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Hyperbolic Functions

This document defines and describes hyperbolic functions and their properties. It introduces the six main hyperbolic functions (sinh, cosh, tanh, coth, sech, csch) and provides their definitions. It then discusses relationships between the functions, addition and angle formulas, expressions in terms of other functions, graphs of the functions and their inverses, and relationships between hyperbolic and trigonometric functions.

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chege
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255 views

Hyperbolic Functions

This document defines and describes hyperbolic functions and their properties. It introduces the six main hyperbolic functions (sinh, cosh, tanh, coth, sech, csch) and provides their definitions. It then discusses relationships between the functions, addition and angle formulas, expressions in terms of other functions, graphs of the functions and their inverses, and relationships between hyperbolic and trigonometric functions.

Uploaded by

chege
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hyperbolic functions - sinh, cosh, tanh, coth, sech, csch

DEFINITION OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS Hyperbolic sine of x = sinh x = (ex - e-x)/2 Hyperbolic cosine of x = cosh x = (ex + e-x)/2 Hyperbolic tangent of x = tanh x = (ex - e-x)/(ex + e-x) Hyperbolic cotangent of x = coth x = (ex + e-x)/(ex - e-x) Hyperbolic secant of x = sech x = 2/(ex + e-x) Hyperbolic cosecant of x = csch x = 2/(ex - e-x) RELATIONSHIPS AMONG HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS tanh x = sinh x/cosh x coth x = 1/tanh x = cosh x/sinh x sech x = 1/cosh x csch x = 1/sinh x cosh2x - sinh2x = 1 sech2x + tanh2x = 1 coth2x - csch2x = 1 FUNCTIONS OF NEGATIVE ARGUMENTS sinh(-x) = -sinh x cosh(-x) = cosh x tanh(-x) = -tanh x csch(-x) = -csch x sech(-x) = sech x

coth(-x) = -coth x ADDITION FORMULAS sinh (x y) = sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y cosh (x y) = cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y tanh(x y) = (tanh x tanh y)/(1 tanh x.tanh y) coth(x y) = (coth x coth y l)/(coth y coth x) DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAS sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x cosh 2x = cosh2x + sinh2x = 2 cosh2x 1 = 1 + 2 sinh2x tanh 2x = (2tanh x)/(1 + tanh2x) HALF ANGLE FORMULAS sinh x/2 = cosh x/2 = [+ if x > 0, - if x < 0]

tanh x/2 =

[+ if x > 0, - if x < 0]

= <(sinh x)/(cosh x 1) = (cosh x + 1)/sinh x MULTIPLE ANGLE FORMULAS sinh 3x = 3 sinh x + 4 sinh3 x cosh 3x = 4 cosh3 x 3 cosh x tanh 3x = (3 tanh x + tanh3 x)/(1 + 3 tanh2x) sinh 4x = 8 sinh3 x cosh x + 4 sinh x cosh x cosh 4x = 8 cosh4 x 8 cosh2 x + 1 tanh 4x = (4 tanh x + 4 tanh3 x)/(1 + 6 tanh2 x + tanh4 x)

POWERS OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS sinh2 x = cosh 2x cosh2 x = cosh 2x + sinh3 x = sinh 3x sinh x cosh3 x = \\ cosh 3x + cosh x sinh4 x = 3/8 - cosh 2x + 1/8cosh 4x cosh4 x = 3/8 + cosh 2x + 1/8cosh 4x SUM, DIFFERENCE AND PRODUCT OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS sinh x + sinh y = 2 sinh (x + y) cosh (x - y) sinh x - sinh y = 2 cosh (x + y) sinh (x - y) cosh x + cosh y = 2 cosh (x + y) cosh (x - y) cosh x - cosh y = 2 sinh (x + y) sinh (x y) sinh x sinh y = (cosh (x + y) - cosh (x - y)) cosh x cosh y = (cosh (x + y) + cosh (x y)) sinh x cosh y = (sinh (x + y) + sinh (x - y)) EXPRESSION OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS IN TERMS OF OTHERS In the following we assume x > 0. If x < 0 use the appropriate sign as indicated by formulas in the section "Functions of Negative Arguments" sinh x = u cosh x u tanh x = u coth x = u sech x = u esch x = u sinh x u cosh x tanh x u/ coth x sech x 1/ csch x 1/u /u u/ 1/u 1/ /u u /u u u/ 1/ u 1/u l/ u/ 1/u u 1/ /u u u/ u/ u 1/u 1/ /u 1/u /u

GRAPHS OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS y = sinh x

y = cosh x

y = tanh x

y = coth x

y = sech x

y = csch x

INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS If x = sinh y, then y = sinh-1 a is called the inverse hyperbolic sine of x. Similarly we define the other inverse hyperbolic functions. The inverse hyperbolic functions are multiple-valued and as in the case of inverse trigonometric functions we restrict ourselves to principal values for which they can be considered as single-valued. The following list shows the principal values [unless otherwise indicated] of the inverse hyperbolic functions expressed in terms of logarithmic functions which are taken as real valued. sinh-1 x = ln (x + cosh-1 x = ln (x + ) ) - < x < x 1 [cosh-1 x > 0 is principal value] -1 < x < 1 x > 1 or x < -1 0 < x 1 [sech-1 a; > 0 is principal value]

tanh-1x = ln((1 + x)/(1 - x)) coth-1 x = ln((x + 1)/(x - 1)) sech-1 x = ln ( 1/x + csch-1 x = ln(1/x +

x0

RELATIONS BETWEEN INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

csch-1 x = sinh-1 (1/x) sech-1 x = cosh-1 (1/x) coth-1 x = tanh-1 (1/x) sinh-1(-x) = -sinh-1x tanh-1(-x) = -tanh-1x coth-1 (-x) = -coth-1x csch-1 (-x) = -csch-1x GRAPHS OF INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS y = sinh-1x

y = cosh-1x

y = tanh-1x

y = coth-1x

y = sech-1x

y = csch-1x

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HYPERBOLIC AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS sin(ix) = i sinh x csc(ix) = -i csch x sinh(ix) = i sin x csch(ix) = -i csc x cos(ix) = cosh x sec(ix) = sech x cosh(ix) = cos x sech(ix) = sec x tan(ix) = i tanh x cot(ix) = -i coth x tanh(ix) = i tan x coth(ix) = -i cot x

PERIODICITY OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS In the following k is any integer. sinh (x + 2ki) = sinh x cosh (x + 2ki) = cosh x tanh (x + ki) = tanh x csch (x + 2ki) = csch x sech (x + 2ki) = sech x coth (x + ki) = coth x

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INVERSE HYPERBOLIC AND INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS sin-1 (ix) = isinh-1x cos-1 x = i cosh-1 x tan-1(ix) = i tanh-1x sinh-1(ix) = i sin-1x cosh-1x = i cos-1x tanh-1(ix) = i tan-1x

cot-1(ix) = -i coth-1x sec-1 x = i sech-1x csc-1(ix) = -i csch-1x

coth-1 (ix) = -i cot-1x sech-1 x = i sec-1x csch-1(ix) = -i csc-1x

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