The following programs have to be used along with Java course material.

Each of these programs illustrate a particular point/objective. JT M1 M2 & M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 & M9 Java Training OOPs and Environment Language Elements Input / Output OOPs Using Java Web Programming Windows Programming Advanced topics

1. Pgm: JTM1P1 Objective: To show the use of System.in.read() method. //Import java.io for read method. import java.io.*; public class MyCat { public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException { int b; // Key values are received as ascii ints. // read() throws IOException but is not caught. while((b=System.in.read()) != 65) { //Output the character read System.out.print((char)b); } //Output a blank line System.out.println(); } } Pgm: JTM1P2 Objective: To understand the use of static modifier. Note that those static blocks without any name / parameter /or mdifier will be executed before even main method. public class UnderstandingStaticDemo { static int length = 10; static int width = 20; static int height = 30; static int volume,area; public static void main(String a[]) { System.out.println("This is main method."); callStaticMethod(42); } static void callStaticMethod(int x)

{ System.out.println("This is static method."); System.out.println("area : "+area); System.out.println("volume :"+volume); } static { System.out.println("This is static first block."); area = length * width; } static { System.out.println("This is static second block."); volume = area * height; } } //OUTPUT: //This is static first block. //This is static second block. //This is main method. //This is static method. //area : 200 //volume :6000 Pgm-JTM1P3 Obejective: // Calling Static methods/variables in different classes through the class names itself. class Box { static int length=10; static int width=20; int height=30; static void area() { System.out.println("The area is :" + length*width); } void volume() { System.out.println("The volume is :" + length*width*height); } } public class StaticMethodCallDemo { public static void main(String args[]) { Box.area(); System.out.println("The length is : " + Box.length);

System.out.println("The width is : " + Box.width); // Box.volume(); // Error. You cannot refer to a non-static method like this. Box obj=new Box(); // You have to instantiate an object obj.volume(); // Access a non-static method through the object obj.area(); // You can access a static method also like this. } } //OUTPUT: //The area is :200 //The length is : 10 //The width is : 20 //The volume is :6000 //The area is :200

Pgm : JTM5P1 class SimpleClass { int intVar; float floatVar; double doubleVar; SimpleClass(int i,float f,double d) { intVar=i; floatVar=f; doubleVar=d; System.out.println("SimpleClass(int i,float f,double d)"); } SimpleClass(int i,float f) { intVar=i; floatVar=f; doubleVar=0; System.out.println("SimpleClass(int i,float f)"); } SimpleClass(int i) { intVar=i; floatVar=0; doubleVar=0; System.out.println("SimpleClass(int i)"); } SimpleClass(float f) { intVar=0; floatVar=f; doubleVar=0; System.out.println("SimpleClass(float f)"); }

SimpleClass(double d) { intVar=0; floatVar=0; doubleVar=d; System.out.println("SimpleClass(double d)"); } SimpleClass() { intVar=0; floatVar=0; doubleVar=0; System.out.println("SimpleClass()"); } } public class OverLoadedConstructorsDemo1 { public static void main(String args[]) { SimpleClass SC1=new SimpleClass(10,9.81f,1.11); SimpleClass SC2=new SimpleClass(10,9.81f); SimpleClass SC3=new SimpleClass(10); SimpleClass SC4=new SimpleClass(9.81f); SimpleClass SC5=new SimpleClass(1.11); SimpleClass SC6=new SimpleClass(); } } //Output: //SimpleClass(int i,float f, double d); //SimpleClass(int i,float f); //SimpleClass(int i); //SimpleClass(float f); //SimpleClass(double d); //SimpleClass(); Pgm: JTM5P2 // Avoiding zero assignment as java does it for you class SimpleClass { int intVar; float floatVar; double doubleVar; SimpleClass(int i,float f,double d) { intVar=i; floatVar=f; doubleVar=d; System.out.println("SimpleClass(int i,float f,double d)"); }

SimpleClass(int i,float f) { intVar=i; floatVar=f; System.out.println("SimpleClass(int i,float f)"); } SimpleClass(int i) { intVar=i; floatVar=0; doubleVar=0; System.out.println("SimpleClass(int i)"); }

SimpleClass(float f) { intVar=0; floatVar=f; doubleVar=0; System.out.println("SimpleClass(float f)"); } SimpleClass(double d) { intVar=0; floatVar=0; doubleVar=d; System.out.println("SimpleClass(double d)"); } SimpleClass() { intVar=0; floatVar=0; doubleVar=0; System.out.println("SimpleClass()"); } } public class OverLoadedConstructorsDemo1 { public static void main(String args[]) { SimpleClass SC1=new SimpleClass(10,9.81f,1.11); SimpleClass SC2=new SimpleClass(10,9.81f); SimpleClass SC3=new SimpleClass(10); SimpleClass SC4=new SimpleClass(9.81f); SimpleClass SC5=new SimpleClass(1.11); SimpleClass SC6=new SimpleClass(); } } //Output:

//SimpleClass(int i,float f, double d); //SimpleClass(int i,float f); //SimpleClass(int i); //SimpleClass(float f); //SimpleClass(double d); //SimpleClass(); Pgm: JTM5P3 // Use of 'this' keyword to refer to the same class constructor class SimpleClass { int intVar; float floatVar; double doubleVar; SimpleClass(int i,float f,double d) { intVar=i; floatVar=f; doubleVar=d; System.out.println("SimpleClass(int i,float f,double d)"); } SimpleClass(int i,float f) { this(9.81); intVar=i; floatVar=f; System.out.println("SimpleClass(int i,float f)"); } SimpleClass(int i) { intVar=i; System.out.println("SimpleClass(int i)"); } SimpleClass(float f) { floatVar=f; System.out.println("SimpleClass(float f)"); } SimpleClass(double d) { doubleVar=d; System.out.println("SimpleClass(double d)"); } SimpleClass() { this(10,1.11f,9.81); System.out.println("SimpleClass()"); }

} public class OverLoadedConstructorsDemo1 { public static void main(String args[]) { SimpleClass SC1=new SimpleClass(10,9.81f,1.11); SimpleClass SC2=new SimpleClass(10,9.81f); SimpleClass SC3=new SimpleClass(10); SimpleClass SC4=new SimpleClass(9.81f); SimpleClass SC5=new SimpleClass(1.11); SimpleClass SC6=new SimpleClass(); } } //Output: //SimpleClass(int i,float f, double d); //SimpleClass(double d); //SimpleClass(int i,float f); //SimpleClass(int i); //SimpleClass(float f); //SimpleClass(double d); //SimpleClass(int i,float f, double d); //SimpleClass(); Pgm: JTM5P4 // Passing the same class object as an argument in the class method. class MyClass { int i,j; MyClass(int x,int y) { i=x; j=y; } boolean equals(MyClass MC) { if(MC.i==i && MC.j==j) return true; else return false; } } public class ObjectsAsParametersDemo { public static void main(String args[]) { MyClass MC1=new MyClass(10,20); MyClass MC2=new MyClass(10,20); MyClass MC3=new MyClass(1,2); System.out.println("MC1==MC2 ? " + MC1.equals(MC2));

System.out.println("MC1==MC3 ? " + MC1.equals(MC3)); } } //Output: //MC1==MC2 ? true //MC1==MC3 ? false Pgm : JTM5P5 class MyClass { int a; MyClass(int i) { a=i; } MyClass multiply() { MyClass temp=new MyClass(a*10); return temp; } } public class ReturningObjectDemo { public static void main(String a[]) { MyClass obj1=new MyClass(2); MyClass obj2=obj1.multiply(); MyClass obj3=obj2.multiply(); System.out.println("obj1.a = " + obj1.a); System.out.println("obj2.a = " + obj2.a); System.out.println("obj3.a = " + obj3.a); } } //OUTPUT: //obj1.a =2 //obj2.a =20 //obj3.a =200 Pgm - JTM5P6 // Public Private Access Specifier class Box { int length; public int width; private int height;

void setHeight(int i) { height=i; } int getHeight() { return height; } } public class PublicPrivateAccessDemo { public static void main(String args[]) { Box obj = new Box(); obj.length=10; obj.width=20; // obj.height = 30; // Error ! U can't access private variables // U can access private variables thro' public methods obj.setHeight(30); System.out.println("length, width and height : "+obj.length+":"+obj.width+ ":"+obj.getHeight()); } } // OUTPUT: // length, width and height : 10:20:30 Pgm-JTM5P7 // A simple inheritance example: Accessing // super class variables and methods from the sub class class SuperClass { int superInt; double superDouble; void printSuperVariable() { System.out.println("superInt = " + superInt + " superDouble = " + superDouble); } } class SubClass extends SuperClass { boolean subBoolean; void printSubVariable() { System.out.println("subBoolean = " + subBoolean); } } class SimpleInheritance1

{ public static void main(String args[]) { SuperClass sup=new SuperClass(); SubClass sub=new SubClass(); sup.superInt=10; sup.superDouble=9.81; sup.printSuperVariable(); sub.superInt=100; sub.superDouble=98.1; sub.subBoolean=true; sub.printSuperVariable(); sub.printSubVariable(); } } //Output: //superInt = 10 superDouble = 9.81 //superInt = 100 superDouble = 98.1 //subBoolean = true

Pgm-JTM5P8 // A simple Inheritance Example: Declaring the same super class variable in the sub-class class SuperClass { int superInt=0; double superDouble; void printSuperVariable() { System.out.println("\nSUPER CLASS: "); System.out.println("superInt = " + superInt); System.out.println("superDouble = " + superDouble); } } class SubClass extends SuperClass { int superInt; boolean subBoolean; void printSubVariable() { System.out.println("\nSUB CLASS: "); System.out.println("subBoolean = " + subBoolean); System.out.println("superInt = " +superInt); } } class SimpleInheritance2 {

public static void main(String args[]) { SuperClass sup= new SuperClass(); SubClass sub=new SubClass(); sup.superInt=10; sup.superDouble=9.81; sup.printSuperVariable(); sub.superInt=100; sub.superDouble=98.1; sub.subBoolean=true; sub.printSuperVariable(); sub.printSubVariable(); } } //OUTPUT : //SUPER CLASS: //superInt = 10 //superDouble = 9.81 // //SUPER CLASS: //superInt = 0 //superDouble = 98.1 // //SUB CLASS: //subBoolean = true //superInt = 100 Pgm-JTM5P9 // Assignment of object references in three different styles // super class object = sub class object; -->No problem // sub class object = super class object; -->Compiler error // sub class object = (sub class casting)super class object; -->Runtime error class SuperClass { int superInt; float superFloat; float multiply() { return superInt*superFloat; } } class SubClass extends SuperClass { SubClass(int i, float f) { superInt=i; superFloat=f; }

} class SimpleInheritance3 { public static void main(String a[]) { SuperClass sup=new SuperClass(); SubClass sub=new SubClass(10,1.56f); float subtemp=sub.multiply(); System.out.println("Point 1: "+subtemp); subtemp=sup.multiply(); System.out.println("Point 2: "+subtemp); sup=sub; //No Problem. subtemp=sup.multiply(); System.out.println("Point 3: "+subtemp); // sub=sup; //Compile Time Error. //sub=(SubClass)sup; //Run Time Exception. } } //OUTPUT : //Point 1: 15.599999 //Point 2: 0.0 //Point 3: 15.599999 Pgm-JTM5P10 // Constructors Inheritance Demo: // Finding out what constructors are being called by default, // if you instantiate a sub class class SuperClass { int superInt; SuperClass() { System.out.println("SuperClass()"); } SuperClass(int i) { System.out.println("SuperClass(int i)"); } } class SubClass extends SuperClass { double subDouble; SubClass() { System.out.println("SubClass()");

} SubClass(double d) { System.out.println("SubClass(double d)"); } } public class ConstructorInheritance { public static void main(String A[]) { System.out.println("SuperClass sup1=new SuperClass()"); SuperClass sup1=new SuperClass(); System.out.println(); System.out.println("SuperClass sup2=new SuperClass(10)"); SuperClass sup2=new SuperClass(10); System.out.println(); System.out.println("SubClass sub1=new SubClass()"); SubClass sub1=new SubClass(); System.out.println(); System.out.println("SubClass sub2=new SubClass(20)"); SubClass sub2=new SubClass(20); // U can't invoke a superclass constructor. System.out.println(); // It will type cast it to double. System.out.println("SubClass sub3=new SubClass(9.81)"); SubClass sub3=new SubClass(9.81); System.out.println(); } } //OUTPUT : //SuperClass sup1=new SuperClass() //SuperClass() // //SuperClass sup2=new SuperClass(10) //SuperClass(int i) // //SubClass sub1=new SubClass() //SuperClass() //SubClass() // //SubClass sub2=new SubClass(20) //SuperClass() //SubClass(double d) // //SubClass sub3=new SubClass(9.81) //SuperClass() //SubClass(double d) Pgm- JTM5P11

// Constructor Inheritance Demo: Using 'this' and 'super' keywords for constructors // 'this' or 'super' should be first exceutable statement in a constructor // In a constructor, only one ('this' or 'super') should be present classSuperClass { int intVar; SuperClass() { this(0); System.out.println("SuperClass()"); } SuperClass(int i) { this.intVar=i; System.out.println("SuperClass(int i)"); } } class SubClass extends SuperClass { double doubleVar; SubClass() { super(); doubleVar=0.0; System.out.println("SubClass()"); } SubClass(int i,double d) { super(i); this.doubleVar=d; System.out.println("SubClass(int i,double d)"); } } public class SuperDemo1 { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("SuperClass sup1=new SuperClass()"); SuperClass sup1=new SuperClass(); System.out.println(); System.out.println("SuperClass sup2=new SuperClass(10)"); SuperClass sup2=new SuperClass(10); System.out.println(); System.out.println("SubClass sub1=new SubClass()"); SubClass sub1=new SubClass(); System.out.println();

System.out.println("SubClass sub2=new SubClass(10,9.81)"); SubClass sub2=new SubClass(10,9.81); } } //OUTPUT: //SuperClass sup1=new SuperClass() //SuperClass(int i) //SuperClass() //SuperClass sup2=new SuperClass(10) //SuperClass(int i) //SubClass sub1=new SubClass() //SuperClass(int i) //SuperClass() //SubClass() //SubClass sub2=new SubClass(10,9.81) //SuperClass(int i) //SubClass(int i,double d) Pgm-JTM5P12 // Constructors Inheritance Demo: Using this and super keywords // for class instance variables. class SuperClass { int intVar; SuperClass() { intVar=10; System.out.println("SuperClass() : intvar = " + intVar); } SuperClass(int i) { intVar=i; System.out.println("SuperClass(int i) : intvar = " + intVar); } } class SubClass extends SuperClass { int intVar; SubClass() { super.intVar=25; this.intVar=35; System.out.println("SubClass() : super.intVar = " + super.intVar + " this.intVar = "+this.intVar); } SubClass(int i, int j)

{ super.intVar=i; this.intVar=j; System.out.println("SubClass() : super.intVar = " + super.intVar + " this.intVar = "+this.intVar); } } public class SuperDemo2 { public static void main(String a[]) { System.out.println("SuperClass sup1=new SuperClass()"); SuperClass sup1=new SuperClass(); System.out.println(); System.out.println("SuperClass sup2=new SuperClass(99)"); SuperClass sup2=new SuperClass(99); System.out.println(); System.out.println("SubClass sub1=new SubClass()"); SubClass sub1=new SubClass(); System.out.println(); System.out.println("SubClass sub2=new SubClass(199,299)"); SuperClass sub2=new SubClass(199,299); } } //OUTPUT: //SuperClass sup1=new SuperClass() //SuperClass() : intvar = 10 // //SuperClass sup2=new SuperClass(99) //SuperClass(int i) : intvar = 99 // //SubClass sub1=new SubClass() //SuperClass() : intvar = 10 //SubClass() : super.intVar = 25 this.intVar = 35 // //SubClass sub2=new SubClass(199,299) //SuperClass() : intvar = 10 //SubClass() : super.intVar = 199 this.intVar = 299 Pgm- JTM5P13 //Dynamic Method Dispatch Demo: Creating each class object separately class A { void show() { System.out.println("This is A Class show()"); } }

// // // // //

Classes A / \ B C |

// class B extends A { void show() { System.out.println("This is B Class show()"); } } class C extends A { void show() { System.out.println("This is C Class show()"); } } class D extends B { void show() { System.out.println("This is D Class show()"); } } class DynamicMethodDispatchDemo1 { public static void main(String[] args) { A aobj=new A(); B bobj=new B(); C cobj=new C(); D dobj=new D(); A ref; ref=aobj; ref.show(); ref=bobj; ref.show(); ref=cobj; ref.show(); ref=dobj; ref.show(); } } // OUTPUT: //This is A Class show() //This is B Class show() //This is C Class show() //This is D Class show()

Pgm-JTM5P14 // Overriding Demo : Converting onre of the subclass to a final class. // All methods in a final class are implicitly final // A final class cannot be subclassed. // Converting one subclass method as final method. A final method // cannot be overrriden abstract class Figure { double dim1; double dim2; abstract double area(); } final class Rectangle extends Figure { Rectangle(double a, double b) { dim1 = a; dim2 = b; } double area() { return dim1*dim2; } } final class Triangle extends Figure { Triangle(double a, double b) { dim1 = a; dim2 = b; } final double area() // Sub classes of triangle cannot override { // this method. return 0.5*dim1*dim2; } } class FinalClassDemo { static public void main(String a[]) { Figure fig[]=new Figure[3]; // Figure class doesn't do anything and // the describes the fundamental behavior // of future classes.

fig[0]=new Rectangle(2,5); fig[1]=new Triangle(5,6); System.out.println("Rectangle area = "+fig[0].area()); System.out.println("Triangle area = "+fig[1].area()); } } //OUTPUT : //Rectangle area = 10.0 //Triangle area = 15.0