XpScp Pohn-X--sf-bmWv {InkvXob \Sv As-n ""shfn--n \S-pp'' Fsms ]ueqkv
hnti-jn-n-n-cn-p--Xv (tbm-l. 8:12; 12:35,36; Ft^. 5:710; 1 tbml. 1:7). Fm Hcp hnizmkn ]m]w
sNp-tm ssZh-hp-am-bp Abm-fpsS Iqmbva XS--s-Spp; ]t ]m]-sf Gp-]-d-bp-Ibpw
ssZhoI hniz--X-bn hniz-kn-p-Ibpw sNp-tm Ah \psS ]m]-sf anv kIe A\oXn-bpw-t]mn \s ipo-I-cn-p-p (1 tbml. 1:9).
]cn-ip-m-m-hn-\m-ep \ndhv Hcp ]qo-I-cn--s {]hnbpw ss\ao-jn-I-amb kw`-h-hp-am-Wv.
AsXm-cn-epw `mKn-I-amb {]hn-b-. Bsc-nepw ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-\m ]IpXn \nd--Xm-tbm,
`mKn-I-ambn \nd--Xm-bntm Hcn-epw tIn-n-. AXp-t]mse Xs ]cn-ip-m--\n-dhv {InkvXob
PohnX hf-bpsS ]mIX t\mn e`n-pXpa-. AXp-sImv ]cn-ip-m \ndhv: (1) kIe hnizmkn-Ipw thn-bp--Xm-Wv, hfbpw ]Iz-Xbpw t\mn-b--Xm-\pw. (2) AXp kw]q-am-Wv. ]cnip-m-m-hn-t\mSv adp-X-en-m Ign-bp-sa-n (A-tm. {]. 7:51) hyn-]-c-ambn kan-v Iogvs-Spn-sIm-Sp-vHmtcm-cp-pw Bm-hn-\m \nd-bp-hm\pw km[n-pw.
CXp-hsc \mw kzcq-]n--Xmb Imcy--fpsS shfn--n \ap-n-s\ Ah-km-\n-n-mw. ]cn-ip-mmhv Hcp ]qo-I-cn--s {]hnbpw hnizm-kn-Ip {InkvXob PohnXw \bn-p--Xn-\m-h-iyamb insb ]Ip-sIm-Sp-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Fm-bn-cp-m-epw, CXp {InkvXob Pohn-X-ns
hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb Hm-bn- adnv {InkvXob Pohn-X-h-f-bpsS Xmtm LS-I-ambn Bcw-`n-p-Ibpw, ]cn-t]m-jn-n-p-Ibpw sNp--Xm-Wv.
]cn-ip-m-m-hn \nd-p Pohn-X-n khn-ti-j-amb \mep hfm-L--: ssZhs kvXpXnm-\p in (]-c-ky-{]-I-S-\w), ssZhs Bcm-[n-p-hm-\p in (B--cnI {]I-S-\w) ssZhn\p \n-I-tc-p-I, Xn Xn Iog-Sn Ccn-p-I. (F-t^. 5:19-21) Fn-h-bm-Wv.
13.
{]mn-pp.
Bm-hn-\m \nd-bpI F `mKv nc-XsbIpdnpw Bm-hn {]mn-t--Xns Bh-iy-IXsb Ipdnpw \mw Ip, CXp ssZh-hp-am-bp \psS _-s-bmWv ImWn-p-Xv (Fs^ 6:18, bqZm
1:20,21). \psS {]m\ Pohn-X-n AXn {]m[m-\y-aln-p-Xp \mw ssZh-hp-am-bp Ipm-bva-bn
Bbn-cn-t-W-sa--Xm-Wv. Bb-Xn-\m Fm-bn-tmgpw ]m]-sf Gp-]-d-bp-Ibpw \ncp {]m]n-p-Ibpw
263
sN-Xv AXym-h-iy-amWv (1- tbml 1:9).

Nne ka-b--fn Fs\ {]mn-t-W-sa--dn-bmsX \mw Ipg-t-mw. GXp hmp-I D]-tbm-Kn-W-satm A hmkvX-h-n \mw FmWv ]d-bm {ian-p--sXtm t]mepw Adn-bmsX hnj-anpw. Cs\ kw`-hn-m \mw `b-s-S-cpXv F-m ]cn-ip-m-mhv \psS _e-lo\-X-I-fn \nv
Xs \p-p-thn ]nXm-hmb ssZh-tmSp ay-X Ignpw (tdm-a. 8:26,27).
14.
\nbw (D-d-v).
]cn-ip-m-m-hns asmcp {]hn hnizm-kn-Iv c-bp-sSbpw \nXy-amb A\p-{K-l--fp-sSbpw Ddp

\evI-bm-Wv. tdma 8:16-17 ""\mw ssZh-ns a BIpp Fv Bmhv Xs \psS BmthmSp IqsS kmyw ]d-bp-p; \mw a Fntem ssZh-ns Ah-Im-in-Ifpw {InkvXp-hn-t\mSp
IqsS Iq-h-Im-in-Ifpw Xs'' Fp ]d-n-cn-p-p.
\psS \nXym-h-I-im-ns Ddv AYhm Amcw ]cn-ip-m-m-hmWv (Ft^m 1:13,14).
15.
ayX.
\psS B{K-l- ]nXm-hns\ Adn-bvm {]bm-k-s-Sp-tmgpw ]cn-ip-m-m-hns ay--X-bm

ssZhw Fmw Adn-bp-p (tdm-a. 8:26).
16.
hc-.
tbip-{InkvXp ]nXm-hns ASp-tp kz-tcm-lWw sNbvX-tijw Ah a\p-jyv Zm\-sf

sImSpp (F-t^. 4:11). Cu Bo-I-h-c--fmWv ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-\m hnizm-kn-I-fn hnX-cWw sN-sn-cn-p-Xv (1- sImcn 12:11,18; F{_m 2:4) Bn-I-hcw Fm \ap-p Ign-hp-Ipdw ssZhoI Ignhp-I Hcph\n hym]-cn-nv \psS {]hn-Isf k`-bm-Ip ico-c-ns hfbvp]-bp--amIpp Fm-Ww (1- sImcn 12).
Fm-hn-izm-kn-Ipw {]tXyI hcw \evIn-bn-p-v. Ahsb Iqp-hn-izm-kn-I-fpsS {]tbm-P-\-n-\mbn D]tbm-Kn---XmWv (1 -]-t{Xm4:10). Bo-b-h-c- {]IrXym D Ign-hp-I-fn \np hyXy--am-W-nepw
]cn-ip-m-mhv Hcp hyn-bpsS {]IrXym D Ign-hp-I-tfbpw Bnb hc--tfm-Sp-IqsS D]-tbm-Kn-mdp-p. DZm-l-cW-n\v kwKo-X-ns Ignhpw apw {][m-\-ambn ]d-n-cn-pp (tdm-a. 12:8).
Bob kXy- {]hnnt--Xn\v kzXkn--amb Nne Ign-hp-I-fpsS Bh-iy-ap-v. DZm-l-c-Wn\v ]Tn-n-m-\p hcw (tdm-a. 12:7; 1 sImcn 12:28; Ft^. 4:11) Fs\ ]Tn-n--W-sav Xncp-sh-gp-ntep t\mWw (2- Xntam 2:15) ASp Aym-b-n CXn-s\-p-dnv hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-mw.
17.
Aym-]\w.
ssZhoI Imcy-sf \s ]Tn-n-p-I-sb-Xv ]cn-ip-m-m-hns {]tXy-I-amb Hcp ]cn-]m-Sn-bmWv (tbml.

14:26) Nne {]tXyI Bh-iy-mbn Ah \s Ffp--n ]Tn-n-m-dpv (eqtm 12:11,12) AYhm
AXn-t-Xmb hgn-I-fnIqsS \bn-m-dpv (tbm-l. 16:13-15).
]cn-ip-m-m-hns Cu ]Tn-n- ]-Xn-bn IqsS-bmWvv \mw AùXoI (B-o-b) Imcy- a\-nem-p-Xv (1 sImcn 2:10-16).
18.
am-Zi-\w.
]cn-ip-m-mhm-Wv \psS am-Zin {InkvXob Pohn-Xs \bn-p--h F \nebvp Hm-aXmbn \pv a\-n-emn Xcp-Xv tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-s\-p-dn-m-Wv (tbm-l. 16:13). CXp aqew \pv
Ah-s\-tmse BIp-hm Ihnbpw (1 -sImcn. 11:1, Ft^.5:1). ]cn-ip-m-m-hns \S-n-n-\m ssZhlnXw Ahs hN-\-{]-Imcw shfn-s-Sp-tm-gmWv kmmnI nXn sa-s-Sp-Xv (1- Xntam. 1:811;
tdma. 8:12-14). ssZhm \ntbm-K-m (ssZhizmkobw) Fgp-X-s ss__n (2- Xn-tam. 3:16,17;
264
2 ]-t{Xm. 1:21), \apv shfn-s-Sp-n-X-cp-Xp ssZh-ln-X-s-bmWv. BI-bm hN\w \psS PohnXs \bn-p-hm {]m]vX-am-Wv.
Nne-tm \-Xmb cp Imcy--fn GXmWv Xnc-s-Sp-t--sX-p ssZh-lnXw ]q-ambn
shfn-s-p-InmsX htmw. B ka-b--fn \s Xs Poh\pw hnip-n-bp-ap bmK-ambn kanv
ssZh-ln-X-sa---dn-bm Imn-cn-Ww (tdma 12:1,2).
]cn-ip-m \S-n-ns ap Nne DZm-l-c-W- Atm. {] 8:29; 10:19,20; 13:24; 16:67; 20:2023 Fo thZ`m-K--fn ImWm-hp--Xm-Wv.
19.
êw.
\n A[n-h-kn-p ]cn-ip-m-mhv \nIqsS êw ]pd-s-Sp-hn-m B{K-ln-pp Cu êw

kvt\lw, ktm-jw, kam-[m-\w, ZoL--a, Zb, ]tcm-]-Im-cw, hni--X, kuay-X, C{n-b-Pbw Fnh-bmWv (K-em. 5:22,23) CXp kw`-hn-p--Xn\v \psS \Sv ]cn-ip-m-m-hn\m \nb-{n--sXpw PSnsbpw ]m]-n-sbpw ta Pbw {]m]n-Xpw Bbn-cn-Ww (K-em. 5:16-25, 1721).
20.
ktm-jhpw B\-hpw.
]cn-ip-m-mhp \n DXv]m-Zn-n-p ktm-j-ns _lnK-a-\-amWv B\-w. Ao-I-amb ]oV\-ns ay-nepw hnizmknp ktm-jn-p-hm Ignbpw (1- sX. 1:6) ap hnizm-kn-Iv ssZhw
\evIp A\p-{K-l-sf kzw A\p-{K-l-s-m hne-a-Xn-p-hm CXp-]-tbm-Kn-pp (eqtm 10:21)
21.
kvt\l-[mc (kvt\-l-hjw).
tbip-{In-kvXp-hn hniz-kn-p--h-cn A[n-h-kn-p-hm\mbn hcp ]cn-ip-mmhv ssZh-kvt\-l-hpambn mWv hcp--Xv. AXp hnizm-kn-I-fn hm-an-m \ncm-i-bvn-S-an-m {]Xym-isb Df-hm-pp
(tdma. 5:5).
22.
\oXn, kam-[m-\w, ktmjw.
hnizm-kn-I-fpsS Pohn-X-n ]cn-ip-m-mhp shfn-s-Sp-p AXn-{]-[m-\-amb ssZh-cm-Py-ns A\p{K-l- ùXn-I-am-b-h-b ]ostbm Bo-I-am-b-h-bmWv (tdm-a. 14:17).
23.
A[n-Im-c-s-Sp-.
]cn-ip-m-mhv hnizm-kn-bn-tev hcp-tm Ah\p kar-n-bmb {]Xym-i-bp-m-Ip--Xn-\m-h-iy-amb

insb IqSn \evIpp (tdm-a. 15:13). Cu B-i-n-bpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-amWv kzobhpw \nXy-hp-amb
kphn-tijw {]kw-Kn-p-hm hnizm-knp {]t_m-[-\-ta-Ip-Xv (1-]t{Xm 1:12)
24.
hnip-o-I-cWw.
\mw hnip-o-I-cn--s--h-cmWv AYhm thXn-cn--s--h-cm-Wv. Cu hnip-o-I-cWw ssZh-n\v {]km-Zap kvt{Xm{X-bmKw An-p--Xn\pw ap--hv \-sN-p--Xn-\p-am-bn-mWv (tdm-a. 15:16 cf.
F{_. 13:1516). CXn kmamoI Pohn-Xhpw ]cn-Nb-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p. Fs-m Ak-mnIX BnI hfsb XS--s-Sp-p--Xm-I-bm BWv AXn \nv \s hnip-o-I-cn-Xv (1 -sX
4:18) \psS Icp-X-en-t\-m IqSp-X-embn ]cn-ip-m-mhp \s hnip-n-bn kqn-p-Xv Ah
hnip--\m-bn-cn-p--Xp-t]mse \mapw hnipcmbn-cn-m-\m-bn-mWv (1- ]t{Xm 1:16).
265
25.
Iqmbva.
hnizm-kn-I Xn-ep Iqm-bvasb Ipn-bn-W

- p-Xp ]cn-ip-m-m-hmWv. ]nXm-hmb ssZh-ns kvt\lhpw, tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Ir]bpw ASn-m-\-am-n-bmWv ]cn-ip-m-mhv Cu {]hrn sNp-Xv (2 sImcn
13:14).
C.
]cn-ip-m-m-hn-s\-p-dn-p hni-Zo-I-cWw:
z
""asmcp Imcy-'' tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-s\-t]mse \s Biz-kn-n-p-Ibpw t{]mm-lnn-p-Ibpw sNp Bm-hns ip{iq-jsb ImWn-pp (tbml 14:16)
""k-i-s izmkw'' Poh \Ip ]cn-ip-m-m-hns insb Nqn-Im-Wn-pp

(Ctm. 32:8, 33:4)
""Zm\w'' ssZh-ns henb Zm\ambn \p--hs\ e`n-n-cn-pp Atm. {] 21: 38, 8:19-20;
10:45
""klmbn'' kXy-ns amw D]-tZ-in-bpw AXn-\mbn Dm-ln-n-p-Ibpw sNp--h

(tbml. 14:26).
""Amcw'' \psS c-bpsS `{Z-X-bvmbn \pv \evIn-bn-cn-p AS-bm-f-s-p-dn-pp

2 sIm-cn1:22, 5:5, Ft^. 1:14)
""hmKvZw'' ssZho-I-]--Xn-bn Bm-hns ]v Fsv shfn-s-Sp-pp Atm. {]

2:33; Ft^ 1:13
""Z-h-Im-i-ns (]p-{XXz-n-s) Bmhv'' ssZh-`-h-\-n-tep Ah aqew

\app e`n-p {]th-i-\s ImWn-pp tdma 8:15
""\ymb-hn-[n-bp-sSbpw Zl-\
- n-sbpw Imv (B-m-hv)'' ssZh-sa \ne-bn Ahs
\oXnbpw \ymbhpw shfn-s-Sp--pp sbi. 4:3,4
""{InkvXp-hns Bmhv'' tbip-{In-kvXp-hns P\-n Ah-\p ]n-s\-Im-Wn-pp

tdma. 8:9, ^nen 1:19, 1 ]-t{Xm1:11
""Btem-N-\-bp-sSbpw _en-sbpw Bmhv'' \tm-Sp Bm-hns a\--enhpw

Bh-iy--fn Xcp klm-b-sbpw kqNn-n-pp sbi 11:2
""hnizm-k-ns Bmhv'' \apv hniz-kn-p-hm X-hw Ah tbmKyX D-h-\mIpp 2 sIm-cn4:13
""al-Xz-s Bmhv'' ]cn-ip-m-m-hns {]Xm]s ImWn-pp 1 ]-t{Xm4:14
""ssZhm-mhv'' Ahs Znhy-kz-`m-hs shfn-s-Sp-pp Dev]. 1:2; ]pd 31:3, 35:31; kwJym
24:2; 1 iap 10:10; 11:6; 19:20, 23; 2 Zn\ 15:1; 24:20; Ctm 33:4; ko 106:33; sbl 11:24; am 3:16; 12:28;
tdma 8:9,14; 1 sImcn 2:11-,14, 7:40, 12:3; F{_ 4:30; ^nen 3:3; 1 tbml 4:2
""Znhym-mhv (ssZ-hm-m-hv)'' Ahs ssZh-Xzs shfn-hm-pp Dev] 41:38
""Ir]-bp-tSbpw bmN-\-bp-sSbpw Bmhv'' \psS {]m-\- tIp-hm X-h-ap Ir]-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb at\m-`m-h-s-bmWv CXv kqNn-n-p--Xv (skJ. 12:10).
266
""kz]p-{Xs Bmhv'' {XnXz-nse BfXzw shfn-s-Sp-pp Kem 4:6
""hnip-n-bpsS Bmhv'' Ah GtXm shdp-samcp Bm-h adnv ]cn-ip--\mb Bmhm-Wv ImWn-pp tdma 1:4
""\ymb-hn-[n-bpsS Bmhv'' IrXy-ambn Ahs \ymb-hn-[nsb Hm-s-Sp-pp sbi 4:4
""\ymb-ns Bmhv'' DNn-X-ambn \ymb-hn-[nb \S-p--h Fw sbi 28:6
""]cnm\-n-sbpw btlm-h-`-n-bp-sSbpw Bmhv'' ssZhs _lp-am-\np--Xn-\mbn ]cn-ip-m-mhv \app Xcp m\s ImWn-pp sbi 11:2
""Pohs Bmhv'' \psS Pohn-X-n ]cn-ip-m-m-hp-X-cp BoI Pohs\ NqnIm-pp tdma 8:2
""\psS ssZh-ns Bmhv'' ssZhs shfn-s-Sp-p k`m Pohn-X-n Ahs

]v sXfn-bn-pp 1sImcn 6:11
""Poh-\p ssZh-ns Bmhv'' hn{K-l--fn \nv kXy-ssZ-hs thXn-cnp

ImWn-pp 2sImcn 3:3
""Im-hns Bmhv'' bP-am-\\v Iogvsp {]hn-p Fm-sbpw ImWn-pp

eqtm 4:18; Atm. {] 5:9; 8:39; 2sImcn 3:17.
""btlm-h-bmb Im-hns Bmhv'' CXpw bP-am-\ BIp ssZh-n\p

Iogv-sp {]hn-pXns\-bmWv ImWn-p-Xv sbi 61:1
""kXy-ns Bmhv'' Ah-\n hymPw Hp-an--p--Xns sXfn-hm-WnXv tbml 14:17;

15:26; 16:13; 1 tbml. 4:6
""m\-n-sbpw hnth-I-n-sbpw Bmhv'' ssZh hN-\s Pohn-X-n

{]tbm-Kn-I-am-t--Xn\p \s klm-bn-m-\p Ahs Ign-hns\ FSp-p-Im-pp sbi 11:2
""m\-n-sbpw shfn-]m-Sn-sbpw Bmhv'' tbip-{In-kvXp-hns IqSp-X

shfn-s-Sp-p-hm Xhw ssZh-h-N-\-ns icn-bmb D]-tbm-K-n-\m-h-iy-amb Xncp-ep-I Xv \S-pp Ft^. 1:17
267
268
269
270
""k-i-s \mZw'' ssZh-h-N-\-m \s _-s-Sp-p hn[w ImWn-pp

sbl 1:24
""Im-hns iw'' km-[n-Im-cn-bmbh\p-am-bp _s ImWn-pp sbi 6:8.
Aymbw 6
ssZhoI \nm-W-ns
271
272
(ssZ-h-ns krn-n-s)
D]-tZiw
`mKw 1
krnv (hnizhnm-\nbw AYhm

{]]--L-S\m imkv{Xw)
ss__n-fnse Hm-as hmIyw \s Adn-bn-p-Xv ""BZn-bn ssZhw BIm-ihpw `qanbpw krnp''

FmWv (Dev] 1:1). krnp F-Xn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-n-cn- F{_mb ]Zw _md (BARA) BIpp.102
CXns Aw ""Fs-nepw ]pXn-b-Xmbn Bcw-`n-pI'' ""Hp-an-m-bvI-bn \np Fs-nepw
\nn-pI'' 103 Fsm-s-bmWv ssZhw _md D]-tbm-Knv Fmw Df-hm-n.
BIm-ihpw `qanbpw ssZhw krjvSnp F-Xn\p sXfn-hmbn \nc-h[n hN-\--fp-v (sb-i. 40:26-28; 42:5;
45:12,18) Fm-e-p-ap a\p-jys {][m-\-tNm-Zy-amWv a\p-jy-hw F-s\-bmWv Dm-bXv? Fv.
CXn-\p D-c-amWv ChnsS e`n-p--Xv, ""ssZhw a\p-jys\ krjvSn-p.''
krjvSn-n-s\-p-dnp F{_mb teJ-\-Im-hns hni-Zo-I-cWw tIpI: ""Cu ImWp temI-n\p
Zriy-am-b-X ImcWw Fp hcp-amdp temIw ssZh-ns hN-\-m \nn--sp Fp \mw
hnizm-k-m Adn-bp-p'' (F-{_m. 11:3). CXn\np ssZhw kwkm-cn--tm (h-N-\-m) BImihpw `qanbpw Df-hmbn FmWv a\-n-em-t--Xv. krjvSn-Iw ssZh-ns A[n-Im-c-s-bpw, insbbpw BWv shfn-hm-p--Xv, Fm AXp ]cn-Wma {]{In-b-bnIqsS Bbn-cp-n- (k-o. 33:6; 148:4,5).
273
274
kIe Poh-Pm-e-fpw ssZh-ns krjvSn-bm-sWp ss__n ]d-bp-p (D-ev]. 1:21). CXn a\p-jy-Poh\pw Ds-Spp (D-ev]. 1:27; 5:2; 6:7; sbi. 45:12) Fm krjvSn-Ihpw XnI--tijw ssZhw hn{i-anp
(D-ev]. 2:3,4). C\n `mhn-bn ssZhw hopw ]pXnb BIm-ihpw ]pXnb `qanbpw krjvSn-p-sapw ss__n
]d-bp-p (sb-i. 65:17; 2 ]t{Xm. 3:1013; shfn. 21:1).
`mKw 2
ZqX-m-amem-J-am (ZqX XXz-im-kv{Xw)

A.
Ah-cpsS hynXzw:
ssZh-h-N\w ]Tn-p-tm a\p-jy-_p-n-tb-m anI--Xmb _pn-ssh-`-h-ap Hcp Iqs ssZhw

krjvSn-n-cpp Fpw Ahsc ""ZqX-m'' Fp hnfn-n-cpp Fpw a\-n-em-p-p. Dev]n apX
shfn-m-Sp-hsc ss__n-fn Ch-sc-p-dnp ]d-n-cn-p--Xpw, Ah-cpsS {]h-\-fpw ImWm-hp-Xm-Wv. ZqX (ANGEL) F-Xn\v F{_mb `mj-bn aenAv (MALACHIAK) Fpw {Kop `mj-bn
"BwK-semv' (AGGELOS) Fpw BWv. kt-i-hm-l-I FmWv Aw. Chv Nnn-m\pw kwkmcn-p-hm\pw Ign-hp-v. Chv _pn-km-ayw (a-m. 8:29; 2 sImcn. 11:3; 1 ]t{Xm. 1:12) D-Xp-sImv
hnIm-c-hpw, kv]i-\-i-nbpw (eq-tm. 2:13; bmtm. 2:19; shfn. 12:17) Xnc-s-Sp-p-hm-\p Ignhpw
(eqtm. 8:28-31; 2 Xntam. 2:26; bqZm. 6 hm) Dv. Ch hyn-Xz-ap--h-cm-Wv.
ZqX-m ""B''i-coc Pohn-I-fm-Wv (F-{_m. 1:14). AXp-sImv ssZh-a-\p-h-[n-m a\p-jy-cq]w FSp-phm\pw Ahp Ign-bpw. (eq-tm. 2:9; 24:4) Ah Aeu-Io-I-m-cm-I-bm a\p-jy-tc-m Db-m-\mWv (F-{_m. 2:7) CXns Aw Ah _e-n-epw, _pn-bnepw a\p-jy-tc-m apn-emWv (sh-fn.
10:13) C-s\-sbmw BsW-nepw Ahv Fmw {]hn-p-hm Ign-I-bn-. (1 ]t{Xm. 1:12) AYhm
Ah ssZhstmse k-i--t\m, k-hym-]ntbm A (a-m. 25:41).
aqp {]tXyI t]cp-I ZqX-m-cp-tS-Xmbn ]d-n-cn-p-Xv anJm-tb (Zm-\n. 10:13,21; 12:1; bqZm 1:9; shfn.
12:7) K{_n-tb (Zm-\n. 8:16; 9:21; eqtm. 1:19,26); kmm (sh-fn. 12;9) Fn-h-I-fm-Wv.
B.
Ah-cpsS krn-Xmhv:
ZqX-m ssZh-m krn--s--h-cmWv (k-n. 148:2-5). Hcp {]Im-c-n ssZhw `qansb a\p-jym-[n-hmk-am-p--Xn\p apm-bn-mWv Chsc krn-Xv (Ctm. 38:7). ZqX-m asf P\n-n-p-I-tbm, acn-pItbm sNm--Xn-\m Ah-cpsS Fw Fpw Hp-X-s-bmWv (eqtm 20:3536) \ap--dn-p-IqSm B
F-ns henw F{X-sb-v, F-m Bh Akw-Jy--fmWv (F-{_. 12:22, shfn 5:11).
275
ssZhw kw]q-\m-Ip(am 5:48)Xpt]mse Ah ]m]-an-m--h-\m-Ipp (2-sImcn 5:21). ssZhw

kw]q-\m-bn-cnp-I-bm ]qm-h--bn ]m]-an-m--hsb \nn-p-hm Ah\p km[n-pw.
bmsXmcp Zp-Xbpw (Zp-) Ah-t\m-Sp-IqsS hkn--bn- Fv ko\w 5:4 hmbn-p-p.
CXp kmm-s\-Ip-dn-mWv ImcWw ]m]-an- Ah--bn-emWv Ah krn--s--Xv, ]t ]noSv
a-cn-bmbn amdp-I-bm-bn-cpp (sb-l. 28:1215; sbi 14 :1214). Nne Bfp-I ]d-bm-dpv acnp-t]mb a\pjy-cpsS Bm--fmWv ZqX-m Fv. CXv kw`-hy-a-, Fp-sIm--m a\p-jysc krn-p--Xn\p
apv ZqX-msc krnncpp am{X-hp-a Ah Hcp {]{XyI krn-hn-`m-K-am-Wv.
C.
Ah-cpsS kwL-S\:
ZqX-msc Iq--fmbn Xncn-n-cn-p--Xmbn hmbn-p--Xn-\m Ahv {]tXyI kwL-S-\-Ifpw, tPmenp

X dmv (]-Z-hn)-Ifpw \evI-s-n-cn-p-p (k-n. 89:57, shfn 12:7).
aoJm-tb-emWv ZqX-m-cpsS Xe-h AYhm {][m\ ZqX (ARCHANGEL) (bqZ 9). Ahs\ {][m\ {]`p
Bbnpw ]d-n-cn-pp (Zm\n 10:13) Ah ssZh-ns tk\sb \bnv kmm-\p-ambn bpw sNpp
(shfn 12:7) BI-bm {][m\ ZqX Ah am{X-am-Ip-p. Ahs ihpw {]tXy-I-X-bp--XmWv (1 sX 4:16).
ZqX-msc ""hmgp--h'' (hm-gvN-I) Bbpw ""A[n-Im-cn-I-fmbpw'' (tdma 8:38; Ft^ 1:21; 2:2; 3:10; 6:12;
sImtem 1:16; 2:10, 15; 1 ]-t{Xm. 3:22) ""_ehpw inbpw'' Gdn-b-h-cmbpw (2 -]-t{Xm 2:11) ""IrXzw'' Fpw
(Ft^. 1:21; sImtem. 1:16; 2 ]t{Xm. 2:10; bqZ. hm. 8) hnfn-n-cn-pp. Ch-sbmw Ah-cpsS ]Z-hn-I-sfbpw
{]h-\--sfbpw shfn-s-Sp-p-hm thn-bm-Wv.
Chsc IqSmsX cp {]tXyI ZqX hn`m-K- IqsS-bpv skdm-^p-I, sIcp-_p-I Fn t]cp-I-fnemWv Ah Adn-b-s-Sp--Xv. skdm-^p-IsfIpdnp Hcn-Spam{Xw Ahbvp Bdp Nnd-Ip-Ifpw a\pjy
Xpy-amb ico-chpw D-Xmbn ]d-n-cn-pp (sb-i. 6:2,6) An-ip-n-h-cp-p-hm-\mbnmWv Ah {]tXy-s-Sp--Xv. Ah-cpsS t]cns AwXs ""Pzen-pI'' AYhm ""IpI'' Fm-Wv.
""sIcp-_p-I'' BWv asmcp hn`mKw Ch Ipd-p-IqSn Db ]ZhnI hln-p--h-cmWv kmm Cu
Iq-ns]--h-\m-bn-cpp (sb-l. 28:14,-16). BZm-an-sbpw lm-bp-sSbpw hngvN-bvp-tijw AhtXm-n \np \njvIm-kn-X-cm-b-tm GZ tXm-n-te-p {][m\ Ihm-S-ns Imh Chsc BWv
Gev]n-Xv (Dev] 3:24).
kam-K-a\ IqSm-c-nse \nb-a-s]--I-ns aqSn-bn Chsc {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cnv cv sIcp-_p-I-tfbpw hmpm-n-bn-cpp (]p-d. 25:18-22) ]n-\qsIm-p aqSp-io-e-bnepw (26:1) Xncn-io-e-bntaepw (26:31)
sIcp-_p-Isf Zin-m-hp--Xm-Wv. Ir]m-k-\-nta-ep sIcp-_p-In-S-bn \np btlmh XtmSp
kwkm-cn-p-Xp tami tIp (kwJy 7:889).
item-tams tZhm-e-b-nepw sIcp-_p-Ip apJy-m\w \evIn-bn-cp-p. Hen-hp-acw sImv Ahsb
Dmn s]mp s]mXn-n-cpp. Chbvv ]p-apgw (15- ASn = 5.5- ao-) Dbcw Dm-bn-cpp Ch-bpsS
Nnd-I-I-fpsS \ofhpw ]p-ap-ghpw (15 ASn = 5.5 -ao-) Bbn-cpp (1- cmP 6:23-28). Nnd-Ip-I \nb-a-s]--In-t hncn-p-\n-evmX hoXn-bp--h-bm-bn-cpp (1- cmP 8:67). Beb `nn-I-Ihpw ]pdhpw
sIcp-_p-I sImn-h-bv-s--h-bm-bn-cpp (1 -cmP 6:29-35). CXn\p ]pdta tZhm-e-b-nse ap ]e D]I-c-W--fn taepw sIcp-_p-I sImn-h-n-cpp (1- cmP 7:29-,36).
{]hm-N-I-\mb sbl-kvntb-en\v Zi-\-ap-m-b-tm sIcp-_p-I-fnta ssZh knwlm-k-\s Ip
(sbl 10:122) kw]q-amb hnh-c- \pv e`y-a-snepw Ncn-{X-n AXn-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp ]p
sIcp-_p-Ip-v Xobm-Wv. `mhn-bn Dm-Im t]mIp kl-{km an-c-nepw sIcp-_p-Iv
{]tXyI m\w Dm-bn-cn-p--XmWv (sbsl 41:18,20,25). ssZhoI ]-Xn-bn sIcp-_p-Iv t{ijvTI276
c-amb Hcp m\-ap-p \mw Ip, IqSp-X Imcy- ]nmse \apv ]Tnmw.
D.
Ah-cpsS ip{iqj:
a\pjy Ncn-{X-nse {][m\ kw`-h--fn-semw ZqX-m-cpsS kmnyw ImWp-p-v. `qansb a\p-jym[n-hm-k-tbm-Ky-ambn ssZhw krjvSn--tm ZqX-m kvXpXn-p-I-tfmsS B\-n-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p
(Ctm. 38:6,7). tamsi ssZh-n\np \ymb-{]-amWw hmp-tmgpw ZqX-m-cpsS amyw Dm-bncpp (K-em. 3:19; F{_m. 2:2). IqSmsX Ftm-sgs ssZhoI kXy--fpsS shfn-m-Sp-m-bn-ptm
ZqX-m-cpsS ]pw AXn-semw Dm-bn-cp--Xmbn hmbn-pp (Zm-\n. 7:15-27; 8:13-26; 9:20-27; shfn.1:1;
22:6,8). tIhew C{km-tb-epambp (Zm\n. 12:1) _m-n am{X-a ap tZi-tfm-Spw P\--tfm-Spap _-nepw Ah ]m-fn-I-fm-bn-cp-p (Zm-\n. 4:17; 10:21; 11:1: shfn. 8:9,16).
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns P\\w apIqn Adn-bn-Xpw (a-m. 1:20) Ahs amXm-]n-Xm-p an{k-bo-ant#evp HmSn-tm-Im \ntiw \evIn-bXpw (a-m. 2:13-15) hopw Ahn-sS-\np aS-n-tm-cm Adnbn-Xpw (a-m. 2:19-21) ssZh-Zq-X-\m-bn-cp-p. tbip-{InkvXp kmm-\m ]co-n----tmgpw (a-m.
4:11) KXvkta-\-bnse AXn-hy-Y-bnepw (eq-tm. 22:43) Dbs-gp-t-ev]ns ka-bpw (a-m. 28:1,2)
kzm-tcm-lW ka-bpw Ah kn-ln-X-cm-bn-cpp (A-tm. {]. 1:10-11).
k`-bpsS Bcw` hj--fn ZqX-mcpsS tkh\w kvXpXyl-am-bn-cp-p. kphn-ti-j-I-msc kphntijw tIm B{K-ln-p--h-cn-tep \bn-p-Ibpw (A-tm. 8:26; 10:3) \nt-i-fpw Btem-N-\Ifpw Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-p--hp Zi\w \evInbpw (A-tm. {]. 10:3,7) {]m-\-bpsS adp-]-Sn-sIm-sn-p--Xn-eq-sSbpw (A-tm. {]. 12:510) A]-I-S-n s]-hsc hnSp-hnpw (A-tm. {]. 12:11) ZqXm kPo-h-ambn {]hn-p-t]m-p. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns aS-n-h-c-hn-epw, \ybm-hn-[n-bnepw ZqX-mp \n-ln-m ]e Imcy--fp-ap-v (a-m. 25:31; 2 sX. 1:7; shfn-. 7:1; 8:2).
ZqX-m ssZhs kvXpXn-pp (k-o. 148:1,2; sbi. 6:3), Bcm-[n-p-p (F-{_m. 1:6; shfnb 5:813
ko. 103: 20; shfn-. 22:9), ssZh-ns B-I ]men-pp (D-ev]. 19:13; shfn. 14:67; 19:17-18).
ssZhoI \nt-i-{]-Imcw Nne \ymb-hn-[n-I \S-p-p (A-tm. {]. 12:23; shfn. 16:1), IqSmsX \oXnsI--hsc \oXn-am-m-cn\np thXn-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-p (a-m. 13:39,40).
ZqX-m Ctmgpw hnizm-kn-Isf klm-bn-p-p (F-{_m. 1:14). BI-bm ""AXn-Yn-k-evmcw ad-cpXv AXn-\m Nne Adn-bmsX ssZh-Zq-X-msc kevIcn-n-p-tm'' (F-{_m. 13:2) Fp \apv
Btem-N-\bpw Xn-cn-p-p. {InkvXym-\n-I FmWp sNp--sXp Ah hon-p-sIm-n-cn-pp (1 sImcn. 4:9) AYhm \n\np ]Tn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p (F-t^. 3:810; 1 ]t{Xm. 1:10-12). \psS
{]tXyI Bh-iy-k-a-b--fn \s t{]mm-ln-n-tW--Xn\v Ah-cn-tmgpw Xm-dm-Wv (A-tm. {].
27:23,24), Fn-\-[nIw \mw acn-p-tm \s kzob hon-tevIqn-sm-p-t]m-Ip-Xpw ZqX-mcm-Wv (eq-tm. 16:22).
E.
kmm-:
1
BcmWv kmm?
kmm _pn-km-ayhpw (2 sImcn. 11:3) hnIm-chpw (sh-fn. 12:17, eqtm. 22:31) Xnc-s-Sp-m
Ignhpw (sb-i. 14:12-14; 2 Xnsam. 2:26) D Hcp hyn-Po-hnbm-Wv. Nne Bfp-I hnNm-cn-p-Xp
kmm Hcp krjvSn-Po-hn-b ]nstbm Xn-bpsS shdpw kzm[o\w am{X-am-Wv. Fm ap--hsc-tmse kmm\pw Xs {]hn-I-fpsS IWp t_m[n-n-t-n-h-cp-sapw Ap inn--sv
Xos]m-bvI-bn-tev X-s-Sp-sapw (a-m. 25:41) tbip-{InkvXp hy-ambn ]Tn-n-p. Hcp kzm[o\s inn-pI kmy-a-. kmm Hcp bYm hyn-Xz-ap Pohn-b F ]Tn-n-
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ktXym-]-tZ-i-n kwibw P\n-n-pI F Dti-tm-sS-bp-X
-- m-Wv. CXpw
277
kmm-\y-X{w am{X-am-Wv. Fs-m GZtXm--nse kw`hw apX ssZh hN-\-n kwibw

P\n-npI F-XmWv kmms ]cn-]m-Sn (Dev]. 3:15).
2.
Fp kw`-hnp?
AXn-t{i-jvT-hn-`m-K-amb sIcq-_p-I-fn s]-h-\m-bn-cpp km, Fm Ah ]m]w sNbvX-Xmbn

hmbn-pp (sb-sl. 28:12-15). kmm\v Fp`hnp Fp ImWn-m-\mWv ""tkm cmPmhv'' F
{]tbmKw sImSp-n-cn-p--Xv. tkmdnse cmPm-hn\pw AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb Hcp tXmw Dm-bn-cpp
]t GZ tXm-n Am-bn-cpp Fp am{Xw. hne-tb-dnb Ip-I-fm Ah s]mXn-b-s-n-cpp (sb-sl. 28:13). Fm Ah Xs hnip an-cs Aip--amn (sb-sl. 28:18). CXns
Aw kmm sIcq-_p-I-fpsS (Zq-X-m-cp-sS) alm-]p-tcm-ln-X Bbn-cpp Fm-Wv. Xs alm]p-tcm-lnX ]Z-hn-bn-eq-sSbpw _lp-hn[ hym]m-c-n-eq-sSbpw (kzm]c-amb eyw) aem-J-am-cn
aqn Hcp-`m-Ks hgn-sX-np (sh-fn. 12:4).
ssZhs shp-hn-fn-m kmm Xocp-am-\n-p, sbi-m-hv. 14:12-14 hscbp `mKp sImSp-ncn-p {]kvXm-h\ CXns {]tXyI sXfn-hm-Wv. Ah-\nse ASn-m\ ]m]w Al-mcw (\n-K-fw)
Bbn-cp-p. 1 Xntam. 3:6 CXp IqSp-X sXfn-hm-bn, tkz-bpsS (F-\nv FmWv th-Xv, ssZhn\p Fp thW-sa--), Ap {]kvXm-h-\-I sbi-m-hn sImSp-n-cn-p--Xn\np a\-nem-mw, ]m]-n-s krjvSn-Xmhpw D-c-hm-Znbpw kmm BWv (sb-l. 28:15; am. 25:41), CXhs lrZ-b-ns \nd-hm-Wv (sb-i. 14:13). kmms kzm Nn-bpsS Hm-as {]kvXm-h-\:
""Rm kzK-n Ibdpw'' cm-as {]kvXm-h\: ""Fs knwlm-k\w ssZh-ns \-{Xp aosX hbvpw.'' kz-n-en-cp-p-sImv ZqX-m-cpsS Iqs apgp-h `cn-pI F
B{K-ls shfn-s-Sp-p-p, aqm-a-tXv: ""D-c-Zn-ns AXnn-bn kam-Ka ]-X
-- nt Ccp--cp-fpw.'' CXp _m_n-temWy tZh-m-cpsS m\-s-bmWv ImWn-p--Xv. Fs-m
_m_n-temWy tZh-m temIs `cn-pp FmWv _m_n-tem-Wy hniz-kn-n-cn-p--Xv. \mema-tXv: ""Rm tatLm--X-p aosX Ib-dpw'' ssZh al-Xzs (taLw ssZh-a-ln-abvp
kmZr-iy-ambn ]d-n-p-v) Ihv FSp-p-hm-\p Ahs B{Klw {]I-S-am-p-p. Am-atXv: ""Rm AXyp--X-t\mSp ka-\m-Ipw'' FmWv. ssZh-m-\-n-cpv ssZh--ns A[n-Imchpw, inbpw {]tbm-Kn-t--Xn\p ssZh--ns m\w Ic--am-m-\p B{K-ls ImWn-pp.
kmms bYm ]m] kz`m-h--fpsS {]h-\--fn\npw \apv Ffp--n ]Tn-p-hm
km[n-p Hcp Imcyw ]ueqkv Atm-kvtXme ^nen-y. 2:3 tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-Xp {inpI: ""imTy-mtem Zpc-`n-am-\-mtem Hpw sNmsX Xmgva-tbmsS Hmtcm-cp- ap--hs\
Xt-m t{ijvT Fs-n-smhn.'' \apv Al-m-chpw, Xmgva-p-dhpw Ds-n Ah
Nn{Xo-I-cn-p-Xv \fpw kmms\ A\p-I-cn-p--h-cmbn Xocp-I-bm-sWm-Wv.
3.
kmms t]cp-Ifpw ]Z-hn-I-fpw:
kmms t]cp-Ifpw ]Z-hn-Ifpw ]Tn-p-tm-gmWv Ahs bYm kz`mhw \app shfn-hm-Ip-Xv.

""Acp-tWm-Zb ]p{X-\mb ip{I'' (sb-i. 14:12) ""shfn hml-I'' Fm-Ww, ""eqkn-s^'' F
eo hmns ]cn-`m-j-bm-Wn-Xv. bYm ""{]`m-X-Xmcw'' tbip-{In-kvXp-hmWv (sh-fn. 22:16). BIbm kmm Cu ]-Zhn XtXm-m Ahs hogvN-ap-X {ian-p--Xn-\m Chs\ {InkvXp-hns
{]Xn-tbm-Kn-bmbn ImW-Ww.
""kmm'' F{_mb `mj-bn\n-mWv Cu t]cv Ah\p e`n--Xv. ""FXn-cmfn'' ({]-Xn-tbm-Kn) FmWv
CXn-\w (kw-Jym. 22:22, 32; 1 iap. 29:4; 2 iap. 19:22; 1 cmP. 5:4; 11:14,23,25; 1 Zn\. 21:1; Ctm. 1:6,7,8,9,12;
2:1;2,3,4,6,7; ko. 109:6; skJ. 3:1,2; am. 4:10; 12:26; 16:23; atm. 1:13; 3:23,36; 4:15; 8:33; eqtm. 10:18;
11:18; 13:16; 22:3; 31; tbml. 13:27; Atm. {]. 5:3; 26:18; tdma. 16:20; 1 sImcn. 5:5; 7:5; 2 sImcn. 2:11; 11:14;
12:7; 1sX-. 2:18; 2 sX. 2:9; 1 Xntam. 1:20; 5:15; shfn. 2:9,13,24; 3:9; 12:9; 20:2,7). kmm hnizm-knIsf ssZh-k-n-[n-bn kZm Ip-s-Sp-n-smncn-p-p (sh-fn. 12:10). Fm tbip-{InkvXp AXn278
s\-Xn-cmbn \ap-mbn ]-]mXw Ign-pp (1 tbml. 2:1,2), AXp-t]mse kmm \s ]m]w

sNp-hm-\mbn t{]cn-n-p-sIm-p-an-cn-p-p (D-ev]. 3:15; am. 4:3; 1 sX. 3:5; Atm. {]. 5:3; 1
sImcn. 7:5).
""]nimNv'' Utbm-t_m-tfmkv (DIABOLOS) F {Kop-hm-n\n-mWv Cu t]cns D-hw. ""A]-hmZn
(]-c-Zq-jWw ]d-bp--h)'' Fm-Wn-Xn Aw (a-m. 4:1,5,8,11; 13:39: 25:41; eqtm. 4:2,3,6,13; 8:12;
tbml. 6:70; 8:44; 13:2; Atm. {]. 10:38; 13:10; Ft^. 4:27; 6:11; 1 Xntam. 3:6,7; 2 Xntam. 2:26; F{_m. 2:14;
bmtm. 4:7; 1 ]t{Xm. 5:8; 1 tbml. 3:8,10; bqZm. 1:9; shfn. 2:10; 12:9,12; 20:2,10).
""]gb ]mv'' Cu t]cv Ahs IpX-{--sf-bpw, NXn-tbbpw Nqn-m-Wn-p-p (D-ev]. 3;1,2,4,13; 14;
2 sImcn. 11:3; shfn. 12:9,14,15; 20:2).
""Xo \nd-ap alm-kw'' (Great red dragon) bp-n shfn-s-Sp Ahs cu{Z-`mh ({Iq-chpw
_o`-hp-am-b)s ImWn-p-p (sh-fn. 12:3,4,7,9,13,16,17; 13:2,4,11; 16:13; 20:2).
""t_sk-_q'' "hnk\ Iqmc (Nm-W-I-q-\)ns A[n-]' FmWv Aw. Aip-mm--fpsS Xe-h\p blq-Z-m Ah--tbmsS hnfn t]cm-Wn-Xv (a-m. 10:25; 12:24,27; atm. 3:22;
eqtm. 11:15,18,19). 104
Hcn- Atm-kvX-e-\mb ]ueqkv Ahs\ ""s_en-bm'' Fp hnfn--bp-m-bn (2 sImcn. 6:15)
Ahs ZpjvS-X-tb-bpw, D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-X-tbbpw BWv shfn-hm-n-b-Xv.
""Cu temI-ns {]`p'' (tbm-l. 12:31) ""Cu temI-ns ssZhw'' (2 sImcn. 4:4) ""BIm-i-nse
A[n-Im-c-ns A[n-]Xn'' (F-t^. 2:2) ""A\p-k-c-W-t-Sns a-fn Ctm hym]-cn-p
Bmhv'' (F-t^. 2:2) Fo t]cp-Ifpw Dv. Chsbmw ssZh-tmSp \nc-cw FXnp
kmm\s kz`m-h-s-bmWp ImWn-p--Xv.
4.
kmms h-am-\-Ime {]hn-I:
ssZhoI ]-Xn-tbm-sS-Xnp AXns\ ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-p-Ibpw As\ Ahs B{Kl ]qo

ssIh-cn-p-I-bp-amWv kmms eyw (sbi. 14:12-14). ssZhoI ]-Xn-s-Xn-cmbn {]hn-t-Xn-\mbn Ah Xs ZqX-m-cmb Aipmm--sfbpw (hym-Pm-m--sfbpw 1 Xnsam. 4:1) ""\oXn-bpsS
thjw [cn-n-cn-p a\p-jy-h-sbpw'' (2 sImcn. 11:13-15) D]-tbm-Kn-p-p.
ssZh-ns ]-Xn-Iv hn]-co-X-ambn {]hn-p-Ibpw AXns\ XInSw adn-p-Ibpw sNpI
F-XmWv kmms B{K-lw. ""temIw'' F ]Zw {Konse tImkvtamkv F ]Z-n\n-pamWv FSp--Xv, ""coXn'' F-XmWv CXp-sImv A-am-p--Xv. 105
kmm Xs Dtiw km[n-s-Sp-p--Xn\v Hm-aXv a\-ns\ ""ASn-a-bm-pp'' (2 sImcn. 4:4), CXpsImmWv Ahn-izm-kn-I Imhmb tbip-{In-kvXp-hns kphn-tijw AwKo-I-cn-m-Xp tIXmb kphn-ti-js lrZ-b-n\nv Ah FSpp amn--f-bpp (eq-tm. 8:12) a\-ns\ IpcpSm-p--Xn-\mbn kmm km[m-cW D]-tbm-Kn-p X{w, ""`n-bpsS thjw [cnp AXns
insb XyPn-p-I'' (2 Xnsam. 3:5) F-Xm-Wv. ]pdta {InkvXym-\nbpw AIta kmm\pw F AShm-Wn-Xv (a-m. 23:25,26). hnizmkw F Cu Ir{Xn-a-]--Xn-bn Fm-hn[ kzb-Xym-K-ns Dt-ifpw (sIm-tem. 2:16-23). t_m[-]q-amb ]m]-ns AwKo-Im-c-n-\p-th-n-bmWv (tdm-a. 1:32; shfn.
2:24) Hcp-h ssZh-cm-Py-n {]th-in-m-Xn-cn-p-p-thn temI-{]-Im-c-ap GXp amhpw kmm
kzoI-cn-pw (sIm-tem. 1:13; 1 tbml. 2:15-17).
Hcph Im-hmb tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ cn-Xm-hmbn kzoI-cn-p-tm Ah temIs Pbn-pp. AYhm kmms nc-s-Sp--s ]-Xn-bn-t hnPbw ssIh-cn-p-I-bmWv (1 tbml. 5:4,5,)
Fm cn--s--hsc kmm shdpsX hnSp-I-bn-. Ah Ah-kcw ]mn-cpv ""Is\''tmse
hv ""tamjvSn-p-Ibpw'' ""Adp-p-ap-dn-bpw'' sNpw. (tbm-l. 10:10) ssZhs kvt\ln-p a\p-jy279
h-tm-Sp shdp-mWv CXn-s\mw ImcWw (k-o. 69:14; am. 10:22).

Hcp bYm {InkvXym-\nsb \in-nv kmyw \jvS-s-Sp-p-I-hgn ap--hsc ssZh-cm-Py-n
{]th- i n- n- m- X n- c n- pI FXp Ahs {][m\ {]hn- b m- W v . hnizm- k nsb ]co- - b n
ISn Cu temI coXn--\p-]q-cm-bn-Xo-cp-hm tamln-n-p-I-bmWv CXn-\p amw (1 sX. 3:5; 1
tbml. 2:15-17).
hnizm-kn-I Ah-cpsS kzm-Xsb aqSn-hp Pohn-m\pw (A-tm. {]. 5:13) Ak-moI {]hnI-fn XpS-cm\pw (1 sImcn. 7:5) th ]co--I-fp-am-bn-mWv Ah kao-]n-p--Xv. kmm ""Aedp knwlw-t]mse Bsc hngp-tp Fp Xncp Npn \S-p-p.'' (1 ]t{Xm. 5:8). CXns
Aw Bsc-nepw Ahs Cc-bmbn ]co--bn AI-s-Sp-Ibpw XZzmc Ahsc Ipw hn[n-p-I-bpamWv (shfn. 12:10) Ahs eyw. Hcp hnizmkn tbip-{In-kvXp-hns injy Bbn-cn-m-Xn-cn-m
X kw Ah-s-ta CSp- coXn-bp-ap-v (eq-tm. 22:31).
BI-bm hnizm-kn-I kqjva-X-tbmsS kmms {]Ir-X-n \-bmbn Hpw {]Xo-n-m-\nsp (tbm-l. 8:44) Hmp-sIm--Ww. AXnIq-sS-tbm, GXnIq-sStbm Xs eyw km[n-s-SppI FXp am{X-amWv Ahs Dt-iw.
F.
kmms ZqX-m
kmms a-c-n Ah-t\mSp tNp-\n aqn Hcp `mKw ZqX-mX-s-bmWv Ctm

Ahs Iogn-ep--h (sh-fn. 12:4). Cu ZqX-msc ""Zpcm-m-'', ""`qX-'', AYhm ""Aip-m-m'' (Demons or unclean spirits). Uoa (a-m. 12:24) F hmn\p {Kop `mj-bn sImSp-n-cn-p
]Zw PmXob tZh-\n Ipd--m-\n-bmb Hn-s\-bmWp ImWn-p--Xv. Aip-m-mhv F {]tbmK-n\np ]m]-n-epw, ZpjvS-X-bnepw Ign-bp Bmhv FmWw. Chsmw kmms
km{am-Py-n hnhn[ tPmen-I-fpw, ]Z-hn-Ifpw A[n-Im-c-fpw Dv. Ch imco-cn-I-ambn i-m-cmI-bm ]eXpw sNp-hm Ahbvp Ign-bp-p. (atm. 5:3; Atm. {]. 19:16).
kmms ZqX-mv _pn-i-n-bp--Xn-\m-emWv (atm. 1:24) Ah tbip-hns\ Xncn--dn-Xpw,
X-fpsS Ayspdn--dn-Xpw (a-m. 8:29) AXp-t]mse Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Zpcp-]-tZiw {]N-cn-n-phm ]Xn Xbm-dm-p-Xpw (1 Xntam. 4:13), a\p-jy-c--bvmbn ssZhw Hcp-nb ]-Xnsb Bcpw
AwKo-I-cn-m-Xn-cn-p--Xn\p XSw krjvSn-p-Xpw (bm-tm. 2:19) ssZh-ns {]hnsb
FXnp Fpw kmms ZqX-m kz-am-p-p. Ahs shfn-s-Sp--s lnX-tm(-Xn-cpsh-gp-p)Sp Iqp-Ibpw Ipd-bvp-I-bpw, ssZh-a-l-Xz-n-\m-bp kIe \-I-fpsS Dd-hn-S-sfbpw XtXm-m {ian-bpw sNp-p.
Fm-hn[ hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bn-epw, KqV-X{ {]tbm-K--fnepw `qX--fpsS ]v {]Xy--am-Wv (A-tm.
{]. 16:16). Hcm X\npw Poh-\p ssZh-n\pw aty sImp-h-cp Bcpw GXpw hn{K-lm-cm-[-\bm-Wv. Hcp hn{Klw Ip-sIm-tm, XSn-sImtm Dm-n-b-tXm, AXpas-n An-{In-kvXp-hns
Ime-s--t]mse GsX-nepw hyntbm Bbn-cnmw (sh-fn. 13:15). a\p-jy-hw AXns _pni-nsb Bcm[nspw hcmw (tbm-l. 5:39,40). Poh-\p ssZhs Hgnp thsd Fn-s\bpw Bcm[n-p-Xv `qX-v CjvS-am-Wv.
hymP-a-X- `qX--fpsS krjvSn-bm-Wv. cn-m Ign-bm-Xpw D]-tbmKam--Xp-amb Hcp cIs\ Ah-X-cn-n-p-sImv sIn-]-Sp-p Hcp aX-hn-izm-k-am-WnXv (1 tbml. 4:14). I amnIqsS-bp csb hmKvZw sNpp (1 Xnsam. 4:3,4 cf Ft^. 2:8,9). asmcp {]Im-c-n Xnsb- \sbp hnti-jn-n-p-sImv sXp-I sNp-hm kzmX{yw A\p-h-Zn-p-p (sh-fn. 2:20-24;
cf 5:13; tdma. 6:1).
imco-cnI tcmK- Df-hm-p-hm `qX-p Ignbpw (a-m. 9:33). AXp-t]mse am\-nI hnj-a-X280
Ifpw Ch-I aqe-am-sW-nepw (atm. 5:4,5) Fm imcocnI tcmK-fpw As\ Bbn-cn--bn-,

Fs-m {]IrXym Dm-Ip tcmK-fpw kmm-\y-am-b-hbpw Xn-ep hyXymkw ss__n-fn
Dv (am. 4:24; atm. 1:32,34; eqtm. 7:21; 9:1).
a\p-jy-cnepw arK--fnepw {]th-inp Ahsc Iog-S-p-hm\pw `qX-p Ign-hp-v. (eq-tm. 8:28-31;
8:32,33) Hcp ico-c-n {]th-inp AXns \nb-{Ww (D-S-a-m-h-Im-iw) Gs-Sp-p-I-bmWv CXn\m kw`-hn-p--Xv. Fm-bmepw Hcp hnizm-knsb kw_-n-n-S-tmfw ""Ah\n D-h (]-cnip-m-m-hv) temI-n D-h-t\-m (km-m) hen-b-h-\m-Ip-p'' (1 tbml. 4:4). Bb-Xn-\m
Hcp hnizmkn `qX-_m-[n-X-\m-IpI Akw-`-hy-am-Wv. ss]im-NnI kzm[o-\-h-e-b-ns kw `qXm-[nth-iw-t]mse tXmn-tb-mw. `qX- IpSn-sIm-p hyn-bpsS {]hn-I h\y-am-bn-cnpw (eqtm. 8:28-31) ""kmm Xm\pw shfn ZqXs thjw [cn-p-p'' (2 sImcn. 11:13-15) F Imcyw
hnkva-cnp If-b-cp-Xv. BI-bm Bm-sf tim[\ sNp-Ibpw tbip-{In-kvXp-hns kphn-ti-jn hymP-ns Iep IS-n-bn-ptm Fp kqn-bpw thWw (1 tbml. 4:14).
hnizm-kn-Isf ""hngpn'' If-tb--Xn\p kmm D]-tbm-Kn-p X{- AXym-h-iy-ambpw Adnn-cn-t--Xm-Wv. (2 sImcn. 2:11) Ion, (Aw-Ko-Im-cw) `mKyw (]Ww Fm-hn[ [\-t-a-)
A[n-Im-cw, kpJw, Fn-h-sbmw kmm \app hmKvZw sNpw. hnizm-knv ssZhw \evIn-gn-n-cn-phsb-t]mepw Ah \evIn-b-Xmbn m]n-p-Xp Ahs {]tXyI X{w BWv; Fsm ssZhw hnizm-knp Ah Hcp ssZh ss]X F Ah-bvv "Ion' \evIn-bn-p-v (1
tbml.3:1). AXp-t]mse Ah Xn-cn-p \nXy-Po-h-\mWv ""`mKyw'', Fp-sIm-s-m AXp-aqew
\mw kzob ]ucXzw km-Zn-n-cn-p-I-bmWv (F-t^. 2:19,20) ssZh-tm-Sp \psS sFIyX
\app ""A[n-Imcw'' t\Sn-X-n-cn-pp (tdm-a. 8:1,2) ""kIe _pn-tbbpw Ihn-bp ssZh kam[m\w'' (^n-en. 4:7) \app ktm-j-hpw, B\-hpw \evIn-X-cp-p.
kmm-\y-imkv{Xw ]Tn-p-tm \mw hfsc Icp-X-ep--h-cm-bn-cn--Ww. Fp-sIm-s-m ssZhns {]h-\-sf ]Tn-p--Xn-t\-m IqSp-X Xmev]cyw kmm\y ]-Xnsb {Kln-p-Xn\p ImWnm- AXnIqsS kmm a\pjy Pohn-X-sf Iogvs-Sp-p--Xm-bn-cn-pw. Bbn-c-ambncw hj--fmbn kmm Xs ]-Xnsb \S-m-m ]cn-{i-an-p--Xn-\m \nc-h[n Ir{Xna
am- Ah-\-dn-bmw. {In{Xn-a-sf Xncn--dn-b-W-sa-n bmYmy-sa-sp \mw Adn-n-cn-Ww. A-s\-sb-n s]sp \app AsXm-gn-hm-m Ign-bpw.
\psS Pohn-X-n kmm-sbpw Ahs ZqX-m-cmb `qX-k--b--fp-sSbpw {]h-\-coXn a\n-em-m ]cm-P-b-s-m \mw ssZh-n-sbpw ]nim-Nn-sbpw kwL--\-a-y-n A]-I-S-a-cWw
kw`-hn--hs\ t]mem-bn-cn-pw. Atm-kvX-e-\mb ]ueqkv hfsc hy-ambn \app ap-dnhp Xncn-p-Xp t\mp-I:
281
282
`mKw 3
a\p-jy (a\pjy XXz-im-kv{Xw)

A.
a\p-jys krjvSn:
a\p-jys\ krjvSn-pI FXv ]nXm-hmb ssZh-hpw, ]p{X-\mb ssZh-hpw, ]cn-ip-m-m-hmb ssZhhpw

({Xn-tbI ssZhw) kt-fnp Xocp-am-\n Hcp Imcy-am-bn-cp-p. "A\-cw ssZhw: \mw \psS kzcq]-n \psS kmZr-iy-{]-Imcw a\p-jys\ Dm-p-I'' (D-ev]. 1:26). {XnXz-nse aqp Bf-Xzfpw a\p-jys krjvSn-I-n ]m-fn-I-fm-bn-cp-p.
a\p-jys\ ssZh-ns ""kzcq-]
- nep-epw, ""kmZr-iy-nepw'' krjvSn-W
- s
- a-X
- m-bn-cpp ]-Xn. kzcq]w
F-Xn\p cp hmp-I-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p--Xv. F{_m-b-`m-j-bn ""sSvemw (Tselem) Fpw
{Kop `mj-bn ""Fbn-tm'' (Eikon) Fpw BWv B hmp-I. ASn-m-\-]-c-ambn CXp a\pjys ùXoI ico-c-s-bmWv Nqn-m-p--Xv. ""kmZriyw'' F-Xn\p F{_mb `mj-bn ""tU
apv'' (Demuth) Fpw, {Kop-`m-jb
- n ""slmtam-bn-Hm-knkv'' (Homoiosis) Fp-amWv. a\p-jys AùXoI
(A-aq-m-\w) `mK-sa-m-Ww. Cu hni-Zo-I-cWw ùXo-I-hpw, AùXo-Ihpw km[m-c-W-sanepw Xopw \nb-{-W-tm-sS-b-. ssZhw a\p-jys\ ]q-\m-bn--ù-Xo-Ihpw AùXo-I-hpw- - Iq-Sn-b-Xmbn krjvSn-m-\m-bn-cpp ]Xn C-Xv. a\p-jy Poh-\p--h\pw _pn-km-ay-ap--h-\pw,
kmnbpw, Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-m Ign-hp--h\pw Bbn-mWv krjvSn--s--Xv. GXmv ssZh-s-tmse-Xs, ]t ssZh-a-, Bb-Xn-\m-emWv Ah\v ssZh-hp-am-bp Iqmbva AXym-h-iy-ambn h-Xv.
ssZhw Hm-as a\p-jy-\mb BZm-ans\ krjvSn-p. ""btlm-h-bmb ssZhw \nes s]mSn-sImp
a\p-jy-s\ \nnnp Ahs aqn Poh-izmkw DuXn; a\p-jy Poh-\p tZln Bbn
Xop'' (Dev]. 2:7). ""tZln'' F ]Zw F{_mb `mj-bnse ""s\t^jv'' (Nephesh) F hmns
]cn-`mj BWv, ""{]mW'' Fm-W-w. ssZhw a\p-jys ùXoI `mKw ùXn-I-h-kvXp-hns\
sImmWv \nn--Xv. ""\ne-nse s]mSn-sIm-v.'' Fm Aaq `mKw {]mW Hp-an-m-bvabn\n-p-f-h-n-b-Xm-Wv. (D-ev]. 1:27) HSp-hn Cu cp `mK-fpw a\p-jy-\n kt-fn-n-p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
Hm-Ww, BZmw ap a\p-jy--sc-tmse P\np hf-h-\-, Ahs P\\w Am-[m-c-W-amb Hmbn-cpp. Fs-m ]q hf-bp Hcp a\p-jy-\m-bn, _pnbpw Ign-hp-I-fp-ap Hcp-h-\mbn
ssZhw Ahs\ krjvSnv GZtXm-n BpI Bbn-cp-p. ap kIe Poh-Pm-e-pw t]cnSp-hm ssZhw Gev]n-Xpw BZm-ans\ Bbn-cp-p (D-ev]. 2:8,19).
XpSv ssZhw {]kvXm-hn-p, ""a\p-jy GI-\m-bn-cn-p-Xp \-'' (D-ev]. 2:18). BI-bm Ah\v
Hcp XpWsb ssZhw sImSp-p. BZmw Ahsf ""\mcn'' FmWp kwt_m-[\ sNbvXXv (D-ev].
2:1823); F-s-m ssZhw Ahsf \c-\n\n-mWv Df-hm-n-b-Xv. kzob Hm-td-j-\nIqsS BZmans hmen-sbv FSp-p-Ibpw AXns\ Hcp kv{Xo Bn-bnv ssZhw ""lm'' F t] hnfn-bpw
283
sNbvXp. ""`qan-bn-ep kIe a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw amXm-hmbn Ah Xop'' (D-ev]. 3:20); C{]-Imcw

]d-bp-p, ssZhw BZm-ans hmcn-sb-n\nv kv{Xosb ""krjvSnp'' (BZm-ans hmcn-sb-n\nv)
Poh \In (D-ev]. 2:21-23). As\ ]pcp-j\pw kv{Xobpw cp-t]cpw ssZh-ns {]tXyI krjvSnI-fmbn Adn-b-s-Sp-p. Ah Hcn-epw GtXm \nmc Pohn-bn\np ]cn-Wmaw {]m]n--h-c-.
ssZhw arK--sfbpw ""\nes s]mSn-bn \n-mWv'' Df-hm-n-bXv (D-ev]. 2:19), ]t Ah Hcnepw ""ssZh-kz-cq-]-n \nn'' s]h-b-. arK-pw _pn-ssh-`-h- Dsp hmZnmepw a\p-jy-sc-tmse icnbpw sXpw Xncn--dn-bp--Xn-\pw, Xocp-am-\- FSp-p--Xn-\p-ap Ignhpw
Ah-bvn-. Ahbvp Poh-\p-s-nepw t`Zm-t`-Z-sf Xncn--dn-bp-hm-\p Ign-hn (2 ]t{Xm. 2:12;
bqZm 1:10).
B.
a\p-jys hogvN:
ssZhw krjvSn BZmapw lmbpw GZtXm--n-emWv ]mn-cp-Xv (D-ev]. 2:10,15) tXmw kqnp-Ibpw AXn Irjn sNp-I-bp-am-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS tPmen (D-ev]. 2:15). ""\-Xn--I-fpsS Adn-hns
hr''êw Hgnv tXm-n-ep kIe hr-^-e-fpw Ahp Xnmw Fp ssZhw Iev]n-ncp-p. (D-ev]. 2:16). tXm-ns \Sp-hn ""Poh hrn''\p kao-]-m-bn-m-bn-cpp hne--s I\nbpsS hrw \nn-cp--Xp. Cu êw Xnm ssZh-h-N\ (I-ev]-\)s ewLnp F Ip-ns
in-bmbn ""Xo-bmbpw acnpw'' (2:17) Fpw ssZhw Iev]n-n-cp-p. "acnpw' F-Xn\p F{_mb
ss__n-fn ""acnp acnp \o acnpw'' F A-am-Wv.
kmm A[n-h-kn "]mv' (sh-fn. 12:9) kv{XobnIqsS ]pcp-j-\nepw {]th-in-p. ]mv Hm-aXp
kv{Xosb hn-p (2 sImcn. 11:3; 1 Xntam. 2:14) Ah As\ hne--s ]gw Xnp-hm CS-bmbn. lm AXp BZm-an\p sImSp-bpw Ccp-hcpw ssZhoI B-I-fpsS ewL-\-m Bbn-Xo-cp-Ibpw
sNbvXp (D-ev]. 3:6).
a\p-jy-h-ns hogvN Npcp--n Cs\ hni-Z-am-mw. ]mv lmsb kao-]n--tm BZmw
AhnsS Cm-bn-cp-p. tXmw ""kqn-m-\p'' Npa-Xe Ah-\m-bn-cpp (D-ev]. 2:15) cp-t]-tcmSpw
ssZhw Iev]nn-cp--XmWv \-Xn--I-fpsS Adn-hns hr-êw Xn-cp-sX-v. D-ev]. 3:1 Hcmsf
h-\-bn IpSp-n-I-gn--tm ]ns kmms hgn kpK-a-ambn Xop.
kmm ssZhw Acp-fn-sN-bvXn-cp--Xn\p t\sc hn]-co-X-ambn kwkm-cnp, tXm-nse bmsXmcp
hr-n-sbpw êw Xn-cp-sXv ssZhw Ievn-n-ptm? Fv ]mv tNmZnp (Dev]. 3:1). CXv
hmkvX-h-n Ipg-p tNmZy-am-bn-cpp F-m tXm-nse hr-êw Ahv Xnm
km[n-p-n-sn Blmcw tXSn Ah ]pdp t]mtI-n-hcpw. ]mv Iui-e-ambn ssZh-ns
\-Isf Ipdnv lm-bn Nnm-Ip-gw Dm-m-\m-bn-cpp As\ tNmZn--Xv. AXp-t]mse Xs
ssZh-I-ev]-\bvv a\p-jy Fp hne sImSp-pp FpIqSn Ah Is-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p.
]mn\v kv{Xo sImSp-p adp-]Sn hfsc hy-amWv (D-ev]. 3: 2,3) Ah ]mp ]d--Xns\ Xncpp-I-bm-bn-cpp Fm Hcp {]iv\w Ah-fpsS kwkm-c-n Dm-bn. ssZhw Ah-tcmSp Iev]n-Xn-t\mSv ""sXmSp-Ibpw AcpXv'' Fp Iqn tNmWv Ah adp-]-Sn-sIm-Sp--Xv. Nne-cpsS A`n-{]m-bfn BZmw ssZh-I-ev]\ lmsb Adn-bn--tm CXp IqSn Iqn-tNv ]d-n-cp--Xn-\m-emWv
l AXv Bhn--sX-m-Wv. BZw Bbn-cp-mepw lm Bbn-cp-mepw cp t]cpw ssZh-Iev]\tbmSp Iqn tN-tm AXp kmm\p Ah-k-c-ambn AXn-t ]nSnv ssZhn-I-in--bpsS
A-an-m-bvasb ImWnv km shp-hnfn \Sn (D-ev]. 3:4) am{X-a a\p-jy\p {]tbm-P\{]Zamb \Xnsbpw No-bp-sSbpw Adnhv ssZhw a\-]qw Ah-\n \np adp hn-cn-p--Xn
Zpcp-tiw Dsp a\-n-emn sImSpp (Dev]. 3:5)
Hmn-p-I, ssZhw {]hn-p--sXmw \-bm-Wv (Dev]. 1:4,10,12,18,21,25,31; 2:9,12). ssZh ]m-fnw
(ssZhw B{K-ln-m-Xv) CmsX \psS kz CjvS-{]-Imcw sNp \ {]hn-I ap-284
hp {]bm-k-n\p Imc-W-am-Isb Dp. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, Fs hynXz {]iw-k-bvmbn Zmlnp Hcmp IpSn-m sImSp-p \ {]hnbpw ssZhs A\y-s-Sp-n, Ah-\pXp \mw
FSp-p--Xm-I-bm AXp tZmj-am-Itb Dp. adnv ssZh-ln-X-{]-Imcw \mw AXp sNp-tm-gmWv
AXp hmkvX-h-n \ {]hn- BIp-Xv (asm. 9:41). GXp {]Im-chpw temI-nse kIe
\ {]hn-I-fn\npw ssZhs ]pd-m-pI F-XmWv kmms eyw. kmm kv{XobpsS
ImgvN-i-n-tbbpw _pn-i-n-tbbpw B hr-^-e-n-tev BIjn--tm (D-ev]. 3:6) hnizm-km-ep Ah-fpsS \Sp Ah-km-\n-p. ssZh-n-ep Ah-fpsS B{ibw \nn-bnv kzb-n
B{i-bn-p.
Ahfpw ssZh-s-tmse _pn kmayw D-h-fmIpw (3:5) FmWv kmm ]d--Xv. ssZhoI
Ign-hp-I D-h-fm-bn-Xo-cp-sa-n am-cnepw B{i-bn-msX kzb-ambn Pohn-p-Ibpw kz-\n-b-a-
\S-n-em-p-Ibpw sNm-sa Nn Ah-fn DZn-p. ssZh-ns m\w Xt-Xm-m {ian kmm
(sb-i. 14:12-14) lm ssZh-am-bn-cn-m t]mIp ka-b-s-p-dn--hsf hymtam-ln-n-p. kmm
]cn-{i-anp ]cm-Pn-X-\mb m\p \s hnP-bn-I-fm-m-sa-mWv Ahs Ah-Im-i-hm-Zw. Fmbmepw ssZh-a--dn-bmw, ""hnizmkw IqSmsX ssZhs {]km-Zn-n-p-hm km[n-p--Xm''
Fv (F-{_m. 11:6) lm B ]gw Xnptm Ah ssZh-n B{i-bn-n-cp-n-. kmm
Ahsf hnv ssZhw bYm-n \-h-\m Fp [cn-n-p (2 sImcn. 11:3).
XpSp Xncp-sh-gpp ]d-bp--Xp, ""`-m-hn\pw sImSp-p, Ah\pw Xnp''. (3:6) BZmw AXp
Xnp--Xn-\p-apv AXn-s\-p-dnv lm-bp-ambn Fs-nepw kw`m-jWw \Sn-b-Xm-tbm, Ahs
Nnm-KXn Fm-bn-cp-stm ]d-bp-n-s-nepw BZm-a ]mn-\m hn--s-Xv Fp 1 Xntam.
2:14- hmbn-p-p. Fs\ Bbn-cp-mepw BZmw Hcp a\x-]q ]m]-n-\p Xnc-s-Sp-mWv \Sn-bXv. ""Ah\pw Xnp'' (3:6) FmWv \mw hmbn-p--Xv. cp-t]cpw ]m]w sNbvXp Fm inbn hyXymkw Dv.
BZmapw lmbpw Gsd Xma-kn-bmsX Ah ssZh-I-ev]\ ewLnp Fp a\-n-em-p-Ibpw `b-sSp-Ibpw sNbvXp. X-fpsS \Kv\X-bn Ah kzbw en-p (D-ev]. 2:25 cf. 3:7), AXpw t]mcm-sb
Iv ssZh-n\np Xsf ad-bvp-hm (D-ev]. 37) Xocp-am-\np. Ah ssZh-n\nv Xm Hfn-p-hm {ianp (3:8). Hcp {]Im-c-n kzbw c {]m]n-m-\p a\p-jys BZy-kw-cw`-am-bn-cpp CXv.
C.
a\p-jys hogvN-bvp in-I:
]mmWv Hm-aXp inn--s--Xv. injvSm-bpp apgp-h Dc-p-sImv Kanv \nes s]mSn-Xn-pI-sb--Xm-bn-cpp in (3:14). ]mv kmm Am-bn-cpp ]nstbm ]mn- kmm A[n-hkn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. `qan-bn DuSmSn k-cn-p-sImv (C-tm. 1:6; 2:1) ktlm-Z-c-msc Ipw ]d-bp-IbmWv Ahs -tPm-en (sh-fn. 12:10). kmms D]-I-c-W-ambn Xo ]mns\ ssZhw i]n-p-Ibpw
inn-p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xp-ap-X AXp `bm-\-Ihpw \nIr-jvS-hp-amb Hcp Pohn-bmbn amdn (D-ev]. 3:14).
kmm ]mn\p kwkm-c-in \evIn Ah-\nqsS sNbvX tZmj-{]-hnbpw \ymbw hn[n-s-p. kmm\pw kv{XobpsS k-Xn-bp-am-bp \nc--c-a--c-am-bn-cpp (3:15) Ah-\p in.
""kv{XobpsS kXn'' FXp ""ainlm''sb Ipdnv Dev]n ]pkvXIw (ss_-_n-fn Xs) Xcp
BZy kqN-\-bm-Wv. ain-lm-bpsS P\\w F-s\-sb-Xp shfn-s-Sp-n. km[m-c-W-bmbn ""kXn''
]pcp-j-\nqsS hcp--Xm-bn-mWv ]d-n-cn-p--Xv (D-ev]. 12:7; 22:17,18). Fm ainlm Hcp I\yI-bnIqsS hcp-sav ]noSv ]d-n-p-v (sb-i. 7:14). CsXmcp {]h-N-\hpw ss__n-fnse ap {]hN-\--fp-ambn _-sp InS-p--Xp-am-Ip-p (sh-fn. 12:4,5). ]mv ain-lm-bpsS IpXn-Im ISn-Ww
FXv {Iqins A\p-`-h-n-tep hnc Nqp-p-sh-n ""ainlm k-ns Xe XIp-Xv''
{Iqin IqsS Ah-s-ta FSp hnP-b-s-bmWv Nn{Xo-I-cn-n-cn-p--Xv.
]m]-n-\p Hm-as in kz-a-\-m-n-bpsS Ipm-tcm-]-Whpw (A-h-cpsS \-X-sb-p-dn-p
e) (3:7) ssZhoI Iqm-bva-bpsS \jvShpw `-bv Hfn-n-cpp (3:8). kv{Xop Innb in Ah
285
""thZ-\-tbm-Sp-IqSn asf {]k-hn-W''sapw (3:16).

]pcp-js\ `cn-m B{K-ln-mepw Ah-fpsS hnt[-bXzw `m-hn-t\mSp (]p-cp-j-t\m-Sp) Bbn-cn-p-sa-pam-bn-cp-p. BZm-an-ta A[n-Imcw D]-tbm-Knv lm ]gw Xon-s-nepw ]no-S-h BZmw Xs B
{]hn-bn\nv F-s\-sb-nepw XS-n-cp-s-n Fp B{K-ln-n-cn--Ww. Cu kw`hwXs
Ah-fpsS insb a\-n-em-m aXn-bm-b-Xm-Wv.
BZmw Xs `mcy-bm-b-kv{Xosb Ip-s-Sp-n-bXp ssZhw tIp adp-]Sn \evIn (3:17), Xo-bmbpw BZmw
Ah-fpsS hmp tI-cp-Xm-p. Cu `mKw a\-n-em-m ]pcp-j-m Nne-tm Hcn-epw `mcy-amcpsS D]-tZiw tI-cp-sXp ]d-t-mw. Fm AXp ssZh-h-N-\s sXmbn {]tbm-Kn-p-IbmWv, Fs-m ssZhw Xs Hcn- A{_-lm-an-t\mSv kmdm ]d-bpw-hn[w sNm Iev]n-p-p.
(Dev]. 21:12). BI-bm FmWp \mw a\-n-em-t-Xv? BcpsS hmpw \mw ssIsm-t-Xv AXp
ssZh-h-N-\-{]-Imcw (ssZhw Iev]n--X-\p-k-cn-v) BtWm Fp a\-n-em-n-thWw F-t{X. `mcy-bpsS
hmp tIp F-X BZm-ans taep Ipw ]nstbm Ah hne--s I\n- `-np F-Xm-bn-cpp. ITn\ Azm-\-tmsS (ap-Js hnbtm-sS) Blmcw tXSpI (`-n-p-I) F-Xm-bn-cpp Ah\p
\evInb in AYhm im]w (3:17-19).
hne--s ]gw Xnp--Xn-\p bYm in BnI acWw AYhm ssZhoI Iqmbva \jvS-sp
F-Xm-bn-cp-p. Fm Ah\p imco-cn-I-a-c-Whpw t\cnp AXp 930-mw hb-n Bbn-cp-p (D-ev]. 5:5).
Fnepw ssZhw in-bvp-ti-jhpw a\p-jy-t\mSp Ir]-bp-h
- \
- m-bn Ah-cpsS \Kv\X ad-bvm XpIsImp hkv{Xw \evIn (3:21) XpI-ens Bh-iy-n\v \nc-]-cm-[n-bmb Hcp arKw _en-bmbn Xotc-n-h-p.
CXp ]m]-ns {]mbm-n--ambn ainlm \S-nb _ensb A\p-kva-cn-n-p-p (F-{_m. 10:10,12).
BZmapw lmbpw ]pXnb hkv{X- [cn--tijw Ahsc tXm-n\npw ]pd-mn (D-ev]. 3:22-24)
CXp Bh-iy-am-bn-cpp, Fp-sIm-s-m Ah ""ssI \on Poh-hr--ns êw-IqsS ]dn-pXnv Ftbvpw Pohn-m kwK-Xn-hc
- pw.'' im]-{K-kvX\
- m-bn-Xo a\p-jy B Ah-b
- n Ftpw
Pohn-p-Xp \-sp ssZhw Ip. acWw hnizm-knp Hcp A\p-{K-l-amWv Fs-m Fn
am{Xta Dbns ]pXp-i-cocw {]m]nv hnip-nbpw ]q-X-bp-ap {InkvXp kam-\-amb Hcp PohnXw
{]m]n-p-hm\pw (1 tbml. 3:2) tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-\m kzob `h-\-n-sen (]m-]hpw im]hpw Cm
CSw) Poh-hr--êw hopw {]m]n-p-hm Ign-bq (sh-fn. 22:2,3).
D.
a\p-jys {]IrXw:
1.
icocw.
ssZhw \nes s]mSn-sImv BZm-an-s\bpw (D-ev]. 1:26), BZm-ans hmcn-sb-n Hp-sImv lmsb
(D-ev]. 2:7,21) krjvSn-Xp apX-emWv a\p-jy\p icocw Dm-Ip--Xv. BZm-an\pw lmbvpw ssewKoI
in sImSp-n-cp--Xn-\m Ah asf P\n-n-p. Ah-cn Hm-a Imtb\pw cm-a lmt_epw
Bbn-cp-p (D-ev]. 4:1,2). kw]q a\p-jy-hhpw BZmw lm-am-cn\np P\n--h-cm-Wv. lm F
t]cns Aw ""Poh-\p--hsmw amXmhv'' (D-ev]. 3:20) F-m-Wv.
icocw a\p-jy-\nse ùXo-I-`m-K-am-Wv. ]t-{n-b- (Im-gvN, kv]i-\w, tIhn, cpNn, {LmWw) Xe,
ssIImI Fnh-sbmw ico-c-n Ds-Spp Fp \ap--dnbmw; Fnepw Fm-n-sbpw
{]h\w H hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. \mw Hcn-epw ssIsImv \S-m-dn-, ]mZ-sImv `n-m-dp-an. \psS ùXoI icocw {InkvXp-hns ico-c-am-Ip k`bvp kmZr-i-amWv (tdm-a. 12:4,5). Fm hnizmkn-Ifpw Cu BoI ico-c-nse Awi-fpw {]tXyI tPmen-Imbn ico-c-n tN-s--hcpw
BIp-p (1- sIm-cn. 12).
icocw FXv ssZh-kr-jvSn-bnse ApXLS-I-am-Wv. CXv Aaq `mK-ns `h-\-am-Wv. \psS
Imhv Xs ùXoI icocw \psS ]m]-p thn _en-I-gnv (1 sImcn. 11:24) \s ]nXm-hpambn \nc-n-p. ""Ahs apn hnip--cpw, \njvI-f--cpw, Ip-an-m--h-cp-ambn \nt--Xn\v''
(sIm-tem. 1:21,22). Imhv Xs ico-c-n \psS ]m]-sf hln-p-I-bm-bn-cpp (1 ]t{Xm. 2:24).
286
CXp-t]mse {InkvXphns\ A\p-I-cn-p--h\pw Xs (1 sImcn. 11:1) ico-cs Poh\pw hnip-n-bp-ap

bmK-ambn Im-hn\p kan-pp (tdm-a. 12:1,2). ssZh-ln-X-n\p kans Pohn-X-n {InkvXp
kw]q alXzw {]m]n-p-p. AXp Poh-\m-tem, ac-W-mtem (^n-en. 1;20) F hyXym-k-an-m-sX-bmWv. \mw \psS ico-c-sf Ahs lnXw \n-ln-p--Xn\p (A-hs ip{iq-j-m-bn) Xm-dmn
\np-sa-mWv ssZh-ns {]Xo (1- sIm-cn. 9:27).
Fs-m Hcp Znhkw \mw ico-c-n Cp {]hn--Xn-s\mw IWp t_m[n-n-t-n-hcpw (2
sImcn. 5:10). \psS ico-c-nse Gw sNdp-Xmb \mhv F Ah-b-h-sbpw Icp-X-temsS kqnWw Fs-m AXp-]-tbm-Kn-mWv \mw Fm-hn[ kwkm-chpw \S-p-Xv (bm-tm. 3:25). tbip{In-kvXp-hns ac-W-m \psS ]m]- tamNn--s-Sp-Ibpw Poh-\n hmgp-Ibpw sNpp F
ktiw Adn-bn-m X tbmKyX \psS ico-c-n\v Dm-bn-cn--Ww (2 sImcn. 4:10).
Hcp Znhkw Cu ùaoI PohnXw Ah-km-\n-nv \psS icocw ]pXpw {]m]n-p-tm ac-W-\v
AXn-t A[n-Imcw Dm-bn-cn--bn (1-sIm-cn. 15:40-44). AXv tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Dbs-gp-t alXz-ap ico-c-n\p Xpey-am-bn-cnpw (^n-en. 3:20,21) Cu ]pXnb icocw tbip-{In-kvXp-hp-am-bp ]q
_-n Bbn-cn-pw (2 sImcn. 5:68).
2.
{]mW.
a\p-jy-ic
- o-c
- nse Aay-`m-K
- n s]-XmWv {]mW. AXp ImWp-hm-t\m, kv]in-p-hm-t\m, tIphm-t\m, cpNn-p-hm-t\m, ad-p-hmt\m Ign-bp H-. ""{]mW'' CmsX ico-c-n\p \ne-\n-ev]nmXn\m (D-ev]. 35:18) ]e-tmgpw F{_mb `mj-bnse ""s\t]jv'' (NEPHESH) F hmpw, {Kop-`mj-bnse ""kqs'' (PSUCHE) F ]Zhpw ""{]mW'', ""Poh'', ""hyn'' Fo A-n D]-tbmKnnpv.
BZm-ans krjvSnsbpdnp ss__n C{]-Imcw tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-pp: ""btlm-h-bmb ssZhw
\nes s]mSn-sImv a\p-jys\ \nn-nv Ahs aqn Poh-izmkw DuXn, a\p-jy Poh-\p
tZln ({]m-W) Bbn-Xop'' (D-ev]. 2:7; 1 sImcn. 15:45). \psS Cu ]T-\-ns eyw ""Poh'' FXn\p Fsmw `mjm--c--tfm, t]cp-Itfm sImSp-n-p-spw Ah-bpsS Ahpw Dt-ihpw FmsWpw At\z-jn-p-Ib adnv ssZhw BZm-an\pw lmbvpw Xs izmk-m {]mW (Po-h)
\evIn-sbpw B Poh a\p-jy-hw Cpw ssIamw sNbvXp-sIm-n-cn-pp Fpw hnizm-knp
IbmWv (]p- d . 1:5). ""s\t]jv '' F hmv arK- - f psS Poh- \ p- t h- nbpw D]- t bm- K n- n- p- v
(Dev]. 1:20,21,24,30; 2:19).
ico-c-n {]mWs ]Xn Fm-sWv At\z-jn-p-tm BZyw-Xs ssZh-n\pw {]mW-\pspw
(a-m. 12:18; F{_m. 10:38). B ssZh--ns kzcq-]-n-emWv a\p-jy krjvSn--s-n-cn-p--sXpw
Hmn-cn--Ww (D-ev]. 1:26,27).
a\p-jys AI-p {]mW\nemWv \ Xn-Isf (km-mnI \nb-aw) Ipdn-p Xocp-am\w FSp-p-Xv. AXm-bXv Hcp Xocp-am\w FSp-p--Xn\p apmbn thtWm thmtbm F Xnc-s-Spv \S-p
Hcp ew a\p-jys {]mW-\n Dv. Xnc-s-Sp-p--Xn-\p Ign-hn-s\-bmWv Cm-in Fp ]d-bpXv {]mW Cm-i-n-{]-Imcw kmmnI Xnc-s-Spp \S-p--Xn-\m {]mW cn--s]-tSXpw (ko 33:18-19; Atm. {]. 2:41; F{_m. 10:39; bmtm 1:21; 1 ]t{Xm 1:89). ]m]-n \npw
kuJyw {]m]n-t--Xp-am-Ipp (k-o. 41:4) tbip Xs icocw am{X-a {]mW\pw IqSn \evIn-bmWv
\-s a\p-jy-h-n\p hos-Spv km-Zn-Xv (a-m. 20:28; atm.3:4; tbml 10:11-,15,17; 15:13). BIbm ""tbip {InkvXp \psS Bm--fpsS CS-b BIp-p'' (1 -]-t{Xm 2:25). B hnizm-k-m
\psS {]mW cn--s-n-n-m-XpsImv An \c-I-n-tev X-sSpw (am. 10:28, 16:26).
a\p-jy-hw FSp-t-X
- mb Nne {]tXyI Xocp-am-\
- f
- n s]-hb
- mWv ssZhs kvt\ln-pI (Bh. 6:5;
10:12; 13; 30:6), icn-bm-bXv {]hn-t-Xn\p krn-Xm-hmb ssZh-n B{in-bn-pI (1- ]-t{Xm4:19),
ktlm-Z-c-p-thn \psS Pohn-Xs ({]mW-s\) ipo-I-cn-pI (1- tbml 3:16), Fnh a\pjys {]mW-\n Ftmgpw bp-ns ]nSn-h-en-I \S-p-I-bm-Wv. PU-tam-l- (A--mn-I-X)
(1 ]-t{Xm. 2:11), hymtPm-]-tZ-i- (2- ]-t{Xm. 2:12-14), Fn-s\ ]eXpw Bob nc-X-bn-m--hsc
Xd-]-n-m {ianpw.
287
{]mW-\n Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-p--Xn-\p ew D-Xp-t]m-se-Xs BhnsS hnIm-c-pw CSw Dv.

{]mW Nne-tm A\p-I--tbm-sSbpw (Ctm. 30:25) ssIbvt]m-Sp-Iq-sSbpw (2 -cm-P. 4:27) Bg-ta-dnb ZpJtm-Sp-Iq-sSbpw (k-o. 43:5; bncay 13:17; am 26:38) Xpf-bv-sp (eqtm. 2:35) I-X-bnepw (tdma. 2:9)
shdp-tm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw (2- iap. 5:8) Ccnpw. ap-Nn-e-tm kvt\l-ns \nd-hnepw (D--a-. 1:7, 3:14) ssZhn\p alXzw Itc-p--Xnepw (eqtm 1:46) henb B\--tm-sSbpw (eqtm. 12:19) ImWm-hp--XmWv.
3.
a\p-jym-mhv
Bm-hn\v F{_mb `mj-bn dqlv (RUACH) Fpw {Kon \yqa (PNEUMA) Fp-amW.v thZ-]p-kvX-Inse Hcp hnj-a-X-bp hnjbw BWn-Xv, Fs-m Cu cp ]Z-fpw \nc-h[n {]mhiyw D]-tbmKn-n-p-p am{X-a Imv, izmkw, ]cn-ip-m-m-hv, Aip-m-m-hv, a\p-jym-mhv Fn-h-Ipw CXp]tbmKn-n-p-v. GXp hnj-b-tmSp tNv GXv-n D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-pp Fp a\-n-em-n-bncn--Ww.
a\p-jym-mhv BnI Poh-i-n-bpw, AaXy-X-bpsS `mKhpw ssZh \nn-Xn-bp-amWv (k-`m. {]. 12:67;
kJcy 12:1; F{_m 12:9) hntijnv CXp ]cn-ip-m-m-hmWv (tbm-l. 3:6; 6:63) a\pjy Poh \ne-\n-e-t-Xn\p Bmhv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv (eqtm 8:55; bmtm 2:26).
hymJym-\-tm-Sp _-n apv \mw ]Tn--XmWv Hcp hy-amb thZ-`mKw D]-tbm-Kn-mbncn-Ww
a\p-jym-m-hn-sbpw ASn-m-\X
- X
- z- Xo-s-Sp-p-hm. a\p-jym-m-hns kz`mh KpW-sf t\mptm apv \mw ]Tn {]mW-\pw, ASp--Xmbn ]Tn-m t]mIp lrZ-bhpw Fmw Hp-X-s-bmsWp ImWmw. Fm-bn-cp-mepw Hcp Imcyw \ a\-n-em--Ww, ssZh-h-N-\m-Sn-m-\-n a\pjym-m-hv, {]mW, lrZbw Fn-h-bn\npw hyXy-kvX-am-b-XmWv (F-{_m. 4:12).
a\p-jym-m-hn-s\-p-dnp ]d-n-cn-p hmIy- ]Tn-m Ahp \mep {]tXyI {]hn-I
D-Xmbn ImWmw:
a.
AXp hnh-c- (A-dn-hv) kzoI-cn-p-p.
ssZh-`m-K-p-\np hcp--Xmb Ir] (K-em. 6:18; ^nte-tam 1:25) kZm-Nmc kXyw (a-em. 2:15,16) shfn-mSv
(F-t^. 1:16,17) Fn-h-bpw, IqSmsX {]tIm-]\w (A-tm. {]. 17:16), Cfw (1 Zn\. 5:26; F{_m. 1:1,5) Fnhbpw kzoI-cn-p-p.
b.
hnh-c--fpsS (A-dn-hn-s) aqey-\nbw.
a\p-jym-mhv Xm kzoI-cn-p Fm hnh-c--fp-sSbpw aqey-\nbw \S-p-p. kw`-h-sf \ncon-p-p (C-tm. 6:4) Nn-Isf Adn-bpp (1 sImcn. 2:11), Btem-Nn-pp (k-o. 77:6) a\-n-em-pp
(Ctm. 20:3; 32:8) IqSmsX hnth-I-]q-amb aqy-\nbw sNpp (]p-d. 28:3; Bh. 34:9; Ft^. 1:16,17).
c.
Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-p-I.
aqy-\nbw \S-nb hnh-c- Hcn- a\p-jym-m-hn\p e`n-m Fp \S-]Sn BWv FSp-t-sXv DS Xocp-am-\n-n-cn-pw. ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-\m \bn--s-Sp-hm\pw (A-tm. {]. 20:2223), ssZhn\p kan-pXn\pw (k-o. 31:5), hniz-kn-p--Xn\pw (2 sImcn. 4:13,14), A\p-X-]n-p-hm\pw (sb-i.
57:15; 66:2) AXp-t]mse ssZh-n\p hn]-co-X-ambn Xncn-bp--Xn\pw (C-tm. 15:13) Ah-t\mSp Ahn-iz-kvXcm-bn-cn-m\pw (k-o. 78:8) D Xocp-am-\- FSp-p-p.
d.
{]Xn-{]-h\w (D-cw ]d-bp-I).
Npp-]m-Sp-I a\-n-em-I-bpw, hne-a-Xn-p-I-bpw, Xocp-am\w FSp-p-Ibpw sNbvXm XpSv a\p-jym-mhv

hnhn[ hgn-I-fn AXn\p adp-]Sn \evIp-p. {]Xn-I-cWw Nne-tm ]m]-h-gn-I-fn IqsS-bp-am-Imw.
a\p-jym-m-hn-s\-p-dnp \evIn-bn-cn-p hni-Zo-I-c-W-ns hnhn[ am- t\mpI:
288
tIm]n-p-hm Ignbpw \ym-bm. 8:3; k`m. {]. 7:9; 10:4
aptIm]n (n-{]-tIm-]n)bmbn-cn-m km[n-p-p. kZr. 14:29 (CXv Hcp-Xcw Bm-hm-Wv)
a\x-]o-V-bp-m-Imw. Ctm. 7:11
Al-m-cn-bm-bn-cn-p-I. ko. 76:12; kZr. 16:18; k`m {]. 7:8
XI Ah--bn-em-Imw. ko. 51:17; kZr. 15:13; 17:22; 18:14 sbi. 65:14
im-am-bn-cn-mw. kZr. 17:27
\n-n-bm-bn-cn-mw. Ctm. 32:18
ASn--a-sSmw. ko. 34:18; kZr. 15:4
hn-X-\m-bn-Xo-cmw. ko. 32:2
Aip--cm--s-Smw. 2 sImcn. 7:1
m\-am--s-Smw. ]pd. 6:9; (D-Zm-ko-\X Bm-hns ZpxJ-am-Wv)
Xa-bo-`m-h-i-n-bp-m-mw. 1 sImcn. 5:35; sImtem. 2:5
sXn-tm-Im kmy-X-bp-v. sbi. 29:24
ssZh-km-nyw A\p-`-hn-m Ign-bpw. 2 Xntam. 4:22
kzbw shfn-s-Sp-m Ign-bpw. kZr. 29:11; (a-t\m-`mhw Bm--hns i_vZ-am-Wv)
oWn-X-\m-Imw. ko. 77:3; 143:7; sbi 57:16; 61:3; sbl. 21:7
a\p-jy-t\mSp hniz-kvXb
- p-h
- \
- m-bn-cn-mw. kZr. 11:13 (B-{i-bw DXvIr-jvSX
- b
- vp Hcp acpmWv)
XojvW-X-tb-dn-b-Xm-bn-cn-mw. Atm. {]. 18:25; tdma. 12:10-11
aT-b-\m-bn-cn-mw. sbsl. 13:3
Zb-bp--Xm-bn-cn-mw. 1 sImcn. 4:21; Kem. 6:1; 1 ]t{Xm. 3:4
ssZh-n\p \evI-s--Xm-bn-cn-mw. At{]m. {]. 7:59
ZpxJn-n-cn-m Ign-bpw. sbi. 54:6
ITn-\-s-n-cn-m Ign-bpw. Bh. 2:30
hnip--am-bn-cn-mw. 1 sImcn. 7:34
_lp-am-\-tm-sS-bn-cn-mw. 2 sImcn. 12:18
Xmgva-bp--h-\m-bn-cn-mw. kZr. 16:19; 29:23
Akq-b-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-mw. kwJym. 5:14
ssZh-ln-X-n Pohn-mw. 1 ]t{Xm. 4:6
Iqdp ]pep--Xm-bn-cn-mw. kwJym. 14:24
]IzX (kn--X) t\Snb Hm-bn-cn-mw. F{_m. 12:23
Bfp-Isf t{]cn-n-m Ign-hp-m-bn-cn-pw. ]pd. 35:21; kZr. 16:2; shfn. 19:10
amm-hp Ah--bn-en-cn-pw. tbml. 11:33
]pXp-Xm--s-Smw. sbsl. 11;19; 18:31; 36:26
]oUn-n--s-Smw. 1 iap. 1:15
hnIm-c-a--\m-bn-cn-mw. ko. 142:3; 143:4
]-Xn-bp-m-m Ign-bpw. Atm. 19:21
Zcn-{Z-am-bn-cn-m Ign-bpw. am. 5:3

289
{]mn-m Ign-bpw. 1 sImcn. 14:14-16
kqn--s-Sm-hp--Xv. Ctm. 10:12; 1sX. 5:23
im-am-bn-cn-m Ign-bpw. 1 ]t{Xm. 3:4
tKm{X-]-c-amb tim[\ kln-m Ign-bpw. sbi. 19:3; bnc-aym. 57:11
Ipfn-bp--Xm-bn-cn-m Ign-bpw. 2 sImcn. 7:13
B\-n-p-hm Ign-bpw. eqtm. 1:47
]pXp--s-Sm Ign-bpw. Ft^. 4:21-24
hn{i-a-ns Bh-iy-ap-m-bn-cn-pw. 2 sImcn. 2:13
DWs--Sp-hm Ign-bpw. Dev]. 45:27; 1i-ap. 30:12
kzb-m `cn--s-Sm Ign-bpw. kZr. 16:32
ZpxJn-m Ign-bpw. 1 cmPm. 21:5
Im-hns\ At\z-jn-m Ign-bpw. sbi. 26:9
ip{iq-jn-m Ign-bp--Xv. tdma. 1:9
tcmKw kln-m Ign-bpw. kZr. 8:12
s\Sp-hon-Sp-hm Ign-bpw. atm. 18:14
nc-X-bp--Xm-bn-c-m Ign-bpw. ko-. 51:10
in-bp--Xm-bn-cn-m Ign-bpw. eqtm. 1:80
ap--hp Iog-S-n-bn-cn-m Ign-bpw. 1 sImcn. 14:31,32
ka-W-ap--Xm-bn-cn-m. F{_m. 12:9
Ass[-cy-ap--Xm-bn-cn-mw. 2 Xntam. 1:7
Ipg--n Bbn-cn-m Ign-bpw. Dev]. 41:8; Ctm. 21:4; Zm\n. 2:13; tbml. 13:18-21
A\n-b-{o-X-am-bn-cn-m Ign-bpw. kZr. 25:28
ssZh-tmSp kwtPm-bn-n--s-n-cn-mw. 1 sImcn. 6:17
ap hnizm-kn-I-fp-ambn tbmPn-n-cn-m Ign-bpw. ^nen. 1:27
oWn-n-cn-m Ign-bpw. tbmip. 2:11; \ymbm. 15:19; 1 cmPm. 10:4,5
a\-p- -(C-jvS-ap-)Xm-bn-cn-mw. ko. 51:10-12
Bcm-[n-m Ign-bpw. tbml. 4:23
\psS c-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-m Ign-bpw. tdma. 8:6
4.
lrZbw.
"a\p-jy-lr-Zbw' F hnjbw ss__n-fn apgp-h hym]n-p-In-S-p Hm-Wv. F{_mb `mj-bn

""te_v'' (LEBH) Fpw {Kon ""ImUnb'' (KARDIA) Fpw t]cm-bn-cn-p-p. cpw- IqsS GI-tZiw 1,000
{]mh-iy-tmfw D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-p. \psS ùXnI ico-c-n-\p-n {]tXy-Im kqn-n-cn-p-Xpw
kw]q-i-co-c
-- ns c-Nw-{I-aWw \Sn c-hm-ln-Isf k-am-p--Xp-amb ]vlukm-Wn-Xv (2
iap. 18:14; 2 cmP. 9:24). Fm CXp-Iq-SmsX B-cnI a\p-jys I-a--e-am-bn-mWv km[m-cW ]dn-cn-p-Xpw Nqn-m-Wn-p--Xpw.
ss__n-fn hnhn[ D]-tbm-K-sf ImWn-m-\mbn ""lrZbw'' F ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-n-p-s-nepw Ahbn \msew am{Xw ChnsS ]cn-tim-[n-mw:
290
a.
[ojWm (_p-n) in-bpsS tI{w.
a\p-jy-lr-Z-bs hnth-N-\m-i-n-bpsS tI{-m-\-am-bn-mWv IW-m-n-bn-cn-p--Xv. aqey-\nbw

\S-p-hm-\p Ignhv AXn-\p-v (B-h. 8:5), {]iw-kn-p-hm (k-o. 119:11) ]Xn {Iao-I-cn-m\pw
(F{_m. 4:12) Ign-bp-p. IqSmsX ZpjvNn-I-fp-sSbpw {]hn-I-fp-sSbpw Ccn-n-Sw-Iq-sS-bmWv lrZbw
(am. 15:19,20).
b.
hnIm-c--fpsS tI{w.
Fm-hn[ `mh--fp-sSbpw tI{-m\w lrZ-b-am-Wv. AXn\p kvt\ln-m\pw (B-h. 6:5), B{K-ln-m\pw

(k-o. 37:4) ktm-jn-p-hm\pw B\-n-p-hm\pw (k-o. 104:15; sbi. 30:29; sImtem. 3:16) ZpxJn-p-hm\pw
(s\-l. 2:2; tdma. 9:2), ssIm-bn-cn-m\pw (k-o. 73:21), kzbw imkn-p-hm\pw (Ctm. 27:6) Ign-bp-p.
c.
Cm-i-n-bpsS tI{w.
C-I-fpsS apJy-m-\hpw lrZ-bw-X-s-bm-Wv. AXn\p ssZhs At\z-jn-m\pw (B-h. 4:29) amw hcpp-hm\pw (]p-d. 14:5), ssZh-n-s\-Xn-cmbn ITn-\-s-Sp-hmt]mepw (]p-d. 8:15; F{_m. 4:7) Ign-bpw.
d.
Bob Pohs tI{w.
Bob Pohn-X-ns tI{hpw lrZbw Xs-bm-Wv. ssZh-h-N\w ]d-bp-Xp, ""lrZ-bw-sImv \oXnmbn hniz-kn-pp'' (tdm-a. 10:9,10) Fm-Wv. hnizm-kn-bpsS lrZbw ssZh-]p-{X-sbpw (1 ]t{Xm. 3:15;
Ft^. 3:17) ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-sbpw `h-\-am-Ipp (2 sImcn. 1:22).
5.
a\x-kmn AYhm Ax-I-cWw.
"a\-kmn'' F ]Zw ]pXnb \nb-a-n am{Xta ImWp-p-p. a\-m-n-bpsS {]h-\s ]g-b\n-b-a-n ""lrZbw'' F hmp-sIm-mWv shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p--Xv (1 iap. 24:5; Ctm. 27:6), CXns
{Ko-p-]Zw ""kps\-bn-sU-kokv'' (SUNEIDESIS) FmWv ""Hns\ Adn-bpI'-, ""Xs-m a\-n-em-pI''
FmWv AXns Aw. hyn-I-fpsS icnbpw sXn-s\bpwpdn-p \nK-a-\sbmWnXp Nqn-mp--Xv. icn-sbp a\-n-em-nb Imcy-sf {]hn-]-Y-n sImp-h-cm klm-bn-p a\p-jy\nse `mK-amWv a\-m-n. CXpicn CXp sXv Fp a\--mn ]Tn-n-p-n; Bb-Xn-\m ""\
a\-m-nbvpw'' sXp sNm Ign-bpw.
ssZhoI Af-hn{]-Im-c-ap icnbpw sXpw a\-n-emn cn--s-Sm hynsb AXn{]-Imcw
\bn-pXv a\-km-n-bm-Wv (tdm-a. 2:15; tbml. 8:9). a\kmn Nne-tm ""Ccpp ]gp-nv s]mn-Xp-t]mse'' (Nq-Sp-h--Xm-bn) Bbn-Xocmw (1 Xntam. 4:2), AXv Hcp-h a\x-]qw ssZhoI Af-hns\ XyPnpw-tm-gm-Wv. ssZh-ns tXmXns\ AYhm am\-Z-s ewLn-p-tm-gmWv a\-kmn aen-\-s-SpXv (Xo-q. 1:15) Fm a\-km-nsb No-bmb Ah--bn\np ipo-I-cn-m-hp-Xpw BIp-p
(F{_m. 10:22).
Hcp {InkvXym-\n-bpsS a\-kmn ]cn-ip-m-m-hns t_m[-h-ev-W-mepw k-mepw Pohn-Xns hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn icn-bm-bXp {]hn-p-hm klm-bn-p-p. Ah-s-ta A[n-Im-c-ap
Khsn\p Iogvs-Sp-hm\pw (tdm-a. 13:5) AXn bP-am-\s\ tkhn-m\pw (1 ]t{Xm. 2:19) _e-lo\
ktlm-Z-cs a\-m-nsb hrW-s-Sp-m-Xn-cn-m\pw (1 sImcn. 8:7,10,12) \n-n-p-Xp ]cn-ip-mm-hm-Wv.
6.
a\v.
{Kop-`m-j-bn ""t\mDukv'' (NOUS) F ]Z-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p--Xv. a\v F {]tXyI emWv ]t-{n-b--fpw, hnIm-c--fpw, _pnbpw kt-fnp aqy-\nbw \Sn Ana Xocp-am\w
FSp-p--Xv. a\pjy akvXn-jvI-n-s-bpw, {]mW-sbpw {]hn-Ifpw CXns-Spw, BI-bm a\p-jy\nse ùXn-Ihpw AaXy-hp-amb `mK--fpsS kt-f-\--e-amWv a\-v. W.E. hos\v C{]-Im-c-amWp ]dn-cn-p-Xv:
291
""At_m-[-ns {]Xn-^-e\w \S-p m\-amWv a\-v. Ign-hv, {]tNm-Z\w, hnth-Iw,

hn[n, Xocp-am-\- Fn-h-sbmw Ds--Xm-Wn-Xv. CXn-t\mSp _-s-n-cn-p {Kop
hmp-I ""Unbm-t\m-bnb'' (Dianoia) CXnIqsS Nnn-pI Fw. ""Ctm-bnb'' (Ennoia)
""Bibw-'', ""[mcW'', ""Dtiw-'' Fm-Ww. a\-pw, lrZ-bhpw _-s-mWp InS-p-sX-nepw Ah -X-n hyXym-k-ap-v'' (F-{_m. 8:10,16). 106
]g-b-\n-b-a-n a\-ns\ shfn-s-Sp-p Hcp F{_m-b-hm-p-t]m-ep--an-, AhnsS Fmw lrZ-b-s-pdnpw {]mW-s\-p-dn-pw, Bm-hn-s\-p-dn-p-amWv ]cm-aiw. AXp-sImv {Kop ]Z-ns D]-tbmKw
aqeta \ap-s-s-nepw a\-n-s\-p-dnp a\-n-em-m Ign-bq.
cns-hpw Am--hpw a\-pv (tdm-a. 14:5) ssZhw Hcmp sImSp-n-cn-p a\-psImv Ah Fp Nnn-p-p. Fp {]mn-pp F\v\-dn-bm ssZhw {][m-\yX \evIp-p-v
(Ft^. 4:17.18; F{_m. 4:12). ChnsS ""Ctm-bnb''(ENNOIA) F hmn\v ""\nbw'' FmWv Xna
sNbv-Xn-cn-p--Xv. ssZh-n\pw Hcp a\-p (CwKnXw) --Xp-sImv AXp Fm-sWdn-tb-Xv \psS
IS-a-bm-Wv (tdm-a. 11:34; 1 sImcn. 2:16). Ahs\ kvt\ln-m-\m-bnpw (a-m. 22:37; atm. 12:30; eqtm.
10:27) Ahs\ Xncn--dn-tb--Xn\pw (eq-tm. 24:45) thn-bmWv \app a\p Xn-cn-p--Xv. {InkvXob-a-\v ]nXmhmb ssZh-nepw ]p{X-\mb ssZh-nepw D kXy-sf a\-n-em-I-X--hn-[-amWv cq]
Iev]\ sNbvXn-cn-p--Xv (1 tbml. 5:20 ChnsS Unbm-t\mbnb (Dianoia) F hmn\v ""a\-n-em-pI''
F A-amWv sImSp-n-cn-p--Xv).
\apv bpn-]-c-ambn Nnn-m thn-Iq-Sn-bmWv ssZhw a\-ns\ Xn-cn-p-Xp CXns hy-amb
sXfn-hmWv amX-am-n-Ivknse t^map-e-I \app Iqn-sb-Sp-p-hm Ign-bp-Xpw (sh-fn. 13:18), bpn-Nn-I-fpsS êw (sh-fn. 17:9) a\-n-em-m Ign-bp--Xpw. a\-ns Cu Xocp-am-\-sf a\-n-em-m-\p
Ign-hmWv \psS a\-m-nsb \bn-p-Xpw nc-s-Sp-p--Xpw. (tdm-a. 7: 23,25) Cu hyn-KX hnIk\w ap--hsc \bn-m\pw D]-tZ-in-m-\p-ap Ign-hn-tepw (1 sImcn. 14:19) Im-hns ico-c-am-Ip
k`-bpsS sFIyX \ne-\np {]Xymi ]q-amb hf-bn-tepw \bn-p-p (1 sImcn. 1:10) a\-v,
kzb-tm-Spw, ssZh-tm-Spw, ap--h-tcm-Spw, hniz-kvXX ]pet--XmWv (2 ]t{Xm. 3:1) A{]-Imcw
Xs a\p-jym-m-hn-t\mSp tN Fm cwKw--fnepw {]hn-m-X--h--hp-amWv a\-ns\ {Iao-I-cnn-cn-p-Xp (1 sImcn. 14:15).
ssZh-tk-h-bvmbn a\-ns\ {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-m Ign-bp--Xp-t]m-se-Xs (atm. 12:30) ssZh-ns\-Xn-cmbn Ahs am\-Z-s IW-m-msX Zpjv{]hn sNm\pw Ign-bp--Xm-Wv. (tdm-a. 1:28;
1 Xntam. 6:5; 2 Xntam. 3:8) ssZhtmSp a-cn-m\pw (sIm-tem. 1:21), As\ aen-\-am-Im\pw a\n\p Ignbp-p (Xo-q. 1:15).
Hcp hnizm-kn-bpsS a\v \njv^-e-am-Im kmy-X-bp-v (1 sImcn. 14:14). AXn-\p-Im-cWw Al-m-c-hpw,
kzm-Xbpw PUo-I-Nn--I-fp-am-Wv. (eq-tm. 1:51; Ft^. 2:3; tImtem. 2:18) hymtPm-]-tZ-is icn-sbp
hniz-kn-ptm AXn\v Cfw Xm km[n-pw (2 sX. 2:2).
ChnsS t\mDukv (NOUS) F hmv Xn-a-sN-bvXn-cn-p--Xv ""B-kw-b-a\w'' F A-n-em-Wv.
hfsc IrX-XtbmsS \apv kvacn-m hI-bpv Fs-m ssZh CjvSw Adn-hm X-hn[w
a\p ]pXpw {]m]n-m Ign-bpw (tdma. 12:2), ]m]-h-gn-Isf hnp-am-dp-hm\pw (F-t^. 4:22-24), {]hnp-hm-\p k-X ImWn-m\pw (1 ]t{Xm. 1:13), Hcp {]Xo-n-X-amb IjvS-m-Sp-Imbn Hcpnbn-cnm\pw (1 ]t{Xm. 4:1) Chn-sS-bmWv Ctm-bnb F hmns Aw ""Dtiw'' F Xna sNbvXncn-p-Xpw ssZh-k-am-[m-\-m Np-s-n-cn-p-Xpw (^n-en. 4:7).
7.
PUw.
Poh-\p tZln-bmb a\p-jys ùXoI kz`m-hs ImWn-p-hm "PUw' F hmv D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-Xp-t]mse Nne-tm AXp ico-cs Bh-cWw sNbvXn-cn-p Ie-I-sfbpw (D-ev]. 2:21; ]pd. 12:8;
eqtm. 24:39) AXp-a-s-n kw]q ùXoI Pohs\bpw ImWn-pp (D-ev]. 6:17,19; 1 sIm-cn. 15:39;
F{_m. 5:7). thZ-]p-kvXI {]Imcw PUw FXp ùXn-I-hpw, Aù-Xn-I-hp-amb Imcy- Xn _292
sp InS-p-I-bmWv.
ssZhw PU-sa-Spv `qan-bn hXv Zmho-Zns k-Xn-bmbn P\n tbip {InkvXp-hn-emWv (tbml 1:1,14;
1 Xntam 3:16; tdma 1:3, 9:5). CXns Aw ssZhw hmkvX-h-n ]m]-i-cn-c-ap a\p-jy-s\-t]mse
Xs a\p-jy-\mbn Ah-X-cn-s-nepw Ahs ico-c-n ]m]w Cm-bncpp (tdm-a. 8:3). Ah Htc
kabw Zmho-Zns Imhpw Zmho-Zns k-Xnbpw Bbn-cpp (am 22:45) tbip \psS ]m]w hlnp-hm-\m-bn-Wv AhX-cn--Xv, AXp-hgn a\p-jy-h-n\p ssZh-tmSp kam-[m\w Dm-p-Ibpw (Ft^
2:14-15 sImte 1:22-23), ]nim-Nns A[n-Imcw XIp-Ibpw sNbvXp (F-{_m, 2:14). Xn-cp-sh-gpp hyambn ]d-n-cn-pp tbip-{InkvXp PU-sa-Sp-n-n-m-sbp hmZn-p Zpcp-]-tZ-i-I-m IS-p-h-cp-sav
(1- tbml 4:2, 2tbml 1:7).
ssZhw PUsa-Sp-t--Xns Bh-iy-I-Xsb ]g-b-\n-b-a-n Nn{Xo-I-cn-n-p-v. kam-K-a\ IqSm-c-n-sebpw, tZhm-e-b-n-tebpw ""Xncioe'' CXns Hcp kmZr-iy-am-bn-cpp F-m tbip-hns tZl-sa
Xncine Iodn-b-Xn-\m a\p-jy-h-n\v \nXy-Po-h-\n-tepw {]th-i-\hpw kmy-ambn (F-{_. 10:19-20;
am 27:51). acp-`q-an-bn bn{km-tb a `n ""a'' Ah-cpsS ]cn-t]m-j-W-n-\p-]-bp--ambncpXp-t]mse AXns s]mcp-fmb tbip-{InkvXp a\p-jy-h-ns hnSp-X-en\pw, ]cn-t]m-j-W-n-\p-ambn
ssZhw Ir]-bm Xn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv, hnizm-k-m \ap--Xns Hml-cn-m-cmImw (]p-d. 16:31-35, tbml
6:51-56). tbip-hns icocw {ZhXzw In-m-sbp Ahs Dbs-gp-t-ev]ns bmXmys apIqn
ko-\-n ]d-n-cn-pp (k-n. 16:10; Atm. {]. 2:31) ssZhw {]m-\bvp adp-]Sn Xcpp
FXpw CXp shfn-s-Sp-pp (F-{_m. 5:7).
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ico-c-nse I-]m-Sp-I a\p-jy-h-n\p A\p-I-cn-p-hm thn-Iq-Sn-bmWv
(1 ]t{Xm 4:12) a\p-jy-i-cocw ]m]-ns Dcp-p-tIm--bpw, ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-t\mSp t]mcm-Sp--Xn-\p
bp-I-fhpambn-mWv km[m-cW ImWm km[n-p-Xv (K-em. 5:16-17).
Fm ]cn-ip-m-m-hns {]hnbpw ]m-fn-hpw ]m]-sbpw AXns ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-sbpw
Nqn-m-pI F-XmWv (tbml 16:811). PUns {]tXy kz`mh-hn-ti-j- Xncp-sh-gp-n tcJs-Sp-n-bn-p-v.
Bm-hn-msX PUw Poh-\n-m--XmWv (tbml 6:63) PSn \np PUw am{Xw Dm-Ip-tm ]cnip-m-mhv PUn\p Pohn-m Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-p Bm-hn-s\bpw \evIpp (tbml 3:6). \
PUs kvt\ln-pp, t]mjn-np cn-pp (Ft^ 5:28-29) PUn\v hnthIw {]m]n-m km[npw
(1- sImcn. 1:26-29).
Xqew cn--s-Sm PU-n\p ]co--Isf t\cn-Sm Ign-bp--X (a-m. 26:41). a\p-jy-h-ns
km[m-cW PohnXw PUns Bk-n-bn-emWv (Ft^. 2:3) AXp-sImv a\-ns Nnm-K-Xn-bn
PUw XSw krn-p-Ibpw (-sImte 2:18) sXmb B{K-l--fp-sS BkvI-Xn-bm C-an-m A[n-Imc- Nqn-Im-p-Ibpw sNpp (2- ]-t{Xm. 2:910). BI-bm {InkvXym\n (hn-izm-kn) X-fpsS ta
A[n-Imcw \S-p PUo-I-msc a\-n-emn tkhn-m thp Adnhp {]m]np hf-tc--XmWv
(F-t^. 6:5) ssZhoI {]am-W-sf A\p-k-cn-m hnk-n-Xn-p A[nIm-cn-Ip Iogvs]-p-t]m-IpXp bp-n\p Xpy-am-bn-cnpw (tdm-a. 7:5).
\mw Btcbpw PU-{]-Imcw hn[n-p-n-s-nepw PU-n hkn-p \sf ap--h hn[n-p--Xm-bncnpw (tbml 8:15). PUns {]hn-I IW-mn Bscbpw \mw _lp-am-\n-t--Xn (2- sImcn
5:16)pam-{X-a PU-{]-Im-c-ap aXm-\p-jvTm-\-, ]mc-cy imkv{X-, ]uc-Xzw, AXn-cp-I-S \oXn
{]hn-I (^n-en. 3:27), Fn-h-bn B{i-bn-t Bh-iy-hpan-. F{X-Imew PU-n hkn-ptam
A{Xbpw \m ssZh-ln-X-n-\-\p-k-cnp Pohn--bmWv thXv (1-]t{Xm 4:6).
PU-n\v ]e-hn[ _e-lo-\-X-I Dv. ]m]-tmSp t]mcm-Sp--Xn AXp _e-lo-\-amWv (tdma. 6:19).
Fsm temIw Ftmgpw ]m]-ns B{K-l
- f
- m BIjnp sImmWn-cn-p-Xv (1- tbml. 2:16).
PUw AXnXs ]e ]m]-fpw ]qcn-n-m t{]cn-n-p--Xn-\m ]m]np \-am-Ip-Xv \nXy-amb
A\p-{K-l--fmWv (K-em. 5:19-21). PUns kzm-]-c-amb aptw AXn-\p-Xs `mhn \miw kzcq-]np-bmWv (Kem 6:8). kIe PUhpw hmSn-t]m-Ip--XmWv (1- ]t{Xm 1:24-25), Fmepw hymtPm-]-tZ-m-
293
Cu PU-n-s B{K-l--fm tamln-n-mWv Ah-cpsS A\p-bm-bn-Isf ]nSnp \np-Xv (2 ]t{Xm 2:1819).

ssewKoI Imcy--fnepw PUw _e-lo-\-am-Wv. Hcp ]pcpj\pw Hcp kv{Xobpw Xn Hcp ico-c-ambn
Xocp Xocp hnhml _w ssZh-ap-msI am\y-hpw, hnip-hpamWv. BI-bm A\y-PUw tamlnp
t]mIp-Xv kzh-c-Xn, (]p-cp-j-m Xnepw kv{XoI Xn-epw) arKo-b-hm-k\ Fnh CXn s]Spw
]m]-amWv (a-m. 10:8, bpZ 1:7). a\x-]q-amb PU-ns ]m]- Fmw \mi-I-c-amWv (1-sImcn 5:5).
PU-ns asmcp _e-lo-\X \nb-{-W-an-m AkXy `mj-W-amWv (2- sImcn 1:17) CXp hnizm-knbpsS ncX \-s-Sp-p--Xm-bn-cn-pw. A\p-\n-an-j-nepw kml-N-cy-n-s\mp a\-p-am-dn-sIm-ncp-m hnizm-kn-bpsS PohnXw ]X-dp-Ibpw Ipg-n InS--e-bp-hm\pw CS-h-cpw. PU-n\v AXn-tXmb ]cn-an-[n-I-fp-v.
PUn \mw Fp sNbvXmepw (D-Zm-l-c-W-ambn ]cn-t-Z-\) AXp Hcn-epw Bo-I-X-bpsS sXfn-h
(tdma 2:28). aX-I- _e-lo-\-X-Ipw PUns ]cn-[n-Ipw ]cn-lm-c-a (sImtem. 2:23;
1 ]-t{Xm. 3:21).
\ymb-{]-am-W-ns BN-c-W-m PUw \oXo-I-cn--s-Sp-I-bp-an (tdm-a. 3:19-20). PU-n\p X\ntb
\ {]hn-p-hmt\m (tdma 7:18) amwk-c--v ssZhoI A\p-{K-l- {]m]n-p-hmt\m km[n-bn (1- sImcn. 15:20) PUn ssZh {]Imiw ISphtc-n-bn-cn-p-p (am 16:17).
hnizm-kn-bpsS Pohn-X-n Fpw PU-tm-Sp t]mcmw Dv. Hcp-h tbip-{In-kvXp-hn hniz-kn-ptm Ah sNbvX PU-ns ]m]-p (Kem. 5:24) {]mb-n--ambn tbip-a-cn-sv Xncn--dn-bpp. Fnepw Cu bmXmyw Bkz-Zn-p--Xn\v hnizmkn Bo-I-ambn hf-tc--Xp-v. hf-bn-m
hnizmkn Hcp ]t Xm ssZh-I-c--fn kp`-{Z-\m-Wpw (tbml. 10:27-30).
tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-\mWv kzX-{-\m--s--h-\m-Wpw (Kem. 5:1) hnNm-cnv sXmbn PUns tamlsf ]nXp-St-mw; F-m Hmp-I, `{Z-X-bpw, kzmX-{yhpw Hcn-epw PU-ns taml-sf
]nXp-S-cp-hm-\p Ah-k-c-a (K-em. 5:13) CXp t]mcm--ns Hcp `mK-am-Wv.
t]mcm--ns asm-cp-`mKw PUw AXns C (tbml. 1:13 PUn\v AXn-t-Xmb Cw Dv) bpsS
\nhr-n-mbn ]m]w sNm t{]cn-n--sSptm a\-p-am-bnpw (tdma. 7:25) ]cn-ip-m-m-hpam-bnpw
\S-p Gp-ap--em-WnXv (-Kem 5:16). ]cn-ip-m-m-hns Imcy-sf ]n]--W-tam, AtXm PU-ns
]m]m-`n-em-j-sf ]n]--Wtam Fp Xocp-am-\n-t-Xv hnizm-kn-bmWv (tdma 8:313). ]cn-ip-m--in-bm am{Xta PU-ns B{K-l-sf Iog-S-p-hm km[n--bpp (Kem. 3:3, 5:16) Ipdn-sm-pI,
\mw t\cn-Sp bYm-amb Bo-I-bpw ap--h-cpsS PU-n \n (2 -sImcn. 10:23) kmmt\mSpw Ahs ssk\y-tm-Sp-amWv (Ft^. 6:12).
\psS Bo-I-bm-{X-bpsS Hcp `mKw Fm-hn[ PU-ns aen-\-X-I-fn \npw ip-cmbn hnip
PohnXw \bn-pI F-XmWv (2 -sImcn. 7:1). tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ \psS Pohn-X-n-tep Wnv
PUnI taml-sf ]pd-m-p-hm Ahs\ A\p-h-Zn-bpw thWw (tdma. 13:14) Atm Ah \psS
(aXy-i-co-c-n) PUn shfn-sSpw ({]Xy--\mIpw) (2- sImcn. 4:11). CXp km[n-p-Xp tbip-{InkvXp-hn-ep hnizm-kw sImp am{X-amWv (Kem. 2: 20), AXm-bXv \psS PUi-co-chpw tbip-{In-kvXphns ico-c-am-Ip k`bvp kan--Xm-bn-cn-Ww (sImtem. 1:24).
\mw Al--cn-p-t]m-Im-cn-m \s kvt\ln-p Imhv ""PU-n Nne iqe-fpw'' Xcp-sa-Imcyw Hmn-cn-Ww (2- sImcn. 12:7).
8.
]m]-{]-IrXw.
BZm-ans ]m]w kXn ]c--c-I-fmbn a\p-jy-h-n apgp-h-\mbn hym]n-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Cu

bmXmy-s-bmWv ""]m]-{]-IrXw'' F hmp-sImv hnhcnN-ncnp--Xv. PU-{]-Im-c-ap amXm-]nXm--fn \np P\n-m-Xn-cp tbip-{InkvXp HgnsI a\p-jy-\mbn ]nd-n-cn-p Gh\pw BZmay-]m-]n\p A[n-\cpw Xqew inml-cp-amWv (tdm-a. 5:12-14; 18-19) ]m]-{]-IrXw PU-ns Hcp `mK-am-Ibm AXp {]tXy-Im Hmtcm hyn-bp-sSbpw ]m]-ambn ]cn-W-an-p-p.
294
""]m]-kz-`mhw'' PU-ns kz`m-h-am-Wv, CXv hyn-]-c-amb Pohn-X-n\v XS-- krjvSn-p-p.

"" ssZh-ns ]Xn'' F-Xn a\p-jys ]m]-kz-`m-h-s-n ]Tn-mw.
9.
Cm-in (B-m-i-n).
a\p-jys A`n-emjw AYhm B-hn-izmkw shfn-s-Sp-p--Xn\v cp {Kop ]Z- D]-tbm-Kn-n-cnp-p. Hm-as hmv ""sXenam'' (THELEMA) BWv CXv B{K-ls Nqn-Im-Wn-p-p. cm-a-tXv
""_utfam'' (BOULEMA) Fp ]d-bpp. CXn\v ""cq]-tcJ'' FmWv Aw, cp hmp-Ifpw ssZhns B{K-l--sfbpw ]Xn AYhm cp]-tc-Jsb shfn-s-Sp-phm\mWv D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p--Xv. a\pjy ssZh kzcq-]-n krn-n-cn--bm ssZh-n-\p--Xp-t]mse Cm-in Ah-\p-ap-v.
a\p-jys Bm in ITn-\-am-bn-cn-mw. ssZh-n-\p-th-nbpw ssZh-n-s\-Xn-cmbpw Xocp-am-\-sa-Spm (tbmip 24:15) Ah-\p-I-gnbpw ""PU-tam-l--fn \Sp PU-n\pw at\m-hn-Im-c-pw C-amb-Xp-sNbvXp'' (F-t^. 2:3). Fm Xn-ep ]m] {]Ir-X-nta hnPbw t\Sp-hm a\p-jys Cmi-np km[n-p--X (tdma 7:15-21). BI-bmemWv ]cn-ip-m-mhp tbip {InkvXp-hn IqsS Xcp
in-bp-]-tbm-Knv ""Fmw sNp-hm'' \apv Btem-N\ Xcp-Xv (^n-en. 4:13).
a\p-jys Xocp-am-\- (B-{K-l-) F{X i-am-bn-cp-mepw AXhs\ cn-bn (tbml 1:1213). cn--s-Sp-hm-\mbn ssZho-I-Zm-\-amb tbip {InkvXp-hn hniz-kn-t-Xv AXym-h-iy-amWv (tbml
1:12-13, Atm. {]. 4:12) Hcp-h ssZh-]p-{X-\mb tbip-{In-kvXp-hn hniz-kn-p-tm Ah\v \nXy-Po-h
e`n-p--Xn-\m Ah \-s-Sp-n (tbml 6:39-40).
ssZh-n\v Ah-t-Xp-t]mes B{Klw a\p-jy-\nepw Dm-Ip-XmWv Cw. Cu Imcyw tbip-{InkvXp
\s ]Tn-n-p-Ibpw As\ Pohnp ImWn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp (tbml 5:30, 6:38--- -39) CXp-sIm-mWv
Zmho-Zns\ ""ssZh-ns lrZb {]Im-c-ap ]pcp-j'' AYhm ssZh-lnXw sNp--h (A-tm. {]. 13:22)
Fp ]d-n-cn-p-Xv. Pohn-X-n \nc-h[n hnja {]iv\ Dm-bn-cp-npw Ah ssZh-lnXw
sNp--h-\m-bn-cp-p.
\psS Pohn-n ssZh-lnXw sNpI FXp \psS _pnp a\-n-em-m {]bm-k-ta-dnb HmWv
(tbm-l. 7:17). hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-amb hf-bm ssZh-lnXw sNpI F adnv cq]m-cw {]m]np
Ahs Cw sN-W-sa-mWv ssZhw B{K-ln-p--Xv. Hcm ssZhhN\w ]Tn-p-Ibpw AXn {]Imcw
Pohn-m-Xn-cn-bpw sNp-s-n Pohn-XsIpdn-p Ahs ImgvN-]mSv hncp-]-am-bn-cnpw; ssZh-h-N\-n hy-am-n-bn-cn-p--Xp-t]mse a\p-jy\p kz Xocp-am-\--f-\p-k-cnv kwc-n-p-hm\pw (am
1:19), \nb-a-am- A]-c-s\-Xn-cmbn sImp-h-cm\pw (a-m. 5:40), ap--h-t\mSp ISw hmm\pw (am. 5:42) Ignbpw tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ]n]-p-hm\pw (a-m. 16:24-25), alm BIp-hm\pw (a-m. 20:2627), ssZhoI PohnXw \bn-m\pw (2Xntam 3:12) ap--h-cn \nv ip{ipj kzoI-cn-m\pw (a-m. 7:12)
a\p-jy\v Ign-bp--Xm-Wv.
a\p-jys Xocp-am\w B{K-l-t-m Hcp NphSp IS-pw-tm-gmWv AsXmcp ]Xn Bbnocp-Xv
{Kop-]Zw ""s_mbp-te-am'' (BOULEMA) -bpsS Aw ""B{K-l- ]XnIfm-Ipp'' FmWv. Cu
hmv ]e {]Im-c-n Xa sNbvXn-pv; Fnepw Fmn-sbpw \n-N\w B{K-l--tfm-sSmw
t]mIp ]Xn (tdma. 9:19) Dm-bn-cn-pI Fm-Wv. ssZh-ns Bkq-{XWw sN-s ]Xn
{]Im-c-ap Hcp Am-i-n-bpv (am 11:27).
ap--hsc kwc-n-m-\p Hcp ]Xn B{K-l--fn \np-S-se-Sp-m-hp--XmWv (A-tm. {]. 27:43),
AXp-t]mse ap--hsc D]-{Z-hnm\pw (tbm-l. 11:53; 12:10; 5:33), cn-m\pw (Atm. {]m. 27:39), bm{Xbvmbpw (A-tm. {]. 15:37), bmYmy- Is-phm\pw (Atm. {]. 23:8), bpw sNm\pw (eqtm
14:31) Fn\p, ]m]w sNm\pw (1- ]-t{Xm. 4:3), ]-Xn-I Bkq-{XWw sNm\pw a\p-jys Cm-inp Ignbpw ]-Xn-I ssZh-n \ntm \psS PUn \ntm BImw (2- sImcn. 1:17).
295
296
`mKw 4
ZqX-m-cpsS kwL-\w
Cu {]tXyI ]T-\-`m-Kv \nc-h[n {]mhiyw \mw IXp ssZhhpw kmm\pw Xn-ep Gp-ap-
(bp-w) BWv. Cu bp-n-s\-bmWv ""ZqX-m-cpsS kwL-\w'' Fp hnfn-p--Xv. Cu t]mcm--ns
hni-Zo-I-cWw \psS ]T-\-]--Xn-bpsS koa-bv-pdw IS-p-sa--Xn-\m Npcp-t-n-bn-cn-p-p. Fmbn-cp-mepw ChnsS Fn\v Cu a\p-jy-hw? F bpK-]-c-amb tNmZy-n\p Dcw e`n-t--Xn-\mbn
Hcp _mly-hn-h-cWw AXym-h-iy-hp-am-Wv.
Hcp ]t a\p-jy-kr-jvSnp apv ssZhw as-s-nepw Xc-n-ep Pohn-Isf ChnsS ]mnn-cn-mw.
Ah-cm-bn-cnmw ""ZqX-m'' F t]cn Adn-b-s--Xv. Cu ZqX-m-cpsS {]amWn ssZh-ns m\w
Xt-Xm-p-hm {ian ""eqn-t^'' Bbn-cp-p (sb-i. 14:12-14). As\ eqn-t^ ]m]w sNp-Ibpw
(sb-sl. 28:11-19) C-dn-b-s-Sp--Xp-t]mse ]nimNpw kmm\pw Bbn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp (sh-fn. 12:9).
kmm inn--sv \nXymn-bn hogpw. Cu \nXymn ]nim-Nn\pw Ahs ZqX-mpw Hcp-n-bncn-p--Xm-Wv (a-m. 25:41).
ssZh-ns Cu Xocp-am-\-n-s\-Xn-cmbn kmm Ao sImSp-p. Fs-m, hn[n \S-m-pXp DS-s\-b-, {InkvXp-hns Bbn-c-amp hmgvNbvp tij-amWv (sh-fn. 20:14) kmm\pw ssZhhpw
Xn-ep Cu t]mcm--n-\n-S-bn hcp--Xn-\m a\p-jy\v Ah-t-Xmb Hcp ]v CXn-ep-v.
Cu t]mcmw hnizm-kn-I-sfbpw _m[n-p--Xmbn Atm-kvX-e-\mb ]ueqkv Ft^. 6:12 hy-am-nbn-p-v: ""\app t]mcmw DXv PU-c---tfm-S-, hmgvN-I-tfmSpw A[n-Im-c--tfmSpw Cu A-Imc-ns temIm-[n-]-Xn-I-tfmSpw kztm-I--fnse ZpjvSm--tk-\-tbmSpw At{X.'' hnizm-kn-Ip
t]mcmw DXp kl-]u-c-m-cmb ap a\p-jy-cp-am-bn- ]nstbm kmm-t\mSpw Ahs ssk\ytmSpw BIp-p. BI-bm Cu t]mcm--n ]m-fn-I-fm-tI--Xn\v ssZh-ns km-bp[ hw
[cn-p-sIm-t-Ww. ""AXp-sImv \n Zpn-h-k-n FXnm\pw kI-ehpw kam-]n-nv Dd-p-\nev]m\pw Ign-tb--Xn\p ssZh-ns km-bp-[-hw [cn-p-sImho'' (F-t^. 6:13).
Cu t]mcm--ns hni-Zo-I-c-Wtam \psS hne-s ]m-fn-tam Hpw Ctm ]q-ambn Adn-bphm Ign-bp--X-, Fm Hcp Znhkw AXp shfn-s-Sp--sSpw (1- sIm-cn. 13:12) BI-bm Ctm
\app e`n-n-cn-p Adn-hn{]-Imcw hnizm-k-n \S-bpw (F-{_m. 11:6) ssZh-sbpw ap--hscbpw kvt\ln-p-Ibpw sNbvXm aXn (atm. 12:29-31).
297
298
299
300
Aymbw 7
ssZhoI
]-Xn-bpsS
D]-tZiw
301
302
`mKw1
shfnmSv: ss__n
(ss__n XXz-imkv{Xw)
ssZhw a\p-jy\p kzbw shfn-s-Sp-n-b-Xns Fgp-X-s hnh-c-W-`m-K-amWv ss__n. ssZhw Xs

krjvSn-I-fnIqsSbpw shfn-s-n-p-v. (tdm-a. 1:20) "shfn-mSv' F hmn\v ""ad \on-Im-WpI'' FmWw. ssZhs Adn-bp-hm\pw ImWp-hm\pw ssZh-h-N-\-nIqsS km[n-p--Xm-Wv. Ncn-{X-n-ep-S\o-f-ap a\p-jy-cn\np {]tXyI hyn-Ip Xs shfn-mSp hbvp-Ibpw Ahp Xnc-s-Spns {]tNm-Z\w \evIn Ah-sc-smv Fgp-Xn--bp-ambn-cpp. CXn-s\-bmWv ""Znhy-{]-tNm-Z\w'' AYhm
""Ckv]n-td-j'' Fp ]d-bp--Xv.
Cu {]tXyI shfn-m-Sn-sbpw {]tNm-Z-\-n-sbpw cN-\-bpsS t\cn-p tat\mw hln-Xv ssZhw
Xs Bbn-cp--Xn-\m-em-Wv {]mcw` ssIsb-gpp {]Xn-I sXp-Iq-SmsX e`n-m CS-bm-b-Xv. AXpsImv \psS Bo-I-amb GXp Imcy-nepw \s \bn-p-hm\pw \nb-{n-p-hm\pw ss__n-fn\p
kw]q A[n-Imcw Dv, Fs-m AXp ssZh-h-N-\-am-Wv.
B. C.
1450 400s Ime-L---fn hyXy--cmb At\I hyn-Isf sXc-s-Sp-mWv ssZhw ]g-b-\nbaw (39 ]pkvX-I-) apgp-h Fgp-Xn-n--Xv. AXp-t]mse A. D. 46-96s Ime-L---fn hnhn[ Xpd-Ifn-ep ap-]-epw {]tNm-Z\w \evIn-bmWv ]pXn-b-\n-baw (27 ]pkvX-I-) ]qo-I-cn-Xv Ch-IfmWv Xncp-sh-gp-p-I-fpsS Imt\m. thZ ]Tn-Xm- {]tXyIw Hmn-cn--Ww, hyXykvXcpw Xnc-sSp--shcp-amb a\p-jyv {]tNm-Z\w \evIn ssZhw Xs shfn-mSp-I Fgp-Xn-b-Xv, a\p-jy-hn\v Hcp Fgp-X-s Imt\m AYhm A[n-Im-c-]{Xw Dm-bn-cn-t--Xn\m-Wv. Cu ]pkvX-I- IqntNmWv ss__n F GI {Kw \apv e`n-n-cn-p--Xv.
303
304
`mKw 2
alm {]iv\w : ]m]w

(]m-]X
- X
- z-im-kv{Xw)
A.
BapJw:
ssZh-ns \nb-an--s-n-cn-p \nb-a--fpsS ewL-\-s-bmWv km[m-c-W-bmbn ]m]w Fv hntijn-n-n-cn-p--Xv. ssZh-ns hN-\hpw CXp-hy--am-p-p-v. ""\ymb-{]-amWw Cm-n-Sv ewL\-an-, ]m]s IW-n-Sp-n'' (tdma 4:15, 5:13). Bcpw ]m]w sNm-Xn-cn-m-\m-bn-mWv ssZhw {]amW-sf hn-cn-p--Xv, BI-bm AhbpsS ewL\w ]m]w XsbmWv. F{_mb {Kop `mj-I-fn
]m]-n\p D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p cp hmp-I Nm (CHATA) lmanb (HAMARTIA) Fn-h-I-fmWv.
cn\pw ""eyw sXpI'' F A-amWv. Avv Fp-h ey-m-\v (tI-{-m-\w) sImnm Ign-bmsX ]cm-P-b-s-Sp--Xn-s\-bm-WnXp Nqn-Im-p--Xv. Hcm \n-bn--s-n-cn-p m\p
\npw Aev]w amdn-bmepw eyw sXn-b-Xp-X-s.
B.
aqp hyXy--amb ]m]--fmWv ssZh-h-N-\-n ImWm Ign-bp-Xv:

1.
Npa--s-n-cn-p ]m]w (B-tcm-]n--s-n-cn-p ]m]w)
Hmtcm-a-\p-jy\pw P\n-p-tm Xs BZm-ans ]m]-ns D-c-hm-Znhpw inbpw Gs-Sp-pI-bm-Wv. Npa--s-n-cn-p ]m]w IMPUTED SIN F-Xp-sImv BZm-ay-h-n-t ss]Xr-I-ambn
h-`-hn-p BZn]m]w (P--]m-])-s-bmWv Nqn-Im-p--Xv. tdma 5:12 C{]-Imcw hmbn-p-p,
""AXp-sImv, GI-a-\p-jy\m(-B-Zmw)-]m-]hpw ]m]-m ac-Whpw temI-n ISp Cs\
Fm-hcpw ]m]w sNbvI-bm ac-Whpw kIe a\p-jy-cnepw ]cnn-cn-p-p.'' hopw 5:18,19
""As\ GIs ewL-\-m (BZmw sNbvX ]m]-ew-L-\s Nqn-m-p-p) kIe a\p-jypw
inm-hn[n h-Xp-t]mse GI-\o-Xnbpw ({In-kvXp-hn-s) kIe a\p-jypw Poh-I-c-amb \oXn-Ic-Whpw hp. GI a\p-jys A\p-k-c-W-tI-Sn-\m At\Iw ]m]n-I-fmbn Xo-Xp-t]mse GIs
A\p-k-c-W-m ({In-kvXp-hns) At\-I \oXn-am-m-cn-bn-ocpw.'' BZ-ans ]m]hpw inm-hn[nbpw a\p-jy-h-ns Hmtcm AwK--fnepw hym]-cn-p-hm CS-bm-bn.
CXp kw`-hn-Xv ùanI ]nXm-hnIq-sS-bm-Wv Hmn-cn-tXv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. Fm tbip{In-kvXp-hn\v Hcp ùXnI ]nXm-hn-m-bn-cpp Ah\v Dm-bn-cp-Xv kzmob ]nXm-hmWv, Bb-Xn-\m
BZm-ans ]m]w Ahs ta Npa--s-n-.
2.
P-kn--amb (A-eo-\-am-bn-cn-p-) ]m]w:
Btcm-]-W-n\v hnt[-b-s--Xns ê-ambn kIe a\p-jy-cnepw P-kn--ambn IpSn sImp ]m]

305
{]Ir-X-s-bmWv P-]m]w Fp ]d-bp--Xv. Cu ]m] {]Ir-X-amWv a\p-jys\ hyn-]-c-amb ]m]

{]hnmbn Dm-ln-n-p--Xv. k km[m-c-W-ambn \mw tIp ]m] {]IrXw AYhm
]gb a\p-jy CXmW.v BZm-ans ]m]w aqew Dmb inm-hn-[np amw hs-nepw \psS
imco-cnI acWw hsc ]m]-ns {]IrXw \n Ah-ti-n-pp (tdma 6:6, 8:1).
Atm-kvtXm-e-\mb ]ueqkv ]m] {]Ir-X-hp-am-bp t]mcm-n Xs kzw A\p-`hw hnh-cn-pXv tIp-I, ""Rm Cn-m-Xns\ sNpp Fntem \ymb-{]-amWw \Xv Fv Rm kXn-p-p. BI-bm AXns\ {]hn-p-Xp Rm\ Fn hkn-p ]m]-at{X; Fn
Fp hm Fs PS-n \ hkn-p-n Fp Rm Adn-bp-p \ sNm-\p Xmev]cyw
F\n-p-v, {]hnptXm C'' (tdma 7:16-18). Cu `mK-p-\np ]utem-n\p t\cn Nne
]cm-P-b- Ahs ]m]{]IrXw sImm-bn-cpp Fp a\-n-em-mw. am{X-hp-a CXv ]cn-ip--mhn-t\m-Sp Hcp bpw IqsS-bm-Wp Kem. 5:16,17hsc-bp `mKv Ah hy-am-p-p. BI-bm
Hcp hnizmkn ""]gb a\p-jys\ Dt]-n--W-sav'' ]utemkv hopw HmsSp-p-p-v
(Ft^. 4:2022).
hopw HmpI tbip{InkvXp-hn Ipw Btcm-]n-X-Xnt\m P-kn--am-btXm Bb bmsXmcp
]m]hpw Cm-bn-cp-p.
3.
hy-]-c-amb ]m]w.
hyn-]-c-amb ]m]w Fm ssZh-ns AXn ewLn-p {]hn-bm-Wv. \mw tamsi-bpsS

\ymb-{]-am-W-n Iogn A-nepw AXn ]d-n-cn-p kmmnI \nb-a- Pohn-X-n
Ctmgpw hne-bp--Xm-Wv. 1 Xntam1:8-10-hsc `mKp ]utemkns {]m-h\ hmbn-pI: ""\ymb{]-am-Wtam \oXn-am-\-, A[n-I, A`-, A\p-k-cWw sI-h, ]m]n-I, Aip-, _lym, ]nXr-l-m-, amXr-l-m-, Ipe-]m-X-I, Zp\-S-p-Im, ]pcp-j-ssa-Yp-\-m, \c-tamjvSm-, t`mjvp-]-d-bp--h, I-kXyw sNp--h Fo-h-mpw ]tXym-]-tZ-i-n\p hn]co-X-amb ap GXn\pw At{X shn-cn-p-Xv Fv {Kln-p-sImv AXns\ \ymtbm-Nn-X-ambn D]tbm-Kn-m \ymb-{]-amWw \-Xp-Xt Fp \mw Adn-bp-p.'' ap-]m-]-sf PUns {]hnI-fmbn Kem 5:19-21-hscbp `mKp ]d-n-cn-p-p, ""PUns {]hn-Itfm Zp-S-v, Aipn, Zqj-Ww, hn{K-lm-cm-[-\, B`n-Nm-cw, ]I, ]nW-w, Pmc-i-, t{Im[w, imTyw, Zzz-]-w, `nXm, Akq-b, aZy-]m-\w, shdn-pv apX-em-bh Fp shfn-hm-pp Cu hI {]hn---h
ssZh-cmPyw Ah-Im-i-am-p-I-bn Fp Rm apt ]d--Xp-t]mse Ctmgpw \n-tfmSp apIqn
]d-bp-p.''
C.
aqp-Xcw hyn-]-c-amb ]m]-:

1.
am\-nI ]m]-.
Hm-a-Xmbn \mw F\ Nnn-pp F-Xns\ B{in-bn-p--XmWv am 5:28- tbip ]dp,

""Rmt\m \n-tfmSp ]d-bp-Xv kv{Xosb tamln-t--Xn\v Ahsf t\mp--h Fmw lrZbw
sImv Ah-tfmSv hy`n-Nmcw sNbvXp-t]mbn.'' \psS a\-nepw Nn-bnepw ]m]w IS-p-h-cmw. Ah
hnip Nn-I-f-m--Xn-\m-emWv ]m]-am-Ip-Xp Fsm ssZhw hnip--\m-bn-cn-p-Xp-t]mse
\mapw hnip--m-cm-bn-cn-t-W-sa-m-Wtm Iev]n-n-cn-p-Xv (1 -]t{Xm 1:16). tamsi-bpsS {]am-Wnse ]m-as ""tamln--cpXv'' F \nbaw a\-ns ]m]-s-bmWv ImWn-p-Xv (]pd 20:17).
a\-ns ]m]hpw ap-]m-]--sf-t]mse kvt\l-ns \nb-as ewLn-p--XmWv bmtm.
2:89hscbp `mKv `mKn-I-ambn CXn-s\mcp DZm-l-c-W-ap-v, Fm ""Ipp-Im-cs\ \ns-tmse
Xs kvt\ln-tWw F Xncp-sh-gp-n\v H-hw cmP-Iob \ymb-{]-amWw \n \nhr-npp Fn \v. apJ-]w ImWn-mtem ]m]w sNpp; \n ewL-\-m Fp \ymb{]-am-W-m Adn-bpp; am\-nI ]m]w {]Xy {]hnI-fm shfn-s-p-h-cpw.''
306
2.
\mhns ]m]-.
cm-as hyn-]-c-amb ]m]w \psS kwkm-c-n-eq-sS-bm-Wv. \mhns tZmj-s-p-dnv bmtm_ns teJ-\-n Hcp \o Jn-I-Xs sImSp-n-pv (3 :110). H]Xmw Iev]-\-bnepw CXp
hy-am-n-bn-pv Ipp-Im-cs t\sc I-kmyw ]d-b-cpXv (]p-d. 20:16). kmm (F-Xn-cm-fn) F
]nimNv (A-]-hm-[n) BWv ap--hs-Xn-cmbn \mhp-sImv ]m]w sNn-p--Xns {]am-Wn. \mhpsIm-p ]m]-ns kzm`mhw ssZh-kvt\-l-nepw ]c-kv]c kvt\l-nepw ]d-tb-n-bn-cn-pXv ]d-bmsX AkXy-am-bXp ]d-bp-I-sb--Xm-Wv.
3.
]c-ky-amb ]m].
aqm-a-sbpw Ah-km-\-s-bp-amb hyn-KX ]m]w Hcphs {]hn-bmWv. Cu a\p-]q {]hnbpsS aqp DZm-l-c-W- 6,7,8 Fo Iev]-\-I-fn Xn-p.v
z
""Ipe-sN-c
- pXv''
""hy`n-Nmcw sN-cpXv''
""tamjvTn--cpXv.''
bmtm 4:17 ""\-sN-m-\-dn-npw sNm-h\v AXp ]m]w Xs'' Fp ]d-n-cn-p-p.

an-hmdpw ]m]- \mw Nnn--Xmb aqp-X-c--fnepw s]Sp--h-bm-bn-cnpw Ipe-]m-X-Is Ipdnpw
tbip ]d-Xv AXp a\-nepw \mhn-\m-epw, {]hn-bmepw ]qn-I-cn--s-Spp FmWv (a-m.
5:21--- 23).
tbip-{InkvXp Hcn-epw Cu hI hyn-]-c-amb ]m]- Hpw sNbvXn-n (1 ]t{Xm 2:22).
307
308
`mKw 3
]cn-lmcw: c
(cm XXz-imkv{Xw)
A.
BapJw:
tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-m a\p-jy-h-n\p ]m]w Fpw henb {]iv\w Xs-bm-I-bm AXns inbn \np tamN\w {]m]n-t-Xp AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. ssZhw Xs ]c-am-[n-Im-c-n k-P-\nepw a\p-jy\p ]m]-n \np c-s]-Sp-hm-\p Hcp kaqe ]Xn Xm-dm-n. Cu ]-Xn-bpsS
hne (aq-ey-X) tbip {InkvXp-hns Poh Xs-bm-Wv. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Pohs\ adp-hn-e-bmbn
sImSpp ssZh \oXnbpw \ymbhpw \nhr-np C{X t{ijvT-amb Hcp adp-hne sImSp-mt\m ]nXmhns\ kwXr-]vXn-s]-Sp-mt\m ap bmsXmcp a\p-jypw kmy-a-m-bncpp. Cu tbip-{In-kvXp-hns
kzbw _en-bn hniz-knv ssZh-ns cm ]-Xn-bn ]m-fn-I-fm-Ip-hm ssZhw Fm a\p-jyscbpw Wn-pp (2 -sImcn. 8:9).
B.
kphn-tijw:
kphn-tijw F-Xn\v ""\-h-am\w'' (hm) FmWv Aw. Cu \-h-am\w ""c

hnizm-k-m am{Xw, tbip {InkvXp-hn am{Xw'' F efn-X-amb Adn-bn-mWv (A-tm. {]. 16:30, 31).
tdma Imc-{K-l-{]-amWn ]ueq-n-t\mSv tNmZnp c-{]m-]n-m Rm Fp sNtWw ? ]ueqns
adp-]Sn ""Im-hmb tbip-{In-kvXp-hn hniz-kn-pI Fm \o c {]m]npw'' Fm-bn-cpp.
cn--s-Sp-hm tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-ep hnizmkw AXy-m-t]-n-X-amWv (tbml 3:16,18,36) FpsImm asmcp \maw CXn-\mbn ssZhw a\p-jy\v \evIn-bn-n (A-tm. {]. 4:12).
Fm a\p-jycpw c-{]m-]n--W-sav ssZhw B{K-ln-pp (1 Xntam 2:4, 2 ]t{Xm 3:9) AXp-sImmWv tbip-{InkvXp kIe a\p-jypw thn adp-hn-e-bm-bn-XoXpw (1- tbml 2:2) Fm-h-tcbpw
Xn-tev BIjn-p-Xpw (tbm-l. 12:32). ]cn-ip-m-mhv k a\p-jypw ]m]w F alm
{]iv\spdnv t_m[-h-Xv-cWw \S-p--sXm-sSmw AXn\p ]cn-lm-c-ambn tbip-{InkvXp apSnb henb hne-sb-IqSn shfn-s-Sp-p-pv (tbm-l. (16:715).
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ AwKo-I-cn-p Bcpw Adn-n-cn-t ASn-m\ XXz-{]-Imcw tbip ssZham-bn-cp-h\pw, a\p-jy-\mbn Ah-X-cn--h-\m-sWpw (tbm-l. 1:1,14), \psS ISw hnp-hm-\mbn Ah
acn-spw (bYm ac-Ww) aqmw \m icn-c-tmsS Dbns-gp-t-pw (1- sImcn 15:35) hnizkn-t--Xm-Ip-p.
C.
Ir]:
\aplXbn-mXpw \apv kz]-cn-{i-a-m t\Sm Ign-bmXp-amb Hv kuP-\y-ambn e`n-p-Xn-\mWv Ir] (GRACE) Fp ]d-bp--Xv. \pv Al-X-s--Xm-bn-cp-s-n AXn\v Iqen Ft
309
]d-bmam-bn-cp-pp, Fs-m AXp \psS Azm-\-ns ê-am-Wv. c-bn \apv e`n-p

Ir] ssZhoI Zm\-am-Wv. Xncp-sh-gpp ]d-bpp ""Ir]-bm-etm \n hnizmkw aqew cn--sn-cn-p-Xv; AXn\pw \n Imc-W-am; ssZh-ns Zm\-at{X BIpp, Bcpw {]iw-kn-m-Xncn-m {]hn-Ifpw Imc-W-am'' (Ft^. 2:8,9). ssZh-ns Ir] e`n--tm hnizm-k-m c
ssIhp BI-bm kphn-ti-js ssZh-ns Ir]-sbp hnti-jn-n-n-cn-pp (A-tm. {].
20:24).
tbip-{InkvXp XmXs \apv ssZh-Ir-]-bpsS amXrI BbnXop (tbm-l. 1:14-17).
D.
hnizmkw.
hnizmkw Fm B{ibw Fm-Ww. hnizm-k-n tbmKy-XIsmpw m\-an Fm

hnizm-k-ns FXn`m-Kv AXp thn-h-cpw. hnizmkw Hcp {]hr-n-b-.
a\p-jy-cmb \mw c-{]m-]n-t--Xns Bh-iy-IX t_my-am-Ip-tm ap--hsc t]mse AXn\mbn ]e {]hn-Ifpw sNm-dp-s-nepw ssZhw Ir]-bm kuP-\y-am-bn-X-n-cn-p cm ]Xnsb kzoI-cn--bn-. ssZhw \s ""k{]-hn-Imbn krn-n-cn-pp'' FXp kXyw
Xs (Ft^. 2:10). Fm AXv cn--s--tijw sNt Imcy-am-Wv. Hcn-epw cn--s-Sp-hm\mbn. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ]cky ip{iqjmIme-sm-cn- "\nXy-Po-h' Ah sImSp-p- Zm\am-Ipp (tbml 6:26,27) Fv ]Tn-n-p. DSs\ P\- Ah-t\mSv ""ssZh-n\p {]km-Z-ap {]hnIsf {]hn-t-Xn\v R Fv sNtWw Fp tNmZnp(6:28) tbip Ah-tcmSv ssZhn\v {]km-Z-ap {]hn Ah Ab--h-\n \n hniz-kn-p--Xt{X'' (tbml 6:29) Fpcw ]d-p. AXm-bXv \n cn--s-tS--Xn\v hniz-kn-pI F {]hn sN-Ww Fmbn-cptm? Hcn-epw A, F-m hnizmkw Hcp {]hn A. \psS hnizmkw Hcp {]hn
BsW-n c-mbn ssZhw {]hn-Xv \njv^-e-am-Ipw.
ssZhw Hmtcm-cp-pw hniz-kn-p-hm-\pw, Xnc-s-Sp-p-hm\pw Ign-hp-I \evIp-p. AXv \s
Ahs kzcq-]-n krn--Xns (D-ev]. 1:26,27) Hcp `mK-am-Wv. ssZhw a\p-jy\p Xnc-s-Sp-n\p kw]q A[n-Imcw sImSp--Xn-\m Ahs Xnc-s-Spv kZm ka-bhpw icn-bm-bn-cn--Wsa--an-. Fm Xn-sb-sX-c-s-Sp-m-\p a\p-jys Ignhv Ah-s\bpw, Ah-sfbpw AhcpsS hyn-]-c-amb Xocp-am-\--fpsS D-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap--h-cm-p-I-bm-Wv. a\p-jy X-fpsS Xnc-s-Spm-\p Ignhv D]-tbm-Knv tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ Xnc-s-Sp-p-n-m-sb-n bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-an
Ah Xnc-s-Sp-p-Xv Ah\v FXn-cm-bp--Xns\ BIpp (a-m. 12:30; tbml. 3:18). tbip-hns\
Xnc-s-Sp-bpw hniz-kn-p-Ibpw sNbvXm kz-n \nXy-Po-hs\ Ah-Im-i-am-p-I-bmWv adnv
tbip-hn\p hntcm-[-am-b-Xns\ Xnc-s-Sp-p-I-bm-sW-n inm-hn-[nbpw \c-I-n \nXy-Po-h {]m]np-I-bm-bn-cnpw (tbm-l. 3:36).
E.
am\-m-cw.
am\-m-cw Fm ""a\-ns am-amWv'' AXm-bXv Hcp-hs hnizmkw amdn asmp kzoI-cn

Fw. Bcpw \in-m-Xn-cn-t--Xn\v Ahnizm-kn-I Ah-cpsS a\p amn tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\
AwKo-I-cn--W-sa--XmWv ssZh-ns B{K-lw (2- ]-s{Xm 3:9; Atm. 2:21). CXp Hcp bmYmyw
Dd-m-n-X-cp--sX--m tbip-{InkvXp \psS ]m]-ISw sImSpp hon-bn-cn-p-I-bm C\n \mw
Hpw sImSp-t--Xm-bn-n (eqtm 24:45-47). Cu a\w am-amWv {InkvXp-hn e`n-p ]pXnb
Pohs ASn-m\w (F-{_m. 6:1).
hnizm-kn-I-fm-b-hpw a\w amw Bh-iy-apv Fs-m, Nne Im-cy- kXy-am-sWv Ah IcpXn-bn-cp-Xv Ak-Xy-am-bn-cnmw (2- Xn-tam. 2:24, 25). X ]m]-a-v hnNm-cn-h ]m]-am-bn-cp-ncnmw (2 -sImcn 7:9,10). Cs\ hcp-tm Bh-I-Im-cy-sf ssZh-tmSp Gp-]-dp a {]m]nt--XmWv (1- tbml 1:9).
F.
\oXn-I-cWw.
\oXn-I-cWw Fm Hcp-h \oXn-am BIpp Fp {]kvXm-hn-p-I-bm-Wv. a\p-jy ]m]n-bm-bncnt kzbw \oXn-am-\m-bn-o-cp-hm-t\m, ssZhnI Iqm-bva-bnse hnip-nbpw \oXn-I-c-Whpw {]m]n-p310
hmt\m km[n-p--X (sb-i. 64:6, tdma 3:20). CXmWv a\pjy Pohn-X-nse alm-{]iv\w, Fs\
Hcph\v \oXn-am-\mbn ssZh-k-n-[n-bn {]th-in-p-hm Ignbpw? CXns Ccw D]-tZi ]T-\n \nv e`y-am-Wv.
CXns Xmtm `mK-ambn Xnc-s-Sp-n-cn-p tdma 3:19-4:5se {]kvXm-h\ Ipdn-sIm-t-XmWv: (1) \ymb {]am-W
- ns {]hn-If
- m Hcp PUhpw \oXn-Ic
- n-s
- -Sp-n (3:20 cf. Kem. 2:16, 3:24),
(2) \nXo-I-cWw Hcp Ir]m-Zm-\-amWv Fp sIm-m ]m]-ns ISw tbip sImSp-p-hon
(hos-Sp-p) ssZh-\o-Xnbpw \ymbhpw (3:24) ]qn-bmn ssZhs kwXr-]vXn-s-Spn ({]mbmn--nqsS) (3) hnizm-k-m tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-eqsS \oXn-I-cWw {]m]np (3:26), tbip-{InkvXp-hn hniz-kn-p Hcm Ahs \oXn-I-cWw {]m]n-n-cn--bm \oXn-am Fp hnfn--s-Spp.
Ir]-bm hnizmkw aqew \oXn-I-cn--s-Sp--hp {InkvXp \evIp-Xv ssZh-tm-Sp kam-[m-\amWv (tdma 5:1) IqSmsX Ahs \oXn-bmepw \ymb-mepw (tdma. 5:9) Ah \s Ahs tIm]n \np hnSp-hn--bpw, ]m]{]IrXw aqew \apv t\cn-Sp inm-hn-[n-bn \np kzX-{-cm-pIbpw (tdma 6:7) {InkvXp-hn-t\m-Sp-IqsS Ah-Imiw t\Sn-X-cn-Ibpw sNpp (Xop. 3:47).
G.
hnip-o-I-cWw.
hnip-o-I-cWw Fp-h-m \mw hnip--cm-bn-cn---Xn\p \s thXn-cn-n-cn-pp Fm-Ww.

hnip-o-I-c-Ws Af-p-Xv ssZh-ns \oXnbpw, \ymbhpw sImm-Wv. Hcp-h Ir]-bm tbip{In-kvXp-hn-ep hnizmkw aqew \oXn-I-cn--s-Sp-tms hnip-o-I-cn--s-Sp-Ibpw sNpp
(Atm. {]. 26:18, F{_m. 2:11). CXp tbip-{InkvXp Hcn--embn An kz-_-en-bnqsS km[nnv Ft-p-ap hos-Sp-nIq-sSbpw (F-{_. 10:10-14; 13:12), ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-\mepw BIpp
(2 sX. 2:13, 1 ]t{Xm1:2). Hcn- \mw hnizm-kn-I Bbn-Xom Cu hnip-n-I-c-Ws ap-h-cp-ambn ]p-sh-bvm _my--cmWv (F-{_. 12:14).
Cu {]mcw` hnip-o-I-cWw hnizmkn ]m]-an-m-h F KmcUn-b-. sImcn-nse k` tbip
{InkvXp-hn hniz-o-I-cn--s-Xpw hnip--m Fp hnfn--s--hcpw Bbn-cp-npw Pohn-X-ns
Fm taL-e-I-fnepw ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-Ibpw sXp-I sNp-Ibpw sNbvXp FtmWw (1- sImcn. 1:2,30;
6:912).
hnizm-kn-I Xm-fpsS hnip-o-I-c-W-ns Af-hp-tIm-embn {InkvXp-hns\ apnh-p-sIm-Ww (1
-sX. 4:3,4,7; Ft^. 5:25,26, 1 ]t{Xm. 3:15). CXp cn--s-Sp \mfp apX hnip-o-I-c-W-n XpScp-hm\pw \ne-\n-evp-hm\pw klm-bnpw (tdma. 6:19; 1 sX. 5:23). hnizmkn-bpsS hnip-o-I-c-W-nep hf ssZh-h-N-\-n-ep hnizm-k-n IqsSbpw (tbml. 17-:19) ipo-I-c-W-n-\p-th-nKpcp]m-Z-n kzbw kan-p-sImv k{]-hn-I-fn ipjvImn ImWn-p--Xn-ep-sS-bp-amWv (2Xntam. 2:21). hnizm-kn-bpsS Cu A-Ws ({In-kvXp-hn-\m-bn) AwKo-I-cnp ]cn-ip-m-mhv Ahs\
thXn-cn-pp (tdma 15:15,16). CXp sNm--h Ir]sb Xpo-I-cn--bm ssZh-ns ITn-\-amb
in-W-n\p hnt[-b-cmIpw (F{_m. 10:29).
H.
a.
a (FORGIVENESS) Zqsc ]d--b-pI Fm-Ww. CXp A]vlntban (APHIEMI) F {Kop-hm-n

\np hXpw km[m-cW Dt]-n-p-I, XyPn-p-I, hnp-t]mI Fo A--fn Xna sNbvXncn-p--Xp-am-Ipp (a-m. 4:20,22; 5:24). Hns\ ]pd-In-em-n-bnv asm-n-tep t]mIp--Xp-t]mse
]m]s AXns kIe `mc--tfm-Sp-IqsS ]pd-In hntv (F{_m. 12:2) tbip-hns hgn-bn-tev
{]bmWw sNp-p. ]m]hpw ewL-\-fpw aqSn-h-bv-s-n-cn-pp AYhm Ah Ahn-sS-Xs Dnepw AXn-t-ep \ymb-hn[n \nem--s-n-cn-pp (k-n. 32:1; tdma 4:7) {]mb-nw (ATONEMENT) F hmn\pw aqSn-h-bvpI Fm-Ww tbip-{In-kvXp-hns {Iqinse _en-tbm-sS-bmWv
]m]-a (Zqsc ]d--b-) Dm-b-Xv (a-m. 26:27, 28) tbml-mkv\]m-I-sbpw, tbip-{In-kvXphn-sbpw kt-i-nse ImX-emb `mKw ]m] tamN\w F-Xm-bn-cpp (eqtm. 3:3,4; 4:18,19;
Atm. {]. 5:31). \mw IS-s-n-cn-p-tXm (am. 6:12-15) lrZ-b-nse Nn-Itfm As-n ]m] (a-. 9:26) Bbn-cp-mepw tamNn--s-Sp-hm (-an--s-Sp-hm) Ignbpw (A-tm. {]. 8:22).
311
cbvp ]m]-tam-N\w AXym-h-iy-amWv (eqtm. 1:77). ]m]np sImSp-p-ho-p-hm Ign-bm-Xn-cp

ISw tbip-{InkvXp Xs _en-aqew ssZh-n\p sImSpp hon F ASn-m-\-n-em-Wv \apv
]m]-tam-N\w e`y-am-bXv (Ft^ 1:7; sImtem 1:13,14; F{_m 9:22). Hcp-h tbip-{In-kvXp-hn hniz-knp-tm Ahs ]m]w tamNn--s-Spp (Atm. {]. 10:43; 26:18) Fp-sIm--m Ah sImSpp
hot-n-h ISw tbip sImSpp hon. Ahs ]m]-n-\p {]mb-nw (aq-Sn-h-bv) \S-pI-gn-n-cn--bm Ah C\n-ta ]m]-tam-N-\-n-\mbn asmcp bmK Im-Zn-Ifpw \S-t--Xp-an
(F-{_. 10:17,18).
]m]-tam-N\w FXp Ir]-bpsS {]hn-bmIbmepw ssZhw \ap-mbn Ap-X-I-c-amb Hp {]hnn-cn--bmepw \app ]m]s ]pd-In Fdnp aptm-p-t]m-Im Ign-bp-p. Fnepw \ap--dnbmw
\mw Fs-nepw (h-kv{Xtam ap-h-kvXp--tfm) ]pd-In If-np t]mbmepw Nne-tm Ahsb Xncp ]pd-tImp t]mIm-dpv, Fm ssZhw A-s\-b-, Ah ]pd-In-ep-Xv Ft-p-ambn Dt]np (am-bn-p) If-n-cn--bm AXns\ ]noSv Hmp--Xp-an. ""AXn{Ia--fnepw \n-fpsS
PU-ns B{K-l-nepw acn--h-cmbncp \n-sfbpw Ah-t\m-Sp-IqsS Pohn-n-p. AXn-{I-a-
Hsbpw \tmSp an N--fm \apv hntcm-[-hpw, {]Xn-Iq-ehpambn-cp ssIs-gpp
ambn-p {Iqin Xdv \Sp-hn\np \on-I-f-p.'' (C-hnsS {Kop-]-Z-amb A]vln-tb-an-bpsS
Aw ]q-am-Ipp: Erased, Cancelled outFo Cwojv ]Z- D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-Xv ""ambnp''
""\on-I-fp'' F-Xns\ ImWn-m-\m-bn-mWv). hmgvN-I-sfbpw A[n-Im-c--sfbpw Bbq-[-hw
shnp {Iqin Ah-cpsS ta Ptbm-hw sImmSn Ahsc ]c-ky-amb ImgvN-bmn (sIm-e.
2: 13,14) bYm-n \psS ]m]w'' ""]pd-In Fdn-b-sp'' F-Xp-am-{X-a taen ssZh-k-n[n-bn AXv Hm-s-Sp-I-bp-an-s-XmWv hmkvXhw (Atm. {]. 3:19).
hnizm-kn-I ssZh-sbpw (Ft^ 5:1) {InkvXp-hn-s\bpw (1 sImcn 11:1) t]mse-bmbn abpsS
Bm-hp--h-cm-bn-cn-t--XmWv (a-m. 18:21,22). ]m]-a FXp {InkvXp-hns Ay-I-ev]-\-bpsS
Hcp `mK-am-I-bm {InkvXym-\n-I an-p Bfp-I-fm-bn-cn-t--XmWv (eqtm 24:46,47; Atm. {].
10:43, 13:38) \mw Fp-]-tZ-in-p-thm AXn{]-Imcw Pohn-t--Xp-am-Wv.
Hcp-hn-izmkn ]m]w sNbvXmepw AXp ssZh-tmSp Gp ]dp tamN\hpw, ipo-I-c-Whpw {]m]nt-Xv hfsc AXym-h-iy-amWv (1- tbml. 1:610). Cs\ sNbvXmte {InkvXob Pohn-ns hfbpsS ]q-X-bn Fm Ign-bq. tbip-{InkvXp \psS kI-e-]m-]-pw {Iqin ]cn-lmcw
hcp-n-bn-cvIp-I-bm \mw ]m]-tam-N\w {]m]n--h-cm-Wv. Hcp hnizmkn Xs ]m]s (]m-]--sf)
Gp ]d-bp-tmgpw Ahs IS- ho-s--Xm-bn-mWv AwKo-I-cn-t--Xv.
I.
an--s-Sm ]m]w (]-cn-ip-m-m-hn\v FXn-cm-bp-p Zqj-W-amWv.
Hcp ]m]w an--s-Sm--Xm-bn-p-v, AXp ]cn-ip-m-m-hn\v FXncm-bp Zqj-W-am-Wv (am.

12:31,32). ssZhs \nnp--Xn-eqsS Xm Fv Am-bn-cn-p-pthm AXm-sWv kan-p-I-bmWv. Hcp a\p-jy ssZhoI k-bpsS GsX-nepw `mK-tmSv FXnv AXp sXm-Wv m]nm {ian-p-Xv ssZh-Zq-j-W-am-Wv. ]cn-ip-m-mhv kXy-ns Bm-h-I-bm (tbml 14:17)
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ ainlm Bbn shfn-s-Sp-pp (tbml 14:6; 16:13). Hcp-h tbip-hns\ ainlm
Fp kzoI-cn-msX XyPn-p-tm ssZhw tbip-hns\ Ipdnv ]d-n-p Imcy- hymP-sav
Ah m]n-p-I-bmWv (1- tbml. 5:10). Fm tbip-hns\ ainlm Bbn lrZ-b-n AwKo-Icn-p--Xn\p Hcph Cu ico-c-n Pohn-n-cn-p Imew apgp-h ssZhw Ah-kcw Xn-cn-pp
FXp {]Xymim P\-I-am-Wv. ]cn-ip-m-m-hn\p t\sc-bp Zqj-W-s-Ip-dn-p Fm Imcy-fpw
]cn-tim-[n-p-tmgpw tbip-hn-s\-p-dnp ]cn-ip-m-mhp ]d--sXmw hymP-sap m]nv Ahs\
hymP Bp--XmWv ZqjWw Fp Is-p-p. ]t{Xmkv tbip-hns\ Xn-]-d--Xp-t]mse
(am. 26:74) Hcp-h ssZhs Xn-]-d-bp--X ]ntbm ssZhoI shfn-m-Sns\ AwKo-I-cn-msX
Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h B hnizm-k-sa ]m]-n Ign-bp--XmWv Zqj-Ww, F-m lrZb ImTn\y-m tbip {InkvXp-hns cWy {]hnsb Xynv Ahs\ cn-Xm-hmbn kzoI-cn-m-Xncn-p-tm Ah kzbw \nXy-in-m-hn-[nsb Xnc-s-Spp \c-I-n-\h-Im-in-bm-pI-bm-Wv.
312
`mKw 4
`{ZX: ssZh-ns hmKvZw
A.
BapJw:
Hcm tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ cn-Xm-hmbn hniz-kn-w-Ko-I-cnp cn--s-Spw-tm \nc-h[n tNmZy-

Pohn-X-n-tep IS-p-h-cpw, hopw cn--s-Sm Ah Dm-Iptam? AYhm c \-s-Sptam?
cn--s--tijw hopw ]m]w sNp-tam, sNbvXm ]nsbpw cn--s-Smtam? c \-s]-Sp-I-bnv Dd-tmsS ssZh kvt\l-ns `{Z-X-bn Fs\ {InkvXob PohnXw \bn-m km[npw? \nXyPo-h \ap-p-v FmWv Ddv? (1-tbml 5:13)? Fns\ Btem-Nnp \ofp-I-bmWv \psS Cu `mKns ]S\w hnizm-kn-Ip Ah-cpsS tNmZy-p Dcw Is-p-hm klm-bI-am-bn-cn-pw.
B.
ap-dnhpw ap \nb-a-\hpw.
ap-dnhv Fm Hcp Imcys AXp kw`-hnpw apt Adn-bpI FmWv temI-n\v ASn-m\w
CSpw apt Adn-b-s--hm-\mWv tbip (1-]-t{Xm1:20) ap \nb-a\w (\n-bw) FXp {Kop hmmb
{]qdn-Uvtkm (PROORIDZO)bn \n-mWv ""apIp-dmbn AS-bmfw CSpI'' Fm-Ww. km[m-cW AXn-cpI CSp--Xn-s\-bmWv CXp Nqn-Im-p--Xv.
ssZh-ns ap Adnhpw ap \n-bhpw Xn _n--s-n-cn-pp FXv ssZh-h-N-\-n
hy-am-n-bn-pv (tdma 8:29-30; 1 ]t{Xm 1:12). ssZh-ns k-m\-n FSp-t Xocp-am-\fpw, kw`hn-t-p Imcy-fpw am{X-a ]ntbm AXn-\p Fm kmy-X-I-sf-Ip-dn-p-IqSn hyambn Adn-n-cp-p.
ssZh-ns Cu ]-Xn-bnqsS \app ImWm Ign-bp-Xv ssZh-ns aln-asb BIpp Fsm Xs krn-I-fmb a\p-jypw, ZqX-mpw sXcs-Sp-p-hm-\p Ignhp \evIn-sIm-mWv
]Xn \S-m-n-b-Xv. ss__nfn \mw Ip-ap-p {]hN\ `mK- ssZh-ns ap-dn-hns\pdnp
shfn-s-Sp-p-pv (2- ]t{Xm. 3:17). Nne-Im-cy- kw`-hn-m t]mIpp Fp apIqn Adnv
\apv ssZh-ns ]-mtWm kmms ]-mtWm Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn \nevt-Xp Fp Xocpam-\n-m CXp klm-bn-p-p.
C.
DS-Sn.
hyJym-\-n-\p ASn-m\ \nb-a- F 8mw {]am-W-n ssZhw a\p-jy-\p-ambn sNbvX H]Xp

DS--Sn-Isf Ipdnp ]Tn--Xm-Wv. Ah-bn NneXv hyh-m-]n-X-ambn a\p-jys A\p-k-c-W-ns ASnm-\-n-em-bn-cp-s-n ap-h hyh-I IqSmsX ssZh-ns kXy-k--X-bpsS ASn-m-\-nem-bn-cp-p. Cu DS--Sn-I-fn hnizm-kn-Im-h-iy-amb kpc-n-XXzw (`-{Z-X) `qan-bnepw \nXy-X-bnepw
hmKvZm\w sNbvXn-cp-p. BI-bm hopw \n B Aymbw Bhnp hmbn-p-Ibpw ssZhw
\evIn-bn-cn-p hmKvZ \nb-a- \mbn ]Tn-p-Ibpw sN-Ww.
313
D.
\nXy-c AYhm \nXy-amb `{ZX.
CXn\npw \mw a\-n-em-p-Xp c \-s-Sp-I-bn--m-Wv. \mw ]Tn \nb-a--fn IqsS CXp \mw
Is-n-b-Xm-Wv. Cu hnjbw ]Tn-p-tm Ingn-hns Imc-W- Adn-n-cn-t-Xpw AXym-h-iyamWv. ssZhhN\w {]kvXm-hn-p BtKmf hym]-Ia
- mb \nXy-c
- sb kXy-ambn AwKo-Ic
- n-p-tmXs
ss__n-fn \evIn-bn-cn-p Nne {]tXyI hyXym-k- IqsS a\-kn-em-n-bn-cn--Ww. DZm-l-W-ambn
""Fm-hcpw ]m]w sNbvXp ssZh-tX-Pvv Cm--h-cmbn Xop'' (tdma 3:23) F {]kvXm-h-\-sbSpmw. Cu {]kvXm-h\ ss__n Xcp-tmXs AXn \np tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ ths]-Spn
""Ah ]m]w sNbvXn-n'' (1- ]t{Xm. 2:22) Fp ]d-n-cn-p-p. Chn-sS-bmWv Ingn-hns Imc-W-
]Tn-p--Xv. ss__n Fm-hcpw ]m]w sNbvXp Fp ]d-bp-tm \mw Hmtcm-cp-cpw AXn Dsn-cn-pp AtmXs tbip Hgn-hp--h-\m-Wv. BI-bm tbip HgnsI a\p-jy-cmb Fm-hcpw ]m]w
sNbvXp Fp ]d-bp--Xm-bn-cnpw icn. Rm ]m]n-bm-bn-cn-p--]-Xp-t]mse Fm-hcpw ]m]n-I-fmWv
F- bmYmyw k-Xn-p-tmXs AXn \nv tbip-hns\ ths]-Sp-n- \np-I-bm-Wv.
Cu Imc-W--fm Hcp henb sXns\ Cm-Xm-m \app km[n-pp \nXy-c--sb-Ip-dnp a\-n-emp--Xn-te-mbn \mep-am- (kao-]-\-):
1.
bpn-]-c-amb kao-]\w.
CXn-te-mbn aqp DZm-l-c-W- \ap-s-Sp-mw. Hm-aXv c ssZh-ns Ir]-bm hnizmkw aqew

\psS {]hn-I IqSmsX {]m]n--Xm-sW-n a\p-jys bmsXmcp {]hn-bmepw (]m]w DssS) \-s-Sp-hm kmy-a (Ft^. 2:89). cm-a-Xmbn hopw P\-\-m \mw ssZh-a-m-fmbn Xoncn-p-p-sh-n \psS sXp-Ifpw ]cm-P-b-fpw aqew ]nXrXzw \-s-Sp-I-bn (tbml 1:12-13; 2 Xntam.
2:13). aqm-aXv \mw ssZh-ns i{Xp--fm-bn-cnt \psS c-mbn ssZhw Xs kI-eXpw sNbvsXn Ah\v \s ]pdw Xnf-bm Ign-bp--X (tdma. 5:910).
2.
]Z-hn-bpsS kao-]\w.
hnizm-kn-bpsS ]Z-hnsb IW-m-n-\-evIp `{Z-Xsb CXp-sh-fn-hm-p-p. Hcp hnizmkn {InkvXp-hn

BI-bm Ahs ta bmsXmcp inm-hn-[nbpw C (tdm-a. 8:1). {InkvXp-hn-em-bn-cn-p Hcp hnizmknsb ]nXmhp kvt\ln-p-Xv Xs ]p{Xs\ (tb-ip-hn-s\) kvt\ln--Xp-t]mse Xs-bm-Wv. \mw
Ctm Ahs ]p{Xn-]p-{Xam-cmWv (tbml 1:12-13; tdma 8:38-39; Kem 3:26; Ft^ 1:5--8). kXy-n acW-n-\-[o-\-a-m tbip-hns Dbs-gp-t-ev]ns ]m-fn-I-fnWv \ (Ft^ 2:6) asmcp Imcyw
\s Ahs ico-c
- nse (k-`) Ah-bh
-
- Bn-bmWv ]qn-hc
- p-n-bn-cn-p-X
- v. BI-bm Xetbm
Ah-b-htam am-s-m icocw A]qhpw hnIr-X-hp-am-bn-cnpw (1- sImcn 12:13) Xqew \mw Fpw
Ahs ico-c-ns `mK-am-bn-cn-pw.
3.
kwc--W-ns kao-]\w.
kwc--W-ns kao-]\w sXfn-hm-p-Xv tbip-{InkvXp \ap-mbn kmm-s\-Xn-cmbn ]nXr-h-e-`m-Kv ho-embn \S-p hmZ--fn \nmWv (1- tbml. 2:12; shfn 12:10). Ah ssZh-n\pw a\pjy\pw CS-bnse ay--\mbn (a\p-jy\pw ay-n FmWv Mediater F-Xn-\w Man-in-the-middle).
\o hnti-j-X-tb-dnb hmKvZw t\Sn-p (K-em. 3:20; 1 Xntam 2:5; F{_ 8:6; 9:15; 12:24). Ctm Ah
Xs sXc-s-Sp--s--h-cpsS kpc-n-X-Xz-n-\mbn (`-{Z-X-bvm-bn) At]-n-p-I-bmWv (tdma 8:3139) Bsc-nepw Ahs ssIbnse BSns\ Xn-sImp t]mIm {ian-m AXp ]nXm-hn-tbpw ]p{Xtbpw km-[n-Im-c-nta (k-i-n) \S-p hn^-e-amb IS-m-{I-aWw am{X-am-Wv (tbm-l.
10:27-29). (Fgp-p-Im-cs Ipdnv : CsX-\nv ]q kpc-n-XXzw Dd-m-n-bn-cn-p-p)
4.
Bob kao]\w.
c-bpsS `{ZX AYhm \nXy-c

- s
- b-Ip-dn-p \mem-as sXfnhv ]cn-ip-m-m-hns BfXzw, {]h\w
Fn-h-tbmSp \ap-p _-m-emWv. cn--s]-Sm-Xpw sISp _oP-m-ep PUn \np
314
P\n--h-cp-amb a\p-jy-hs ]cn-ip-m-mhv tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-ep hnizm-k-m sISm _oPmep hopw P\\w {]m]n-p-hm klm-bn-p-p. Cs\ P\n--hv hopw acn-p-hm Ignbn (1- sImcn. 15:42-52; 1 ]t{Xm. 1:22-25; tbml. 11:25-26) IqSmsX cn--s-Sp ka-b-p-Xs ]cn-ipm-mhv \apv ]qXbpw amp-hm Ign-bm--Xp-amb \nc-h[n hc-fpw Xn-p-v. (tdma 11:29) hnizmkn-bpsS Dbns-gp-t-ev]ns Am-c-ambn cn--s-Sp kabw apX ]cn-ip-m-mhv Ah-cn
A[n-h-kn-pp (tdma 8:9; 1 tbml 2:27; 2 sIm-cn. 1:22). ]cn-ip-m-mhv hnizm-knsb {InkvXp-hp-am-bp
sFIy-X-bn \ne-\np-hm B-kv\m-\hpw, hos-Sp-n-\m-fn-te-p B-ap-{Z-bpw, AtXkabw
Xs \evIpp (2- sImcn. 1:21-22; Ft^. 1:13-14; 4:30).
E.
Zs-Sp-.
tbip-{InkvXp ssZh-ns GI-Pm-X-\mb ]p{X-\mWv (tbml 3:16) hnizm-k-m \mw tbip-{In-kvXp-hpambn sFIy-s-Sp-tm \ ssZh-ns Zp-]p-{X-m Bbn-Xo-cp-p. Cu Zs-Sp- C{k-tben\p thn-bp--Xm-bn-cp-s-nepw Ah Ah-cpsS ain-lmsb XyPnp If-p (tdm-a. 9:3,4). CXns
ê-ambn Ctm ]nXm-hmb ssZh-ns a F \ne-bn Ah-\p-ambn hfsc ASp--_w
m]n-p-hm\pw tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-t\mSpIqsS Ah-Imiw {]m]n-p-hm\pw hnizm-knp Ah-kcw e`n-n-cn-bmWv (tdma. 8:15-17; Kem. 4:47). Hcp Znhkw Cu Zs-Sp--ens ]q A\p{Kw Fsp \mw a\n-em-p--Xm-bn-cnpw (tdma 8:22-23).
315
316
`mKw 5
`mhn: {]h-N\w
(`mhn-Ime XXz-imkv{Xw)
A.
BapJw:
ssZhw Xs Ir]-bn bpK-mbn Hcp ]Xn Bkq-{XWw sNbvXn-cp-p. kw`-hn-m t]mIp

Ncn-{X-nse {][m\ Imcy-sf Ah \s Adn-bnp. Nne hnj--fn Ah \app IqSp-X Adnhp-Ifpw a-Nn-e-Xn Ipdpw Bbn-mWv Ahsb X-Xv. \msf FXv \psS ssZh-ns Imn-emWv
F bmXmyw \app hniz-kn-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
ssZh-h-N-\-nse AXn-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp hnj-b-amWv {]h-N\w. hmkvX-h-n ss__n-fnse 1189 Aymb--fn 271 Aym-b-fpw {]h-N\ kw_--ambh BIp-p. AXm-bXv ss__n-fns \men Hcp
`mKw {]h-N-\-am-Wv. ap ]p-I-fpw {]h-N\ thZ-`m-K- Dv. BI-bm {]h-N\ ]T\w hfsc {][m\-s Hm-Wv.
{]h-N-\-ns ]T-\-n- Xo-s]-Sp-t Imcyw CXp-hsc kw`-hn-n-n-m (\n-hr-n-bm-Im--Xv)
{][m\ hnj-b--fmWv. CXns ]T\ kuI-cy-n-\mbn Hcp ]pdw N Xm-dm-t--Xp-v. hymJym-\-nep ASn-m\ {]am-W- F Aymbw 4se 15-mw \nbaw Hmp-I. Nne {]hN-\- \nhr-nbm-b-Xmbpw ap Nneh \nhr-n-bm-Im-\p--Xp-sav \mw AhnsS Ip.
\psS Cu ]T-\-n `mhn kw`-h-sf a\-n-em-t--Xn-\mbn hnhn[ {]tbm-K- Xncn--dn-tb-Xm-bn--pv.
B.
bpK-:
{]h-N-\- bpK-]-c-amb hn`-P-\-fp-ambn _-s-n-cn-p-p. 13-mw \nb-a-nse hymJym-\-n-\p

ASn-m\ {]am-W--fnse bpK-sf Ipdnp ]d-n-cn-p-h hnZymn Hmn-cn-t--Xm-Wv.
Ncn-{Xnse hnhn[ Ime-L---fn ssZhw a\p-jyp sNp-hm sImSp hnhn[ D-c-hm-Zn--sf-bmWv bpK--fmbn ]d-n-cn-p-Xv.
bpK-]-c-amb am- ]utcm-ln-Xy-n-sbpw \ymb-{]aWn-tbpw am--fnIqsS a\-n-em-m
Ignbpw (F{_m 7:12). BZm-ans hogvN-ap-X C{km-tba--fpsS an{k-an \np ]pd-m-Sp-h-sc-bp
PmXn-I-fsS bpKw ]qn-bm--s-p. XpSv Bcw-`n C{k-b-y-bpKw (\ym-b-{]-amWw sImSp--Xp -apX) s]-tm-kvXp-\mhsc \op. Fm AXns ]qX atlm-]-{Z-h-Imew Hgnp Zm\n-tb-ens
Fgp-]Xp BgvN-h--{]-Im-c-amWv (Zm-\n. 9:24-27).
Ctm \mw k`m-bp-K-n-em-Wv. AXp s]-tm-kvXp-\m-fn Bcw-`n-Xpw k` FSpp sIm-s]-Sp-Xp-hsc ZoLn-p--Xp-amb Hcp Ime-L--am-Wv. kl-{km--bpKw Bcw-`n-p-Xp tbip-{In-kvXp-hns
317
cmw hc-hn-t\m-Sp-IqsS-bmWvv. Av tbip-{InkvXp temI-ns `cWw Gs-Spv Bbncw hjw \oXntbmsS `cn-p-Ibpw kmms a-c-n-\yw Ipdn-p-Ibpw sNpw.
C.
DXv{]m-]Ww (F-Sp-p-sIm--s-S):
""DXv{]-m]Ww'' FXp Cwojv ]Z-amb Rapture {Konse lm]mUvtkm (HARPADZO) Fv 1 sX-4:17

]d-n-cn-p ]Z-ns eo ]cn-`m-j-bmb dms]sd (RAPERE) bn \np-f-hm-b-XmWv ""FSp-psIm--s]-S'' FmWv icn-bmb Aw.
Cu FSp-p-sIm--s]-S-en Immhv acn-p-t]mb hnip--msc Dbnp Pohn-n-cn-p hnip--mcp-ambn kwtbm-Pn-np Xtm-Sp-tNp--Xm-bn-cnpw (1- sX 4:1417). Cu kw`hw In-a-bvp-n-Sbn \S--p-Xm-bn-cnpw (1 -sImcn 15:51-52).
k`-bs
- S FSp-p-sIm-s
- -St- emsS k`mbpKw Ah-km-\n-p-Ibpw atlm-]{- Z-hI
- mew Bcw-`n-p-Ibpw sNp-Xm-bn-cn-pw.
D.
atlm-]-{Z-h-Imew:
""atlm-]-{Zhw'' (Tribulation) F-hmv {Konse Xvfn]vknkv (THLIPSIS) F hmn \np-m-b-Xm-Wv.

""kw'' FmWv Aw. Hmcm Xs Imep-sImv apn-cn-]gw Nhpn saXn-p--Xp-t]mse temIw
CXp-hsc In-n-mpw {]mW-s\bpw ico-c-sbpw Zn-n-p ]oU\-apd B Imev Dm-Ipw.
atlm-]-{Z-h-Im-es kw`-h- shfn 619 hscbp Aym-b--fn hnh-cn-n-p-v.
Cu Ime-L-
- ns ssZLyw Ggp-hj-am-bn-cn-pw. Zm\n-tb-ens Fgp-]Xp BgvNh
- -
- ns `mK-ambnmWv
CXn-s\bpw ]Tn-t-Xv (Zm\n. 9:24-27). Zm\n-tb {]hm-N-I\p ssZhw sImSp Fgp-]Xp BgvN-h--fpsS hj--sf-Ip-dn-mWv {]h-N\w, CXp Ahs P-\-amb blp-Z\p thn-bm-bn-cp-p. {Iqin--s-tS-Xn-\mbn tbip bdp-i-te-ans hoYn-I-fnIqsS \Sp \on-b-tm 69 BgvN-h---fpsS Imew ]qnbmbn 70-mw BgvN-hw FXv Ggp-hjw BIp-p. k`-bpsS FSp-p-sIm--s-So apX Im-hns
aS-n-h-c-hp-h-sc-bp Ime-L--am-Wn-Xv.
E.
cmw hchv:
atlm-]-{Z-h-Im-e-amb Ggp-hj Ime-ns Ah-km-\-n Im-hmb tbip-{InkvXp s]v cmaXp {]Xy--\m-Ip--Xn-s\-bmWv CXp Nqn-Im-p-Xv (am 24:29), CXpw k`-bpsS FSp-p-sIm--s]Sepw Xn hyXymkw Dv. ChnsS tbip Xs Imep-I hopw `qan-bn Nhnpw (k-J-cy. 14:16),
Fm k`-bpsS FSp-p-sIm-s-S-en Ah taL-n hcn-I-tb-Dp (A-t. {] 1:11).
Cu ka-b-mWv Ah kI-e-i-{Xp--sfbpw Iog-Sn Bbn-c-am-p-hmgvN Bcw-`n-p-Xv (sh-fn. 19:20
20:6). Hm-aXv tbip Xs Imep-I Hen-hp-a-e-bn Nhnpw Atm AXp- c-mbn ]nfcpw ]noSv
C{kmtb-ense tijn-n\p hnSp-X \evIpw (skJ. 14:16). Ah ]n-a-`m-K-ns cmPm-hn-t\mSv kwkmcn-p-Ibpw Ahs\ \in-n-p-Ibpw sNpw (2 -sX-. 2:8; shfn 19:15). ASp--Xmbn Ah BIm-i-p\np Xobv Cdpw hSt cmPy-ns cmPm-hns\ \in-npw (sbl. 38,39). Fs-m Ah sXt
`mK-ns cmPm-hns\ \in-n-n-cpp (Zm\n. 11:40-44) AXn-\p-tijw Ing-t-`m-K-ns cmPm-hp-ambn
kJyX sNpw (sb-i. 63:16; shfn 14:20).
F.
kl-{km km{amPyw:
kl-{km `c-W-IqSw Nqn-Im-p-Xv tbip-{InkvXp cmPm-hmbn Cu `qan-bn hmgp Bbn-c-amp Imeb-f-hn-s\-bmWv (shfn 20:6). Cu cmPy-ns kz`m-hs FSpp ImWn-p At\I thZ`mK--fp-v.
kl-{km hmgvN A{_lmw, ZmhoZv XpS-n-b-h-tcmSp sNbvX DS--Sn-bpsSbpw ]pXnb DS--Sn-bp-sSbpw
\nhr-n-bm-Wv. CXn-\m GZ tXm-nse im]hpw \on-t]m-Ip--XmWv (D-ev]. 3:17-19).
kl-{km--hm-gvN-bpsS ùXnI kz`m-h--fn ChnsS ]d-bp--h-sbmw DsSpw (1) bpw Cmbva
(sbi 2:4; anJm 4:3); (2) arK--fn {Iqc-`mhw Cm-Xm-Ipp (sbi. 11:69; 35:9; 65:25); (3) tcmKhpw AIme-a-c-W-fpw Cm-Xm-p-Ibpw ZoLm-bpv hn-p-Ibpw sNpp (sbi. 29:17-19); (4) kmaq-ly-amtbm,
km-n-I-am-tbm, cm{o-b-atbm D ]oV-\- Dm-bn-cn--bn (sbi. 14:36); (5) P\-kw-Jym-h-318
\hv (bn-caym. 30:20); (6) sXmgn h\ Azm\w (bn-caym. 31:5; sbi. 62:89; 65:21-23); (7) kZv hyh-bn A`n-hrn (sbi. 35:1,2,7); (8) shfn-- \nebvpIbpw btlm-h-bpsS {]Imiw e`n-p-Ibpw
sNpp (sbi. 14:6,7). kl-{km--cm-Py-nse \nhm-kn-I alm-]o-U\s AXn-Pn-hn blp-Z-mcpw
PmXn-Ifpw Bbn-cnpw (am 25:31-46). AtX, ]m] {]Ir-X-tm-Sp-Iq-Snb a\p-jy-cm-bn-cnpw AhnsS
]mp--h. Ahv P\n-p Ipp- cn--s-tS--Xp-am-Wv.
kl-{k--bp-K-nse Bob kz`m-h- : (1) \oXn (aem. 4:2; kn 89:14), (2) kw]q-amb btlm-hbpsS ]cn-m\w (sbi 11:9); 3. ]cn-ip-m--\n-dhv (tbmth 2:28-29); (4.) ktmjw (sb-i. 9:34);
(5) \ymbw (sbi. 9:7; 11:5; 32:16; 42:14; 65:25).
{InkvXp-hns `cWw km-eu-In-I-amb (hn-iz-hym-]-I-am-b) Hm-bn-cnpw (Zm-\n. 7:14; aoJ 4:12; sk^.
3:910; ko. 72:8). AXp sFIy-ns `c-W-am-bn-cn-p-w (sb-l. 37:24-28). \oba ewL-\- (Ip--Ir-Xy) Atijw Dm-bn-cn-p-I-bn (ko. 72:14; shfn. 19:15). `cW kncm-tI{w (X-e-m-\w) sbdpitew Bbn-cnpw (sbi. 2:24; bncay 31:6; aoJ 4:1; sk^. 2:10-11). k-i--\mb ssZh-m AXn\p
kwc-Ww e`npw (sbi. 11:9). AXv Fhpw kzoIm-cyhpw (sbi. 35:89) hen--ta-dn-bXpw (bn-caym 31:
38-40; sbl 48:30; skJ. 14:10) Bbn-cnpw. sbdp-itew `cW tI{-sa--Xp-t]mse Xs Bcm-[-\-bpsS
tI{hpw Bbn-cnpw (bnc. 30:16-21; 31:6,23; tbmth. 3:17; skJ. 8:8,20). kl-{km tZhm-e-bhpw AhnsS
Bbn-cnpw (sbl. 40:146:24). ]ptcm-lnX ip{iqj kmtZm-ns hwi-n-\m-bn-cnpw (sbl 43:19; 44:15).
G. henb sh knwlm-k-\-n-se \ymb-hn[n:
CXp \S-p-Xp kl-{km--bp-K-n\p tijhpw kmms\ Aev]-Im-e-tv kzX-{\m-n-b-Xns
tij-hp-am-Wv. cm{-sf hopw Xs NXnsWnbn hogn-p-hm\pw, tKmKv, amtKmKv XpS-n-b-h-cpsS
t\Xm-hmbn Ahsc hopw a-c-n\p \bn-p-hm\pw Ah\p A\p-hmZw Dm-bn-cnpw (sh-fn. 20:78).
kl-{km cmPy-nse \nhm-kn-I-fn cn--s-Sm-Xn-cp--h Fmw kmms {]P-I-fmbn amdpw.
Fm Imhv Cu \mfp-I-fn kmms kI-e-hn[ t]mcm---tfbpw Ahm-k-\n-n-p-Xp BImi-p-\np s]p XosIm-m-bn-cn-pw. AXn-\p-tijw kmms\ arKhp I {]hm-N-I\pw InS-p
Xos]m-bvI-bn-tev Xn-I-fbpw (shfn. 20:910).
HSp-hn, Ahn-izm-kn-I-sfmw Ah-km\ \ymb-hn-[n-mbn ""sh knwlm-k-\-n\v'' ap]n Fpw ""
Poh-]p-kvX-I-n t]sc-gp-Xn-m-Wm Gh-t\bpw XosmbvI-bn Xn-bnSpw'' (sh-fn. 20:15).
H.
\nXy-X-bpsS Ah:
Cu \nXy-X-bpsS Ah-sb ""ssZh Znhkw'' FmWv ]t{Xmkv Atm-kvtXm-e hnfn-n-cn-p-Xv

(2 ]t{Xm. 3:12). CXv Bcw-`n-p-Xv henb sh knwlm-k-\-n-se \ymb-hn-[nbvpw Cu h-am-\Ime `qan-bp-sSbpw BIm-i-n-sbpw \mi-n\pw, ]pXp-hm\ `qan-I-fpsS krn-n-\p-ti-jhpw Bbn-cnpw
(sbi. 65:17; 66:22; 2 ]-t{Xm. 3:12,13; shfn 21:1). ]pXnb `qan-bn Hcp ]pXnb bdp-itew Dm-bn-cnpw
(shfn. 21:25) AhnsS C{k-tb-ense 12 tKm{X--fpsS t]cpw 12 Atm-kvtXm-e-m-cpsS t]cp-Ifpw sImnbn-cn-pw, Fnepw ]pXnb bcp-i-te-an tZhm-ebw Dm-bn-cn-p-I-bn-. Fp-sIm--m IpmSv
(tb-ip-{In-kvXp) AXns shfn--am-bn-cn-pw (shfn. 21:22-23). ssZh knwlm-k-\-n \np ]pd-s-Sp
""Poh-Pe \Znbpw'' \Zn-I-fpsS Ic-I-fnepw ]{-p-hn[ êw Imbn-p ""Poh-hr-hpw'' Dv. amkw
tXmdpw AXp AXm-Xp-êw sImSp-pp (shfn. 22:12).
AhnsS bmsXmcp hn[-]m-]hpw Dm-bn-cn--bn (shfn. 21:24-27). tbip-{In-kvXp-hn hniz-knv ]m]-a
{]m]n-n-n-m Bcpw ]pXnb bcp-i-te-antem ]pXp-hm\ `qan-Ifntem ImWp-I-bn-. A-s\-bp--hsc
ImWp-Xp Xos]m-bvI-bn-em-bn-cnpw (sh-fn. 21:8). \nXy-X-bn ]nXm-hn-t\m-sSmp hknv Ahs `mc-nse \ A\p-`-hn-p-hm Pbm-fn-Ip am{Xta Ign-bq. ssZh-n\p \n Itcmw Fp-sIm-m ""temIs Pbn Pbtam \psS hnizmkw Xs'' Bbn-cn-pp (1 -tbml. 5:45).
shfn 21:8se hmIyw hmbn-nv CXp {]tXyIw a\-n-em-p-I, Hcp-h sNbvX ]m]-a Ahs\ kzn \np A\y-\m-Ip-Xp, ]ntbm, tbip {InkvXp-hn hniz-kn-msX Ahs\ XyPn-bpw ]m]tam-N\w {]m]n-m-Xn-cn-bpw sNbvX {]hn aqe-am-Wv.
319
320
321
322
Aymbw 8
ssZthm-t-i-ns D]-tZiw
323
324
`mKw 1
hyn-]-c-amb {IokvXob PohnXw

({In-kvXob PohnX ssZh-imkv{Xw )
A.
BapJw:
Hmtcm a\p-jy-tcmSpw hyn-]-c-am-bp ssZh-ns Dt-is Xs ]p{X-\mb tbip-{In-kvXp-hns

kzcq-]-tmSp A\p-cq-]-amn Xop (tdma 8:29). Cu Dti \nhr-n-mbn Hmtcm hyn-bp-tSbpw Pohn-X-n aqp Kuc-h-ta-dnb hnIk\-L---fmWv {IaoI-cn-n-cn-p--Xv. Cu {]tXyI Ah--Isf
hfbpsS (hn-Imk -Z-i) Hmw Lw, cmw Lw, aqmw Lw Fp hnfn-mw. Hmw Lw Bcw-`np- Xv Hcp hnizm- k n- b mb Hcm tbip- { In- k v X p- h nse hnizm- k - m hnizm- k n- b m- I p- t m- g mWv
(Atm. {]. 16:31). B hyn \nXy-c-sb A\p-`-ham-p hn\m-gnI BW-Xv.
cmw-Lw \nXy-c-sb A\p-`-h-am-p-Xp apX acWw hsctbm, k` FSp-p-sIm--s]-Sp-Itbm
sNp--Xp-h-sc-bp XpS-bmb Ime]-cn-[n-bm-Wv.
aqmw Lw acWw apXtem FSp-p-sIm-S apXtem XpSn \nXyX ap-gp-h \ofp--Xm-Wv.
aqmw-L--n {]th-inpw hsc B{K-l-]qo-I-c-Wam-Ip tbip-{In-kvXp-hns cq]-tmSp A\p-cq]-am-IpI F Dtiw k^-e-am-p-n-, ]t cn--s-Sp Zn\w apX hnizm-kn-bn amw kw`hnp XpS-p--XmWv (2- sImcn 3:18). tbip-{In-kvXp-hns kzcq]w Fm Ahs at\m-`m-hs DsImp-sIm-v \nkzmhpw hn\-b-hpw, XymK-]q-hp-amb PohnXw \bn-pI Fm-Ww (^n-en. 2:58).
asmcp {]Im-c-n \s ""hnfn-n-cn-p hnfnp tbmKy-ambn \S-pI'' (Ft^ 4:13) Fm-Wv.
hnizm-kn-bpsS Pohn-X- hfbvpw ]e L- D-p bmXmyhpw AXym-h-iy-ambn Adn-ncp-m ssZh-h-N\w \mbn a\-n-em-p-hm AXp klm-b-I-amIpw Bcv? F \psS tNmZy-n\p
Hp-In ssZhw hnizm-kn-tbmSp kwkm-cn-pp Fsm As-n Ahn-izm-kn-tbmSp kwkm-cn-pp
Ftm Xncn--dn-p-th-Ww, B thZ-`m-Ks hymJym-\n-p-hm. BI-bm Cu kXyw a\-n Icp-tX-Xm-Wv.
B.
{InkvXob Pohn-X-ns ]Xn-aqp aqe -L-S-I-:

1.
hnizmkw.
Bcn-tem, Fntem D Hcp-hs B{ib-n-\mWv hnizmkw Fp km[m-c-W-]-d-bp-Xv Bsc-nepw

AYhm Fsnepw \psS B{K-l-stbm Bh-iy-stbm ]qo-I-cnpw F-XmWv hnizm-kw.
hnizm-k-n\v Iev]n-bvp hne-bmWv hnizm-k-ns êw \n-bn-p-Xv, Fnepw AXn hnizmkw
325
H-bv-. Hcp ]t Hcm \mw hkn-p Cu `qant]mse asmcp `qanbpw BIm-ihpw krn-p-hm
a\p-jy\p Ignbpw Fp hnizkn-t-mw, Fm A-s\-sbmcp krnp \S-m-\p Ignhp a\p-jy\n-m-sbp \ap--dnbmw BI-bm A-s\-sbmcp hnizmkw hne-bn-m-Xpw B-ip-\y-hp-am-Wv.
\mw Nnn--Xp-t]mse BIm-i-`q-an-I krjvSn-p-hm Ign-bp Hcp-h-\n hmkvX-h-ambn hniz-kn-ptm-gmWv hnizmkw hne-bp--Xm-bn-Xo-cp--Xv. \mw ssZh-n hniz-kn-p-Xv Ah BIm-i-`q-an-Isf
krn--h-\pw, Ahsb ]cn-]m-en-p--h\pw AXn-\p m\w inbpw D-h-\p-am-bn-cn-p--Xn-\m-emWv. Xncp-sh-gp-n \mw C{]-Im-c-amWv hmbn-p--Xv. ""hnizmkw FtXm Bin-p--Xns Ddpw
ImWm Imcy--fpsS \n-bhpw BIp-p. AXn-\m-etm ]q-mv kmyw e`n--Xp. Cu
ImWp temI-n\v Zriy-am-b-X ImcWw Fp hcp-amdp temIw ssZh-ns hN-\-m \nn-sp Fpw \mw hnizm-k-m Adn-bpp'' (F-{_m. 11:13).
tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-ep hnim-k-amWv \oXn-I-c-W-ns (H-cp-hs\ \oXn-am-\mbn {]Jym-]n-p-)bpw {InkvXo\n-sb \nebvp Ir]-bn-tep \app e`n {]th-i-\-n-sbpw ASn-m\w (tdm-a. 5:12). BI-bm
Hmw L-n I-Xp-t]mse Ahn-izm-knp hnizm-kn-bmbn Xoc-W-sa-n hnizmkw AXym-h-iyamWv. Cu hnizm-k-amWv \app ]cn-ip-m-m-hp-ambn _w m]np Xcp-Xpw (Kem 3:2,3,14).
{InkvXob Pohn-X-n hnizmkw AXym-m-t]-n-X-amWv (cmw Lw) Fp-sIm--m hnizmkw
IqSmsX ssZhs {]km-Zn-n-p-hm kmy-a (F-{_. 11:6; 2 sImcn 5:7). \n Cu hnizmkw ImWptm ssZh-n\p ktm-j-amWv (a-m. 8:510) hniz-k-m-emWv \mw temI-sbpw kmm\y ]XnItfbpw Iog-Sn hnPbw ssIh-cn-p-Xv (1 tbml. 5:45). Hcp {InkvXym-\n-bpsS hnizmkw ]co-n-s-Sp-Xv Abm inip-Xz-n \np ]q-X-bn-tep hfn-ptm F-dn-bp--Xn-\m-bn-mWv
(bmtm 1:3). \psS hnizm-k-ns ncX ]cn-ip-m-m-hp-ambn \psS sFIy-_w F{]-Imcw
nc-X-bp--Xm-bn-cn-pp F-Xns ASn-m-\-n-emWv (Kem 3:45). Pohn-X-ns ASnm\w Xs
hnizm-k-amWv (2- ]t{Xm 1:59).
\mw \psS Dbns-gp-t ico-c--fp-ambn {InkvXp-hn-t\mSp IqsS Bbn-cn-p-tm \app hnizm-kns Bh-iy-ta-bn-m, Fp-sIm--m \mw Ahs\ Xm Bbn-cn-p--Xp-t]mse Ap ImWmw
(1 tbml 3:2).
2.
Bo-bXzw.
]cn-ip-m-m-hmb ssZh-hp-ambn Hcmp Bg-ta-dnb _s Nqn-Im-p-X

- n-\m-bn-mWv ""BobX''
F hmv Dt]m-b-Kn-n-cn-p--Xv. BI-bm ]cn-ip-m-m-hmb ssZh-n-ep B{ibw Hcp hnizm-knbpsS Pohn-X-n A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Hcp Ahn-izm-knp ]cn-ip-m-m-hp-ambn bmsXmcp _-hp-an
(1 sImcn. 2:14), Bb-Xn-\m Hcp {]Im-c-nepw Bn-bX Ah-\n-en-.
a.
A[n-hmkw.
k`m-bp-K-nse hnizm-kn-Ifpw ]g-b-\n-ba hnizm-kn-Ifpw Xn ]cn-ip-m-m-hns {]h-\-n

henb hyXymkw Dv. Ign Ime--fn ]cn-ip-m-mhv hnizm-kn-I-fpsS ta {]tXyI Ah-k-c-fn h[nh-kn-p-am-bn-cp-p. Fm k`m-bp-K-n ]cn-ip-m-mhv hnizm-kn-bpsS Dn A[n-h-knp-sImv tbip-hns hN-\s ]qn-bm-pp (tbml14:17). ]cn-ip-m-m-hns A[n-hm-k-amWv
Ah\v e`n-n-cn-p c-bpsS sXfnhv (tdma 8:9).
]cn-ip-m-m-hns A[nhmkw cn--s-Sp ka-bp e`n-p Hcphc-am-Wv (tdma 5:5; Atm. {].
11:16-17; 1 sImcn. 2:12). hcw Xncn-s-Sp--bn (tdm-a. 11:29) F-Im-c-W-m ]cn-ip-m-mhv hnizmkn
]m]w sNbvXmepw hnp-t]m-Ip-n. CXn\p Da sXfn-hmWv sImcn-nse hnizm-kn-I PUo-I-cpw
(1 sImcn. 3:3) kI-e-hn[ ]m]--fns]-npw ]cn-ip-m-mhp Ahsc hnp-t]m-bn-m-sb-Xv (1 sImcn.
3:19).
b.
\ndhv.
326
Bo-bX ]cn-ip-m-m-hp-am-bp \psS Bg-ta-dnb _-s-bmWp ImWn-p--sX-n ]cn-ip-m

\ndhv Bo-b-X-bpsS Bcw-`-am-Wv. \n \nv Bob ê- ]pd-s-Sp-hn-m X-hw ]cn-ipm-m-hn-\m \ndpw A[n-Imcw {]m]npw kZm Pohn-t--XmWv (K-em. 5:22--23). Xncp-sh-gp-n
B\n-dhv FXv {]tXyI Ah-k-c--fn {]tXyI Bh-iy-mmbn ]cn-ip-m-mhv hyn-Isf
A[n-Im-c-s-Sp-p--Xn-s\-bmWv kqNn-n-p--sX-nepw Cu Imev AXv {InkvXob Pohn-X-nse
ssZ\wZn\ kw`-h-am-bn-mWv ImWn-n-cn-p--Xv.
{InkvXo-Po-h-X-n ]cn-ip-m--\n-dhv F{X AXym-h-iy-am-bn-cn-pp F-Xns {]Ya sXfn-hmWv hn[h-Isf ip{iq-jn-m Xnc-s-Sp kvtX^m-t\m-n \mw ImWp-Xv (A-tm. {]. 6:5). Cu hn]p-eo-Ic-W-ns Aw a\-n-em-m-hptXbpp, Fs-m k`-sb-Ip-dnpw \mw ]cn-tim-[n-p-tm
AXp B Imev ssii-h-Z-i-bn\nv ]q-X-bn-tep hf-cp-hm Dm-ln-n--s]-Sp-I-bm-bn-cpp
(Ft^ 4:11-16).
kphn-ti-j-pw, Atm-kvtXme {]hn-Ipw ]pdv ]cn-ip-m--\n-d-hns\Ipdnpw ]d-bp
thZ-`mKw Hp am{X-ta-bp-p, AXv Atm-kvtXm-e-\mb ]u-temkv Ft^ky. 5:18 \evIp Hcp Iev]\-bmWv, ""hop-Ip-Snp a-cm-Ic
- pXv; AXn-\m Zp-S
- p-m-Ip-atm Bmhp \nd-h
- c
- mbncnn''.
CXp hfsc hy-am-Wv. Fs-m B-\n-dhp Hcp XpS-c-\p-`-h-amWv. ""\nd-bvpI'' (Fill) F-Xns
{Kop-]Zw ""tdp'' (PLEROO) FmWv CXv-Ft^. 1:23; 3:19; 4:10 Fn-hn-S--fnepw ImWm-hp--Xm-Wv. ]utemns Cu B-bm ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-\m \nd-hp Hcp Pohn-X-ns {][m\yX shfn-s-Sp-p-p,
F-m \app ]m]-sf Gp-]-dp ]m]-a e`np F-Xns ASn-m-n-emWv Cu Ah-bn {]th-in-p--Xv. Cs\ \app Bo-b-cmbn Pohn-p-hm\pw km[n-p--Xm-Wv.
bYm-amb Bo-bX Ir]bpw hnizm-khpw IqSn tN-Xm-Wv. sImtem-ky 2:67-`m-Kp \mw C{]Imcw hnbn-p-Xv ""BI-bm \n Im-hmb {InkvXp-tb-ip-hns\ ssIsIm--Xp-t]mse Ahs
Iqm-bva-bn \S-o. Ah-\n thcp-nbpw BnI kv {]m]npw \nv D]-tZ-inp XnX\v H-hw hnizmk-m Ddpw kvt{Xm{X-n Ihnpw Ccn-o.'' \ap--hs\ e`n-Xv Ir]bm hnizmkw aqe-amWv (F-t^. 2:89), \apv e`n-n-cn-p \nt-i-\p-k-cWw Bo-bX {InkvXob
Pohn-X-ns {]mb-]qn-bn-tep \s \nbnp hnizm-k-m \S-m klm-bn-pp (Kem. 3:23)
Fs-m, hnizmkw IqSmsX ssZhs {]km-Zn-n-p-hm Ign-bp--X (F{_m. 11:6).
D]-kw-lm-c-ambn ]d-m, ]cn-ip-mm \ndhv {InkvXob Pohn-X-ns {]mb-]qn {]m]nv {InkvXphn Pohn-m \s A[n-Im-c-s-Sp-p-p.
c.
ZpJn-n-p-I-bpw, sISp-bpw.
Hcp hnizmkn ]m]w sNp-tm ]cn-ip-m-m-hns\ ZpxJn-n-p-I-bmWv (F-t^. 4:30). G{X-Imew ]m]w
Gp ]dv tamN\w {]m]n-msX ]m]-n XpS-cp-thm AXp IqSp-X nXn-h-j-fm-p-Ibpw ]cn-ipm-m-hns\ A[n-I-ambn ZpxJn-n-p-bp-am-bn-cn-pw.
In-sIm-n-cn-p Hcp Xosmn FSpp ]pd-np Xobv sISpp--Xp-t]mse Xs-bmWv X\ntm
ap--htm D]{Zhw hcp-amdv Bm-hns ês \in-n-p--Xv. CXn-\mWv Bm-hns\ sISp-cpXv (1 -sXm-. 5:19) Fp ]d-n-cn-p-Xv. \mw aqew asm-cm-fn Bm-hns {]h\w XS--sSm CS-bm-I-cp-Xv.
3.
]m]--fpsS (]m-]-n-s) Gp-]-d-n.
ssZh-h-N-\-{]-Imcw \mw cn--s-Sp-tm \app ]m] tamN-\hpw e`n-pp FXv hfsc hyamWv; AXp-t]mse Xs hy-am--s-n-cn-p HmWv hnizm-kn-I-fm-b-hv hopw ]m]w sNphm kmy-Xbp Imcyhpw (tdm 7:14-15). \psS cbvp ]m]w Hcp XS-ta A Fnepw Hcp
327
hnizm-knv ]m]w Hcp hnjbw Xs-bmWv Fs-m Hcp hnizm-kn-bpsS Pohn-X-n\v AXp henb
BLm-X-ap-mpw ssZhhpw Abm-fp-am-bp _-n\pw Iqp hnizm-kn-bp-am-bp _-n\pw XSw
krn-p-Ibpw As\ Iqmbva \-s-Sp-hm kwK-Xn-bm-Ip-Ibpw sNpw.
Iqmbva Fm ]c-kv]c _-sa--am-Wv AYhm ]c-kv]-c-ap ]p-sh-bv Fmw. Cu
]p-hb
- v Bfp-If
- p-am-tbm, kw`-h
- f
- p-am-tbm, [\-f
- p-am-tbm, AXp-as
- -n ka-bh
- p-am-bn-mImw Ahnizmkn-Ipw Cu ]p-sh-bv AYhm Ipm-bva-bp-v. Ah Hnp IpSp-Xpw apt-dp-Xpw ]m] I-fn Bbn-cn-p-sa-t-bp-. am{X-hp-a Ah-cpsS Iqmbva ZrU-amb sFIy-n Am-bn-cn-pw. Fm
{InkvXym-\n-I-fmb \-fm-Is ssZh-tm-Sp Iqm-bva-bpsS ZrV-amb ASn-m-\-n-emWv ap--h-cpambn Iqmbva BN-cn-p--Xv. ssZh-a- F ASn-m-\-n \psS Iqmbva ssZhw Xs \oXnbn nc-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p--Xm-Wv.
ssZh-tmSpw ap--h-tcm-Sp-ap \psS Iqmbva Fs\ hos-Sp-m-sa--Xns ZqXmWv 1 tbm-lm 1:510hscbp `mKp ]d-n-cn-p-p-Xv. Amw hmIy-n Iqm-bva-bpsS tXmXp \evIn-bn-cnpp, ""ssZhw shfn--am-Ipp; Ah-\n Ccp-p Hpw C Fp-Xp R Ah-t\mSp tIp \ntfmSp Adn-bn-p ZqXm-Ip-p.'' B tXmXv ssZh-ns shfn--am-Ipp Ahs ]m]-s-Ip-dn-p
kXyw BIp-p.
Iqm-bva-sb-p-dnv hmIyw 6 ""Ah-t\mSp Iqmbva Dp Fp ]d-Ibpw Ccp-n \S-bpw sNbvXm
\mw t`mjvp ]d-bp-p, kXyw {]hn-p--Xp-a'' CXns Aw \psS Nn-I kwkm-c {]hn-I (\-S-v) Fn-h-I ssZhoI shfn--n ]cn-tim-[n-t--h-bm-Ipp Fm-Wv.
hmIyw 7 ""Ah shfn--n Ccn-p--Xp-t]mse \mw shfn--n \S-p-p-sh-n \app
Xn Iqmbva Dv. Ahs ]p{X-\mb tbip-hns cw kIe ]m]hpw t]mn \s ipo-I-cnpp.'' \psS hnIm-c-fpw kwkm-c-fpw {]hn-Ifpw {InkvXp -k-am-\-am-bte ]m] ipo-I-cWw
{]m]nv ]c-kv]-c-ap Iqm-bva-bn hf-cp-hm Ign-bp.
hmIyw 8 ""\app ]m]w C Fp \mw ]d-bpp Fn \t Xs hn-pp kXyw \n
Cm-sX-bmbn'', ChnsS ""\app'', ""\s'' Fo ]Z- hnizm-kn-I-sf-bmWv ImWn-p-Xp Fp-sIm-m tbml-m kzbw CXn Ds-n-cn-p-p. Bsc-nepw \ ]m]-an-m ]q-X-bn
Fn Fp hniz-kn-p--sX-n Ah X-sf Xs hn-p-I-bm-Wv.
hmIyw 9 ]m]-tam-N-h-\-n-\p ]cn-lm-c-amw D]-tZ-in-n-cn-pp ""\psS ]m]-sf Gp-]-dp
Fn Ah \tmSp ]m]-sf anp kIe A\o-Xnbpw t]mn \s ipo-I-cn- X-hw
hniz-\pw \oXn-am\pw BIpp'.' {Konse slmtam-tem-Kntbm (HOMOLOGEO) Fhm-mWv Gp-]-d- v. ""ka-Xn-p-I'', ""AwKo-Ic
- n-p-I'' FmWv B hmns
n (CONFESSION) Fp Xna sNbvXn-cn-p-X
Aw ]m]--a-bvmbn Hcm Xs Nn, kwkmcw, {]hn Fn-h-I-fpsS Ah-sb ssZhtmSp k-Xn-p-p, Fm {in-pI A\p-Xm-]-an-m lrZ-b-p ]m]-tam-N-\-n-\m-bp
kq{X-hmIy-a CXv. ssZhs ]cn-l-kn-p-IpSm (Kem 6:6), Poh-\ph\mb ssZh-tmSp ]m]w Gp
]d-m Ah \tmSp an-p-sa-p hyn-]-c-amb hnizm-k-amWv AXn\v \s t{]cn-n-p--Xv.
BI-bm Cu hmIyw {InkvXym-\n-p ssZhoI hmK--amWv \mw AXp hnizm-kn-p-Ibpw D]-tbm-Knp-Ibpw thWw.
how 10-mw hmIyn ]m]s AwKo-I-cn-m--h-tcm-Smbn ]d-bpp ""\mw ]m]w sNbvXn-n Fp
]d-bp-p-sh-n Ahs\ Ak-Xy-h-Xn-bm-Ip-p'', Ahs hN\w \n Cm-sX-bm-bn. {InkvXy-m\n-Ifmb X-fpsS Pohn-X-n ]m]mh--bp-sv kXn-p-n--n Ah ssZhs I-\m-p-Ibm-Wv. ssZh-ns hN\w Ah-cn Hpw C-X-s.
328
Cu hmIy-sfmwIqSn ]cn-tim-[n-p-tm ssZh-tm-Sp Bo-b-_hpw (hmIyw 6) Iqp-hn-izmkn-I-fp-am-bp-Xpw (hmIyw 7) apdn-b-s-Sp-Xv ]m]w aqeamWv. Cu ]m]-sf ssZh kn-[n-bn Xncn-dn-bp-Ipbw Gp-]-dbp-Ibpw (hmIyw 9 ssZhw hnizkvX\pw \oXn-am\pw BIp-p) sNp-tm-gm-Wv ]m]tam-N\w {]m]n-p-Xpw Iqmbva ]p\-cpoI-cn--s-SpXpw.
{]tXyIw {in-pI \psS ]m]-ns ]cn-W-X-^-e-amb \nXy-in--mhn-[n-bpsS tamN\w \mw {]m]npI-gn--Xm-Wv. Fm Ctm \mw \psS ico-c-n Ccn-p-tm sNbvXp-t]m-cp ]m]-ns
tamN-\-amWv {]m]n-p-Xv BZm-an-sbpw lm-bp-sSbpw ]m]- tamNn-s-nepw Ahv GZ tXmn \np ]pdp t]mtc-n-h-p.
4.
Bob hc-.
{InkvXp-hns ico-c-am-Ip k`-bnse ip{iqj \nhr-n-m-\mbn ssZhw Hmtcm-cp-pw \evIp hnhn[

Ign-hp-I-sf-bmWv Bo-b-h-c- Fp ]d-n-cn-p--Xp. ""Icnkva'' (CHARISHMA) F {Kop hmn
\nm-Wn-Xp-m-bXv, ""\evI-s Ir]m ê-'' Fm-Ww. CXv P\m e`n-n-cn-p Xme-p(am\pjnI Ign-hp-I)Ip]-cn-bmbn tbip-{In-kvXp-hn \app \evI-s-n-cn-p-Xpw (Ft^ 4:11)
cn--s-Sp Hmtcm-hy-n-bnepw AtX-k-abw Xs ]cn-ip-m-mhv hnX-cWw sNp--Xp-amWv
(1 sImcn. 12:11,18). k`-bnse Fm-hn-izm-kn-Ipw GsX-nepw {]Imcn-ep Hcp hcw Dm-bn-cnpw
(Ft^. 2:20; 1 ]-t{Xm. 4:10). Hmtcm hc- F s]mXp-k-`-bpsS {]tbm-P-\-n-\mbn Hcp-hcw (1- sImcn. 12)
As-n Hmtcm-hy-nbpw Hmtcm ico-c-ambn amdpw.
Fm-h-c-fpw kvt\l-nIqsS am{Xta {]hn--bp Fpw (1- sImcn. 13) AXp ap--hsc
tkhn-p--Xn-\mbpw (1- ]-t{Xm. 4:10) \evIn-bn-cn-pp F bmXmyw Hmn-cn--Ww. Atm-kvtXme-\mb ]ueqkv sImcy-yp Hmw teJ-\-n hfsc hy-ambn ]d-n-cn-p-p, ]cn-ip-m-mhn-\m \evI-s hc--fmWv Ah-sb-m-sa-nepw PU-ns A`n-em-j-mtbm Al-m-cn\mtbm
(1- sIm-cn.12) Ahsb D]-tbm-Kn-m-hp--Xm-Wv. Bnb hc- k`-bpsS sIp-]-Wn--msX Hcn-epw
k`sb `nn-n-mt\m hn`-Pn-mt\m D]-tbm-Kn--cpXv (1 sImcn. 14 :12-33).
]pXn-b \
- o-ba
-
- n Ap m\-f
- n hc-fpsS t]sc-Spp ]d-n-pv 1 sImcn. 12:810hsc `mKp
m\-ns hN-\w, ]cn-m-\ns hN-\w, hnizm-kw, tcmK-im-n-IfpsS hcw, hocy-{]-hn-I,
{]h-N-\w, hnth-N-\-h-cw, ]e-hn-[-`m-j-I, `mj-I-fpsS hymJym\w Fn-h-Isf Ipdnp ]d-n-cn-pp 1
sImcn. 12:28 Atm-kvtXm-e-m, {]hN\w({]-hm-N-I), ]Tn-n- (D]tZ-jvT-) hocy-{]-hnI, tcmK-im-n-I-fpsS hcw, klmbw sNp-hm-\p--hcw ]cn-]m-e-\-h-cw, hnhn[ `mj-I Fn-hsb
Ipdnpw Ft^. 4:11 Atm-kvtXm-e-m, {]h-N\w, kphn-tijo-I-c-Ww, CS-bXzw, Aym-]-IXzw F-nhsb-Ip-dnpw 1 ]-t{Xm. 4:11 Bo-I-h-c-sf hm-hn-\n-a-b-n-sbpw ip{iq-j-bp-sSbpw cp ASnm-\- h-c--fmbpw ]d-n-cn-p-p. tdma 12:68-h-scbp -`mKw \app Nne hnti-j-h-c--sf-Ip-dnp
]d-n-cn-p-p.
Zb-hmbn a\-n-em-p-I, k`-bn-tep Cu BoI hc-sf \evI-s]-Sm XpS-n-bXv s]m-tmkvXp
Znhkw apX-emWv (A-tm. {].2). k` Bcw-`n-t--Xn-\mbn Nne hc- ASn-m-\--fmbn \evIn-bnpv (Ft^. 2:20), CXp k`-bpsS cn-Xpw {Ia-amb hfbvpw thn-bmWv (1- sImcn. 14:40). Cu
hc-sf ]pXnb \nb-a-bp-K-n-\m-hiy-amb Xncp-sh-gp-p-I Fgp-Xntpw hsc Ahn-izm-kn-I kphnti- j o- I - c n- - s ]- t S- - X n\pw hnizm- k n- I nc- s - t S- - X n- \ p- a mbn ""AS- b m- f - a mbn'' hn- c n-
(1 sImcn. 14:2022)bmbn-cp-p.
Fm ChbpsS ASn-b--c-amb {]h\w \S-p-I-gn-m ]noSv Ah-bpsS Bh-iy-an---A-{]-Xy-aIpw (1 sImcn. 13:810).
329
Xmsg Xcp Nmv t\mn k`m-bp-K-n {]hn-m-Xn-cn-p Xmevm-enI B-h-c-sf a\-nem-pI:
k`m-bp-K-nse XmevIm-enI BoI hc-

]cn-m-\-ns hcw
(1- sImcn 12:8)
k`bvp t\cn-p kzob ZqXv Xncp-sh-gp-p-IfpsS t{ImUo-IcWw hsc e`n-p-sIm-n-cp-Xv {]h-N\ amXr-I-bn Am-bn-cpp
tcmK-im-n-bpsS hcw
(1- sImcn. 12:9,28)
hnhn[m NnInm coXn-I-fn IqsS e`n-p tcmK-i-a-\-t-m

kzob tcmK-imn hyn-I-fn s]spw ]q kuJy-tmsS-bp-am-bncp-p.
hocy-{]-hn-I
(1- sImcn. 12:10,28)
kzob {Iao-I-cW {]Imcw km[m-c-W-amb {]IrXn \nb-a-p]-cn-bmbn tcmK-im-n-tbmSpw `qX-sf ]pd-m-p-X

- n-t\mSpw _s-n-cn-pp (A-tm. {] 19:11-12)
{]h-N\w (1- sImcn. 12:10-28; tdma.

12:6; Ft^ 4:11)
kao-], Zqc, - -`mhn kw`-h-sf Ipdn-p Adnhp k`-bn \evIp

Bam-\p-jnI Ign-hp-I (A-tm. {]. 11:27-28).
Am--fpsS hnth-N-\-hcw
(1- sImcn. 12:10)
Aeu-Io-I-amb {]mY-anI hc- D]-tbm-Knv I D]-tZ---mtcbpw I {]hm-N-I-m-tcbpw aqy-\nbw \S-p-Xv

(1- sImcn. 14:32)
hnhn[ `mj-I
(1 -sImcn 12:10-,28)
Bob in-bn X Hcn-epw A`ykn-n-n-m a\pjy

`mj-I kwkm-cn-pI
`mj-I-fpsS hymJym\w
(1 -sImcn. 12:10)
{]IrXym-Xo-X-am-bn-cn-p Ign-hp-sImv aqsm-cn-epw A`y-knn-n-m a\p-joI `mj-Isf hyJym-\n-p-I.
Atm-kvtXm-eam (1- sImcn.

12:28; Fs^ 4:11)
tbip-{InkvXp X\n-mbn ssI]n-Sn-p-bnb 12 t]p-am{Xw

e`n BoI hcw (shfn 21:14; eqtm 6:13-16; Atm. {]. 9:15;
Kem 1:1).
'']q-am-b-Xp-'' h-cp-tm ""{]h-N-\-h-chpw'' ""`mjm-h-c-fpw'' ""]cn-m-\-ns hN-\fpw'' \ont]m-Ip-sap \mw hmbn-pp (1- sImcn. 13:810). Cu hc- \on-t]m-Ip--]w ""Bm-sf hnthNn-m-\p hcw'' ""`mjm-hym-Jym-\-hcw'' Fn-hbpw amdn-t]m-Ip--XmWv, Fs-m Cu hII HmaXp {]kvXm-]n--h-tbmSp tNmWv {]hn-p--Xv. Ch-sbmw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab am- Bbn-cpp
F Imcyw HmpsIm--Ww. shfn-mSp ]pkvXIw Fgp-Xn-b-tXmsS k`-bvp {]h-N-\-hcw \np
(shfn. 22:1819). Fp-sIm--m ssZh \nizmkyhpw B-{]-tNmZnX-hpamb ssZh-h-N\w F ]qam-bXp k`bvp e`np Ignp. ssZh-h-N\amIp ss__n \evIp hnh-c--tf-m IqSp-X-embn
k`-smpw Bh-iya. Fm ]pXnb \nba shfn--n D]-tZ-m--m Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-p. Bib-hn-\n-a-b-n\v hN-\-ns ]Tn-n- AXym-h-iy-am-bn-cp-p.
shfn. 21:14- IrXy-ambn ]{v Atm-kvX-e-msc am{Xta kqNn-n-n-p-p. FmWv CXns Aw?
Atm-kvXe ]Z-hntbm, hctam Cn-m-sb-t{X (K-em. 1:19-se Im-hns ktlm-Z-c ]{v
Atm-kvX-e-m-cn s]-h-\-m-bn-cp-p).
330
tcmK-im-n-bp-tSbpw hocy-{]-hn-I-fp-tSbpw hc-fpw Xmevm-en-I--fm-bn-cpp ]pXnb \nba Imep

Ahbvp Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Nne ]cn-[n-I Dm-bn-cp-p. ssZh-n\p Cpw tcmKn-Isf kuJy-am-m\pw
hocy-{]-hn-I sNm\pw Ignbpw FXp kXy-am-Wv. Fm- AXv Hcp {]tXyI hc-ambn Cv k`bn hyn-Ip \evIn-bn-n-. ssZhw {]m-\bvv Cpw adp-]Sn Xcpw (bmtm 5:16). Fm
AXp {]mn-p hyn-bpsS BoI Xocp-am-\-ns ASn-m-\-n-em-Wv. F-m tcmK-im-nmbn \mw {]mn-p-Ibpw ssZhw AXp \nhr-n-p-Ibpw sNpp (A-tm. {]. 3:68; 5:12-16; 9:34).
BZn-a-k-`-bn hc- D]-tbm-Kn-Xv Dbs-gp-t {InkvXp-hns kt-i-ns A[n-Im-c-m
P\-{i ]nSnp ]t--Xn-\m-bn-cpp (A-tm. {]. 8:18, 39; 13:4---- 12; 14:1-4 19:11--12). hnizm-kn-Iv At\ym\yw
Dm-bn-cp kvt\l-am-bn-cpp AXn-s apJy-[mc. Fs-m tbip-hns kt-is AwKo-I-cn-m
Cu amXr-I -Xn-I--Xm-bn-cpp (tbml. 13:34-35).
\ap--dnbmw Atm-kvtXm-e-\mb ]utem-n\p tcmK-im-n-hcw Dm-bn-cpp (A-tm. {]. 20:812; 28-:8)
Fnpw Ah-km\ \mfp-I-fn Ahs D-an-{X-am-bn-cp Fm-t{^m-Un--kns\ kuJy-am-p-hmt\m
(^nen. 2:25-27), kzbw kuJyw {]m]n-p-hmt\m (2 -sImcn. 12:79) Ign-n-. BZ-an-k-`-bnse {][m-\n-Ifmb Atm-kvtXm-e-m-cn \np Cu hcw \on-b-Xp-t]mse Xs Fm hnizm-kn-I-fn \npw
\onmWpw
ap-h-c- k`-bpsS ssiih Zi Ignbpw hsc {]hnp t]mp (1- sImcn. 13: 10-13), BI-bm ChIsf \apv nc-amb hc- Fp hnfn-mw. ssZh-h-N\ {]tLm-j-W-n\pw ap--hsc tkhn-p-Xn\pw CXp-hfsc klm-b-I-am-bn-cpp (1- ]-t{Xm. 4:10-11).
nc-amb BnI hc--sfbpw Ah Cp {]hn-p hnhn[ hi--sfbpw shfn-s-Sp-p--XmWv
ASp Nmv:
k`mbpK-nse nc-amb Bo-b-h-c-

m\-ns hN\w
(1- sImcn. 12:8)
k`m-bp-K-k-Xy-sf {]tbm-K-n h-cp-p-hm-\p kzob D]tZ-i- (\nt-i-)
hnizm-k-ns hcw
(1- sImcn. 12:9)
Akm-yam-b kml-N-cy--fns]-p-t]mbn Fp- Im-Wp-tmgpw

Im-hn ic-W-s-Sp B am\p-jnIIgnhv (1 -sImcn. 13:2 cf.
Atm. {]. 12:119)
aph-cp-ambn \S-p ssZh-h-N-\-ns Bi-b-hn-\n-abn\mbp kzobIgnhv.
]Tn-n- (D-]-tZ-in-)
(1 -sImcn. 12:28; tdma. 12:7)
klm-b-ns hcw
(1- sImcn. 12:28)
ap--hp hc-sf klm-bn-m-\p kzo-b-hcw. CXv

{]hn-p-Xv ]e- ta-J-e-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v ap-hsc -t]mjn-n-p-hm-\p `WhnX-cW-ns Xnc-s-Spv,
At\-I-cpsS Ign-hp-Isf {]tbmP-\-n sImp-h-cm km[np.
(A-tm. {] 6:16)
]cn-]m-e\hcw (1 -sImcn. 12:28)
ssZh-k-`-bn ssZhw \evIn-bn-cn-p ap Ign-hp-Isf kwtbm-Pnnp {]hn-p--Xn\pw ]cn-]m-en-p--Xn-\p-ap {]tXyIamb

Ign-hv.
tkh-\-hcw
(tdma. 12:7; 1 ]-t{Xm. 4:11)
ip{iq-j-bpsS ùXn-I-h-i-sf {]tbm-KnIam-n D]-tbm-Knp--Xn-\p Aam-\p-jnI Ign-hv.
{]t_m[\hcw (tdm-a. 12:8)
{InkvXp-hns ico-c-am-Ip k`sb t{]mm-ln-n-t Bh-iysf Xncn--dn-hm-\p BobIgn-hv.

331
Zm\w (tdm-a. 12:8)
Hcmv e`n-n-cn-p hn`-h- km[m-cW {]XobvXn-bmbn

D-m-bn-bn \nkzm-ambpw alm-a-\-kv-IXtbmSpw IqsS A]c-\p-ambn ]p-h-bvm-\p ssZhoI Ign-hv.
`cn-p-h (\-bn-p-h)
(tdm-a. 12:8)
k`-bpsS tkh-\-am-n hyn-Isf \bnv ZuXy\n-lWw

sNn-m-\p ssZhoI Ign-hv.
IcpW (tdma 12:8)
Bn-b-am-tbm, imco-cn-I-amtbm Bh-iy-n-en-cnp--hsc klmbn-m-\p ssZhoI Ignhv Xncn--dn-hv.
kphn-ti-jo-I-cWw (Ft^ 4:11)
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns kphn-tijw hyn-I-fp-am-tbm, {Kqp-I-fp-amtbm

Ahp a\- n- e m- - - - h n[w ]p- s h- b v m- \ p Db- c n\np Ign-hv.
CS-b D]-tZ-mhv (F-t^. 4:11)
ssZh-ns BnIqs ssZh-h-N\w {]am-Wn-m ]Tn-np

tabn-p--Xn-\p kzobIgn-hv.
5.
\oXn.
Ign Hcp skIvj\n tbip-{In-kvXp-hn \mw hniz-kn--tm ssZhw \evInb \oXn Fsp Ip.
CXn-s\-bmWv \oXo-I-cWw Fp hnfn-p--Xp. ]pXnb hnizmkn ssZh-ns icnbpw sXpw F Afhp-tIm-en {]Imcw Pohn-m shp-hn-fn--s-Sp-I-bmWv Cu ssZhnI Af-hns\ ASn-m-\-am-n-bp
hnizm-kn-bpsS Pohn-X-amWv Ah-\nse ssZh\oXn.
ssZh \oXn-bpsS cp {][m\ Af-hp-I, ""\ns ]q-lr-Z-b-tmSpw ]q Bm-thmSpw ]q a\tmSpw ]q in-tbmSpw IqsS ssZhs kvt\ln-p-I. \ns-tmse Xs \ns Iqp-Im-c-t\bpw
kvt\ln-pI'' (am 12:29-31) F-Xm-Ipp. ssZh-\o-Xnsbm tIhew ]m]-an-m-Xn-cn-p Ah-sb- ]n-tbm ]pX-p-s a\-n-\mepw {]hn-bmepw ssZh-hp-am-bp \nc-ck-amWv (^nen
2:58). DZm-l-c-W-n\p ""\n-fpsS ]nXmhv (ssZ-hw) a\--en-hp--h-\m-bn-cn-p--Xp-t]mse \nfpw
a\--en-hp--h-cm-bn-cn-o'' AXp-t]mse \mw \psS i{Xp--sft]mepw kvt\ln-Ww (eqtm 6:3640)
Al-cm-b-hsc (]mhs--h-sc) Ir]-tbmsS klm-bn-p-sImv \mw \oXn-bpsS êw ]pd-s-Sp-hn-p--hcm-IWw (2- sImcn. 9:810). ssZhC-n {]Im-c-ap \psS {]hnbpw Cu \oXn-bpsS ê-ns]-XmWv (F{_m. 11:32-33).
hnizm-kn-IfpsS \oXnbpw XpS-tc--Xpv (1- Xntam. 6:11, 2 Xntam. 2:22-23), Cu \oXn-bpsS {]m[m-\yX ssZh
hN-\-n-ep-S-\ofw {]kvXm-hn-n-pv (2 -Xotam 3:16-17) AXn-\m Hcp ]pXnb hnizm-knv CXp a\-n-emm\pw AwKo-I-cn-m\pw {]bm-k-ap-mIpw (F{_ 5:12-14).
ssZh-\o-Xn-sb Af-hn\p Iogvs]-Sp-Xp Ahs Iev]-\-Isf ]c-ky-ambn A\p-k-cn-pp Fv a\pjys ta aq{Z CS-em (am 6:1).
]coi-m X-fpsS \oXnsb a\p-jyp hnf-t--Xn-\mbn ImWn-n-cn-p. Ah Ah-cp-tS-Xmb ]mc-cy-fpw Xncp-sh-gp-n\p Xpey-ambn KWnv BN-cnpt]mp (atm 7:18). Hcm Ftm ssZh-hN-\-n\p shfn-bn kz\oXn m]n-p-p-thm AtmfmWv AXv \nb-a-kn-mw (Legalism) Bbnocp-Xv (CXp ap]p \mw Nnn--Xm-Wv). AXp ssZhw B{K-ln-p \oXn-bs--p- am-{Xw.
]cn-ip-m-mhv Hmtcm-cp-pw Ah-cn Ipd-hm-bn-cn-p \oXntbm shfn-s-Sp-pp (tbml. 16:810).
Ahn-izm-knp ssZh-\o-Xn-bn-m-bvI-bm hnip--\mb ssZh-hp-am-bp _w \-s-n-cn-pp Fpw
AXv hos-Sp-p-hm tbip{InkvXp-hn hniz-knv c{]m]nv (Ft^ 2:89) Xm \oXn-am Fp
ssZh{]kvXm-h\ Dm-bmte ssZh-hp-am-bp Iqm-bva-bn {]th-in--bpp Fp t_my-s-Sp-pp. hnizm-knp ]cn-ip-m-mhv Ah-\n-ep ]m]s t_my-s-Spn Ahsb Gp-]-dp Dt]nv ssZhoIIqm-bvasb ]p\-cp-o-I-cn-m-\mbn D]-tZ-in-pp (1- tbml. 1:610) ssZh-cm-Py-n hkn332
t--Xn\p Cu ]p\-cp-m-cWw hnizm-knp hfsc {][m-\-s--XmWv (tdma 14:1617) tbip-{In-kvXp-hn

\np e`n-p {]Im-i-ns ê-amWv hnizm-kn-bpsS \oXn CXn-\mte ssZhoIAf-hn {]Imcw Pohnm Ignbp-I-bpp (Ft^ 5:610)
tbip{InkvXp ]dp ""\oXn-mbn hnip Zmln-p--h `mKy-hm-m Fs-m Ahv Xr]vXn hcpw'' (am 5:6). AtX, ""\oXn'' FXp Bnbac-W-n \np Db-s--hv _lp-am\w sImSpp--Xmb Hcp A\p{K-l-amWv (tdma 6:12-13). Ahn-izm-kn-I tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ AwKo-I-cn-p--Xphsc Bo-b-ambn acn--h-cmWv (tdm-a. 6:23) Ahn-izm-kn-I F \ne-bn \msa-m-hcpw ]m]-n\p
ASn-a-I-fm-bn-cpp, Fm Ctm hnizm-kn-I F \nebvp \mw Fm-hcpw \oXnp ASn-a-I-fmbn
Xon-cn--bmWv (tdma 6:16-19).
kmm\pw Ahs ssk\yhpw \oXn-bpsS tkh-I-cmbn Nav hnizm-kn-Isf Cp hnp Ipg--nem-p-I-bp-amWv (2- sImcn. 11:13-15). hmkvX-hn-I-ambn \oXntbmsS Pohn-p--hsc Ah D]-{Z-hn-p-sImn-cn-pp (am. 5:10; 1 ]-t{Xm. 3:14). BI-bm Hcp icn-bmb \oXn-am-\mbn Pohn-pI FXv Hcp
t]mcm--ambn (bp-w) Xon-cn-pp Fn-cp-mepw AXn\v e`n-p {]Xn-êw \nXy-amb Inco-S-amWv
(2 -Xn-tam. 4:68). Cu t]mcm--n-\n-S-bn \app ssZh-m ]cn-io-e\w {]m]nv \psS {]am-Wv kam-[m\w ssIh-cn-m Ign-bp-Xv F{Xtbm `mKy-amWv (F-{_m. 12:11).
6.
{]m\.
{]m\ ssZh-tm-Sp kw`m-j-W-am-Wv. shdpsX {]m-\sb Ipdnp Adn-hpw, Nn-I-fpw, ]T-\hpw

\S-p-Ibpw AXp {]hn-bn sImp-h-cm-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-Xv A-an-m-b-a (-hn-e-bn-m-bva)
BIp-p. Hcm ssZh-tmSp {]mn-p-Ibpw adp-]-Sn-mbn Imn-cn-bpw sNp-tm-gmWv AXns
hne a\-n-em-Ip-I-bp-p. ssZh-knw-lm-k-\-ns apdn-bn-tep \s {]th-in-n-p {]m\ Hcp
hne-tbdnb Ah-kcw Xs-bmWv (F-{_m. 4:16).
{]m-\-bpsS nc-X-bmWv ssZh-lnXw At\z-jn-p--h-cpsS kz`mhhntijw CXp BZn-a-k-`-bpsS
amXrI Bbn-cpp (A-tm. {]. 2:42) tbip-hns BZyinjy-m Gs\ {]mn--W-sav tNmZn-tm (eqtm. 11:1) tbip Ahv AXp D]-tZ-inp sImSp--XmWv Ir-{]m\ F t]cn
Adn-b-s-Sp-Xv (eqtm. 11:24). {]m\ Hcn-epw Fs Cw km[n-p-In-t--Xn-\mbn Xnc-sSp Iptd-hm-p-I-fpsS D]-tbm-K-a ]ntbm AXp ssZh-ln-X-hp-ambn XmZmyw {]m]n-p Hcp kab-amWv (1- tbml. 5:14) \n-fpsS hnizmkPohn-X-nse t]mcm--ns \nm-b-I-L--n {]m\
hne-tb-dnb Hcp Bbp[w Xs-bmWv (Ft^. 6:18).
{]m\, ]nXm-hmb ssZh-tmSp (Ft^. 5:20; am. 6:9; 1 ]-t{Xm.1:17) ]cn-ip-mm in-tbmsS Ignt--XmsWv ssZh-h-N\w hy-am-pp (Ft^. 6:18).
{]m-\-bn km[m-cW Ap-L-S-I--fm-Wp--Xv. Hm-at LSIw ]m]w Gp-]-d-bp-I-bmWv (k-o.
66:1820, sbi. 59:2; am 6:14; 1 tbm-l.1:9) ssZh-hp-am-bp \psS Iqm-bvav Fs-nepw XSw
krn-p-ptm Fp ]cn-tim-[-\-bm-Wn-Xv. cm-as LSIw kvXpX-nmWv (am. 21:16; eqtm
19:37; tdma 14:11; 15:11; Ft^. 1:6, 12,14; F{_. 13:15) ssZhw Bcm-bn-cn-pp Fp Xncn--dnhpw AwKo-Imc-hpamWv kvXpXn-I-fn IqsS {]I-S-am-p-Xv aqm-as LSIw IrX-X (\-n-]-d-n) BIp-p.
ssZhw \ap-p-thn Fp sNbvXp F-Xns Xncn--dnhpw AwKo-Im-c-hp-am-WnXv (Ft^. 5:20; 1 sX.
5:18) \mem-as LSIw ay-X AYhm ap--hv thn-bp {]m-\-bmWv (F-t^. 6:18; F{_.
7:25) {]m-\-bnse Am-as LSIw At] AYhm X\n-m-bn-p {]m\ BIpp (F{_.
4:16) \psS {]m\ Ah-km-\n-n-t-Xv ]p{Xs \ma-n-emWv (tbml. 14:13; 15:16).
{]tXyI {]m-\-I Hpw Iqn-tNmsX Xs \nv GXp ka-bpw ]m]-sf Gp]d-bm
Ignbpw (I-gn-b-Ww)-A-Xp-t]mse Xs ka-b-t`-Z-an-msX ssZh-n\p \n- ]-d-bm\pw, ssZhs kvXpXnm\pw ap--hp thn {]mnp-hm-\pw, \nmbn At]-n-p-hm\pw Ign-bp--Xm-Wv.
7.
hf.
Cu temI-n inip--fmbn \mw P\n--Xp-t]m-se-bmWv tbip-{In-kvXp-hn hniz-knv hopw P\n-p333
Xpw (tbml. 3:116). inip-Xz-n \nv {]mb-]qn-bn Fp--Xp-t]msebmWv {InkvXy-Po-hn-Xnepw {]uV-hm--bn-se-m-\m-bn-mWv ssZhw \s hnfn-n-cn-p-Xv AXm-bXv kzob]nXmhv
kw]q-\m-bn-cn-p-Xp-t]mse \mw ]q-cm-bn- Xo-cWw (a-m. 5:48) Fm CXv Cu temIPohn-Xn ]qn-bm-Ip--X (^nen. 3:12-15).
hf-bpsS Hm-as ]Sn \mw \ss Pnh\pw hniz-k-ap _en-bmbn Im-hn\p kan-pI
F-XmWv asmcp {]Im-c-n Ahs tkh-I-cmbn \psS Pohn-X-sf Gev]np sImSp FmIpp (tdma. 12:12), XpSv hf-bvm-h-iy-amb \nc-h[n ]co--Isf \psS Pohn-X-n-te--b-bvmWv
\psS ]nXmhv \s klm-bn-p-Xv (bmtm 1:24) Cu ]co--I \mw Ah-\n B{ibw hbvt-Xn-\m-bn-m-Wv. CtX -{]-Imcw k`-bpsS hf-bvmbn _lp-hn[ Bo-b-h-c--sfbpw \evIn-bmWv
XnI-hn-tev \bn-p-Xv (Ft^ 4:11-14).
]pcp-jm-h (]-Iz-X)sb \ap-n-s\ hni-Zo-I-cnmw inip-hn-\p--Xns\ XyPnv Ifv (1- sImcn.
13:11) Hcp ]pcp-jm-h--bn-se-nb B {]hn (-am. 19:21), kwkmcw (bm-tm 3:12), Nn (1sImcn. 14:20) Fn-h-bnsemw hfn-cn-pw. \psS ]pcp-jm-h-sb Xncn--dn-bm Cu hI taJ-e-IfpsS ncX Fs\-sbv t\mn-bm aXn. ssii-h-Xpey{]hn-I (h-f-bn-m---kzm-]-cam-b) kwkm-c- (hrYm-em-]\w) ]m]Nn (A-l-m-cw) Fnh Gdnbpw Ipdpw Fm-h-cnepw
Itmw ]t CXp ImWn-p-Xp \mw {]mb-]qn-bn-tev Hpw hf-cp-nm F ]cm-ams
BIp-p.
]IzX AYhm ]pcp-j-Xz-ns KpW--sf- Ip-dnv Xncp-sh-gp-n [mcmfw ]d-n-p-v. ]IzX AYhm
]qX FXv kzm-X-bn-mbva (a-m. 19:21) hn\bw (^n-en. 3:12-15) kphn-ti-jo-I-cWw (sImte
1:28) Fn-h-bpsS \nd-hmWvv AXp- a-p--hmbn ay--X -sN-p-Ibpw (sImtem 4:12) BobkzmX{ys kzm-]-c-amb hgn-I-fn-tep Xncn-msX _lp-am-\-ambn ImWpp (bmtm 1:25; Kem 5:1,13).
]q-h-f Nqn-Im-p-Xv Hcp-h ssZhkzoIm-cy-\mbn ssZh-\o-Xn-bpsS Af-hn{]Imcw (F{_m 5:1214)
XnI a\p-jy ssZh-ns Ir]-bn B{i-bn-p-hm ]Tn--h-\m-bn-cnpw (2 -sImcn. 12:9) IqSmsX
AXn \np-f-hm-Ip Fm \-tbbpw Xncn--dn-bp--h\pw Bbn-cnpw (bmtm. 1:17). F{X-am{Xw \mw
]q-cm-bn-cn-pp Fp shfn-s-Sp-p-Xv \app Im-hn-t\m-Sp kvt\lw F{Xbpw A[n-I-cnnv, Fm-hn[ `b-fpw AXn-\m ]pd-m--s-Sp-tm-gmWv (1 -tbml. 4:17-19).
8.
kvt\lw.
{InkvXobPohn-X-nse Ghpw ]ca{][m-\-amb `mK-amWv kvt\lw Fv tbip-{InkvXp kzbw ]d-np-v. atm-kns kphn-ti-j-n tbip Bh-\-]p-kvXIw 6:45 `mKp sImSp-n-cn-p henb
Iev]-\sb D-cnp ]d-n-cn-pp, ""bn{km-tbte tI, btlmh \psS ssZham-Ipp btlmh
GI Xs \ns ssZh-amb btlm-hsb \o ]q-lr-Z-b-tmSpw ]qa\-tmSpw ]q-i-ntbmSpw IqsS kvt\ln-Ww'' (atm 12:29-30). ASp--Xmbn tbip tehym-]p-kvXIw 19:18s\ D-cn-nv
cm-a s henb Iev]-\sb shfn-s-Spn, ""Iqp-Im-cs\ \ns-tm-se-Xs kvt\ln-Ww Chbn hep-Xm-bnv asmcp Iev]-\bpw C'' (a-tm. 12:31) Fp ]d-p. \mw ssZhs kvt\ln-tXv Ah apta \s kvt\ln--Xp-sIm-mWv (1- tbml. 4:19) \mw hmkvX-h-ambn Ahs\ kvt\lnp-p--s-n \psS ktlm-Z-c-m-scbpw kvt\lnpw (1- tbml. 4:20-21) GsXm-cp kvt\l-n-tep
\mw hnfn--s-n-cn-p-p-thm AXv Cu temIa\p-jy ]c-kv]cw kvt\ln-p kvt\l-a ]nstbm
AXn-ep-]-cn-bmb ]cn-ip-m-m-hn \np kvt\l-amWv (Kem. 5:22) AXp am\p-jnIhnIm-c-ns
]m-b kvt\lta A.
ssZh-h-N-\-n kvt\l-ns kwt-]-a adnv hni-Zo-I-c-W-amWv Xn-cn-p--Xv. kvt\l-ns
AanX {]m[m-\yX ]Tn-n-p Ap-X-I-c-amb Aym-b-amWv 1 sIm-cn. 13. \ap-smw Bobhctfm Poh-Xym-K-n-\p- Xp-ey {]hn-Itfm Dm-bn-cp-mepw {InkvXyPohn-X-ns ]ca{][m\ `mKamb kvt\lw ssIhn-p-t]m-bm \mw GXp-an-m--h-cmbn Xocpw (1 -sImcn 13:13). Atm-kvtXm-e-\mb
]ueqkv XpSv kvt\l-ns ]Xn-\mdp hnh-c- \evIpp (13:48) kvt\ls a\-n-em-m-\p
GI-amw XtmSpXs Rm.....? IqsS ]d-n-cn-p ap KpW-fpw Dtm F tNmZn-p--Xm-Wv.
DZm-l-c-W-n\v Rm an-p-ptm ? Cm, FmWv D-c-sa-n kvt\l-n Ipd--h-\m-bn-cnpp F p a\-n-emmw. CXp-t]mse kvt\l-n ap ]e KpW-fpw {]hn-Ifpw tdma 12:921
334
hscbp `mKp ]d-n-p-v.

ssZhw \n \nm{Kln-p kvt\l-ns i{Xp-hmWv temIw. temI-ns kw`m-h-\-bmb kvt\lw
\s ssZh-n\nv AI-m-\p Ipd-hn-\p D]m[n am{X-am-Wv. temIkw`m-h-\-I-fn-tev \mw
BIjn-s-Sp-tm \apv ssZhs ]q-ambn kvt\ln-m Ihn-bmsX hcpw (1 -tbml 2:15).
9.
kl\w.
thZ-\-ISn-a-sp Ign-bp Ah--mWv kl\w Fp ]d-bp--Xv. thZ\I imco-cn-I-hpw, am\-nI-hp-am-Imw. thZ-\-I-fn htw hen-bXv a\p-jys ]m] ISw hop-hm-\mbn tbip-{InkvXp {Iqin kln-XmWv (1- ]t{Xm 2:21-24; 4:1; 5:1). Cu {]tXyI Dt-i-n-\m-bn-mWv Ah hXpw (eqtm 9:22, 22:15)
AXn-{I-a-m-cpsS ssIm ]oVn-n--s-Xpw (1 -]t{Xm. 2:21-24), BI-bm tbip-{In-kvXp-hn- \np
A\o-Xn-bpsS kl-\s t\cn-Sp-hm-\p amXrI {]Xo-n-p-hm Ignbpw (1- ]t{Xm. 2:21).
{InkvXobPohn-X-ns ]q-X-bn-se-p--sX--s\-sbv \mw ]Tn--Xm-Wv. A\ymb]oV\w klnp-Xpw hfbpsS ]q-X-bn-se-ntbm F-dn-bp-hm-\p Hcp ]co--bmWv (1- ]t{Xm. 5:10) Imhv
\psS kmy-n-\pw, kl-\-n\pw \nXy{]Xn-^-e- Xcpw (1- ]t{Xm. 2:1920; 2 sImcn. 4:17). \psS
kmyw FXv A\ymbkl-\--fpsS \Sp-hn Im-hns\ B{i-bnv hnPbw hcn-p--XmWv
(1 ]t{Xm 4:19).
\oXn-p-thn kln-p-Xv `mKy-am-Wv. Fs-m icn-bm-bXv \mw sNp--Xv tbip-{InkvXp \psS
Im-hm-sWv Adn--Xn-\m-em-Wv (1- ]t{Xm. 3:14-17; 4:14). A\ym-b-amb kl-\-v ImcWw A[nIm-cn-I Bbn-cn-p--hv \mw {In-kvXym-\n-I Bbn-cn-pp F-Xn-ep AajwsImv Dm-IpXmWv.
Fm {InkvXym-\n-Ipw hcp kl-\-ns Hcp `mKw am{X-am-WnXv (^nen 1: 27-30). tbip-{InkvXp
kln I-]m-Sp-Isfp-dnp ]t{Xmkp kmn-p-tm (1- ]-t{Xm. 5:1) {InkvXp-hns I-m-Sp-I-fp-ambn
_n--s-Sp-tm B\-n-p-ho FmWv ]d-bp-Xv (1- ]t{Xm. 4:13-16) Fp-sIm--m {InkvXphns\ shdp--temIw Ahs A\p-bm-bn-I-sfbpw D]-{Z-hnpw (tbml. 15:18,-20; 1 ]t{Xm. 4:12). {InkvXphns icoc ]oU-\-n-\p-am-{Xta ]m]-n-\p-hn-e-sIm-Sp-p-hm km[n-p-p. Fm Ahs I-m-SpI-fp-ambn \mw XmZmyw {]m]n-p-tm AXp \app en-msX GXp hn[ I-fpw kln-m-\p
Ign-hns\ \evIp-p. CXp Ah \psS ]I-c-m-c-\mbn kln--Xns bmXmyw a\-n-em-n-b-Xn\m BIp-p (1 -]-t{Xm. 4:16). am{X-hp-a ap hnizm-kn-Ifpw CtX Iw Xs kln-pp Fpw \mw
{Kln-m CS-bm-Ipp (1- ]-t{Xm. 5:9) Cs\ \apv Ahs cmPy-n\p \mw tbmKy-scp sXfn-bnm Ignbpw (2- sX. 1:5) I-Xsb \mw `b-s-Sp-I-bp-an (shfn 2:10).
]t{Xmkp \app hopw ap-dn-hp-X-cp-Xp \mw ]m]w sNp-tm in B{K-ln-p-n--nepw \mw
sNp GXp ]m]-n\pw in \n-bn--s-n-cn-p--Xn-\m kln-t-n-hcpw (Gp ]dv tamN\w
{]m]n-n-n-m--h-bvp) GXp {]Im-c-n-ep ]m]-am-bmepw in-h-ep-Xp-X-s-bmWv (1-]-t{Xm4:15; eqtm
13:15).
10.
inWw.
{Kop-`m-j-bn Cu hmn\v ""ss]tVbp'' (PAIDEUO) F hmmWv D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-Xv. CXn\v \mw

]cn-io-en-m B{K-ln-p--h-bvmbn kln-t-nb thZ\ Fp-IqsS A-ap-v. DZm-l-c-W-n\p
]oe-tmkv tbip-hns\ ASn-nv ]d--bvm Iev]n-Xv Hcp XS-hp-Im-cs\ in-W-n IqsS IpIrXyw Bhn-m-Xn-cn-m t{]cn-n-p ]Xn-hn {]Im-c-amWv (eqtm. 23:16-22) asmcp Aw
hnZym-`ymkw \evIp-I-sb-mWv (A-tm. {]. 7:22; 22:23) k`m-bp-K-nse hnizm-kn-Isf ap--hsc ]Tn-nm-\p Ah-bn-em-nbncnp-I-bm AXp Zb-thmsS sNt-n-bn-cn-pp (2 -Xntam. 2:24-26).
in-W-n\pw, kl-\-n\pw thZ-\-I D-Xn-\m Ch Xn kmay-apv kl\w kln--s--tXm,
Am-tXm Bb thZ-\-I-sf-sbmw Dsm-p-tm inWw BIs ]co-in-e\ ka-b-p-mIp thZ-\-Iam-{Xta kln-p-p-p. \psS ]cn-io-e-\-n Al-X-bn-m thZ-\-I kz`m-hc-W-n-\m-bn-tm, Al-X-s thZ-\-I \psS hgn-sX-nb {]h-\--fn \np a\-ns\ cq]m-335
c-s-Sp-t--Xn-\m-bntm hcm-hp--XmWv (1- Xntam. 1:18-20).

ssZhoI in-W-ns Dtiw Hcp ]nXmhp Xs ss]X-ens\ ASn-p--Xp-t]mse \psS kz`m-h-cq]o-I-cWw hcp-pI F-XmWv (F-t^. 6:4; F{_ 12:7). \n nc-amb \oXn {]hn-Ifpw AXn-\mh-iy-amb ssZh-hN-\hpw AXn-s\ ]Wn-Xp-bpp. (2. -Xn-tam. 3:16-17) in-W-ns Ime-tp
am{X-ap Hcp ktm-j-a ]ntbm AXns ê-ambn hne-tb-dnb HmWv {]m]n-p--Xv (F-{_. 12:11),
]m]-n\p \mw sImSp-t-nb henb hne a\-n-em--sW-n in-W-ns {]m[m-\ys a\-nem-Ww (Xop 2:11-12).
Cu temI aXm-]n-Xm- inWw \evIp-Xv AhcpsS tIm]-n \nv A[n-Im-c-tm-sS-bm-sWn kzob ]nXm-hmb ssZhw Ahs kvt\l-n \nmWv AXp sNp-Xv (shfn 3:19). Ah
Xs kvt\l-m \s ]cn-io-en-n-p-tm \mw \ncm-icpw adpp \nevp--h-cp-am-ImsX Ah\m {Iao-I-cn--s-Sp--h-cm-IWw (F{_m. 12:5). \mw Cu temI-m-cmbn (1- sImcn. 11:31-32) \in-m-Xn-cnWw F Dti-tmsS ssZhw \app _me-in--I Xcp-tm ssZh-ns in-W-{I-as
kzmKXw sNp--h-cm-bn-cnWw hnizm-kn-I (F-{_. 12:8).
11.
ss__n ]T\w.
ss__n ]T\-ns {]m[m-\yX IqSp-X-embn ]d-tb Bh-iy-an-, Fp-sIm--m ssZh-hp-ambp _-n-tep \s \bn-t--Xn\p ssZhw \app \evInb Hcp hgn-Im-n-bm-WXv (1- sImcn. 2:16).
BIp-hm Cu ]T-\-n-tep \mw {]th-in-p-tm-hmWv ssZh-h-N-\-n-s {]m[m\yw F{X-sbv AXmbXv AXns Afp Ipdn-m Ign-bm \ofhpw hoXnbpw (hn-im-e-]-c-v) \mw {Kln-p--Xv. BI-bm
hN\ ]T-\-n\v Hcp A\p-Zn\ {Iaw AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.
12.
Bcm-[\.
Bcm-[\ tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-\m-bp Hcp BtLm-j-am-Wv. Ah Bscpw \ap-p-thn Fp sNbvXp

FXpw CXn {][m-\-am-Wv. CXp a\-n-em-p--X-\p-k-cn-mWv kvXpXnbpw ]pI-gvNbpw Itc-p-hm Ignbp--Xv. F-m Fm al-Xz-n\pw tbmKy Ah (sh-fn. 5:17) am{X-amWv (shfn 4:911).
Ahn-izm-kn-I-fmb a\pjy h-n\v krn-Xm-hns\ Bcm-[n-p--Xnepw Xmev]cyw krnsb Bcm-[np--Xn-emWv (tdm-a. 1:25) kmmXm\pw Bcm-[\ B{K-ln-p-pv (eqtm 4:7). Fm bXmn a\p-jy Bcm-[n-t-Xv Pnh-\p kXy ssZhs BIpp (eqtm 4:8). Nne Bfp-I ssZh
krn-bmb ZqX-msc Bcm-[n-m-dpv (sImtem. 2:18), krn-Xm-hn-t\- krnsb Bcm-[n-m-\p
hy{K-X-bn ap Nn ssZh-I-ev]-\-I-fp-t]-nv am\p-jnI Am-\p-hn-I Bbn-Xo-cm-dpv
(atm. 7:7) C-s\-bp--h Bcm-[n-t--h-s\-hn-nv Bcm-[-\m--e-sf hW-p--Xn Dp-I-cmIm-dpv (tbml. 4:20-22).
kXym-cm-[\ ]cn-ip-m-mhv \psS lrZ-b--fn {]hn-p--Xns ê-ambn Df-hm-Ip--Xm-Wv.
Bmhv tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ \n shfn-s-Sp-pI (tbml 4:23-24; ^nen 3:23)-bm \ap--hs\ kvXpXnp-hm Ign-bp-p. CXn-\-Sn-m\w \psS ico-c-sf Ahs ip{iq-j-mbn kan-p--Xn-eq-sSbmWv (tdma. 12:12; F{_m. 11:21).
Bcm-[\
- b
- psS hnhn[ coXn-Is
- f-p-dnv ss__n {]kvXm-hn-n-p-s-nepw C-cq-]
- n am{Xta BImhq
Fv {]tXyI Iev]-\ -X-n-n-. Bb-Xn-\m Bcm-[\m coXn-tbm, BoI hftbm t\mn asmcmsf hn[n-m-Xn-cn-m kqn--Ww.
13.
injy-cm-pI.
tbip-{InkvXp Xs Ay-I-ev]-\-bn ""]pd-svv'' kIe PmXn-I-sfbpw injy-cm-n-sImhn (am

28:18) Fp ]d-p. Hcp injy Im-hns\ ]n]-p hN-\-hn-Zymn BWv. Hcp injy Fm
tIhew cn--s Hcp hyn-sb--, ]ntbm AXn-ep-]-cn-bmbn ssZh-h-N\w ]Tn-p-Ibpw AXn
{]Imcw Pohn-p-Ibpw sNp Hcp hnizmkn FmWv Aw (tbml 7:17).
336
`mKw 2
kwbp {InkvXnb PohnXw

(k`m XXzimkv{Xw)
A.
Aym-]\w:
tbip Xs injy-mv Ana Iev]\ sImSp--tm ""Rm \n-tfmSv Iev]n--sXm-sbpw {]amWn-m X-hw D]-tZ-inp (]-Tn-n-p-I) sImv.......'' (am. 28:20) FmWv ]d-Xv. tbip Hcp
Kpcp (D-]-tZ-i-I) Bbn-cpp (am 4:23; 5:2; 7:29; 9:35; 11:1; 13:54; 21:23; 22:16; 26:55; 28:15; Atm. {] 1:1).
Ahs injy-mcpw Ah Iev]n--Xp-t]mse t]mbn ]Tn-n-p-I-bm-bn-cpp (A-tm. {]. 4:2,18; 5:21-, 25, 28,
42; 11:26; 15:1, 35; 18:11, 25; 20:20; 21:21,28).
Aym-]-\-n IqsS \mw \nt-i- (D-]-tZ-i-) \evIpw-tm {]kw-K-nIqsS {]t_m-[-\amWv \evIp-Xv (sImtem. 1 :28; 3:16) k`sb kw_-n-n-S-tmfw CXp cpw AXn-{]-[m-\--fm-Wv.
Atm-kvtXm-e-\mb ]ueqv Xntam-sY-tbm-kn\p \nt-i- sImSp--tm \o ap--hsc CXp ]Tnn-Ww Fnte Ah hopw ap-h
- sc ]Tn-n-b
- pp Fp ]d-n-cpp (1- Xntam. 4:11; 6:2; 2 Xntam. 2:2)
C-s\-bmWv ssZh-h-N\w Hcp Xe-ap-d-bn \nv asmcp Xe-ap-d-bn-te-s coXn-bn ssIam-dn-h--Xv.
Nnev ]Tn-n-p--Xn {]tXyI Ign-hp-m-bn-cnpw (tdma 12:7) Fm-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw ]Tn-n-m-\mbn
hnfn--s--h-cm-Ipp (F{_ 5:12-14).
B.
Iqmbva.
BZna k`-bnse Hcp {][m\ `mK-am-bn-cpp Iqmbva (A-tm. {] 2:42) CXns Aw kI-e-Xnepw Ahc-\p-ambn Hcp ]m-fnw Dm-bn-cpp Fm-Wv. AXp ùXn-I-Im-cy--fn (tdma 15:26; 2sImcn 8:4; 9:13;
F{_ 13:16) Iqmbva am{X-a-m-bn-cp-p. BoI Imcy--fn-ep-ap-m-bn-cpp (1- tbml. 1:3,7) Iqmbva kwbp-amb Bcm-[-\-bm-Wv. CXv Cu Aym-ns Hmw `mKp Nnn--Xm-Wv. hyn-]-c-amb Bcm-[-\bpsS _mly-h-f-bmWv kwbp--amb Bcm-[-\.
Iqp-hn-izm-kn-bp-am-bp BnI Iq-bva (2 -sImcn. 6:14) tbip-{In-kvXp-hp-am-bp Ipm-bva-bn taemWv
ASn-m-\-s-n-cn-p-Xv (1 -tbml. 1:7). Fm AXp {]I-S-am--Xp \psS Iqmbvabn ]cn-ip-mm-hp-am-bn-m-Ip-tm-gmWv (2 -sImcn. 13:14) AXp ]Wn-b-s-Sp-Xp hnizm-k-m-ep-amWv (^n-te-tam 1:6)
Ch-bpsS kt-f-\-amWv k`m-bm-Ip ico-c-ns sFIyX ZrV-am-p-Xv (^nen. 2:12). Cu Iqm-bva-bnte-mWv \mw hnfn--s-n-cn-p-Xv (1 -sImcn. 1:9) Fm \mw Ccp-n \S-p Ime-tmfw Cu
Iqmbva A\p-`-gn-p-hm Ign-bp--X (1 -tbml. 1:6).
\psS Iqm-bva-bpsS ASn-m\w Ir-ta-i-bnIq-sS-bmWv hcp Imn-bn-cn-p--Xv. CXn-s\-bmWv
337
km[m-cW hnip kwkw Fp hnfn-p-Xv F-m AXv tbip-hns Bf-Xzw, {]hn Fnhsb shfn-s-Sp-p-Ibpw (1- sImcn. 10:16) Ahs ]oVm-\-`-h--fpsS Iqm-bva-bn \s ]m-fn-I-fm-pIbpw sNpp (^nen. 3:10).
hnizm-kn-I F \nebvp `nm`n{]m-b- \on-bn-cn-p-I-bm kphn-ti-jn-I-c-W-ns ]qnbvmbn \app ]c-kv]cw Iqm-bva-bpv (K-em. 2:9, ^nen. 1:5) Iqmbva kvt\l-_---fpsS hnI-k\s klm-bn-p-p.
{InkvXnb Pohn-X-n kvt\l-ns Bh-iy-IX Fp \mw Ip-I-gn-p. \mw ssZh-sbpw ap-h-scbpw kvt\ln--Ww. \mw \psS Abmsc kvt\ln-p-Xv ssZhw B{K-ln-p Bf-hn
Bbn-cn-tWw (1- tbml. 4:20) AYhm \mw \s kvt\ln-p--Xp-t]mse Abm-c-s\bpw kvt\lntWw Fp cmPIob \ymb-{]-am-W- (bmtm. 2:8) s-p-dnv ]pXnb \nbaw injy-mv \nc-h[n
Adn-hp-I \evIp-p-v. hnizm-kn-I Ah-cpsS i{Xp-sf IqSn kt\ln-Ww F Iev]-\-bpsS
apmsI CXp \nm-c-amb Ht{X (eqtm. 6:35) Bfp-I \tmSp Fs\ s]cp-am-d-W-sap \mw
B{Kln-ppthm AXp-t]mse \mw Ah-tcmSv s]cp-am-td--Xm-Wv (am. 7:12).
C\n ]d-bp XXz- \psS ]c-kv]c _s ImWn-p--Xm-Wv. AXp hnhml _-n Bcw`nv IpSpw-_-_--n-te-pw, k`-bm-Ip IpSpw-_--n-tepw ssZh-ns henb IpSpw-_-nse
cn--s]-Sm--h-cn-tepw hym]n-p-p. ]c-kv]-c-_--sf Nqn Imp F-an-m {]am-W-
]pXnb \nb-a-n Dv. hf-bn Fm Hcp hnizmkn Cu \nb-a-sf Inv CXp ap--h-cp-sS
Pohn-X-n {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-t--h-sbv IcpXn kz Pohn-X-n {]tbm-Kn-I-am-m-\p DchmZn-n \nsm-gn-hm-Im kmy-X-bp-v. Fm ap--h sNbvXn-s-nt]mepw kz-Po-hn-X-n
A\p-`-h-am-m\pw kzm-X-sh-Sn-bm-\p-am-bn-cnpw Hcp apXn hnizmkn {inan-p--Xv.
""]c-kv]-c-ap'' \nb-a-s-p-dnp \app Nnnmw:
z
Xn Xn kvt\ln-tWw F Iev]\ ]pXnb \nb-a-n ]e-bn-Spw \mw hmbn-pp

(tbml. 13:34-35; 15:12-,17; tdma. 13:8; 1 sX. 3:12; 4:9; 2 sX. 1:3; 1 ]-t{Xm.1:22; 1 tbm-l.3:11-,23; 4:7, 11,12;
2 tbm-l. 1:5) CXns Aw 1 sImcn. 13:48; tdma. 12:9-21 hscbp `mK--fn ]d-n-cn-p
hn[w \mw Pohn-t--Xm-Ipp Fm-Wv.
\mw At\ym\yw Ah-b-h- BIpp Fp Xncn--dn-bpI (tdm-a. 12:5; Ft^. 4:25) CXns Aw
{InkvXp-hns ico-c-ns AwK--fmb \app ]ckv] _-apv Fm-Wv.
\mw ]c-kv]cw Icp-X-ep--h-cm-bn-cn-Ww (tdm-a. 12:10) ktlm-Zc {]oXn-bn mbn-]qv At\ym\yw

AW t_m[-tmsS Pohn-p--h-cm-bn-cn--Ww.
]c-kv]cw _lp-am-\n-p--h-cm-bn-cn--Ww. AXm-bXv ap--h-cpsS hne ssZh-k-n-[n-bn a\-nemn Pohn-pI (tdm-a. 12:10)
At\ym\yw Hp-Xs Nnn-p--h-cm-bn-cn--Ww. AXm-bXv Iqp-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw \s-t]mse ssZhIr-]-bpsS ]m-fn-I-fm-Wp a\-n-emn sImWw (tdm-a. 12:16; 15:5)
{InkvXp \s kzoI-cn--Xp-t]mse \mapw ]c-kv]cw kzoI-cn-p--h-cm-bn-cn--Ww. krn-I-sf

\nebvv Ahs Ir] \ap-s-m-hpw Bh-iy-amWv (tdm-a. 15:7)
\tmSp kao-]n-p Bob A]-I-S-sf IpWv At\ym\yw ap-dnhp sImSp-p--h-cm-bncn-Ww (tdm-a. 15:14)
]c-kv]cw h\w ]d-bp--h-cm-bn-cnWw (tdm-a. 16:16; 1 sImcn. 16:20; 2 sImcn. 13:12; 1 ]t{Xm. 5:14)
""hnip Npw_-\-m'' FXp hyn kmn-y-ns Aaq-eyX shfn-s-Sp-p--Xm-Wv.
\mw At\ym\yw tkhn-tWw (tbml. 13:14; Kem. 5:13) CXp tbip injy-m-cpsS Imep-I Igp-InbmWv ImWn-p-sIm-Sp--Xv.
A]-cs\ Xt-m t{ijvT Fp FWw (^n-en. 2:3)
\mw Xn Xn `mc- hln-tWw (Kem. 6:2) Xn Xn klm-bn-m\pw ]m]-sf

338
Nqn-Im-p--Xn-\p-am-bn-m-Wv.
z
]c-kv]cw hln-p--h-cm-Ip-I. AYhm a-tbmsS Icp-XpI (F-t^. 4:2; sImtem. 3:13)
]c-kv]cw Iog-S-n-bn-cn-p-I, AYhm Iqp-hn-izm-kn-bpsS Bh-iy-p {]m[m\yw \evIpI

(Ft^. 5:21)
At\ym\yw Dm-ln-n-pI. CXv Bo-I-ambn Xf-cp Ah-k-c--fn Ay-m-t]-n-X-amWv

(tdma.1:12; 1 sX. 4:18; 5:11; F{_m. 3:13; 10:25)
Xn Xn kam-[m\w BN-cn-pI (atm. 9:50) \psS {]hn-I-fmepw A`n-{]m-b--fmepw

Hcn-epw Ie--ap-m--cp-sX-w.
Xn Xn ]m]sf Gv ]d-bpI (bmtm. 5:16). CXn-\mbn \ aqew D]-{Zhw kln--htcmSpw \mw sXp sNbvX-h-tcmSpw \nc-m-Im\pw _w ]p\-m-]n-p-hm\pw Ign-b-Ww.
At\ym\yw {]mn-pI (bmtm. 5:16)
]c-kv]cw an-p-I. Imhp an--Xp-t]mse an-pI (sImtem. 3:13)
]c-kv]cw \ kwkm-cn-p-I. Hmtcm-cp-pw ssZh-tm-Sp _s IcpXn \-am{Xw B{Kln-pI (1 -sX. 5:15)
]c-kv]cw kvt\l-n\pw kXv{]-hn-I-am-bp Dmlw hn-n-pI (F-{_. 10:24)

Ftmgpw asm-cmp \-sN-p--Xns\ Ipdnp Nnn-p-I.
A]-c-\p-thn Imn-cn-pI (1- sImcn. 11:33) hnizm-kn-I-fpsS IqSn hc-hns ktm-j-s-bmWv

CXp ImWn-p--Xv.
Xn Xn Zb D-h-cm-bn-cn-p-I. Iqp-hn-izm-kn-s-Xn-cmbn ssIm-tbm, tIm]-tm-sS-tbm,

tZmj-ambn Nnn-ptbm sNm-Xn-cn-pI (Ft^. 4:31-32).
]c-kv]cw Icp-X-ep--h-cm-bn-cn-pI (1- sImcn. 12:25). {InkvXp-hns ico-c-am-Ip k`-bpsS Ahb-h-sf-Ip-dn-p Icp-X ImWn-p-p.
Xn Xn sNp tkh-\s Xncn--dn-bpI (eqtm. 7:32) \psS tkh\w a\p-jy-cpsS

{]iw-ksb tXSn BI-cp-Xv. ssZh-Ip-Spw-_-nse AwK--fmbn _lp-am-\n-p--h-cm-bn-cn--Ww.
Xn Xn AYnXn kmcw \S-pI (1- ]t{Xm. 4:9). \psS k`-I-fn ]pdp \np
hnizm-kn-Ipw kzmKXw \evIp-I.
At\ym\yw Xmgva-bp--h-cm-bn-cn-pI (1- ]t{Xm. 5:5) CXp \p-sS at\m-`m-hs shfn-s-Sp-p-p.
At\ym\yw Iqmbva Dm-bn-cn-Ww (1- tbml. 1:7)
]c-kv]cw ]Wn-bp--h-cm-bn-cn-Ww (tdma. 14:19; 1 sX. 5:11) Bo-I-h-\-b-m-h-iy-amb Dml-hpw, {]t_m-[-\--fpw, D]-tZ-i-fpw \evIn Dbp-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS.
C.
kphn-ti-jo-I-cWw.
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns kphn-tijw Fm-bn-S-tbvpw hym]n-n-pI FmWv kphn-ti-jo-IcWw F

hmn-\w. Fm-hcpw Adn-tb-Xmb Hcp \- h-am\w AXp {]kn--am-p-p. tbip-{InkvXp
ssZh-am-bn-cns (tbml 1:1) \ap-mbn a\p-jy-\mbn Xop (tbml 1:14) k temI-n-sbpw ]m]n-\mbn acnp (1-tbml 2:12) hopw aqmw Znhkw Dbs-gp-tp (1-sImcn 15:13) Bcv Ah-\n
hniz-kn-ptam Ahv \nXy-Po-h e`n-pp (tbml 3:16). \mw Fm-hcpw ]m]n-I BIpp
(tdma 3:23) FXp Hcp \ hm-b-, Fm \mw sImSp-p-ho-t-nbncp ]m]-Sw (tdma 6:23)
tbip-{In-kvXp-- sIm-Sp-p- hon (K-em. 3:13).
FXp Hcp \ hm-X-s-bm-Wv. k` km-tZ-in-b-am-bpw, {]mtZ-in-I-ambpw Fv B{K-ln-t-Xv
Gh-tcbpw Cu kphm-bn-tep sImp-h-cnI FmWv \app e`n-n-cn-p shfn-hpw kXyhpw
Hcn-epw ad-p-h-bv-cpXv (am 5:14N tdma 1:16).
339
kphn-tijw hnX-cWw sNp-hm-\p kzmX-{y-hpw, ]n-Xbpw ssZhw \app Xn-p-v. AXp Hcp-h\n \nv asm-cm-fn-tep (Atm. {]. 8) Hcp {Kqn \np ap {Kqp-I-fn-tep (A-tm. {]. 2) F-{Ia-n ssIamw sNt-n-bn-cn-p-p. k`-bpsS ZuXyw AXn-{]m-[m-\y-aln-p-p. ssZh-h-N-\s
{]kn--am-p--tXm-sSmw tbip-{In-kvXp-hns cmPy-n-te-p Whpw \evI-Ww. kphn-ti-jo-I-cW-ns Gww i-amb D]-I-cWw Xn Xn-ep kvt\l-amWv (tbml. 13:34-35).
D.
tkh\w (ip-{iq-j).
ap--h-cpsS imco-cn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb Ah--Isf a\-n-emn Ahsc klm-bn-m-\p Hcp

BoI ip{iq-jm-WnXv (A-tm. 11:29; 2 sImcn. 8:35). tbip-{In-kvXp-hns m\-]-Xn-B-bn-cp--sImv
ssZh-tmSp \ncp {]m]n-pI Fp \-s-p-In-S-p temI-a-\p-jy-tcmSp hnfn--dn-bn-p al-Xz]q-amb tkh-\-am-WnXv (2- sImcn. 5:18-21). Hcp-h ssZh-tmSp \ncp {]m]n-p-tm hmkvX-h-ambn
Cu temI-ns A\ymb _\--fn \np ap-\m-Ip-I-bm-Wv. BI-bm CsXmcp kzmX-{y-ns
ZqXp hln-p ip{iq-j-bm-Wv (1- Xntam. 4:46) hnizm-kn-I-fmb \mw kzX-{-cmWv (Kem. 5:1) ap--hsc
kzX-{-cm-t--h-cmWv (K-em. 5:13)
\mw ]n XpS-tc-nb amXrI tbip Xs-bmWv \app XXv (a-m. 20:28). BI-bm Hcp ip{iq-j-I
F \ne-bn \mw ]n]t-Xv tbip F \mb-Is\ Xs-bmWv (tbm-l. 12:24-26). k`-bn HcmfpsS Bo-IX IW-m-p-Xp (am. 29:2628; 23:10-18) Abm-fpsS ]Z-hn-Isf t\mn-b-, ]ntbm
{InkvXob ip{iq-jbpw Pohn-Xhpw t\mn-bm-Wv. hnizm-kn-I F \nebvp \psS c-mbn ssZhw
Xs ImWn Icp-Wtb kZm kvacn-t--h-cmWv \. Hcn-epw Al-m-cn-Itfm \ncm-itcm BIcpXv (2 -sImcn. 4:1--2) ap--hp thn \mw sNp Gw sNdnb ip{iq-j-sb-tmepw ssZhw am\npw
(F{_m. 6:10-12).
Im-hmWv ip{iq-j-bvp Ah-k-c- Dm-n-X-cp-Xv (A-tm. {]. 20:24; 1 sImcn. 12:46). hnizmkn-I Cu Ah-kcw {]tbm-P-\-s-Spn ssZhw Xn-cn-p hn`-h--fm ]c-kv]cw ip{iq-jn-t-h-cm-Wv. BI-bm tkh\w FXp {InkvXob Pohn-X-nse {][m-\-amb Hcp ]m-Wv (1- ]t{Xm. 4:10-11).
\ap-p-Xn \nsm-gn-hm-Im kmy-a-. ]m-fnXzw hln-t--h-cmWv (tdma. 12:7). BI-bm tbip-{InkvXp-hns ip{iq-jsb Hcp {]Im-chpw Ipd-bvp--h-cm-Im-Xn-cn-m kqn-t--Xm-Wv (2 sImcn. 6:3).
ip{iq-j-I kwtbm-Pnp {]hn-t--Xm-Wv. k`-bnse BXym-hiyw IW-n-se-Sp-Xv Atm-kvX-em BZn-a-k-`-bn ip{iq-j-I-msc \nb-an--tm k`-bp-ambn Btem-Nnp k`-bm Xnc-s-Sp--s-h-sc-bmWv \nb-an--Xv. Fs-m AXp XnI-hp Hcp ip{iq-j-bm-bn-cn--W-sav Ah Icp-Xn-bn-cpp
(A-tm. {]. 6:16). k`-bnse hnhn[ ip{iq-j-I kwtbm-Pnp {]hn-p-tm-gmWv AXp k`m hnizmkn-Ip {]tbm-P\ {]Z-am-Ip-Xv.
Imhp k`-bn t\XrXz ip{iqj hn-cn-p--Xv, B t\Xm--m ap--hsc t\Xr-m-\-tp
kpk--cm-t--Xn-\m-bn-m-Wv. Atm-kvtXm-e-\mb ]utemkp C{]-Imcw Fgp-Xn,
""Ah Nnesc Atm-kvtXm-e-m-cmbpw, Nnesc {]hm-N-I-m-cmbpw, Nnesc kphn-ti-j-Im-cmbpw Nnesc CS-b-m-cmbpw D]-tZ-m--m-cmbpw \nb-an-n-cn-p-p. AXp \mw Fmhcpw hnizm-k
- nepw ssZh-]p-{X-s\-p-dn-p ]cn-m-\
- n-ep-ap sFIy-Xbpw XnI
]pcp-jXzhpw {InkvXp-hns kwq-amb {]mb-ns Afhpw {]m]n-p-thmfw hnip-m-cpsS bYm-m-]-\-n-\m-bp ip{iq-j-bpsS thebvpw {InkvXp-hns ico-c-ns
Bo-I-h-\bvpw BIpp'' (F-t^. 4:11-13).
340
k`m t\Xr-Xz-ns D-c-hm-Zn--amWv Ah hnizm-kn-Isf Bn-b-ambpw ùXn-I-ambpw, sshIm-cn-Iambpw k-cm-pI hgn Ah ap--hsc kphn-ti-jo-I-cn-bpw tbip-{In-kvXp-hp-am-bp hyn-]-c-amb
_-ns ]q-h-fbn FnpIbpamWv. kvt\l-nIq-sS-bp ip{iq-j-bm-Wv, Ghpw iamb kphn-ti-jo-I-c-W-ns D]-I-W-ambn k`bvp e`n-n-cn-p-Xv (tbml 13:135).
E.
sFIyX.
hyn-KX k`-Ipw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb hoWw {InkvXp-hns ico-c-n Dv (F-t^. 4:13). {Iqio-I-cW-ns Xte-cm-{Xn-bn tbip {]mn-Xv Ahs A\p-Km-an-I Fm-hcpw Hm-bn-cn--W-sa-m-Wv.
Ah ]dp,
""Chp-thn am{X-a Ch-cpsS hN-\-m Fn hniz-kn-m-\n-cn-p--hp
thnbpw Rm At]-n-p-p. \o Fs Ab-n-cn-pp Fp temIw hniz-kn-m
Ah Fm-hcpw Hm-tI--Xn-\p, ]nXm-th, \o Fnepw Rm \nnepw BIp--Xpt]mse Ahcpw \n BtI--Xn\p Xt. \oF-\np Xn-p alXzw Rm Ahp
sImSp-n-cn-pp \o Fs Ab-n-cn-pp Fp \o Fs kvt\ln---Xp-t]mse
Ah-scbpw kvt\ln-pp Fp temIw Adn-hm \mw Hm-bn-cn-p--Xp-t]mse Ah-cpw
Hm-tI--Xn\p Rm Ah-cnepw \o Fn-ep-ambn Ah sFIy-n XnI--h-cm-bn-cnt--Xn\p Xt'' (tbml. 17:20-23).
Im-hmb tbip-{In-kvXp-hn hniz-kn-p B \nanjw Xs ]cn-ip-m-mhv A[n-h-kn-p--Xn-\mepw, Bmhv Hp-am{Xw Bbn-cn--bmepw (Ft^. 4:4), Bm-hns sFIyXbpw Hm-a-Xmbn Xs
nc-s-n-cn-pp (B-m-hns A[n-hmkw F Aymb `mKw t\mp-I). Atm-kvtXm-e-\mb
]utemkv ]Tn-n-p-Xv Cu sFIyw \ne-\n-evp-Xv \mw \psS hnfnp tbmKy-\mbn \S-p--Xn\m BIpp (F-t^. 4:13) Fm-Wv. CXns Aw \psS \Sv ]q Ir]-bn hnizm-k-ns
ASn-m-\-n BIpp Ft{X (F-t^. 1:89). tbip-{In-kvXp-hn \ap-p m\w \psS cbpsS ASn-m-\-n BI-bm Hmtcm \nan-j-nepw k`-bm-Ip ico-c-ns sFIyXsb {IokvXphns kvt\l-n Imp kqn-m _myXcm-Wv. CXn-\m-emWv Ahn-izm-kn-I \s {InkvXphns injy-m-cmbn a\-n-em-p-Xv (tbm-l. 13:34-35).
341
342
343
344
Aymbw 9
\S-n-em-
345
346
apJ-hpc
Cu Aym-b-n ss__n ]mT- Dm-p--Xn-\p {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e-\-amWv \evIp--Xv.

At\I ssZh-Zm-k-m ap--hsc ]Tn-n-p--Xn\v ê-{]-Z-ambn Is-nb \nb-a--fm-Wn-Xv. ]mT Xm-dm-p coXn-Ip amw hcp-sa-nepw ASn-m\ \nb-a
-- p am-an (hym-Jym-\-n-\p
\nb-a- F Aymbw 4 ]nXp-S-cp-I)
Hm-a-Xmbn hnZym-`ymk \nb-a--sf-Sp-mw. ]cn-ip-m-m-hns Aym-]\ ip{iq-j-bn Am-S-anIv \nba-smpw m\-an-. ]cn-ip-m-mhv F hyn ""\s kIe kXy-nepw hgn-\-Spw''
(tbml. 16:13). am\p-jo-I-amb bmsXmcp ]-Xn-bpw CXn\p CuSp\-evIp-hm X-X-.
\mw Fm-bn-tmgpw hnizm-k-m \S--Ww. F{X-am{Xw thZ-]-cn-m\w Dv FXv CXn\v _m[-Ia (sImtem. 2:6). {InkvXob hf-bsS XnIhv PUoI apt--n-eqsSb AXp hnizm-k-memWv
(Kem. 3:25). kmm D]m-b-m \s \psS ]-Xn-bn-tepw, ]mn-Xy-n-tepw Xncnv ]cn-ipm-m-hn B{i-bn-t-X
- n-\p-]I
- cw kz Ign-hn B{i-bn-m t{]cn-npw (tbm-l. 5:39-47). kvt\lwIq-Sm-sX-bp Adnhv Fm-bmepw \s Al-m-cn-I-fm-p-Itb Dp. CXp hf Ipd-hns e-WamWv (1 sImcn. 8:1).
{InkvXob Pohn-X-n \mw Fp sNbvXmepw Fmw {]m-\-tbmSpw ]m]-sf Gp ]d-p-sImpw
(1 -sImcn. 11:31; kZr. 28:13; 1 tbml. 1:9) thWw Bcw-`n-p-hm XpSpw {]mn-p-sIm-n-cn--Ww.
GIm-{K-X-bvp-th-nbpw hnth-I-n-\p-th-nbpw \mw ]Tn--Xmb ]mT-nse Imcy- Hmn-cn-t-Xn-\mbpw {]mn-t-Ww.
347
348
`mKw 1
]pkvX-I-hp-am-bp ASp ]cn-Nbw
BapJw:
]T-\-n-\mbn \mw Xnc-s-Sp-p ]pkvXIw ]e Bhn -hm-bnp hnjbw a\-n-em-p-I, Hcp ]{X
teJ-\-am-bmepw ap-]p-kvX-I- Bbn-cp-mepw CXp Xs sNp-I. CXp B ]pkvX-Is ]cn-N-b-sSp--Xn\pw AXnse hnjbw a\-n-em-p--Xn\pw klm-bn-pw. Fm Bg-ta-dnb thZ-imkv{X tNmZypcw ]d-bm-\p am-an-n-Xv.
thK-Xbnep ]pkvXI ]mcm-bWw ]e {]mhiyw XpS-cp-tm AXnse {][m-\-s Nne hnj-b-sf
kmam-\y-ambn {Kln-m klm-bn-pw. kt`m-Nn-X-amb hymJym-\-n\v ASp-p-Xpw ay-n-ep-Xpw
Zqc-am-bXpw k`- a\-n-em--Ww. Hcp ]pkvX-I-ns hmIy-{]-Xn-hm-Iy-ambnp ]T-\-amWv ASppw, CSbvpw D k`- a\-n-em-m IqSp-X {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp--Xv.
thZ-]p-kvX-I-nse Hmtcm ]pkvX-I-n-sbpw Ncn-{X, `qan-imkv{X ]m--e- a\-n-em-t-Xpw
AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. ChnsS sX-tem-\n-Iy-cpsS Hmw teJ-\-amWv ]T-\-n-\mbn Xnc-s-Sp-n-cn-p-Xv. hnZymnv ]m-ew a\-n-em-p--Xn-\mbn sX-tem-\nIym ]-W-s-p-dn-smcp hnh-c-Whpw
\evIn-bn-cn-p-p. C-s\-bp Adn-hp-I \app thZ-]p-kvXI kw_-a
- mb CXc {K-f
- n \nmWv
e`n-p--Xv. ss__n Un-\-do-kv, ss__n apJ-hp-cI CSpn-bh klm-b-I-c-am-bn-cn-pw.
B.
sX-tem-\n-Iy-bpsS `qan-im-kv{Xhpw Ncn-{X-hpw.
GPn-b IS-ens hSp ]Sn-m-d aqe-bn-ep sXbm-anIv K^ns A-p Hcp I Xpd-ap-J-amWv, sX-tem-\n-Iy. Cv B `q{]tZ-iw, {Kov F t]cn BWv Adn-b-s-Sp--Xv. B Imev CXv
tdma t{]mhnkn-ep a-tZm\y {]tZ-i-mWv nXn sNbvXn-cp--Xv. I Xpd-ap-J-ns t]cnepw,
Ahn-sS-bp NqSv Dd-h-I-fpsS t]cnepw sX-tem-\nIym {]kn-n-t\-Sn-bn-cp-p. henb I-ep-I Cu Xpdap-Jv kZm \p-c-an-n-cp-p. IqSmsX B Imev Ghpw A`n-hr-nbpw hen--hp-ap ]-Whpw CXm-bncp-p.
Bn-t]--dpsS aI-\mb ImU BWv _n. kn. 315 sX-tem-\n-Iy-bpsS ]m-I. CXp Ae-Ivkm-dpsS ac-W-n\p (_n.kn 323) sXmp ]nmse Bbn-cp-p. Ae-Ivkm--dpsS ac-Ws XpSv
henb A[n-Imc hSwhen-Ifpw Iem-]--fpw \S-p. Bn-t]- cmP-Ip-Spw-_-tmSp hniz-X ]penbn-cp--Xn-\m ]pXnb ]-W-n\p ImU-dpsS `mcypsS t]cmb sX-tem-\nIy Fp \ma-I-cWw
sNbvXp. Ah Hcp {]Im-c-n Ae-Ivkm--dn-sbpw A-ktlm-Zcn Bbn-cpp (half-sister).
CXp bh-\m-b-m-cpsS {]m_yw hnfn--dn-bn-p Hcp hyhkmb ]Ww IqsSbmbn-cp-p. Fm
349
hfsc kzm[n\ in-bp blq-Z-mcpw AhnsS Dm-bn-cp-p. Cv AXv ktem-\nm F-dn-b-s-Sp

{Kop ]-W-am-Wv.
C.
sX-tem-\n-Iy k`-bpsS Ncn{X ]m-ew: Atm. {]. 17:19
AhnsS Hcp k` m]n-X-am-Ip-Xv ]ueq-ns cmw anjy-\-dn-bm-{X-bvn-S-bn Bbn-cp-p. AtmkvsXm-e-\mb ]ueq-kn\pmb a-tZm-\yhnfn (A-tm. {]. 16:9) A\p-k-cnmbn-cpp, Ah-t\m-Sp-IqsS
ioempw Dm-bn-cp-p. (io-emv FXv F{_mb t]cm-bn-cp-p. AXn\p Xp-y-amb tdma t]cv
knhm-\v Fm-Wv). XntamYn-tbm-kv, eqtmkv Fn-hcpw Ah-t\mSp IqsS Dm-bn-cp-p. Ing-p\npw ]Sn-mp InS-p Ct-jy cmP-]m-Y-bn-eq-sS-bmWv bm{X sNbvXn-cp--Xv. ^nen-n-b, Awôt]m-en-v, Atm-tem\y Fn {]tZ-i- kintij-am-bn-cpp B ow sX-tem\nIybn FntXv (A-tm. {]. 17:1).
aqp im_-Xp-I-fn ]ueqv Ah-cpsS ]n-I-fn D]-tZ-in-bpw (A-tm. {]. 17:2), tbip-{InkvXp ]gb-\nba {]hN-\--fpsS \nhr-n-bmb ainlm BWp (17:3) sXfn-bn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ZqXp hnizkn At\-I hniz-kn-IfmIp-hm CS-bmbn (17:4).
CXp IqSmsX hnizm-k-n-te-p-h--hsc ]Tn-n-p-hm-\mbn ]nsbpw Ipd-p-\m ]ueqv AhnsS
Nne-h-gn-p, Fm Ahn-izm-kn-I-fmb blq-Z-m Akq-b-]qv an\-sp \S-p Nnesc Iqn Cu
kphn-tij kwL-n-s\-Xn-cmbn Iew krnp (17:5). Ah ]ueq-ns\ ImWmbvI-bm Ah
]mn-cp hoSns DS-a-bmb bmtms\ ssItw sNpIbpw aPn-t{k-ns apn-tep hen-n-gp
sImp-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp (17:6,7). Fm-bmepw ]ueq-n\pw oan\pw B A-cn--n B {]tZiw
hntS-n-h-cn-I-bm Ah ASp {]tZ-i-amb s_dn-b-bn-tep t]mbn (A-tm. {]. 17:810).
D.
teJ\w Fgp-Xnb Imehpw Imc-Whpw:
Atm-kvtXm-e-\mb ]ueqv Atym-Jy-bnse Xs ip{iq-j-bvp-tijw F.-Un. 49 BWv cmw

anjy-\-dn-bm{X Bcw-`n--Xv. As\ Ah sX-tem-\n-Iy-bn hs-nepw blp-Z-m-cpsS D]-{Zhw tlXphm AhnSw hnv s_dn-b-bn hp. Npcp-n-b-Imew AhnsS ssZh-h-N\w ]Tn-n-nv AtY-\-bn-te-pw,
]noSv sImcn-n-tepw hp. GXmv 18- amkmew sImcn-n Nne-h-gnp (A-tm. {]. 18:11). ChnsS
\np ]ueqv Xntam-Y-tbm-ns\ sX-tem-\n-Iy-bn-tev ]d--b-p-Ibpw Ahn-Sps k`-bpsS nXn
hnh-c- a\-n-em-p-Ibpw sNbvXp (1- sX. 3:2). Xntam-sY-tbm-kns dntmv hfsc A\p-Iq-e-amb
Hm-bn-cp-p. AXns shfn--n-emWv Cu teJ\w Fgp-Xn-bXv. kml-Ncyw hp t\mp-tm CsXgp-Xnb kabw F.Un 50 Bbn-cpp Fpw CXp ]ueq-ns cm-as teJ\w Bbn-cpp Fpw a\n-em-mw. Hm-a-tXv Kem-Xy-bn \ns-gp-Xn-b-Xm-Wv.
350
`mKw 2
]pkvX-I-ns _mly hnh-cWw
]pkvX-I-hp-ambn ASpp ]cn-N-b-s-Sp--Xn-\mbn Hcp _mly hnh-cWw Bh-iy-am-Wv. \mw sNt-Xv

Hm-aXv Nn{Xw apgp-h-\mbn FSp-p-I. ]noSv AXns {]tXy-I-amb sNdnb `mK--fn-tep IS-p-I. Cu
bpn hfsc hy-am-Wv, ASppw AIse \np-ap Nn{X-ns ImgvN-mSv \app hnim-e-amb Hcp
Adnhv \evIpw. As\ IqSp-X Imcy- \apv AwKo-I-cn-m CS-bm-Ipw. ssZh-h-N\ ]T-\-nepw
Cu coXn {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-Wv. henb Nn{Xw tbip-{In-kvXp-hm-Wv. Fgp-X-s hN\w Poh-\p hN-\-amb
{InkvXp-hns shfn-m-SmWv (tbml 5:39-47). \mw F{Xbpw IqSp-X IqSp-X hN-\-tmSp kao-]n-ptam
A{Xbpw IqSp-X tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ a\-n-em-p-hm km[n-pw.
Fnepw \mw Hcn-epw hni-Zo-I-c-W--fn IpSpn Nn{Xw(hn-j-bw) adp t]mIp--h-cm-I-cp-Xv. As\-bm-bm sImXp-Ins\ Acn-s-Sp-bpw H-Is hngp-n-I-f-Ibpw (a-m. 23:24) sNp--h-cpsS Iqn-em-bn-t]m-Ipw. AXm-bXv {]m[m-\y-am-bXv ssIhn-S-s-Sp-sap Npcp-w.
Hcp ]pkvX-I-ns _mly-hn-h-cWw Xbm-dm-p-tm Hm-aXp Xocp-am-\n-t-Xv hnjbw F-s\bmWv Jn-I-I-fmbn Xncn-n-cn-p-Xv Fm-Wv. \nc-h[n ss__n hymJym-\n-I Cu coXn Ahew_n-m-dp-v. km[m-c-W-bmbn Xn-a-I-fn Hcp Jn-I-bpsS BZys hmIyw XSn A-c-fn sImSp-m-dp-v. Xn-a-sb-p-dn-p Aymbw hmbnv hymJym-\n-I Fs\ Jn-I-Isf
Xncnp Fp ImWp-I. {]tXyI AS-bm-f- Hpw sImSp-n-n--n A-s\-Xs XpS-cpI Fmbmepw hnjbw amdp-Xp a\-n-em-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
DZm-l-c-W-n\v sX-tem-\n-Iy-cpsS Hmw teJ\w Jn-I-I-fmbn Xncn-n-cn-p-Xp ImWp-I:
1. 1:1
2. 1:2--10
3. 2:112
4. 2:13-16
5. 2:17-20
6. 3:110
7. 3:11-13
8. 4:18
9. 4:912
10. 4:1318
11. 5:111
12. 5:1222
13. 5:2328
351
ASp--Xmbn Hmtcm Jn-Ibvpw {]tXyI t]cp \evIp-I. IqSp-X Bg-ambn ]pkvXIw ]Tn-p-tm
D-S--n-\-k-c-W-ambn Huvsse\nepw amw hcpw. Cs\ hcp-tm AXn-\-\p-k-cnv t]cp-Ipw
amw hc-Ww. \psS Dtiw F{Xbpw IqSp-X Adn-bp-Ibpw AtX-k-abw hfsc efn-Xhpw, BpI FXm-bn-cn-Ww.
1 sX-tem-\n-Iy-bnse Jn-I-bpsS hn`-P\w C{]-Imcw BIpw:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
1:1
1:210
2:1-12
2:13-16
2:17-20
3:1-- 10
3:11-- 13
4:1-- 8
4:9-- 12
4:1-- 318
5:1-- 11
5:12-- 22
5:23-- 28
Biw-kbpw h-\hpw
Ah-cpsS amXrIm ]c-amb Pohn-X-n-\p \n {]I-S\w
]ueq-ns Ah
Ah-cpsS ipjvIm-n-p \n
Ahsc ImWp-hm ]ueq-n-\p B{Klw
Ah-cpsS hfsb Ipdn--dn-hm-\p ]ueq-kns B{Klw
Ah-cpsS Bob apt--n ]ueq-ns {]Xymi
Ah-cpsS kwXr-]vXn-bvm-bp ]uep-ns B{Klw
Ah-cpsS kvt\l-s-p-dn-p ]uep-ns {]kvXm-h\
{InkvXp-hn acn--h
Im-hns Znhkw
{]mtbm-Kn-I-amb {]t_m-[-\-
bm{X-h-\w (aw-Kfw t\cp-p).
352
`mKw 3
\n-fpsS ]T-\-ns hym]vXn Ipd-bvpI
Hcp {]tXyI Jn-I-bpsS hni-I-e-\-n-\p Nph-Sp-hbv]m-Wn-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-n\p 1 sX--tem-\n-Iy

Hmw Aym-b-nse Hpw cpw Jn-II FSp-mw.
A.
Biw-kbpw h-\hpw. 1- sX. 1:1
hm. 1. ""]ueqpw knezm-t\mkpw Xnsam-sY-tbmkpw ]nXm-hmb ssZh-nepw I-hmb tbip-{InkvXp-hnepw D sX-tem-\nIym k`bvpw Fgp-Xp-Xp. \np Ir]bpw kam-[m-\hpw DmIs.''
Cu Hm-hm-Iy-n \npw \mw ]d-bm Dt-in-p ]e D-c-fpw {]m]yam-Wv. Cu teJ-\-n
]ueq-n-t\m-sSmw knezm-t\m-kpw, Xnsam-sY-tbmkpw Ds-n-cn-pp BI-bm Bcv FgpXn F
Dcw e`y-ambn Ign-p. sX-tem-\n-Iy-bn m]n-n-cn-p k`-bvmWv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-pp BIbm Bv FgpXn F-Xn\v Dcw e`np Ign-p.
{in-p-I, ]ueqv Cu k`-sb-p-dnv ]nXm-hmb ssZh-nepw, Im-hmb tbip-{In-kvXp-hnepw DXv
(m-]n-X-am-b-Xv) Fp hnti-jn-n-n-cn-p-p. CXp Nqn-Im-Wn-p-Xv ssZhhpw hnizm-kn-Ifpw Xnep \ne-\n-ev-p _-s-bm-Wv. k`-bvp-th-n-bp ]ueq-ns Hcp eLp {]m-\bpw ChnsS
ImWmw. AXv ssZhw Ahv Ir]bpw kam-[m-\hpw sImSp--W-sa ]ueq-ns lrZ-bm-`n-em-j-am-Wv.
hm. 1 \ap-m-cmw-`n-m-\p aqp \nb-a- sImSp-n-p-v.
\nbaw # 1: t{ijvT-m-cmb ssZh-P\w ap--hcpw ssZhoI _-n hf-c-W-sa-m-{K-ln-p-p.
\nbaw # 2: t{ijvT-m-cmb ssZh-P\w ap--h-cpsS hfsb IcpXn kl-I-cnp {]hn-p-Ibpw
Dm-ln-n-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
\nbaw # 3: t{ijvT-m-cmb ssZh-P\w Xp--Xns\ ap--h-cp-ambn ]n-h-bvp--h-cm-bn-cn-pw.
Ipd-p-IqSn \psS ]T\ hym]vXn-Ip-d-p-sImv \app cm-as JnI t\mmw.
B.
Ah-cpsS amXrIbvmbn \n-]-d-bpp. 1 -sX-. 1:210

1.
BZy-ambn, Cu JnI ]e {]mhiyw hmbn-p-I.
hm. 2 ""R-fpsS {]m-\-bn \nsf kvacn-p-sImv;

hm. 3 \n-fpsS hnizm-k-ns thebpw kvt\l {]bvXv\-hpw, \psS Im-hmb tbip-{In-kvXphn-s\-Ip-dn-p {]Xym-i-bpsS nc-Xbpw CS-hn-SmsX \psS ssZhhpw ]nXm-hp-am-b-hs kn-[nbn Hmp.... sNpp,
hm. 4 ssZh-m kvt\ln--s ktlm-Z-c-m-sc, \n-fpsS Xnc-s-Sp-ns\ Adn-bp--h-tm;
hm. 5 ""R-fpsS kphn-tijw hN-\-ambn am{X-a in-tbm-Spw, ]cn-ip-m-m-thmSpw _lp \n-btmSpw IqsS Bbn-cpp \nfpsS ASp- h-Xv. \n-fpsS \nanw R \n-fpsS CS-bn
Fs\ s]cp-am-dn-bn-cpp Fp Adn-bp-p-h-tm.
353
hm. 6 _lp IjvSw kln-t-n-h-npw \n ]cn-ip-m-m-hns ktm-j-tmsS hN\w

ssIsImp Rpw Im-hn\pw A\p-Im-cn-I-fmbn Xop,
hm. 7 As\ \n as-tZm-\y-bnepw BJm-b-bnepw hniz-kn-p--hv Fm-hpw amXrI
Bbn Xop.
hm. 8 \n-fpsS ASp- \np Im-hns hN\w apg-n-s-Xp a-tZm-\y-bnepw BJm-bnepw
am{X-a-, Fm-Shpw \np ssZh-n-ep hnizmkw {]kn--am-bn-cn-p-p, AXp-sImv R
Hpw ]d-hm Bh-iy-an-.
hm. 9 Rpw \n-fpsS ASp- F-s\-bp {]thi\w km[np Fpw Poh-\p kXy
ssZhs tkhn-m\pw Ah acn--h-cpsS CS-bn \np Dbnn Xs ]p{X\pw hcp-hm-\p
tIm]-n \np \s hnSp-hn-p--h-\p-amb...,
hm. 10 tbip kzn-n \np hcp-Xp Imn-cn-m\pw \n hn{K-l-sf hnp ssZh-n-tep Fs\ Xncn-p-hp Fpw Ah Xs ]d-bp-p.''
2.
]noSv Hmtcm hmIy-n\pw iojIw \evIpp.
hm. 2 = {]m-\-bnse \n (kvtXm-{Xw)
""RfpsS {]m-\-bn \nsf kvacn-p-sIm-v.....-F-tmgpw kvtXm{Xw sNp-p''
hm. 3 =
Fn-\mbn kvt{Xm{Xw (\-n) Itc-p-p. hnizm-kw, {]Xym-i, kvt\lw,
""\n-fpsS hnizm-k-ns the-bpw, kvt\l-{]-bvX-\-hpw, \psS Im-hmb tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-s\Ip-dn-p {]Xym-i-bpsS nc-Xbpw CS-hn-SmsX \psS ssZh--nsbpw ]nXm-hn-sbpw kn-[nbn Hmp-Xs''
hm.4 =
ssZh-n \np hnfn--\p-k-c-W-bmbn Pohn-p-p.
""kvt\ln--s ktlm-Z-c-msc \n-fpsS Xnc--Sp-ns\ Adn-bp-p-h-tm.''
hm 5 =
kphn-ti-j-n-ep Ah-cpsS thcp-I
""R-fpsS kphn-tijw hN-\-ambn am{X-a in-tbmSpw ]cn-ip-m-m-thmSpw _lp \n-b-tmSpw

IqsS Bbn-cpp \n-fpsS ASp- h-Xv; \n-fpsS \nanw R \n-fpsS CS-bn Fs\
s]cp-am-dn-bn-cpp Fp \n Adn-bp--htm.''
hm. 6 =
kphn-tijw hcp-nb amw
""_lp Iw kln-tn hnpw \n ]cn-ip-m-m-hns ktm-j-tmsS hN\w ssIsImp

Rpw Im-hn\pw A\p-Im-cn-I-fmbn Xop.''
hm. 7 =
am-ns Hm-as ê-amb amXrI
""As\ \n a- t Zm- \ y- b nepw BJm--b nepw hniz- k n- p- - h p Fm- h pw amXrI

BbnXop.''
hm. 8 =
am-ns cm-as ê-amb kzm[o\w
""\n-fpsS ASp- \np Im-hns hN\w apg-n-s-Xp a-tZm-\y-bnepw BJm-b-bnepw

am{X-a-. Fm-Shpw \np ssZh-n-ep hnizmkw {]kn--am-bn-cn-p-p, AXp-sImv R
Hpw ]d-hm Bh-iy-an-.''
hm. 9 =
am-ns ASn-m\w hn{K-l--fn \np Xncnhp Bbn-cp-p.
""Rp \n-fpsS ASp- F-s\-bp {]th-i\w km[np Fpw Poh-\p kXy ssZhs
tkhn-m\pw... hn{K-l-sf hnp ssZh-n--tep Xncn-p-hp Fpw...''
hm. 10 = am-ns ASn-m\w kznb PohnXw Bbn-cp-p.

""Ah acn--h-cpsS CS-bn \np-bn Xs ]p{X\pw hcp-hm-\p tIm]-n \npw \s
hnSp-hn-p--h-\p-amb tbip kz-n\np hcp-Xp Imn-cn-p-p.''
354
`mKw 4
_-p thn-bp t\mw
A.
hnj-b--fpsS amXrI Fs\ Dm-Ipp Fp Ipdn-p-I:
Hp sX-tem-\n-Iy-bnse cmw Jn-I-bn hmIy-p sImSp Xe-s-p-I t\mn-bm

Fs\ amXrI Dm-Ipp Fp ImWm-hp--Xm-Wv.
hm. 2 {]m-\-bnse kvtXm{Xw (\n {]I-S-\w)
hm. 3 Fn-\mbn kvtXm{Xw AYhm \n Itc-pp hnizm-kw, {]Xym-i, kvt\lw
hm. 4 ssZh-ns hnfn-m-\p-k-c-W-ambn Pohn-pp
hm. 5 kphn-ti-j-n Ah-cpsS thcp-I
hm. 6 kphn-tijw hcp-nb amw
hm. 7 am-ns Hm-as êw Hcp amXrI
hm. 8 am-ns cm-as êw kzm[o\w
hm. 9 am-ns ASn-m\w hn{K-l--fn \np Xncnhv
hm. 10 am-ns ASn-m\w kzob PohnXw Bbn-cpp.
kphn-tijw Pohn-X--fn hcp-nb am-hpw, XmXv^-e-ambn Df-hmb \n-]-d-n-ens amXr-Ibpw hfsc
Ffp--n {Kln-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
B.
hmIy--fp-ambn IqSp-X ASp-p \nco-Ww:

hm. 2 =
{]m\-bnse \n-]-d-n
""R-fpsS {]m-\-bn \nsf kvacn-p-sIm-v.....-F-tmgpw ssZh-n\p kvtXm{Xw sNp-p.''

Cu hmIy-n ]ueqkv Fp sNpp (kvtXm{Xw sNp-p) Fpw Fs\ sNpp ({]m-\bn) Fp-amWv ]d-bp--Xv.
355
hm. 3 =
Fn-\mbn kvtXm{Xw sNp-p--hn-izm-kw, {]Xym-i, kvt\lw
""\n-fpsS hnizm-k-ns the-bpw, kvt\l-ns {]bvXv\hpw \psS Im-hb tbip-{In-kvXphn-s\-Ip-dn-p {]Xym-i-bpsS nc-X-bpw....... ssZhhpw ]nXm-hp-am-b-hs kn-[n-bn Hmp-p.''
]ueqkv Ahmbn ssZh-n\p \n ]d--Xn-\p aqp Imcy- Cu hmIy-n ImWmw:
1. Ah-cpsS hnizm-k-ns {]hn
2. Ah-cpsS kvt\l-ns {]bXv\w
3. Ah-cpsS {]Xym-i-bpsS ncX
AXp-t]mse Xs Ah-cpsS hnizm-kw, {]Xym-i, kvt\lw Fnh aqp Imcy--fn ASn-m-\-s-ncn-pp:
1. tbip-{In-kvXp-hp-am-bp Ah-cpsS _w
2. ssZh-hp-am-bp Ah-cpsS ASp-hpw
3. ssZh-n \np Ah-cpsS hnfnbpw (hm. 4).
hm. 4 =
ssZh-ns hnfn--\p-k-c-W-ambn Pohn-pp.
""ssZh-m kvt\ln--s ktlm-Z-c-m-sc, \n-fpsS Xnc-s-Sp-ns\ Adn-bp-phtm.''
hm. 5 =
kphn-ti-j-n Ah-cpsS thcp-I
""R-fpsS kphn-tijw hN-\-ambn am{X-a in-tbmSpw ]cn-ip--m-thmSpw _lp \n-b-tm-SpwIqsS Bbn-cpp \n-fpsS ASp- h-Xv, \n-fpsS \nanw R \n-fpsS CS-bn Fs\
s]cp-am-dn-bn-cpp Fp Adn-bp--htm''
Ah AwKo-I-cn kphn-tijw Ah-cpsS ASp- h-Xv:
1. hN-\-ambn
2. in-tbmsS
3. ]cn-ip-m-m-hn
4. _lp-\n--b-tmsS
5. am\p-jo-I-amb \-s]-cp-am-(-kzm-`m-hw)-tmsS
hm. 6 =
kphn-tijw hcp-n-b -amw
""_lp Iw kln-t-n-h-npw \n ]cn-ip-m-m-hns ktm-j-tmsS hN\w ssIsmv

Rpw Im-hn\pw A\p-Im-cn-I-fm-bn-Xop.''
kphn-tijw hcp-nb am-n Ah ]ueq-kns A\p-Im-cn-Ifpw Iqp {]h-Icpw Bbn I-XbpsS \Sp-hn Im-hns\ ktm-j-tmsS ]n]-n.
356
hm. 7 =
am-ns Hm-as êw Hcp amXrI
""As\ \n as-tZm-\y-bnepw BJm-b-bnepw hniz-kn-p--hp Fm-hpw amXrI

BbnXop.''
kphn-ti-j-m sX-tem-\nIy-bnse hnizm-kn-Ip-mb Hm-as amw Ah Npp-]m-Sp-ap kÌp amXrIm k`-bmbnop F-Xm-Wv.
hm. 8 =
am-ns cm-as êw kzm[o\w
""\n-fpsS ASp- \np Im-hns hN\w apgp-In-sN-Xp a-tZm-\y-bnepw Akm-b-bnepw

am{X-a Fm-Shpw \np ssZh-n-ep hnizmkw {]kn--am-bn-cn-pp; AXp-sImv R
Hpw ]d-bm Bh-iy-an-.-''
cm-as êw Ah-cpsS hnizmkw Ah-cpsS Ab k`-Iv Apdw ISp F-Xm-Wv.
hm. 9 =
am-ns ASn-m\w hn{K-l--fn \np Xncnhv
""Rpw \n-fpsS ASp- F-s\-b {]thi\w km[np Fpw Poh-\p kXy ssZhs
tkhn-m\pw... hn{K-l-sf hnp ssZh-n--tep Xncn-p-hp Fpw...''
Ah hn{K-l-sf hnp ssZh-n--tep Xncnp F-XmWv am-ns Hm-as ASn-m-\w.
hm. 10 =
am-ns cm-as ASn-m\w kzob PohnXw
""Ah acn--h-cpsS CS-bn \np-bn Xs ]p{X\pw hcp-hm-\p tIm]-n \s hnSp-hn-p-h-\p-amb tbip kz-n \np hcp-Xp Imn-cn-m-\pw.''
cm-as ASn-m\w sX-tem-\n-Iy-bnse hnizm-kn-I Im-hns hc-hn-\mbn BImw--tbmsS
Imn-cpp F-Xm-Wv.
B Imhv (1) acn--h-cn \np Dbs-gp-t--h\pw (2) hcp-am-\p tIm]-n \np \s hnSphn-p--h\pw BIp-p.
C.
Ipd-p-IqSn hn]p-e-amb Hcp _mly-hn-h-cWw GXmn{]Imcw Bbn-cnpw

1. \n (Ir-X--X) Itc-. hm. 2
2. Fn\p \n Itc-pp. hm. 3,4
a
b
c
3.
hnizm-k-ns {]hn(-th-e)bpw
kvt\l-{]-b-Xv\hpw
{]Xym-i-bpsS nc-Xbpw aqew
1) \psS Im-hmb tbip {InkvXp-hn
2) \psS ssZhhpw ]nXm-hp-am-b-hs apn
3) Ah-cpsS kzob hnfn
Ah-cpsS kphn-tij kzoI-cWw hm. 5

a
b
c
d
e
hN-\-ambn
in-bn
]cn-ip-m-m-hn
_lp-\n--b-tmsS
\ s]cp-amw (kzm-`m-hw)
357
4.
kphn-tijw hcp-nb cp am-. hm. 6

a
b
5.
am-ns cp ê-. hm. 7,8

a
b
6.
Im-hn-s\bpw ]ueq-n-s\bpw A\p-I-cnp

I-X-bpsS ay-nepw BoI ktmjw \ne-\nn
Bb k`-Ip amXr-I-bm-bn-Xop
Ah-cpsS hnizmkw IqSp-X ]pd-tbvp hym]n-p.
am-ns cv ASn-m-\-. hm. 9,10

a
b
hn{K-l-sf hnp ssZh-n--tep Xncnp

Im-hns hc-hn-\mbn Imn-cpp
1) acn--h-cn \np Dbns-gp-t--h\pw
2) hcp-hm-\p tIm]-n \np \s hnSp-hn-p--h-\p-amb Imhv.
sX-tem-\n-Iy-bnse k`-sb-Ip-dnNv Atm-kvtXm-e-\mb ]ueqv \evInb Ghpw \-Xmb {]iw-kbmWv Cu Aym-b-n IXv Ahsc DZm-l-W-am-bnv AYhm ""amXrIm k`-''bm-bn-mWv ]dncn-p-Xv. AXp-sImv \appw Ch-cn \nv Fs\ Cu Imepw Hcp amXrIm k`-bmbn hf-cm Ign-bpsav ]Tn-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
358
`mKw 5
H-s hnj-b--fpsS A]-{K-Y\w
C\n \app H-s--Xmb AI-Xm-b hnj-b- hni-I-e\w sNmw. CXn-\mbn \mw Xncp-sh-gp-pIsf Xncp-sh-gp-p-sImv Xs Xmc-Xay ]T\w \S--Ww. Ggpw Ffp--amw Hcp ItImUkv
D]-tbm-Knv AXn Xn-cn-p e Ime-sf a\-n-em-p--XmWv, IqSmsX Cu hnj-bs Ipdnv
a-hn-sS-sbmw ]cm-ain-n-p-p a\-n-em-p-hm km[n-pw.
Fm hnhn[ ItImUkp-I hnhn[fmb am \nt-i--fm-bn-cnpw \evIn-X-cp--Xv, \ncc D]-tbm-K
- m CXp \app ]cn-Nb
- a
- m-Ip- Ibpw Hsp An-mbn InS-p hnj-b
- sf Isn
kwtbm-Pn-nphm km[n-p--Xp-am-Wv. {]tbm-P-\-{]-Zhpw {]i-kvXn-bp--Xp-amb cp ItImUkpI, Cwo-jvamkv {Kov ItImUkv, Cwojv amkv lo{_q ItImUkv Fn-h-bmWv Ch.cpw \app Bh-iy-amb {Kop F{_mb ]Z--fpsS Cwojv ]cn-`mj \mbn a\-n-em-m klmbn-p-p. cpw AXm-Xns \nehn XnI-hp--Xp-X-s.
XpSp \psS hni-Z-amb ss__n ]T-\-n GXp-hmv A ]q-X-tbmsS D]-tbm-K-s-Spp-hm Ign-bp-sa-Xv {]m[m-\y-aln-p-p. Cu hnj-b-n kvt{Smvkv ItImUkv BWv,
{Kov, lo{_p ]Z--fpsS Hcp \ ]T\w \apv Xcp--Xv. DZm-l-c-Wn\mbn Hmtcm {]tXy-I ]mtPn\pw ]pd-In AXns\ Is-p-hm-\p thZ-`m-Khpw, t]Pp\cpw, IqSmsX ]Z-ns {Kov F{_mb
A-fw kqNn-n-n-cn-p-p.
DZm-l-c-W-n\v Cwo-jnse KpUv (GOOD) F hmv t\mmw:
am 3:10 \ êw Imbvp-Xv (2570)
am 5:45 ZpjvS-m-cpsS taepw \-h-cp-sS-taepw kqcys\ DZn-n-pp (18)
am 3:10se ""\Xv'' F hmns d^-dkv t]Pv 2570 Inp-p. AXns {Kov hmv KALOSFmWv, ""ss\ko-I-ambn \Xv AYhm {]IrXym \Xv'' FmWv Aw. Fm am 5:45
]d-n-cn-p \-Xn\v {Kon ""AK-tmkv'' (AGATHOS) FmWv AXns Aw ""\-Xmbn XoXv''
Fm-Wv.
hni-Z-am-bXpw ]q-amb A- e`n-p--Xn\v ss__n Un-W-dn-I AYhm seIvkn-I (i-tIm-i-) ]cn-tim-[n--Ww. Bg-ta-dn-bXpw hni-Z-hp-amb ss__n ]T-\-n\v {Kov F{_mb ]Zfpw Ah-bpsS A-fpw Adn-n-cn-t--Xm-Wv.
C\n 1 sX--tem-\n-Iy 1:6 ]d-n-cn-p ""Cant-'' (IMITATOR) F hmp ]cn-tim-[nmw, Nne
Cwojp ]cn-`m-j-I {Konse ""anavkv'' (MIMETES)-\p ""A\p-Kman'' (FOLLOWER) F Aw sImSp-n-cnpp (K. J. V.). A\p-I-cn-p--h (an-an-Ivkv) F-n Bdp {]mhiyw ]pXnb \nb-a-n D]-tbmKn-n-cn-p-p.
359
1 sImcn. 4:16 ""BI-bm Fs A\p-Im-cn-I BIp-ho Fp Rm \nsf {]t_m[n-n-p-p.''

1 sImcn. 11:1 ""Rm {InkvXp-hns A\p-Imcn Bbn-cn-p--Xp-t]mse \nfpw Fs
A\p-Im-cn-I BIp-hn.''
Ft^ 5:1 ""BI-bm {]nb-a- F-t]mse ssZhs A\p-I-cn-o.''
1 sX. 1:6 ""_lp Iw kln-tn hnpw \n ]cn-ip-m-m-hns ktm-jtmsS hN\w ssIsImp Rpw Im-hn\pw A\p-Im-cn-I-fmbn Xop.''
1 sX. 2:14 ""ktlm-Zc
-
- msc blp-Zy-bn {InkvXp-th-ip-hn-ep ssZh-k`
- I
- p \n
A\p-Im-cn-I-fmbn Xop.''
F{_m. 6:12 ""As\ \n a-X-bp--h-cm-ImsX hnizm-k-mepw ZoL--a-bmepw
hmKvZ--sf Ah-Im-i-am-p--h-cpsS A\p-Im-cn-Ifmbn Xocpw.''
""A\p-Im-cn-I-fm-bn-cn-n'' F thZ-`m-K--fpsS ]T\w H-s hnj-b-sf IpSp-X hy-ambn a\-nem-m klm-bn-pw. hopw AXn {][m-\-amb Nne hmIy- t\mmw:
z
1 sImcn. 4:16 sImcn-nse k`m-hn-izm-kn-I ]ueq-ns\ A\p-I-cn--W-sav Ah B{Kln-p--Xmbn hmbn-p-p. ss__n-fnse ASp--Spp hnj-b(-hm. 14,15)--fnepw Hcp inip
AXns ]nXm-hns\ A\p-I-cn-p--Xp-t]mse \mapw A\p-I-cn--W-sav, Bh-iy-s-n-cp-p.
1 sImcn. 11:1 \mw hmbn-p-Xv \mw ]ueq-ns ]m]-s-tbm- Xn--bp-am-bp a]n-Sp-stbm (tdma 7) A\p-I-cn-m-\ Xm Fs\ {InkvXp-hns A\p-Im-cn-bm-bn-cn-p-thm
AXp-t]mse BIm-\mWv hnfn-n-cn-p--Xv.
Ft^ 5:1 Hcp inip AXns ]nXm-hns\ A\p-I-cn-p--Xp-t]mse \mapw ssZhs A\p-Icn--W-sav Bh-iy-s-n-cn-p-p.
1 sX-. 1:6 ]ueq-n-s\bpw Im-hn-s\bpw A\p-I-cn-m sX-tem-\n-Iy k`-tbmSv Bhiy-s-n-cn-p-p.
1 sX. 2:14 sX-tem-\n-Iy-bnse k`-m blp-Zy-bnse {InkvXym-\n-Ip t\cn I-XIsfbpw A\p-I-cn-m Bh-iy-s-p.
ip{ip-j-bmWv A\p-I-c-W-nse {][m\ `mKw F{_m. 6:912.
Cu thZ-`m-K- Fmw IqsS tNp ]Tn-p-tm \app t{]mm-l\w \evIp aqp Imcy-
ImWmw:
1.
2.
3.
ssZh-s-bpw, tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-s\-bpw, ]ueq-n-s\bpw A\p-I-cn-pI

Chsc A\p-I-cn-t-Xv aI As\ F-hw I-X-bpsS \Sp-hnepw BIp-p.
ap--hsc ip{iqjn-p-sImv Chsc A\p-I-cn-p-I.
\ap-n-tm A\p-I-cW-ns (1- sX-. 1:6) bYm hne Fsv Xncp-sh-gp-p-I-fpsS {]kvXm-h-\I-fm Dd-m-p-hm Ign-p. ]ueqv Hcn-epw sX-tem-\n-Iy-bn D-h Ahs P-S-ns _elo-\-X-Isf A\p-I-cn-m A ]ntbm GXp {]Imcw ]ueqv tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ A\p-I-cn-pthm
AtX {]Imcw Ah-s\bpw {Kqn-s\bpw A\p-I-cn-m-\mWv Bh-iy-s-Xv (tdma 7) {]mtbm-KnI Xe-n
aI As\ A\p-I-cn-p-Xn Nne hnti-j-X-I ImWp-hm Ignbpw. Hm-aXv kz`m-h-amWv AYhm
360
hmKvZm\ \nhrn BWv. AXp-a--n kXy-n- Pohn-p--Xm-Wv. \mw Im-hns\ Ipdnv ]dp
XpS-p-tm AXn-\-h-km\w ImWp-I-bn-m. ssZh hN-\-ns ]Tn-n--en-\mbn F{X-am{Xw \s
kan-n-ptm A{Xbpw \mw aptmp s]mbvsm-n-cn-p-Ibpw {]m-\-bn Dn-cn-bpw sNpw.
ssZh-h-N-\-ns D]-tZ-m- F \nep \mw a\-n-em-Ww hf-bn-se-m ]pXnb hnizmkn-Ip Bg-ta-dnb thZ-imkv{X Imcy- {Klnn-p-hm km[n-p--X (F{_ 5:11-14). \s
{in-p P\-Iq--ns BoI hfsb a\-n-em-n-thWw Bib hn\n-abw \S-p-hm.
\mw kwkm-cnp XpS-nb hnj-b-n nc-X-bp-m-bn-cn-Ww; Hcn-epw Xnc-s-Sp Aym-btam, Jn-Itbm ad-p-t]m-I-cp-Xv. sX-tem-\n-Iy-bnse hnizm-kn-I Im-hn-s\bpw ]ueq-n-s\bpw
A\p-I-cn--tm ap k`-Iv Ah amXr-I-bp--h-cmbn Xop FtXmp-sIm--Ww.
{Iam-\p-K-X-amb hnj-b--fn {]Imcw Hcp amXrIm k`bvp Nne hnti-j-X-I Dv. ]ueqv sXtem-\n-Iy-bnse k`bvp {]iwk Adnbvptm aqp Imcy- FSpp Imn-bn-pv (1:2):
1.
2.
3.
hnizm-k-ns the
kvt\l {]bXv\w
{]Xym-i-bpsS ncX
]pXnb \nb-a-n thesb Ipdnpw (173), hnizm-ks Ipdnpw (246) Azm-\-s-Ip-dnpw (19) kvt\ls-Ip-dnpw (115) nc-X-sb-Ip-dnpw (32) {]Xym-i-sb-Ip-dnpw (56) hfsc {]mhiyw ]d-n-p-v. BIbm Hcmv BgvN-I-tfm, amk-tfm Nnehnp ]Tn-p-hm\pw ]Tn-n-p-hm\pw Ign-bp--Xm-Wv. tImffn sImSp-n-cn-p-Xv \ma--fpsS \-cp-I-fm-Wv. Ah-bpsS {Inbm-]-Z--fpsS Fhpw hf-sc-bm-Wv.
Hcp amXrIm k`-sb kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Cu Imcy- ]c-a-{]-[m-\--fm-Wv.
361
362
`mKw 6
]T-\-ns hym]vXn hn-n-pI
Hcp Aym-]-Is ]T-\-ns Bg-hpw, ssZh-h-N-\s ]Tn-n-p--Xns Ignhpw, ]cn-ip-m-m-hns

\S-n-n-s\bpw, Xs {in-p P\-ns hf-tbbpw, B{i-bn-n-cn-pw. hyn-K-X-amb ]T\w
Hcmsf ssZh-ns Bg-f
- n-tep \bn-pw. Fm-bmepw ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-t\mSp kl-Ic
- n-p {InkvXym\n-bpsS ]-emWv Cu \n[n \evI-s-n-cn-p-Xv FmWv 1 sImcn. 2:910 hmbn-p-Xv
""ssZhw Xs kvt\ln-p--hp H-cp-n-bn-p-Xv Ip In-n-m, sNhn tIn-n-,
Hcp a\p-jy-sbpw lrZ-b-n tXmo-p-an-...... \aptm ssZhw Xs Bm-hn-\m
shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p, Bmhv kI-es
- -bpw, ssZh-ns Bg-s
- fbpw Bcm-bpp.''
CXns\ IqSp-X-embn a\-n-em-p-hm 1 sX.1:3s hnk-Xr-Xn-bn-tep IS-bpw AhnsS {]tbm-Kn-ncn-p {Kop ]Z--fpsS hnh-cWw Adn-bp-Ibpw thWw. A{]Imcw B hmIyw t\mp-I:
""nc-ambn (A-Un-bm-sset]m (ADIALEIPO = Hcp Ipdhp-an-msX t]mIp-I) a\-n Icp-XpI
sa-\tam-t\bq (MNEMONEUW = Hmp-I) \n-fpsS (_lp-h-N\w) {]hn (ERGOS --- FtKmkv
= hym]mcw, Bsc-nepw Gs-n-cn-p sXmgn) hnizmkw. (PISTIS ]nokv = hnizm-kw,
B{i-bw) {]bXv\w (KOPOS--- tImt]mkv = {]Xn-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy--fnse {]b-Xv\w) kvt\lw
(AGAPE AKmt] = \n\-n--s]-Sm--tmgw icn-bm-b-Xp-am{Xw sNp-p) ncX (Hupomone
lptm-aps\ = Npp-]m-Sp-Ip Iogvsp a-tbmSp hkn-p-I) {]Xymi (ELPIS F]okv -=
{]Xo--bpsS Ddv) \psS Im-hmb tbip-{In-kvXp-hns kn-[n-bn (EMPRO STHEN Fwt{]m-m = apJ-Zmhn) ssZhhpw ]nXm-hp-ambhs.''
k`-ns \nbaw : \mw Ahmbn Fn-\mWv ssZh-n\p \n-]-d-bp-Xv (hm.

2) Fp P\-tmSp ]d-bpI.
{][m\ t]mbn v: Hcp amXrIm k`-sb \nep (hm. 7). amXrIm k`-bvpth-p
hnizm-kw, {]Xym-i, kvt\lw Fnh Ah shfn-s-Spn.
A.
Nne \nco--W-:
1.
Fgp-p-Im-c Bcm-bn-cp-mepw ]pXn-b-\n-ba teJ-\--fn Htm A[n-e-[n-Itam hntij-Kp-W- AXn {]m[m-\-ambn Fmbn-tmgpw ImWm Ign-bpw.
2.
hnizm-k-ns the, kvt\l {]bvX-\w, {]Xym-i-bpsS ncX Fnh {]tXyIw

IpdnsImp-I.
3.
Ch aqpw Xn IqSn tNp {]hn-p-p.

363
4.
Cu KpW-smw hf-bpv
a. hnizmkw
5.
b. {]Xymi
(tdma 15:13)
c. kvt\lw
(2-sX 1:3)
Cu hntij KpW- ssZho-I-Zm-\-fpw AXn {]Imcw Pohnp ImWn-t--Xp-am-Wv.

a. hnizmkw
B.
(2-sX 1:3)
(F-{_m. 11:1)
b. {]Xymi
(tdm-a. 8:24)
c. kvt\lw
(F-t^. 3:16-19)
6.
Bnb-ambn Hcm a-X-bn-tem, iotXm-jvW-hmt\m Bbm Xm t\Snb A`n-hr-nsb

\in-n-p-I-bm-bn-cnpw (sh-fn. 3:14-20)
7.
kvt\lw Ch-sb-m-nepw {]m[m-\y-aln-p--Xn-\m AXns\ \-s-Sp---h GXpan-m-Xm-Ipp (1 -sImcn. 13:13, 13)
8.
Hcp k`bvp Cu hI KpW- Hpw C-n AXp Kem-Xy-sc-tmse eoK-en-k-ntem, sImcn-y-sc-tmse ssekkn-Itfm, Nne-tm cpw tNXm-bntm hcmw.
Xmsg-]-d-bp aqp \nb-a-sf B[m-c-amn \n-fpsS ]T\ hym]vXn hn-nm Ign-bp--Xm-Wv.

1. hnizm-k-ns the.
a.
hnizm-k-ns the F-Xn-\v, hnizmkw \psS sXmgn Bbo Xon-cn--bm \psS

PohnX coXnbpw A{]-Im-c-ambn Xop FmWv Aw.
b.
{Kon ""hnizm-k-ns the'' F-Xn\v tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-ep hnizm-k-n-eqsS kmlN-cy-p sImSp-p adp-]Sn F A-am-Wv.
c.
Hcp ImgvN-]m-Sn, tbip-{In-kvXp-hns kphn-tijw hym]n-p--XmWv hnizm-k-ns the
d.
""hnizmkw'' F {]tbmKw Xncp-sh-gp-n Fgp-X-s kXy--fpsS Iqs ssZ-h-hN-\-s--bmWv Nqn-Im-p--sX-nepw ]pXnb \nb-a-nse aqm-as ]pkvX-I-amb sXtem-\n-Iycn, (bmtm-_v, Kem-Xy, Fn-h-bvp-tijw Fgp-Xn-b-Xv) ]ueqv CXmtWm
A-am-n-b-sXv kwi-bn-t-n-bn-cn-p-p.
e.
""hnizm-k-ns the Hcn-epw c-bvp \oXn-I-cW {]m]vXn (tdma. 3:2728;

Kem. 2:16)
f.
Ahn-izm-knsb \nXo-I-cn-p-Xp {]hnbm-e hnizm-k-m-emWv (tdma 4:5)
g.
{]hn-bm \oXn-I-cn--s]-Sm B{K-ln-p--h tbip-{In-kvXp-hns hos-Sp-n\v

apn Ipg--t]mIpw (tdma 9:32)
h.
hnizm-k-ns \mb-I-m Ftmgpw Iqp-{]-h-I-cm-bn--msX `c-W-Im--fmbn

{]hn--bn (2 -sImcn. 1:24)
i.
Hcm cn--s-Sp-Ibpw \oXn-I-cWw {]m]n-bpw sNbvXp Ign-m {InkvXp-hn hftc--Xn-\m-h-iy-amb Ir]-bpsS {]hn \evIpp (2 -sImcn. 8:7)
j.
Hcp hnizmkn ]cn-ip-m-m-hns\ {]m]n-p-Xpw {]hn-bm-e-, {]hn-I Bob

Pohn-X-ns _mly {]I-S-\--fmWv (K-em. 3:25)
k.
hnizmkw {]hn-p-Xv Bob kvt\l-nepw {]Xym-i-bnepw IqsS-bmWv (K-em.

5:56)
l.
Fm hnizm-k-n\p XS-bn-p-sImv am\p-joI \nb-a-sf A\p-kcn-p-hm-\mWv

kmm {ian-p-Xv (5:7-,13)
364
m.
\psS hnizmkw \n Xs-bm-ImsX \n {]hn-p ssZh-n Bbn-cnWw (sImtem. 2:12; ^nen 2:12-16)
n.
ap hnizm-kn-Ipw hnizm-k-ns the Dm-tI--Xn-\mbn \mw {]mn-t Bhiy-apv (2- sX. 1:11; bmtm. 2:14-16)
\nbaw : Hcp amXrIm k`bvp Ah-cn IqsS {]hnp Xs lnXw shfn-s-Spp ssZh-m Ah-cpsS hnizmkw Zriy-am-m Ignbpw
2. kvt\l {]bXv\w
a.
]pXnb \nb-a-n Cu Hcp ep am{Xta kvt\lhpw {]b-Xv\hpw Hnp tNp

]d-n-pp
b.
Cu Pohn-X-nse Azm-\-p {]Xn-^-e-amWv Bbp-jvm-ev Xm kvt\lnp `mcy-bp-ambn kpJ-ambn Ign-bm km[n-p-Xv (k-`m. {]. 9:9)
c.
{]bvXv\w Fv thebvp ]I-c-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p Cu ]Zw ITn-\m-zm-\-s-bmWv

ImWn-p-Xv
d.
Cu {]bvXv\w ap--h-cpsS \sb Icp-Xn-bp--XmWv (tbml 4:37, 38)
e.
Cu {]bXv\w ssZh-ns kvt\l hym]-c-ns Ipm-bva-bmWv (1 -sIm-cn. 3:69)
f.
Imhns the-bn F{X-b-[nIw {]b-Xv\n-mepw AXp hy-am-Ip-n (1- sImcn. 15:58)
g.
Bpw \nb-am-\p-kr-X-ambn asm-cm-fpsS {]bvX-\-êw Ah-Im-i-am-p-hm Ign-bpIbn

(2 sImcn. 10:15-16)
h.
h-I-cmb {]h-I Ah-cpsS thesb s]cp-np ImWnpw (2-sImcn 11:23-27)
i.
]pXnb hnizm-kn-Ip `mc-am-Im-Xn-cn-t--Xn\p ssZh-th-e-m Bh-iy-sa-n apgph in-tbmSpw Xf-cp-thm-fhpw Azm-\n-t--XmWv (1 -sX. 2:9; 2 sX. 3:8)
j.
Bcpw Ah-cpsS {]bXv\w hrYm-hmbn ImWp-hm B{K-ln--n (1- sX. 3:5)
k.
kvt\l-an-m {]bXv\w Hcp {]mtZ-inI k`-bpsS BkvXnXzw -t]mepw \in-npw

(shfn. 2:27)
l.
kvt\l-n\v {Kon AGAPE Fm-Wv. Ghpw \Xpw icn-bm-bXpw \mw As\ hnNmcn-n--nt]mepw sNpI Fm-Ww
m.
AXm-bXv kvt\l-{]-bXv\w Hcp-h B{K-ln-n--n t]mepw Ghpw \Xpw icn-bp-ambXv ap--hp-thn sNp-hm Ign-hns ]c-am-h[n {ian-p-hm klm-bn-p-p.
n.
Cu the-bpsS ]nn XnIXpw hne-bp--Xp-amb Hcp Dtiw Dv
o.
\psS ico-c-sf _pn-bp Bcm-[-\-bvmbn kan-p-p. ""\n-fpsS \n-fpsS

ico-c-sf Poh\pw hnip-n-bpw, ssZh-n\p {]km-Z-hp-ap bmK-ambn kanpI''
(tdma. 12:1), ap--hsc X-tf-m t{ijvT-m-cmbn FWw (^nen. 2:3), As\ cp
henb Iev]-\-Isf ]qn-I-cn- Ah-kcw Dm-Ipp (atm. 12:29-31).
\nbaw: Hcp amXrIm k` ssZh-tmSpw ap--h-tcm-Sp-ap kvt\lw-aqew PohXym-Ktmfw Azm-\n-p-hm Xm-dm-bn-cn-pw.

\nbaw: {]tXyIw {in-p-I, CXp Hcp k`m-Iq-ns kz`mh hnti-j- BIpp, Hcn-epw Hcp ]m-dpsS Imcy-a-.
3. {]Xym-i-bpsS ncX (k-ln-jvW-X)
a.
{]Xym-i-bpsS ncX Fm {]Xym-i-bm Df-hm-Ip Npp-]m-Sp-I-fn-te-p klnjvWX-bm-Wv.

365
b.
F]nkv (ELPIS) F {Kop-hm-mWv {]Xymi Fp Xna sNbvXn-cn-p--Xv. CXn\v

`mhn {]Xo--I-fpsS Ddv FmWv Aw.
c.
tbip-{InkvXp F GI-hy-n-bn-emWv {]Xym-i-bpsS ASn-m\w (1- Xntam. 1:1)
d.
F{Xbpw IqSp-X-embn {InkvXp \n-fn cq]-s-Sptam A{Xbpw IqSp-X-embn Ahs alnasb \n Xncn--dnbpw (sImtem. 1:27)
e.
hnizm-kw, {]Xym-i, kvt\lw Fn-h-I tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Dbns-gp-t-ev]p-ambn

IqSn ]nWp InS-pp (1- ]t{Xm. 1:20-22)
f.
tbip-{In-kvXp-hn kpn-c-am-bn-cn-p {]Xymi {]am-W--fpsS ipo-I-c-W-n-tep

\bn-pp (1- sImcn. 3:13)
g.
kln-jvWX
- t- bmsS êw ]pd-s-Sp-hn-p-h
- kphn-ti-j
- n-s aln-asb shfn-s-Sp-pp
(eqtm 8:15)
h.
kln-jvWX
- t- bmsS \--sN-p-h
- \nXy-Po-hns Nnsb hnI-kn-n-p-Ib
- mWv (tdma. 2:511)
i.
{]Xym-i-bpsS hnI-k-\-nse {][m\ LS-I-amWv kln-jvWX (tdma 5:15)
j.
{]Xymi DS-\Sn shfn-s-Sp H ]ntbm kln-jvW-X-tbmSpw, BImwtbmSpw Imncpp ImtW HmWv (tdma. 8:23-26)
k.
{]Xym-i-bpsS hnI-k-\-n-\mbn ssZh-h-N-\-m {]m]n-p cp LS-I--fmWv klnjvW-Xbpw t{]mm-l-\hpw (tdma 15:4)
l.
]ckv] _-sf {]Xy--ambn \ne-\np-sa {]Xo--bp--hp ssZh-n \np

e`n-p KpW--fmWv kln-jvW-Xbpw t{]mm-l-\hpw (tdma 15:57)
m.
ssZh-ns the-m-cn ImWp {]tXyI KpW--fmWv kln-jvW-Xbpw, {]bvX-\hpw

(2- sImcn. 6:112)
n.
ssZh-ln-X-ns ]cn-m\w `mKn-I-am-bn-cn--bm ]q-Xsb {]m]n-p-hm klnjvWX Bh-iy-amWv (sImtem. 1:914)
o.
k`- b n klnjv W X shfn- s - S pw- t m- g mWv kI- e cpw sXmp- W s- S p- Xv

(2- sX. 1:4; 3:5)
p.
kln-jvWX Hcp ssZh-]p-cp-js apt--ns hne-bmWv (1- Xntam. 6:11-12)
q.
\ Fm-hcpw kln-jvW-X-bpsS amXr-I-I Bbn-cn-Ww (2 -Xntam. 3:10-13)
r.
{]mb-ap--h kln-jvW-X-bpsS DZm-l-c-W--fmWv (Xo-p. 2:2)
s.
hnizm-k-n A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-p kln-jvW-X-bmWv ssZhoI hmKvZsf {]m]np-Xv (F-{_. 10:36-39)
t.
kln-jvWX \psS Hm-ns `mKw-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv (F-{_m. 12:13)
u.
hnizm-kn-bpsS hf-bpsS XnI-hns\ shfn-s-Sp-p Hcp LSIw IqSn-bmWv kln-jvWX

(bmtm. 1:24)
v.
cp henb Iev]-\-Isf ]qoI-cn-m-\p LS-Ihpw kln-jvW-X-bmWv (2- ]t{Xm. 1:57)
w.
kln-jvWX Dm-bn-cn-p-Ibpw kvt\lw Cm-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNp k` A]-I-S-nemWv (shfn. 2:24)
x.
kvt\lw, hnizm-kw, tkh-\w, kln-jvWX Fn-h-sbmw D-Xmb k`-sb-nepw XnI A\ph-[n--s-n-cn-p-s-n A]-I-S-n-emWv (shfn. 2:19-20)
y.
]oU-\--fn \np hnizm-kn-Ip hnSp-X \evIp-Xv tbip-{In-kvXp-hns {Iqinse

kln-jvW-X-bm-Wv. (shfn. 3:10-11).
366
`mKw 7
m\ \nbw
ssZh-h-N-\s ]Tn-n-p Hcm F \nebvp \n-fpsS tIhn-mv a\-n-em-p-hm\pw Hmphm\pw X-hn[w IpSq-X Adnhp {]m]n-n-cn--Ww. \n-fpsS ZqXv ap--h a\-n-em-p-Ibpw Hmncn-bpw thW-sap Npcpw. kXyhpw icn-bp-ambhbm-sW-nepw IqSp-X-emb D]-tbmKw Ipg--
krn-pw. BI-bm ZqXv Ftmgpw efn-Xhpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-am-bn-cn--Ww.
Hcp {]tXyI t]mbn-s-Sp-p-I. AXp hy-am-p-hm DZm-l-c-W- D]-tbm-Kn-p-I. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn,
Hcp BWn GsX-nepw XSn-I-j-W-n Dd-n--W-sa-n NpnI D]-tbm-Kn--Ww. Hmtcm ASnbpw
sNdnb kpjn-c- Df-hm-pp, Fm HSp-hn BWn Dd-bvp-Ibpw sNp--Xp-t]m-se-bmWv \psS
ZqXp hy-am-t--Xn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-p Hmtcm DZm-l-W--fpw.
ssZh-h-N-\-ns ]T-\-n-tep \mw hcp-tm Hm-aXv Nn{Xw apgp-h-\mbn ImWp-I. XpSv AXns
hni-Zo-I-c-W-n-tep IS-p-Ibpw Hmtcmpw Nn{Xs Fs\ a\-n-emn Xcpp Fp Ip
]nSnpI.
1 sX. 1:2 hnizm-k-n hf-cp ap--hmbn ]ueqkv \n-]-d-bp--Xmbn hmbn-p-p, ""Fm-n\mbpw \n (kvtXm-{Xw) ]d-bpI'' Fsmcp ZqXv ChnsS \np \app e`n-p-p. CXp Bh-iya-amb
HmWv F-m ]pXnb hnizm-kn-I ]e-tmgpw X-fn-tep Xs t\mp--h-cmbn Xon-v
Xv e`n-n-cn-p--h-bvmbn ssZh-n\p \n ]d-bm ad-bpw sNm-dp-v.
Hcn- tbip A-hpw cp ao\pw FSpp ]nXm-hn\p \n Itcn Bh-iy-n\p `-W-an-msX
hnj-an-p P\-Iq--tmSp IqSp-X `-W-n-\mbn {]mn-p-hm-\ adnv Ah-cpsS ] Fpm-bn-cp-thm Ah-bvmbn ssZh-n\p \n Itc-p-I-bmWv tbip sNbvX-Xv. Atm ApXw \S-pIbpw P\w Xr]vX-cm-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Cu kw`hw \mep kphn-ti-j--fnepw tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-pv (am. 14:15-21; atm. 6:37-44; eqtm. 9:1317;
tbml. 6:513). Hcn-S-p-t]mepw tbip Xs ]nXm-hn-t\mSv Ahpw ao\pw hn-np Xtc-Wta Fp
At]---Xmbn tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-n; Fm \mep kphn-ti-j-nepw tbip Ahbvmbn ]nXm-hn\p
\n Itc-n-b-XmbnmWv ]d-n-cn-p--Xv. \psS tIhn-m-tcmSv \n IqSp-X kabw ssZh-n\p
\n ]d-bp--h-cmtWm AtXm ]cm-Xn-s-Sp--h-cmtWm ? Fp tNmZn-m-hp--Xm-Wv. AtXm-sSmw kmn-I-ambn hfsc ]ntm--n Bbnpw Xp--Xns\ Hmp ssZh-n\p \n ]d-n-p
Bfp-Isf (\n--fpsS ]cn-N-b-ns]--Xv) DZm-l-c-W-ambn Nqn-Im-m-hp--Xm-Wv. Xfpw F{X A[nIw
\n-bp--h Bbn-cn-t-W-sap Nnn-m tIhn-Imp CXp klm-b-I-amIpw. \n ]d-bpI FXns {Kop hmv ""bq-dn-nb'' (EUCHARISTIA) FmWv. ""bq'' (EU) ""Imcnkv'' (CHARIS) Fv cp {Kop
hmp-I tNp-m-b-Xm-Wn-Xv. EU Fm ""\Xv'', CHARIS Fm ""Ir]'' Fp-amWv Aw. Atm
\n Itc- ssZh-Ir-]-bpsS \sb Xncn--dn-bp--Xm-Wv. \n ]d-bm--h ssZh-Ir-]sb AwKo-I-cn-m-h-cm-Wv.
Xncp-sh-gp-p-Isf hni-Zo-I-cn-m Zrm-- hfsc {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-Wv. Fm Zrm-- ]pkvXI-n \nm-ImsX PohnX \nco--W--fn \nm-I-Ww. ssZhw X\np Npp-ambn Fp {]hn-ncpp Fpw Fp {]hn-p-sIm-n-cn-pp Fpw kpva-X-tbmsS a\-n-em-p-hm ]Tn-n-p-h\p Ign-mte Zrm Zue`yw Cm-Xn-cn-p.
367
368
{]km-Z-I-cpsS (F-gp-p-Im-cp-sS) Ipdnv

tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-t\m-Sp-Iq-sS-bp \n-fpsS \S-n-s\bpw {]hn-tbbpw t{]mm-ln-n-p--Xn\v
Rv ktm-j-ap-v. ASn-m-\- F Cu ]pkvXIw \n-fpsS ss__n ]T-\-ns {]mcw`
klmbn am{X-am-Wv. CXn-\m \n tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Ir]-bnepw ]cn-m-\-nepw XpS-bmbn
hf-cp-hm CS-bm-IWw (2- ]t{Xm. 3:18). BI-bm Cu ASn-m-\- F ]pkvX-I-n ]Tn--sXmw
\n-fpsS Pohn-X-nepw ip{iq-j-bnepw D]-tbm-Kn-p-sIm-n-cn--Ww. tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-t\mSp ]n-tNp
hyn-]-c-amb Pohn-Xhpw Ah-s\-Ip-dnp ap--h-cp-ambn ]p-sh-bvp--Xp-am-Wv PohnX hf-bpsS AXn{]-[m-\amb LS-Iw. ssZh-h-N-\-ns bYm ]T-\-n-eqsStbm tbip-{In-kvXp-hp-ambn ASp _w
]pem Ign-bq, BI-bm Fgp-X-s hN-\-m Poh-\p hN\w Pohn-X-nse {]Xn-^-en--X-hn[w hN\ ]T\w \S-p-I.
ASn-m-\- \nv icn-bmb coXn-bn ss__n ]Tn-p--Xn\pw hymJym-\n-p--Xn-\p-ap
kma-{Kn-I am{X-amWp \evIn-bn-cn-p--Xv. CXns\ \n ]Tn-nv ap--hsc icn-bmb hn[w ]cn-io-enn-p-hm R \nsf Dt-Pn-n-p-I-bm-Wv. Hcp Imcyw Hmn-cn-t-Xv AXym-h-iy-amWv Fsm kXy D]-tZ-i-hp-ambn \n apt-dpw-tm hN-\-tmSp Iqnbpw Ipdpw hnI-e-amn D]-tZ-inp Zpcp-]-tZ-i-I-cp-ambn Ip-ap-t-n-hcpw (^n-en. 3:2). Ch-cn \np \nsf Xs c-s]-Sp-phm _tcm-h-m-sc-tmse (A-tm. {]. 17:11), Xncp-sh-gp-p-Isf XpS-bmbn ]cn-tim-[n-p-Ibpw kXyh-N-\s A\p-k-cn-bpw sN-Ww.
\n-fpsS hnizm-k-n-sbpw ip{iq-j-bp-sSbpw bm{X XS--an-msX XpS-tc--Xn\v R \nmbn
{]mn-p-I-bm-Wv. \mw Hcp henb temI-n-emWv hkn-p-Xv Xaqew \psS kwcw-`- hne-a-Xn-X--Xmbn In--p-h-tmw ]-t, Cu temI-n ssZh-ns k`sb ]Wn-Xp-d-n-p-hm-\mWv
ssZhw \s Bn-h--cn-p--sXv Hmp-sIm--Ww. {InkvXp-hns ico-c-ns Ah-b-h- F
\nebvpw Htc ip{iqjm oanse AwK-sa \ne-bnepw \psS D-c-hm-[n-Xz-amWv kphn-ti-j-ns
]p-sh-bv-en-eqsS Fm-h-scbpw injym-c-pI F-Xv. Cu ZuXyw tbip-{InkvXp \s `c-ta-ev]n--XmWv. Hcp Znhkw \msa-m-hcpw kz-n Ah-tcm-sSmpw Ccn-p-tm Imhp Xs al-Xz-n\mbn \s hnhn[ {]Im-c-n D]-tbm-Kn--tXmv B\-n-m CS-bm-Ipw. ssZhw \nsf [mc-fambn A\p-{K-ln-p-Ibpw \n-fpsS kIe {]hn-I-fn-epw, hN\ ]T-\-nepw klm-bnv kXy-h-N\s bmYm-ambn {]kw-Kn-p-sImv en-m kwK-Xn-bn-m the-m-c-\mbn ssZh-n\p sImmhp--h-cmbn \ns (2 -Xntam. 2:15).
Zm\ntb B. tlmn-kv (Daniel R. Hawkins)
Nnô FIvkn-Iyq-ohv Hmô-k (Chief Executive Officer)
tPmk^v Fw. {_u (Joseph M. Brown)

FIvkn-Iyq-ohv Ub-d- (Executive Director)
hntPv an\n-kv{S-okv C\m-j-W

(VILLAGE MINISTRIES INTERNATIONAL)
369
370
Bibliography
The following bibliogrphy does not attempt to include all the titles that are pertinent to our course of study, as this would
take a book in itself. It does represent the main authorities and the works consulted in the writing of this book.
Archer, Gleason L., Jr., A Survey of Old Testament Introduction, Moody Press, 1964.
Archer, Gleason L., Jr. Survey of the Old Testament, Moody Press, Chicago, 1978.
Chafer, Lewis Sperry, Systematic Theology, Vol. I-VIII, Dallas Seminary Press, 1947.
Dunnett, Walter M., New Testament Survey, Evangelical Teacher Training Association, Wheaton, 1967.
Gaebelein, Frank E., General Editor, The Expositors Bible Commentary, New Testament, Zondervan , Grand Rapids,
1976-1992.
Geisler, Norman L., A Popular Survey of the Old Testament, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, 1977.
Harris, R. Laird, Gleason L. Archer, Jr. and Bruce K. Waltke, Theological Word Book of the Old Testament, Moody
Press, Chicago, 1980.
Harrison, Roland Kenneth, Introduction to the Old Testament, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1969.
Hartill, J Edwin, Principles of Biblical Hermeneutics, Zondervan Publishing House, 1947.
Hiebert, D. Edmond, An Introduction to the New Testament, Vol. I-III, Moody Press, 1975.
Hoehner, Harold W., Chronological Aspects of the Life of Christ, Zondervan Publishing House, 1977.
Jensen, Irving L., 2 Kings with Chronicles, A Self-Study Guide, Moody Press.
Machen, J. Greshem, The New Testament, An Introduction to Its Literature and History, edited by W. John Cook, The
Banner of Truth Trust, Edinburgh, 1976.
Ramm, Bernard, Protestant Biblical Interpretation, Baker Book House, 1970.
Ryrie, Charles C., Basic Theology, Victor Books, 1986.
Tenney, Merrill C., New Testament Survey, William B Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1961.
Tenney, Merrill C., New Testament Times, William B Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1965.
Tenney, Merrill C., General Editor, The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, Vol. I-V, Zondervan Publishing
House, 1978.
Thayer, Joseph Henry, Thayers Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament, Associated Publishers and Authors.
Thiele, Edwin R., A Chronology of the Hebrew Kings, Zondervan Publishing House, 1977.
Thiessen, Henry Clarence, Introduction to the New Testamemt, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1943.
Unger, Merrill F., Introductory Guide to the Old Testament, Zondervan Publishing House, 1951.
Vine, W.E., Merrill F., Unger & William White, Editors, An Expository Dictionary of Biblical Words, Thomas Nelson,
Inc., 1985.
Walvoord, John F., Roy B. Zuck, Editors, The Bible Knowledge Commentary, Victor Books, Wheaton, 1983, 1985,
electronic media.
Wilkinson, Bruce and Kenneth Boa, Talk Thru The Old Testament, Vol. I, Thomas Nelson Publishers.
371
372
Endnotes
1.
Adapted from J. Edwin Hartill, Principles of Biblical Hermeneutics, p. 9.
2.
Bruce Wilkinson and Kenneth Boa, Talk Thru the Old Testament, Vol. I, Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1983, p. 39.
3.
Some of the ideas for this chart were drawn from A Popular Survey of the Old Testament, By Norman L. Geisler, Baker
Book House, Grand Rapids, 1977, p. 83 and Talk Thru The Bible by Bruce Wilkinson and Kenneth Boa, Thomas Nelson
Publishers, Nashville, 1983, p. 47-49.
4.
Wilkinson and Boa, p. 59.
5.
Notes from the NIV Study Bible, Zondervan, 1985, electronic version.
6.
7.
Charles Caldwell Ryrie, Ryrie Study Bible, Expanded Edition, Moody, electronic media.
8.
John F. Walvoord, Roy B. Zuck, Editors, The Bible Knowledge Commentary, Victor Books, Wheaton, 1983, 1985, electronic media.
9.
10.
Irving L. Jensen, 2 Kings with Chronicles, A Self-Study Guide, Moody, p. 20.
11.
Charles C Ryrie, Ryrie Study Bible, Expanded Edition, Moody, Chicago, Electronic media.
12.
Ibid.
13.
14.
Ibid., p. 101.
15.
Ibid., p. 110.
16.
Ibid., p. 117
17.
Walvoord / Zuck, electronic media.
18.
19.
Walvoord / Zuck, electronic media.
20.
Norman L. Geisler, A Popular survey of the Old Testament, Baker, Grand Rapids, 1977, p.180.
21.
Ibid., p. 181.
22.
Ryrie, p. 777
23.
Archer, Electronic Edition.
24.
Ryrie, p. 831.
25.
Archer, Electronic Media.
26.
Adapted from Archers Survey of the Old Testament, Electronic Media.
27.
Charles L. Feinberg, Class Notes, Dallas Theological Seminary, p.3, 1960s
28.
Geisler, p. 195-196.
29.
30.
Geisler, p. 214.
31.
Ryrie, p. 1032
32.
R. Laird Harris, L. Archer, Jr., Bruce K. Waltke, Theological Word Book of the Old Testament, Vol. 2, p. 544.
373
33.
Carl Laney, Bibliotheca Sacra, Oct.-Dec. 1981, p. 315-316.
34.
Charles C. Ryrie, The Ryrie Study Bible, Expanded Edition, Moody Press, 1995, p. 1151.
35.
Norman L Geisler, A Popular Survey of the Old Testament, Baker, Grand Rapids, 1977, p. 227-228.
36.
Ibid., p. 228.
37.
Archer, Electronic Media.
38.
39.
Adapted from Wilkinson and Boa, p. 209.
40.
Hebrew class at Dallas Theological Seminary taught by Dr. Robert Chisholm, Spring 1993.
41.
John F. Walvoord, Roy B. Zuck, Editors, The Bible Knowledge Commentary, Victor Books, Wheaton, 1983,1985, Electronic Media.
42.
Wilkinson and Boa. p. 252.
43.
Ibid., p. 263.
44.
Gleason Archer, Electronic Media.
45.
Ibid.
46.
Ibid.
47.
48.
Charles C. Ryrie, Ryrie Study Bible, Expanded Editon, Moody, p. 1498.
49.
J. Greshem Machen, The New Testament, An Introduction to Its Literature and History, edited by W. John Cook, The
Banner of Truth Trust, Edinburgh, 1976, p.16.
50.
Merrill C. Tenney, New Testament Times, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1965, p. 107-108.
51.
Charles C. Ryrie, Ryrie Study Bible, Expanded Edition, Moody, p. 1500.
52.
Ibid., p. 1498.
53.
Ibid., p. 1499.
54.
Bruce Wilkinson and Kenneth Boa, Talk Thru The Bible, Thomas Nelson, Nashville, 1983, p. 305.
55.
Charles C Ryrie, Ryrie Study Bible, Expanded Edition, Moody. p. 1509.
56.
John F. Walvoord, Roy B. Zuck, editors, The Bible Knowledge Commentary, Victor Books, Wheaton, 1983, 1985, Electronic Media.
57.
Walter M Dunnett, New Testament Survey, Evangelical Teacher Training Association, Wheaton, 1967, p. 17.
58.
Ryrie, p. 1574.
59.
Wilkinson/Boa, p. 321.
60.
Ibid., p. 327.
61.
Ryrie, p. 1614.
62.
Ibid., p. 1614.
63.
Wilkinson / Boa. p. 328.
64.
Ibid., p. 328.
65.
Walvoord /Zuck, Electronic Media.
66.
Ibid.
67.
Wilkinson / Boa, p. 338.
68.
Walvoord/ Zuck, Electronic Media.
69.
Ibid.
70.
Wilkinson /Boa, p. 353.
71.
Walter M. Dunnett, New Testament Survey, Evangelical Teacher Training Association, Wheaton, 1967, p. 40.
72.
J. Sidlow Baxter, Explore the Book, p. 63-64.

374
73.
Ryrie, p. 1786.
74.
75.
Henry Clarence Thiessen, Introduction to the New Testament, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1943, pp. 202-03.
76.
Gaebelein, electronic media.
77.
Walvood / Zuck, Electronic Media.
78.
Frank E Geabelein, General Editor, The Expositors Bible Commentary, New Testament, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, 19761992, Electronic Media.
79.
Ryrie, p. 1886-1887
80.
A. T. Robertson, Paul and the Intellectuals, Revelation and ed. W.C. Strickland (Nashville: Broadman, 1959), p. 12.
81.
82.
Dr. S. Lewis Johnson in Bibliotheaca Sacra, Sudies in the Epistle to the Colossians, beginning Vol. 118,#471.
83.
Walvoord / Zuck, Electronic Media.
84.
Ryrie, p. 1939.
85.
86.
Thiessen, p. 271.
87.
88.
89.
Ryrie, p. 1966.
90.
91.
Ryrie, p. 1966.
92.
Ron Blue, The Bible Knowledge Commentary.
93.
The NET Bible, The Biblical Studies Press.
94.
95.
NIV Study Bible, Electronic Library.
96.
NET Bible, Electronic Media.
97.
Ryrie, p. 2005.
98.
Adapted from R. T. Ketcham, D.D.; found in J Edwin Hartills Principles of Biblical Hermeneutics.
99.
Charles C Ryrie, Basic Theology, Victor Books, 1986, p. 295.
100.
Ibid., p. 343.
101.
W.E. Vine, Vines Expository Dictionary of Biblical Words, Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1985
102.
Harris, Archer, Waltke, Theological Wordbook of the Old Testment, 1980, Moody Bible Institute, p.127.
103.
W. E. Vine, Vines Expository disctionary of Biblical Words, 1985, Thomas Nelson Publishers, p.51.
104.
Merril C. Tenney, General Editor, Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand
Rapids, Michigan, 1978, Vol. I p. 505.
105.
W.E. Vine, Vines Expository Dictionary of Biblical Words, Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1985,p. 685.
106.
Ibid.
375
376
Cu ]pkvX-I-s-n IqSp-X hnh-c-v:

{]kn-U v
t_Xvetlw]pcw
Xncp-hmv ]n. H.
tImbw 686 033
tIcfw; CUy.
377
378

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Aymbw 1

ss__n -Un-p-thn hyn-]-c-amb Xm-sd-Sp-p- \-S-p-tm Adn-n-cnt Bdp {]am-W- (knm--) :

2. ss__n-fns ssZh\nizm-kn-b-Xsb AwKo-I-cn-p-I.

4. ipjvIm-n-tbmsS ]TnpIbpw kln-jvWp-X-bp--h-cm-bn-cn-p-Ibpw thWw.

5. ]q-ambn ]m]-sf Gp-]-d-bp-I.

hyn-]-c-amb ss__n Un-bn e`n-p Ap {]tbm-P-\-:

k`-bnse AXn {]K`-\mb thZ-im-kv{X--\mb ]ueqkv Xs-p-dnpXs ]d-bp-Xp {in-pI:

t^. 4:11 13). ap--hsc k-cm-t--h BZyw kzbw kpk--cm-tI--Xm-Wv.

3. Poh-\p ssZh-ns sh-fn-mSv.

X-n cq]m-cw hcp-p--Xv. ssZh-ns in-bp hN\w \nepw ssNX\yw hcp-n-sv

ss__n ]g-b-\n-b-asa-pw, ]pXn-b-\n-b-asapw cm-bn- X-cw-Xn-cn-n-cn-p-p.

IhnXm hn`mKw (A-s-w): Ctm-_v, ko-\-, kZr-iy-hm-Iy- k`m{]kw-Kn, D-a

henb {]hm-N-I-m (A-v): sbi-m-hv, bnc-aym-hv, hnem-]-, sbl-kvtI, Zm\n-tb.

3. ]pXnb \nb-a-ns aqp hn`m-K-:

teJ-\-fpw Ds-n-cn-p-p (sh-fn. 2,3). Bb-Xn-\m Ch-sbmw IW-n-se-Sp-m-bn-cn-Ww

Ap Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-I-: am-bn, atmkv, eqtm-kv, tbml-m, Atm. {]hn-I.

Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Hcp Ah-tem-I\w

thZ-]p-kvX-I-ns BZy-]p-kvX-I-amb Dev]-n-bpsS hnh-cW {]Imcw BImi `qan-I-fpsS krjvSn-ns

4. Hm-a-tbpw, HSp--sbpw BZmw.

Azm-\n-m\pw Iev]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-p. Fm ]cm-P-b-n Ah-km-\n-p. HSp-s BZw

5. a\p-jy\pw kmm\pw Xn-ep t]mcmw.

hmbn--dn-bm-hp--Xm-Wv. sbi-m-hns 53-mw Aym-b-n tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ ""IjvSw A\p-`-hn-p

10. FXn {]h\w.

Ime-K-W-\m-\p-kr-X-amb Hcp Ah-tem-I\w

{][m\ kw`-h-fpw Ah-bpsS Xob-Xn-Ifpw:

Xncp-sh-gp-n tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p Xe-ap-dI

2. t\ml-bpsS Pe-{]-fbw (2242 _n.-kn).

3. A{_-lm-an-t\m-Sp hmKvZw (1875 _n.-kn).

4. C{k-tb a-fpsS ]pd-mSv (1445 _n. kn.).

5. item-tams hmgvN-bpsS \mem-as hjw (965 _n.-kn.).

6. item-tams ac-W-tijw C{k-tb cmjv{Sw cmbn hn`-Pn--s-p.

7. sXtcmPy-ns hogvN (586 _n.kn).

8. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns P\\w (_n.kn 1).

9. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ac-Ww, I_-d-S-w, Dbns-gp-tev]v

_lp-`q-cn-]w ]n-X-mcpw tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ac-Ww, I_-d-S-w, Dbns-gp-tev]v Fn-h-bpsS

10. ss__n-fnse Ah-km\ {Kw (A.D. 96).

]gb \nb-a-ns Ime-K-W-\w.

5. item-tams 4mw Bp-ap-X blqZm cmPy-ns hogvN-hsc (965 586 B. C.).

6. _m_n-temWy {]hm-k-Imew (586 516 B.C.).

7. _m_n-tem\y {]hmkw Ignv ]g-b-\n-b-a-ns Ah-km-\w-hsc (B.C. 576 400).

]cn-ip-m \ntbmKw {]m]n Fgp-p-Im-cm hnc-Nn-X-amb ]pXnb \nba ]pkvX-I--fpsS enmWv

1. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns Poh-N-cn-{Xhpw BZy-Im-e-k-`bpw (A.D. 55 85).

2. k`-bvp teJ-\- (A.D. 46-85).

ss__n ]Tn-p-hm-\p Hcpw

Hmtcm hmIy-tmSpw tNmZn-m-\p Bdp ASn-m\ tNmZy-:

Bcv Btcm-SmWv kwkm-cn-p--sX--dn-bm-\mWv Cu tNmZyw klm-bn-p--Xv. DZm: Dev]. 22:2ChnsS

hyn-]-c-amb cp {][m\ tNmZy-:

CXv AXn-{]-[m-\y-ap Hcp tNmZy-ambn \app tNmZn-m-hp--Xm-Wv. Xncp-sh-gp-p-I-fpsS ]T-\-n

2. Atm F-s\-bmWv \mw Pohn-pI?

Fm tNmZy-pw Dcw e`n-m--tm Fp sNpw?

]gb ]pXnb \nb-a--fpsS Xmc-X-ay-]-T\w

ZoL-\m-fp-I-fmbn t\mn-mn-cp c-I-\mb

]cn-ip-m {]h-\-m Atm-kvXe {]hn-I

tbip-{InkvXp-hns m\m-[n-]-Xn-sb \ne-bn Hcp

A-y-Ime kw`-h- \psS Im-hns Ah-km\

\ymb-{]-amWw: BZy Ap-]p-kvX-I-

Dev]n ]pkvX-I-n {InkvXp:

temI-n-sbpw a\p-jysbpw krjvSnv (1:12:25).

2. \mep a\p- j y: Hcp cmjv { S- ns Xnc- s - S ppw hosSp- p- I m- c - \ m- b p