Progress SQL-92

Guide and Reference

 Copyright© 2000 Progress Software Corporation. All rights reserved.

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©
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February 2000

Product Code: 4535

Item Number: 57516;9.1
 Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Organization of This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Typographical Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Syntax Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx
How to Use This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Other Useful Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Development Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv
Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv
SQL-92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
SQL-92 Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv

1. Getting Started with SQL-92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–1

1.1 Introduction to SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2
1.2 Review of Relational Database Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–3
1.3 SQL Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4
1.3.1 SQL-92 Language Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4
1.4 Considerations for Internationalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–5
1.5 Progress SQL Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6
1.5.1 Starting SQL Explorer on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6
1.5.2 Starting SQL Explorer in Character Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7
1.5.3 Connecting to a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–9
1.5.4 Running a Single SQL-92 Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–11
1.5.5 Running Multiple SQL-92 Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–13
1.5.6 Saving SQL-92 Statements to a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–13
1.5.7 Running SQL-92 Statements from an Input File . . . . . . . . . . . 1–13
Contents

1.5.8 Including Files Containing SQL-92 Statements into

Statement History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–14
1.5.9 Modifying SQL Explorer Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–14
1.5.10 Running Windows SQL Explorer in Batch Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . 1–19
1.6 Typical Pattern of Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–19
1.6.1 Create a Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–20
1.6.2 Populate the Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–21
1.6.3 Execute Queries Against the Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–22
1.6.4 Drop the Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–23
1.7 Other Sources of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–23
1.7.1 Progress Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–23
1.7.2 SQL Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–24

2. SQL-92 Language Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–1

2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–2
2.1.1 Definitions of Language Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–2
2.1.2 Language Elements and Internationalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–2
2.2 SQL-92 Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3
2.2.1 Conventional Identifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3
2.2.2 Delimited Identifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–4
2.3 Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–6
2.3.1 Character Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–6
2.3.2 Exact Numeric Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–8
2.3.3 Approximate Numeric Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–10
2.3.4 Date-time Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–10
2.3.5 Bit String Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–11
2.4 Query Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–14
2.4.1 Query Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–15
2.4.2 Set Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–19
2.5 Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–24
2.5.1 Inner Joins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–24
2.5.2 Outer Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–27
2.6 Search Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–30
2.6.1 Logical Operators: OR, AND, NOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–30
2.6.2 Relational Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–31
2.6.3 Basic Predicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–32
2.6.4 Quantified Predicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–33
2.6.5 BETWEEN Predicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–33
2.6.6 NULL Predicate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–34
2.6.7 LIKE Predicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–34
2.6.8 EXISTS Predicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–35
2.6.9 IN Predicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–36
2.6.10 OUTER JOIN Predicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–36

iv
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2.7 Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–37

2.7.1 Numeric Arithmetic Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–39
2.7.2 Date Arithmetic Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–40
2.7.3 Conditional Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–42
2.8 Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–43
2.8.1 Numeric Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–43
2.8.2 Character-String Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–44
2.8.3 Date-time Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–44
2.9 Date-time Format Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–50
2.9.1 Date-format Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–51
2.9.2 Time-format Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–53

3. SQL-92 Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–1

SQL-92 Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–2
ALTER USER Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3
BEGIN-END DECLARE SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–4
CALL Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6
CLOSE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–7
Column Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–9
COMMIT Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–12
CONNECT Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–14
CREATE INDEX Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–17
CREATE PROCEDURE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–19
CREATE SYNONYM Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–23
CREATE TABLE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–25
CREATE TRIGGER Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–29
CREATE USER Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–36
CREATE VIEW Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–38
DECLARE CURSOR Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–41
DELETE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–44
DESCRIBE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–45
DESCRIBE BIND VARIABLES Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–46
DESCRIBE SELECT LIST Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–48
DISCONNECT Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–50
DROP INDEX Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–54
DROP PROCEDURE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–56
DROP SYNONYM Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–57
DROP TABLE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–59
DROP TRIGGER Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–61
DROP USER Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–62
DROP VIEW Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–63
EXEC SQL Delimiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–64
EXECUTE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–66
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–68

v
Contents

FETCH Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–70

GET DIAGNOSTICS Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–73
GET DIAGNOSTICS EXCEPTION Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–75
GRANT Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–79
INSERT Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–82
LOCK TABLE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–84
OPEN Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–88
PREPARE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–91
REVOKE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–94
ROLLBACK Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–97
SELECT Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–98
COLUMN_LIST Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–100
FROM Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–103
WHERE Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–106
GROUP BY CLAUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–107
HAVING CLAUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–108
ORDER BY Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–109
FOR UPDATE Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–111
SET CONNECTION Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–112
SET SCHEMA Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–114
SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–116
Table Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–119
UPDATE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–123
UPDATE STATISTICS Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–125
WHENEVER Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–127

4. SQL-92 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–1

SQL-92 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–2
AVG Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–4
COUNT Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5
MAX Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–6
MIN Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–7
SUM Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–8
ABS Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9
ACOS Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–10
ADD_MONTHS Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–12
ASCII Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–13
ASIN Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–14
ATAN Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–16
ATAN2 Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–17
CASE Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–19
CAST Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–23
CEILING Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–24
CHAR Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–25

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CHR Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–26

COALESCE Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–27
CONCAT Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–28
CONVERT Function (ODBC Compatible) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–29
CONVERT Function (Progress Extension) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–30
COS Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–32
CURDATE Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–33
CURTIME Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–34
DATABASE Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–35
DAYNAME Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–36
DAYOFMONTH Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–37
DAYOFWEEK Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–38
DAYOFYEAR Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–39
DB_NAME Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–40
DECODE Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–41
DEGREES Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–43
EXP Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–44
FLOOR Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–45
GREATEST Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–46
HOUR FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–47
IFNULL Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–48
INITCAP Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–49
INSERT Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–50
INSTR Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–52
LAST_DAY Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–54
LCASE Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–55
LEAST Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–56
LEFT Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–57
LENGTH Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–58
LOCATE Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–59
LOG10 Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–60
LOWER Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–61
LPAD Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–62
LTRIM Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–64
MINUTE Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–65
MOD Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–66
MONTH Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–67
MONTHNAME Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–68
MONTHS_BETWEEN Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–69
NEXT_DAY Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–70
NOW Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–71
NULLIF Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–72
NVL Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–73
PI Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–74
POWER Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–75

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PREFIX Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–76

PRO_* Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–78
QUARTER Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–79
RADIANS Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–80
RAND Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–81
REPEAT Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–82
REPLACE Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–83
RIGHT Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–84
ROUND Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–85
ROWID Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–88
RPAD Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–89
RTRIM Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–91
SECOND Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–92
SIGN Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–93
SIN Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–94
SQRT Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–95
SUBSTR Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–96
SUBSTRING Function (ODBC Compatible) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–97
SUFFIX Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–98
SYSDATE Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–100
SYSTIME Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–101
SYSTIMESTAMP Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–102
TAN Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–103
TO_CHAR Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–104
TO_DATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–105
TO_NUMBER Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–106
TO_TIME Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–107
TO_TIMESTAMP Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–108
TRANSLATE Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–109
UCASE Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–111
UPPER Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–112
USER Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–113
WEEK Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–114
YEAR Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–115

5. Java Stored Procedures and Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–1

5.1 Definitions of Java Stored Procedures and Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–2
5.2 Advantages of Stored Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–2
5.3 How Progress SQL-92 Interacts with Java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–3
5.3.1 Creating Stored Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–3
5.3.2 Calling Stored Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–5
5.4 Using Stored Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6
5.4.1 Stored Procedure Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–7
5.4.2 What Is a Java Snippet? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–8

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5.4.3 Structure of Stored Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–9

5.4.4 Writing Stored Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–11
5.4.5 Invoking Stored Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–12
5.4.6 Modifying and Deleting Stored Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–13
5.4.7 Stored Procedure Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–14
5.5 Using the Progress SQL-92 Java Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–15
5.5.1 Passing Values to SQL-92 Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–15
5.5.2 Passing Values to and from Stored Procedures:
Input and Output Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–17
5.5.3 Implicit Data Type Conversion Between SQL-92 and
Java Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–18
5.5.4 Executing an SQL-92 Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–21
5.5.5 Retrieving Data: the SQLCursor Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–23
5.5.6 Returning a Procedure Result Set to Applications:
The RESULT Clause and DhSQLResultSet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–25
5.5.7 Handling Null Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–27
5.5.8 Handling Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–30
5.5.9 Calling Stored Procedures from Stored Procedures . . . . . . . . 5–32
5.5.10 INOUT and OUT Parameters When One Java Stored
Procedure Calls Another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–32
5.6 Using Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–34
5.6.1 Trigger Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–35
5.6.2 Structure of Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–35
5.6.3 Triggers versus Stored Procedures versus Constraints. . . . . . 5–37
5.6.4 Typical Uses for Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–38
5.6.5 OLDROW and NEWROW Objects: Passing Values
to Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–39

6. Java Class Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–1

Java Class Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–2
DhSQLException . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–6
DhSQLException.getDiagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–7
DhSQLResultSet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–9
DhSQLResultSet.insert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–9
DhSQLResultSet.makeNULL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–10
DhSQLResultSet.set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–11
SQLCursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–13
SQLCursor.close . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–14
SQLCursor.fetch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–14
SQLCursor.found . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–15
SQLCursor.getParam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–16
SQLCursor.getValue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–18
SQLCursor.makeNULL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–20
SQLCursor.open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–21

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SQLCursor.registerOutParam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–21
SQLCursor.rowCount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–22
SQLCursor.setParam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–23
SQLCursor.wasNULL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–25
SQLIStatement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–26
SQLIStatement.execute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–26
SQLIStatement.makeNULL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–27
SQLIStatement.rowCount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–28
SQLIStatement.setParam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–29
SQLPStatement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–31
SQLPStatement.execute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–31
SQLPStatement.makeNULL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–32
SQLPStatement.rowCount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–33
SQLPStatement.setParam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–34

A. Progress SQL-92 Reference Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–1

Progress SQL-92 Reserved Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–2
Progress SQL-92 System Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–6
Progress SQL-92 Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–8
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–8
Error Codes, SQLSTATE Values, and Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–8

B. Progress SQL-92 System Catalog Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–1

Overview of System Catalog Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–2
SYSTABLES Core SystemTable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–6
SYSCOLUMNS Core SystemTable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–7
SYSINDEXES Core SystemTable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–8
SYSCALCTABLE System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–9
SYSCHARSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–10
SYSCOLAUTH System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–11
SYSCOLSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–12
SYSCOLUMNS_FULL System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–13
SYSDATATYPES System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–15
SYSDATESTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–16
SYSDBAUTH System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–17
SYSFLOATSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–18
SYSIDXSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–19
SYSINTSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–20
SYSNUMSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–21
SYSPROCBIN System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–22
SYSPROCCOLUMNS System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–23
SYSPROCEDURES System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–24
SYSPROCTEXT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–25
SYSREALSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–26

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SYSSMINTSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–27

SYSSYNONYMS System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–28
SYSTABAUTH System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–29
SYSTABLES_FULL System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–30
SYSTBLSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–32
SYSTIMESTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–33
SYSTINYINTSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–34
SYSTRIGCOLS System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–35
SYSTRIGGER System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–36
SYSTSSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–37
SYSVARCHARSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–38
SYSVIEWS System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–39
SYS_CHKCOL_USAGE System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–40
SYS_CHK_CONSTRS System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–41
SYS_KEYCOL_USAGE System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–42
SYS_REF_CONSTRS System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–43
SYS_TBL_CONSTRS System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–44

C. Data Type Compatibility Issues with Previous Versions of Progress . . . . . . C–1

C.1 Supported Data Types and Corresponding SQL-92 Data Types . . . . . . C–2
C.2 Support for the ARRAY Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C–3
C.2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C–3
C.2.2 PRO_ELEMENT Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C–3
C.2.3 PRO_ARR_ESCAPE Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C–4
C.2.4 PRO_ARR_DESCAPE Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C–6
C.2.5 Unsubscripted Array References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C–7
C.2.6 Unsubscripted Array Updates and Inserts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C–8

D. Progress SQL-92 Elements and Statements in Backus Naur Form (BNF) . . D–1
Data Types Syntax in BNF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D–2
DATA TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D–2
Expressions Syntax in BNF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D–4
EXPRESSION (expr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D–4
CONDITIONAL EXPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D–5
Literals Syntax in BNF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D–6
DATE-TIME LITERAL Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D–6
Query Expressions Syntax in BNF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D–7
QUERY EXPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D–7
Search Conditions Syntax in BNF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D–10
Statements, DDL and DML Syntax in BNF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D–12

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E. Compliance with Industry Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E–1

Scalar Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E–2
SQL-92 DDL and DML Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E–7

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glossary–1

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Index–1

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Figures
Figure 4–1: ROUND Function Digit Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–86
Figure 5–1: Creating Stored Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4
Figure 5–2: Executing Stored Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–6

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Tables
Table 1–1: Components of a Relational Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–3
Table 1–2: Language Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4
Table 1–3: Sample SQL-92 Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–19
Table 2–1: Specification Formats for Binary Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–12
Table 2–2: Relational Operators and Resulting Predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–31
Table 2–3: Date-format Strings and Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–51
Table 2–4: Time-format Strings and Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–53
Table 3–1: Progress SQL-92 Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–2
Table 4–1: Progress SQL-92 Aggregate Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–2
Table 4–2: Progress SQL-92 Scalar Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–2
Table 5–1: Summary of Progress SQL-92 Java Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–7
Table 5–2: Mapping Between SQL-92 and Java Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–20
Table 5–3: Executable SQL-92 Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–21
Table 5–4: getDiagnostics Error Handling Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–30
Table 6–1: Argument Values for DhSQLException.getDiagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–7
Table 6–2: Allowable Values for fieldType in getParam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–17
Table 6–3: Allowable Values for fieldType in getValue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–18
Table 6–4: Allowable Values for fieldType in registerOutParam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–22
Table A–1: Progress SQL-92 Reserved Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–2
Table A–2: Progress SQL-92 System Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–6
Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–8
Table B–1: System Tables and Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–2
Table B–2: SYSTABLES Core System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–6
Table B–3: SYSCOLUMNS Core System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–7
Table B–4: SYSINDEXES Core System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–8
Table B–5: SYSCALCTABLE System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–9
Table B–6: SYSCHARSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–10
Table B–7: SYSCOLAUTH System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–11
Table B–8: SYSCOLSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–12
Table B–9: SYSCOLUMNS_FULL System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–13
Table B–10: SYSDATATYPES System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–15
Table B–11: SYSDATESTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–16
Table B–12: SYSDBAUTH System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–17
Table B–13: SYSFLOATSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–18
Table B–14: SYSIDXSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–19
Table B–15: SYSINTSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–20
Table B–16: SYSNUMSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–21
Table B–17: SYSPROCBIN System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–22
Table B–18: SYSPROCCOLUMNS System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–23
Table B–19: SYSPROCEDURES System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–24
Table B–20: SYSPROCTEXT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–25
Table B–21: SYSREALSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–26
Table B–22: SYSSMINTSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–27

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Table B–24: SYSTABAUTH System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–29

Table B–25: SYSTABLES_FULL System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–30
Table B–26: SYSTBLSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–32
Table B–27: SYSTIMESTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–33
Table B–28: SYSTINYINTSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–34
Table B–29: SYSTRIGCOLS System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–35
Table B–30: SYSTRIGGER System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–36
Table B–31: SYSTSSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–37
Table B–32: SYSVARCHARSTAT System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–38
Table B–33: SYSVIEWS System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–39
Table B–34: SYS_CHKCOL_USAGE System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–40
Table B–35: SYS_CHK_CONSTRS System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–41
Table B–36: SYS_KEYCOL_USAGE System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–42
Table B–37: SYS_REF_CONSTRS System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–43
Table B–38: SYS_TBL_CONSTRS System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–44
Table C–1: Progress 4GL Supported Data Types and Corresponding
Progress SQL-92 Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C–2
Table E–1: Compatibility of SQL-92 Scalar Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E–2
Table E–2: Compliance of SQL-92 DDL and DML Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E–7

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Procedures
Team_cre.sql . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–20
Team_upd.sql . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–21
Team_que.sql . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–22
Team_xit.sql . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–23
TeamProc.sql . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–22

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 Preface

Purpose
The manual describes the syntax and semantics of Progress SQL-92 language statements and
elements.

Audience
This manual is intended for application programmers writing database applications using the
Progress SQL-92 environment.

Organization of This Manual

Chapter 1, “Getting Started with SQL-92”

Introduces the application developer to the SQL-92 environment, including the interactive
user interface tool SQL Explorer. Provides an overview of related documentation and
resources.

Chapter 2, “SQL-92 Language Elements”

Describes language elements that are common to many SQL statements.

Chapter 3, “SQL-92 Statements”

Provides detailed reference information on each SQL statement. The statements are
presented in alphabetical order.
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

Chapter 4, “SQL-92 Functions”

Provides detailed reference information on SQL functions. The functions are presented in
alphabetical order.

Chapter 5, “Java Stored Procedures and Triggers”

Describes the Java stored procedures and triggers that SQL Server processes execute.

Chapter 6, “Java Class Reference”

Provides reference information on Java classes and methods.

Appendix A, “Progress SQL-92 Reference Information”

Provides information on these topics:

• List of Progress SQL-92 reserved words,

• Enumeration of Progress SQL-92 system limits, and

• List of Progress SQL-92 error messages.

Appendix B, “Progress SQL-92 System Catalog Tables”

Lists column names, column data types, and column lengths for system tables in the
Progress SQL-92 system catalog.

Appendix C, “Data Type Compatibility Issues with Previous Versions of Progress”

Lists Progress supported data types and corresponding Progress SQL-92 data types.
Describes support for the ARRAY data type.

Appendix D, “Progress SQL-92 Elements and Statements in Backus Naur Form (BNF)”

Presents SQL-92 language elements and SQL-92 syntax in Backus Naur Form.

Appendix E, “Compliance with Industry Standards”

Provides information on ANSI SQL-92 compliance and ODBC compatibility for

supported Progress functions, DDL Statements, and DML Statements.

Glossary

Provides definition of new terms.

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Typographical Conventions
This manual uses the following typographical conventions:

• Bold typeface indicates:

– Commands or characters that the user types

– That a word carries particular weight or emphasis

• Italic typeface indicates:

– Progress variable information that the user supplies

– New terms

– Titles of complete publications

• Monospaced typeface indicates:

– Code examples

– System output

– Operating system filenames and pathnames

The following typographical conventions are used to represent keystrokes:

• Small capitals are used for Progress key functions and generic keyboard keys.

END-ERROR, GET, GO
ALT, CTRL, SPACEBAR, TAB

• When you have to press a combination of keys, they are joined by a dash. You press and
hold down the first key, then press the second key.

CTRL-X

• When you have to press and release one key, then press another key, the key names are
separated with a space.

ESCAPE H
ESCAPE CURSOR-LEFT

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Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

Syntax Notation
The syntax for each SQL-92 component follows a set of conventions:

• Uppercase words are keywords. Although they are always shown in uppercase, you can
use either uppercase or lowercase when using them in an expression or a statement.

In this example, GRANT, RESOURCE, DBA, and TO are keywords:

SYNTAX

GRANT { RESOURCE, DBA } TO user_name [, user_name ] ... ;

• Italics identify options or arguments that you must supply. These options can be defined
as part of the syntax or in a separate syntax identified by the name in italics. In the GRANT
statement you must supply at least one user_name.

• Square brackets ([ ] ) around an item indicate that the item, or a choice of one of the
enclosed items, is optional.

In this syntax example the first user_name is required, and additional user_name
specifications are optional:

SYNTAX

GRANT { RESOURCE, DBA } TO user_name [, user_name ] ... ;

NOTE: The ellipsis (...) indicates repetition, as shown in a following description.

• Braces ({ }) around an item indicate that the item, or a choice of one of the enclosed
items, is required.

In the GRANT example, you must specify either RESOURCE or DBA or both, and at least
one user_name. Any user_name specifications after the first are optional:

SYNTAX

GRANT { RESOURCE, DBA } TO user_name [, user_name ] ... ;

In some cases, braces are not a syntax notation, but part of the language.

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 Preface

For example, this excerpt from an ODBC application invokes a stored procedure using the
ODBC syntax { call procedure_name ( param ) }, where braces and parentheses are part
of the language:

SYNTAX

proc1( param, "{ call proc2 (param) }", param);

• A vertical bar (|) indicates a choice. In the CREATE SYNONYM example you must
specify a table_name, view_name, or synonym but you can only choose one. Note that in
all SQL-92 syntax, if you specify the optional owner_name qualifier, there must not be a
blank between the period separator and the table_name or view_name or synonym:

SYNTAX

CREATE [ PUBLIC ] SYNONYM synonym

FOR [ owner_name.]{table_name |view_name |synonym } ;

In the DELETE FROM example, you must specify one of table_name or view_name:

SYNTAX

DELETE FROM [ owner_name.]{table_name |view_name }

[ WHERE search_condition ] ;

• Ellipses (...) indicate that you can choose one or more of the preceding items. If a group
of items is enclosed in braces and followed by ellipses, you must choose one or more of
those items. If a group of items is enclosed in brackets and followed by ellipses, you can
optionally choose one or more of those items.

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Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

In the ORDER BY example, you must include one expression (expr) or column position
(posn), and you can optionally specify the sort order as ascending (ASC) or descending
(DESC). You can specify additional expressions or column positions for sorting within a
sorted result set. The SQL-92 engine orders the rows on the basis of the first expr or posn.
If the values are the same, the second expr or posn is used in the ordering:

SYNTAX

ORDER BY { expr | posn }[ ASC | DESC ]

[ , [{ expr | posn }[ ASC | DESC ] ] ... ]

In the GRANT example, you must include one user_name, but you can optionally include
more. Note that each subsequent user_name must be preceded by a comma:

SYNTAX

GRANT { RESOURCE, DBA } TO user_name [, user_name ] ... ;

• In many examples, the syntax is too long to place in one horizontal row. In such cases,
optional items appear individually bracketed in multiple rows in order, left-to-right and
top-to-bottom. This order generally applies, unless otherwise specified. Required items
also appear on multiple rows in the required order, left-to-right and top-to-bottom. In cases
where grouping and order might otherwise be ambiguous, braced (required) or bracketed
(optional) groups clarify the groupings.

In this example, CREATE VIEW is followed by several optional items:

SYNTAX

CREATE VIEW [ owner_name.]view_name

[ ( column_name [, column_name ] ... ) ]
AS [ ( ] query_expression [ ) ] [ WITH CHECK OPTION ] ;

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 Preface

How to Use This Manual

This book assumes that you have successfully installed the Progress database and SQL-92
development environment as described in the Progress Installation Notes. This book is
primarily a reference guide for SQL-92 application developers. See also the Progress
Embedded SQL-92 Guide and Reference for information on how to write an SQL application
by embedding SQL statements in the C Language.
See Chapter 2, “SQL-92 Language Elements”, Chapter 3, “SQL-92 Statements”, and Chapter
4, “SQL-92 Functions” if you require complete syntax for SQL-92 language elements,
statements and functions. You can apply this SQL-92 syntax to the Progress SQL Explorer tool,
the Java ProgressTest, embedded SQL-92 applications or any SQL Client tool that generates
SQL-92 compatible syntax. See Appendix E, “Compliance with Industry Standards,” for a
summary of Progress compliance for supported scalar functions and statements.
See Chapter 5, “Java Stored Procedures and Triggers” and Chapter 6, “Java Class Reference”
for reference information on Java classes and methods, and instructions on how to create Java
stored procedures.

Other Useful Documentation

This section lists Progress Software Corporation documentation that you might find useful.
Unless otherwise specified, these manuals support both Windows and Character platforms and
are provided in electronic documentation format on CD-ROM.

Getting Started
Progress Electronic Documentation Installation and Configuration Guide (Hard copy only)

A booklet that describes how to install the Progress EDOC viewer and collection on UNIX
and Windows.

Progress Installation and Configuration Guide Version 9 for UNIX

A manual that describes how to install and set up Progress Version 9.1 for the UNIX
operating system.

Progress Installation and Configuration Guide Version 9 for Windows

A manual that describes how to install and set up Progress Version 9.1 for all supported
Windows and Citrix MetaFrame operating systems.

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Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

Progress Version 9 Product Update Bulletin

A guide that provides a brief description of each new feature of the release. The booklet
also explains where to find more detailed information in the documentation set about each
new feature.

Progress Master Glossary for Windows and Progress Master Glossary for Character (EDOC
only)

Platform-specific master glossaries for the Progress documentation set. These books are
in electronic format only.

Progress Master Index and Glossary for Windows and Progress Master Index and Glossary for
Character (Hard copy only)

Platform-specific master indexes and glossaries for the Progress hard-copy documentation
set.

Welcome to Progress (Hard copy only)

A booklet that explains how Progress software and media are packaged. An icon-based
map groups the documentation by functionality, providing an overall view of the
documentation set. Welcome to Progress also provides descriptions of the various services
Progress Software Corporation offers.

Development Tools
Progress Basic Database Tools (Character only; information for Windows is in online help)

A guide for the Progress Database Administration tools, such as the Data Dictionary.

Database
Progress Database Design Guide

A guide that uses a sample database and the Progress Data Dictionary to illustrate the
fundamental principles of relational database design. Topics include relationships,
normalization, indexing, and database triggers.

Progress Database Administration Guide and Reference

This guide describes Progress database administration concepts and procedures. The
procedures allow you to create and maintain your Progress databases and manage their
performance.

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 Preface

SQL-92
Progress Embedded SQL-92 Guide and Reference

A guide to Progress Embedded SQL-92 for C, including step-by-step instructions for

building ESQL-92 applications and reference information about all Embedded SQL-92
Preprocessor statements and supporting function calls. This guide also describes the
relationship between ESQL-92 and the ANSI standards upon which it is based.

Progress JDBC Driver Guide

A guide to the Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) interface and the Progress SQL-92
JDBC driver. It describes how to set up and use the driver and details the driver’s support
for the JDBC interface.

Progress ODBC Driver Guide

A guide to the ODBC interface and the Progress SQL-92 ODBC driver. It describes how
to set up and use the driver and details the driver’s support for the ODBC interface.

Reference
Pocket Progress (Hard copy only)

A reference that lets you quickly look up information about the Progress language or
programming environment.

SQL-92 Reference
These are non-Progress resources available from your technical bookseller.
A Guide to the SQL Standard

Date, C.J., with Hugh Darwen. 1997. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.

Understanding the New SQL: A Complete Guide

Melton, Jim (Digital Equipment Corporation) and Alan R. Simon. 1993. San Francisco:
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.

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 1
Getting Started with SQL-92

This chapter is an introduction to the Progress SQL-92 environment.

Specifically, this chapter provides the following:

• Description of SQL concepts and Progress support for the SQL-92 standard

• Overview of considerations for developing applications for international deployment

• Description of the Progress SQL Explorer interactive tool

• References to other sources of information

Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

1.1 Introduction to SQL

To better utilize SQL-92, it is important to understand the purpose of the language and it’s
capabilities.

What is SQL?
SQL is an industry-standard language specifically designed to enable people to define database
structure, add and maintain data, and query data. SQL has become the standard way to represent
and maintain data in a relational database.

Why use SQL?

The SQL-92 interface supports ESQL/C and open interfaces of ODBC and JDBC. Any ODBC
or JDBC-complaint application will have access to the database. This provides a wide range of
access to Progress data for reporting and development solutions.

RDBMS Architecture
4GL Client JDBC
WebSpeed Open AppServer ODBC ESQL/C

4GL SQL-92
Database Database
Server Server

Shared Database Storage Engine

SQL-92 supports a completely separate interface from the 4GL, but both interfaces use a Shared
Database Storage Engine that handles low-level database functions. By sharing this Storage
Engine, memory is saved and efficiency is gained regarding key database processing. This
architecture also provides SQL-92 and 4GL clients concurrent access to data.

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 Getting Started with SQL-92

How do you use SQL?

SQL-92 must be used with other programming languages, such as COBOL, LISP, or C.
Progress Software provides a precompiler for SQL statements embedded in the C Language.
See the Progress Embedded SQL-92 Guide and Reference for a complete description of the
semantics of Progress Embedded SQL-92 elements, and for information on how to use SQL in
a C Language program.
The SQL-92 international standards document defines the language, but does not provide
recommendations for design, or examples. See “SQL Resources,” for references to
comprehensive books on applying the SQL-92 standard in a development environment.

1.2 Review of Relational Database Components

A database is a collection of data and the structure of that data, called metadata. A relational
database consists of two or more logically related data items. The following elements comprise
a relational database:

Table 1–1: Components of a Relational Database

Element Description

Table A table is a group of related data composed of columns and rows.

Index An index provides a means of efficiently locating a record or set of records

in the database.

Row A row is a single occurrence of data in a table.

Column Each column characterizes one attribute of a row of data. Each column has
a data type such as character, integer or decimal associated with it.

NOTE: A View is a subset of a database that an application can process. It may contain parts
of one or more tables. Views have no independent existence. They are a way of
looking at the data.

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Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

1.3 SQL Statements

The Progress SQL-92 environment uses statements to manipulate the structure of the database,
maintain the data and query the database. These statements are separated into three categories.

Data Definition Language (DDL)

Maintain the structure of the data and the metadata. These statements are CREATE, ALTER,
and DROP.

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

Maintain the structure of the data. These statements are INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.

Data Control Language (DCL)

Protect the database, including the data. These statements are COMMIT, ROLLBACK,
GRANT, and REVOKE.
See Chapter 3, “SQL-92 Statements,” for more information on these statements.

1.3.1 SQL-92 Language Elements

The SQL-92 language has an easy to read, intuitive syntax. A language statement is a complete
instruction. A statement can contain one of the following language elements found in Table 1–2.

Table 1–2: Language Elements (1 of 2)

Element Description

Statement A statement is one complete instruction to Progress.

Identifiers An identifier is a user-supplied name for a table, view, cursor,

or column.

Data types Data types control how SQL stores information.

Expressions An expression is a constant, column name, variable name,

function or any combination of these and an operator.

Operator An operator is an element used to manipulate, compare, or test

values in an expression.

Query Expressions Query Expressions retrieve values from tables.

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 Getting Started with SQL-92

Table 1–2: Language Elements (2 of 2)

Element Description

Search Conditions Search Conditions specify a condition about a given row or

group of rows that is true or false.

Literals Literals are expressions that represent a constant value.

Date-time format strings Date-time formation strings control the output of date and time
values.

Functions A function performs a discrete task within an expression or

statement, usually, returning a value.

Refer to the following chapters for more detail on this information:

• Language Elements, refer to Chapter 2, “SQL-92 Language Elements”

• Statements, refer to Chapter 3, “SQL-92 Statements”

• Functions, refer to Chapter 4, “SQL-92 Functions”

1.4 Considerations for Internationalization

The Progress SQL-92 development environment provides support for writing applications that
can be deployed world-wide. Several of the functions in Chapter 2, “SQL-92 Language
Elements,” refer to collation and case tables. The SQL-92 server uses the convmap utility to
manage its internal character set and related information. See the Progress Internationalization
Guide for information on how to use these components.
When there is multi-byte character information that applies to a specific SQL-92 language
element or SQL-92 statement, the considerations are noted with the element or statement.
There are some internationalization considerations that apply to all SQL-92 syntax. When the
syntax requires single quotes, double quotes, parentheses, or braces, the requirement is for the
single-byte ASCII encoding of these characters, and other encodings are not equivalent.

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Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

1.5 Progress SQL Explorer

SQL Explorer is a Java-based tool you can use to execute SQL-92 statements interactively.
There are two versions of SQL Explorer. A GUI version is available for the MS Windows
platform only. SQL Explorer online help provides complete instructions on using the graphical
SQL Explorer. A character version is available for both MS Windows and UNIX. This section
describes how to accomplish the following tasks with SQL Explorer:

• Starting SQL Explorer

• Connecting to a database with SQL Explorer

• Running a single SQL-92 statement

• Running multiple SQL-92 statements

• Running SQL-92 statements from a file

• Including files containing SQL-92 statements into statement history

• Modifying SQL Explorer properties

• Running MS Windows SQL Explorer in batch mode

1.5.1 Starting SQL Explorer on Windows

To start the GUI SQL Explorer on Windows:
Choose Progress→ SQL Explorer Tool from the Windows Start menu. The SQL Explorer
window appears.
The SQL Explorer window has the following features:

• A File menu containing an option for each action you can perform

• A View menu containing options for:

– Enable Output Display

– Toggle Table Format

– Next Result Set

– Previous Result Set

– Setting Connection options, Reporting options, Logging options, and Font options

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 Getting Started with SQL-92

• A top pane where you enter SQL-92 statements

• Buttons that allow you to run or delete from history the statements that you have entered
in the top pane, as well as buttons that allow you to scroll backward and forward through
statements

• A bottom pane that displays the output or results of statements you execute

• A single-line message display area

To exit SQL Explorer choose File→ Exit.

1.5.2 Starting SQL Explorer in Character Mode

Use the following syntax to start SQL Explorer from a Windows or a UNIX command line:

SYNTAX

SQLEXP [-char]
{ -S { service_name | port_number }
[ -H host_name ] [ -db ] database_name } | { -url dbURL }

[ -command command_string ]
[ -infile input_file ] [ -outfile output_file ]
[ -user username ] [ -password password ]
[ -sqlverbose ] [ -help ]

-char

Starts the character version. The default mode for SQL Explorer is GUI on Windows. On
UNIX platforms, the -char option is the default.

-S service_name | port_number

The port number or service name to use for a network connection to a database server on
the same machine or on a remote host.

-H host_name

Specifies the name of the remote host on which the database server is running. The default
value is “localhost.”

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Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

-db database_name

Specifies the physical file name of the database to which you want to connect. The -db
argument is optional; you can specify the database name without the argument.

-url dbURL

Identifies the database to which you want to connect. The URL string has the following
components:

SYNTAX

jdbc:jdbcprogress:T:host_name:service_name | port_number:database_name

jdbc:jdbcprogress:T

An identifying subprotocol string for the JDBC Driver.

host_name

The name of the system where the Progress SQL-92 JDBC data source resides.

service_name | port_number

Port number or service name to use for the connection.

database_name

The physical file name of the Progress database.

-command command_string

Specifies a SQL command to execute after startup and before displaying an interactive
prompt.

-infile input_file

Specifies a file that contains SQL statements to be executed in batch mode after startup.

-outfile output_file

Specifies a file where SQL Explorer is to write SQL-92 statement output. When this option
is omitted SQL-92 statement output is sent to standard output.

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 Getting Started with SQL-92

-user username

Specifies a username other than the current user login for connecting to the database.

-password password

Specifies the password for connecting to the database when password protection has been
established. By default, no password is required.

-sqlverbose

Optionally displays statistics for the process.

-help

Optionally displays SQL Explorer command syntax with help text.

1.5.3 Connecting to a Database

Before you can connect SQL Explorer to a database server, the server must be configured to
accept SQL connections and must be running. See the Progress Database Administration Guide
and Reference for instructions on creating a database and starting a Progress database or
database server.

Character Mode
Use the following syntax to start SQL Explorer in character mode and connect to a database:

SYNTAX

SQLEXP [-char] -r -url -S service_name | port_number

-H host_name -db database_name

OR:

SQLEXP [-char] -url jdbc:jdbcprogress:T:host_name:

service_name | port_number:database_name

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EXAMPLE
After starting a database server for the “y2ksports” database on port 2000 of the same machine
(the local host), you can start SQL Explorer in character mode and connect to the y2ksports
database with the following command:

sqlexp -char -url jdbc:jdbcprogress:T:localhost:2000:y2ksports

Notice that in this example no username or password is specified. The connect request is made
using the current user login as the username. Once you are connected, the connection URL
appears in the title of the Command Prompt window and the SQL Explorer prompt is ready to
accept SQL-92 statements.

Windows
Follow these steps to connect to a database from the SQL Explorer window:

1 ♦ Choose Connect from the SQL Explorer File menu. The Connect Database dialog box
appears.

2 ♦ In the Connect Database dialog box, choose “basic” or “url” tab to enter the information
required by the database to which you want to connect:

• To make a network connection to a database server running on the same machine

leave the default host name “localhost” in the Host field, enter the service name or
port number in the Service or Port field, and enter the physical filename of the
database in the Database field.

• To make a network connection to a database on a remote host enter the host name in
the Host field, enter the service name or port number in the Service or Port field, and
enter the physical filename of the database in the Database field.

3 ♦ If password protection has been established for the database enter your User ID and
Password, then click Connect. Otherwise, just click Connect.

Once you are connected the connection URL appears in the title of the SQL Explorer window.
You can change the SQL Explorer properties so the Connect Database dialog box prompts the
user for the URL information. For more information, see “Modifying SQL Explorer
Properties,” later in this chapter.
To disconnect choose Disconnect from the File menu.

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 Getting Started with SQL-92

EXAMPLE
After starting a database server for the “y2ksports” database on port 2000 of the same machine
(the local host), you can use SQL Explorer to connect to the y2ksports database. Use an
authorized username, to connect to the database.
To connect to the database using the “basic tab”, enter the following information in the Connect
Database dialog box, then click Connect.

• Host: localhost

• Service or Port: 2000

• Database: y2ksports

• User: username

The ’sysprogress’ username is the owner of the system tables, and is the initial DBA for the
Progress SQL-92 sample databases. For information on authentication, see the Progress
Database Administration Guide and Reference.
CAUTION: When a user connects to a database using the SQL Explorer, a share lock is
automatically placed on the database’s schema. If multiple users connect to the
same database using the SQL Explorer, and one user attempts to create a table or
modify the database schema, the user will not be able to complete the modification
because an exclusive lock on the schema could not be acquired.

1.5.4 Running a Single SQL-92 Statement

Once SQL Explorer is connected to a database you can execute any SQL-92 statement.

Comment Lines
SQL Explorer recognizes the pound sign ( # ) or double dashes ( -- ) as comment lines in input
files, as well as interactively. For a line to be treated as a comment line, one of these comment
identifiers must be the first text in the line. The identifier can be in any column. SQL Explorer
treats all text in the line after the comment identifier as a comment.

Character Mode
A semicolon ( ; ) is required to indicate the end of a statement, and signal SQL Explorer to
execute a single SQL-92 statement. When you execute a SQL statement the output displays to
standard output. You can use the -outfile startup parameter to redirect the output to a file that
you specify.

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Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

Use the following syntax to execute a SQL-92 statement from the SQL Explorer command
prompt:

SYNTAX

SQLExplorer> SQL_92_statement ;

To query the y2ksports database for the contents of the item table with owner PUB, enter this
statement at the SQL Explorer command prompt:

-- Selecting all rows from the item table, with owner pub

select * from pub.item;

Windows
When you run a single SQL-92 statement the output is displayed in table format in the bottom
pane. You can use the File→ Toggle Table Format option or the CTRL-T accelerator key to
disable the table format.
Follow these steps to execute a SQL-92 statement from the SQL Explorer window:

1 ♦ Type the SQL-92 statement in the top pane.

2 ♦ Click the Execute button. The output displays in the bottom pane.

NOTE: When executing a single statement in the Windows version the semicolon ( ; ) is
optional. Clicking the Execute button signals SQL Explorer to execute the statement.

EXAMPLE
To query the y2ksports database for all columns in the customer table with owner PUB, type the
following SQL-92 statement in the top pane of the SQL Explorer window, then click Run:

-- Selecting all rows from the customer table with owner pub.

select * from pub.customer;

The output of the query appears in the bottom pane.

To execute the GRANT statement and grant DBA privileges to a specific user, type the GRANT
DBA statement in the top pane, then click the Execute button.
NOTE: For SQL-92 statements that produce no output the execution status displays in the
single-line message area at the bottom of the SQL Explorer window.

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 Getting Started with SQL-92

1.5.5 Running Multiple SQL-92 Statements

In the Windows version of SQL Explorer you can enter multiple SQL-92 statements in the top
pane, then click the Execute button to execute them. With multiple statements you must end
each statement with a semicolon ( ; ). When you execute multiple statements both the statement
executed and its execution results are displayed in the bottom pane.

1.5.6 Saving SQL-92 Statements to a File

In the Windows version of SQL Explorer you can save any or all of the SQL-92 statements you
have entered in the top pane into a named file.
To save the current contents of the top pane to a file:

1 ♦ Choose File→ Save. The Windows Save As dialog box appears.

2 ♦ Navigate to the directory where you want to save the file, then type in the name of an .sql
file and click OK.

1.5.7 Running SQL-92 Statements from an Input File

In both the character and Windows versions of SQL Explorer you can run SQL-92 statements
from an input file. Comment lines, identified by the line beginning with the pound sign ( # ) or
two dashes (- -) are valid in input files.

Character Mode
Executes the file in batch mode. SQL Explorer terminates after executing all the commands in
the file. When you run SQL-92 statements from an input file the output displays to standard
output. Use the -outfile startup parameter to redirect the output to a named file.
Use the following syntax to connect to a database and execute SQL-92 statements from an input
file:

SYNTAX

SQLEXP -char -url jdbc:progress:T:host_name:

service_name | port_number:database_name -infile input_file

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Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

Windows
Follow the steps to execute SQL statement from an input file:

1 ♦ Choose File→ Run File from the SQL Explorer menu. The Windows Open File dialog box
appears.

2 ♦ Navigate to the directory containing the input file, select the file and click OK. The
statement and its results are displayed in the bottom pane.

1.5.8 Including Files Containing SQL-92 Statements into

Statement History
In the Windows version of SQL Explorer, the content of the input file is read into the statement
history of the top pane. Then you can use the Prev, Next, Last, and First buttons to scroll through
them. By default, the first statement displayed is the first statement loaded into history from the
file. You can edit the statements, reorder them, run them or save them to another file.
To choose an input file from the SQL Explorer window:

1 ♦ Click the File button.

2 ♦ Use the Windows Open File dialog box to select the .sql file you want as input, then click
OK. Each statement in the file is loaded into the history of the top pane.

1.5.9 Modifying SQL Explorer Properties

You can modify SQL Explorer properties in order to change how SQL Explorer behaves.
SQL Explorer property name strings do not contain blanks, and property names are case
insensitive. To distinguish property names from other text, the names are presented here in
mixed case. For example, the autocommit property is presented as AutoCommit. AUTOCOMMIT,
autocommit, or any mixed case combination is valid.

Each property is available for both the character interface and the graphical interface, unless
noted otherwise.

AutoCommit

Automatically commits all changes to the database when set to true. False is the default.

ColumnWidthLimit

Truncates the output column width when set less than the SQL column width. Default
value is 25 characters. Increase the value to prevent truncating an output column that is
greater than 25 characters.

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 Getting Started with SQL-92

ColumnWidthMin

Controls the minimum width of columns output to the bottom pane or standard output.
Default value is 1.

ConnectTimeout

Allows you to specify the maximum number of seconds the SQL Explorer should wait
when attempting to establish a connection, before terminating the connection request. The
default value is 180 seconds.

DisableWarnings

Allows the SQL Explorer to send warning messages to the output screen. To enable the
display of warning messages, change DisableWarnings from the default value of true to
the override setting of false.

Echo

Prohibits Windows SQL Explorer from displaying output to the bottom pane when set to
false. Default is true.

FetchLimit

Specifies the maximum number of records to be retrieved from the database when the
default value of 101 is increased or decreased. To disable the FetchLimit completely, set
the HasFetchLimit property to false.

HasFetchLimit

The HasFetchLimit property allows you to change the default value of true to the
override setting of false. This property is related to the FetchLimit property. Setting
HasFetchLimit to false allows you to disable the fetch limit completely, without
requiring you to set an artificially high FetchLimit.

NOTE: Earlier releases of SQL Explorer enforced a fetch limit. The default for the
FetchLimit property remains at 101 records. Setting HasFetchLimit to false
allows you to disable the FetchLimit completely, without requiring you to set an
artificially high FetchLimit.

Logfile

Allows you to change the name and/or location of the Logfile by setting the Logfile
property to the full path and filename of an alternate log file. The default Logfile,
SQLExplorer.log is located in the current working directory.

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Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

Logging

Logs all SQL statements and their output to the specified log file when set to true. Default
value is false.

Pager

Allows you to change the default setting of false to the override value of true. When
Pager is set to false, all of the output data is returned to the screen. When you choose
true, SQL Explorer returns the number of lines specified in PagerLimit, which has a
default value of 22 lines. You can then page up and down to review the output.

The Pager and PagerLimit properties are available in the character interface only. The
graphical interface does not require these properties.

PagerLimit

Allows you specify how many lines SQL Explorer displays on your screen. You can set
this value to the maximum available display area on your screen, or to the number of lines
you choose to use for output display. A typical setting is twenty-two lines. For PagerLimit
to take effect, you must first set the Pager property to true. If the Pager property is set to
the default value of false, SQL Explorer ignores the PagerLimit property setting.

ReportFormat

Allows you to override the standard format display for output data. Setting this property
to by label directs SQL Explorer to return data in an alternative format. A single output
line in the by label format returns the record id, column name, and column value for one
column in the result set.

Reset propertyname propertyvalue

Resets the property settings to their original values. Enter @reset to reset all property
values. You can also reset one or more specified properties by supplying the property
name and the new property value.

Run filename

Executes the specified file named. The file itself contains SQL-92 statements and SQL
Explorer command statements ( @ and ! ). Different applications may have different
requirements for database operations, such as transaction isolation level or automatic
commit operations. You can create a custom file for each application.

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 Getting Started with SQL-92

Transaction

Sets the transaction isolation level to COMMITTED READ. The isolation levels specify the
degree to which one transaction can modify data or database objects being used by a
concurrent transaction. See the SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL Statement
and LOCK TABLE Statement in Chapter 3, “SQL-92 Statements,” for complete
information on isolation levels. You can set the default to any of these values:

• UNCOMMITTED READ

• COMMITTED READ (default value)

• REPEATABLE READ

• SERIALIZABLE

useurl

Controls the format in which the Connect dialog box prompts users for database
connection information in Windows SQL Explorer.

Character and Windows

EXAMPLES
The following example displays current property settings, for both character and Windows SQL
Explorer:

SQLExplorer> @show ;

Option values are:

autocommit false
columnwidthlimit 25
columnwidthmin 1
connecttimeout 180
disablewarnings true
echo true
escapetimeout 15
fetchlimit 101
hasfetchlimit true
logging false
logfile .\SQLExplorerSession.log
reportformat standard
run <sqlFilename>
transaction 3: Serializable
useurl false;

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This example displays the available options for setting properties, for both character and
Windows SQL Explorer:

SQLExplorer> @help ;

Available options include:

@help
@autocommit {true|false}
@columnwidthlimit <numericValue>
@columnwidthmin <numericValue>
@connecttimeout <numericValue>
@disablewarnings {true|false}
@echo {true|false}
@escapetimeout <numericValue>
@fetchlimit <numericValue>
@hasfetchlimit {true|false}
@logging {true|false}
@logfile "<logfilename>"
@reportformat { standard | by label }
@reset < property_name property_value>
@run <file_name>
@show options
@transaction { 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 }
- or -
@transaction { Uncommitted Read| Committed Read
| Repeatable Read | Serializable }
@useurl {true|false};

This is syntax for changing the value for a specific property, both in character and Windows
SQL Explorer:

SYNTAX

SQLExplorer> @property_name value ;

Windows Only
Follow these steps to change property settings for Windows SQL Explorer only:

1 ♦ Choose File→ Options. The Properties Editor dialog box appears.

2 ♦ Change any properties you want, then click OK. Any changes you make are applied
immediately.

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 Getting Started with SQL-92

1.5.10 Running Windows SQL Explorer in Batch Mode

To run Windows SQL Explorer in batch mode set the logging property to TRUE and the echo
property to FALSE.
Follow these steps to enable Windows SQL Explorer to operate in batch mode:

1 ♦ Choose File→ Log. The Log Session Options dialog box appears.

2 ♦ Type the full path and filename of the file where the session is to be logged or click
Browse to open the Windows Save As dialog box and select a file.

3 ♦ Once the filename is present, click OK. SQL Explorer will now log all SQL-92 statements
and their output to the specified file.

4 ♦ Choose File→ Options. The Properties Editor dialog box appears.

5 ♦ Change the Echo field to false, then click OK.

SQL Explorer logs all SQL statements and resulting output to the specified log file.

1.6 Typical Pattern of Use

This section contains the full text of four sample SQL-92 scripts. Table 1–3 lists the purpose of
each script.
For complete information on creating and managing databases, see the Progress Database
Administration Guide and Reference.

Table 1–3: Sample SQL-92 Scripts

Name of SQL-92 Script Purpose of the Script

Team_cre.sql Create a table in an existing database

Team_upd.sql Populate the table

Team_que.sql Execute queries against the table

Team_xit.sql Drop the table from the database

You can submit these scripts sequentially to SQL Explorer. If you are using character mode,
submit a script as an input file by using the -infile parameter. If you are using the graphical
interface, choose File→ Run File from the SQL Explorer menu and select the script to run.

1–19
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

1.6.1 Create a Table

This section contains an SQL-92 script that creates the team table in an existing database.

Team_cre.sql

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- File Name: Team_cre.sql
--
-- Purpose: Creates the team table in the y2ksports database, a copy of
-- the sports2000 database.
--
-- Requirements:
-- (1) Create the database by copying SPORTS2000.
-- Example: prodb y2ksports sports2000
-- (2) Start the database.
-- Example: proserve y2ksports -S 800
-- (3) Submit this script to SQL Explorer as an input file
-- (character mode) or as a run file (GUI mode).
--
-- Revision History:
--
-- Date Author Change
-- ----- -------- --------
--
-- 11/99 DB-DOC Created, V9.1A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

create table team (

FirstName varchar(30) not null,
LastName varchar(50) not null,
empnum integer CONSTRAINT employee not null PRIMARY KEY,
State varchar(50) not null,
Sport char(20)
) ;
commit work ;

1–20
 Getting Started with SQL-92

1.6.2 Populate the Table

This section contains an SQL-92 script that inserts and updates data in the team table.

Team_upd.sql

---------------------------------------------------------------------
-- File Name: Team_upd.sql
-- Purpose: Populates the team table in a copy of the
-- sports2000 database.
-- Requirements:
-- (1) Database must be running.
-- (2) Team table must exist -- see Team_cre.sql
-- (3) Submit this script to SQL Explorer as an input file
-- (character mode) or as a run file (GUI mode)
-- Revision History:
-- Date Author Change
-- ---- ------ -------
-- 11/99 DB-DOC Created
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

insert into team (EmpNum, Firstname, Lastname, State)

select EmpNum, Firstname, Lastname, State from pub.employee
where state = ’MA’ ;
update team
set sport = ’tennis1’ where state = ’MA’ ;
commit work ;

insert into team (EmpNum, Firstname, Lastname, State)

select EmpNum, Firstname, Lastname, State from pub.employee
where state = ’NY’ ;
update team
set sport = ’volleyball1’ where state = ’NY’ ;
commit work ;

insert into team (EmpNum, Firstname, Lastname, State)

select EmpNum, Firstname, Lastname, State from pub.employee
where state = ’NH’ ;
update team
set sport = ’tennis2’ where state = ’NH’ ;
commit work ;

insert into team (EmpNum, Firstname, Lastname, State)

select EmpNum, Firstname, Lastname, State from pub.employee
where state = ’TX’ ;
update team
set sport = ’volleyball2’ where state = ’TX’ ;
commit work ;

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Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

1.6.3 Execute Queries Against the Table

This section contains an SQL-92 script that issues queries against the team table.

Team_que.sql

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- File Name: Team_que.sql
--
-- Purpose: Queries the team table in the y2ksports database, a copy of
-- the sports2000 database.
--
-- Requirements:
-- (1) Database must be running.
-- (2) Team table must exist -- see Team_cre.sql
-- (3) For rows to be returned you must first populate
-- the table. See Team_upd.sql.
-- (4) Submit this script to SQL Explorer as an input file
-- (character mode) or as a run file (GUI mode).
--
-- Revision History:
--
-- Date Author Change
-- ---- ------ ------
--
-- 11/99 DB-DOC Created, V9.1A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

select FirstName, LastName, sport from team ;

select * from team order by LastName ;

select * from team order by sport ;

select * from team where sport like ’volleyball%’ ;

commit work ;

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 Getting Started with SQL-92

1.6.4 Drop the Table

This section contains an SQL-92 script that drops the team table from the database.

Team_xit.sql

-- File Name: Team_xit.sql

--
-- Purpose: Drops the team table from the database.
--
-- Requirements:
-- (1) Database must be running.
-- (2) Team table must exist -- see Team_cre.sql
-- (3) Submit this script to SQL Explorer as an input file
-- (character mode) or as a run file (GUI mode)
-- (4) To re-create the table, run Team_cre.sql
-- (5) To re-populate the table, run Team_upd.sql
--
-- Revision History:
--
-- Date Author Change
-- ---- ------- -------
-- 11/99 DB-DOC Created
----------------------------------------------------------------------

drop table team ;

commit work ;

1.7 Other Sources of Information

1.7.1 Progress Documentation

Progress Database Administration Guide and Reference
This guide describes Progress database administration concepts and procedures for SQL-92 and
4GL. The procedures allow you to create and maintain your Progress databases and manage
their performance. Topics of interest to SQL-92 application developers include:

• Authentication

• Starting and stopping a database

• SQLDUMP utility for dumping application data from database tables to files

• SQLLOAD utility for loading application data from files to database tables

• SQLSCHEMA utility for selectively capturing database schema definitions to a file

1–23
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

Progress Embedded SQL-92 Guide and Reference

This is a guide to Progress Embedded SQL-92 for C, including step-by-step information on
building embedded SQL applications and reference information on embedded SQL
preprocessor statements. This guide provides examples and sample programs illustrating how
to use static and dynamic SQL statements in a C Language program.
Progress Explorer On-Line Help
This tool assists you in the steps required to create and configure databases for the Progress
SQL-92 environment.
Progress SQL Explorer On-Line Help
This tool provides complete instructions on using SQL Explorer in graphical mode.

1.7.2 SQL Resources

A Guide to The SQL Standard. Date, C.J., with Hugh Darwen. 1997. Reading, MA: Addison
Wesley.
This book is a developer’s guide to the SQL standard. Chris Date was one of the designers of
the original relational model, upon which SQL is based.
Understanding the New SQL: A Complete Guide. Melton, Jim (Digital Equipment Corporation)
and Alan R. Simon. 1993. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
This book is a comprehensive tour of the language, from basic theory to the most complex
features. Jim Melton was the editor for the SQL-92 standard.

1–24
 2
SQL-92 Language Elements

This chapter describes language elements that are common to many Progress SQL-92
statements. Syntax diagrams in other chapters often refer to these language elements without
detailed explanations. The language elements are described in the following sections:

• Identifiers

• Data types

• Query expressions

• Search conditions

• Expressions

• Literals

• Date-time format strings

Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

2.1 Overview

2.1.1 Definitions of Language Elements

• An Identifier is a user-supplied name for an element such as a table, view, cursor, or
column. SQL statements use these names to refer to the elements.

• Data types control how SQL stores column values. CREATE TABLE statements specify
data types for columns.

• Query expressions retrieve values from tables. Query expressions form the basis of other
SQL statements and syntax elements.

• Search conditions specify a condition about a given row or group of rows that is true or
false. Query expressions and UPDATE statements specify search conditions to restrict the
number of rows in the result table.

• Expressions are symbols or strings of symbols used to represent or calculate a single value
in a SQL statement. When SQL encounters an expression, it retrieves or calculates the
value represented by the expression and uses that value when it executes the statement.

• Literals are a type of SQL expression that specify a constant value. Some SQL constructs
allow literals but prohibit other forms of expressions.

• Date-time format strings control the output of date and time values. SQL interprets format
strings and replaces them with formatted values.

2.1.2 Language Elements and Internationalization

When there is information that applies to a specific SQL-92 language element, the
internationalization considerations are noted with the element or statement under the
sub-heading “Internationalization.” See the “Considerations for Internationalization” section in
Chapter 1, “Getting Started with SQL-92,” for information about using SQL-92 syntax in an
application you are designing for world-wide deployment.

2–2
 SQL-92 Language Elements

2.2 SQL-92 Identifiers

SQL syntax requires users to supply names for elements such as tables, views, cursors, and
columns when they define them. SQL statements must use those names to refer to the table,
view, or other element. In syntax diagrams, SQL identifiers are shown in lowercase type.
The maximum length for SQL identifiers is 32 characters.
There are two types of SQL identifiers:

• Conventional identifiers

• Delimited identifiers enclosed in double quotation marks

2.2.1 Conventional Identifiers

Conventional SQL identifiers must:

• Begin with an uppercase or lowercase letter.

• Contain only letters, digits, or the underscore character ( _ ).

• Not be reserved words.

• Use ASCII characters only.

SQL does not distinguish between uppercase and lowercase letters in SQL identifiers. It
converts all names specified as conventional identifiers to uppercase, but statements can refer
to the names in mixed case.

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Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

EXAMPLE
The following commands show some of the characteristics of conventional identifiers:

-- Conventional Identifiers
-- Names are case-insensitive
CREATE TABLE ShOwCaSe (CoLuMn1 character(5));
Update count = 0.

INSERT into SHOWCASE (COLUMN1) values(’99’);

Update count = 1.

Commit work;

SELECT * from SHOWCASE;

COLUMN1
----------------
99

-- Conventional Identifiers
-- Cannot use reserved words in identifiers
-- Examples: ’table’ and ’column’ cannot be used as identifiers
CREATE TABLE TABLE (column1 character);

=== SQL Exception 1 ===

SQLState=00000
ErrorCode=-20003
Error in executeDirect:Syntax error (7587);Rolledback Xn

CREATE TABLE X (COLUMN varchar(10));

=== SQL Exception 1 ===

SQLState=00000
ErrorCode=-20003
Error in executeDirect:Syntax error (7587);Rolledback Xn

2.2.2 Delimited Identifiers

Delimited identifiers are strings of no more than 32 ASCII characters enclosed in double
quotation marks ( “ ” ). Enclosing a name in double quotation marks preserves the case of the
name and allows it to be a reserved word or to contain special characters. Special characters are
any characters other than letters, digits, or the underscore character. Subsequent references to a
delimited identifier must also use enclosing double quotation marks. To include a double
quotation mark character in a delimited identifier, precede it with another double quotation
mark.

2–4
 SQL-92 Language Elements

NOTE: Although delimited identifiers preserve case for display purposes, case is still
ignored for name matching. All of the following would refer to the same table:
“Order”, “order”, Order, order. However, if the table were created using “Order”, it
would display as written. With conventional identifiers, a table created as Order
would display as ORDER.
NOTE: This behavior differs from the SQL-92 standard, which requires delimited identifiers
to be case-sensitive.
The following SQL example shows some ways to create and refer to delimited identifiers:

-- Delimited Identifiers, in double quotes

-- 1st column name is: "
-- 2nd column name is: _under
-- 3rd column name is: "quotes
-- 4th column name is the word space preceded by a space
CREATE TABLE "delimited ids"
(
"""" char(10),
"_under" char(10),
"""quotes" char(10),
" space" char(10)
);
Update count = 0.

INSERT INTO "delimited ids" values(’string1’, ’string2’, ’string3’,

’string4’);
Update count = 1.

INSERT INTO "delimited ids" values(’string5’, ’string6’, ’string7’,

’string8’);
Update count = 1.

COMMIT WORK;

SELECT * from "delimited ids";

" _under "quotes space

---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ----------------
string1 string2 string3 string4
string5 string6 string7 string8

2–5
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

2.3 Data Types

SQL-92 CREATE TABLE statements specify data types for each column in the tables they
define. This section describes the data types SQL supports for table columns.
There are several categories of SQL data types:

• Character

• Exact numeric

• Approximate numeric

• Date-time

• Bit String

NOTE: All the data types can store null values. A null value indicates that the value is not
known and is distinct from all non-null values.
This is the syntax for a data type:

SYNTAX

char_data_type | exact_numeric_data_type | approx_numeric_data_type

| date_time_data_type | bit_string_data_type

2.3.1 Character Data Types

This is the syntax for a char_data_type:

SYNTAX

{ CHARACTER | CHAR } [ ( length ) ]

| { CHARACTER VARYING | CHAR VARYING | VARCHAR }[ ( length ) ]

CHARACTER [ ( length ) ]
CHARACTER (alias CHAR) corresponds to a null-terminated character string with the length
specified. Values are padded with blanks to the specified length. The default length is 1.
The maximum length is 2000 characters.

The Progress SQL-92 representation is a variable-length string. The host language

representation is equivalent to a C Language character string.

2–6
 SQL-92 Language Elements

{ CHARACTER VARYING | CHAR VARYING | VARCHAR }[ ( length ) ]

CHARACTER VARYING, CHAR VARYING, and VARCHAR corresponds to variable-length
character string with the maximum length specified. The default length is 1 character. The
maximum length is 31995 characters.

NOTES

• For data types CHARACTER( length ) and VARCHAR( length ) the value of
length specifies the number of characters.

• The maximum length can be as large as 31995. The sum of all the column lengths of
a table row must not exceed 31960.

• Due to index size limitations, only the narrower VARCHAR columns can be
indexed.

Maximum length for VARCHAR

Specifically, the maximum length or maximum number of character for the VARCHAR data
type is:

• 31995 characters for single-column tables converted from Version 8 to Version 9 and not
updated in Version 9.

• 31982 characters for single-column tables originally created in Version 9 or updated in

Version 9.

The maximum length of the VARCHAR data type depends on:

• The number of columns in a table — more columns in a table further limits the length of
VARCHAR data

• When a table was created — tables created earlier can support longer VARCHAR data
than tables created later

See the “Character-String Literals” section for details on specifying values to be stored in
CHARACTER columns.

National Language Support (NLS)

The VARCHAR data type has NLS. The choice of character set affects the available character
count or maximum length of the data column. The limits established above assume a single byte
character set. Using a multiple byte character set lowers the maximum character count
proportionally. For example, if all the characters in a character set take 3 bytes per character,
in Version 9 the practical maximum is 10660 (31982 divided by 3). If, however, you are using

2–7
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

a variable width character set, you will be able to hold between 10660 and 31982 characters
depending on the actual mix of characters you use.

2.3.2 Exact Numeric Data Types

See the “Numeric Literals” section for information on specifying values to be stored in numeric
columns.
This is the syntax for an exact_numeric_data_type:

SYNTAX

TINYINT | SMALLINT | INTEGER

| NUMERIC | NUMBER [ ( precision [ , scale ] ) ]
| DECIMAL [ ( precision , scale ) ]

TINYINT

Corresponds to an integer value in the range -128 to +127 inclusive.

SMALLINT

Corresponds to an integer value in the range of -32768 to +32767 inclusive.

INTEGER

Corresponds to an integer value in the range of -2 ** 31 to 2 ** 31-1 inclusive.

NUMERIC | NUMBER [ ( precision [ , scale ] ) ]

Corresponds to a number with the given precision (maximum number of digits) and scale
(the number of digits to the right of the decimal point). By default, NUMERIC columns have
a precision of 32 and a scale of 0. If NUMERIC columns omit the scale, the default scale is 0.

The range of values for a NUMERIC type column is -n to +n where n is the largest number
that can be represented with the specified precision and scale. If a value exceeds the
precision of a NUMERIC column, SQL generates an overflow error. If a value exceeds the
scale of a NUMERIC column, SQL rounds the value.

NUMERIC type columns cannot specify a negative scale or specify a scale larger than the
precision.

2–8
 SQL-92 Language Elements

EXAMPLE
The following example shows what values can be inserted into a column created with a
precision of 3 and scale of 2:

-- Illustrate bounds for precision 3 and scale 2

create table bounds (col1 numeric(3,2));
Update count = 0.

insert into bounds values(33.33);

ErrorCode=-20052
Error in executeDirect:Overflow error;Rolledback Xn

insert into bounds values(33.9);

ErrorCode=-20052
Error in executeDirect:Overflow error;Rolledback Xn

insert into bounds values(3.3);

Update count = 1.

insert into bounds values(33);

ErrorCode=-20052
Error in executeDirect:Overflow error;Rolledback Xn

insert into bounds values(3.33);

Update count = 1.

insert into bounds values(3.3333);

Update count = 1.

insert into bounds values(3.3555);

Update count = 1.

select * from bounds;

COL1
----------------
3.33
3.36
3.3
3.33

DECIMAL [ ( precision , scale ) ]

Equivalent to type NUMERIC.

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Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

2.3.3 Approximate Numeric Data Types

See the “Numeric Literals” section for details on specifying values to be stored in numeric
columns.
This is the syntax for an approximate_numeric_data_type:

SYNTAX

{ REAL | DOUBLE PRECISION | FLOAT [ ( precision ) ]}

REAL

Corresponds to a single precision floating-point number equivalent to the C Language

float type.

DOUBLE PRECISION

Corresponds to a double precision floating-point number equivalent to the C Language

double type.

FLOAT [ ( precision ) ]
Corresponds to a double precision floating-point number of the given precision, in bytes.
By default, FLOAT columns have a precision of 8. The REAL data type is same as a FLOAT(4)
and double-precision is the same as a FLOAT(8).

2.3.4 Date-time Data Types

See the “Date-time Literals” section for details on specifying values to be stored in date-time
columns. See “Date-format Strings” section for details on using format strings to specify the
output format of date-time columns.
This is the syntax for a date_time_data_type:

SYNTAX

DATE | TIME | TIMESTAMP

DATE

Stores a date value as three parts: year, month, and day. The ranges for the parts are:

• Year: 1 to 9999

2–10
 SQL-92 Language Elements

• Month: 1 to 12

• Day: Lower limit is 1; the upper limit depends on the month and the year.

TIME

Stores a time value as four parts: hours, minutes, seconds, and milliseconds. The range for
the parts is:

• Hours: 0 to 23

• Minutes: 0 to 59

• Seconds: 0 to 59

• Milliseconds: 0 to 999

TIMESTAMP

Combines the parts of DATE and TIME.

2.3.5 Bit String Data Types

This is the syntax for a bit_string_data_type:

SYNTAX

BIT | BINARY | VARBINARY | LVARBINARY [ ( length ) ]

BIT

Corresponds to a single bit value of 0 or 1.

SQL statements can assign and compare values in BIT columns to and from columns of
types CHAR, VARCHAR, BINARY, VARBINARY, TINYINT, SMALLINT, and INTEGER. However,
in assignments from BINARY and VARBINARY, the value of the first four bits must be 0001
or 0000.

No arithmetic operations are allowed on BIT columns.

BINARY [ ( length ) ]
Corresponds to a bit field of the specified length of bytes. The default length is 1 byte. The
maximum length is 2000 bytes.

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Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

In interactive SQL, INSERT statements must use a special format to store values in BINARY
columns. They can specify the binary values as a bit string, hexadecimal string, or
character string. INSERT statements must enclose binary values in single-quote marks,
preceded by b for a bit string and x for a hexadecimal string.

Table 2–1: Specification Formats for Binary Values

Specification Format Example

bit string b’ ’ b’1010110100010000’

hexadecimal string x’ ’ x’ad10’

character string ’ ’ ’ad10’

SQL interprets a character string as the character representation of a hexadecimal string.

If the data inserted into a BINARY column is less than the length specified, SQL pads it with
zeros.

BINARY data can be assigned and compared to and from columns of type BIT, CHAR, and
VARBINARY. Arithmetic operations are not allowed.

VARBINARY ( length )

Corresponds to a variable-length bit field of the specified length in bytes. The default
length is 1 byte. The maximum length is 31995 byte. The default length is 1.

NOTE: Due to index limitations, only the narrower VARBINARY columns can be indexed.

LVARBINARY ( length )

Corresponds to an arbitrarily long byte array with the maximum length defined by the
amount of available disk storage up to 2,000,000,000. A BLOB is an object of data type
LVARBINARY.

2–12
 SQL-92 Language Elements

Maximum length for VARBINARY

Specifically, the maximum length of the VARBINARY data type is:

• 31995 bytes for single-column tables converted from Version 8 to Version 9 and not
updated in Version 9.

• 31982 bytes for single-column tables originally created in Version 9 or updated in Version
9.

The maximum length of the VARBINARY data type depends on:

• The number of columns in a table — more columns in a table further limits the length of
VARBINARY data

• When a table was created — tables created earlier can support longer VARBINARY data
than tables created later

LVARBINARY Limitations
Current limitations for LVARBINARY support are listed below:

• LVARBINARY data type will only be accessible from the SQL Engine. LVARBINARY
data columns added to tables created by the 4GL are not visible to the 4GL. ESQLC does
not support this data type.

• LVARBINARY data columns cannot be part of an index.

• LVARBINARY data columns cannot be used for variables or as parameters in stored

procedures.

• Comparison operations are not supported on LVARBINARY columns. Comparison

operations between LVARBINARY columns are not supported. Comparison operations
between LVARBINARY columns and columns of other data types are not supported.

• Conversion, aggregate, and scalar functions are disallowed on this data type.

• LVARBINARY does not have National Language Support (NLS).

Language Support for LVARBINARY

This data type has normal column functionality except for the following exceptions:

• A column of data type LVARBINARY is not a valid column name in a CREATE INDEX
statement.

2–13
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

• When issuing a CREATE TABLE statement, a valid data type for the column definitions
is LVARBINARY. However, LVARBINARY do not allow the column constraints of
PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, REFERENCES, and CHECK.

NOTE: When creating a table with a column of data type LVARBINARY, place the table in
a new AREA.

• The VALUES option on the INSERT statement is not valid for the LVARBINARY data
type.

• In a SELECT statement, a WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, or ORDER BY clause

cannot use a column of data type LVARBINARY.

• There is no support for an UPDATE of a LVARBINARY column on a table which

contains a column of data type LVARBINARY. Obtain the functionality of an UPDATE
on an LVARBINARY column by using the DELETE and INSERT statements for the
record.

Utility Support for LVARBINARY

Database utility support for tables including the LVARBINARY data type is listed below:

• Use BINARY DUMP/LOAD to dump and load data that contains the LVARBINARY
data type.

NOTE: SQLDUMP and SQLLOAD do not support tables with LVARBINARY column
data.

2.4 Query Expressions

A query expression selects the specified column values from one or more rows contained in one
or more tables specified in the FROM clause. The selection of rows is restricted by a search
condition in the WHERE clause. The temporary table derived through the clauses of a select
statement is called a result table.
Query expressions form the basis of other SQL statements and syntax elements:

• SELECT statements are query expressions with optional ORDER BY and FOR UPDATE
clauses.

• INSERT statements can specify a query expression to add the rows of the result table to a
table.

2–14
 SQL-92 Language Elements

• UPDATE statements can specify a query expression that returns a single row to modify
columns of a row.

• Some search conditions can specify query expressions. In basic predicates, the result table
can contain only a single value. In a quantified_predicate and an in_predicate, the result
table can contain only a single column.

• The FROM clause of a query expression can specify another query expression, called a
derived table.

This is the syntax for a query_expression:

SYNTAX

query_specification
| query_expression set_operator query_expression
| ( query_expression )

2.4.1 Query Specification

This is the syntax for a query_specification:

SYNTAX

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT ]

{ *

| { table_name | alias.} * [ , { table_name.| alias.} * ] ...

| expr [ [ AS ] [ ’ ] column_title [ ’ ] ]
[, expr [ [ AS ] [ ’ ] column_title [ ’ ] ] ] ...
}
FROM table_ref [, ] ... [ { NO REORDER } ]
table_ref
[ WHERE search_condition ]
[ GROUP BY [ table.]column_name [, [ table.]column_name ] ...
[ HAVING search_condition ] ;

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT ]

DISTINCT specifies that the result table omits duplicate rows. The default, ALL, specifies
that the result table includes all rows.

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Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

SELECT * |{ table_name. | alias. } *

Specifies that the result table includes all columns from all tables named in the FROM
clause.

SELECT expr [[ AS ] [ ’ ] column_title [ ’ ] ]

Specifies a list of expressions, called a select list, whose results will form columns of the
result table. Typically, the expression is a column name from a table named in the FROM
clause. The expression can also be any supported mathematical expression, scalar
function, or aggregate function that returns a value.

The optional ‘column_title argument specifies a new heading for the associated column
in the result table. You can also use the column_title in an ORDER BY clause.

FROM table_ref ...

Specifies one or more table references. Each table reference resolves to one table (either a
table stored in the database or a virtual table resulting from processing the table reference)
whose rows the query expression uses to create the result table. There are three forms of
table references:

• A direct reference to a table, view, or synonym.

• A derived table specified by a query expression in the FROM clause.

• A joined table that combines rows and columns from multiple tables.

The usage notes specific to each form of table reference are below.

If there are multiple table references, SQL joins the tables to form an intermediate result
table that is used as the basis for evaluating all other clauses in the query expression. That
intermediate result table is the Cartesian product of rows in the tables in the FROM clause,
formed by concatenating every row of every table with all other rows in all tables.

table_ref

SYNTAX

table_name [ AS ][ alias [ ( column_alias [ ... ] )]]

| ( query_expression ) [ AS ] alias [ (column_alias [ ... ] ) ]
| [ ( ] joined_table [ ) ]

2–16
 SQL-92 Language Elements

FROM table_name [ AS ][ alias [ ( column_alias [ ... ] ) ]]

Explicitly names a table. The name can be a table name, a view name, or a synonym.

An alias is a name you use to qualify column names in other parts of the query
expression. Aliases are also called correlation names.

If you specify an alias, you must use it, and not the table name, to qualify column
names that refer to the table. Query expressions that join a table with itself must use
aliases to distinguish between references to column names.

For example, the following query expression joins the table customer with itself. It
uses the aliases x and y and returns information on customers in the same city as
customer SMITH:

Similar to table aliases, the column_alias provides an alternative name to use in

column references elsewhere in the query expression. If you specify column aliases,
you must specify them for all the columns in table_name. Also, if you specify
column aliases in the FROM clause, you must use them, and not the column names, in
references to the columns.

FROM ( query_expression ) [ AS ][ alias [ ( column_alias [ ... ] ) ]]

Specifies a derived table through a query expression. With derived tables, you must
specify an alias to identify the derived table.

Derived tables can also specify column aliases. Column aliases provide alternative
names to use in column references elsewhere in the query expression. If you specify
column aliases, you must specify them for all the columns in the result table of the
query expression. Also, if you specify column aliases in the FROM clause, you must
use them, and not the column names, in references to the columns.

FROM [ ( ] joined_table [ ) ]
Combines data from two table references by specifying a join condition. The syntax
currently allowed in the FROM clause supports only a CROSS JOIN, INNER JOIN, or
LEFT OUTER JOIN.

CROSS JOIN specifies a Cartesian product of rows in the two tables. Every row in
one table is joined to every row in the other table.

INNER JOIN specifies an inner join using the supplied search condition.

LEFT OUTER JOIN specifies a left outer join using the supplied search condition.

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You can also specify these and other join conditions in the WHERE clause of a query
expression. See the “Outer Joins” section for more information on both ways of
specifying outer joins.

joined_table

SYNTAX

{ table_ref CROSS JOIN table_ref

| table_ref [ INNER | LEFT [ OUTER ]] JOIN
table_ref ON search_condition
}

See the section on “Inner Joins”, Cross Joins, and “Outer Joins” for more details.

WHERE search_condition

Specifies a search_condition that applies conditions to restrict the number of rows

in the result table. If the query expression does not specify a WHERE clause, the result
table includes all the rows of the specified table reference in the FROM clause.

The search_condition is applied to each row of the result table set of the FROM
clause. Only rows that satisfy the conditions become part of the result table. If the
result of the search_condition is NULL for a row, the row is not selected. Search
conditions can specify different conditions for joining two or more tables. See the
“Outer Joins” section for more information.

The search_condition is applied to each row of the result table set of the FROM
clause. Only rows that satisfy the conditions become part of the result table. If the
result of the search_condition is NULL for a row, the row is not selected.

Search conditions can specify different conditions for joining two or more tables. See
the “Outer Joins” and “Search Conditions” sections for information on the different
kinds of search conditions.

GROUP BY [ table_name.]column_name ...

Specifies grouping of rows in the result table.

For the first column specified in the GROUP BY clause, SQL arranges rows of the result
table into groups whose rows all have the same values for the specified column.

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If you specify a second GROUP BY column, SQL groups rows in each main group by
values of the second column.

SQL groups rows for values in additional GROUP BY columns in a similar fashion.

All columns named in the GROUP BY clause must also be in the select list of the query
expression. Conversely, columns in the select list must also be in the GROUP BY clause
or be part of an aggregate function.

HAVING search_condition

Allows you to set conditions on the groups returned by the GROUP BY clause. If the
HAVING clause is used without the GROUP BY clause, the implicit group against which
the search condition is evaluated is all the rows returned by the WHERE clause.

A condition of the HAVING clause can compare one aggregate function value with
another aggregate function value or a constant.

2.4.2 Set Operator

This is the syntax for the set_operator:

SYNTAX

{ UNION [ ALL ] | INTERSECT | MINUS }

UNION [ ALL ]
Appends the result table from one query expression to the result table from another.

The two query expressions must have the same number of columns in their result tables,
and those columns must have the same or compatible data types.

The final result table contains the rows from the second query expression appended to the
rows from the first. By default, the result table does not contain any duplicate rows from
the second query expression. Specify UNION ALL to include duplicate rows in the result
table.

The two query expressions must have the same number of columns in their result tables,
and those columns must have the same or compatible data types.

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INTERSECT

Limits rows in the final result table to those that exist in the result tables from both query
expressions.

The two query expressions must have the same number of columns in their result tables,
and those columns must have the same or compatible data types:

MINUS

Limits rows in the final result table to those that exist in the result table from the first query
expression minus those that exist in the second. In other words, the MINUS operator returns
rows that exist in the result table from the first query expression but that do not exist in the
second.

The two query expressions must have the same number of columns in their result tables,
and those columns must have the same or compatible data types.

EXAMPLES
The following example specifies all columns in the customer table:

SELECT * FROM customer;

The table_name.* syntax is useful when the select list refers to columns in multiple tables and
you want to specify all the columns in one of those tables:

SELECT customer.* FROM customer;

SELECT Customer.CustNum, Customer.Name, Invoice.*

FROM Customer, Invoice ;

You can qualify a column name with the name of the table it belongs to. The following
examples illustrate column names qualified by table name:

select customer.customer_id from customer ;

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The following example illustrates specifying a new column heading for an associated column.
Enclose the new title in single or double quotation marks if it contains a space or other special
characters:

-- Illustrate optional ’column_title’ syntax

select
FirstName as ’First Name’,
LastName as ’Last Name’,
state as ’New England State’
from employee
where state = ’NH’ or state = ’ME’ or state = ’MA’
or state = ’VT’ or state = ’CT’ or state = ’RI’;

First Name Last Name New England State

---------------- ---------------- ------------------
Justine Smith MA
Andy Davis MA
Marcy Adams MA
Larry Dawsen MA
John Burton NH
Mark Hall MA
Stacey Smith MA
Scott Abbott MA
Meredith White NH
Heather White NH

You must qualify a column name if it occurs in more than one table specified in the FROM clause:

-- Table name qualifier required

-- Customer table has city and state columns
-- Billto table has city and state columns

select
Customer.custnum,
Customer.city as "Customer City",
Customer.State as ’Customer State’,
Billto.City as "Bill City",
Billto.State as ’Bill State’
from Customer, Billto
where Customer.City = ’Clinton’;

CustNum Customer City Customer State Bill City Bill State

-------- ---------------- ---------------- -------------------------------
1272 Clinton MS Montgomery AL
1272 Clinton MS Atlanta GA
1421 Clinton SC Montgomery AL
1421 Clinton SC Atlanta GA
1489 Clinton OK Montgomery AL
1489 Clinton OK Atlanta GA

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The following example selects only the customers whose name is ’SMITH’:

SELECT *
FROM customer
WHERE name = ’SMITH’ ;

The following example finds all customers whose city is the same as the customer ’SMITH’.

SELECT *
FROM customer
WHERE city IN (
SELECT city
FROM customer
WHERE name = ’SMITH’) ;

The following example retrieves the customer and order information for customers with orders:

SELECT Customer.CustNum Customer.Name Orders.OrderNum Orders.OrderDate

FROM Customer, Orders
WHERE Customer.CustNum = Orders.CustNum ;

The HAVING clause in the following example compares the value of an aggregate function
( COUNT (*) ) to a constant ( 10 ). The query returns the customer number and number of orders
for all customers who had more than 10 orders before March 31st, 1999.

SELECT cust_no, count(*)

FROM orders
WHERE order_date < TO_DATE (’3/31/1999’)
GROUP BY cust_no
HAVING COUNT (*) > 10 ;

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The following examples show merging a list of customers and suppliers without and with
duplicate entries:

-- Produce a merged list of customers and suppliers

SELECT name, street, state, zip
FROM customer
UNION
SELECT name, street, state, zip
FROM supplier ;

-- Produce a list of customers and suppliers

-- with duplicate entries for those customers who are also suppliers
SELECT name, street, state, zip
FROM customer
UNION ALL
SELECT name, street, state, zip
FROM supplier ;

The following example illustrates the INTERSECT option:

-- Produce a list of customers who are also suppliers

SELECT name, street, state, zip FROM customer

INTERSECT
SELECT name, street, state, zip FROM supplier ;

The following example illustrates the MINUS option:

-- Produce a list of suppliers who are not customers

SELECT name, street, state, zip FROM supplier ;

MINUS
SELECT name, street, state, zip FROM customer;

AUTHORIZATION

• DBA privilege OR

• SELECT permission on all the tables or views referred to in the query_expression

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92; the MINUS operator is equivalent to the SQL-92 EXCEPT operator

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ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

CREATE TABLE Statement, CREATE VIEW Statement, INSERT Statement, “Search

Conditions,” SELECT Statement, UPDATE Statement

2.5 Joins
The following sections describe the supported joins.

2.5.1 Inner Joins

If an inner join does not specify a search condition, the result table from the join operation is the
Cartesian product of rows in the tables, formed by concatenating every row of one table with
every row of the other table. Cartesian products (also called cross products or cross joins) are
not practically useful, but SQL logically processes all join operations by first forming the
Cartesian products of rows from tables participating in the join.
If specified, the search condition is applied to the Cartesian product of rows from the two tables.
Only rows that satisfy the search condition become part of the result table generated by the join.
A query expression can specify inner joins in either its FROM clause or its WHERE clause. For
each formulation in the FROM clause, there is an equivalent syntax formulation in the WHERE
clause. Currently, not all syntax specified by the SQL-92 standard is allowed in the FROM
clause.
This is the syntax for a from_clause_inner_join:

SYNTAX

{ FROM table_ref CROSS JOIN table_ref

| FROM table_ref [ INNER ] JOIN table_ref ON search_condition
}

FROM table_ref CROSS JOIN table_ref

Explicitly specifies that the join generates the Cartesian product of rows in the two table
references. This syntax is equivalent to omitting the WHERE clause and a search condition.

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FROM table_ref [ INNER ] JOIN table_ref ON search_condition

FROM table_ref, table_ref WHERE search_condition

Specify search_condition for restricting rows that will be in the result table generated by
the join. In the first format, INNER is optional and has no effect. There is no difference
between the WHERE form of inner joins and the JOIN ON form.

This is the syntax for a where_clause_inner_join:

SYNTAX

FROM table_ref, table_ref WHERE search_condition

Equi-joins
Specifies that values in one table equal the corresponding column values in the other.

Self joins
Joins a table with itself. If a WHERE clause specifies a self join, the FROM clause must use aliases
to allow two different references to the same table. Also called an auto join.

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EXAMPLE
The following queries illustrate the results of a simple CROSS JOIN operation and an
equivalent formulation that does not use the CROSS JOIN syntax:

SELECT * FROM T1; -- Contents of T1

C1 C2
-- --
10 15
20 25
2 records selected
SELECT * FROM T2; -- Contents of T2
C3 C4
-- --
10 BB
15 DD
2 records selected
SELECT * FROM T1 CROSS JOIN T2; -- Cartesian product
C1 C2 C3 C4
-- -- -- --
10 15 10 BB
10 15 15 DD
20 25 10 BB
20 25 15 DD
4 records selected
SELECT * FROM T1, T2; -- Different formulation, same results
C1 C2 C3 C4
-- -- -- --
10 15 10 BB
10 15 15 DD
20 25 10 BB
20 25 15 DD
4 records selected

For customers with orders, retrieve their names and order info:

SELECT customer.cust_no, customer.name, orders.order_no, orders.order_date

FROM customers, orders
WHERE customer.cust_no = orders.cust_no ;

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This example illustrates two ways to formulate a self-join query:

-- Retrieve all the customers from the same city as customer SMITH:
SELECT y.cust_no, y.name
FROM customer AS x INNER JOIN customer AS y
ON x.name = ’SMITH’ AND y.city = x.city ;

-- Different formulation, same results:

SELECT y.cust_no, y.name
FROM customer x, customer y
WHERE x.name = ’SMITH’ AND y.city = x.city ;

2.5.2 Outer Joins

An outer join between two tables returns more information than a corresponding inner join. An
outer join returns a result table that contains all the rows from one of the tables even if there is
no row in the other table that satisfies the join condition.
In a left outer join, the information from the table on the left is preserved: the result table
contains all rows from the left table even if some rows do not have matching rows in the right
table. Where there are no matching rows in the right table, SQL generates null values.
In a right outer join, the information from the table on the right is preserved. The result table
contains all rows from the right table even if some rows do not have matching rows in the left
table. Where there are no matching rows in the left table, SQL generates null values.
SQL uses two forms of syntax to support outer joins:

• In the WHERE clause of a query expression, specify the outer join operator ( + ) after the
column name of the table for which rows will not be preserved in the result table. Both
sides of an outer join search condition in a WHERE clause must be simple column
references. This syntax allows both left and right outer joins.

NOTE: The Progress implementation of syntax for a where_clause_outer_join does not

comply with the ANSI SQL-92 standard. The alternate syntax will not operate
properly for clients requiring SQL-92 standard syntax.

• For left outer joins only, in the FROM clause, specify the LEFT OUTER JOIN clause
between two table names, followed by a search condition. The search condition can
contain only the join condition between the specified tables.

• Full (two-sided) outer joins are not supported.

• Right outer joins are only supported using the outer join operator in the WHERE clause.
The keywords RIGHT OUTER JOIN are not supported currently.

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This is the syntax for a from_clause_outer_join:

SYNTAX

FROM table_ref LEFT OUTER JOIN table_ref

ON search_condition

This is the syntax for a where_clause_outer_join:

SYNTAX

WHERE [ table_name.] column (+) = [ table_name.]column

| WHERE [ table_name.]column = [ table_name.]column (+)

EXAMPLE
The following example shows a left outer join. The query requests information about all the
customers and their orders. Even if there is not a corresponding row in the orders table for each
row in the customer table, NULL values are displayed for the order.order_no and
order.order_date columns:

SELECT customer.cust_no, customer.name, orders.order_no, orders.order_date

FROM customers, orders
WHERE customer.cust_no = orders.cust_no (+) ;

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The following queries illustrate outer join syntax:

SELECT * FROM T1; -- Contents of T1

C1 C2
-- --
10 15
20 25
2 records selected

SELECT * FROM T2; -- Contents of T2

C3 C4
-- --
10 BB
15 DD
2 records selected

-- Left outer join

SELECT * FROM T1 LEFT OUTER JOIN T2 ON T1.C1 = T2.C3;
C1 C2 C3 C4
-- -- -- --
10 15 10 BB
20 25
2 records selected

-- Left outer join: different formulation, same results

SELECT * FROM T1, T2 WHERE T1.C1 = T2.C3 (+);
C1 C2 C3 C4
-- -- -- --
10 15 10 BB
20 25
2 records selected

-- Right outer join

SELECT * FROM T1, T2 WHERE T1.C1 (+) = T2.C3;
C1 C2 C3 C4
-- -- -- --
10 15 10 BB
15 DD
2 records selected

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2.6 Search Conditions

A search condition specifies a condition that is true or false about a given row or group of rows.
Query expressions and UPDATE statements can specify a search condition. The search
condition restricts the number of rows in the result table for the query expression or UPDATE
statement.
Search conditions contain one or more predicates. Predicates that can be part of a search
condition are described in the following subsections.
This is the syntax for a search_condition:

SYNTAX

[ NOT ] predicate
[ { AND | OR }{ predicate | ( search_condition ) } ]

predicate:

SYNTAX

basic_predicate
| quantified_predicate
| between_predicate
| null_predicate
| like_predicate
| exists_predicate
| in_predicate
| outer_join_predicate

2.6.1 Logical Operators: OR, AND, NOT

Logical operators combine multiple search conditions. SQL evaluates multiple search
conditions in the following order:

• Search conditions enclosed in parentheses. If there are nested search conditions in

parentheses, SQL evaluates the innermost search condition first.

• Search conditions preceded by NOT.

• Search conditions combined by AND.

• Search conditions combined by OR.

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EXAMPLE
The following example illustrates the use of logical operators:

SELECT * FROM customer

WHERE name = ’NYQUIST’ OR name = ’SMITH’ ;

SELECT * FROM customer

WHERE city = ’PRINCETON’ AND state = ’NJ’ ;

SELECT * FROM customer

WHERE NOT (name = ’NYQUIST’ OR name = ’SMITH’) ;

2.6.2 Relational Operators

Relational operators specify how SQL compares expressions in basic and quantified predicates.
This is the syntax for a relational operator (relop):

SYNTAX

=
| <> | != | ^=
| <
| <=
| >
| >=

Table 2–2 lists the relational operators and the resulting predicate for each operator.
See the “Basic Predicate” section for more information.

Table 2–2: Relational Operators and Resulting Predicates (1 of 2)

Relational
Predicate for this Relational Operator
Operator

= True if the two expressions are equal.

<> | != | ^= True if the two expressions are not equal. The operators != and ^= are
equivalent to <>.

< True if the first expression is less than the second expression.

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Table 2–2: Relational Operators and Resulting Predicates (2 of 2)

Relational
Predicate for this Relational Operator
Operator

<= True if the first expression is less than or equal to the second
expression.

> True if the first expression is greater than the second expression.

>= True if the first expression is greater than or equal to the second
expression.

NOTE: For data sorting and comparison of character data, the SQL server uses a Progress
collation table. The result of comparison is based on the sort weight of each character
in the collation table, for these relational operators:

> < = >= <= !

2.6.3 Basic Predicate

A basic predicate compares two values using a relational operator. See the “Relational
Operators” section for information about relational operators. If a basic predicate specifies a
query expression, then the query expression must return a single value. Basic predicates often
specify an inner join. See the “Inner Joins” section for more information.
If the value of any expression is null or the query_expression does not return any value, then the
result of the predicate is set to false.
This is the syntax for a basic_predicate:

SYNTAX

expression relop { expression | ( query_expression ) }

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2.6.4 Quantified Predicate

The quantified predicate compares a value with a collection of values using a relational operator
(see the “Relational Operators” section). A quantified predicate has the same form as a basic
predicate with the query_expression being preceded by the ALL, ANY, or SOME keyword. The
result table returned by query_expression can contain only a single column.
When you specify ALL, the predicate evaluates to true if the query_expression returns no values
or the specified relationship is true for all the values returned.
When you specify SOME or ANY, the predicate evaluates to true if the specified relationship
is true for at least one value returned by the query_expression. There is no difference between
the SOME and ANY keywords. The predicate evaluates to false if the query_expression returns
no values or if the specified relationship is false for all the values returned.
This is the syntax for a quantified_predicate:

SYNTAX

expression relop { ALL | ANY | SOME } ( query_expression )

EXAMPLE

10 < ANY ( SELECT COUNT(*)

FROM order_tbl
GROUP BY custid ;
)

2.6.5 BETWEEN Predicate

The BETWEEN predicate can be used to determine if a value is within a specified value range
or not. The first expression specifies the lower bound of the range and the second expression
specifies the upper bound of the range.
The predicate evaluates to true if the value is greater than or equal to the lower bound of the
range and less than or equal to the upper bound of the range.
This is the syntax for a between_predicate:

SYNTAX

expression [ NOT ] BETWEEN expression AND expression

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EXAMPLE

salary BETWEEN 20000.00 AND 100000.00

2.6.6 NULL Predicate

The NULL predicate can be used for testing null values of database table columns.
This is the syntax for a null_predicate.

SYNTAX

column_name IS [ NOT ] NULL

EXAMPLE

contact_name IS NOT NULL

2.6.7 LIKE Predicate

The LIKE predicate searches for strings that have a certain pattern. The pattern is specified after
the LIKE keyword in a string constant. The pattern can be specified by a string in which the
underscore ( _ ) and percent sign ( % ) characters have special semantics.
Use the ESCAPE clause to disable the special semantics given to the characters ( _ ) and
( % ). The escape character specified must precede the special characters in order to disable their
special semantics.
This is the syntax for a like_predicate:

SYNTAX

column_name [ NOT ] LIKE string_constant [ ESCAPE escape_character ]

NOTES

• The column name specified in the LIKE predicate must refer to a character string column.

• A percent sign ( % ) in the pattern matches zero or more characters of the column string.

• A underscore symbol ( _ ) in the pattern matches any single character of the column string.

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• The LIKE predicate is multi-byte enabled. The string_constant and the

escape_character may contain multi-byte characters, and the escape_character can be
a multi-byte character. A percent sign ( % ) or an underscore ( _ ) in the string_constant
can represent a multi-byte character. However, the percent sign or underscore itself must
be the single-byte ASCII encoding.

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates three ways to use the LIKE predicate:

cust_name LIKE ’%Computer%’

cust_name LIKE ’___’

item_name LIKE ’%\_%’ ESCAPE ’\’

In the first LIKE clause, for all strings with the substring ’Computer’ the predicate evaluates to
true. In the second LIKE clause, for all strings which are exactly three characters long the
predicate evaluates to true. In the third LIKE clause the backslash character ( \ ) is specified as
the escape character, which means that the special interpretation given to the underscore
character ( _ ) is disabled. The pattern evaluates to TRUE if the item_name column has
embedded underscore characters.

2.6.8 EXISTS Predicate

The EXISTS predicate can be used to check for the existence of specific rows. The
query_expression returns rows rather than values. The predicate evaluates to true if the number
of rows returned by the query_expression is nonzero.
This is the syntax for an exists_predicate:

SYNTAX

EXISTS (query_expression)

EXAMPLE
In this example, the predicate evaluates to true if the specified customer has any orders:

EXISTS (SELECT * FROM order_tbl

WHERE order_tbl.custid = ’888’ ;)

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2.6.9 IN Predicate
The IN predicate can be used to compare a value with a set of values. If an IN predicate specifies
a query expression, then the result table it returns can contain only a single column.
This is the syntax for an in_predicate:

SYNTAX

expression [ NOT ] IN
{ (query_expression) | (constant , constant [ , ... ] ) }

EXAMPLE

address.state IN (‘MA’, ‘NH’)

2.6.10 OUTER JOIN Predicate

An outer join predicate specifies two tables and returns a result table that contains all the rows
from one of the tables, even if there is no matching row in the other table. See the “Outer Joins”
section for more information.
This is the syntax for an outer_join_predicate:

SYNTAX

[ table_name.]column = [ table_name.]column (+)

| [ table_name.]column (+) = [ table_name.]column

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2.7 Expressions
An expression is a symbol or string of symbols used to represent or calculate a single value in
a SQL statement. When you specify an expression in a statement, SQL retrieves or calculates
the value represented by the expression and uses that value when it executes the statement.
Expressions are also called scalar expressions or value expressions.
This is the syntax for an expression (expression):

SYNTAX

[ table_name.| alias. ] column_name

| character_literal
| numeric_literal
| date_time_literal
| aggregate_function
| scalar_function
| numeric_arith_expr
| date_arith_expr
| conditional_expr
| (expression)

[ table_name. | alias.]column_name

Specifies a column in a table. You can qualify a column name with the name of the table
or the alias it belongs to.

character_literal | numeric_literal | date_time_literal

Specify constant values. See the “Literals” section for information on specifying literals.

aggregate_function | scalar_function

SQL functions. See Chapter 4, “SQL-92 Functions” for more information on “Aggregate
Functions” and “Scalar Functions.”

numeric_arith_expr

Computes a value from numeric values. See “Numeric Arithmetic Expressions” for more
information.

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date_arith_expr

Computes a value from date-time values. See “Date Arithmetic Expressions” for more
information.

conditional_expr

Evaluates a search condition or expression and returns one of multiple possible results
depending on that evaluation.

(expression)

SQL evaluates expressions in parentheses first.

EXAMPLES
The following example illustrates specifying a table name for the customer_id field:

SELECT customer.customer_id FROM customers ;

You must qualify a column name if it occurs in more than one table specified in the FROM
clause:

SELECT customer.customer_id FROM customers, orders ;

NOTES

• Qualified column names are always permitted, even when they are not required.

• You can also qualify column names with an alias. An alias is also called a correlation
name.

• The FROM clause of a query expression can specify an optional alias after the table name
See the “Query Expressions” section for details on query expressions. If you specify an
alias, you must use it, and not the table name, to qualify column names that refer to the
table. Query expressions that join a table with itself must use aliases to distinguish between
references to column names.

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The following example shows a query expression that joins the table customer with itself. It uses
the aliases x and y and returns information on customers in the same city as customer SMITH:

SELECT y.cust_no, y.last_name

FROM customer x, customer y
WHERE x.last_name = ’SMITH’
AND y.city = x.city ;

2.7.1 Numeric Arithmetic Expressions

Numeric arithmetic expressions compute a value using addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division operations on numeric literals and expressions that evaluate to any numeric data
type.
This is the syntax for a numeric_arith_expr:

SYNTAX

[ + | - ] { numeric_literal | numeric_expr }
[ { + | - | * | / } numeric_arith_expr ]

+ | -

Unary operators.

numeric_literal

See the “Numeric Literals” section for details on specifying numeric literals.

numeric_expr

Evaluates to a numeric data type. See the “Data Types” section for information about
expressions that can evaluate to numeric data types, including:

• Column name

• Subqueries that return a single value

• Aggregate functions

• CAST or CONVERT operations to numeric data types

• Other scalar functions that return a numeric data type

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+ | - | * | /

Operators for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. SQL evaluates numeric
arithmetic expressions in the following order:

• Unary plus or minus

• Expressions in parentheses

• Multiplication and division, from left to right

• Addition and subtraction, from left to right

2.7.2 Date Arithmetic Expressions

Date arithmetic expressions compute the difference between date-time expressions in terms of
days or milliseconds. SQL supports these forms of date arithmetic:

• Addition and subtraction of integers to and from date-time expressions

• Subtraction of a date-time expression from another

This is the syntax for a date_arith_expr:

SYNTAX

date_time_expr { + | - } int_expr
| date_time_expr - date_time_expr

date_time_expr

Returns a value of type DATE or TIME or TIMESTAMP. A single date-time expression

cannot mix data types, however. All elements of the expression must be the same data
type.

Date-time expressions can contain date-time literals, but they must be converted to DATE
or TIME using the CAST, CONVERT, or TO_DATE functions. See the following
examples: CAST Function (SQL-92 Compatible) and CONVERT Function (Progress
Extension).

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int_expr

Returns an integer value. SQL interprets the integer differently depending on the data type
of the date-time expression:

• For DATE expressions, integers represent days

• For TIME expressions, integers represent milliseconds

• For TIMESTAMP expressions, integers represent milliseconds

EXAMPLES
The following example manipulates DATE values using date arithmetic. SQL interprets
integers as days and returns date differences in units of days:

SELECT C1, C2, C1-C2 FROM DTEST

c1 c2 c1-c2
---------------------------------------
1956-05-07 1952-09-29 1316

select sysdate,
sysdate - 3 ,
sysdate - cast (’9/29/52’ as date)
from dtest;

sysdate sysdate-3 sysdate-convert(date,9/29/52)

----------------------------------------------------------
1995-03-24 1995-03-21 15516

The following example manipulates TIME values using date arithmetic. SQL interprets integers
as milliseconds and returns time differences in milliseconds:

select systime,
systime - 3000,
systime - cast (’15:28:01’ as time)
from dtest;

systime systime-3000 systime-convert(time,15:28:01)

----------------------------------------------------------
15:28:09 15:28:06 8000

2–41
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

2.7.3 Conditional Expressions

Conditional expressions are a subset of scalar functions that generate different results
depending on tests of the values of their arguments. They provide some of the flexibility of
traditional programming constructs to allow expressions to return varying results depending on
the value of their arguments.
The following scalar functions provide support for conditional expressions:

CASE

CASE is the most general conditional expression. It specifies a series of search conditions
and associated expressions. SQL returns the value specified by the first expression whose
associated search condition evaluates as true. If none of the expressions evaluate as true,
the CASE expression returns a null value, or the value of some other default expression if
the CASE expression includes the ELSE clause.

All the other conditional expressions can also be expressed as CASE expressions.

DECODE

DECODE is not compatible with the SQL-92 standard.

NULLIF

NULLIF substitutes a null value for an expression if it is equal to a second expression.

COALESCE

COALESCE specifies a series of expressions. SQL returns the first expression whose
value is not null. If all the expressions evaluate as null, COALESCE returns a null value.

IFNULL

IFNULL substitutes a specified value if an expression evaluates as null. If the expression

is not null, IFNULL returns the value of the expression.

2–42
 SQL-92 Language Elements

2.8 Literals
A literal is a type of expression that specifies a constant value. Literals are also called constants.
Generally, you can specify a literal wherever SQL syntax allows an expression. Some SQL
constructs allow literals but disallow other forms of expressions.
There are three types of literals:

• Numeric

• Character string

• Date-time

The following sections discuss each type of literal.

2.8.1 Numeric Literals

A numeric literal is a string of digits that SQL interprets as a decimal number. SQL allows the
string to be in a variety of formats, including scientific notation.
This is the syntax for a numeric_literal:

SYNTAX

[ + | ] { [ 0-9 ] [ 0-9 ] ... }

-
[ . [ 0-9 ] [ 0-9 ] ... ]
[ { E | e } [ + | - ][ 0-9 ] { [ 0-9 ]}]

EXAMPLE
The following numeric strings are all valid:

123
123.456
-123.456
12.34E-04

2–43
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

2.8.2 Character-String Literals

A character-string literal is a string of characters enclosed in single quotation marks ( ’ ’ ). To
include a single quotation mark in a character-string literal, precede it with an additional single
quotation mark.

EXAMPLE
The INSERT statements in the following example show embedding quotation marks in
character-string literals:

insert into quote values(’unquoted literal’);

insert into quote values(’’’single-quoted literal’’’);
insert into quote values(’"double-quoted literal"’);
insert into quote values(’O’’Hare’);
select * from quote;

c1
--
unquoted literal
’single-quoted literal’
"double-quoted literal"
O’Hare

4 records selected

NOTE

• A character string literal may contain multi-byte characters in the character set used by the
SQL client. Only single-byte ASCII-encoded quote marks are valid in the syntax.

2.8.3 Date-time Literals

SQL supports special formats for literals to be used in conjunction with date-time data types.
Basic predicates and the VALUES clause of INSERT statements can specify date literals
directly for comparison and insertion into tables. In other cases, you need to convert date literals
to the appropriate date-time data type with the CAST, CONVERT, or TO_DATE scalar
functions.
Enclose date-time literals in single quotation marks ( ’ ’ ).

NOTES

• All text (names of days, months, ordinal number endings) in all date-format literals must
be in the English Language. The default date format is American. You can explicitly
request another date format by using a format string.

2–44
 SQL-92 Language Elements

• Time literals are in the English Language only.

Date Literals
A date literal specifies a day, month, and year using any of the following formats, enclosed in
single quotation marks ( ’ ’ ).
This is the syntax for a date_literal:

SYNTAX

{ d ’yyyy-mm-dd’ }
| mm-dd-yyyy
| mm/dd/yyyy
| mm-dd-yy
| mm/dd/yy
| yyyy-mm-dd
| yyyy/mm/dd
| dd-mon-yyyy
| dd/mon/yyyy
| dd-mon-yy
| dd/mon/yy

{ d ’yyyy-mm-dd’ }

A date literal enclosed in an escape clause is compatible with ODBC. Precede the literal
string with an open brace ( { ) and a lowercase d. End the literal with a close brace.

NOTE: If you use the ODBC escape clause, you must specify the date using the format
yyyy-mm-dd.

dd

Specifies the day of month as a one or two digit number in the range 01-31.

mm

Specifies the month value as a one or two digit number in the range 01-12.

mon

Specifies the first 3 characters of the name of the month in the range ’JAN’ to ’DEC’.

2–45
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

yy

Specifies the last two digits of the year.

yyyy

Specifies the year as a four digit number.

EXAMPLES
The following example illustrates using the date literal format with an INSERT statement:

INSERT INTO dtest VALUES ( { d ’1998-05-07’ } )

The INSERT and SELECT statements in the following example show some of the supported
formats for date literals:

CREATE TABLE T2 (C1 DATE, C2 TIME);

INSERT INTO T2 (C1) VALUES(’5/7/56’);
INSERT INTO T2 (C1) VALUES(’7/MAY/1956’);
INSERT INTO T2 (C1) VALUES(’1956/05/07’);
INSERT INTO T2 (C1) VALUES({d ’1956-05-07’});
INSERT INTO T2 (C1) VALUES(’29-SEP-1952’);

SELECT C1 FROM T2;

--------------
c1
1956-05-07
1956-05-07
1956-05-07
1956-05-07
1952-09-29

2–46
 SQL-92 Language Elements

Time Literals
Time literals specify an hour, minute, second, and millisecond, using the following format,
enclosed in single quotation marks ( ’ ’ ).
This is the syntax for a time_literal:

SYNTAX

{ t ’hh:mi:ss’ } | hh:mi:ss[:mls ]

{ t ’hh:mi:ss’ }

A time literal enclosed in an escape clause is compatible with ODBC. Precede the literal
string with an open brace ( { ) and a lowercase t. End the literal with a close brace ( } ).

NOTE: If you use the ODBC escape clause, you must specify the time using the format
hh:mi:ss.

hh

Specifies the hour value as a two-digit number (in the range 00 to 23).

mi

Specifies the minute value as a two-digit number (in the range 00 to 59).

ss

Specifies the seconds value as a two-digit number (in the range 00 to 59).

mls

Specifies the milliseconds value as a two-digit number (in the range 000 to 999).

2–47
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

EXAMPLES
The following example illustrates using the time literal format with an INSERT statement:

INSERT INTO ttest VALUES ( { t ’23:22:12’ } ) ;

The INSERT statements in the following example show some of the formats SQL will and will
not accept for time literals:

INSERT INTO T2 (C2) VALUES(’3’);

error(-20234): Invalid time string

INSERT INTO T2 (C2) VALUES(’8:30’);

error(-20234): Invalid time string

INSERT INTO T2 (C2) VALUES(’8:30:1’);

INSERT INTO T2 (C2) VALUES(’8:30:’);
error(-20234): Invalid time string

INSERT INTO T2 (C2) VALUES(’8:30:00’);

INSERT INTO T2 (C2) VALUES(’8:30:1:1’);
INSERT INTO T2 (C2) VALUES({t’8:30:1:1’});

This SELECT statement illustrates which INSERT statements successfully inserted a row:

SELECT C2 FROM T2;c2

c2
--
08:30:01
08:30:00
08:30:01
08:30:01

2–48
 SQL-92 Language Elements

Timestamp Literals
Timestamp literals specify a date and a time separated by a space, enclosed in single quotation
marks ( ’ ’ ).
This is the syntax for a timestamp_literal:

SYNTAX

{ ts ’yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss’ } | ’date_literal time_literal’

{ ts ’yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss’ }

A timestamp literal enclosed in an escape clause is compatible with ODBC. Precede the
literal string with an open brace ( { ) and a lowercase ts. End the literal with a close brace
( } ). Note that braces are part of the syntax.

NOTE: If you use the ODBC escape clause, you must specify the timestamp using the format
yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss.

date_literal

A date literal.

time_literal

A time literal.

EXAMPLES
This example illustrates how to INSERT a time-stamp literal into a column:

INSERT INTO DTEST

VALUES ( { ts ’1956-05-07 10:41:37’} ) ;

This example illustrates a time-stamp literal with the ODBC escape clause:

SELECT * FROM DTEST WHERE C1 = {ts ’1985-08-10 05:41:37’} ;

2–49
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

2.9 Date-time Format Strings

The TO_CHAR scalar function supports a variety of format strings to control the output of date
and time values. The format strings consist of keywords that SQL interprets and replaces with
formatted values.
The format strings are case-sensitive. For instance, SQL replaces ’DAY’ with all uppercase
letters, but follows the case of ’Day’.
Supply the format strings, enclosed in single quotation marks, as the second argument to the
TO_CHAR function. For example:

EXAMPLE

SELECT C1 FROM T2;

C1
--
09/29/1952
1 record selected

SELECT TO_CHAR(C1, ’Day, Month ddth’),

TO_CHAR(C2, ’HH12 a.m.’) FROM T2;

TO_CHAR(C1,DAY, MONTH DDTH) TO_CHAR(C2,HH12 A.M.)

--------------------------- ---------------------
Monday , September 29th 02 p.m.
1 record selected

For information on the TO_CHAR function, see Chapter 4, “SQL-92 Functions.”

2–50
 SQL-92 Language Elements

2.9.1 Date-format Strings

A date-format string can contain any of the following format keywords along with other
characters. The format keywords in the format string are replaced by corresponding values to
get the result. The other characters are displayed as literals. Table 2-3 lists the date formats, and
the corresponding descriptions.

Table 2–3: Date-format Strings and Descriptions (1 of 2)

Date-
format Description
String

CC The century as a two-digit number.

YYYY The year as a four-digit number.

YYY The last three digits of the year.

YY The last two digits of the year.

Y The last digit of the year.

Y,YYY The year as a four-digit number with a comma after the first digit.

Q The quarter of the year as a one-digit number (with values 1, 2, 3, or 4).

MM The month value as a two-digit number (in the range 01-12).

MONTH The name of the month as a string of nine characters (’JANUARY’ to

’DECEMBER ’).

MON The first three characters of the name of the month (in the range ’JAN’ to
’DEC’).

WW The week of the year as a two-digit number (in the range 01-53).

W The week of the month as a one-digit number (in the range 1-5).

DDD The day of the year as a three-digit number (in the range 001-366).

DD The day of month as a two-digit number (in the range 01-31).

D The day of the week as a one-digit number (in the range 1-7, 1 for Sunday and
7 for Saturday).

2–51
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

Table 2–3: Date-format Strings and Descriptions (2 of 2)

Date-
format Description
String

DAY The day of the week as a character string of nine characters (in the range
’SUNDAY’ to ’SATURDAY ’).

DY The day of the week as a character string of three characters (in the range
’SUN’ to ’SAT’).

J The Julian day (number of days since DEC 31, 1899) as an eight-digit number.

TH When added to a format keyword that results in a number, this format keyword
(’TH’) is replaced by the string ’ST’, ’ND’, ’RD’, or ’TH’ depending on the
last digit of the number.

EXAMPLE
The following example illustrates the use of the DAY, MONTH, DD, and TH format strings:

SELECT C1 FROM T2;

C1
--
09/29/1952

1 record selected

SELECT TO_CHAR (C1, ’Day, Month ddth’),

TO_CHAR (C2, ’HH12 a.m.’) FROM T2;

TO_CHAR (C1,DAY, MONTH DDTH) TO_CHAR (C2,HH12 A.M.)

---------------------------- ----------------------
Monday, September 29th 02 p.m.

1 record selected

2–52
 SQL-92 Language Elements

2.9.2 Time-format Strings

A time format string can contain any of the following format keywords along with other
characters. The format keywords in the format string are replaced by corresponding values to
get the result. The other characters are displayed as literals. Table 2-4 lists the time formats, and
the corresponding descriptions.

Table 2–4: Time-format Strings and Descriptions

Time-
format Description
String

AM The string ’AM’ or ’PM’ depending on whether time corresponds to morning

or afternoon.
PM

A.M. The string ’A.M.’ or ’P.M.’ depending on whether time corresponds to

morning or afternoon.
P.M.

HH12 The hour value as a two-digit number (in the range 00 to 11).

HH The hour value as a two-digit number (in the range 00 to 23).

HH24

MI The minute value as a two-digit number (in the range 00 to 59).

SS The seconds value as a two-digit number (in the range 00 to 59).

SSSSS The seconds from midnight as a five-digit number (in the range 00000 to
86399).

MLS The milliseconds value as a three-digit number (in the range 000 to 999).

2–53
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

EXAMPLE
The following example illustrates the TO_CHAR function, and the Day, Month, dd, and HH12
format strings:

SELECT C1 FROM T2;

C1
--
09/29/1952

1 record selected

SELECT TO_CHAR (C1, ’Day, Month ddth’),

TO_CHAR (C2, ’HH12 a.m.’) FROM T2;

TO_CHAR (C1,DAY, MONTH DDTH) TO_CHAR (C2,HH12 A.M.)

---------------------------- ----------------------
Monday , September 29th 02 p.m.
1 record selected

2–54
 3
SQL-92 Statements

This chapter describes the function and syntax for each of these SQL-92 statements as shown
in Table 3–1.
SQL-92 Statements

SQL-92 Statements

Table 3–1: Progress SQL-92 Statements

ALTER USER Statement BEGIN-END DECLARE CALL Statement

SECTION

CLOSE Statement Column Constraints COMMIT Statement

CONNECT Statement CREATE INDEX Statement CREATE PROCEDURE

Statement

CREATE SYNONYM CREATE TABLE CREATE TRIGGER

Statement Statement Statement

CREATE USER Statement CREATE VIEW Statement DECLARE CURSOR

Statement

DELETE Statement DESCRIBE Statement DISCONNECT Statement

DROP INDEX Statement DROP PROCEDURE DROP SYNONYM

Statement Statement

DROP TABLE Statement DROP TRIGGER Statement DROP USER Statement

DROP VIEW Statement EXEC SQL Delimiter EXECUTE Statement

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE FETCH Statement GET DIAGNOSTICS

Statement Statement

GET DIAGNOSTICS GRANT Statement INSERT Statement

EXCEPTION Statement

LOCK TABLE Statement OPEN Statement PREPARE Statement

REVOKE Statement ROLLBACK Statement SELECT Statement

SET CONNECTION SET SCHEMA Statement SET TRANSACTION

Statement ISOLATION LEVEL
Statement

UPDATE Statement UPDATE STATISTICS WHENEVER Statement

Statement

3–2
 ALTER USER Statement

ALTER USER Statement

Changes the password for the specified user.

SYNTAX

ALTER USER 'username', 'old_password', 'new_password' ;

EXAMPLE
In this example username 'Jasper' changes the 'Jasper' account password from 'normandy' to
'brittany':

ALTER USER 'Jasper', 'normandy', 'brittany' ;

NOTES

• Used in conjunction with CREATE USER and DROP USER, the ALTER USER
statement provides a way to change a user password through SQL-92. This SQL-only
solution does not require the Progress dictionary.

• The old_password specification must match the current password for username.

AUTHORIZATION

User specified in username

SQL COMPLIANCE

Progress Extension

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

CREATE USER Statement, DROP USER Statement

3–3
BEGIN-END DECLARE SECTION

BEGIN-END DECLARE SECTION

Declares variables and types used by the precompiler. Any variables you refer to in an
embedded SQL-92 statement must be declared in a DECLARE SECTION. This section starts
with a BEGIN DECLARE SECTION statement and ends with an END DECLARE SECTION
statement. Each variable must be declared as a host language data type.

SYNTAX

EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION

host_lang_type variable_name ;
.
.
.
EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION

host_lang_type variable_name ;

A conventional C Language variable declaration. This form of variable declaration

conforms to the ANSI standard for the C Language.

SYNTAX

{ char | short | long | float | double }

EXAMPLE
This example is a code fragment from the StatSel function in the sample program
2StatSel.pc. The complete source for sample program, 2StatSel.pc, is listed in Appendix A
of the Progress Embedded SQL-92 Guide and Reference.

EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION ;

short InvTransNum_v ;
short Qty_v ;
short OrderNum_v ;
EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION ;

3–4
 BEGIN-END DECLARE SECTION

NOTES

• The C Language type int is not supported by ESQLC. Type int maps to 16 or 32 bits
depending on the machine architecture. This can create rounding errors at runtime as
values are passed across different machine architectures.

• Variables you declare in a BEGIN-END DECLARE SECTION can be used in C

Language statements as if they had been declared outside the DECLARE SECTION.

• The scope of variables follows host language scoping rules. The ESQLC variables are not
visible outside the file in which they are declared.

• DECLARE sections are permissible only where host language declarations are
permissible in the host language syntax. This restriction is due to how DECLARE
SECTION blocks are translated into the main body of host language declarations.

• Avoid DECLARE sections in header files that are included by more than one source file.
This can cause duplicate variables with the same name.

• The form of the variable created by ESQLC for each type is specified so that it can be
manipulated from host language statements. Declaring variables allows you to use the
variables in both host language and embedded SQL-92 statements.

AUTHORIZATION

None

SQL COMPLIANCE

Declarations that use host-language types

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL-92 only

RELATED STATEMENTS

Static Array Types (Chapter 14 in the Progress Embedded SQL-92 Guide and Reference)

3–5
CALL Statement

CALL Statement
Invokes a stored procedure.

SYNTAX

CALL proc_name ( [ parameter ][ , ... ] );

proc_name

The name of the procedure to invoke.

parameter

Literal or variable value to pass to the procedure.

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA or execute privileges

SQL COMPLIANCE

ODBC Extended SQL grammar, when enclosed in ODBC escape clause

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

CREATE PROCEDURE Statement, DROP PROCEDURE Statement

3–6
 CLOSE Statement

CLOSE Statement
Closing a cursor changes the state of the cursor from open to closed.

SYNTAX

EXEC SQL CLOSE cursor_name ;

cursor_name

An identifier named earlier in a DECLARE CURSOR statement and an OPEN CURSOR statement.

EXAMPLE
This example is a code fragment from the seldone routine in the sample program 4DynSel.pc.
The complete source for sample program, 4DynSel.pc, is listed in Appendix A of the Progress
Embedded SQL-92 Guide and Reference.

EXEC SQL CLOSE dyncur ;

EXEC SQL COMMIT WORK ;

NOTES

• Only a cursor in the open state can be set to the closed state.

• When a transaction ends, any cursors in the open state are automatically set to the closed
state.

• When a cursor is in the closed state, you cannot perform FETCH, DELETE, or UPDATE
operations using that cursor.

• It is good practice to close cursors explicitly.

3–7
CLOSE Statement

AUTHORIZATION

None (See AUTHORIZATION for the OPEN Statement)

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL-92 only

RELATED STATEMENTS

DECLARE CURSOR Statement, OPEN Statement, FETCH Statement, positioned

UPDATE Statement, positioned DELETE Statement

3–8
 Column Constraints

Column Constraints
Specifies a constraint for a column that restricts the values that the column can store. INSERT,
UPDATE, or DELETE statements that violate the constraint fail. The database returns a
constraint violation error with SQLCODE of -20116.
Column constraints are similar to table constraints, but their definitions are associated with a
single column rather than the entire table.

SYNTAX

CONSTRAINT constraint_name
NOT NULL [ PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE ]
| REFERENCES [ owner_name.]table_name [ ( column_name ) ]
| CHECK ( search_condition )

CONSTRAINT constraint_name

Allows you to assign a name that you choose to the column constraint. While this
specification is optional, this facilitates making changes to the column definition. If you
do not specify a constraint_name, the database assigns a name. These names can be long
and unwieldy, and you must query system tables to retrieve the name.

NOT NULL

Restricts values in the column to values that are not null.

NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY

Defines the column as the primary key for the table. There can be at most one primary key
for a table. A column with the NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY constraint should not contain null
or duplicate values. See the NOTE below.

Other tables can name primary keys as foreign keys in their REFERENCES clauses. If they
do, SQL restricts operations on the table containing the primary key in the following ways:

• DROP TABLE statements that delete the table fail.

• DELETE and UPDATE statements that modify values in the column that match a foreign
key's value also fail.

3–9
Column Constraints

NOT NULL UNIQUE

Defines the column as a unique key that cannot contain null or duplicate values. Columns
with NOT NULL UNIQUE constraints defined for them are also called candidate keys.

Other tables can name unique keys in their REFERENCES clauses. If they do, SQL restricts
operations on the table containing the unique key in the following ways:

REFERENCES table_name [ ( column_name ) ]

Defines the column as a foreign key and specifies a matching primary or unique key in
another table. The REFERENCES clause names the matching primary or unique key.

A foreign key and its matching primary or unique key specify a referential constraint. A
value stored in the foreign key must either be null or be equal to some value in the
matching unique or primary key.

You can omit the column_name argument if the table specified in the REFERENCES clause
has a primary key and you want the primary key to be the matching key for the constraint.

CHECK ( search_condition )

Specifies a column-level check constraint. SQL restricts the form of the search condition.
The search condition must not:

• Refer to any column other than the one with which it is defined

• Contain aggregate functions, subqueries, or parameter references

EXAMPLES
The following example shows the creation of a primary key column on the supplier table:

CREATE TABLE supplier (

supp_no INTEGER CONSTRAINT supp_key_con NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
name CHAR (30),
status SMALLINT,
city CHAR (20)
) ;

3–10
 Column Constraints

The following example creates a NOT NULL UNIQUE constraint to define the column ss_no as a
unique key for the employee table.

CREATE TABLE employee (

empno INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
ss_no INTEGER NOT NULL UNIQUE,
ename CHAR (19),
sal NUMERIC (10, 2),
deptno INTEGER NOT NULL
) ;

The following example defines order_item.orditem_order_no as a foreign key that references

the primary key orders.order_no:

CREATE TABLE orders (

order_no INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
order_date DATE
) ;

CREATE TABLE order_item (

orditem_order_no INTEGER REFERENCES orders ( order_no ),
orditem_quantity INTEGER
) ;

NOTE: The second CREATE TABLE statement in the previous example could have omitted the
column name order_no in the REFERENCES clause, since it refers to the primary key
of table orders.
The following example creates a check constraint:

CREATE TABLE supplier (

supp_no INTEGER NOT NULL,
name CHAR (30),
status SMALLINT,
city CHAR (20) CHECK (supplier.city <> 'BadApple')
) ;

NOTE: If a column is defined with a UNIQUE column constraints, no error results if more
than one row has a NULL value for the column. This is in compliance with the
SQL-92 standard.

3–11
COMMIT Statement

COMMIT Statement
Commits a transaction explicitly after executing one or more SQL statements. Committing a
transaction makes permanent any changes made by the SQL statements.

SYNTAX

COMMIT [ WORK ] ;

NOTES

• The SQL statements executed prior to executing the COMMIT statement are executed as
one atomic transaction that is recoverable and durable. The transaction is serializable if
you specify this isolation level.

• On a system failure and or the execution of the ROLLBACK, the transaction is rolled back
to its initial state. Any changes made by the transaction are undone, restoring the database
to its initial state. In the event of a system failure, the transaction will be rolled back during
crash recovery when the database is restarted.

• A COMMIT operation makes any database modifications made by that transaction

permanent.

• Once a COMMIT operation is executed the database modifications cannot be rolled back.

• Once a COMMIT operation is executed the transaction modifications are guaranteed

durable regardless of any transient system failures.

• The atomicity applies only to the database modification and not to any direct I/O
performed to devices such as the terminal, printer, and OS files by the application code.

• A COMMIT operation releases all locks implicitly or explicitly acquired by the

transaction.

• A COMMIT operation closes all open cursors.

3–12
 COMMIT Statement

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL and interactive SQL

RELATED STATEMENTS

ROLLBACK Statement

3–13
CONNECT Statement

CONNECT Statement
Establishes a connection to a database. Optionally, the CONNECT statement can also specify
a name for the connection and a username and password for authentication.

SYNTAX

CONNECT TO connect_string
[ AS connection_name ]
[ USER username ]
[ USING password ] ;

connect_string

SYNTAX

{ DEFAULT | db_name | db_type:T:host_name:port_num:db_name }

NOTE: Arguments to CONNECT must be either string literals enclosed in quotation marks
or character-string host variables.

connect_string

Specifies to which database to connect. If the CONNECT statement specifies DEFAULT, SQL
tries to connect to the environment-defined database, if any. The value of the DB_NAME
environment variable specifies the default connect string.

3–14
 CONNECT Statement

The connect_string can be a simple database name or a complete connect_string. A

complete connect string has the following components:

Connect String Description

db_type Type of database. The only currently supported database type

is 'progress.'

T T directs the SQL engine to use the TCP/IP protocol.

host_name Name of the system where the database resides.

port_num Port number to use for the connection.

db_name Name of the database.

connection_name

The name of the connection as either a character literal or host variable. If the CONNECT
statement omits a connection name, the default is the name of the database. Connection
names must be unique.

username

User name for authentication of the connection. SQL verifies the user name against a
corresponding password before it connects to the database. The value of the DH_USER
environment variable specifies the default user name. If DH_USER is not set, the value of
the USER environment variable specifies the default user name.

password

Password for authentication of the connection. SQL verifies the password against a
corresponding user name before it connects to the database.

The value of the DH_PASSWD environment variable determines the default password.

3–15
CONNECT Statement

NOTES

• Arguments to CONNECT must be either string literals enclosed in quotation marks or

character_string host variables.

• An application can connect to more than one database at a time, with a maximum of 10
connections. However, the application can actually gain access to only one database at a
time. The database name specified in the CONNECT statement becomes the active one.

• If an application executes a SQL statement before connecting to a database, an attempt is

made to connect to the environment-defined database, if any. If the connection is
successful, the SQL statement is executed on that database.

EXAMPLES
The following examples illustrate the CONNECT statement:

• The first statement shown connects to the salesdb database on the local system.

• The second statement connects to the custdb database on the local system.

• The last statement connects to the environment_defined database by default.

CONNECT TO "salesdb" AS "sales_conn";

CONNECT TO "progress:T:localhost:custdb" AS "cust_conn";
CONNECT TO DEFAULT;

See also the last example for the DISCONNECT Statement which illustrates the CONNECT,
SET CONNECTION, and DISCONNECT statements in combination.

AUTHORIZATION

None

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL only

RELATED STATEMENTS

DISCONNECT Statement, SET CONNECTION Statement

3–16
 CREATE INDEX Statement

CREATE INDEX Statement

Creates an index on the specified table using the specified columns of the table. An index
improves the performance of SQL operations whose predicates are based on the indexed
column. However, an index slows performance of INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE
operations.

SYNTAX

CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX index_name

ON table_name
( { column_name [ ASC | DESC ] } [, ... ] )
[ AREA area_name ];

UNIQUE

Does not allow the table to contain any rows with duplicate column values for the set of
columns specified for that index.

index_name

Must be unique within the local database.

table_name

The name of the table on which the index is being built.

column_name [ , ... ]
The columns on which searches and retrievals will be ordered. These columns are called
the index key. When more than one column is specified in the CREATE INDEX statement, a
concatenated index is created.

area_name

The name of the storage area where the index and its entries are stored.

ASC | DESC

Allows the index to be ordered as either ascending (ASC) or descending (DESC) on each
column of the concatenated index. The default is ASC.

3–17
CREATE INDEX Statement

NOTES

• The first index you create on a table should be the most fundamental key of the table. This
index (the first one created on a table) cannot be dropped except by dropping the table.

• An index slows performance of INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE operations.

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates how to create a UNIQUE INDEX on a table:

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX custindex ON customer (cust_no) ;

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privilege or INDEX privilege on the table.

SQL COMPLIANCE

ODBC Core SQL grammar

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

CREATE TABLE Statement, DROP INDEX Statement

3–18
 CREATE PROCEDURE Statement

CREATE PROCEDURE Statement

Creates a stored procedure. Stored procedures contain a Java code snippet that is processed into
a Java class definition and stored in the database in text and compiled form. SQL applications
invoke stored procedures through the SQL CALL statement or the procedure-calling
mechanisms of ODBC and JDBC.

SYNTAX

CREATE PROCEDURE [ owner_name.]procname

( [ parameter_decl [ , ... ] ] )
[ RESULT ( column_name data_type [ , ... ] ) ]
[ IMPORT
java_import_clause ]
BEGIN
java_snippet
END

parameter_decl

SYNTAX

{ IN | OUT | INOUT } parameter_name data_type

owner_name

Specifies the owner of the procedure. If the name is different from the user name of the
user executing the statement, then the user must have DBA privileges.

procname

Names the stored procedure. DROP PROCEDURE statements specify the procedure name
defined here. SQL also uses procname in the name of the Java class that it creates from the
Java snippet.

IN | OUT | INOUT

Specifies whether following parameter declaration is input, output, or both.

Calling applications pass values for input parameters in the CALL statement or CALL escape
sequence.

3–19
CREATE PROCEDURE Statement

Stored procedures assign values to output parameters as part of their processing.

INOUT parameters have both a value passed in and receive a new value during procedure
processing.

parameter_name data_type

Names a parameter and associates an SQL data type with it. The data_type must be one
of the supported data types described in the “Data Types” section in Chapter 2, “SQL-92
Language Elements.”

RESULT ( column_name data_type [ , ... ] )

Specifies columns in the result set the procedure returns. If the CREATE PROCEDURE
statement includes this clause, the Java snippet must explicitly insert rows into the result
set using the Java class SQLResultSet.

Note that the column_name argument is not used in the body of the stored procedure.
Instead, methods of the Java classes refer to columns in the result set by ordinal number,
not by name.

IMPORT
java_import_clause

Specifies standard Java classes to import. The IMPORT keyword must be uppercase and on
a separate line.

BEGIN
java_snippet
END

The body of the stored procedure. The body is a sequence of Java statements between the
BEGIN and END keywords. The Java statements become a method in a class that SQL
creates and submits to the Java compiler.

NOTE: The BEGIN and END keywords must be uppercase and on separate lines.

3–20
 CREATE PROCEDURE Statement

EXAMPLE

CREATE PROCEDURE new_sal (

IN deptnum INTEGER,
IN pct_incr INTEGER,
)
RESULT (
empname CHAR(20),
oldsal NUMERIC,
newsal NUMERIC
)
BEGIN
String ename = new String (20) ;
BigDecimal osal = new BigDecimal () ;
BigDecimal nsal = new BigDecimal () ;

SQLCursor empcursor = new SQLCursor (

"SELECT empname, sal, (sal * ( ? /100) + NVL (comm, 0)) total,
FROM emp WHERE deptnum = ? " ) ;

empcursor.setParam (1, pct_incr);

empcursor.setParam (2, deptnum);
empcursor.open () ;
do
{
empcursor.fetch ();
if (empcursor.found ())
{
ename = (StringBugger) empcursor.getValue (1, CHAR);
osal = (BigDecimal) empcursor.getValue (2, NUMERIC);
nsal = (BigDecimal) empcursor.getValue (3, NUMERIC);

SQLResultSet.set (1, ename);

SQLResultSet.set (2, osal);
SQLResultSet.set (3, nsal) ;
SQLResultSet.insert ();
}
} while (empcursor.found ()) ;

empcursor.close () ;
END

3–21
CREATE PROCEDURE Statement

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privilege, RESOURCE privilege, or ownership of procedure.

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92, ODBC Core SQL grammar

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

CALL Statement, DROP PROCEDURE Statement

3–22
 CREATE SYNONYM Statement

CREATE SYNONYM Statement

Creates a synonym for the specified table, view, or synonym. A synonym is an alias that SQL
statements can use instead of the name specified when the table, view, or synonym was created.

SYNTAX

CREATE [ PUBLIC ] SYNONYM synonym

FOR [ owner_name.] {table_name | view_name | synonym } ;

PUBLIC

Specifies that the synonym is public: all users can refer to the name without qualifying it.
By default, the synonym is private: other users must qualify the synonym by preceding it
with the user name of the user who created it.

Users must have the DBA privilege to create public synonyms.

SYNONYM synonym

Name for the synonym.

FOR [ owner_name.] { table_name | view_name | synonym }

Table, view, or synonym for which SQL creates the new synonym.

EXAMPLE

CREATE SYNONYM customer FOR smith.customer ;

CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM public_suppliers FOR smith.suppliers ;

3–23
CREATE SYNONYM Statement

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privilege or RESOURCE privilege.

SQL COMPLIANCE

Progress Extension

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

DROP SYNONYM Statement

3–24
 CREATE TABLE Statement

CREATE TABLE Statement

Creates a table definition. A table definition consists of a set of named column definitions for
data values that will be stored in rows of the table. SQL provides two forms of the CREATE
TABLE statement.
The first syntax form explicitly specifies column definitions. The second syntax form, with the
AS query_expression clause, implicitly defines the columns using the columns in a query
expression.

SYNTAX

CREATE TABLE [ owner_name.]table_name

( { column_definition | table_constraint }, ...)
[ AREA area_name ]
;
CREATE TABLE [ owner_name.]table_name
[ (column_name [ NOT NULL] , ... ) ]
[ AREA area_name ]
AS query_expression
;

owner_name

Specifies the owner of the table. If the name is different from the user name of the user
executing the statement, then the user must have DBA privileges.

table_name

Names the table you are defining.

column_definition:

SYNTAX

column_name data_type
[ DEFAULT { literal | NULL | SYSDATE } ]
[ column_constraint [ column_constraint , ... ] ]

3–25
CREATE TABLE Statement

column_name data_type

Names a column and associates a data type with it. The column names specified must
be different from other column names in the table definition. The data_type must be
one of the supported data types described in the “Data Types” section in Chapter 2,
“SQL-92 Language Elements.”

Note that when a table contains more than one column, a comma separator is required
after each column_definition except for the final column_definition.

DEFAULT

Specifies an explicit default value for a column. The column takes on the value if an
INSERT statement does not include a value for the column. If a column definition
omits the DEFAULT clause, the default value is NULL.

The DEFAULT clause accepts the following arguments:

literal An integer, numeric, or string constant.

NULL A null value.

SYSDATE The current date. Valid only for columns defined with
DATE data types. SYSDATE is equivalent to the Progress
default keyword TODAY.

column_constraint

Specifies a constraint that will be applied while inserting or updating a value in the
associated column. For more information, see the "Column Constraints" section.

table_constraint

Specifies a constraint that will be applied while inserting or updating a row in the
table. For more information, see the Table Constraints section.

AREA area_name

Specifies the name of the storage area where data stored in the table is to be stored.

If the specified area does not exist, the database returns an error. If you do not specify
an area, the default area is used.

3–26
 CREATE TABLE Statement

AS query_expression

Specifies a query expression to use for the data types and data values of the table's
columns. The types and lengths of the columns of the query expression result become
the types and lengths of the respective columns in the table created. The rows in the
resultant set of the query expression are inserted into the table after creating the table.
In this form of the CREATE TABLE statement, column names are optional. If omitted,
the names of the table's columns are taken from the column names of the query
expression.

EXAMPLES
In the following CREATE TABLE supplier_item example, the user issuing the CREATE
TABLE statement must have REFERENCES privilege on the itemno column of the table
john.item:

CREATE TABLE supplier_item (

supp_no INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
item_no INTEGER NOT NULL REFERENCES john.item (itemno),
qty INTEGER
) ;

The following CREATE TABLE statement explicitly specifies a table owner, gus:

CREATE TABLE gus.account (

account integer,
balance money (12),
info char (84)
) ;

The following example shows the AS query_expression form of CREATE TABLE to create and
load a table with a subset of the data in the customer table:

CREATE TABLE gus.dealer (name, street, city, state)

AS
SELECT name, street, city, state
FROM customer
WHERE customer.state IN ('CA','NY', 'TX') ;

3–27
CREATE TABLE Statement

The following example includes a NOT NULL column constraint and DEFAULT clauses for
column definitions:

CREATE TABLE emp (

empno integer NOT NULL,
deptno integer DEFAULT 10,
join_date date DEFAULT NULL
) ;

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privilege, RESOURCE privilege or SELECT privilege.

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92, ODBC Minimum SQL grammar, Progress Extensions: AREA and AS

query_expression

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

DROP TABLE Statement, “Query Expressions” in Chapter 2, “SQL-92 Language

Elements”

3–28
 CREATE TRIGGER Statement

CREATE TRIGGER Statement

Creates a trigger for the specified table. A trigger is a special type of automatically executed
stored procedure that helps ensure referential integrity for a database.
Triggers contain Java source code that can use SQL Java classes to carry out database
operations. Triggers are automatically activated when an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
statement changes the trigger's target table. The Java source code details what actions the trigger
takes when it is activated.

SYNTAX

CREATE TRIGGER [ owner_name.]trigname

{ BEFORE | AFTER }
{ INSERT | DELETE | UPDATE [ OF column_name [ , ... ] }
ON table_name
[ REFERENCING { OLDROW [ ,NEWROW ]| NEWROW [ ,OLDROW ] }]
[ FOR EACH { ROW | STATEMENT } ]
[ IMPORT
java_import_clause ]
BEGIN
java_snippet
END

owner_name

Specifies the owner of the trigger. If the name is different from the user name of the user
executing the statement, then the user must have DBA privileges.

trigname

Names the trigger. DROP TRIGGER statements specify the trigger name defined here. SQL
also uses trigname in the name of the Java class that it creates from the Java snippet.

BEFORE | AFTER

Denotes the trigger action time. The trigger action time specifies whether the triggered
action, implemented by java_snippet, executes BEFORE or AFTER the invoking INSERT,
UPDATE, or DELETE statement.

3–29
CREATE TRIGGER Statement

INSERT | DELETE | UPDATE [ OF column_name [ , ... ] ]

Denotes the trigger event. The trigger event is the statement that activates the trigger.

If UPDATE is the triggering statement, this clause can include an optional column list. Only
updates to any of the specified columns will activate the trigger. If UPDATE is the triggering
statement and does not include the optional column list, then any UPDATE on the table will
activate the trigger.

ON table_name

Identifies the name of the table where the trigger is defined. A triggering statement that
specifies table_name causes the trigger to execute. table_name cannot be the name of a
view.

REFERENCING OLDROW [ , NEWROW ] | NEWROW [ , OLDROW ]

Provides a mechanism for SQL to pass row values as input parameters to the stored
procedure implemented by java_snippet. The code in java_snippet uses the getValue
method of the NEWROW and OLDROW objects to retrieve values of columns in rows affected
by the trigger event and store them in procedure variables. This clause is allowed only if
the trigger specfies the FOR EACH ROW clause.

The meaning of the OLDROW and NEWROW arguments of the REFERENCING clause depends on
whether the trigger event is INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE:

• INSERT...REFERENCING NEWROW means the triggered action can access values of

columns of each row inserted. SQL passes the column values specified by the INSERT
statement.

• INSERT...REFERENCING OLDROW is meaningless, since there are no existing values for

a row being inserted. INSERT...REFERENCING OLDROW generates a syntax error.

• UPDATE...REFERENCING OLDROW means the triggered action can access the values of
columns, before they are changed, of each row updated. SQL passes the column
values of the row as it exists in the database before the update operation.

• DELETE...REFERENCING OLDROW means the triggered action can access values of

columns of each row deleted. SQL passes the column values of the row as it exists
in the database before the delete operation.

• DELETE...REFERENCING NEWROW is meaningless, since there are no new existing values

to pass for a row being deleted. DELETE...REFERENCING OLDROW generates a syntax
error.

3–30
 CREATE TRIGGER Statement

• UPDATE is the only triggering statement that allows both NEWROW and OLDROW in the
REFERENCING clause.

• UPDATE...REFERENCING NEWROW means the triggered action can access the values of
columns, after they are changed, of each row updated. SQL passes the column values
specified by the UPDATE statement.

NOTES

• The trigger action time (BEFORE or AFTER) does not affect the meaning of the REFERENCING
clause. For instance, BEFORE UPDATE...REFERENCING NEWROW still means the values of
columns after they are updated will be available to the triggered action.

• The REFERENCING clause generates an error if the trigger does not include the FOR EACH ROW
clause.

FOR EACH { ROW | STATEMENT }

Controls the execution frequency of the triggered action implemented by java_snippet.

FOR EACH ROW means the triggered action executes once for each row being updated by the
triggering statement. CREATE TRIGGER must include the FOR EACH ROW clause if it also
includes a REFERENCING clause.

FOR EACH STATEMENT means the triggered action executes only once for the whole
triggering statement. FOR EACH STATEMENT is the default.

IMPORT java_import_clause

Specifies standard Java classes to import. The IMPORT keyword must be uppercase and on
a separate line.

BEGIN
java_snippet
END

Denotes the body of the trigger or the triggered action. The body contains the Java source
code that implements the actions to be completed when a triggering statement specifies the
target table. The Java statements become a method in a class that SQL creates and submits
to the Java compiler.

The BEGIN and END keywords must be uppercase and on separate lines.

3–31
CREATE TRIGGER Statement

NOTES

• Triggers can take action on their own table so that they invoke themselves. SQL limits
such recursion to five levels.

• You can you have multiple triggers on the same table. Multiple UPDATE triggers on the
same table must specify different columns. SQL-92 executes all triggers applicable to a
given combination of table, trigger event, and action time.

• The actions carried out by a trigger can fire another trigger. When this happens, the other
trigger's actions execute before the rest of the first trigger finishes executing.

• If a constraint and trigger are both invoked by a particular SQL statement, SQL checks
constraints first, so any data modification that violates a constraint does not also fire a
trigger.

• To modify an existing trigger, you must delete it and issue another CREATE TRIGGER
statement. You can query the systrigger system table for information about the trigger
before you delete it.

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates an UPDATE trigger on a table called BUG_INFO. If the STATUS or
PRIORITY fields are modified, the trigger modifies the BUG_SUMMARY and
BUG_STATUS tables appropriately, based on defined conditions:

(1 of 3)

CREATE TRIGGER BUG_UPDATE_TRIGGER

AFTER UPDATE OF STATUS, PRIORITY ON BUG_INFO
REFERENCING OLDROW, NEWROW
FOR EACH ROW

IMPORT
import java.sql.* ;

3–32
 CREATE TRIGGER Statement

(2 of 3)

BEGIN
try
{
// column number of STATUS is 10
String old_status, new_status;

old_status = (STRING) OLDROW.GetValue(10, CHAR);

new_status = (STRING) NEWROW.GetValue(10, CHAR);

if ((old_status.CompareTo("OPEN") == 0) &&
(new_status.CompareTo("FIXED") == 0))

{
// If STATUS has changed from OPEN to FIXED
// increment the bugs_fixed_cnt by 1 in the
// row corresponding to current month
// and current year

SQLIStatement update_stmt (
" update BUG_STATUS set bugs_fixed_cnt = bugs_fixed_cnt + 1 "
" where month = ? and year = ?"
);

Integer current_month = 10;

Integer current_year = 1997;

update_stmt.SetParam(1, current_month);
update_stmt.SetParam(2, current_year);
update_stmt.Execute();

SQLIStatement insert_stmt (
" insert into BUG_SUMMARY values (?,?,?)"
);

// Column numbers for bug_id, priority, reported_on

// and fixed_on are 1, 2, 5, and 6
String bug_id,priority;
Date reported_on, fixed_on;

3–33
CREATE TRIGGER Statement

(3 of 3)

bug_id = (String) NEWROW.GetValue(1, CHAR);

priority = (String) NEWROW.GetValue(2, CHAR);
reported_on = (Date) NEWROW.GetValue(5,DATE);
fixed_on = (Data) NEWROW.GetValue(6, DATE);

Integer turn_around_time = fixed_on - reported_on;

insert_stmt.SetParam(1, bug_id);
insert_stmt.SetParam(2, priority);
insert_stmt.SetParam(3, turn_around_time);
insert_stmt.Execute();
}

// If PRIORITY has changed to URGENT,

// increment the bugs_escalated by 1 in the month field .

String old_priority, new_priority;

old_priority = (String) OLDROW.GetValue(2, CHAR);
new_priority = (String) NEWROW.GetValue(2, CHAR);

if ((new_priority.CompareTo("URGENT")==0) &&
(old_priority.CompareTo("URGENT") != 0))
{
// If PRIORITY has changed to URGENT increment the
// bugs_escalated by 1 in the row corresponding to
// current month and current year
SQLIStatement update_stmt (
" update BUG_STATUS
set bugs_escalated_cnt = bugs_escalated_cnt + 1 "
" where month = ? and year = ?"
);

Integer current_month = 10;

Integer current_year = 1997;

update_stmt.SetParam(1, current_month);
update_stmt.SetParam(2, current_year);
update_stmt.Execute();
}

}
catch (SQLException e)
{
// Log the exception message from e.
SQLException sqle = new SQLException("UPDATE_BUG_TRIGGER failed");
throw sqle;
}
END

3–34
 CREATE TRIGGER Statement

AUTHORIZATION

Must have the DBA privilege or RESOURCE privilege

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92, ODBC Core SQL grammar

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

DROP TRIGGER Statement

3–35
CREATE USER Statement

CREATE USER Statement

Creates the specified user.

SYNTAX

CREATE USER 'username', 'password' ;

EXAMPLE
In this example an account with DBA privileges creates the 'username' 'Jasper' with 'password'
'spaniel':

CREATE USER 'Jasper', 'spaniel' ;

NOTES

• Used in conjunction with ALTER USER Statement and DROP USER Statement, the
CREATE USER statement provides a way to manage user records through SQL. This
SQL_only solution does not require the Progress dictionary.

• The 'username' and 'password' must be enclosed in quotes.

• Before issuing the CREATE USER statement, there are no users defined in the user table
and any user may log into the database.

• After issuing the CREATE USER statement, only users defined in the user table may log
into the database.

3–36
 CREATE USER Statement

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privileges

SQL COMPLIANCE

Progress Extension

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

ALTER USER Statement, DROP USER Statement

3–37
CREATE VIEW Statement

CREATE VIEW Statement

Creates a view with the specified name on existing tables or views.

SYNTAX

CREATE VIEW [ owner_name.]view_name

[ ( column_name, column_name,... ) ]
AS [ ( ] query_expression [ ) ]
[ WITH CHECK OPTION ] ;

owner_name

Owner of the created view

( column_name, column_name,... )

Specifies column names for the view. These names provide an alias for the columns
selected by the query specification. If the column names are not specified, then the view
is created with the same column names as the tables or views on which it is based.

WITH CHECK OPTION

Checks that the updated or inserted row satisfies the view definition. The row must be
selectable using the view. The WITH CHECK OPTION clause is only allowed on an updatable
view.

NOTES

• A view is deletable if deleting rows from that view is allowed. For a view to be deletable,
the view definition has to satisfy the following conditions:

– The first FROM clause contains only one table reference or one view reference.

– There are no aggregate functions, DISTINCT clause, GROUP BY clause, or

HAVING clause in the view definition.

– If the first FROM clause contains a view reference, then the view referred to is
deletable.

3–38
 CREATE VIEW Statement

• A view is updatable if updating rows from that view is allowed. For a view to be
updatable, the view has to satisfy the following conditions:

– The view is deletable (it satisfies all the conditions specified above for deletability).

– All the select expressions in the first SELECT clause of the view definition are
simple column references.

– If the first FROM clause contains a view reference, then the view referred to is
updatable.

• A view is insertable if inserting rows into that view is allowed. For a view to be insertable,
the view has to satisfy the following conditions:

– The view is updatable (it satisfies all the conditions specified above for updatability).

– If the first FROM clause contains a table reference, then all NOT NULL columns of
the table are selected in the first SELECT clause of the view definition.

– If the first FROM clause contains a view reference, then the view referred to is
insertable.

EXAMPLE

CREATE VIEW ne_customers AS

SELECT cust_no, name, street, city, state, zip
FROM customer
WHERE state IN ( 'NH', 'MA', 'ME', 'RI', 'CT', 'VT' )
WITH CHECK OPTION ;
CREATE VIEW order_count (cust_number, norders) AS
SELECT cust_no, COUNT(*)
FROM orders
GROUP BY cust_no;

3–39
CREATE VIEW Statement

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privilege, RESOURCE privilege, or SELECT privilege

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92, ODBC Core SQL grammar

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

“Query Expressions” in Chapter 2, “SQL-92 Language Elements”, DROP VIEW

Statement

3–40
 DECLARE CURSOR Statement

DECLARE CURSOR Statement

Associates a cursor with a static query or a prepared dynamic query statement. The query or the
prepared statement can have references to host variables.

SYNTAX

DECLARE cursor_name CURSOR FOR

{ query_expression [ ORDER BY clause ][ FOR UPDATE clause ]
| prepared_statement_name
} ;

cursor_name

A name you assign to the cursor. The name must meet the requirements for an identifier.

query_expression [ ORDER BY clause ] [FOR UPDATE clause ]

A complete query expression.

prepared_statement_name

The name assigned to a prepared SQL-92 statement in an earlier PREPARE statement.

EXAMPLES
This example illustrates static processing of a SELECT statement. This is a code fragment from
the StatSel function in sample program 2StatSel.pc. The complete source for this sample
program is in Appendix A of the Progress Embedded SQL-92 Guide and Reference.

EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR GOTO selerr ;

EXEC SQL DECLARE stcur CURSOR FOR
SELECT InvTransNum, Qty, OrderNum FROM PUB.InventoryTrans ;
EXEC SQL OPEN stcur ;
EXEC SQL WHENEVER NOT FOUND GOTO seldone ;

3–41
DECLARE CURSOR Statement

This example is a code fragment from the DynSel function in sample program 4DynSel.pc,
which illustrates dynamic processing of a SELECT statement. The complete source for this
sample program is in Appendix A of the Progress Embedded SQL-92 Guide and Reference.

EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR GOTO selerr ;

EXEC SQL PREPARE stmtid from :sel_stmt_v ;
EXEC SQL DECLARE dyncur CURSOR FOR stmtid ;
EXEC SQL OPEN dyncur ;
EXEC SQL WHENEVER NOT FOUND GOTO seldone ;

NOTES

• You must declare a cursor before any OPEN Statement, FETCH Statement, or CLOSE
Statement.

• The scope of the cursor declaration is the entire source file in which it is declared. The
operations on the cursor such as OPEN Statement, CLOSE Statement, and FETCH
Statement can occur only within the same compilation unit as the cursor declaration.

• The use of a cursor allows the execution of the positioned forms of the UPDATE and
DELETE statements.

• If the DECLARE statement corresponds to a static SQL statement with parameter

references:

– The DECLARE statement must be executed before each execution of an OPEN

statement for the same cursor.

– The DECLARE statement and the OPEN statement that follows must occur within
the same transaction within the same task.

– If the statement contains parameter references to automatic variables or function

arguments, the DECLARE statement and the following OPEN statement for the
same cursor must occur within the same C function.

• See the "SELECT a Single Row" reference entry for descriptions of the ORDER BY
Clause and FOR UPDATE Clause.

3–42
 DECLARE CURSOR Statement

AUTHORIZATION

None (See AUTHORIZATION for the OPEN Statement)

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92. Progress Extension: prepared_statement_name

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL-92 only

RELATED STATEMENTS

PREPARE Statement, OPEN Statement, FETCH Statement, CLOSE Statement, SELECT

Statement, “Query Expressions” in Chapter 2, “SQL-92 Language Elements”

3–43
DELETE Statement

DELETE Statement
Deletes zero, one, or more rows from the specified table that satisfy the search condition
specified in the WHERE clause. If the optional WHERE clause is not specified, then the
DELETE statement deletes all rows of the specified table.

SYNTAX

DELETE FROM [ owner_name.] { table_name | view_name }

[ WHERE search_condition ];

EXAMPLE

DELETE FROM customer WHERE customer_name = 'RALPH' ;

NOTE

• If the table has primary or candidate keys and there are references from other tables to the
rows to be deleted, the statement is rejected.

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privilege, ownership of the table, of DELETE permission of the table.

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92, ODBC Extended SQL grammar

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

“Search Conditions” in Chapter 2, “SQL-92 Language Elements”, WHERE Clause

3–44
 DESCRIBE Statement

DESCRIBE Statement
Writes information about a prepared statement to the SQL Descriptor Area (SQLDA). You use
a DESCRIBE statement in a series of steps that allows a program to accept SQL-92 statements
at run time. Dynamically generated statements are not part of a program's source code; they are
generated at run time.
There are two forms of the DESCRIBE statement:

• The DESCRIBE BIND VARIABLES Statement writes information about input variables
in an expression to an SQLDA. These variables can be substitution variable names or
parameter markers.

• The DESCRIBE SELECT LIST Statement writes information about select list items in a
prepared SELECT statement to an SQLDA.

SYNTAX

DESCRIBE [ BIND VARIABLES | SELECT LIST ] FOR statement_name

INTO input_sqlda_name ;

The SQLDA is a host language data structure used in dynamic SQL-92 processing. DESCRIBE
statements write information about the number, data types, and sizes of input variables or select
list items to SQLDA structures. Program logic then processes that information to allocate
storage. OPEN, EXECUTE, and FETCH statements read the SQLDA structures for the
addresses of the allocated storage.
For more information see the DESCRIBE BIND VARIABLES Statement and the DESCRIBE
SELECT LIST Statement.

3–45
DESCRIBE BIND VARIABLES Statement

DESCRIBE BIND VARIABLES Statement

Writes information about any input variables in the prepared statement to an input SQLDA
structure.

SYNTAX

DESCRIBE BIND VARIABLES FOR statement_name INTO input_sqlda_name ;

statement_name

The name of an input SQL-92 statement to be processed using dynamic SQL-92 steps.
Typically, this is the same statement_name used in the PREPARE statement.

input_sqlda_name

The name of the SQLDA structure to which DESCRIBE will write information about input
variables. Input variables represent values supplied to INSERT and UPDATE statements at
run time, and to predicates in DELETE, UPDATE, and SELECT statements at run time.

To utilize the DESCRIBE BIND VARIABLES statement in your application, issue statements
in the following order:

1. PREPARE

2. DESCRIBE BIND VARIABLES

3. EXECUTE or OPEN CURSOR

The DESCRIBE BIND VARIABLES statement writes the number of input variables to the
sqld_nvars field of the SQLDA. If the sqld_size field of the SQLDA is not equal to or greater
than this number, DESCRIBE writes the value as a negative number to sqld_nvars. Design
your application to check sqld_nvars for a negative number to determine if a particular
SQLDA is large enough to process the current input statement.
Input variables in dynamic SQL-92 statements are identified by parameter markers or as
substitution names. See the PREPARE Statement for more information.

3–46
 DESCRIBE BIND VARIABLES Statement

AUTHORIZATION

None

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL-92 only

RELATED STATEMENTS

PREPARE Statement, DECLARE CURSOR Statement, OPEN Statement, FETCH

Statement, CLOSE Statement

3–47
DESCRIBE SELECT LIST Statement

DESCRIBE SELECT LIST Statement

Writes information about select list items in a prepared SELECT statement to an output SQLDA
structure.

SYNTAX

DESCRIBE SELECT LIST FOR statement_name INTO output_sqlda_name ;

statement_name

The name of a SELECT statement to be processed using dynamic SQL-92 steps. Typically,
this is the same statement_name as in the PREPARE Statement.

output_sqlda_name

The name of the SQLDA structure to which DESCRIBE will write information about select
list items.

NOTE: Select list items are column names and expressions in a SELECT Statement. A
FETCH Statement writes the values returned by a SELECT Statement to the
addresses stored in an output SQLDA.
To utilize the DESCRIBE SELECT LIST statement in your application, issue statements in the
following order:

1. DECLARE CURSOR

2. PREPARE

3. OPEN

4. DESCRIBE SELECT LIST

5. FETCH

A DESCRIBE SELECT LIST statement writes the number of select list items to the
sqld_nvars field of an output SQLDA. If the sqld_size field of the SQLDA is not equal to or
greater than this number, DESCRIBE writes the value as a negative number to sqld_nvars.
Design your application to check sqld_nvars for a negative number to determine if a particular
output SQLDA is large enough to process the current SELECT Statement.

3–48
 DESCRIBE SELECT LIST Statement

AUTHORIZATION

None

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL-92 only

RELATED STATEMENTS

PREPARE Statement, DECLARE CURSOR Statement, OPEN Statement, FETCH

Statement, CLOSE Statement

3–49
DISCONNECT Statement

DISCONNECT Statement
Terminates the connection between an application and the database to which it is connected.

SYNTAX

DISCONNECT { 'connection_name' | CURRENT | ALL | DEFAULT } ;

connection_name

The name of the connection as either a character literal or host variable. See the
CONNECT Statement for more information on the connection_name.

CURRENT

Disconnects the current connection.

ALL

Disconnects all established connections.

DEFAULT

Disconnects the connection to the default database.

EXAMPLES
The first example illustrates CONNECT TO AS 'connection_name' and DISCONNECT
'connection_name'.

EXEC SQL
CONNECT TO 'progress:T:localhost:6745:salesdb' AS 'conn_1' ;
/*
** C Language and embedded SQL-92 application processing against the
** database in the connect_string
*/
.
.
.
EXEC SQL
DISCONNECT 'conn_1' ;

3–50
 DISCONNECT Statement

This example illustrates CONNECT TO DEFAULT and DISCONNECT DEFAULT:

EXEC SQL
CONNECT TO DEFAULT ;
/*
** C Language and embedded SQL-92 application processing against the
** database in the connect_string
*/
.
.
.
EXEC SQL
DISCONNECT DEFAULT ;

This example disconnects all database connections. After you issue DISCONNECT ALL there
is no current connection.

EXEC SQL
DISCONNECT ALL;

The following example illustrates the CONNECT, SET CONNECTION, and DISCONNECT
statements in combination using these steps:

1. CONNECT TO 'connect_string' AS 'connection_name' which establishes a

connect_string connection to the database in the 'connect_string'; the connection has
the name 'conn_1'

2. CONNECT TO DEFAULT which establishes a connection to the DEFAULT database

and sets this connection current

3. DISCONNECT DEFAULT which disconnects the connection to the DEFAULT database

4. SET CONNECTION 'connection_name' which sets the 'conn_1' connection current

5. DISCONNECT CURRENT which disconnects the 'conn_1' connection

3–51
DISCONNECT Statement

This example illustrates connection management statements in combination:

/*
** 1. CONNECT TO 'connect_string'
*/
EXEC SQL
CONNECT TO 'progress:T:localhost:6745:salesdb' AS 'conn_1' ;
/*
** 2. CONNECT TO DEFAULT. This suspends the conn_1 connection
** and sets the DEFAULT connection current
*/
EXEC SQL
CONNECT TO DEFAULT ;
/*
** Application processing against the DEFAULT database
*/
.
.
.
/*
** 3. DISCONNECT DEFAULT
*/
EXEC SQL
DISCONNECT DEFAULT ;
/*
** 4. Set the first connection, conn_1, current
*/
EXEC SQL
SET CONNECTION conn_1 ;
/*
** Application processing against the database in the connect_string
*/
.
.
.
/*
** 5. DISCONNECT the conn_1 connection, which is the current connection.
*/
EXEC SQL
DISCONNECT CURRENT ;

3–52
 DISCONNECT Statement

NOTES

• When you specify DISCONNECT 'connection_name' or DISCONNECT CURRENT and

there is also an established connection to the DEFAULT database, the connection to the
DEFAULT database becomes the current connection. If there is no DEFAULT database
there is no current connection after the SQL engine processes the DISCONNECT.

• The DISCONNECT DEFAULT statement terminates the connection to the DEFAULT

database. If this connection is the current connection, there is no current connection after
this DISCONNECT statement is executed.

AUTHORIZATION

None

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL only

RELATED STATEMENTS

CONNECT Statement, SET CONNECTION Statement

3–53
DROP INDEX Statement

DROP INDEX Statement

Deletes an index on the specified table.

SYNTAX

DROP INDEX [ index_owner_name.]index_name

ON [ table_owner_name.]table_name ;

index_owner_name

Specifies the name of the index owner. If index_owner_name is specified and is different
from the name of the user executing the statement, then the user must have DBA
privileges.

table_name

Verifies the index_name to correspond to the table. This argument is optional.

NOTE: You cannot drop the first index created on a table, except by dropping the table.

EXAMPLE

DROP INDEX custindex ON customer ;

3–54
 DROP INDEX Statement

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privilege or ownership of the index.

SQL COMPLIANCE

ODBC Core SQL grammar

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL , ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

CREATE INDEX Statement

3–55
DROP PROCEDURE Statement

DROP PROCEDURE Statement

Deletes a stored procedure.

SYNTAX

DROP PROCEDURE [ owner_name.]procedure_name ;

owner_name

Specifies the owner of the procedure.

procedure_name

Name of the stored procedure to delete.

EXAMPLE

DROP PROCEDURE new_sal ;

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privilege or owner of a stored procedure.

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92, ODBC Core SQL grammar

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

CALL Statement, CREATE PROCEDURE Statement

3–56
 DROP SYNONYM Statement

DROP SYNONYM Statement

Drops the specified synonym.

SYNTAX

DROP [ PUBLIC ] SYNONYM synonym ;

PUBLIC

Specifies that the synonym was created with the PUBLIC argument.

SYNONYM synonym

Name for the synonym.

EXAMPLE

DROP SYNONYM customer ;

DROP PUBLIC SYNONYM public_suppliers ;

NOTES

• If DROP SYNONYM specifies PUBLIC and the synonym was not a public synonym, SQL
generates the base table not found error.

• If DROP SYNONYM does not specify public and the synonym was created with the PUBLIC
argument, SQL generates the base table not found error.

3–57
DROP SYNONYM Statement

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privilege or ownership of the synonym (for DROP SYNONYM).

SQL COMPLIANCE

Progress Extension

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

CREATE SYNONYM Statement

3–58
 DROP TABLE Statement

DROP TABLE Statement

Deletes the specified table.

SYNTAX

DROP TABLE [ owner_name.]table_name ;

owner_name

Specifies the owner of the table.

table_name

Names the table to drop.

EXAMPLE

DROP TABLE customer ;

NOTES

• If owner_name is specified and is different from the name of the user executing the
statement, then the user must have DBA privileges.

• When a table is dropped, the indexes on the table and the privileges associated with the
table are dropped automatically.

• Views dependent on the dropped table are not automatically dropped, but become invalid.

• If the table is part of another table's referential constraint (if the table is named in another
table's REFERENCES clause), the DROP TABLE statement fails. You must DROP the
referring table first.

3–59
DROP TABLE Statement

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privilege or ownership of the table.

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92, ODBC Minimum SQL grammar

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

CREATE TABLE Statement

3–60
 DROP TRIGGER Statement

DROP TRIGGER Statement

Deletes a trigger.

SYNTAX

DROP TRIGGER [ owner_name.]trigger_name ;

owner_name

Specifies the owner of the trigger.

trigger_name

Names the trigger to drop.

EXAMPLE

DROP TRIGGER sal_check ;

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privilege or ownership of the trigger.

SQL COMPLIANCE

Progress Extension

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

CREATE TRIGGER Statement

3–61
DROP USER Statement

DROP USER Statement

Deletes the specified user.

SYNTAX

DROP USER 'username' ;

'username'

Specifies the user name to delete. The 'username' must be enclosed in quotes.

EXAMPLE
In this example, an account with DBA privileges drops the 'username' 'Jasper':

DROP USER 'Jasper' ;

NOTES

• Used in conjunction with CREATE USER Statement and ALTER USER Statement, the
DROP USER statement provides a way to manage user records through SQL. This
SQL-only solution does not require the Progress dictionary.

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privileges.

SQL COMPLIANCE

Progress Extension

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

ALTER USER Statement, CREATE USER Statement

3–62
 DROP VIEW Statement

DROP VIEW Statement

Deletes the view from the database.

SYNTAX

DROP VIEW [ owner_name.]view_name ;

owner_name

Specifies the owner of the view.

view_name

Names the view to drop.

EXAMPLE

DROP VIEW newcustomers ;

NOTES

• If owner_name is specified and is different from the name of the user executing the
statement, then the user must have DBA privileges.

• When a view is dropped, other views that are dependent on this view are not dropped. The
dependent views become invalid.

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privilege or ownership of the view.

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92, ODBC Core SQL grammar

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

CREATE VIEW Statement

3–63
EXEC SQL Delimiter

EXEC SQL Delimiter

In C Language programs, you must precede embedded SQL-92 statements with the EXEC SQL
delimiter so that the precompiler can distinguish statements from the host language statements.
NOTE: Constructs within a BEGIN-END DECLARE SECTION do not require the EXEC
SQL delimiter.

SYNTAX

EXEC SQL sql_statement ;

sql_statement

An SQL-92 statement to be processed by the ESQLC precompiler. You must terminate

each SQL-92 statement with a semicolon to mark the end of the statement.

EXAMPLE
This example is a code fragment from the DynSel function in sample program 4DynSel.pc,
which illustrates dynamic processing of a SELECT statement. The complete source for sample
program, 2StatSel.pc, is listed in Appendix A of the Progress Embedded SQL-92 Guide and
Reference.

EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR GOTO selerr ;

EXEC SQL PREPARE stmtid from :sel_stmt_v ;
EXEC SQL DECLARE dyncur CURSOR FOR stmtid ;
EXEC SQL OPEN dyncur ;
EXEC SQL WHENEVER NOT FOUND GOTO seldone ;

NOTE

• In general, the ESQLC precompiler does not parse host language statements and therefore
does not detect any syntax or semantic errors in host language statements. The exceptions
to this rule are:

– Recognition of host language blocks. The precompiler recognizes host language

blocks in order to determine the scope of variables and types.

– Constants defined with the #define preprocessor command. To evaluate these

constants, the ESQLC precompiler invokes the C Language preprocessor before
beginning embedded SQL-92 processing.

3–64
 EXEC SQL Delimiter

AUTHORIZATION

None

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL-92 only

RELATED STATEMENTS

None

3–65
EXECUTE Statement

EXECUTE Statement
Executes the statement specified in statement_name. This is the syntax for an EXECUTE
statement:

SYNTAX

EXECUTE statement_name
[ USING
{ [ SQL ] DESCRIPTOR structure_name
| :host_variable [ [ INDICATOR ] :ind_variable ] , ... }
] ;

statement_name

Name of the prepared SQL-92 statement.

structure_name

Name of an SQL-92 descriptor area (SQLDA).

EXAMPLE
This example is a code fragment from the DynUpd function in sample program 3DynUpd.pc,
which illustrates dynamic processing of an UPDATE statement. The complete source for
sample program, 2StatSel.pc, is listed in Appendix A of the Progress Embedded SQL-92
Guide and Reference.

/*
** Process the non-SELECT input statement
** PREPARE the statement
** EXECUTE the prepared statement
** COMMIT WORK
*/

EXEC SQL PREPARE dynstmt FROM :sql_stmt_v ;

EXEC SQL EXECUTE dynstmt ;
EXEC SQL COMMIT WORK ;

3–66
 EXECUTE Statement

NOTES

• A statement must be processed with a PREPARE statement before it can be processed

with an EXECUTE statement.

• A prepared statement can be executed multiple times in the same transaction. Typically
each call to the EXECUTE statement supplies a different set of host variables.

• If there is no DESCRIPTOR in the USING clause, the EXECUTE statement is restricted

to the number of variables specified in the host variable list. The number and type of the
variables must be known at compile time. The host variables must be declared in the
DECLARE SECTION before they can be used in the USING clause of the EXECUTE
statement.

• If there is a DESCRIPTOR in the USING clause, the program can allocate space for the
input host variables at runtime.

AUTHORIZATION

(See AUTHORIZATION for the relevant statement)

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL-92 only

RELATED STATEMENTS

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement, PREPARE Statement, SQLCA structure

3–67
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement

Executes the statement specified in a statement_string or host_variable.

SYNTAX

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE { statement_string | host_variable } ;

statement_name

Name of the prepared SQL-92 statement.

structure_name

Name of an SQL-92 descriptor area (SQLDA).

NOTES

• The character string form of the statement is referred to as a statement string. An

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement accepts either a statement string or a host variable as
input.

• A statement string must not contain host variable references or parameter markers.

• A statement string must not begin with EXEC SQL Delimiter and must not end with a
semicolon.

• When an EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement is executed, the SQL engine parses the
statement and checks it for errors. Any error in the execution of the statement is reported
in the SQLCA.

• If the same SQL-92 statement is to be executed multiple times, it is more efficient to use
PREPARE and EXECUTE statements, rather than an EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
statement.

3–68
 EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement

AUTHORIZATION

(See AUTHORIZATION for the relevant statement)

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL-92 only

RELATED STATEMENTS

EXECUTE Statement, SQLCA structure

3–69
FETCH Statement

FETCH Statement
Moves the position of the cursor to the next row of the active set and fetches the column values
of the current row into the specified host variables.

SYNTAX

FETCH cursor_name
{ USING SQL DESCRIPTOR structure_name
| INTO :host_var_ref [[ INDICATOR ] :ind_var_ref ] , ...
} ;

cursor_name

A name identified in an earlier DECLARE CURSOR statement and an OPEN CURSOR statement.

USING SQL DESCRIPTOR structure_name

Directs the SQL engine to FETCH data into storage addressed by an SQLDA structure.

INTO :host_var_ref [ [ INDICATOR ] :ind_var_ref ]

Directs the SQL engine to FETCH data into the identified host variables, and to set values
in the identified indicator variables.

3–70
 FETCH Statement

EXAMPLE
The complete source for sample program 4DynSel.pc is listed in Appendix A of the Progress
Embedded SQL-92 Guide and Reference. This example is a code fragment from the dynsel
function in that sample program:

/*
** One way to limit the number of rows returned is to
** set a new value for "j" here. As supplied in the SPORTS200 database,
** the PUB.InventoryTrans table contains 75 rows.
*/
j = 100;
for (i = 0; i < j; i++)
{
EXEC SQL FETCH dyncur INTO
:int_p1_v, :int_p2_v, :char_p_v ;
if (i == 0)
{
printf (" 1st col 2nd col 3rd col");
printf (" ------- ------- --------");
}
printf (" %d %d %s ",
int_p1_v, int_p2_v, char_p_v) ;
}

NOTES

• A FETCH operation requires that the cursor be open.

• The positioning of the cursor for each FETCH operation is as follows:

– The first time you execute a FETCH statement after opening the cursor, the cursor is
positioned to the first row of the active set.

– Subsequent FETCH operations advance the cursor position in the active set. The next
row becomes the current row.

– When the current row is deleted using a positioned DELETE statement, the cursor is
positioned before the row after the deleted row in the active set.

• The cursor can only be moved forward in the active set by executing FETCH statements.
To move the cursor to the beginning of the active set, you must CLOSE the cursor and
OPEN it again.

3–71
FETCH Statement

• If the cursor is positioned on the last row of the active set or if the active set does not
contain any rows, executing a FETCH will return the status code SQL_NOT_FOUND in
the SQLCA.

• After a successful FETCH, the total row count fetched so far for this cursor is returned in
sqlca.sqlerrd[2]. The count is set to zero after an OPEN cursor operation.

• You can FETCH multiple rows in one FETCH operation by using array variables in the
INTO clause. The SQL_NOT_FOUND status code is returned in the SQLCA when the
end of the active set is reached, even if the current FETCH statement returns one or more
rows.

• If you use array variables in a FETCH Statement, the array sizes are set to the number of
rows fetched after the FETCH statement is executed.

AUTHORIZATION

None (See AUTHORIZATION for the OPEN Statement)

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92; Progress Extension: USING DESCRIPTOR clause

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL-92 only

RELATED STATEMENTS

DECLARE CURSOR Statement, OPEN Statement, CLOSE Statement

3–72
 GET DIAGNOSTICS Statement

GET DIAGNOSTICS Statement

Retrieves information about the execution of the previous SQL statement from the SQL
diagnostics area. The diagnostics area is a data structure that contains information about the
execution status of the most recent SQL statement. Specifically, GET DIAGNOSTICS extracts
information about the SQL statement as a whole from the SQL diagnostics area's header
component.
NOTE: The GET DIAGNOSTICS EXCEPTION number extracts detail information.

SYNTAX

GET DIAGNOSTICS
:param = header_info_item
[ , :param = header_info_item ] , ... ;

:param

A host-language variable to receive the information returned by the GET DIAGNOSTICS

statement. The host-language program must declare a param compatible with the SQL data
type of the information item.

header_info_item

One of the following keywords, which returns associated information about the
diagnostics area or the SQL statement:

SYNTAX

NUMBER | MORE | COMMAND_FUNCTION | DYNAMIC_FUNCTION | ROW_COUNT

NUMBER

The number of detail areas in the diagnostics area. Currently, NUMBER is always 1.
NUMBER is type NUMERIC with a scale of 0.

MORE

A one-character string with a value of Y (all conditions are detailed in the diagnostics
area) or N (all conditions are not detailed) that tells whether the diagnostics area
contains information on all the conditions resulting from the statement.

3–73
GET DIAGNOSTICS Statement

COMMAND_FUNCTION

Contains the character-string code for the statement (as specified in the SQL-92
standard), if the statements was a static SQL statement. If the statement was a
dynamic statement, contains either the character string 'EXECUTE' or 'EXECUTE
IMMEDIATE'.

DYNAMIC_FUNCTION

Contains the character-string code for the statement (as specified in the SQL-92
standard). For dynamic SQL statements only (as indicated by 'EXECUTE' or 'EXECUTE
IMMEDIATE' in the COMMAND_FUNCTION item).

ROW_COUNT

The number of rows affected by the SQL statement.

EXAMPLE
The GET DIAGNOSTICS example extracts header information about the last SQL statement
executed. The information is assigned to host variables that are defined in the DECLARE
SECTION of an embedded SQL program:

GET DIAGNOSTICS :num = NUMBER, :cmdfunc = COMMAND_FUNCTION ;

For information on defining and using host variables, see Chapter 7, "Query Statements," in the
Progress Embedded SQL-92 Guide and Reference.
NOTE: The GET DIAGNOSTICS statement itself does not affect the contents of the
diagnostics area. This means applications can issue multiple GET DIAGNOSTICS
statements to retrieve different items of information about the same SQL statement.

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL

RELATED STATEMENTS

GET DIAGNOSTICS EXCEPTION Statement, WHENEVER Statement

3–74
 GET DIAGNOSTICS EXCEPTION Statement

GET DIAGNOSTICS EXCEPTION Statement

Retrieves information about the execution of the previous SQL statement from the SQL
diagnostics area. The diagnostics area is a data structure that contains information about the
execution status of the most recent SQL statement. Specifically, GET DIAGNOSTICS
EXCEPTION extracts information about the SQL statement as a whole from the SQL
diagnostics area's detail component.
The detail area contains information for a particular condition (an error, warning, or success
condition) associated with execution of the last SQL statement. The diagnostics area can
potentially contain multiple detail areas corresponding to multiple conditions generated by the
SQL statement described by the header. The SQL diagnostics area currently supports only one
detail area.
NOTE: The GET DIAGNOSTICS statement extracts header information.

SYNTAX

GET DIAGNOSTICS EXCEPTION number

:param = detail_info_item
[, :param = detail_info_item ] , ... ;

EXCEPTION number

Specifies that GET DIAGNOSTICS EXCEPTION extracts detail information. number specifies
which of multiple detail areas GET DIAGNOSTICS extracts. Currently, number must be the
integer 1.

:param

Receives the information returned by the GET DIAGNOSTICS EXCEPTION statement. The
host-language program must declare a param compatible with the SQL data type of the
information item.

3–75
GET DIAGNOSTICS EXCEPTION Statement

detail_info_item

One of the following keywords, which returns associated information about the particular
error condition:

SYNTAX

CONDITION_NUMBER
| RETURNED_SQLSTATE
| CLASS_ORIGIN
| SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
| ENVIRONMENT_NAME
| CONNECTION_NAME
| CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
| CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
| CONSTRAINT_NAME
| CATALOG_NAME
| SCHEMA_NAME
| TABLE_NAME
| COLUMN_NAME
| CURSOR_NAME
| MESSAGE_TEXT
| MESSAGE_LENGTH
| MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH

CONDITION_NUMBER

The sequence of this detail area in the diagnostics area. Currently,

CONDITION_NUMBER is always 1.

RETURNED_SQLSTATE

The SQLSTATE value that corresponds to the condition.

CLASS_ORIGIN

The general type of error. For example, 'connection exception,' or 'data exception.'

SUBCLASS_ORIGIN

The specific error. Usually the same as the message text.

3–76
 GET DIAGNOSTICS EXCEPTION Statement

ENVIRONMENT_NAME

Not currently supported.

CONNECTION_NAME

Not currently supported.

CONSTRAINT_CATALOG

Not currently supported.

CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA

Not currently supported.

CONSTRAINT_NAME

Not currently supported.

CATALOG_NAME

Not currently supported.

SCHEMA_NAME

Not currently supported.

TABLE_NAME

The name of the table, if the error condition involves a table.

COLUMN_NAME

The name of the affected columns, if the error condition involves a column.

CURSOR_NAME

Not currently supported.

MESSAGE_TEXT

The associated message text for the error condition.

MESSAGE_LENGTH

The length in characters of the message in the MESSAGE_LENGTH item.

3–77
GET DIAGNOSTICS EXCEPTION Statement

MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH

Not currently supported.

EXAMPLE
THE GET DIAGNOSTICS EXCEPTION example extracts detail information into host
variables that are defined in the DECLARE SECTION of an embedded SQL program:

GET DIAGNOSTICS EXCEPTION :num :sstate = RETURNED_SQLSTATE,

:msgtxt = MESSAGE_TEXT ;

For information on defining and using host variables, see Chapter 7, "Query Statements," in the
Progress Embedded SQL-92 Guide and Reference.
NOTE: The GET DIAGNOSTICS statement itself does not affect the contents of the
diagnostics area. This means applications can issue multiple GET DIAGNOSTICS
statements to retrieve different items of information about the same SQL statement.

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL

RELATED STATEMENTS

GET DIAGNOSTICS Statement, WHENEVER Statement

3–78
 GRANT Statement

GRANT Statement
Grants various privileges to the specified users of the database. There are two forms of the
GRANT statement:

• Grant database_wide privileges, either system administration (DBA) or general creation

(RESOURCE), or both.

• Grant various privileges on specific tables and views. Privilege definitions are stored in
the system tables SYSDBAUTH, SYSTABAUTH, and SYSCOLAUTH for the database,
tables, and columns, respectively.

This is the syntax to GRANT database-wide privileges:

SYNTAX

GRANT { RESOURCE, DBA } TO username [ , username ] , ... ;

This is syntax to GRANT privileges on specific tables and views:

SYNTAX

GRANT { privilege [, privilege ] , ... | ALL [ PRIVILEGES] }

ON table_name
TO { username [, username ] , ... | PUBLIC }
[ WITH GRANT OPTION ] ;

privilege:

SYNTAX

{ SELECT | INSERT | DELETE | INDEX

| UPDATE [ ( column , column , ... ) ]
| REFERENCES [ ( column , column , ... ) ] }

RESOURCE

Allows the specified users to issue CREATE statements.

3–79
GRANT Statement

DBA

Allows the specified users to create, access, modify, or delete any database object, and to
grant other users any privileges.

TO username [ , username ] , ...

Grants the specified privileges on the table or view to the specified list of users.

SELECT

Allows the specified users to read data from the table or view.

INSERT

Allows the specified users to add new rows to the table or view.

DELETE

Allows the specified users to delete rows from the table or view.

INDEX

Allows the specified users to create an index on the table or view.

UPDATE [ ( column , column , ... ) ]

Allows the specified users to modify existing rows in the table or view. If followed by a
column list, the users can modify values only in the columns named.

REFERENCES [ ( column , column , ... ) ]

Allows the specified users to refer to the table from other tables' constraint definitions. If
followed by a column list, constraint definitions can refer only to the columns named. For
more detail on constraint definitions, see the Column Constraints and Table Constraints
section.

ALL

Grants all privileges for the table or view.

TO PUBLIC

Grants the specified privileges on the table or view to any user with access to the system.

3–80
 GRANT Statement

WITH GRANT OPTION

Allows the specified users to grant their privileges or a subset of their privileges to other
users.

EXAMPLE

GRANT DELETE ON cust_view TO dbuser1 ;

GRANT SELECT ON newcustomers TO dbuser2 ;

NOTE: If the username specified in a RESOURCE or DBA GRANT operation does not
already exist, the GRANT statement creates a row in the SYSDBAUTH system table
for the new username. This row is not deleted by a subsequent REVOKE operation.

AUTHORIZATION

Must have the DBA privilege, ownership of the table, or all the specified privileges on the
table (granted with the WITH GRANT OPTION clause).

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92, ODBC Core SQL grammar. Extensions: INDEX, RESOURCE, DBA privileges

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

REVOKE Statement

3–81
INSERT Statement

INSERT Statement
Inserts new rows into the specified table or view that will contain either the explicitly specified
values or the values returned by the query expression.

SYNTAX

INSERT INTO [ owner_name.]{table_name|view_name }

[ ( column_name [, column_name ] , ... ) ]
{ VALUES ( value [, value ] , ... ) | query_expression } ;

EXAMPLES

INSERT INTO customer (cust_no, name, street, city, state)

VALUES
(1001, 'RALPH', '#10 Columbia Street', 'New York', 'NY') ;

INSERT INTO neworders (order_no, product, qty)

SELECT order_no, product, qty
FROM orders
WHERE order_date = SYSDATE ;

NOTES

• If the optional list of column names is specified, then only the values for those columns
are required. The rest of the columns of the inserted row will contain NULL values,
provided that the table definition allows NULL values and there is no DEFAULT clause
for the columns. If a DEFAULT clause is specified for a column and the column name is
not present in the optional column list, then the column is given the default value.

• If the optional list is not specified, then all the column values must be either explicitly
specified or returned by the query expression. The order of the values should be the same
as the order in which the columns are declared in the declaration of the table or view.

• The VALUES ( ... ) form for specifying the column values inserts one row into the
table. The query expression form inserts all the rows from the query results.

• If the table contains a foreign key and there is no corresponding primary key that matches
the values of the foreign key in the record being inserted, the insert operation is rejected.

3–82
 INSERT Statement

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privilege, ownership of the table, INSERT privilege on the table, or
SELECT privilege on all the tables or views referred to in the query_expression, if a
query_expression is specified.

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92, ODBC Core SQL grammar

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

“Query Expressions” in Chapter 2, “SQL-92 Language Elements”

3–83
LOCK TABLE Statement

LOCK TABLE Statement

Explicitly locks one or more specified tables for shared or exclusive access.

SYNTAX

LOCK TABLE table_name [ , table_name ] , ...

IN { SHARE | EXCLUSIVE } MODE ;

table_name

The table in the database that you want to lock explicitly. You can specify one table or a
comma-separated list of tables.

SHARE MODE

Allows all transactions to read the table(s). Prohibits all other transactions from
modifying the table(s). After you acquire an explicit lock on a table in SHARE MODE, any
SELECT statements in your transaction can read rows and do not implicitly acquire
individual record locks. Any INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements do acquire record
locks.

EXCLUSIVE MODE

Allows the current transaction to read and modify the table(s), and prohibits any other
transactions from reading or modifying the table(s). After you acquire an explicit lock on
a table in EXCLUSIVE MODE, you can SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE rows and your
transaction does not implicitly acquire individual record locks for these operations.

EXAMPLES
Unless another transaction holds an EXCLUSIVE lock on the teratab and megatab tables, the
SHARE MODE example explicitly locks the tables. The shared lock allows all transactions to
read the tables. Only the current transaction can modify the tables:

LOCK TABLE teratab, megatab IN SHARE MODE ;

3–84
 LOCK TABLE Statement

Unless another transaction holds a lock on the teratab table, the EXCLUSIVE MODE example
locks the teratab table for exclusive use by the current transaction. No other transactions can
read or modify the teratab table:

LOCK TABLE teratab IN EXCLUSIVE MODE ;

Without a table lock, the first SELECT statement in this example could exceed the limits of the
record lock table. The LOCK TABLE statement prevents the subsequent SELECT statement
from consuming the record lock table:

-- Without a table lock, this SELECT statement creates an

-- entry in the record lock table for every row in teratab.

SELECT COUNT (*) FROM teratab ;

-- The LOCK TABLE IN SHARE MODE operation preserves the

-- record lock table resource.

LOCK TABLE teratab IN SHARE MODE ;

SELECT COUNT (*) FROM teratab ;

NOTES

• The LOCK TABLE statement may encounter a locking conflict with another transaction.

• The SHARE MODE option detects a locking conflict if another transaction:

– Locked the table in EXCLUSIVE MODE and has not issued a COMMIT or
ROLLBACK

– Inserted, updated, or deleted rows in the table and has not issued a COMMIT or
ROLLBACK

• The EXCLUSIVE MODE option detects a locking conflict if another transaction:

– Locked the table in SHARE MODE or EXCLUSIVE MODE and has not issued a
COMMIT or ROLLBACK

– Read from, inserted, updated, or deleted rows and has not issued a COMMIT or
ROLLBACK

• When there is a locking conflict, the transaction is suspended for up to five seconds until
the requested lock can be acquired. If after five seconds the lock is still not available, the
database returns an error.

3–85
LOCK TABLE Statement

• You can use explicit table locking to improve the performance of a single transaction, at
the cost of decreasing the concurrency of the system and potentially blocking other
transactions. It is more efficient to lock a table explicitly if you know that the transaction
will be updating a substantial part of a table. You gain efficiency by decreasing the
overhead of the implicit locking mechanism, and by decreasing any potential wait time for
acquiring individual record locks on the table.

• You can use explicit table locking to minimize potential deadlocks in situations where a
transaction is modifying a substantial part of a table. Before making a choice between
explicit or implicit locking, compare the benefits of table locking with the disadvantages
of losing concurrency.

• The database releases explicit and implicit locks only when the transaction ends with a
COMMIT or ROLLBACK operation.

• See the SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL Statement for information on

isolation levels and the inconsistencies allowed by each:

• The isolation level in effect determines the record locking scheme.

– READ UNCOMMITTED ensures that when a record is read, no record locks are
acquired.

– READ COMMITTED ensures that when a record is read a share lock is acquired on
that record; the duration of the lock varies.

– REPEATABLE READ ensures that when a record is read, a share lock is acquired
on that record and held until the end of the current transaction.

– SERIALIZABLE ensures that when a table is accessed the entire table is locked with
a lock of appropriate strength; the lock is held until the end of the transaction.

• With READ COMMITTED, the intent is to hold the share lock on a record until the
application reads the next record. This behavior is not always achieved.

Under specific conditions, the server might release a share record lock before the record
is returned to the client. This can lead to unreliable results when the application intends to
update the rows being fetched. To prevent early release of the share lock when READ
COMMITTED is in effect the following must be true:

– A SELECT Statement references one table only.

– The statement does not contain an ORDER BY Clause.

3–86
 LOCK TABLE Statement

– The statement does not contain a GROUP BY CLAUSE.

– A WHERE Clause does not contain any subqueries.

If an application requires a query that does not satisfy the conditions listed and the intent
is to update the fetched rows, the application should set the isolation level to
REPEATABLE READ.

• To achieve better performance, some client configurations prefetch records from the
server. With isolation level READ COMMITTED, it is possible for the server to release a
share lock on a record that an application is processing. When prefetching is in effect, a
user application should not assume that the current row is locked. If a Progress C
Language embedded SQL-92 application uses the array fetch feature, prefetching is
enabled.

• If an application employs prefetching and has a requirement for updating the fetched rows,
the application should set the transaction isolation level to REPEATABLE READ.

• As illustrated in the third example, some SELECT statements place an entry in the record
lock table for every row in a table. For these queries, consider issuing a LOCK TABLE
SHARE MODE before the SELECT statement.

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privilege or SELECT privilege on the table.

SQL COMPLIANCE

Progress Extension

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

COMMIT Statement, ROLLBACK Statement, SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION

LEVEL Statement

3–87
OPEN Statement

OPEN Statement
Executes a prepared SQL-92 query associated with a cursor and creates a result set composed
of the rows that satisfy the query. This set of rows is called the active set.

SYNTAX

OPEN cursor_name
[ USING { [ SQL ] DESCRIPTOR structure_name
| :host_variable [[ INDICATOR ] :ind_variable ] , ... } ] ;

cursor_name

An identifier named in an earlier DECLARE CURSOR statement.

USING [ SQL ] DESCRIPTOR structure_name

Directs the SQL engine to create the result set in storage addressed by the identified
SQLDA structure.

USING :host_variable [ [ INDICATOR ] :ind_variable ]

Directs the SQL engine to create the result set in storage addressed by host variables.

3–88
 OPEN Statement

EXAMPLE
This example is a code fragment from the StatSel function in sample program 2StatSel.pc,
which illustrates static processing of a SELECT statement. The complete source for sample
program, 2StatSel.pc, is listed in Appendix A of the Progress Embedded SQL-92 Guide and
Reference.

/*
** 5. Name WHENEVER routine to handle SQLERROR.
**
** 6. DECLARE cursor for the SELECT statement.
** NOTE: You must set input parameter values before OPEN CURSOR.
** The static query in this program does not have input parameters.
**
** 7. OPEN the cursor.
** NOTE: For static statements, if a DECLARE CURSOR
** statement contains references to automatic variables,
** the OPEN CURSOR statement must be in the same C function.
**
** 8. Name WHENEVER routine to handle NOT FOUND condition.
*/

EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR GOTO selerr ;

EXEC SQL DECLARE stcur CURSOR FOR
SELECT InvTransNum, Qty,
OrderNum FROM PUB.InventoryTrans ;
EXEC SQL OPEN stcur ;
EXEC SQL WHENEVER NOT FOUND GOTO seldone ;

NOTES

• Executing an OPEN cursor statement sets the cursor to the open state.

• After the OPEN cursor statement is executed, the cursor is positioned just before the first
row of the active set.

• For a single execution of an OPEN cursor statement, the active set does not change and
the host variables are not re_examined.

• If you elect to retrieve a new active set and a host variable value has changed, you must
CLOSE the cursor and OPEN it again.

• Execution of a COMMIT Statement or ROLLBACK Statement implicitly closes the

cursors which have been opened in the current transaction.

• It is good practice to CLOSE cursors explicitly.

3–89
OPEN Statement

• When a cursor is in the open state, executing an OPEN statement on that cursor results in
an error.

• If a DECLARE cursor statement is associated with a static SQL-92 statement containing

parameter markers, the following requirements apply:

– You must execute the DECLARE statement before executing the OPEN statement
for that cursor.

– The DECLARE cursor statement and the OPEN statement for the same cursor must
occur in the same transaction.

– If the statement contains parameter markers for stack variables, the DECLARE
cursor statement and the following OPEN statement for the same cursor must occur
in the same C Language function.

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privilege of SELECT privilege on all the tables and views referenced in
the SELECT statement associated with the cursor.

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92. Progress Extension: USING DESCRIPTOR clause

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL-92 only

RELATED STATEMENTS

DECLARE CURSOR Statement, CLOSE Statement, FETCH Statement, positioned

UPDATE Statement, positioned DELETE Statement

3–90
 PREPARE Statement

PREPARE Statement
Parses and assigns a name to an ad hoc or dynamically generated SQL-92 statement for
execution. You use a PREPARE statement in a series of steps that allows a program to accept
or generate SQL-92 statements at run time.

SYNTAX

PREPARE statement_name FROM statement_string ;

statement_name

A name for the dynamically generated statement. DESCRIBE, EXECUTE, and DECLARE
CURSOR statements refer to this statement_name. A statement_name must be unique in a
program.

statement_string

Specifies the SQL-92 statement to be prepared for dynamic execution. You can use either
the name of a C Language string variable containing the SQL-92 statement, or you can
specify the SQL-92 statement as a quoted literal. If there is an SQL-92 syntax error, the
PREPARE statement returns an error in the SQLCA.

SYNTAX

{ :host_variable | quoted_literal }

EXAMPLES
The first example is a code fragment from the DynUpd function in sample program 3DynUpd.pc,
which illustrates dynamic processing of an UPDATE statement:

/*
** Process a dynamic non-SELECT input statement
** PREPARE the statement
** EXECUTE the prepared statement
** COMMIT WORK
*/

EXEC SQL PREPARE dynstmt FROM :sql_stmt_v ;

EXEC SQL EXECUTE dynstmt ;
EXEC SQL COMMIT WORK ;

3–91
PREPARE Statement

This example is a code fragment from the DynSel function in sample program 4DynSel.pc,
which illustrates dynamic processing of a SELECT statement:

/*
** PREPARE a the dynamic SELECT statement.
** DECLARE cursor for the prepared SELECT statement.
** NOTE: You must set input parameter values before OPEN CURSOR.
** If your query has input parameters, you must define them in
** the DECLARE SECTION.
** OPEN the declared cursor.
** NOTE: For static statements, if a DECLARE CURSOR
** statement contains references to automatic variables,
** the OPEN CURSOR statement must be in the same C function.
**
** Name WHENEVER routine for NOT FOUND condition.
** FETCH a row and print results until no more rows.
*/

EXEC SQL PREPARE stmtid from :sel_stmt_v ;

EXEC SQL DECLARE dyncur CURSOR FOR stmtid ;
EXEC SQL OPEN dyncur ;
EXEC SQL WHENEVER NOT FOUND GOTO seldone ;

The complete source for four sample programs are listed in Appendix A of the Progress
Embedded SQL-92 Guide and Reference.

NOTES

• A statement string can have one or more references to input variables. These variables
represent values supplied at run time to:

– INSERT and UPDATE statements

– Predicates in DELETE, UPDATE, and SELECT statements

• A program supplies an input variable to a PREPARE statement either as a substitution

name or as a parameter marker.

– A substitution name is a name preceded by a colon ( : ) in a statement string. This

name does not refer to a C Language variable, but acts only as a placeholder for input
variables.

– A parameter marker is a question mark ( ? ) in the statement string, serving as a

placeholder for input variables.

3–92
 PREPARE Statement

• The USING clauses of EXECUTE and OPEN statements identify host language storage.
The values in this storage expand a statement string, replacing a substitution name or a
parameter marker. You can design your program to execute the same prepared statement
many times in a transaction, supplying different values for input variables for each
execution. If you COMMIT or ROLLBACK the transaction, you must PREPARE the
statement string again.

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privilege or Authorization for SQL-92 statement being prepared (See the
AUTHORIZATION section for the relevant statement).

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL-92 only

RELATED STATEMENTS

EXECUTE Statement, OPEN Statement, CLOSE Statement, FETCH Statement, and

SQLCA structure

3–93
REVOKE Statement

REVOKE Statement
Revokes various privileges from the specified users of the database. There are two forms of the
REVOKE statement.

• Revoke database_wide privileges, either system administration (DBA), or general

creation (RESOURCE), or both.

• Revoke various privileges on specific tables and views.

This is syntax to REVOKE system administration privileges (DBA) or general creation

privileges (RESOURCE), or both:

SYNTAX

REVOKE { RESOURCE , DBA } FROM { username [ , username ] , ... } ;

RESOURCE

Revokes from the specified users the privilege to issue CREATE statements.

DBA

Revokes from the specified users the privilege to create, access, modify, or delete any
database object, and revokes the privilege to grant other users any privileges.

FROM username [ , username ] , ...

Revokes the specified privileges on the table or view from the specified list of users.

This is the syntax to REVOKE privileges on specific tables and views:

SYNTAX

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]

{ privilege [, privilege ] , ... | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ]}
ON table_name
FROM { username [ , username ] , ... | PUBLIC }
[ RESTRICT | CASCADE ] ;

3–94
 REVOKE Statement

GRANT OPTION FOR

Revokes the GRANT option for the privilege from the specified users. The actual privilege
itself is not revoked. If specified with RESTRICT, and the privilege is passed on to other
users, the REVOKE statement fails and generates an error. Otherwise, GRANT OPTION FOR
implicitly revokes any privilege the user might have given to other users.

privilege

SYNTAX

{ SELECT | INSERT | DELETE | INDEX

| UPDATE [ ( column , column , ... ) ]
| REFERENCES [ ( column , column , ... ) ] } ;

privilege [ , privilege ] , ... | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ]

List of privileges to be revoked. See the description in the GRANT statement. Revoking
RESOURCE and DBA privileges can only be done by the administrator or a user with DBA
privileges.

If more than one user grants access to the same table to a user, then all the grantors must
perform a revoke for the user to lose access to the table.

Using the keyword ALL revokes all the privileges granted on the table or view.

FROM PUBLIC

Revokes the specified privileges on the table or view from any user with access to the
system.

RESTRICT | CASCADE

Prompts SQL to check to see if the privilege being revoked was passed on to other users.
This is possible only if the original privilege included the WITH GRANT OPTION clause.
If so, the REVOKE statement fails and generates an error. If the privilege was not passed on,
the REVOKE statement succeeds.

If the REVOKE statement specifies CASCADE, revoking the access privileges from a user also
revokes the privileges from all users who received the privilege from that user.

If the REVOKE statement specifies neither RESTRICT nor CASCADE, the behavior is the same
as for CASCADE.

3–95
REVOKE Statement

EXAMPLE

REVOKE INSERT ON customer FROM dbuser1 ;

REVOKE DELETE ON cust_view FROM dbuser2 ;

NOTE: If the username specified in a GRANT DBA or GRANT RESOURCE operation

does not already exist, the GRANT statement creates a row in the SYSDBAUTH
system table for the new username. This row is not deleted by a subsequent
REVOKE operation.

AUTHORIZATION

Must have the DBA privilege (to revoke DBA or RESOURCE privileges), ownership of
the table (to revoke privileges on a table),

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92, ODBC Core SQL grammar. Progress Extensions: INDEX, RESOURCE, DBA
privileges

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

GRANT Statement

3–96
 ROLLBACK Statement

ROLLBACK Statement
Ends the current transaction and undoes any database changes performed during the transaction.

SYNTAX

ROLLBACK [ WORK ] ;

NOTES

• Under certain circumstances, SQL marks a transaction for abort but does not actually roll
it back immediately. Without an explicit ROLLBACK, any subsequent updates do not
take effect. A COMMIT statement causes SQL to recognize the transaction as marked for
abort and instead implicitly rolls back the transaction.

• SQL marks a transaction for abort in the event of a hardware or software system failure.
This transaction is rolled back during recovery.

AUTHORIZATION

None

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL

RELATED STATEMENTS

COMMIT Statement

3–97
SELECT Statement

SELECT Statement
Selects the specified column values from one or more rows contained in the tables or views
specified in the query expression. The selection of rows is restricted by the WHERE clause. The
temporary table derived through the clauses of a select statement is called a result table.

SYNTAX

SELECT column_list
FROM table_list
[ WHERE search_condition ]
[ GROUP BY grouping_condition ]
[ HAVING search_condition ]
[ORDER BY ordering_condition ]
[FOR UPDATE update_condition ]
;

column_list

See the COLUMN_LIST Clause.

FROM table_list

See the FROM Clause.

WHERE search_condition

See the WHERE Clause.

GROUP BY grouping_condition

See the GROUP BY CLAUSE.

HAVING search_condition

See the HAVING CLAUSE.

ORDER BY ordering_condition

See the ORDER BY Clause .

FOR UPDATE update_condition

See the FOR UPDATE Clause.

3–98
 SELECT Statement

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privilege or SELECT permission on all the tables or views referred to in
the query_expression.

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92. Progress Extensions: FOR UPDATE clause, ODBC Extended SQL grammar

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL (within DECLARE), interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC

applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

“Query Expressions” in Chapter 2, “SQL-92 Language Elements”, DECLARE CURSOR

Statement, OPEN Statement, FETCH Statement, CLOSE Statement

3–99
COLUMN_LIST Clause

COLUMN_LIST Clause
Specifies which columns to retrieve by the SELECT statement.

SYNTAX

[ ALL | DISTINCT ]
{ * | { table_name | alias.}* [ , { table_name.| alias.} * ] ...
| expr [ [ AS ] [ ' ] column_title [ ' ] ]
[, expr [ [ AS ] [ ' ] column_title [ ' ] ] ] ...
| [ table| alias.]column_name , ... ]
}

[ ALL | DISTINCT ]
Indicates whether a result table omits duplicate rows. ALL is the default and specifies
that the result table includes all rows. DISTINCT specifies taht a table omits duplicate
rows.

* | { table_name. | alias. } *

Specifies that the result table includes all columns from all tables named in the FROM
clause.

* expr [[ AS ][ ' ] column_title [ ' ]]

Specifies a list of expressions, called a select list, whose results will form columns
of the result table. Typically, the expression is a column name from a table named in
the FROM clause. The expression can also be any supported mathematical expression,
scalar function, or aggregate function that returns a value.

The optional ’column_title’ argument specifies a new heading for the associated
column in the result table. You can also use the column_title in an ORDER BY clause.
Enclose the new title in single or double quotation marks if it contains spaces or other
special characters.

[ table | alias.]column_name , ... ]

Specifies a list columns from a particular table or alias.

3–100
 COLUMN_LIST Clause

EXAMPLES
Both these statement return all the columns in the customer table to the select list.

SELECT * FROM customer;

SELECT customer.* FROM customer;

The table_name.* syntax is useful when the select list refers to columns in multiple tables and
you want to specify all the columns in one of those tables:

SELECT Customer.CustNum, Customer.Name, Invoice.*

FROM Customer, Invoice ;

The following example illustrates using the column_title option to change the name of the
column.

-- Illustrate optional 'column_title' syntax

select
FirstName as 'First Name',
LastName as 'Last Name',
state as 'New England State'
from employee
where state = 'NH' or state = 'ME' or state = 'MA'
or state = 'VT' or state = 'CT' or state = 'RI';

First Name Last Name New England State

---------------- ---------------- ------------------
Justine Smith MA
Andy Davis MA
Marcy Adams MA
Larry Dawsen MA
John Burton NH
Mark Hall MA
Stacey Smith MA
Scott Abbott MA
Meredith White NH
Heather White NH

3–101
COLUMN_LIST Clause

You must qualify a column name if it occurs in more than one table specified in the FROM clause:

select customer.customer_id from customer ;

-- Table name qualifier required

-- Customer table has city and state columns
-- Billto table has city and state columns

select
Customer.custnum,
Customer.city as "Customer City",
Customer.State as 'Customer State',
Billto.City as "Bill City",
Billto.State as 'Bill State'
from Customer, Billto
where Customer.City = 'Clinton';

CustNum Customer City Customer State Bill City Bill State

-------- ---------------- ---------------- -------------------------------
1272 Clinton MS Montgomery AL
1272 Clinton MS Atlanta GA
1421 Clinton SC Montgomery AL
1421 Clinton SC Atlanta GA
1489 Clinton OK Montgomery AL
1489 Clinton OK Atlanta GA

3–102
 FROM Clause

FROM Clause
Specifies one or more table references. Each table reference resolves to one table (either a
table stored in the database or a virtual table resulting from processing the table reference)
whose rows the query expression uses to create the result table.

SYNTAX

FROM table_ref [, table_ref ] ... [ { NO REORDER }]

table_ref

There are three forms of table references:

• A direct reference to a table, view, or synonym.

• A derived table specified by a query expression in the FROM clause.

• A joined table that combines rows and columns from multiple tables.

If there are multiple table references, SQL joins the tables to form an intermediate result
table that is used as the basis for evaluating all other clauses in the query expression. That
intermediate result table is the Cartesian product of rows in the tables in the FROM clause,
formed by concatenating every row of every table with all other rows in all tables.

SYNTAX

table_name [ AS ][ alias [ ( column_alias [ ... ] )]]

| ( query_expression ) [ AS ] alias [ (column_alias [ ... ] ) ]
| [ ( ] joined_table [ ) ]

FROM table_name [ AS ][ alias [ ( column_alias [ ... ] ) ]]

Explicitly names a table. The name can be a table name, a view name, or a synonym.

alias

A name used to qualify column names in other parts of the query expression. Aliases are
also called correlation names.

3–103
FROM Clause

If you specify an alias, you must use it, and not the table name, to qualify column names
that refer to the table. Query expressions that join a table with itself must use aliases to
distinguish between references to column names.

Similar to table aliases, the column_alias provides an alternative name to use in column
references elsewhere in the query expression. If you specify column aliases, you must
specify them for all the columns in table_name. Also, if you specify column aliases in the
FROM clause, you must use them, and not the column names, in references to the columns.

FROM ( query_expression ) [ AS ][ alias [ ( column_alias [ ... ] ) ] ]

Specifies a derived table through a query expression. With derived tables, you must
specify an alias to identify the derived table.

Derived tables can also specify column aliases. Column aliases provide alternative names
to use in column references elsewhere in the query expression. If you specify column
aliases, you must specify them for all the columns in the result table of the query
expression. Also, if you specify column aliases in the FROM clause, you must use them, and
not the column names, in references to the columns.

FROM [ ( ] joined_table [ ) ]
Combines data from two table references by specifying a join condition.

SYNTAX

{ table_ref CROSS JOIN table_ref

| table_ref [ INNER | LEFT [ OUTER ]] JOIN
table_ref ON search_condition
}

The syntax currently allowed in the FROM clause supports only a subset of possible join
conditions:

• CROSS JOIN specifies a Cartesian product of rows in the two tables. Every row in one
table is joined to every row in the other table.

• INNER JOIN specifies an inner join using the supplied search condition.

• LEFT OUTER JOIN specifies a left outer join using the supplied search condition.

3–104
 FROM Clause

You can also specify these and other join conditions in the WHERE clause of a query
expression. See the “Outer Joins” section in Chapter 2, “SQL-92 Language Elements” for
more information on both ways of specifying outer joins.

{ NO REORDER }

Disables join order optimization for the FROM clause. Use NO REORDER when you choose to
override the join order chosen by the optimizer. The braces are part of the syntax for this
optional clause.

EXAMPLE
For customers with orders, retrieve their names and order info:

SELECT customer.cust_no, customer.name, orders.order_no,orders.order_date

FROM customers, orders
WHERE customer.cust_no = orders.cust_no ;

3–105
WHERE Clause

WHERE Clause
Specifies a search_condition that applies conditions to restrict the number of rows in the result
table. If the query expression does not specify a WHERE clause, the result table includes all the
rows of the specified table reference in the FROM clause.

SYNTAX

WHERE search_condition

search_condition

Applied to each row of the result table set of the FROM clause. Only rows that satisfy the
conditions become part of the result table. If the result of the search_condition is NULL
for a row, the row is not selected.

Search conditions can specify different conditions for joining two or more tables. See the
“Outer Joins” and “Search Conditions” sections in Chapter 2, “SQL-92 Language
Elements” for information on the different kinds of search conditions.

3–106
 GROUP BY CLAUSE

GROUP BY CLAUSE
Specifies grouping of rows in the result table.

SYNTAX

GROUP BY [ table_name.]column_name ...

NOTES

• For the first column specified in the GROUP BY clause, SQL arranges rows of the result table
into groups whose rows all have the same values for the specified column.

• If you specify a second GROUP BY column, SQL groups rows in each main group by values
of the second column.

• SQL groups rows for values in additional GROUP BY columns in a similar fashion.

• All columns named in the GROUP BY clause must also be in the select list of the query
expression. Conversely, columns in the select list must also be in the GROUP BY clause or
be part of an aggregate function.

3–107
HAVING CLAUSE

HAVING CLAUSE
Allows you to set conditions on the groups returned by the GROUP BY clause. If the HAVING
clause is used without the GROUP BY clause, the implicit group against which the search
condition is evaluated is all the rows returned by the WHERE clause.

SYNTAX

HAVING search_condition

NOTE: A condition of the HAVING clause can compare one aggregate function value with
another aggregate function value or a constant.

EXAMPLE
The HAVING clause in the following example compares the value of an aggregate function
( COUNT (*) ) to a constant ( 10 ). The query returns the customer number and number of orders
for all customers who had more than 10 orders before March 31st, 1999.

SELECT cust_no, count(*)

FROM orders
WHERE order_date < TO_DATE ('3/31/1999')
GROUP BY cust_no
HAVING COUNT (*) > 10 ;

3–108
 ORDER BY Clause

ORDER BY Clause
Allows ordering of the rows selected by the SELECT statement. Unless an ORDER BY clause
is specified, the rows of the result set might be returned in an unpredictable order as determined
by the access paths chosen and other decisions made by the query optimizer. The decisions
made will be affected by the statistics generated from table and index data examined by the
UPDATE STATISTICS command.

SYNTAX

ORDER BY { expr | posn } [ ASC | DESC ]

[ , { expr | posn } [ ASC | DESC ] , ... ]

expr

Expression of one or more columns of the tables specified in the FROM clause of the
SELECT statement.

posn

Integer column position of the columns selected by the SELECT statement.

ASC | DESC

Indicates whether to order by ascending order (ASC) or descending order. The default is
ASC.

EXAMPLES

-- Produce a list of customers sorted by last_name.

SELECT last_name, street, city, state, zip
FROM customer
ORDER BY last_name ;

-- Produce a merged list of customers and suppliers sorted by last_name.

SELECT last_name, street, state, zip
FROM customer
UNION
SELECT last_name, street, state, zip
FROM supplier
ORDER BY 1 ;

3–109
ORDER BY Clause

NOTES

• The ORDER BY clause, if specified, should follow all other clauses of the SELECT
statement.

• The selected rows are ordered on the basis of the first expr or posn. If the values are the
same, then the second expr or posn is used in the ordering.

• A query expression can be followed by an optional ORDER BY clause. If the query

expression contains set operators, then the ORDER BY clause can specify only the
positions.

3–110
 FOR UPDATE Clause

FOR UPDATE Clause

Specifies update intention on the rows selected by the SELECT statement.

SYNTAX

FOR UPDATE [ OF [ table.]column_name , ... ] [ NOWAIT ]

OF [ table.]column_name , ...
Specifies the table's column name to be updated.

NOWAIT

Causes the SELECT statement to return immediately with an error if a lock cannot be
acquired on a row in the selection set because of the lock held by some other transaction.
The default behavior is for the transaction to wait until it gets the required lock or until it
times out waiting for the lock.

NOTE: If you specify FOR UPDATE, the database acquires exclusive locks on all the rows
satisfying the SELECT statement. The database does not acquire row level locks if
there is an exclusive lock on the table. See the LOCK TABLE Statement for
information on table locking.

3–111
SET CONNECTION Statement

SET CONNECTION Statement

Switches the application from one established connection to another. This resumes the
connection associated with the specified connection_name, restoring the context of that
database connection to the same state it was in when suspended.

SYNTAX

SET CONNECTION { 'connection_name' | DEFAULT } ;

connection_name

The name of the connection as either a character literal or host variable. If the SET
CONNECTION statement omits a connection name, the default is the name of the database.
Connection names must be unique.

DEFAULT

Sets the DEFAULT connection as the current connection.

EXAMPLES
The first example shows how to establish a database as the current database. The SET
CONNECTION command sets the database associated with the connection named conn_1 to
the status of current database. The connection named conn_1 must be associated with an
established connection:

EXEC SQL
SET CONNECTION 'conn_1' ;

Use SET CONNECTION DEFAULT to set current the database associated with the
DEFAULT connection. This statement suspends the conn_1 connection, which had been
current.

EXEC SQL
SET CONNECTION DEFAULT ;

See also the last example for the DISCONNECT Statement, which illustrates the CONNECT,
SET CONNECTION, and DISCONNECT statements in combination.

3–112
 SET CONNECTION Statement

AUTHORIZATION

None

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL only

RELATED STATEMENTS

CONNECT Statement, DISCONNECT Statement

3–113
SET SCHEMA Statement

SET SCHEMA Statement

Sets the default owner, also known as schema, for unqualified table references.

SYNTAX

SET SCHEMA { 'string_literal' | ? | :host_var | USER }

'string_literal'

Specifies the name for the default owner as a string literal, enclosed in single or double
quotes.

Indicates a parameter marker to contain the default owner. The actual replacement value
for the owner name is supplied in a subsequent SQL-92 operation.

:host_var

Host variable reference declared in a DECLARE SECTION. The SET SCHEMA :host_var option
is valid only in an embedded SQL-92 program.

USER

Directs the database to set the default owner back to the username that established the
session.

EXAMPLE
This example sets the default schema name to 'White'. Subsequent SQL-92 statements with
unqualified table references will use the owner name 'White'. The SELECT statement in this
example returns all rows in the 'White.customer' table. The username establishing the original
session is still the current user.

SET SCHEMA 'White' ;

COMMIT ;

SELECT * from customer ;

3–114
 SET SCHEMA Statement

NOTES

• For authorization purposes, invoking SET SCHEMA does not change the username
associated with the current session.

• You can set the default schema name to the username associated with the session by using
a SET SCHEMA USER statement.

AUTHORIZATION

None

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

None

3–115
SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL Statement

SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL Statement

Explicitly sets the isolation level for a transaction. Isolation levels specify the degree to which
one transaction can modify data or database objects in use by another concurrent transaction.

SYNTAX

SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL isolation_level_name ;

isolation_level_name:

SYNTAX

READ UNCOMMITTED | READ COMMITTED | REPEATABLE READ | SERIALIZABLE

READ UNCOMMITTED

Allows dirty reads, nonrepeatable reads, and phantoms. When a record is read, no
record locks are aquired. This forces read-only use. Allows a user application to read
records that were modified by other applications but have not yet been committed.

READ COMMITTED

Prohibits dirty reads; allows nonrepeatable reads and phantoms. Whenever a record
is read, a share lock is acquired on that record. The duration of the lock varies.
Disallows the reading of uncommitted modified records. However, if a record is read
multiple times in the same transaction, the state of the record can be different each
time.

REPEATABLE READ

Prohibits dirty reads and nonrepeatable reads; allows phantoms. Whenever a record
is read, a share lock is acquired on that record and held until the end of the current
transaction. Disallows the reading of uncommitted modified records. If a record is
read multiple times in the same transaction, the state of the record remains the same.

REPEATABLE READ is the default isolation level.

SERIALIZABLE

Prohibits dirty reads, nonrepeatable reads, and phantoms. If an application executes

the same SELECT statement more than once within the same transaction, the same set
of rows is retrieved every time. Guarantees that concurrent transactions will not

3–116
 SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL Statement

affect each other, and that they will behave as if they were executing serially, not
concurrently.

Whenever a table is accessed, the entire table is locked with an appropriate lock. The
table lock is held until the end of the current transaction.

NOTES

• Progress Software recommends that you specify the transaction isolation level number by
isolation_level_name.

• See the LOCK TABLE Statement for information on record locking schemes used by each
isolation level.

3–117
SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL Statement

AUTHORIZATION

None

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92. The semantics to which it corresponds are standard.

The isolation level SERIALIZABLE guarantees the highest consistency. The isolation
level READ UNCOMMITTED guarantees the least consistency. The default isolation
level is REPEATABLE READ, which prohibits non-repeatable read operations. The
ANSI/ISO SQL standard defines isolation levels in terms of the inconsistencies they
allow:

Dirty read

Allows the transaction to read a row that has been inserted or modified by another
transaction, but not committed. If the other transaction rolls back its changes, the
transaction will read a row that never existed because it never committed.

Nonrepeatable read

Allows the transaction to read a row that another transaction modifies or deletes
before the next read operation. If the other transaction commits the change, the
transaction receives modified values or discovers the row is deleted on subsequent
read operations.

Phantom

Allows the transaction to read a range of rows that satisfies a given search condition,
but to which another transaction adds rows before another read operation using the
same search condition. The transaction receives a different collection of rows with
the same search condition.

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL only, interactive SQL

RELATED STATEMENTS

COMMIT Statement, LOCK TABLE Statement, ROLLBACK Statement

3–118
 Table Constraints

Table Constraints
Specifies a constraint for a table that restricts the values that the table can store. INSERT,
UPDATE, or DELETE statements that violate the constraint fail. SQL returns a constraint
violation error.
Table constraints have syntax and behavior similar to Column Constraints. Note the following
differences:

• The definitions of the table constraints are separated from the column definitions by
commas.

• Table constraint definitions can include more than one column, and SQL evaluates the
constraint based on the combination of values stored in all the columns.

SYNTAX

CONSTRAINT constraint_name
PRIMARY KEY ( column [ , ... ] )
| UNIQUE ( column [ , ... ] )
| FOREIGN KEY ( column [, ... ] )
REFERENCES [ owner_name.]table_name [ ( column [ , ... ] ) ]
| CHECK ( search_condition )

CONSTRAINT constraint_name

Allows you to assign a name that you choose to the table constraint. While this
specification is optional, this facilitates making changes to the table definition, since the
name you specify is in your source CREATE TABLE statement. If you do not specify a
constraint_name, the database assigns a name. These names can be long and unwieldy,
and you must query system tables to determine the name.

PRIMARY KEY ( column [ , ... ] )

Defines the column list as the primary key for the table. There can be at most one primary
key for a table.

All the columns that make up a table level primary key must be defined as NOT NULL, or the
CREATE TABLE statement fails. The combination of values in the columns that make up the
primary key must be unique for each row in the table.

3–119
Table Constraints

Other tables can name primary keys in their REFERENCES clauses. If they do, SQL restricts
operations on the table containing the primary key in the following ways:

• DROP TABLE statements that delete the table fail.

• DELETE and UPDATE statements that modify values in the combination of columns that
match a foreign key's value also fail.

UNIQUE ( column [ , ... ] )

Defines the column list as a unique, or candidate, key for the table. Unique key table-level
constraints have the same rules as primary key table-level constraints, except that you can
specify more than one UNIQUE table-level constraint in a table definition.

FOREIGN KEY ( column [, ... ] ) REFERENCES [ owner_name.]table_name

[ ( column [ , ... ] ) ]
Defines the first column list as as a foreign key and, in the REFERENCES clause, specifies a
matching primary or unique key in another table.

A foreign key and its matching primary or unique key specify a referential constraint. The
combination of values stored in the columns that make up a foreign key must either:

• Have at least one of the column values be null

• Be equal to some corresponding combination of values in the matching unique or

primary key

You can omit the column list in the REFERENCES clause if the table specified in the
REFERENCES clause has a primary key and you want the primary key to be the matching
key for the constraint.

CHECK (search_condition)

Specifies a table level check constraint. The syntax for table level and column level check
constraints is identical. Table level check constraints must be separated by commas from
surrounding column definitions.

SQL restricts the form of the search condition. The search condition must not:

• Refer to any column other than columns that precede it in the table definition.

• Contain aggregate functions, subqueries, or parameter references.

3–120
 Table Constraints

EXAMPLES
The following example shows creation of a table level primary key. Note that its definition is
separated from the column definitions by a comma:

CREATE TABLE supplier_item (

supp_no INTEGER NOT NULL,
item_no INTEGER NOT NULL,
qty INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
PRIMARY KEY (supp_no, item_no)
) ;

The following example shows how to create a table with two UNIQUE table level constraints:

CREATE TABLE order_item (

order_no INTEGER NOT NULL,
item_no INTEGER NOT NULL,
qty INTEGER NOT NULL,
price MONEY NOT NULL,
UNIQUE (order_no, item_no),
UNIQUE (qty, price)
) ;

The following example defines the combination of columns student_courses.teacher and

student_courses.course_title as a foreign key that references the primary key of the courses
table. Note that this REFERENCES clause does not specify column names because the foreign
key refers to the primary key of the courses table:

CREATE TABLE courses (

teacher CHAR (20) NOT NULL,
course_title CHAR (30) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (teacher, course_title)
) ;
CREATE TABLE student_courses (
student_id INTEGER,
teacher CHAR (20),
course_title CHAR (30),
FOREIGN KEY (teacher, course_title) REFERENCES courses
) ;

3–121
Table Constraints

SQL evaluates the referential constraint to see if it satisfies the following search condition:

(student_courses.teacher IS NULL
OR student_courses.course_title IS NULL)
OR EXISTS (SELECT * FROM student_courses WHERE
(student_courses.teacher = courses.teacher AND
student_courses.course_title = courses.course_title)
)

NOTE: INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statements that cause the search condition to be
false violate the constraint, fail, and generate an error.
The following example creates a table with two column level check constraints and one table
level check constraint. Each constraint is defined with a name.

CREATE TABLE supplier (

supp_no INTEGER NOT NULL,
name CHAR (30),
status SMALLINT CONSTRAINT status_check_con
CHECK ( supplier.status BETWEEN 1 AND 100 ),
city CHAR (20) CONSTRAINT city_check_con CHECK
( supplier.city IN ('NEW YORK', 'BOSTON', 'CHICAGO')),
CONSTRAINT supp_tab_check_con CHECK (supplier.city <> 'CHICAGO'
OR supplier.status = 20)
) ;

3–122
 UPDATE Statement

UPDATE Statement
Updates the rows and columns of the specified table with the given values for rows that satisfy
the search_condition. This is the syntax for the UPDATE statement:

SYNTAX

UPDATE table_name
SET assignment [, assignment ] , ...
[ WHERE search_condition ] ;

assignment:

SYNTAX

column = { expr | NULL }

| ( column [, column ] , ... ) = ( expr [, expr ] )
| ( column [, column ] , ... ) = ( query_expression )

NOTES

• If you specify the optional WHERE clause, only rows that satisfy the search_condition are
updated. If you do not specify a WHERE clause all rows of the table are updated.

• If the expressions in the SET clause are dependent on the columns of the target table, the
expressions are evaluated for each row of the table.

• If a query expression is specified on the right_hand side of an assignment, the number of

expressions in the first SELECT clause of the query expression must be the same as the
number of columns listed on the left_hand side of the assignment.

• If a query expression is specified on the right_hand side of an assignment, the query

expression must return one row.

• If a table has check constraints and if the columns to be updated are part of a check
expression, then the check expression is evaluated. If the result of the evaluation is
FALSE, the UPDATE statement fails.

• If a table has primary or candidate keys and if the columns to be updated are part of the
primary or candidate key, SQL checks to determine if there is a corresponding row in the
referencing table. If there is a corresponding row the UPDATE operation fails.

3–123
UPDATE Statement

EXAMPLES

UPDATE orders
SET qty = 12000
WHERE order_no = 1001 ;

UPDATE orders
SET (product) =
(SELECT item_name
FROM items
WHERE item_no = 2401 )
WHERE order_no = 1002 ;

UPDATE orders
SET (amount) = (2000 * 30)
WHERE order_no = 1004 ;

UPDATE orders
SET (product, amount) =
(SELECT item_name, price * 30
FROM items
WHERE item_no = 2401 )
WHERE order_no = 1002 ;

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privilege or UPDATE privileges on all the specified columns of the target
table, and SELECT privilege on all the other tables referred to in the statement.

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92. ODBC Extended SQL grammar. Progress Extensions: assignments of the form
( column , column , ... ) = ( expr , expr , ... )

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

SELECT Statement, OPEN Statement, FETCH Statement, “Search Conditions” and

“Query Expressions” in Chapter 2, “SQL-92 Language Elements”

3–124
 UPDATE STATISTICS Statement

UPDATE STATISTICS Statement

Queries data tables and updates the following table and column statistics:

• The number of rows in the table (the cardinality)

• The value ranges corresponding to 10% of the rows of a table, for each indexed column.
The UPDATE STATISTICS operation produces a 10-step histogram of the column
values.

SYNTAX

UPDATE STATISTICS [ FOR table_name ] ;

table_name

Specifies a single table on which to update statistics. If you do not specify a table_name,
the UPDATE STATISTICS statement updates statistics on all tables in the database.

NOTES

• The time required to gather the statistics is highly dependent on the number of tables
specified and on the number of rows in those tables.

• The optimizer uses the information from UPDATE STATISTICS to make decisions about
the best query strategy to use when executing a particular SQL-92 statement.

• Until a user, application, or SQL-92 script issues an UPDATE STATISTICS statement,

the optimizer bases query strategies on values it derives from various defaults. These
values might not lead to the best performance, so database administrators should issue an
UPDATE STATISTICS operation periodically.

3–125
UPDATE STATISTICS Statement

AUTHORIZATION

Must have DBA privilege, SELECT privilege, or ownership of table (to issue UPDATE
STATISTICS statement for a specific table).

SQL COMPLIANCE

Progress Extension

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL, interactive SQL, ODBC applications, JDBC applications

RELATED STATEMENTS

None

3–126
 WHENEVER Statement

WHENEVER Statement
Specifies actions for three SQL-92 run-time exceptions. This is the syntax for a WHENEVER
statement:

SYNTAX

WHENEVER
{ NOT FOUND | SQLERROR | SQLWARNING }
{ STOP | CONTINUE |{ GOTO | GO TO } host_lang_label } ;

{ NOT FOUND | SQLERROR | SQLWARNING }

• The NOT FOUND exception is set when sqlca.sqlcode is set to SQL_NOT_FOUND.

• The SQLERROR exception is set when sqlca.sqlcode is set to a negative value.

• The SQLWARNING exception is set when sqlca.sqlwarn[ 0 ] is set to 'W' after a

statement is executed.

{ STOP | CONTINUE | GOTO | GO TO } host_lang_label }

• The STOP exception results in the ESQLC program stopping execution.

• The CONTINUE exception results in the ESQLC program continuing execution. The
default exception is to CONTINUE.

• GOTO | GO host_lang_label results in the ESQLC program execution to branch to

the statement corresponding to the host_lang_label.

EXAMPLES
The first example is a code fragment from the main function in sample program 1StatUpd.pc.
The complete source for sample program, 1StatUpd.pc, is listed in Appendix A of the Progress
Embedded SQL-92 Guide and Reference.

/*
** Name WHENEVER routine to handle SQLERROR condition.
*/
EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR GOTO mainerr ;

3–127
WHENEVER Statement

This example is a code fragment from the dynupd function in sample program 3DynUpd.pc,
which illustrates dynamic processing of an UPDATE statement. The complete source for
sample program, 3DynUpd.pc, is listed in Appendix A of the Progress Embedded SQL-92 Guide
and Reference.

/*
** Name WHENEVER routines to handle NOT FOUND and SQLERROR
*/

EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR GOTO nodyn ;

EXEC SQL WHENEVER NOT FOUND GOTO nodyn ;

NOTES

• You can place multiple WHENEVER statements for the same exception in a source file.
Each WHENEVER statement overrides the previous WHENEVER statement specified
for the same exception.

• Correct operation of a WHENEVER statement with a GOTO host_language_label or a

GO TO host_language_label is subject to the scoping rules of the C Language. The
host_language_label must be within the scope of all SQL-92 statements for which the
action is active. The GO TO or GOTO action is active starting from the corresponding
WHENEVER statement until another WHENEVER statement for the same exception, or
until end of file.

AUTHORIZATION

None

SQL COMPLIANCE

SQL-92. Progress Extensions: SQLWARNING exception condition and STOP action.

ENVIRONMENT

Embedded SQL-92 only

RELATED STATEMENTS

FETCH Statement

3–128
 4
SQL-92 Functions

A function is a type of SQL expression that returns a value based on the arguments supplied to
the function. Progress SQL-92 supports two types of functions:

• Aggregate Functions — Calculate a single value for a collection of rows in a result table.
If the function is in a statement with a GROUP BY clause, it returns a value for each group
in the result table. Aggregate functions are also called set or statistical functions.
Aggregate functions cannot be nested. This chapter describes the Aggregate Functions
listed in Table 4–1.

• Scalar Functions — Calculate a value based on another single value. Scalar functions are
also called value functions. Scalar functions can be nested. This chapter describes the
Scalar Functions listed in Table 4–2.
SQL-92 Functions

SQL-92 Functions

Table 4–1: Progress SQL-92 Aggregate Functions

AVG Function COUNT Function MAX Function

MIN Function SUM Function –

Table 4–2: Progress SQL-92 Scalar Functions (1 of 2)

ABS Function ACOS Function ADD_MONTHS Function

ASCII Function ASIN Function ATAN Function

ATAN2 Function CASE Function CAST Function

CEILING Function CHAR Function CHR Function

COALESCE Function CONCAT Function CONVERT Function

(ODBC Compatible)

CONVERT Function COS Function CURDATE Function

(Progress Extension)

CURTIME Function DATABASE Function DAYNAME Function

DAYOFMONTH Function DAYOFWEEK Function DAYOFYEAR Function

DB_NAME Function DECODE Function DEGREES Function

EXP Function FLOOR Function GREATEST Function

HOUR FUNCTION IFNULL Function INITCAP Function

INSERT Function INSTR Function LAST_DAY Function

LCASE Function LEAST Function LEFT Function

LENGTH Function LOCATE Function LOG10 Function

LOWER Function LPAD Function LTRIM Function

MINUTE Function MOD Function MONTH Function

4–2
 SQL-92 Functions

Table 4–2: Progress SQL-92 Scalar Functions (2 of 2)

MONTHNAME Function MONTHS_BETWEEN NEXT_DAY Function

Function

NOW Function NULLIF Function NVL Function

PI Function POWER Function PREFIX Function

PRO_* Functions QUARTER Function RADIANS Function

RAND Function REPEAT Function REPLACE Function

RIGHT Function ROUND Function ROWID Function

RPAD Function RTRIM Function SECOND Function

SIGN Function SIN Function SQRT Function

SUBSTR Function SUBSTRING Function SUFFIX Function

(ODBC Compatible)

SYSDATE Function SYSTIME Function SYSTIMESTAMP Function

TAN Function TO_CHAR Function TO_DATE

TO_NUMBER Function TO_TIME Function TO_TIMESTAMP Function

TRANSLATE Function UCASE Function UPPER Function

USER Function WEEK Function YEAR Function

4–3
AVG Function

AVG Function
Computes the average of a collection of values. The keyword DISTINCT specifies that the
duplicate values are to be eliminated before computing the average.

SYNTAX

AVG ( {[ ALL ] expression } |{ DISTINCT column_ref } )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the AVG function:

SELECT AVG (salary)

FROM employee
WHERE deptno = 20 ;

NOTES

• Null values are eliminated before the average value is computed. If all the values are null,
the result is null.

• The argument to the function must be of type SMALLINT, INTEGER, NUMERIC,

REAL, or FLOAT.

• The result is of type NUMERIC.

4–4
 COUNT Function

COUNT Function
Computes either the number of rows in a group of rows or the number of non-null values in a
group of values.

SYNTAX

COUNT ( {[ ALL ] expression }| { DISTINCT column_ref } | * )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the COUNT function:

SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM orders
WHERE order_date = SYSDATE ;

NOTES

• The keyword DISTINCT specifies that the duplicate values are to be eliminated before
computing the count.

• If the argument to COUNT function is ’*’, then the function computes the count of the
number of rows in a group.

• If the argument to COUNT function is not ’*’, then null values are eliminated before the
number of rows is computed.

• The argument column_ref or expression can be of any type.

• The result of the function is of integer type. The result is never null.

4–5
MAX Function

MAX Function
Returns the maximum value in a group of values.

SYNTAX

COUNT ( {[ ALL ] expression }|{ DISTINCT column_ref }| * )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the MAX function:

SELECT order_date, product, MAX (qty)

FROM orders
GROUP BY order_date, product ;

NOTES

• Specifying DISTINCT has no effect on the result.

• The argument column_ref or expression can be of any type.

• The result of the function is of the same data type as that of the argument.

• The result is null if the result set is empty or contains only null values.

4–6
 MIN Function

MIN Function
Returns the minimum value in a group of values.

SYNTAX

MIN ( { [ ALL ] expression }|{ DISTINCT column_ref } )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the MIN function:

SELECT MIN (salary)

FROM employee
WHERE deptno = 20 ;

NOTES

• Specifying DISTINCT has no effect on the result.

• The argument column_ref or expression can be of any type.

• The result of the function is of the same data type as that of the argument.

• The result is null if the result set is empty or contains only null values.

4–7
SUM Function

SUM Function
Returns the sum of the values in a group. The keyword DISTINCT specifies that the duplicate
values are to be eliminated before computing the sum.

SYNTAX

SUM ( { [ALL] expression }| { DISTINCT column_ref } )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the SUM function:

SELECT SUM (amount)

FROM orders
WHERE order_date = SYSDATE ;

NOTES

• The argument column_ref or expression can be of any type.

• The result of the function is of the same data type as that of the argument except that the
result is of type INTEGER when the argument is of type SMALLINT or TINYINT.

• The result can have a null value.

4–8
 ABS Function

ABS Function
Computes the absolute value of expression.

SYNTAX

ABS ( expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the ABS function:

SELECT ABS (MONTHS_BETWEEN (SYSDATE, order_date))

FROM orders
WHERE ABS (MONTHS_BETWEEN (SYSDATE, order_date)) > 3 ;

NOTES

• The argument to the function must be of type TINYINT, SMALLINT, INTEGER,

NUMERIC, REAL, or FLOAT.

• The result is of type NUMERIC.

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–9
ACOS Function

ACOS Function
Returns the arccosine of expression.

SYNTAX

ACOS ( expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates two ways to use the acos function. The first SELECT statement returns
the arcosine in radians, and the second returns the arcosine in degrees.

select acos (.5) ’Arccosine in radians’ from syscalctable;

ARCCOSINE IN RADIANS
--------------------
1.047197551196598

1 record selected

select acos (.5) * (180/ pi()) ’Arccosine in degrees’ from syscalctable;

ARCCOSINE IN DEGREES
--------------------
59.999999999999993
1 record selected

4–10
 ACOS Function

NOTES

• ACOS takes the ratio (expression) of two sides of a right triangle and returns the
corresponding angle. The ratio is the length of the side adjacent to the angle divided by the
length of the hypotenuse.

• The result is expressed in radians and is in the range -Pi/2 to Pi/2 radians. To convert
degrees to radians, multiply degrees by Pi/180. To convert radians to degrees, multiply
radians by 180/Pi.

• The expression must be in the range -1 to 1.

• The expression must evaluate to an approximate numeric data type.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–11
ADD_MONTHS Function

ADD_MONTHS Function
Adds to the date value specified by the date_expression, the given number of months specified
by integer_expression, and returns the resultant date value.

SYNTAX

ADD_MONTHS ( date_expression , integer_expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the ADD_MONTHS function:

SELECT *
FROM customer
WHERE ADD_MONTHS (start_date, 6) > SYSDATE ;

NOTES

• The first argument must be of DATE type.

• The second argument to the function must be of NUMERIC type.

• The result is of type DATE.

• If any of the arguments evaluates to null, the result is null.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–12
 ASCII Function

ASCII Function
Returns the ASCII value of the first character of the given character expression.

SYNTAX

ASCII ( char_expression )

EXAMPLE
The following example shows how to use the ASCII function:

SELECT ASCII ( zip )

FROM customer ;

NOTES

• The argument to the function must be of type CHARACTER.

• The result is of type INTEGER.

• If the argument char_expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

• The ASCII function is character-set dependent, and supports multi-byte characters. The
function returns the character encoding integer value of the first character of
char_expression in the current character set. If char_expression is a literal string, the
result is determined by the character set of the SQL client. If char_expression is a
column in the database, the character set of the database determines the result.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–13
ASIN Function

ASIN Function
Returns the arcsine of expression.

SYNTAX

ASIN ( expression )

EXAMPLE
The following example shows how to use the ASIN function. The first SELECT statement
returns the arcsine in degrees, and the second returns the arcsine in radians.

select asin (1) * (180/ pi()) ’Arcsine in degrees’ from syscalctable;

ARCSINE IN DEGREES
-------------------
90.000000000000000

1 record selected

select asin (1) ’Arcsine in radians’ from syscalctable;

ARCSINE IN RADIANS
------------------
1.570796326794897

1 record selected

ASIN takes the ratio (expression) of two sides of a right triangle and returns the corresponding
angle. The ratio is the length of the side opposite the angle divided by the length of the
hypotenuse.
The result is expressed in radians and is in the range -pi/2 to pi/2 radians. To convert degrees to
radians, multiply degrees by pi/180. To convert radians to degrees, multiply radians by 180/pi.

4–14
 ASIN Function

NOTES

• The expression must be in the range -1 to 1.

• The expression must evaluate to an approximate numeric data type.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–15
ATAN Function

ATAN Function
Returns the arctangent of expression.

SYNTAX

ATAN ( expression )

EXAMPLE
The following example illustrates two ways to use the ATAN function:

select atan (1) * (180/ pi()) ’Arctangent in degrees’ from syscalctable;

ARCTANGENT IN DEGREES
-----------------------
45.000000000000000

1 record selected

select atan (1) ’Arctangent in radians’ from syscalctable;

ARCTANGENT IN RADIANS
-----------------------
0.785398163397448

1 record selected

ATAN takes the ratio (expression) of two sides of a right triangle and returns the
corresponding angle. The ratio is the length of the side opposite the angle divided by the length
of the side adjacent to the angle.
The result is expressed in radians and is in the range -Pi/2 to Pi/2 radians. To convert degrees to
radians, multiply degrees by Pi/180. To convert radians to degrees, multiply radians by 180/Pi.

NOTES

• The expression must be in the range -1 to 1.

• The expression must evaluate to an approximate numeric data type.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–16
 ATAN2 Function

ATAN2 Function
Returns the arctangent of the x and y coordinates specified by expression1 and expression2.

SYNTAX

ATAN2 ( expression1 , expression2 )

EXAMPLE
The following example illustrates two ways to use the ATAN2 function:

select atan2 (1,1) * (180/ pi()) ’Arctangent in degrees’ from syscalctable;

ARCTANGENT IN DEGREES
-----------------------
45.000000000000000

1 record selected

select atan2 (1,1) ’Arctangent in radians’ from syscalctable;

ARCTANGENT IN RADIANS
-----------------------
0.785398163397448

1 record selected

4–17
ATAN2 Function

NOTES

• ATAN2 takes the ratio of two sides of a right triangle and returns the corresponding angle.
The ratio is the length of the side opposite the angle divided by the length of the side
adjacent to the angle.

• expression1 and expression2 specify the x and y coordinates of the end of the
hypotenuse opposite the angle.

• The result is expressed in radians and is in the range -pi/2 to pi/2 radians. To convert
degrees to radians, multiply degrees by pi/180. To convert radians to degrees, multiply
radians by 180/pi.

• Both expression1 and expression2 must evaluate to approximate numeric data types.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–18
 CASE Function

CASE Function
Specifies a series of search conditions and associated result expressions. The general form is
called a searched case expression. SQL returns the value specified by the first result expression
whose associated search condition evaluates as true. If none of the search conditions evaluates
as true, the CASE expression returns a null value, or the value of some other default expression
if the CASE expression includes the ELSE clause.
CASE also supports syntax for a shorthand notation, called a simple case expression, for
evaluating whether one expression is equal to a series of other expressions.

SYNTAX

searched_case_expr | simple_case_expr

searched_case_expr

SYNTAX

CASE
WHEN search_condition THEN { result_expr | NULL }
[ ... ]
[ ELSE expr | NULL ]
END

simple_case_expr

SYNTAX

CASE primary_expr
WHEN expr THEN { result_expr | NULL }
[ ... ]
[ ELSE expr | NULL ]

CASE

Specifies a searched case expression. It must be followed by one or more WHEN-THEN

clauses, each specifying a search condition and corresponding expression.

4–19
CASE Function

WHEN search_condition THEN { result_expr | NULL }

Specifies a search condition and corresponding expression. SQL evaluates
search_condition. If search_condition evaluates as true, CASE returns the value
specified by result_expr, or null, if the clause specifies THEN NULL.

If search_condition evaluates as false, SQL evaluates the next WHEN-THEN clause, if any,
or the ELSE clause, if it is specified.

CASE primary_expr

Specifies a simple case expression. In a simple case expression, one or more WHEN-THEN
clauses specify two expressions.

WHEN expr THEN { result_expr | NULL }

Prompts SQL to evaluate expr and compare it with primary_expr specified in the CASE
clause. If they are equal, CASE returns the value specified by result_expr (or null, if the
clause specifies THEN NULL).

If expr is not equal to primary_expr, SQL evaluates the next WHEN-THEN clause, if any,
or the ELSE clause, if it is specified.

ELSE { expr | NULL }

Specifies an optional expression whose value SQL returns if none of the conditions
specified in WHEN-THEN clauses are satisfied. If the CASE expression omits the ELSE clause,
it is the same as specifying ELSE NULL.

EXAMPLES
A simple case expression can always be expressed as a searched case expression. This example
illustrates a simple case expression:

CASE primary_expr
WHEN expr1 THEN result_expr1
WHEN expr2 THEN result_expr2
ELSE expr3
END

4–20
 CASE Function

The simple case expression in the preceding CASE example is equivalent to the following
searched case expression:

CASE
WHEN primary_expr = expr1 THEN result_expr1
WHEN primary_expr = expr2 THEN result_expr2
ELSE expr3
END

The following example shows a searched case expression that assigns a label denoting suppliers
as ’In Mass’ if the state column value is ’MA’:

select lastname, city,

case
when state = ’MA’ then ’In Mass’ else ’Not in Mass’
end
from supplier;

Lastname City searched_case(State,MA,In Mass,)

---------------- ---------------- --------------------------------
GolfWorld Suppl Boston In Mass
Pool Swimming S Valkeala Not in Mass
Nordic Ski Whol Hingham In Mass
Champion Soccer Harrow Not in Mass
ABC Sports Supp Boston In Mass
Seasonal Sports Bedford In Mass
Tennis Supplies Boston In Mass
Boating Supplie Jacksonville Not in Mass
Aerobic Supplie Newport Beach Not in Mass
Sports Unlimite Irving Not in Mass

4–21
CASE Function

The following example shows the equivalent simple case expression:

SELECT lastname, city

case state
when ’MA’ then ’In Mass’ else ’Not in Mass’
end
FROM supplier;

Lastname City simple_case(State,MA,In Mass,)

---------------- ---------------- -------------------------------
GolfWorld Suppl Boston In Mass
Pool Swimming S Valkeala Not in Mass
Nordic Ski Whol Hingham In Mass
Champion Soccer Harrow Not in Mass
ABC Sports Supp Boston In Mass
Seasonal Sports Bedford In Mass
Tennis Supplies Boston In Mass
Boating Supplie Jacksonville Not in Mass
Aerobic Supplie Newport Beach Not in Mass
Sports Unlimite Irving Not in Mass

NOTES

• This function is not allowed in a GROUP BY clause.

• Arguments to this function cannot be query expressions.

COMPATIBILITY

SQL-92 Compatible

4–22
 CAST Function

CAST Function
Converts an expression to another data type. The first argument is the expression to be
converted. The second argument is the target data type.
The length option for the data_type argument specifies the length for conversions to CHAR and
VARCHAR data types. If omitted, the default is 1 byte.
If the expression evaluates to null, the result of the function is null. Specifying NULL with the
CAST function is useful for set operations, such as UNION, that require two tables to have the
same structure. CAST NULL allows you to specify a column of the correct data type, so a table
with a similar structure to another, but with fewer columns, can be in a union operation with the
other table.
The CAST function provides a data-type-conversion mechanism compatible with the SQL-92
standard.
Use the CONVERT function, enclosed in the ODBC escape clause { fn }, to specify
ODBC-compliant syntax for data type conversion. See the ODBC compatible CONVERT
function for more information.

SYNTAX

CAST ( { expression | NULL } AS data_type [ ( length )] )

EXAMPLE
The following SQL example uses CAST to convert an integer field from a catalog table to a
CHARACTER data type:

SELECT CAST(fld AS CHAR(25)), fld FROM sysprogress.syscalctable;

CONVERT(CHARACTER(25),FLD) FLD
-------------------------- ---
100 100

1 record selected

COMPATIBILITY

SQL-92 Compatible

4–23
CEILING Function

CEILING Function
Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to expression.

SYNTAX

CEILING ( expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the CEILING function:

SELECT CEILING (32.5) ’Ceiling’

FROM SYSPROGRESS.SYSCALCTABLE;

NOTE

• The expression must evaluate to a numeric data type.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–24
 CHAR Function

CHAR Function
Returns a character string with the first character having an ASCII value equal to the argument
expression. CHAR is identical to CHR but provides ODBC-compatible syntax.

SYNTAX

CHAR ( integer_expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the CHAR function:

SELECT *
FROM customer
WHERE SUBSTR (zip, 1, 1) = CHAR (53) ;

NOTES

• The argument to the function must be of type INTEGER, TINYINT, or SMALLINT.

• The result is of type CHARACTER.

• If the argument integer_expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

• The CHAR and CHR functions are character-set dependent, and support single-byte and
multi-byte characters. If integer_expression is a valid character encoding integer value
in the current SQL server character set, the function returns the correct character. If it is
not a valid character the function returns a NULL value.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–25
CHR Function

CHR Function
Returns a character string with the first character having an ASCII value equal to the argument
expression.

SYNTAX

CHR ( integer_expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the CHR function and the SUBSTR (substring) function:

SELECT *
FROM customer
WHERE SUBSTR (zip, 1, 1) = CHR (53) ;

NOTES

• The argument to the function must be of type INTEGER, TINYINT, or SMALLINT.

• The result is of type CHARACTER.

• If the argument integer_expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

• The CHR and CHAR functions are character-set dependent, and support multi-byte
characters. If integer_expression is a valid character encoding integer value in the
current SQL server character set, the function returns the correct character. If it is not a
valid character the function returns a NULL value.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–26
 COALESCE Function

COALESCE Function
Specifies a series of expressions, and returns the first expression whose value is not null. If all
the expressions evaluate as null, COALESCE returns a null value.

SYNTAX

COALESCE ( expression1, expression2 [... ] )

NOTE: The COALESCE syntax is shorthand notation for a common case that can also be
represented in a CASE expression. The following two formulations are equivalent:

COALESCE ( expression1 , expression2 , expression3 )

CASE
WHEN expression1 IS NOT NULL THEN expression1
WHEN expression2 IS NOT NULL THEN expression2
ELSE expression3
END

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the COALESCE function:

SELECT COALESCE (end_date, start_date) from job_hist;

NOTES

• This function is not allowed in a GROUP BY clause.

• Arguments to this function cannot be query expressions.

COMPATIBILITY

SQL-92 Compatible

4–27
CONCAT Function

CONCAT Function
Returns a concatenated character string formed by concatenating argument one with argument
two.

SYNTAX

CONCAT ( char_expression , char_expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the CONCAT function:

SELECT last_name, empno, salary

FROM customer
WHERE project = CONCAT(’US’,proj_nam);

NOTES

• Both of the arguments must be of type CHARACTER or VARCHAR.

• The result is of type VARCHAR.

• If any of the argument expressions evaluate to null, the result is null.

• The two char_expression expressions and the result of the CONCAT function may
contain multi-byte characters.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–28
 CONVERT Function (ODBC Compatible)

CONVERT Function (ODBC Compatible)

Converts an expression to another data type. The first argument is the expression to be
converted. The second argument is the target data type.
If the expression evaluates to null, the result of the function is null.
The ODBC CONVERT function provides ODBC-compliant syntax for data type conversions.
You must enclose the function with the ODBC escape clause { fn } to use ODBC-compliant
syntax.

SYNTAX

{ fn CONVERT ( expression , data_type ) }

NOTE: Braces are part of the actual syntax.

data_type

SYNTAX

SQL_BINARY | SQL_BIT | | SQL_DATE | SQL_DECIMAL

SQL_CHAR
| SQL_DOUBLE | SQL_FLOAT | SQL_INTEGER | SQL_REAL
| SQL_SMALLINT | SQL_TIME | SQL_TIMESTAMP | SQL_TINYINT
| SQL_VARBINARY | SQL_VARCHAR

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–29
CONVERT Function (Progress Extension)

CONVERT Function (Progress Extension)

Converts an expression to another data type. The first argument is the target data type. The
second argument is the expression to be converted to that type.
The length option for the data_type argument specifies the length for conversions to CHAR and
VARCHAR data types. If omitted, the default is 30 bytes.
If the expression evaluates to null, the result of the function is null.
The CONVERT function syntax is similar to but not compatible with the ODBC CONVERT
function. Enclose the function in the ODBC escape clause { fn } to specify ODBC-compliant
syntax. See the ODBC compatible CONVERT function for more information.

SYNTAX

CONVERT ( ’data_type [ ( length ) ]’, expression )

EXAMPLE
The following SQL example uses the CONVERT function to convert an INTEGER field from
a system table to a character string:

SELECT CONVERT(’CHAR’, fld), fld FROM sysprogress.syscalctable;

CONVERT(CHAR,FLD) FLD
----------------- ---
100 100

1 record selected

SELECT CONVERT(’CHAR(35)’, fld), fld FROM sysprogress.syscalctable;

CONVERT(CHAR(35),FLD) FLD
--------------------- ---
100 100

1 record selected

4–30
 CONVERT Function (Progress Extension)

NOTE

• When data_type is CHARACTER( length ) or VARCHAR( length ), the length

specification represents the number of characters. The converted result may contain
multi-byte characters.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–31
COS Function

COS Function
Returns the cosine of expression.

SYNTAX

COS ( expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the COS function:

select cos(45 * pi()/180) ’Cosine of 45 degrees’

from sysprogress.syscalctable;

COSINE OF 45 DEG
----------------
0.707106781186548

1 record selected

NOTES

• COS takes an angle expression and returns the ratio of two sides of a right triangle. The
ratio is the length of the side adjacent to the angle divided by the length of the hypotenuse.

• The expression specifies an angle in radians.

• The expression must evaluate to an approximate numeric data type.

• To convert degrees to radians, multiply degrees by Pi/180. To convert radians to degrees,

multiply radians by 180/Pi.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–32
 CURDATE Function

CURDATE Function
Returns the current date as a DATE value. This function takes no arguments.

SYNTAX

CURDATE ( )

NOTE: SQL statements can refer to CURDATE anywhere they can refer to a DATE
expression.

EXAMPLE
The following example shows how to use the CURDATE function:

INSERT INTO objects (object_owner, object_id, create_date)

VALUES (USER, 1001, CURDATE()) ;

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–33
CURTIME Function

CURTIME Function
Returns the current time as a TIME value. This function takes no arguments.

SYNTAX

CURTIME ( )

NOTE: SQL statements can refer to CURTIME anywhere they can refer to a TIME
expression.

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates how to use the CURTIME function to INSERT the current time into
the create_time column of the objects table:

INSERT INTO objects (object_owner, object_id, create_time)

VALUES (USER, 1001, CURTIME()) ;

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–34
 DATABASE Function

DATABASE Function
Returns the name of the database corresponding to the current connection name. This function
takes no arguments, and the trailing parentheses are optional.

SYNTAX

DATABASE [ ( ) ]

EXAMPLE
The following example shows how to use the DATABASE function:

select database() from t2;

DATABASE
--------
steel

1 record selected

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–35
DAYNAME Function

DAYNAME Function
Returns a character string containing the name of the day (for example, Sunday through
Saturday) for the day portion of date_expression. The argument date_expression can be the
name of a column, the result of another scalar function, or a date or timestamp literal.

SYNTAX

DAYNAME ( date_expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the DAYNAME function:

SELECT *
FROM orders
WHERE order_no = 342 and DAYNAME(order_date)=’SATURDAY’;

ORDER_NO ORDER_DATE REFERENCE CUST_NO

-------- ----------- ---------- --------
342 08/10 tdfg/101 10001

1 record selected

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–36
 DAYOFMONTH Function

DAYOFMONTH Function
Returns the day of the month in the argument as a short integer value in the range of 1-31. The
argument date_expression can be the name of a column, the result of another scalar function,
or a date or timestamp literal.

SYNTAX

DAYOFMONTH ( date_expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the DAYOFMONTH function:

SELECT *
FROM orders
WHERE DAYOFMONTH (order_date) = 14 ;

NOTES

• The date_expression argument must be of type DATE.

• If date_expression is supplied as a date literal, it can be any of the valid date_literal

formats where the day specification (DD) precedes the month specification (MM). See
syntax for date_literal in the “Date-time Literals” section in Chapter 2, “SQL-92
Language Elements.”

• The result is of type SHORT.

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–37
DAYOFWEEK Function

DAYOFWEEK Function
Returns the day of the week in the argument as a short integer value in the range of 1-7.
The argument date_expression can be the name of a column, the result of another scalar
function, or a date or timestamp literal.

SYNTAX

DAYOFWEEK ( date_expression )

EXAMPLE
The following example shows how to use the DAYOFWEEK function:

SELECT *
FROM orders
WHERE DAYOFWEEK (order_date) = 2 ;

NOTES

• The argument to the function must be of type DATE.

• If date_expression is supplied as a date literal, it can be any of the valid date_literal

formats where the day specification (DD) precedes the month specification (MM). See the
syntax for date_literal in the “Date-time Literals” section in Chapter 2, “SQL-92
Language Elements.”

• The result is of type SHORT.

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–38
 DAYOFYEAR Function

DAYOFYEAR Function
Returns the day of the year in the argument as a short integer value in the range of 1-366. The
argument date_expression can be the name of a column, the result of another scalar function,
or a date or timestamp literal.

SYNTAX

DAYOFYEAR ( date_expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the DAYOFYEAR function:

SELECT *
FROM orders
WHERE DAYOFYEAR (order_date) = 300 ;

NOTES

• The argument to the function must be of type DATE.

• The result is of type SHORT.

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–39
DB_NAME Function

DB_NAME Function
Returns the name of the database corresponding to the current connection name. It provides
compatibility with the Sybase SQL Server function db_name.

SYNTAX

DB_NAME ( )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the DB_NAME function:

SELECT DB_NAME() FROM T2;

DB_NAME
-------
demo

1 record selected

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–40
 DECODE Function

DECODE Function
Compares the value of the first argument expression with each search_expression and, if a
match is found, returns the corresponding match_expression. If no match is found, then the
function returns the default_expression. If a default_expression is not specified and no match is
found, the function returns a null value.

SYNTAX

DECODE ( expression, search_expression, match_expression

[ , search_expression, match_expression ...]
[ , default_expression ] )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates one way to use the DECODE function:

SELECT ename, DECODE (deptno,

10, ’ACCOUNTS ’,
20, ’RESEARCH ’,
30, ’SALES ’,
40, ’SUPPORT ’,
’NOT ASSIGNED’
)
FROM employee ;

NOTES

• Use a simple case expression when SQL-92-compatible syntax is a requirement.

• The first argument expression can be of any type. The types of all search_expressions
must be compatible with the type of the first argument.

• The match_expressions can be of any type. The types of all match_expressions must be
compatible with the type of the first match_expression.

• The type of the default_expression must be compatible with the type of the first
match_expression.

4–41
DECODE Function

• The type of the result is the same as that of the first match_expression.

• If the first argument expression is null, then the value of the default_expression is
returned, if it is specified. Otherwise null is returned.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–42
 DEGREES Function

DEGREES Function
Returns the number of degrees in an angle specified in radians by expression.

SYNTAX

DEGREES ( expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the DEGREES function:

SELECT DEGREES(3.14159265359) ’Degrees in pi Radians’

FROM SYSPROGRESS.SYSCALCTABLE;

NOTES

• The expression specifies an angle in radians.

• The expression must evaluate to a numeric data type.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–43
EXP Function

EXP Function
Returns the exponential value of expression (e raised to the power of expression).

SYNTAX

EXP ( expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the EXP function:

SELECT EXP( 4 ) ’e to the 4th power’ from sysprogress.syscalctable;

NOTE

• expression must evaluate to an approximate numeric data type.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–44
 FLOOR Function

FLOOR Function
Returns the largest integer less than or equal to expression.

SYNTAX

FLOOR ( expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the FLOOR function:

SELECT FLOOR (32.5) ’Floor’ from sysprogress.syscalctable ;

NOTE

• expression must evaluate to a numeric data type.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–45
GREATEST Function

GREATEST Function
Returns the greatest value among the values of the given expressions.

SYNTAX

GREATEST ( expression , expression ... )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the GREATEST function:

SELECT cust_no, last_name,

GREATEST (ADD_MONTHS (start_date, 10), SYSDATE)
FROM customer ;

NOTES

• The first argument to the function can be of any type. However, the types of the subsequent
arguments must be compatible with that of the first argument.

• The type of the result is the same as that of the first argument.

• If any of the argument expressions evaluate to null, the result is null.

• When the data type of an expression is either CHARACTER(length) or

VARCHAR(length), the expression may contain multi-byte characters. The sort weight
for each character is determined by the collation table in the database.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–46
 HOUR FUNCTION

HOUR FUNCTION
Returns the hour in the argument as a short integer value in the range of 0-23.

SYNTAX

HOUR ( time_expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the HOUR function:

SELECT *
FROM arrivals
WHERE HOUR (in_time) < 12 ;

NOTES

• The argument to the function must be of type TIME.

• The argument must be specified in the format hh:mi:ss.

• The result is of type SHORT.

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–47
IFNULL Function

IFNULL Function
Returns value if expr is null. If expr is not null, IFNULL returns expr.

SYNTAX

IFNULL( expr, value)

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the IFNULL function. The SELECT statement returns three rows with
a NULL value in column C1, and two non-NULL values:

SELECT C1, IFNULL(C1, 9999) FROM TEMP ORDER BY C1;

C1 IFNULL(C1,9999)
-- ----------------
9999
9999
9999
1 1
3 3

NOTE

• The data type of value must be compatible with the data type of expr.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–48
 INITCAP Function

INITCAP Function
Returns the result of the argument character expression after converting the first character to
uppercase and the subsequent characters to lowercase.

SYNTAX

INITCAP ( char_expression )

EXAMPLE
The following example shows how to use the INITCAP function:

SELECT INITCAP (last_name)

FROM customer ;

NOTES

• The char_expression must be of type CHARACTER.

• The result is of type CHARACTER.

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

• A char_expression and the result may contain multi-byte characters. The uppercase
conversion for the first character and the lowercase conversion for the rest of the
characters is based on the case table in the convmap file. The default case table is BASIC.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–49
INSERT Function

INSERT Function
Returns a character string where length number of characters have been deleted from
string_exp1 beginning at start_pos, and string_exp2 has been inserted into string_exp1,
beginning at start_pos.

SYNTAX

INSERT( string_exp1 , start_pos , length , string_exp2 )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the INSERT function. The two letters ’o’ and ’l’ are deleted from the
name ’Goldman’ in the last_name column, and the letters ’xx’ are inserted into the last_name
column, beginning at the fourth character, overlaying the letters ’d’ and ’m’:

SELECT INSERT(last_name,2,4,’xx’)
FROM customer
WHERE last_name = ’Goldman’;

INSERT LAST_NAME,2,4,XX)
------------------------
Gxxan

1 record selected

NOTES

• The string_exp can be type fixed-length or-variable length CHARACTER.

• The start_pos and length can be of data type INTEGER, SMALLINT, or TINYINT.

• The result string is of the type string_exp1.

• If any of the argument expressions evaluate to null, the result is null.

• If start_pos is negative or zero, the result string evaluates to null.

4–50
 INSERT Function

• If length is negative, the result evaluates to null.

• string_exp1 and string_exp2 and the result may contain multi-byte characters. This is
determined by the character set of the SQL server. The length argument specifies a
number of characters.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–51
INSTR Function

INSTR Function
Searches character string char_expression1 for the character string char_expression2. The
search begins at start_pos of char_expression1. If occurrence is specified, then INSTR searches
for the nth occurrence, where n is the value of the fourth argument.
The position (with respect to the start of char_expression1) is returned if a search is successful.
Zero is returned if no match can be found.

SYNTAX

INSTR ( char_expression1 , char_expression2

[ , start_pos [ , occurrence ]] )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the INSTR function:

SELECT cust_no, last_name

FROM customer
WHERE INSTR (LOWER (addr), ’heritage’) > 0 ;

NOTES

• The first and second arguments must be CHARACTER data type.

• The third and fourth arguments, if specified, must be SMALLINT or TINYINT data type.

• The value for start position in a character string is the ordinal number of the character in
the string. The very first character in a string is at position 1, the second character is at
position 2, the nth character is at position n.

• If you do not specify start_pos, a default value of 1 is assumed.

• If you do not specify occurrence, a default value of 1 is assumed.

• The result is INTEGER data type.

4–52
 INSTR Function

• If any of the argument expressions evaluate to null, the result is null.

• A char_expression and the result may contain multi-byte characters.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–53
LAST_DAY Function

LAST_DAY Function
Returns the date corresponding to the last day of the month containing the argument date.

SYNTAX

LAST_DAY ( date_expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the LAST_DAY function:

SELECT *
FROM orders
WHERE LAST_DAY (order_date) + 1 = ’08/01/1999’ ;

NOTES

• The argument to the function must be of type DATE.

• The result is of type DATE.

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–54
 LCASE Function

LCASE Function
Returns the result of the argument character expression after converting all the characters to
lowercase. LCASE is the same as LOWER but provides ODBC-compatible syntax.

SYNTAX

LCASE ( char_expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the LCASE function:

SELECT *
FROM customer
WHERE LCASE (last_name) = ’smith’ ;

NOTES

• The argument to the function must be of type CHARACTER.

• The result is of type CHARACTER.

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

• A char_expression and the result may contain multi-byte characters. The lowercase
conversion is determined by the case table in the convmap file. The default case table is
BASIC.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–55
LEAST Function

LEAST Function
Returns the lowest value among the values of the given expressions.

SYNTAX

LEAST ( expression , expression, ... )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the LEAST function:

SELECT cust_no, last_name,

LEAST (ADD_MONTHS (start_date, 10), SYSDATE)
FROM customer ;

NOTES

• The first argument to the function can be of any type. However, the types of the subsequent
arguments must be compatible with that of the first argument.

• The type of the result is the same as that of the first argument.

• If any of the argument expressions evaluate to null, the result is null.

• When the data type of an expression is either CHARACTER(length) or

VARCHAR(length), the expression may contain multi-byte characters. The sort weight
for each character is determined by the collation table in the database.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–56
 LEFT Function

LEFT Function
Returns the leftmost count of characters of string_exp.

SYNTAX

LEFT ( string_exp , count )

EXAMPLE
The following example shows how to use the LEFT function:

SELECT LEFT(last_name,4) FROM customer WHERE last_name = ’Goldman’;

LEFT(LAST_NAME),4)
------------------
Gold

1 record selected

NOTES

• string_exp can be fixed-length or variable-length CHARACTER data types.

• count can be INTEGER, SMALLINT, or TINYINT data types.

• If any of the arguments of the expression evaluate to null, the result is null.

• If the count is negative, the result evaluates to null.

• The string_exp and the result may contain multi-byte characters. The function returns the
number of characters.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–57
LENGTH Function

LENGTH Function
Returns the string length of the value of the given character expression.

SYNTAX

LENGTH ( char_expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the LENGTH function:

SELECT last_name ’LONG LAST_NAME’

FROM customer
WHERE LENGTH (last_name) > 5 ;

NOTES

• The argument to the function must be of type CHARACTER or VARCHAR.

• The result is of type INTEGER.

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

• char_expression may contain multi-byte characters. The function returns a number of

characters.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–58
 LOCATE Function

LOCATE Function
Returns the location of the first occurrence of char_expr1 in char_expr2. If the function
includes the optional integer argument start_pos, LOCATE begins searching char_expr2 at that
position. If the function omits the start_pos argument, LOCATE begins its search at the
beginning of char_expr2.
LOCATE denotes the first character position of a character expression as 1. If the search fails,
LOCATE returns 0. If either character expression is null, LOCATE returns a null value.

SYNTAX

LOCATE( char_expr1 , char_expr2 , [ start_pos ] )

EXAMPLE
The following example uses two string literals as character expressions. LOCATE returns a
value of 6:

SELECT LOCATE(’this’, ’test this test’, 1) FROM TEST;

LOCATE(THIS,
------------
6
1 record selected

NOTE

• char_expr1 and char_expr2 may contain multi-byte characters. The start_pos

argument specifies the position of a starting character, not a byte position. The search is
case-sensitive. Character comparisons use the collation table in the database.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–59
LOG10 Function

LOG10 Function
Returns the base 10 logarithm of expression.

SYNTAX

LOG10 ( expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the LOG10 function:

SELECT LOG10 (100) ’Log base 10 of 100’ FROM SYSPROGRESS.SYSCALCTABLE;

NOTE

• The expression must evaluate to an approximate numeric data type.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–60
 LOWER Function

LOWER Function
Returns the result of the argument char_expression after converting all the characters to
lowercase.

SYNTAX

LOWER ( char_expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the LOWER function:

SELECT *
FROM customer
WHERE LOWER (last_name) = ’smith’ ;

NOTES

• The argument to the function must be of type CHARACTER.

• The result is of type CHARACTER.

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

COMPATIBILITY

SQL-92 Compatible

4–61
LPAD Function

LPAD Function
Pads the character string corresponding to the first argument on the left with the character string
corresponding to the third argument. After the padding, the length of the result is length.

SYNTAX

LPAD ( char_expression , length [ , pad_expression ] )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates two ways to use the LPAD function:

SELECT LPAD (last_name, 30) FROM customer ;

SELECT LPAD (last_name, 30, ’.’) FROM customer ;

NOTES

• The first argument to the function must be of type CHARACTER. The second argument
to the function must be of type INTEGER. The third argument, if specified, must be of
type CHARACTER. If the third argument is not specified, the default value is a string of
length 1 containing one blank.

• If L1 is the length of the first argument and L2 is the value of the second argument:

– If L1 is less than L2, the number of characters padded is equal to L2 minus L1.

– If L1 is equal to L2, no characters are padded and the result string is the same as the
first argument.

– If L1 is greater than L2, the result string is equal to the first argument truncated to the
first L2 characters.

4–62
 LPAD Function

• The result is of type CHARACTER.

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

• The char_expression and pad_expression may contain multi-byte characters. The

length specifies a number of characters.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–63
LTRIM Function

LTRIM Function
Removes all the leading characters in char_expression that are present in char_set and returns
the resulting string. The first character in the result is guaranteed not to be in char_set. If you
do not specify the char_set argument, leading blanks are removed.

SYNTAX

LTRIM ( char_expression [ , char_set ] )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the LTRIM function:

SELECT last_name, LTRIM (addr, ’ ’)

FROM customer ;

NOTES

• The first argument to the function must be of type CHARACTER.

• The second argument to the function must be of type CHARACTER.

• The result is of type CHARACTER.

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

• The char_expression, the character set specified by char_set, and the result may contain
multi-byte characters. Character comparisons are case-sensitive and are determined by the
collation table in the database.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–64
 MINUTE Function

MINUTE Function
Returns the minute value in the argument as a short integer in the range of 0-59.

SYNTAX

MINUTE ( time_expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the MINUTE function:

SELECT *
FROM arrivals
WHERE MINUTE (in_time) > 10 ;

NOTES

• The argument to the function must be of type TIME.

• The argument must be specified in the format HH:MI:SS.

• The result is of type SHORT.

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–65
MOD Function

MOD Function
Returns the remainder of expression1 divided by expression2.

SYNTAX

MOD ( expression1 , expression2 )

The following example shows how to use the MOD function:

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the MOD function:

SELECT MOD (11, 4) ’Modulus’ FROM SYSPROGRESS.SYSCALCTABLE;

NOTES

• Both expression1 and expression2 must evaluate to exact numeric data types.

• If expression2 evaluates to zero, MOD returns zero.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–66
 MONTH Function

MONTH Function
Returns the month in the year specified by the argument as a short integer value in the range of
1-12.

SYNTAX

MONTH ( date_expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the MONTH function:

SELECT * FROM orders WHERE MONTH (order_date) = 6 ;

NOTES

• The argument to the function must be of type DATE.

• If date_expression is supplied as a time literal, it can be any of the valid date_literal

formats where the day specification (DD) precedes the month specification (MM). See the
syntax for date_literal in the “Date-time Literals” section in Chapter 2, “SQL-92
Language Elements.”

• The result is of type SHORT.

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–67
MONTHNAME Function

MONTHNAME Function
Returns a character string containing the name of the month (for example, January through
December) for the month portion of date_expression. Argument date_expression can be the
name of a column, the result of another scalar function, or a date or timestamp literal.

SYNTAX

MONTHNAME ( date_expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the MONTHNAME function. The query returns all rows where the
name of the month in the order_date column is equal to ’June’:

SELECT *
FROM orders
WHERE order_no =346 and MONTHNAME(order_date)=’JUNE’;

ORDER_NO ORDER_DATE REFERENCE CUST_NO

------- --------- -------- -------
346 06/01/1991 87/rd 10002

1 record selected

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–68
 MONTHS_BETWEEN Function

MONTHS_BETWEEN Function
Computes the number of months between two date values corresponding to the first and second
arguments.

SYNTAX

MONTHS_BETWEEN ( date_expression, date_expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the MONTHS_BETWEEN function:

SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN (SYSDATE, order_date)

FROM orders
WHERE order_no = 1002 ;

NOTES

• The first and second arguments to the function must be of type DATE.

• The result is of type INTEGER.

• The result is negative if the date corresponding to the second argument is greater than that
corresponding to the first argument.

• If any of the argument expressions evaluates to null, the result is null.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–69
NEXT_DAY Function

NEXT_DAY Function
Returns the minimum date that is greater than the date corresponding to the first argument where
the day of the week is the same as that specified by the second argument.

SYNTAX

NEXT_DAY ( date_expression, day_of_week )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the NEXT_DAY function:

SELECT NEXT_DAY (order_date, ’MONDAY’) FROM orders ;

NOTES

• The first argument to the function must be of type DATE.

• The second argument to the function must be of type CHARACTER. The result of the
second argument must be a valid day of the week (’SUNDAY’, ’MONDAY’ etc.).

• The result is of type DATE.

• If any of the argument expressions evaluate to null, the result is null.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–70
 NOW Function

NOW Function
Returns the current date and time as a TIMESTAMP value. This function takes no arguments.

SYNTAX

NOW ( )

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–71
NULLIF Function

NULLIF Function
Returns a null value for expression1 if it is equal to expression2. It is useful for converting
values to null from applications that use some other representation for missing or unknown data.
The NULLIF scalar function is a type of conditional expression.

SYNTAX

NULLIF ( expression1, expression2 )

EXAMPLE
This example uses the NULLIF scalar function to insert a null value into an address column if
the host-language variable contains a single space character:

INSERT INTO employee (add1) VALUES (NULLIF (:address1, ’ ’));

NOTES

• This function is not allowed in a GROUP BY clause.

• Arguments to this function cannot be query expressions.

• The NULLIF expression is shorthand notation for a common case that can also be
represented in a CASE expression, as follows:

CASE
WHEN expression1 = expression2 THEN NULL
ELSE expression1
END

COMPATIBILITY

SQL-92 Compatible

4–72
 NVL Function

NVL Function
Returns the value of the first expression if the first expression value is not null. If the first
expression value is null, the value of the second expression is returned.

SYNTAX

NVL ( expression , expression )

NOTE: The NVL function is not ODBC compatible. Use the IFNULL function when
ODBC-compatible syntax is required.

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the NVL function:

SELECT salary + NVL (comm, 0) ’TOTAL SALARY’ FROM employee ;

NOTES

• The first argument to the function can be of any type.

• The type of the second argument must be compatible with that of the first argument.

• The type of the result is the same as the first argument.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–73
PI Function

PI Function
Returns the constant value of pi as a floating-point value.

SYNTAX

PI ( )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the PI function:

SELECT PI () FROM SYSPROGRESS.SYSCALCTABLE;

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–74
 POWER Function

POWER Function
Returns expression1 raised to the power of expression2.

SYNTAX

POWER ( expression1 , expression2 )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the POWER function, raising ’3’ to the second power:

SELECT POWER ( 3 , 2) ’3 raised to the 2nd power’

FROM SYSPROGRESS.SYSCALCTABLE;

NOTES

• expression1 must evaluate to a numeric data type.

• expression2 must evaluate to an exact numeric data type.

4–75
PREFIX Function

PREFIX Function
Returns the substring of a character string, starting from the position specified by start_pos and
ending before the specified character.

SYNTAX

PREFIX ( char_expression , start_pos , char_expression )

char_expression

Evaluates to a character string, typically a character-string literal or column name. If the

expression evaluates to null, PREFIX returns null.

start_pos

Evaluates to an integer value. PREFIX searches the string specified in the first argument
starting at that position. A value of 1 indicates the first character of the string.

char_expression

Evaluates to a single character. PREFIX returns the substring that ends before that
character. If PREFIX does not find the character, it returns the substring beginning at
start_pos, to the end of the string. If the expression evaluates to more than one character,
PREFIX ignores all but the first character.

4–76
 PREFIX Function

EXAMPLE
The following example shows one way to use the PREFIX function:

create table prefix_table

(
colstring varchar(20),
colchar char(1)
);

insert into prefix_table values (’string.with.dots’, ’.’);

insert into prefix_table values (’string-with-dashes’, ’-’);

select colstring, colchar, prefix(colstring, 1, ’.’) from prefix_table;

COLSTRING COLCHAR prefix(COLSTRING,1,.)

--------------------- --------------------- ----------------------
string.with.dots . string
string-with-dashes - string-with-dashes

select colstring, colchar, prefix(colstring, 1, colchar) from prefix_table;

COLSTRING COLCHAR prefix(COLSTRING,1,COLCHAR)

--------------------- --------------------- ----------------------------
string.with.dots . string
string-with-dashes - string

select colstring, colchar, prefix(colstring, 1, ’X’) from prefix_table;

COLSTRING COLCHAR prefix(COLSTRING,1,X)

--------------------- --------------------- ----------------------
string.with.dots . string.with.dots
string-with-dashes - string-with-dashes

NOTE

• Each char_expression and the result may contain multi-byte characters. The start_pos
argument specifies the character position, not a byte position. Character comparisons are
case-sensitive and are determined by sort weights in the collation table in the database.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–77
PRO_* Functions

PRO_* Functions
Provide limited support for the ARRAY data type. The PRO_ELEMENT,
PRO_ARR_ESCAPE, and PRO_ARR_DESCAPE functions are documented in Appendix C,
“Data Type Compatibility Issues with Previous Versions of Progress.”
NOTE: For a specific example on how to have separate elements in an array field, see the
Technical Support Kbase solution #19061.

4–78
 QUARTER Function

QUARTER Function
Returns the quarter in the year specified by the argument as a short integer value in the range of
1-4.

SYNTAX

QUARTER ( date_expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the QUARTER function. The query requests all rows in the orders table
where the order_date is in the third quarter of the year:

SELECT *
FROM orders
WHERE QUARTER (order_date) = 3 ;

NOTES

• The argument to the function must be of type DATE.

• If date_expression is supplied as a date literal, it can be any of the valid date_literal

formats where the day specification (DD) precedes the month specification (MM). See the
syntax for date_literal in the “Date-time Literals” section in Chapter 2, “SQL-92
Language Elements.”

• The result is of type SHORT.

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–79
RADIANS Function

RADIANS Function
Returns the number of radians in an angle specified in degrees by expression.

SYNTAX

RADIANS ( expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the RADIANS function:

SELECT RADIANS(180) ’Radians in 180 degrees’ FROM SYSPROGRESS.SYSCALCTABLE;

NOTES

• expression specifies an angle in degrees.

• expression must evaluate to a numeric data type.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–80
 RAND Function

RAND Function
Returns a randomly generated number, using expression as an optional seed value.

SYNTAX

RAND ( [ expression ] )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the RAND function, supplying an optional seed value of ’3’:

SELECT RAND(3) ’Random number using 3 as seed value’

FROM SYSPROGRESS.SYSCALCTABLE;

NOTE

• expression must evaluate to an exact numeric data type.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–81
REPEAT Function

REPEAT Function
Returns a character string composed of string_exp repeated count times.

SYNTAX

REPEAT ( string_exp , count )

EXAMPLE
The following example shows how to use the REPEAT function:

SELECT REPEAT(fld1,3) FROM test100WHERE fld1 = ’Afghanistan’ ;

REPEAT(FLD1,3)
-----------------
AfghanistanAfghanistanAfghanistan

1 record selected

NOTES

• The string_exp can be of the type fixed length or variable length CHARACTER .

• The count can be of type INTEGER, SMALLINT, or TINYINT.

• If any of the arguments of the expression evaluates to a null, the result is null.

• If the count is negative or zero, the result evaluates to null.

• string_exp and the result may contain multi-byte characters.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–82
 REPLACE Function

REPLACE Function
Replaces all occurrences of string_exp2 in string_exp1 with string_exp3.

SYNTAX

REPLACE ( string_exp1 , string_exp2 , string_exp3 )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the REPLACE function, replacing the letters ’mi’ in the last_name
’Smith’ with the letters ’moo’:

SELECT REPLACE ( last_name,’mi’,’moo’ )

FROM customer WHERE last_name = ’Smith’;

REPLACE(LAST_NAME,MI,MOO)
-------------------------
Smooth

1 record selected

NOTES

• string_exp can be fixed-length or variable-length CHARACTER data types.

• If any of the arguments of the expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

• If the replacement string is not found in the search string, it returns the original string.

• Each occurrence of string_exp and the result may contain multi-byte characters.
Character comparisons are case-sensitive and are determined by sort weights in the
collation table in the database.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–83
RIGHT Function

RIGHT Function
Returns the rightmost count of characters of string_exp.

SYNTAX

RIGHT ( string_exp , count )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the RIGHT function, selecting the rightmost six letters from the string
’Afghanistan’:

SELECT RIGHT(fld1,6) FROM test100 WHERE fld1 = ’Afghanistan’;

RIGHT(FLD1,6)
---------------
nistan

1 record selected

NOTES

• The string_exp can be fixed-length or variable-length CHARACTER data types.

• The count can be INTEGER, SMALLINT, or TINYINT data types.

• If any of the arguments of the expression evaluate to null, the result is null.

• If count is negative, the result evaluates to null.

• string_exp and the result may contain multi-byte characters. count represents the number
of characters.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–84
 ROUND Function

ROUND Function
Returns the rounded value of a numeric expression.

SYNTAX

ROUND ( num_expression [, rounding_factor ]) ;

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates four calls to the ROUND function. In each case the num_expression is
2953861.8320. In the first call the rounding_factor is 2, in the second call the
rounding_factor is -2, in the third call the rounding_factor is 0, and in the fourth call no
rounding_factor is specified.

-- rounding_factor 2 returns 2953861.83

ROUND ( 2953861.8320, 2 )

-- rounding_factor -2 returns 2953900.00

ROUND ( 2953861.8320, -2 )

-- rounding_factor 0 returns 2953862.00

ROUND ( 2953861.8320, 0 )

-- No rounding_factor argument also returns 2953862.00

ROUND ( 2953861.8320 )

NOTES

• num_expression must be numeric or must be convertible to numeric.

• num_expression must be one of these supported data types:

– INTEGER

– TINYINT

– SMALLINT

– NUMBER

4–85
ROUND Function

– FLOAT

– DOUBLE PRECISION

• If the data type of num_expression is not a supported type, ROUND returns an error
message.

• The num_expression is rounded to the next higher digit when:

– The digit before a negative rounding_factor is 5 or greater

– The digit after a positive rounding_factor is 5 or greater

• The num_expression is rounded to the next lower digit when:

– The digit before a negative rounding_factor is 4 or less

– The digit after a positive rounding_factor is 4 or less

• rounding_factor is an integer between -32 and +32 inclusive, and indicates the digit
position to which you want to round num_expression. Figure 4–1 illustrates how the digit
positions are numbered. In the figure, the num_expression is 2953861.8320.

2953861.8320

Position -2
Position 0
Position 2

Figure 4–1: ROUND Function Digit Positions

• If you do not specify a rounding_factor, the function rounds num_expression to digit 0

(the ones place).

4–86
 ROUND Function

• To round to the right of the decimal point specify a positive rounding_factor.

• To round to the left of the decimal specify a negative rounding_factor.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–87
ROWID Function

ROWID Function
Returns the row identifier of the current row in a table. This function takes no arguments. The
ROWID of a row is determined when the row is inserted into the table. Once assigned, the
ROWID remains the same for the row until the row is deleted. At any given time, each row in
a table is uniquely identified by its ROWID.
NOTE: Using its ROWID is the most efficient way of selecting the row.

SYNTAX

ROWID

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the ROWID function, returning all columns from the row in the
customers table where the rowid = ’10’:

SELECT *
FROM customers
WHERE ROWID = ’10’;

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–88
 RPAD Function

RPAD Function
Pads the character string corresponding to the first argument on the right with the character
string corresponding to the third argument. After the padding, the length of the result is equal to
the value of the second argument length.

SYNTAX

RPAD ( char_expression, length [ , pad_expression ] )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates two ways to use the RPAD function:

SELECT RPAD (last_name, 30)

FROM customer ;

SELECT RPAD (last_name, 30, ’.’)

FROM customer ;

NOTES

• The first argument to the function must be of type CHARACTER. The second argument
to the function must be of type INTEGER. The third argument, if specified, must be of
type CHARACTER. If the third argument is not specified, the default value is a string of
length 1 containing one blank.

• If L1 is the length of the first argument and L2 is the value of the second argument:

– If L1 is less than L2, the number of characters padded is equal to L2 minus L1.

– If L1 is equal to L2, no characters are padded and the result string is the same as the
first argument.

– If L1 is greater than L2, the result string is equal to the first argument truncated to the
first L2 characters.

• The result is of type CHARACTER.

4–89
RPAD Function

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

• char_expression and pad_expression may contain multi-byte characters. length

represents the number of characters in the result.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–90
 RTRIM Function

RTRIM Function
Removes all the trailing characters in char_expression that are present in char_set and returns
the resultant string. The last character in the result is guaranteed not to be in char_set. If you do
not specify a char_set, trailing blanks are removed.

SYNTAX

RTRIM ( char_expression [ , char_set ] )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the RTRIM function:

SELECT RPAD ( RTRIM (addr, ’ ’), 30, ’.’)

FROM customer ;

NOTES

• The first argument to the function must be of type CHARACTER.

• The second argument to the function must be of type CHARACTER.

• The result is of type CHARACTER.

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

• The char_expression, the character set specified by char_set, and the result may contain
multi-byte characters. Character comparisons are case-sensitive and are determined by the
collation table in the database.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–91
SECOND Function

SECOND Function
Returns the seconds in the argument as a short integer value in the range of 0-59.

SYNTAX

SECOND ( time_expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the SECOND function, requesting all columns from rows in the arrivals
table where the in_time column is less than or equal to ’40’:

SELECT * FROM arrivals WHERE SECOND (in_time) <= 40 ;

NOTES

• The argument to the function must be of type TIME.

• The argument must be specified in the format HH:MI:SS.

• The result is of type SHORT.

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–92
 SIGN Function

SIGN Function
Returns 1 if expression is positive, -1 if expression is negative, or zero if expression is zero.

SYNTAX

SIGN ( expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the SIGN function:

SELECT SIGN(-14) ’Sign’ FROM SYSPROGRESS.SYSCALCTABLE;

NOTE

• expression must evaluate to a numeric data type.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–93
SIN Function

SIN Function
Returns the sine of expression.

SYNTAX

SIN ( expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the SIN trigonometric function:

select sin(45 * pi()/180) ’Sine of 45 degrees’ from syscalctable;

SINE OF 45 DEGREES
------------------
0.707106781186547

1 record selected

NOTES

• SIN takes an angle (expression) and returns the ratio of two sides of a right triangle. The
ratio is the length of the side opposite the angle divided by the length of the hypotenuse.

• expression specifies an angle in radians

• expression must evaluate to an approximate numeric data type.

• To convert degrees to radians, multiply degrees by Pi/180. To convert radians to degrees,

multiply radians by 180/Pi.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–94
 SQRT Function

SQRT Function
Returns the square root of expression.

SYNTAX

SQRT ( expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the SQRT function, requesting the square root of the value ’28’:

SELECT SQRT(28) ’square root of 28’ FROM SYSPROGRESS.SYSCALCTABLE;

NOTES

• The value of expression must be positive.

• expression must evaluate to an approximate numeric data type.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–95
SUBSTR Function

SUBSTR Function
Returns the substring of the character string corresponding to the first argument starting at
start_pos and length characters long. If the third argument length is not specified, the substring
starting at start_pos up to the end of char_expression is returned.

SYNTAX

SUBSTR ( char_expression, start_pos [ , length ] )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the SUBSTR function:

SELECT last_name, ’(’, SUBSTR (phone, 1, 3) , ’)’,

SUBSTR (phone, 4, 3), ’-’,
SUBSTR (phone, 7, 4)
FROM customer ;

NOTES

• The first argument must be of type CHARACTER.

• The second argument must be of type INTEGER.

• The third argument, if specified, must be of type INTEGER.

• The values for specifying position in the character string start from 1. The first character
in a string is at position 1, the second character is at position 2, and so on.

• The result is of type CHARACTER.

• If any of the argument expressions evaluate to null, the result is null.

• char_expression and the result may contain multi-byte characters. length specifies a
number of characters. Character comparisons are case-sensitive and are determined by sort
weights in the collation table in the database.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–96
 SUBSTRING Function (ODBC Compatible)

SUBSTRING Function (ODBC Compatible)

Returns the substring of the character string corresponding to the first argument starting at
start_pos and length characters long. If the third argument length is not specified, the substring
starting at start_pos up to the end of char_expression is returned.

SYNTAX

SUBSTRING ( char_expression, start_pos [ , length ] )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the SUBSTRING function:

SELECT last_name, ’(’, SUBSTRING (phone, 1, 3) , ’)’,

SUBSTRING (phone, 4, 3), ’-’,
SUBSTRING (phone, 7, 4)
FROM customer ;

NOTES

• The first argument must be of type CHARACTER.

• The second argument must be of type INTEGER.

• The third argument, if specified, must be of type INTEGER.

• The values for specifying position in the character string start from 1. The very first
character in a string is at position 1, the second character is at position 2, and so on.

• The result is of type CHARACTER.

• If any of the argument expressions evaluate to null, the result is null.

• char_expression and the result may contain multi-byte characters. start_pos is the
character position, and length specifies a number of characters.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–97
SUFFIX Function

SUFFIX Function
Returns the substring of a character string starting after the position specified by start_pos and
the second char_expression, to the end of the string.

SYNTAX

SUFFIX (char_expression , start_pos , char_expression )

char_expression

Evaluates to a character string, typically a character-string literal or column name. If the

expression evaluates to null, SUFFIX returns null.

start_pos

Evaluates to an integer value. SUFFIX searches the string specified in the first argument
starting at that position. A value of 1 indicates the first character of the string.

char_expression

Evaluates to a single character. SUFFIX returns the substring that begins with that
character. If SUFFIX does not find the character after start_pos, it returns null. If the
expression evaluates to more than one character, SUFFIX ignores all but the first character.

4–98
 SUFFIX Function

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates two ways to use the SUFFIX function:

SELECT C1, C2, SUFFIX(C1, 6, ’.’) FROM T1;

C1 C2 SUFFIX(C1,6,.
-- -- -------------
test.pref .
pref.test s

2 records selected

SELECT C1, C2, SUFFIX(C1, 1, C2) FROM T1;

C1 C2 SUFFIX(C1,1,C
-- -- -------------
test.pref . pref
pref.test s t

2 records selected

NOTE

• Each char_expression and the result may contain multi-byte characters. The start_pos
argument specifies the character position, not a byte position. Character comparisons are
case-sensitive and are determined by sort weights in the collation table in the database.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–99
SYSDATE Function

SYSDATE Function
Returns the current date as a DATE value. This function takes no arguments, and the trailing
parentheses are optional.

SYNTAX

SYSDATE [ ( ) ]

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the SYSDATE function, inserting a new row into the objects table,
setting the create_date column to the value of the current date:

INSERT INTO objects (object_owner, object_id, create_date)

VALUES (USER, 1001, SYSDATE) ;

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–100
 SYSTIME Function

SYSTIME Function
Returns the current time as a TIME value to the nearest second. This function takes no
arguments, and the trailing parentheses are optional.
NOTE: SQL statements can refer to SYSTIME anywhere they can refer to a TIME
expression.

SYNTAX

SYSTIME [ ( ) ]

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the SYSTIME function, inserting a new row into the objects table,
setting the create_time column to the value of the current time:

INSERT INTO objects (object_owner, object_id, create_time)

VALUES (USER, 1001, SYSTIME) ;

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–101
SYSTIMESTAMP Function

SYSTIMESTAMP Function
Returns the current date and time as a TIMESTAMP value. This function takes no arguments,
and the trailing parentheses are optional.

SYNTAX

SYSTIMESTAMP [ ( ) ]

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates different formats for SYSDATE, SYSTIME, and SYSTIMESTAMP:

SELECT SYSDATE FROM test;

SYSDATE
-------
09/13/1994

1 record selected

SELECT SYSTIME FROM test;

SYSTIME
-------
14:44:07:000

1 record selected

SELECT SYSTIMESTAMP FROM test;

SYSTIMESTAMP
------------
1994-09-13 14:44:15:000

1 record selected

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–102
 TAN Function

TAN Function
Returns the tangent of expression.

SYNTAX

TAN ( expression )

EXAMPLE
The following example shows how to use the TAN function:

select tan(45 * pi()/180) ’Tangent of 45 degrees’ from

sysprogress.syscalctable;

TANGENT OF 45 DEGREES
---------------------
1.000000000000000

1 record selected

NOTES

• TAN takes an angle (expression) and returns the ratio of two sides of a right triangle. The
ratio is the length of the side opposite the angle divided by the length of the side adjacent
to the angle.

• expression specifies an angle in radians.

• expression must evaluate to an approximate numeric data type.

• To convert degrees to radians, multiply degrees by Pi/180. To convert radians to degrees,

multiply radians by 180/Pi.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–103
TO_CHAR Function

TO_CHAR Function
Converts the given expression to character form and returns the result. The primary use for
TO_CHAR is to format the output of date-time expressions through the format_string
argument.

SYNTAX

TO_CHAR ( expresion [ , format_string ] )

expression

Converts to character form. It must evaluate to a value of the date or time data type to use
the format_string.

format_string

Specifies the format of the output. See the “Date-format Strings” section and the
“Time-format Strings” section in Chapter 2, “SQL-92 Language Elements” for more
information on format strings.

SQL ignores the format string if the expression argument does not evaluate to a date or
time.

NOTES

• The first argument to the function can be of any type.

• The second argument, if specified, must be of type CHARACTER.

• The result is of type CHARACTER.

• The format argument can be used only when the type of the first argument is DATE.

• If any of the argument expressions evaluates to null, the result is null.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–104
 TO_DATE

TO_DATE
Converts the given date literal to a date value.

SYNTAX

TO_DATE ( date_literal )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the TO_DATE function, returning all columns from rows in the orders
table where the order_date column is earlier or equal to the date ’12/31/1999’:

SELECT *
FROM orders
WHERE order_date <= TO_DATE (’12/31/1999’) ;

NOTES

• The result is of type DATE.

• Supply the date literal in any valid format.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–105
TO_NUMBER Function

TO_NUMBER Function
Converts the given character expression to a number value.

SYNTAX

TO_NUMBER ( char_expression )

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the TO_NUMBER function and the SUBSTR function:

SELECT *
FROM customer
WHERE TO_NUMBER (SUBSTR (phone, 1, 3)) = 603 ;

NOTES

• The argument to the function must be of type CHARACTER.

• The result is of type NUMERIC.

• If any of the argument expressions evaluates to null, the result is null.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–106
 TO_TIME Function

TO_TIME Function
Converts the given time literal to a time value.

SYNTAX

TO_TIME ( time_literal )

EXAMPLE
The following example shows how to use the TO_DATE and the TO_TIME functions:

SELECT * FROM orders

WHERE order_date < TO_DATE (’05/15/1991’)
AND order_time < TO_TIME (’12:00:00’) ;

NOTES

• The result is of type TIME.

• Supply the time literal in any valid format.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–107
TO_TIMESTAMP Function

TO_TIMESTAMP Function
Converts the given timestamp literal to a timestamp value.

SYNTAX

TO_TIMESTAMP ( timestamp_lit )

EXAMPLE
The following example shows how to use the TO_TIMESTAMP function:

SELECT * FROM DTEST WHERE C3 = TO_TIMESTAMP(’4/18/99 10:41:19’)

NOTES

• The result is of type TIME.

• Supply the timestamp literal in any valid format.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–108
 TRANSLATE Function

TRANSLATE Function
Translates each character in char_expression that is in from_set to the corresponding character
in to_set. The translated character string is returned as the result.

SYNTAX

TRANSLATE ( char_expression , from_set , to_set )

EXAMPLE
This example substitutes underscores for spaces in customer names.

SELECT TRANSLATE (customer_name, ’ ’, ’_’)

"TRANSLATE Example" from customers;

TRANSLATE EXAMPLE
-----------------
Sports_Cars_Inc.__________________________________
Mighty_Bulldozer_Inc._____________________________
Ship_Shapers_Inc._________________________________
Tower_Construction_Inc.___________________________
Chemical_Construction_Inc.________________________
Aerospace_Enterprises_Inc.________________________
Medical_Enterprises_Inc.__________________________
Rail_Builders_Inc.________________________________
Luxury_Cars_Inc.__________________________________
Office_Furniture_Inc._____________________________

10 records selected

NOTES

• char_expression, from_set, and to_set can be any character expression.

• For each character in char_expression, TRANSLATE checks for the same character in
from_set:

• If it is in from_set, TRANSLATE translates it to the corresponding character in to_set (if

the character is the nth character in from_set, the nth character in to_set).

• If the character is not in from_set TRANSLATE does not change it.

4–109
TRANSLATE Function

• If from_set is longer than to_set, TRANSLATE does not change trailing characters in
from_set that do not have a corresponding character in to_set.

• If either from_set or to_set is null, TRANSLATE does nothing.

COMPATIBILITY

Progress Extension

4–110
 UCASE Function

UCASE Function
Returns the result of the argument character expression after converting all the characters to
uppercase. UCASE is identical to UPPER, but provides ODBC-compatible syntax.

SYNTAX

UCASE ( char_expression )

EXAMPLE
The example illustrates the UCASE function, returning columns from rows in the customer
table where the last_name column, after being converted to uppercase, is equal to ’SMITH’:

SELECT *
FROM customer
WHERE UCASE (last_name) = ’SMITH’ ;

NOTES

• The argument to the function must be of type CHARACTER.

• The result is of type CHARACTER.

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

• A char_expression and the result may contain multi-byte characters. The uppercase
conversion is determined by the case table in the convmap file. The default case table is
BASIC.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–111
UPPER Function

UPPER Function
Returns the result of the argument character expression after converting all the characters to
uppercase.

SYNTAX

UPPER ( char_expression )

EXAMPLE
The example illustrates the UPPER function, returning columns from rows in the customer table
where the last_name column, after being converted to uppercase, is equal to ’SMITH’:

SELECT *
FROM customer
WHERE UPPER (last_name) = ’SMITH’ ;

NOTES

• The argument to the function must be of type CHARACTER.

• The result is of type CHARACTER.

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

• A char_expression and the result may contain multi-byte characters. The uppercase
conversion is determined by the case table in the convmap file. The default case table is
BASIC.

COMPATIBILITY

SQL-92 Compatible

4–112
 USER Function

USER Function
Returns a character-string identifier for the user of the current transaction, as determined by the
host operating system. This function takes no arguments, and the trailing parentheses are
optional.

SYNTAX

USER [ ( ) ]

NOTE: SQL statements can refer to USER anywhere they can refer to a character string
expression.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–113
WEEK Function

WEEK Function
Returns the week of the year as a short integer value in the range of 1-53.

SYNTAX

WEEK ( time_expression )

EXAMPLE
The example illustrates the WEEK function. The query returns all columns from rows in the
orders table where the order_date is in the fifth week of the year:

SELECT *
FROM orders
WHERE WEEK (order_date) = 5 ;

NOTES

• The argument to the function must be of type DATE.

• If date_expression is supplied as a date literal, it can be any of the valid date_literal

formats where the day specification (DD) precedes the month specification (MM). See the
syntax for a date_literal in the “Date Literals” section.

• The result is of type SHORT.

• If the argument expression evaluates to null, the result is null.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–114
 YEAR Function

YEAR Function
Returns the year as a short integer value in the range of 0-9999.

SYNTAX

YEAR ( date_expression )

EXAMPLE
The example illustrates the YEAR function. The query returns all columns in rows in the orders
table where the year in the order_date column is equal to ’1992’:

SELECT *
FROM orders
WHERE YEAR (order_date) = 1992;

NOTES

• The argument to the function must be of type DATE.

• If date_expression is supplied as a date literal, it can be any of the valid date_literal

formats where the day specification (DD) precedes the month specification (MM). See the
syntax for a date_literal in the “Date Literals” section.

• The result is of type SHORT.

• If the argument expression evaluates to NULL, the result is NULL.

COMPATIBILITY

ODBC Compatible

4–115
YEAR Function

4–116
 5
Java Stored Procedures and Triggers

This chapter describes when and how to use Java stored procedures and triggers. The elements
are described in the following sections:

• Definitions of Java stored procedures and triggers

• Advantages of stored procedures

• How Progress SQL-92 interacts with Java

• Using stored procedures

• Stored procedure basics

• Using the Progress SQL-92 Java Classes

• Using triggers

See Chapter 6, “Java Class Reference,” for detailed information on supported Java methods and
classes.
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

5.1 Definitions of Java Stored Procedures and Triggers

Stored procedures and triggers are Java routines that are executed by SQL-92 server processes.
A trigger is a procedure that is invoked automatically when certain database events occur. A
stored procedure is a procedure that is explicitly invoked by a client application, another stored
procedure, or a trigger procedure.
A stored procedure is a snippet of Java code embedded in an CREATE PROCEDURE
statement. The Java snippet can use all standard Java features as well as use Progress
SQL-supplied Java classes for processing any number of SQL statements.
A trigger is a special type of stored procedure that helps to ensure referential integrity for a
database. Like stored procedures, triggers also contain Java code embedded in a CREATE
TRIGGER statement and use Progress SQL Java classes. However, triggers are automatically
invoked (fired) by certain SQL operations: an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE operation on
the trigger’s target table.

5.2 Advantages of Stored Procedures

Stored procedures provide a very flexible, general mechanism to store a collection of SQL-92
statements and Java program constructs that enforce business rules and perform administrative
tasks in a database. The ability to write stored procedures and triggers expands the flexibility
and performance of applications that access the Progress SQL-92 environment.
The following is a list of additional advantages of utilizing stored procedures:

• In a client server environment, client applications make a single request for the entire
procedure, instead of one or more requests for each SQL statement in the stored procedure
or trigger.

• Stored procedures and triggers are stored in compiled form as well as in source text form,
so execution is faster than a corresponding SQL script would be.

• Stored procedures can implement elaborate algorithms to enforce complex business rules.
The details of the procedure implementation can change without requiring changes in an
application that calls the procedure.

5–2
 Java Stored Procedures and Triggers

5.3 How Progress SQL-92 Interacts with Java

Progress SQL-92 stored procedures allow the use of standard Java programming constructs
along with standard SQL statements. To do this, the SQL server interacts with Java in the
following ways:

• When you create a stored procedure, the SQL server processes the Java code, submits it to
the Java compiler, receives the compiled result, and stores the result in the database.

• When an application calls a stored procedure, the SQL server interacts with the Java
Virtual Machine (JVM) to execute the stored procedure and receive any result.

5.3.1 Creating Stored Procedures

The Java source text that makes up the body of a stored procedure is not a complete Java
program, but a program fragment or snippet that the Progress SQL-92 server converts into a
complete Java class when it processes a CREATE PROCEDURE statement. Creating a stored
procedure involves the following general steps:

1. A client application or tool (SQL Explorer, an ODBC application, or a JDBC application)

issues a CREATE PROCEDURE statement that contains the Java source text.

2. The Progress SQL-92 server adds code to the Java snippet to create a complete Java class
and submits the combined code to the Java compiler.

3. Presuming there are no Java compilation errors, the Java compiler returns compiled
bytecode back to the Progress SQL-92 server. If there are compilation errors, the Progress
SQL-92 server passes the first error message generated by the compiler back to the
application or tool that issued the CREATE PROCEDURE statement.

4. The Progress SQL-92 server stores both the Java source text and the bytecode form of the
procedure in the database.

5–3
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

Figure 5–1 illustrates the general steps for creating a Java stored procedure.

1 CREATE PROCEDURE Statement

2 Java source code

Progress
Java Compiler
SQL-92 Server
3 Java bytecode

4 Java Code in bytecode and source text form

Progress Database

Figure 5–1: Creating Stored Procedures

5–4
 Java Stored Procedures and Triggers

5.3.2 Calling Stored Procedures

Once a stored procedure is created and stored in the database, any application or other stored
procedure can execute it by calling it. You can call stored procedures from ODBC applications,
JDBC applications, ESQL-92 applications, or directly from the SQL-92 Explorer.

EXAMPLE
This example shows an excerpt from an ODBC application that calls a stored procedure
(order_parts) using the ODBC syntax { call procedure_name ( param ) }:

SQLUINTEGER Part_num;
SQLINTEGER Part_numInd = 0;
// Bind the parameter.
SQLBindParameter (hstmt, 1, SQL_PARAM_INPUT,
SQL_C_SLONG, SQL_INTEGER, 0, 0, &Part_num, 0, Part_numInd);
// Place the department number in Part_num.
Part_num = 318;
// Execute the statement.
SQLExecDirect(hstmt, "{call order_parts(?)}", SQL_NTS);

Executing a stored procedure involves the following general steps:

1. The application calls the stored procedure through its native calling mechanism. The
previous example uses the ODBC call escape sequence.

2. Progress SQL-92 retrieves the compiled bytecode form of the procedure and submits it to
the Java Virtual Machine for execution.

3. For every SQL statement in the procedure, the Java Virtual Machine calls Progress
SQL-92.

4. Progress SQL-92 manages the interaction of the stored procedure with the database and
execution of the SQL statements, and returns any result to the Java Virtual Machine.

5. The Java Virtual Machine returns result (output parameters and result sets) of the
procedure to Progress SQL-92, which in turn passes them to the calling application.

5–5
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

Figure 5–2 illustrates the steps in executing a stored procedure.

ODBC JDBC

1 Procedure call

2 Java bytecode

3 SQL Statements
Virtual Machine
Progress
SQL-92 Server 4 SQL Result Java

Stored procedure
5
result

Progress Database

Figure 5–2: Executing Stored Procedures

5.4 Using Stored Procedures

This section describes basic stored procedure operations such as creating and deleting, and
provides a tutorial on using Progress SQL-92-supplied classes. See Chapter 6, “Java Class
Reference” for detailed reference information on the classes and their methods.
Stored procedures extend the SQL capabilities of a database by adding control flow through
Java program constructs that enforce business rules and perform administrative tasks.

5–6
 Java Stored Procedures and Triggers

Stored procedures can take advantage of the power of Java programming features. Stored
procedures can:

• Receive and return input and output parameters

• Handle exceptions

• Include any number and kind of SQL statements to access the database

• Return a procedure result set to the calling application

• Make calls to other procedures

• Use predefined and external Java classes

Progress SQL-92 provides support for SQL statements in Java through several classes. See
Chapter 6, “Java Class Reference” for detailed reference information.
Table 5–1 summarizes the functionality of these Progress SQL-92-supplied classes.

Table 5–1: Summary of Progress SQL-92 Java Classes

Progress SQL-92
Functionality
Java Class

Immediate (one-time) execution of SQL statements SQLIStatement

Prepared (repeated) execution of SQL statements SQLPStatement

Retrieval of SQLPrepared (repeated) execution of SQL SQLCursor

statements result sets

Returning a procedure result set to the application DhSQLResultSet

Exception handling for SQL statements DhSQLException

5.4.1 Stored Procedure Basics

This section discusses how to get started writing stored procedures.
The SQL CREATE PROCEDURE statement provides the basic framework for stored
procedures. Use the CREATE PROCEDURE statement to submit a Java code snippet that will
be compiled and stored in the database.

5–7
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

This is syntax for the CREATE PROCEDURE statement.

SYNTAX

CREATE PROCEDURE [ owner_name.]procname

( [ parameter_decl [ , ... ] ] )
[ RESULT ( column_name data_type [ , ... ] ) ]
[ IMPORT
java_import_clause ]
BEGIN
java_snippet
END

parameter_decl

SYNTAX

{ IN | OUT | INOUT } parameter_name data_type

5.4.2 What Is a Java Snippet?

The core of the stored procedure is the java_snippet. The snippet contains a sequence of Java
statements. When it processes a CREATE PROCEDURE statement, Progress SQL-92 adds
header and footer “wrapper” code to the Java snippet. This wrapper code:

• Declares a class with the name username_procname_SP, where username is the user name
of the database connection that issued the CREATE PROCEDURE statement and
procname is the name supplied in the CREATE PROCEDURE statement.

• Declares a method within that class that includes the Java snippet. When an application
calls the stored procedure, the SQL server calls the Java virtual machine to invoke the
method of the username_procname_SP class.

5–8
 Java Stored Procedures and Triggers

5.4.3 Structure of Stored Procedures

There are two parts to any stored procedure:

• The procedure specification provides the name of the procedure and can include other
optional clauses:

– Parameter declarations

– Procedure result set declaration

– Import clause

• The procedure body contains the Java code that executes when an application invokes the
procedure.

EXAMPLE
A simple stored procedure requires the procedure name in the specification, and a statement
requiring no parameters in the body. The procedure in this example assumes the existence of a
table named HelloWorld, and inserts a quoted string into that table:

CREATE PROCEDURE HelloWorld ()

BEGIN
SQLIStatement Insert_HelloWorld = new SQLIStatement
("INSERT INTO HelloWorld(fld1) values (’Hello World!’)");
END

EXAMPLE
Subsequently, from SQL Explorer you can execute the procedure like this:

SQLExplorer> CREATE TABLE helloworld (fld1 CHAR(100));

SQLExplorer> CALL HelloWorld();
0 records returned

SQLExplorer> SELECT * FROM helloworld;

FLD1

----

Hello World!

1 record selected

5–9
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

The procedure specification can also contain other clauses:

• Parameter declarations specify the name and type of parameters that the calling
application will pass and receive from the procedure. Parameters can be input, output, or
both.

• The procedure result set declaration details the names and types of fields in a result set
the procedure generates. The result set is a set of rows that contain data generated by the
procedure. If a procedure retrieves rows from a database table, for instance, it can store the
rows in a result set for access by applications and other procedures. Note that the names
specified in the result-set declaration are not used within the stored procedure body.
Instead, methods of the Progress SQL-92 Java classes refer to fields in the result set by
ordinal number, not by name.

• The import clause specifies which packages the procedure needs from the Java core API.
By default, the Java compiler imports the java.lang package. The IMPORT clause must
list any other packages the procedure uses. Progress SQL-92 automatically imports the
packages it requires.

EXAMPLE
The following example shows a more complex procedure specification that contains these
elements:

CREATE PROCEDURE new_sal (

IN deptnum INTEGER,
IN pct_incr INTEGER
)
RESULT (
empname CHAR (20),
oldsal NUMERIC,
newsal NUMERIC
)
IMPORT
import java.dbutils.SequenceType;

BEGIN
.
.
.
END

5–10
 Java Stored Procedures and Triggers

5.4.4 Writing Stored Procedures

Use any text editor to write the CREATE PROCEDURE statement and save the source text as
a text file. That way, you can easily modify the source text and try again if it generates syntax
or Java compilation errors.

EXAMPLE
From the command prompt, you can invoke SQL Explorer and submit the file containing the
CREATE PROCEDURE statement as an input script, as shown in the following example:

$ sqlexp -infile hello_world_script.sql example_db

From the command prompt, you can invoke SQL Explorer and submit the file containing the
CREATE PROCEDURE statement as an input script, as shown in the following example:

-- File name: hello_world_script.sql

-- Purpose: Illustrate a CREATE PROCEDURE statement.
@echo true;
@autocommit true;
CREATE PROCEDURE HelloWorld ()

BEGIN
SQLIStatement Insert_HelloWorld = new SQLIStatement (
"INSERT INTO HelloWorld(fld1) values (’Hello World!’)");
Insert_HelloWorld.execute();
END
;
COMMIT WORK;

The Java snippet within the CREATE PROCEDURE statement does not execute as a
standalone program. Instead, it executes in the context of an application call to the method of
the class created by the SQL server. This characteristic has the following implications:

• It is meaningless for a snippet to declare a main method, since it will never be executed.

• If the snippet declares any classes, it must instantiate them within the snippet to invoke
their methods.

• The SQL server redirects the standard output stream to a file. This means method
invocations such as System.out.println will not display messages on the screen, but instead
writes them to that file.

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5.4.5 Invoking Stored Procedures

How applications call stored procedures depends on their environment.

From ODBC
From ODBC, applications use the ODBC call escape sequence:

SYNTAX

{ CALL proc_name [ ( parameter [ , ... ] ) ] } ;

Use parameter markers (question marks used as placeholders) for input or output parameters to
the procedure. You can also use literal values for input parameters only. Progress SQL-92 stored
procedures do not support return values in the ODBC escape sequence. See the Microsoft
ODBC Programmer’s Reference, Version 3.0, for more information on calling procedures from
ODBC applications.
Embed the escape sequence in an ODBC SQLExecDirect call to execute the procedure.

EXAMPLE
This example shows a call to a stored procedure named order_parts that passes a single input
parameter using a parameter marker:

SQLUINTEGER Part_num;
SQLINTEGER Part_numInd = 0;

// Bind the parameter.

SQLBindParameter (hstmt, 1, SQL_PARAM_INPUT,
SQL_C_SLONG, SQL_INTEGER,
0, 0, &Part_num, 0, Part_numInd);

// Place the department number in Part_num.

Part_num = 318;
// Execute the statement.
SQLExecDirect(hstmt, "{ call order_parts(?) } ", SQL_NTS);

From JDBC
The JDBC call escape sequence is the same as in ODBC:

SYNTAX

{ CALL proc_name [ ( parameter [ , ... ] ) ] } ;

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 Java Stored Procedures and Triggers

Embed the escape sequence in a JDBC CallableStatement.prepareCall method invocation.

EXAMPLE
This example shows the JDBC code parallel to the ODBC code excerpt shown in the previous
example:

try
{
CallableStatement statement;
int Part_num = 318;

// Associate the statement with the procedure call

// (conn is a previously-instantiated connection object)
statement = conn.prepareCall("{call order_parts(?)}");

// Bind the parameter.

statement.setInt(1, Part_num);

// Execute the statement.

statement.execute();
}

From SQL Explorer

From SQL Explorer, issue the SQL CALL statement.

EXAMPLE
This example shows the CALL statement that invokes the order_parts stored procedure, using
a literal value instead of a parameter marker:

CALL order_parts (318);

5.4.6 Modifying and Deleting Stored Procedures

There is no ALTER PROCEDURE statement. This means that to modify a procedure, you must
drop and recreate it. To recreate the procedure, you need the original source of the CREATE
PROCEDURE statement. Before you drop the procedure, decide which approach you will use
to recreate it:

• If you kept the original procedure definition in an SQL script file, edit the file and resubmit
it through SQL Explorer.

• Query system tables to extract the source of the CREATE PROCEDURE statement to a
file.

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The SQL DROP PROCEDURE statement deletes stored procedures from the database.
Exercise care in dropping procedures, since any procedure that calls the dropped procedure will
raise an error condition when the now nonexistent stored procedure is invoked.

5.4.7 Stored Procedure Security

• To create a stored procedure, a user must have RESOURCE or DBA privileges.

• The DBA privilege entitles a user to execute any stored procedure.

• The DBA privilege entitles a user to drop any stored procedure.

• The owner of a stored procedure is given EXECUTE privilege on that procedure at

creation time, by default.

• The privileges on a procedure can be granted to another user or to public either by the
owner of that procedure or by the DBA.

• Stored procedures are executed with the definer’s rights, not the invoker’s. In other words,
when a procedure is being executed on behalf of a user with EXECUTE privilege on that
procedure, for the objects that are accessed by the procedure, the procedure owner’s
privileges are checked and not the user’s. This enables a user to execute a procedure
successfully even when the user does not have the privileges to directly access the objects
that are accessed by the procedure, so long as the user has EXECUTE privilege on the
procedure.

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5.5 Using the Progress SQL-92 Java Classes

This section describes how you use the Progress SQL-92 Java classes to issue and process SQL
statements in Java stored procedures.
To process SQL statements in a stored procedure, you must know whether the SQL statement
generates output (in other words, if the statement is a query) or not. SELECT statements, for
example, generate results: they retrieve data from one or more database tables and return the
results as rows in a table.
Whether a statement generates such an SQL result set determines which Progress SQL-92 Java
classes you should use to issue it:

• To issue SQL statements that do not generate results (such as INSERT, GRANT, or
CREATE), use the SQLIStatement class for one-time execution, or the SQLPStatement
class for repeated execution.

• To issue SQL statements that generate results (SELECT and, in some cases, CALL), use
the SQLCursor class to retrieve rows from a database or another procedure’s result set.

In either case, if you want to return a result set to the application, use the DhSQLResultSet class
to store rows of data in a procedure result set. You must use DhSQLResultSet methods to
transfer data from an SQL result set to the procedure result set for the calling application to
process it. You can also use DhSQLResultSet methods to store rows of data generated
internally by the procedure.
In addition, Progress SQL-92 provides the DhSQLException class so procedures can process
and generate Java exceptions through the try, catch, and throw constructs.

5.5.1 Passing Values to SQL-92 Statements

Stored procedures must be able to pass and receive values from SQL statements they execute.
They do this through the setParam and getValue methods.

The setParam Method: Pass Input Values to SQL Statements

The setParam method sets the value of an SQL statement’s parameter marker to the specified
value (a literal value, a procedure variable, or a procedure input parameter).

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The setParam method takes two arguments. This is the syntax for setParam:

SYNTAX

setParam ( marker_num , value ) ;

marker_num

Specifies the ordinal number of the parameter marker in the SQL statement that is to
receive the value as an integer. 1 denotes the first parameter marker, 2 denotes the second,
n denotes the nth.

value

Specifies a literal, variable name, or input parameter that contains the value to be assigned
to the parameter marker.

EXAMPLE
This example shows an excerpt from a stored procedure that uses setParam to assign values
from two procedure variables to the parameter markers in an SQL INSERT statement. When
the procedure executes, it substitutes the value of the cust_number procedure variable for the
first parameter marker and the value of the cust_name variable for the second parameter marker:

SQLIStatement insert_cust = new SQLIStatement (

"INSERT INTO customer VALUES (?,?) ");
insert_cust.setParam (1, cust_number);
insert_cust.setParam (2, cust_name);

The getValue Method: Pass Values from SQL Result Sets to Variables
The getValue method of the SQLCursor class assigns a single value from an SQL result set
(returned by an SQL query or another stored procedure) to a procedure variable or output
parameter.

SYNTAX

getValue ( col_num , sql_data_type ) ;

col_num

Specifies the desired column of the result set as integer. getValue retrieves the value in the
currently fetched record of the column denoted by col_num. ’1’ denotes the first column
of the result set, ’2’ denotes the second, n denotes the nth.

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 Java Stored Procedures and Triggers

sql_data_type

Specifies the corresponding SQL data type. For a complete list of appropriate data types,
refer to Table 5–2.

EXAMPLE
This example shows how the getValue() method works. This method returns a java object that
must be cast to the corresponding SQL data type :

cnum = (Integer) NEWROW.getValue(1, INTEGER);

cnname = (String) NEWROW.getValue(1, CHARACTER);

5.5.2 Passing Values to and from Stored Procedures: Input

and Output Parameters
Applications need to pass and receive values from the stored procedures they call. They do this
through input and output parameters declared in the procedure specification.
Applications can pass and receive values from stored procedures using input and output
parameters declared in the stored procedure specification. When it processes the CREATE
PROCEDURE statement, the SQL server declares Java variables of the same name. This means
the body of the stored procedure can refer to input and output parameters as if they were Java
variables declared in the body of the stored procedure.
Procedure result sets are another way for applications to receive output values from a
stored procedure. Procedure result sets provide output in a row-oriented tabular format.
See the “Returning a Procedure Result Set to Applications: The RESULT Clause and
DhSQLResultSet” section for more information.
Parameter declarations include the parameter type (IN, OUT, or INOUT), the parameter name,
and SQL data type See the “Implicit Data Type Conversion Between SQL-92 and Java Types”
section for details of how SQL data types map to Java data types.

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EXAMPLE
Declare input and output parameters in the specification section of a stored procedure, as shown
in the following example:

CREATE PROCEDURE order_entry (

IN cust_name CHAR(20),
IN item_num INTEGER,
IN quantity INTEGER,
OUT status_code INTEGER,
INOUT order_num INTEGER
)

When the order_entry stored procedures executes, the calling application passes values for the
cust_name, item_num, quantity, and order_num input parameters. The body of the procedure
refers to them as Java variables. Similarly, Java code in the body of order_entry processes and
returns values in the status_code and order_num output parameters.

5.5.3 Implicit Data Type Conversion Between SQL-92 and Java

Types
When the SQL server creates a stored procedure, it converts the type of any input and output
parameters. See the “Passing Values to SQL-92 Statements” section.
The java.lang package, part of the Java core classes, defines classes for all the primitive Java
types that “wrap” values of the corresponding primitive type in an object. The SQL server
converts the SQL data types declared for input and output parameters to one of these wrapper
types, as shown in Table 5–2.
Be sure to use wrapper types when declaring procedure variables to use as arguments to the
getValue, setParam, and set methods. These methods take objects as arguments and will
generate compilation errors if you pass a primitive type to them. See also the example at the end
of the SQLCursor section i n Chapter 6, “Java Class Reference.”

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 Java Stored Procedures and Triggers

EXAMPLE
The following example illustrates the use of the Java wrapper type Long for a SQL type
BIGINT:

CREATE PROCEDURE proc1(INOUT f1 char(50), INOUT f2 BIGINT)

BEGIN
f1 = new String("new rising sun");
f2 = new Java.math.BigInteger("999");
END

CREATE PROCEDURE proc2()

BEGIN
String in1 = new String("String type");
String out1 = new String();
Long out2 = new Long("0");

SQLCursor call_proc = new SQLCursor("call proc1(?, ?)");

call_proc.setParam(1,in1);
// In setParam you can use either String or String type
// for SQL types CHAR, and VARCHAR

call_proc.setParam(2,new Long("111"));
call_proc.open();

out1 = (String)call_proc.getParam(1,CHAR);

// getParam requires String type for CHAR

out2 = (Long)call_proc.getParam(2,BIGINT);

call_proc.close();
END

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When the SQL server submits the Java class it creates from the stored procedure to the Java
compiler, the compiler checks for data-type consistency between the converted parameters and
variables you declare in the body of the stored procedure.
To avoid type mismatch errors, use the data-type mappings shown in Table 5–2 for declaring
parameters and result-set fields in the procedure specification and the Java variables in the
procedure body:

Table 5–2: Mapping Between SQL-92 and Java Data Types

SQL Type Java Methods Java Wrapper Type

CHAR, VARCHAR all String

CHAR, VARCHAR set, setParam String

NUMERIC all java.math.BigDecimal

DECIMAL all java.math.BigDecimal

BIT all Boolean

TINYINT all Byte[1]

SMALLINT all Integer

INTEGER all Integer

REAL all Float

FLOAT all Double

DOUBLE PRECISION all Double

BINARY all Byte[ ]

VARBINARY all Byte[ ]

DATE all java.sql.Date

TIME all java.sql.Time

TIMESTAMP all java.sql.Timestamp

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 Java Stored Procedures and Triggers

5.5.4 Executing an SQL-92 Statement

If an SQL-92 statement does not generate a result set, stored procedures can execute the
statement in one of two ways:

• Immediate execution. Using methods of the SQLIStatement class, the procedure executes
a statement once.

• Prepared execution. Using methods of the SQLPStatement class, the procedure prepares a
statement for multiple executions in a procedure loop.

Table 5–3 shows the SQL statements that do not generate result sets. You can execute these
statements in a stored procedure using either the SQLIStatement or the SQLPStatement class.

Table 5–3: Executable SQL-92 Statements

ALTER USER CREATE INDEX

CREATE PROCEDURE CREATE SYNONYM

CREATE TABLE CREATE TRIGGER

CREATE USER CREATE VIEW

DELETE DROP INDEX

DROP PROCEDURE DROP TABLE

DROP TRIGGER DROP USER

DROP VIEW GRANT

INSERT REVOKE

UPDATE UPDATE STATISTICS

Immediate Execution
Use immediate execution when a procedure needs to execute an SQL statement only once.

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EXAMPLE
This stored procedure in this sample script inserts a row in a table. The constructor for
SQLIStatement takes the SQL INSERT statement as its only argument. In this example, the
statement includes five parameter markers:

TeamProc.sql

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- File Name: TeamProc.sql
--
-- Purpose: Creates the insert_team stored procedure
-- in the current database.
--
-- Requirements:
-- (1) Database must be created
-- (2) Database must be running
-- (3) Submit this script to SQL Explorer as an input file
-- (character mode) or as a run file (GUI mode).
--
-- Revision History:
--
-- Date Author Change
-- ---- ------ ------
--
-- 11/99 DB-DOC Created, V9.1A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

CREATE PROCEDURE insert_team(

IN empnum INTEGER not null,
IN FirstName VARCHAR(30) not null,
IN LastName VARCHAR(50) not null,
IN State VARCHAR(50) not null,
IN Sport CHAR(20)
) ;

BEGIN
SQLIStatement insert_team = new SQLIStatement (
"INSERT INTO team (empnum, FirstName, LastName, State, Sport)
VALUES ( ?,?,?,?,? ) ");
insert_team.setParam (1, empnum);
insert_team.setParam (2, FirstName);
insert_team.setParam (3, LastName);
insert_team.setParam (4, State);
insert_team.setParam (5, Sport) ;
insert_team.execute ();
END

COMMIT WORK ;

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 Java Stored Procedures and Triggers

Prepared Execution
Use prepared execution when you need to execute the same SQL statement repeatedly. Prepared
execution avoids the overhead of creating multiple SQLIStatement objects for a single
statement.
There is an advantage to prepared execution when you execute the same SQL statement from
within a loop. Instead of creating an object with each iteration of the loop, prepared execution
creates an object once and supplies input parameters for each execution of the statement.
Once a stored procedure creates an SQLPStatement object, you can execute the object multiple
times, supplying different values for each execution.

EXAMPLE
This code fragment extends the previous example to use prepared execution:

CREATE PROCEDURE prepared_insert_customer (

IN cust_number INTEGER,
IN cust_name CHAR(20)
)

BEGIN
SQLPStatement p_insert_cust = new SQLPStatement (
"INSERT INTO customer VALUES (?,?) ");
.
.
.
int i;
for (i = 0; i < new_custs.length; i++)
{
p_insert_cust.setParam (1, new_custs[i].cust_number);
p_insert_cust.setParam (2, new_custs[i].cust_name);
p_insert_cust.execute ();
}
END

5.5.5 Retrieving Data: the SQLCursor Class

Methods of the SQLCursor class let stored procedures retrieve rows of data. When stored
procedures create an object from the SQLCursor class, they pass as an argument an SQL
statement that generates a result set. The SQL statement is either a SELECT or CALL
statement:

• A SELECT statement queries the database and returns data that meets the criteria specified
by the query expression in the SELECT statement.

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• A CALL statement invokes another stored procedure that returns a result set specified by
the RESULT clause of the CREATE PROCEDURE statement.

Either way, once the procedure creates an object from the SQLCursor class, the processing of
result sets follows the same steps:

1. Open the cursor with the SQLCursor.Open method.

2. Check whether there are any records in the result set with the SQLCursor.Found method.

3. If there are records in the result set, loop through the result set:

• Try to fetch a record with the SQLCursor.Fetch method.

• Check whether the fetch returned a record with the SQLCursor.Found method.

• If the fetch operation returned a record, assign values from the result-set record’s
fields to procedure variables or procedure output parameters with the
SQLCursor.getValue method.

• Process the data.

• If the fetch operation did not return a record, exit the loop.

4. Close the cursor with the SQLCursor.close method.

EXAMPLE
This example uses SQLCursor to process the result set returned by an SQL SELECT statement:

CREATE PROCEDURE get_sal ()

BEGIN
String ename = new String (20) ;
BigDecimal esal = new BigDecimal () ;
SQLCursor empcursor = new SQLCursor (
"SELECT name, sal FROM emp " ) ;

empcursor.Open () ;
empcursor.fetch ();
while (empcursor.found ())
{
empcursor.getValue (1, ename);
empcursor.getValue (2, esal);
// do something with the values here
}
empcursor.close () ;
END

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 Java Stored Procedures and Triggers

Stored procedures also use SQLCursor objects to process a result set returned by another stored
procedure. Instead of a SELECT statement, the SQLCursor constructor includes a CALL
statement that invokes the desired procedure.

EXAMPLE
The following example shows an excerpt from a stored procedure that processes the result set
returned by another procedure, get_customers:

SQLCursor cust_cursor = new SQLCursor (

"CALL get_customers (?) ") ;
cust_cursor.setParam (1, "NE");
cust_cursor.Open () ;
for (;;)
{
cust_cursor.Fetch ();
if (cust_cursor.Found ())
{
cust_number = (Integer) cust_cursor.getValue (1, INTEGER);
cust_name = (String) cust_cursor.getValue (2, CHAR) ;
}
else
break;
}
cust_cursor.close () ;

5.5.6 Returning a Procedure Result Set to Applications: The

RESULT Clause and DhSQLResultSet
The get_sal procedure in the previous example with a CREATE PROCEDURE uses the
SQLCursor.getValue method to store the values of a database record in individual variables. But
the procedure did not do anything with those values, and they would be overwritten in the next
iteration of the loop that fetches records.
The DhSQLResultSet class provides a way for a procedure to store rows of data in a procedure
result set so the rows can be returned to the application that calls it. There can only be one
procedure result set in a stored procedure.
A stored procedure must explicitly process a result set to return it to the calling application:

• Declare the procedure result set through the RESULT clause of the procedure
specification.

• Populate the procedure result set in the body of the procedure using the methods of the
DhSQLResultSet class.

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When the SQL server creates a Java class from a CREATE PROCEDURE statement that
contains the RESULT clause, it implicitly instantiates an object of type DhSQLResultSet, and
calls it SQLResultSet. Invoke methods of the SQLResultSet instance to populate fields and
rows of the procedure result set.

EXAMPLE
The next example extends the get_sal procedure to return a procedure result set. For each row
of the SQL result set assigned to procedure variables, the procedure:

• Assigns the current values in the procedure variables to corresponding fields in the
procedure result set with the DhSQLResultSet.Set method

• Inserts a row into the procedure result set with the DhSQLResultSet.Insert method

CREATE PROCEDURE get_sal2 ()

RESULT (
empname CHAR(20),
empsal NUMERIC
)
BEGIN
String ename = new String (20) ;
BigDecimal esal = new BigDecimal () ;
SQLCursor empcursor = new SQLCursor (
"SELECT name, sal FROM emp " ) ;

empcursor.Open () ;
do
{
empcursor.Fetch ();
if (empcursor.found ())
{
ename = (String) empcursor.getValue (1, CHAR);
esal = (BigDecimal) empcursor.getValue (2, NUMERIC);
// NUMERIC and DECIMAL are synonyms
SQLResultSet.Set (1, ename);
SQLResultSet.Set (2, esal);
SQLResultSet.Insert ();
}
} while (empcursor.found ()) ;
empcursor.close () ;
END

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 Java Stored Procedures and Triggers

5.5.7 Handling Null Values

Stored procedures routinely need to set and detect null values.

• Stored procedures might need to set the values of SQL statement input parameters or
procedure result fields to null.

• Stored procedures must check if the value of a field in an SQL result set is null before
assigning it through the SQLCursor.getValue method. The SQL server generates a
run-time error if the result-set field specified in getValue is null.

Setting SQL Statement Input Parameters and Procedure Result Set Fields to Null
Both the setParam method and set method take objects as their value arguments. For SQL
statement input parameters; see the “Using the Progress SQL-92 Java Classes” section. For
procedure result set fields, see the “Returning a Procedure Result Set to Applications: The
RESULT Clause and DhSQLResultSet” section. You can pass a null reference directly to the
method or pass a variable which has been assigned the null value.

EXAMPLE
This example shows using both techniques to set an SQL input parameter to null:

CREATE TABLE t1 (
c1 INTEGER,
c2 INTEGER,
c3 INTEGER)

CREATE PROCEDURE test_nulls( )

BEGIN
Integer pvar_int ;
pvar_int = null ;

SQLIStatement insert_t1 = new SQLIStatement

( "INSERT INTO t1 (c1, c2, c3) values (?,?,?) ");

// Set to non-null value

insert_t1.setParam(1, new Integer(1));

// Set directly to null

insert_t1.setParam(2, null);

// Set indirectly to null

insert_t1.setParam(3, pvar_int);

insert_t1.execute();
END

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Assigning Null Values from SQL Result Sets: The SQLCursor.wasNULL Method
If the value of the field argument to the SQLCursor.getValue method is null, the SQL server
returns a run-time error.

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the error returned when the argument to SQLCursor.getValue is null:

(error(-20144): Null value fetched.)

This means you must always check whether a value is null before attempting to assign a value
in an SQL result set to a procedure variable or output parameter. The SQLCursor class provides
the wasNULL method for this purpose.
The SQLCursor.wasNULL method returns TRUE if a field in the result set is null. It takes a
single integer argument that specifies which field of the current row of the result set to check.

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 Java Stored Procedures and Triggers

EXAMPLE
The next example illustrates using the wasNULL method:

CREATE PROCEDURE test_nulls2( )

RESULT ( res_int1 INTEGER ,
res_int2 INTEGER ,
res_int3 INTEGER )
BEGIN
Integer pvar_int1 = new Integer(0);
Integer pvar_int2 = new Integer(0);
Integer pvar_int3 = new Integer(0);
SQLCursor select_t1 = new SQLCursor
( "SELECT c1, c2, c3 from t1" );
select_t1.open();
select_t1.fetch();
while ( select_t1.found() )
{
// Assign values from the current row of the SQL result set
// to the pvar_intx procedure variables. Must first check
// whether the values fetched are null: if they are, must set
// pvars explicitly to null.
if ((select_t1.wasNULL(1)) == true)
pvar_int1 = null;
else
pvar_int1 = (Integer) select_t1.getValue(1, INTEGER);
if ((select_t1.wasNULL(2)) == true)
pvar_int2 = null;
else
pvar_int2 = (Integer) select_t1.getValue(2, INTEGER);
if ((select_t1.wasNULL(3)) == true)
pvar_int3 = null;
else
pvar_int3 = (Integer) select_t1.getValue(3, INTEGER);
else
select_t1.getValue(3,pvar_int3);
// Transfer the value from the procedure variables to the
// columns of the current row of the procedure result set.
SQLResultSet.set(1,pvar_int1);
SQLResultSet.set(2,pvar_int2);
SQLResultSet.set(3,pvar_int3);
// Insert the row into the procedure result set.
SQLResultSet.insert();
select_t1.fetch();
}
// Close the SQL result set.
select_t1.close();
END

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5.5.8 Handling Errors

Progress SQL-92 stored procedures use standard Java try catch constructs to process
exceptions.
Any errors in SQL statement execution result in the creation of a DhSQLException class object.
When Progress SQL detects an error in an SQL statement, it throws an exception. The stored
procedure should use try/catch constructs to process such exceptions. The getDiagnostics
method of the DhSQLException class object provides a mechanism to retrieve different details
of the error.
The getDiagnostics method takes a single argument whose value specifies which error message
detail it returns. See Table 5–4 for explanations of the getDiagnostics error handling options.

Table 5–4: getDiagnostics Error Handling Options

Argument Value Returns

RETURNED_SQLSTATE The SQLSTATE returned by execution of

the previous SQL statement

MESSAGE_TEXT The condition indicated by

RETURNED_SQLSTATE

CLASS_ORIGIN Not currently used. Always returned null

SUBCLASS_ORIGIN Not currently used. Always returned null

The error messages and the associated SQLSTATE and Progress SQL-92 error code values are
documented in Appendix A, “Progress SQL-92 Reference Information.”

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EXAMPLE
This example shows an excerpt from a stored procedure that uses
DhSQLException.getDiagnostics:

try
{
SQLIStatement insert_cust = new SQLIStatement (
"INSERT INTO customer VALUES (1,2) ");
}
catch (DhSQLException e)
{
errstate = e.getDiagnostics (RETURNED_SQLSTATE) ;
errmesg = e.getDiagnostics (MESSAGE_TEXT) ;
.
.
.
}

Stored procedures can also throw their own exceptions by instantiating a DhSQLException
object and throwing the object when the procedure detects an error in execution. The conditions
under which the procedure throws the exception object are completely dependent on the
procedure.

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates using the DhSQLException constructor to create an exception object
called excep. It then throws the excep object under all conditions:

CREATE PROCEDURE sp1_02()

BEGIN
// raising exception
DhSQLException excep =
new DhSQLException(666,new String("Entered the tst02 procedure"));
if (true)
throw excep;
END

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5.5.9 Calling Stored Procedures from Stored Procedures

Stored procedures and triggers can call other stored procedures. Nesting procedures lets you
take advantage of existing procedures. Instead of rewriting the code, procedures can simply
issue CALL statements to the existing procedures.
Another use for nesting procedures is to assemble result sets generated by queries on different
databases into a single result set. With this technique, the stored procedure processes multiple
SELECT statements through multiple instances of the SQLCursor class. For each of the
instances, the procedure uses the DhSQLResultSet class to add rows to the result set returned
by the procedure.

Stored Procedure Parameter Requirements and Usage

When one stored procedure is calling another stored procedure, the following requirements
must be met for using the three parameter types in order to properly allocate the SQLDA
structure to the correct size:

• An IN parameter calls only the SetParam function.

• An OUT parameter calls only the RegisterOutParam funciton.

• An INOUT parameter calls both the SetParam and RegisterOutParam functions in any
order.

5.5.10 INOUT and OUT Parameters When One Java Stored

Procedure Calls Another
If an OUT or INOUT parameter is of data type CHARACTER, then getParam() returns a Java
String Object. You must declare a procedure variable of type String, and explicitly cast the value
returned by getParam to type String. Before calling getParam() you must call the
SQLCursor.wasNULL method to test whether the returned value is null. If getParam() is called
for a null value, it raises a DhSQLException.
The getParam() method returns the value of an INOUT or OUT parameter identified by the
number you specify in the fieldIndex parameter. getParam() returns the value as an object of the
datatype you specify in the fieldType parameter. Since getParam() returns the result as an
instance of class Object, you must explicitly cast your inout_var variable to the correct datatype.
See the SQLCursor.getParam section in Chapter 6, “Java Class Reference” for a complete
description of syntax and parameters for the getParam method.
These are the general steps to follow when calling one Java stored procedure from another:

1. Register OUT parameters in the calling stored procedure

5–32
 Java Stored Procedures and Triggers

2. Declare Java variables in the snippet of the calling procedure

3. Invoke the other stored procedure

5–33
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates the steps required for calling one Java stored procedure from another:

create procedure lotusp(

IN f1 char(50),
INOUT f2 char(50),
OUT f3 char(50)
)
RESULT(f4 char(50))
BEGIN
f2 = new String("new rising sun");
f3 = new String("new rising lotus");
SQLResultSet.set(1, new String("the fog - the snow - the ice"));
SQLResultSet.insert();
END

commit work;

create procedure proc1()

BEGIN
String inout_param = new String("sun");
String out_param = new String();

SQLCursor call_proc = new SQLCursor("call lotusp(?,?,?)");

call_proc.setParam(1, new String("moon"));
call_proc.setParam(2, inout_param);
call_proc.registerOutParam(3, CHAR);
// OR you can specify the optional scale parameter
// call_proc.registerOutParam(3, CHAR, 15);
call_proc.open();
inout_param = (String)call_proc.getParam(2, CHAR);
out_param = (String)call_proc.getParam(3, CHAR);
call_proc.close();
END

5.6 Using Triggers

Triggers are a special type of stored procedure used to maintain database integrity.
Like stored procedures, triggers also contain Java code (embedded in a CREATE TRIGGER
statement) and use Progress SQL-92 Java classes. However, triggers are automatically invoked
(fired) by certain SQL operations (an insert, update, or delete operation) on the trigger’s target
table.
This section provides a general description of triggers and discusses in detail where trigger
procedures differ from stored procedures. Unless otherwise noted, the material in earlier
sections of this chapter also applies to triggers.

5–34
 Java Stored Procedures and Triggers

5.6.1 Trigger Basics

Use the SQL CREATE TRIGGER statement to create a trigger. This is the syntax for the
CREATE TRIGGER statement.

SYNTAX

CREATE TRIGGER[ owner_name. ]trigname

{ BEFORE | AFTER }
{ INSERT | DELETE | UPDATE [ OF column_name [ , ... ] }
ON table_name
[ { OLDROW [ , NEWROW ] | NEWROW [ OLDROW ] } ]
[ FOR EACH { ROW | STATEMENT } ]
[ IMPORT
java_import_clause ]
BEGIN
java_snippet
END

5.6.2 Structure of Triggers

Like a stored procedure, a trigger has a specification and a body.
The body of a trigger is the same as that of a stored procedure: BEGIN and END delimiters
enclosing a Java snippet. The Java code in the snippet defines the triggered action that executes
when the trigger is fired.
As with stored procedures, when it processes a CREATE TRIGGER statement, Progress
SQL-92 adds wrapper code to create a Java class and method that is invoked when the trigger
is fired.
The trigger specification, however, is different from a stored procedure specification. It contains
the following elements:

• The CREATE clause specifies the name of the trigger. Progress SQL-92 stores the
CREATE TRIGGER statement in the database under trigname. It also uses trigname in the
name of the Java class that Progress SQL-92 declares to wrap around the Java snippet. The
class name uses the format username_trigname_TP, where username is the user name of
the database connection that issued the CREATE TRIGGER statement.

• The BEFORE or AFTER keywords specify the trigger action time: whether the triggered
action implemented by java_snippet executes before or after the triggering INSERT,
UPDATE, or DELETE statement.

5–35
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

• The INSERT, DELETE, or UPDATE keyword specifies which data modification

command activates the trigger. If UPDATE is the trigger event, this clause can include an
optional column list. Updates to any of the specified columns will activate the trigger.
(Updates to other columns in the table will not activate the trigger.) If UPDATE is the
triggering statement and does not include the optional column list, then the UPDATE
statement must specify all the table columns in order to activate the trigger.

• The ON table_name clause specifies the table for which the specified trigger event
activates the trigger. The ON clause cannot specify a view or a remote table.

• The optional REFERENCING clause is allowed only if the trigger also specifies the FOR
EACH ROW clause. It provides a mechanism for SQL to pass row values as input
parameters to the stored procedure implemented by java_snippet. The code in
java_snippet uses the getValue method of the NEWROW and OLDROW objects to
retrieve values of columns in rows affected by the trigger event and store them in
procedure variables. See the “OLDROW and NEWROW Objects: Passing Values to
Triggers” section for information.

• The FOR EACH clause specifies the frequency with which the triggered action
implemented by java_snippet executes.

• FOR EACH ROW means the triggered action executes once for each row being updated
by the triggering statement. CREATE TRIGGER must include the FOR EACH ROW
clause if it also includes a REFERENCING clause.

• FOR EACH STATEMENT means the triggered action executes only once for the whole
triggering statement. FOR EACH STATEMENT is the default.

• The IMPORT clause is the same as in stored procedures. It specifies standard Java classes
to import.

5–36
 Java Stored Procedures and Triggers

EXAMPLE
This example shows the elements of a trigger:

CREATE TRIGGER BUG_UPDATE_TRIGGER

AFTER
UPDATE OF STATUS REPORT, PRIORITY
ON BUG_INFO
REFERENCING OLDROW, NEWROW
FOR EACH ROW
IMPORT
import java.sql.*. ;

BEGIN
.
.
.
END

5.6.3 Triggers versus Stored Procedures versus Constraints

Triggers are identical to stored procedures in many respects. There are three main differences:

• Triggers are automatic. When the trigger event (an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
statement) affects the specified table (and, optionally in UPDATE operations, the
specified columns), the Java code contained in the body of the trigger executes. Stored
procedures, on the other hand, must be explicitly invoked by an application or another
procedure.

• Triggers cannot have output parameters or a result set. Since triggers are automatic, there
is no calling application to process any output they might generate. The practical
consequence of this is that the Java code in the trigger body cannot invoke methods of the
DhSQLResultSet class.

• Triggers have limited input parameters. The only possible input parameters for triggers are
values of columns in the rows affected by the trigger event. If the trigger includes the
REFERENCING clause, Progress SQL-92 passes the values (either as they existed in the
database or are specified in the INSERT or UPDATE statement) of each row affected. The
Java code in the trigger body can use those values in its processing by invoking the
getValue method of the OLDROW and NEWROW objects. See the “Using Stored
Procedures” section.

5–37
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

The automatic nature of triggers makes them well suited for enforcing referential integrity. In
this regard they are like constraints, since both triggers and constraints can help ensure that a
value stored in the foreign key of a table must either be null or be equal to some value in the
matching unique or primary key of another table. However, triggers differ from constraints in
the following ways:

• Triggers are active, while constraints are passive. Constraints prevent updates that violate
referential integrity, and triggers perform explicit actions in addition to the update
operation.

• Triggers can do much more than enforce referential integrity. Because they are passive,
constraints are limited to preventing updates in a narrow set of conditions. Triggers are
more flexible. The next section outlines some common uses for triggers.

5.6.4 Typical Uses for Triggers

Typical uses for triggers include combinations of the following:

Cascading Deletes
A delete operation on one table causes additional rows to be deleted from other tables that are
related to the first table by key values. This is an active way of enforcing referential integrity
that a table constraint enforces passively.

Cascading Updates
An update operation on one table causes additional rows to be updated in other tables that are
related to the first table by key values. These updates are commonly limited to the key fields
themselves. This is an active way of enforcing referential integrity that a table constraint
enforces passively.

Summation Updates
An update operation in one table causes an update operation in a row of another table. The
second value is increased or decreased.

Automatic Archiving
A delete operation on one table creates an identical row in an archive table that is not otherwise
used by the database.

5–38
 Java Stored Procedures and Triggers

5.6.5 OLDROW and NEWROW Objects: Passing Values to

Triggers
The OLDROW and NEWROW objects allow SQL to pass row values as input parameters to
the stored procedure in a trigger that executes once for each affected row. If the CREATE
TRIGGER statement contains the REFERENCING clause, the SQL server implicitly
instantiates an OLDROW or NEWROW object (or both, depending on the arguments to the
REFERENCING clause) when it creates the Java class.
This allows the Java code in the snippet to use the getValue method of those objects to retrieve
values of columns in rows affected by the trigger event and store them in procedure variables:

• The OLDROW object contains values of a row as it exists in the database before an update
or delete operation. It is instantiated when triggers specify an UPDATE...REFERENCING
OLDROW or DELETE...REFERENCING OLDROW clause. It is meaningless and not
available for insert operations.

• The NEWROW object contains values of a row as specified in an INSERT or UPDATE

statement. It is instantiated when triggers specify an UPDATE...REFERENCING
NEWROW or INSERT...REFERENCING NEWROW clause. It is meaningless and not
available for delete operations.

UPDATE is the only triggering statement that allows both NEWROW and OLDROW in the
REFERENCING clause.
Triggers use the OLDROW.getValue and NEWROW.getValue methods to assign a value from
a row being modified to a procedure variable. The format and arguments for getValue are the
same as in other Progress SQL-92 Java classes:

SYNTAX

getValue ( col_num , sql_data_type ) ;

col_num

Specifes the integer column number of the affected row. getValue retrieves the value in
the column denoted by col_num. ’1’ denotes the first column of the result set, ’2’ denotes
the second, n denotes the nth.

sql_data_type

Specifies the corresponding SQL data type. For a complete list of appropriate data types,
refer to Table 5–2.

5–39
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

EXAMPLE
This example shows an excerpt from a trigger that uses getValue to assign values from both
OLDROW and NEWROW objects:

CREATE TRIGGER BUG_UPDATE_TRIGGER

AFTER UPDATE OF STATUS, PRIORITY ON BUG_INFO
REFERENCING OLDROW, NEWROW
FOR EACH ROW

IMPORT
import java.sql.* ;
BEGIN
try
{
// column number of STATUS is 10
String old_status, new_status;
old_status = (String) OLDROW.getValue(10, CHAR);
new_status = (String) NEWROW.getValue(10, CHAR);
if ((old_status.CompareTo("OPEN") == 0) &&
(new_status.CompareTo("FIXED") == 0))
{
// If STATUS has changed from OPEN to FIXED
// increment the bugs_fixed_cnt by 1 in the
// row corresponding to current month
// and current year
SQLIStatement update_stmt (
" update BUG_STATUS set bugs_fixed_cnt = bugs_fixed_cnt + 1 "
" where month = ? and year = ?"
);
.
.
.

5–40
 6
Java Class Reference

This reference chapter provides information on the Progress SQL Java classes and methods. The
Java Class Reference section lists all the methods in the Progress SQL Java classes and shows
which classes declare them. This chapter covers the following methods:

setParam open wasNULL getDiagnostics

makeNULL close getValue log

execute fetch set err

rowCount found insert –

Subsequent sections describe each Java class and its methods in more detail. Some Java
methods are common to more than one class. The Java classes are presented in this order:

• DhSQLException

• DhSQLResultSet

• SQLCursor

• SQLIStatement

• SQLPStatement
Java Class Reference

Java Class Reference

This section provides reference material on the Progress SQL Java classes and methods. This
section lists all the methods in the Progress SQL Java classes and shows which classes declare
them. Subsequent sections are arranged alphabetically and describe each class and its methods
in more detail. Some Java methods are common to more than one class.

setParam

Sets the value of an SQL statement’s input parameter to the specified value; a literal,
procedure variable, or procedure input parameter. The following Java classes declare
setParam:

• SQLIStatement

• SQLPStatement

• SQLCursor

makeNULL

Sets the value of an SQL statement’s input parameter to null. The following Java classes
declare makeNull:

• SQLIStatement

• SQLPStatement

• SQLCursor

Set a field of the currently-active row in a procedure’s result set to null:

• DhSQLResultSet

execute

Executes the SQL statement. The following Java classes declare execute:

• SQLIStatement

• SQLPStatement

6–2
 Java Class Reference

rowCount

Returns the number of rows deleted, inserted, or updated by the SQL statement. The
following Java classes declare rowCount:

• SQLIStatement

• SQLPStatement

• SQLCursor

open

Opens the result set specified by the SELECT or CALL statement. The following Java
class declares open:

• SQLCursor

close

Closes the result set specified by the SELECT or CALL statement. The following Java
class declares close:

• SQLCursor

fetch

Fetches the next record in a result set. The following Java class declares fetch:

• SQLCursor

found

Checks whether a fetch operation returned to a record. The following Java class declares
found:

• SQLCursor

wasNULL

Checks if the value in a fetched field is null. The following Java class declares wasNull:

• SQLCursor

6–3
Java Class Reference

getValue

Stores the value of a fetched field in the specified procedure variable or procedure output
parameter. The following Java class declares getValue:

• SQLCursor

set

Sets the field in the currently active row of a procedure’s result set a literal, procedure
variable, or procedure input parameter. The following Java class declares set:

• DhSQLResultSet

insert

Inserts the currently active row into the result set of a procedure. The following Java class
declares insert:

• DhSQLResultSet

getDiagnostics

Returns the specified detail of an error message. The following Java class declares
getDiagnostics:

• DhSQLException

log

Writes a message to the log. The following Java classes inherit the log:

• SQLIStatement

• SQLPStatement

• SQLCursor

• DhSQLResult Set

• DhSQLException

6–4
 Java Class Reference

err

Writes a message to the log. The following Java classes write to the log: :

• SQLIStatement

• SQLPStatement

• SQLCursor

• DhSQLResult Set

• DhSQLException

6–5
DhSQLException

DhSQLException
Extends the general java.lang. exception class to provide detail about errors in SQL statement
execution. Any such errors raise an exception with an argument that is an SQLException class
object. The getDiagnostics() method retrieves details of the error.

Constructors
public DhSQLException(int ecode, String errMsg)

Parameters

ecode

The error number associated with the exception condition

errMsg

The error message associated with the exception condition

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates using the DhSQLException constructor to create an exception object
called excep. It then throws the excep object under all conditions:

CREATE PROCEDURE sp1_02()

BEGIN
// raising exception
DhSQLException excep = new DhSQLException(666,new String
("Entered the tst02 procedure"));
if (true)
throw excep;
END

6–6
 DhSQLException.getDiagnostics

DhSQLException.getDiagnostics
Returns the requested detail about an exception.

Format
public String getDiagnostics(int diagType)

Returns

A string containing the information specified by the diagType parameter as shown in Table
6–1.

Parameters

diagType

One of the argument values listed in Table 6–1.

Table 6–1: Argument Values for DhSQLException.getDiagnostics

Argument Value Returns

RETURNED_SQLSTATE The SQLSTATE returned by execution of

the previous SQL statement

MESSAGE_TEXT The condition indicated by

RETURNED_SQLSTATE

CLASS_ORIGIN Not currently used. Always returns null

SUBCLASS_ORIGIN Not currently used. Always returns null

Throws

DhSQLException

6–7
DhSQLException.getDiagnostics

EXAMPLE
This code fragment illustrates DhSQLException.getDiagnostics:

try
{
SQLIStatement insert_cust = new SQLIStatement (
"INSERT INTO customer VALUES (1,2) ");
}
catch (DhSQLException e)
{
errstate = e.getDiagnostics (RETURNED_SQLSTATE) ;
errmesg = e.getDiagnostics (MESSAGE_TEXT) ;
.
.
.
}

6–8
 DhSQLResultSet

DhSQLResultSet
Provides the stored procedure with a result set to return to the application that called the
procedure.
The Java code in a stored procedure does not explicitly create DhSQLResultSet objects. Instead,
when the SQL server creates a Java class from a CREATE PROCEDURE statement that
contains a Result clause, it implicitly instantiates an object of type DhSQLResultSet, and calls
it SQLResultSet.
Procedures invoke methods of the SQLResultSet instance to populate fields and rows of the
result set.

Constructors

No explicit constructor

Parameters

None

Throws

DhSQLException

DhSQLResultSet.insert
Inserts the currently active row into a procedure’s result set.

Format
public void insert()

Returns

None

Parameters

None

Throws

DhSQLException

6–9
DhSQLResultSet

EXAMPLE
This code fragment illustrates SQLResultSet.set and SQLResultSet.insert:

CREATE PROCEDURE get_sal2 ()

RESULT (
empname CHAR(20),
empsal NUMERIC,
)
BEGIN
String ename = new String (20) ;
BigDecimal esal = new BigDecimal () ;
SQLCursor empcursor = new SQLCursor (
"SELECT name, sal FROM emp " ) ;

empcursor.Open () ;
do
{
empcursor.Fetch ();
if (empcursor.found ())
{
empcursor.getValue (1, ename);
empcursor.getValue (2, esal);
SQLResultSet.Set (1, ename);
SQLResultSet.Set (2, esal);
SQLResultSet.Insert ();
}
} while (empcursor.found ()) ;
empcursor.close () ;
END

DhSQLResultSet.makeNULL
Sets a field of the currently-active row in a procedure’s result set to null. This method is
redundant with using the DhSQLResultSet.set method to set a procedure result-set field to null.

Format
public void makeNULL(int field)

Returns

None

6–10
 DhSQLResultSet

Parameters

field

An integer that specifies which field of the result-set row to set to null. 1 denotes the
first field in the row, 2 denotes the second, n denotes the nth.

Throws

DhSQLException

EXAMPLE
This code fragment illustrates SQLResultSet.set and SQLResultSet.makeNULL:

CREATE PROCEDURE test_makeNULL2(

IN char_in CHAR(20)
RESULT ( res_char CHAR(20) , res_vchar VARCHAR(30))

BEGIN
SQLResultSet.set(1,char_in);
SQLResultSet.makeNULL(2);
END

DhSQLResultSet.set
Sets the field in the currently-active row of a procedure’s result set to the specified value (a
literal, procedure variable, or procedure input parameter).

Format
public void set(int field, Object val)

Returns

None

Parameters

field

An integer that specifies which field of the result-set row to set to the value specified
by val. (1 denotes the first field in the row, 2 denotes the second, and so on.)

val

6–11
DhSQLResultSet

A literal or the name of a variable or input parameter that contains the value to be
assigned to the field.

Throws

DhSQLException

EXAMPLE
This code fragment illustrates SQLResultSet.Set:

CREATE PROCEDURE get_sal2 ()

RESULT (
empname CHAR(20),
empsal NUMERIC,
)
BEGIN
String ename = new String (20) ;
BigDecimal esal = new BigDecimal () ;
SQLCursor empcursor = new SQLCursor (
"SELECT name, sal FROM emp " ) ;

empcursor.Open () ;
do
{
empcursor.Fetch ();
if (empcursor.found ())
{
empcursor.getValue (1, ename);
empcursor.getValue (2, esal);
SQLResultSet.Set (1, ename);
SQLResultSet.Set (2, esal);
SQLResultSet.Insert ();
}
} while (empcursor.found ()) ;
empcursor.close () ;
END

6–12
 SQLCursor

SQLCursor
Allows rows of data to be retrieved from a database or another stored procedure’s result set.

Constructors

SQLCursor (String statement)

Parameters

statement

Generates a result set. Enclose the SQL statement in double quotes. The SQL statement is
either a SELECT or CALL statement.

NOTES

• A SELECT statement queries the database and returns data that meets the criteria specified
by the query expression in the SELECT statement.

• A CALL statement invokes another stored procedure that returns a result set specified by
the RESULT clause of the CREATE PROCEDURE statement.

Throws

DhSQLException

EXAMPLES
The following excerpt from a stored procedure instantiates an SQLCursor object called
cust_cursor that retrieves data from a database table:

SQLCursor empcursor = new SQLCursor ( "SELECT name, sal FROM emp " ) ;

The following excerpt from a stored procedure instantiates an SQLCursor object called
cust_cursor that calls another stored procedure:

t_cursor = new SQLCursor ( "CALL get_customers (?) ") ;

6–13
SQLCursor

SQLCursor.close
Closes the result set specified by a SELECT or CALL statement.

Format
public void close()

Returns

None

Parameters

None

Throws

DhSQLException

EXAMPLE
This code fragment illustrates the getValue and close methods:

{
if (cust_cursor.Found ())
{
cust_cursor.getValue (1, cust_number);
cust_cursor.getValue (2, cust_name) ;
}
else
break;
}
cust_cursor.close () ;

SQLCursor.fetch
Fetches the next record in a result set, if there is one.

Format
public void fetch()

6–14
 SQLCursor

Returns

None

Parameters

None

Throws

DhSQLException

EXAMPLE
This code fragment illustrates the fetch method and the getValue method:

for (;;)
{
cust_cursor.Fetch ();
if (cust_cursor.Found ())
{
cust_cursor.getValue (1, cust_number);
cust_cursor.getValue (2, cust_name) ;
}
else
break;
}

SQLCursor.found
Checks whether a fetch operation returned a record.

Format
public boolean found ()

Returns

True if the previous call to fetch() returned a record, false otherwise.

Parameters

None

6–15
SQLCursor

Throws

DhSQLException

EXAMPLE
This code fragment illustrates the fetch, found, and getValue methods:

for (;;)
{
cust_cursor.Fetch ();
if (cust_cursor.Found ())
{
cust_cursor.getValue (1, cust_number);
cust_cursor.getValue (2, cust_name) ;
}
else
break;
}

SQLCursor.getParam
Retrieves the values of Java OUT and INOUT parameters.

Format
inout_var = getParam( int fieldIndex, short fieldType ) ;

Returns

OUT or INOUT variable

Parameters

inout_var

The target variable into which the value of an OUT or INOUT parameter is stored.

fieldIndex

An integer that specifies the position of the parameter in the parameter list.

6–16
 SQLCursor

fieldType

A short integer that specifies the datatype of the parameter. The allowable defined
values for fieldType are listed in Table 6–2, grouped by category of data type.

Table 6–2: Allowable Values for fieldType in getParam

Exact Approximate
Character Date-time Bit String
Numeric Numeric

CHAR INTEGER REAL DATE BIT

CHARACTER SMALLINT FLOAT TIME BINARY

VARCHAR TINYINT DOUBLE TIMESTAMP VARBINARY

– NUMERIC – – LVARBINARY

– DECIMAL – – –

Throws

DhSQLException

NOTES

• The getParam() method returns the value of an INOUT or OUT parameter identified by
the number you specify in the fieldIndex parameter. getParam() returns the value as an
object of the datatype you specify in the fieldType parameter. Since getParam() returns
the result as an instance of class Object, you must explicitly cast your inout_var variable
to the correct data type.

• If the OUT or INOUT parameter is of datatype CHARACTER, then getParam returns a

Java String Object. You must declare a procedure variable of type String, and explicitly
cast the value returned by getParam to type String. Before calling getParam() you must call
the SQLCursor.wasNULL method to test whether the returned value is null. If getParam()
is called for a null value, it raises a DhSQLException.

• See the “INOUT and OUT Parameters When One Java Stored Procedure Calls Another,”
section in Chapter 6, “Java Class Reference” for an example of how and when to use
SQLCursor.getParam().

6–17
SQLCursor

SQLCursor.getValue
Assigns a single value from a SQL result set to a procedure variable. The single field value is
the result of an SQL query or the result from another stored procedure.

Format
public Object getValue( int fieldNum, short fieldType )

Returns

Object

Parameters

fieldNum

An integer that specifies the position of the field to retrieve from the fetched record.

fieldType

A short integer that specifies the data type of the parameter. The allowable defined
values for fieldType are listed in Table 6–3, grouped by category of data type.

Table 6–3: Allowable Values for fieldType in getValue

Exact Approximate
Character Date-time Bit String
Numeric Numeric

CHAR INTEGER REAL DATE BIT

CHARACTER SMALLINT FLOAT TIME BINARY

VARCHAR TINYINT DOUBLE TIMESTAMP VARBINARY

– NUMERIC – – LVARBINARY

– DECIMAL – – –

Throws

DhSQLException

6–18
 SQLCursor

NOTES

• Before invoking getValue, you must test for the null condition by calling the
SQLCursor.wasNULL method. If the value returned is null, you must explicitly set the
target variable in the stored procedure to null.

• The getValue method returns a value from the result set identified by the number you
specify in the fieldNum parameter. getValue returns the value as an object of the datatype
you specify in the fieldType parameter. Since getValue returns the result as an instance
of class Object, you must explicitly cast your return value to the correct datatype.

• If the returned value is of datatype CHARACTER, then getValue returns a Java String
Object. You must declare a procedure variable of type String and explicitly cast the value
returned by getValue to type String.

EXAMPLE
This example illustrates testing for null and invoking the Java getValue method:

Integer pvar_int = new Integer(0);

String pvar_str = new String();
SQLCursor select_t1 = new SQLCursor
("select int_col, char_col from T1");

Select_t1.open();
Select_t1.fetch();

while(select_t1.found())
{
// Assign values from the current row of the SQL result set
// to the procedure variables. First check whether
// the values fetched are null. If null then explicitly
// set the procedure variables to null.

if ((select_t1.wasNULL(1)) == true)
pvar_int = null;
else
pvar_int = (Integer)select_t1.getValue(1, INTEGER);
if ((select_t1.wasNULL(2)) == true)
pvar_str = null;
else
pvar_str = (String)select_t1.getValue(1, CHAR);
}

6–19
SQLCursor

SQLCursor.makeNULL
Sets the value of an SQL statement’s input parameter to null. This method is common to the
SQLCursor, SQLIStatement, and SQLPStatement classes. This method is redundant with using
the setParam method to set an SQL statement’s input parameter to null.

Format
public void makeNULL(int f)

Returns

None

Parameters

An integer that specifies which input parameter of the SQL statement string to set to
null. ’1’ denotes the first input parameter in the statement, ’2’ denotes the second, n
denotes the nth.

Throws

DhSQLException

EXAMPLE
This code fragment illustrates the makeNULL method:

CREATE PROCEDURE sc_makeNULL()

BEGIN
SQLCursor select_btypes = new SQLCursor (
"SELECT small_fld from sfns where small_fld = ? ");
select_btypes.makeNULL(1);
select_btypes.open();
select_btypes.fetch();
.
.
.
select_btypes.close();
END

6–20
 SQLCursor

SQLCursor.open
Opens the result set specified by the SELECT or CALL statement.

Format
public void open()

Returns

None

Parameters

None

Throws

DhSQLException

EXAMPLE
This code fragment illustrates the open method:

SQLCursor empcursor = new SQLCursor ( "SELECT name, sal FROM emp " ) ;
empcursor.Open () ;

SQLCursor.registerOutParam
Register OUT parameters.

Format

registerOutParam( int fieldIndex, short fieldType [ , short scale ] )

Returns

None

Parameters

fieldIndex

An integer that specifies the position of the parameter in the parameter list.

6–21
SQLCursor

fieldType

A short integer that specifies the datatype of the parameter. The allowable defined
values for fieldType are listed in Table 6–4, grouped by category of data type:

Table 6–4: Allowable Values for fieldType in registerOutParam

Exact Approximate
Character Date-time Bit String
Numeric Numeric

CHAR INTEGER REAL DATE BIT

CHARACTER SMALLINT FLOAT TIME BINARY

VARCHAR TINYINT DOUBLE TIMESTAMP VARBINARY

– NUMERIC – – LVARBINARY

– DECIMAL – – –

Throws

DhSQLException

See the “INOUT and OUT Parameters When One Java Stored Procedure Calls Another” section
in Chapter 5, “Java Stored Procedures and Triggers” for an example of how and when to use
SQLCursor.registerOutParam().

SQLCursor.rowCount
Returns the number of rows affected (selected, inserted, updated, or deleted) by the SQL
statement. This method is common to the SQLCursor, SQLIStatement, and SQLPStatement
classes.

Format
public int rowCount()

Returns

An integer indicating the number of rows.

6–22
 SQLCursor

Parameters

None

Throws

DhSQLException

EXAMPLE
This example uses the rowCount method of the SQLIStatement class. It nests the method
invocation within SQLResultSet.set to store the number of rows affected (1, in this case) in the
procedure’s result set:

CREATE PROCEDURE sis_rowCount()

RESULT ( ins_recs INTEGER )

BEGIN
SQLCursor insert_test103 = new SQLIStatement (
"INSERT INTO test103 (fld1) values (17)");
insert_test103.execute();
SQLResultSet.set(1,new Long(insert_test103.rowCount()));
SQLResultSet.insert();
END

SQLCursor.setParam
Sets the value of an SQL statement’s input parameter to the specified value (a literal, procedure
variable, or procedure input parameter). This method is common to the SQLCursor,
SQLIStatement, and SQLPStatement classes.

Format
public void setParam(int f, Object val)

Returns

None

6–23
SQLCursor

Parameters

An integer that specifies which parameter marker in the SQL statement is to receive
the value. ’1’ denotes the first parameter marker, ’2’ denotes the second, n denotes
the nth.

val

A literal or the name of a variable or input parameter that contains the value to be
assigned to the parameter marker.

Throws

DhSQLException

EXAMPLE
This code fragment illustrates the setParam method:

CREATE PROCEDURE sps_setParam()

BEGIN
// Assign local variables to be used as SQL input parameter references
Integer ins_fld_ref = new Integer(1);
Integer ins_small_fld = new Integer(3200);
Integer ins_int_fld = new Integer(21474);
Double ins_doub_fld = new Double(1.797E+30);
String ins_char_fld = new String("Athula");
String ins_vchar_fld = new String("Scientist");
Float ins_real_fld = new Float(17);
SQLIStatement insert_sfns1 = new SQLIStatement ("INSERT INTO sfns
(fld_ref,small_fld,int_fld,doub_fld,char_fld,vchar_fld)
values (?,?,?,?,?,?)" );
insert_sfns1.setParam(1,ins_fld_ref);
insert_sfns1.setParam(2,ins_small_fld);
insert_sfns1.setParam(3,ins_int_fld);
insert_sfns1.setParam(4,ins_doub_fld);
insert_sfns1.setParam(5,ins_char_fld);
insert_sfns1.setParam(6,ins_vchar_fld);
insert_sfns1.execute();
END

6–24
 SQLCursor

SQLCursor.wasNULL
Checks if the value in a fetched field is null.

Format
public boolean wasNULL(int field)

Returns

True if the field is null, false otherwise.

Parameters

field

An integer that specifies which field of the fetched record is of interest. (1 denotes
the first column of the result set, 2 denotes the second, and so on.) wasNULL checks
whether the value in the currently-fetched record of the column denoted by field is
null.

Throws

DhSQLException

EXAMPLE
This code fragment illustrates the wasNULL method:

CREATE PROCEDURE test_wasNULL()

BEGIN
int small_sp = 0;
SQLCursor select_btypes =
new SQLCursor ("SELECT small_fld from sfns");
select_btypes.open();
select_btypes.fetch();
if ((select_btypes.wasNULL(1)) == true)
small_sp = null;
else
select_btypes.getValue(1,small_sp);
select_btypes.close();
END

6–25
SQLIStatement

SQLIStatement
Allows immediate (one-time) execution of SQL statements that do not generate a result set.

Constructors

SQLIStatement (String statement)

Parameters

statement

An SQL statement that does not generate a result set. Enclose the SQL statement in
double quotes.

Throws

DhSQLException

EXAMPLE
This code fragment illustrates the SQLIStatement class:

CREATE PROCEDURE insert_customer (

IN cust_number INTEGER,
IN cust_name CHAR(20)
)

BEGIN
SQLIStatement insert_cust = new SQLIStatement (
"INSERT INTO customer VALUES (?,?) ");
END

SQLIStatement.execute
Executes the SQL statement. This method is common to the SQLIStatement and
SQLPStatement classes.

Format
public void execute()

6–26
 SQLIStatement

Returns

None

Parameters

None

Throws

DhSQLException

EXAMPLE
This code fragment illustrates the setParam and execute methods:

CREATE PROCEDURE insert_customer (

IN cust_number INTEGER,
IN cust_name CHAR(20)
)

BEGIN
SQLIStatement insert_cust = new SQLIStatement (
"INSERT INTO customer VALUES (?,?) ");
insert_cust.setParam (1, cust_number);
insert_cust.setParam (2, cust_name);
insert_cust.execute ();
END

SQLIStatement.makeNULL
Sets the value of an SQL statement’s input parameter to null. This method is common to the
SQLCursor, SQLIStatement, and SQLPStatement classes. This method is redundant with using
the setParam method to set an SQL statement’s input parameter to null.

Format
public void makeNULL(int f)

Returns

None

6–27
SQLIStatement

Parameters

An integer that specifies which input parameter of the SQL statement string to set to
null. ’1’ denotes the first input parameter in the statement, ’2’ denotes the second, n
denotes the nth.

Throws

DhSQLException

EXAMPLE
This code fragment illustrates the makeNULL method:

CREATE PROCEDURE sis_makeNULL()

BEGIN
SQLIStatement insert_sfns1 = new SQLIStatement ("INSERT INTO sfns
(fld_ref,small_fld,int_fld,doub_fld,char_fld,vchar_fld)
values (?,?,?,?,?,?)" );
insert_sfns1.setParam(1,new Integer(66));
insert_sfns1.makeNULL(2);
insert_sfns1.makeNULL(3);
insert_sfns1.makeNULL(4);
insert_sfns1.makeNULL(5);
insert_sfns1.makeNULL(6);
insert_sfns1.execute();
END

SQLIStatement.rowCount
Returns the number of rows affected (selected, inserted, updated, or deleted) by the SQL
statement. This method is common to the SQLCursor, SQLIStatement, and SQLPStatement
classes.

Format
public int rowCount()

Returns

An integer indicating the number of rows.

6–28
 SQLIStatement

Parameters

None

Throws

DhSQLException

EXAMPLE
This example uses the rowCount method of the SQLIStatement class. It nests the method
invocation within SQLResultSet.set to store the number of rows affected (1, in this case) in the
procedure’s result set:

CREATE PROCEDURE sis_rowCount()

RESULT ( ins_recs INTEGER )
BEGIN
SQLIStatement insert_test103 = new SQLIStatement (
"INSERT INTO test103 (fld1) values (17)");
insert_test103.execute();
SQLResultSet.set(1,new Long(insert_test103.rowCount()));
SQLResultSet.insert();
END

SQLIStatement.setParam
Sets the value of an SQL statement’s input parameter to the specified value (a literal, procedure
variable, or procedure input parameter). This method is common to the SQLCursor,
SQLIStatement, and SQLPStatement classes.

Format
public void setParam(int f, Object val)

Returns

None

6–29
SQLIStatement

Parameters

An integer that specifies which parameter marker in the SQL statement is to receive
the value (1 denotes the first parameter marker, 2 denotes the second, and so on).

val

A literal or the name of a variable or input parameter that contains the value to be
assigned to the parameter marker.

Throws

DhSQLException

EXAMPLE
This code fragment illustrates the setParam method:

CREATE PROCEDURE sps_setParam()

BEGIN
// Assign local variables to be used as
// SQL input parameter references
Integer ins_fld_ref = new Integer(1);
Integer ins_small_fld = new Integer(3200);
Integer ins_int_fld = new Integer(21474);
Double ins_doub_fld = new Double(1.797E+30);
String ins_char_fld = new String("Athula");
String ins_vchar_fld = new String("Scientist");
Float ins_real_fld = new Float(17);

SQLPStatement insert_sfns1 = new SQLPStatement ("INSERT INTO sfns

(fld_ref,small_fld,int_fld,doub_fld,char_fld,vchar_fld)
values (?,?,?,?,?,?)" );

insert_sfns1.setParam(1,ins_fld_ref);
insert_sfns1.setParam(2,ins_small_fld);
insert_sfns1.setParam(3,ins_int_fld);
insert_sfns1.setParam(4,ins_doub_fld);
insert_sfns1.setParam(5,ins_char_fld);
insert_sfns1.setParam(6,ins_vchar_fld);
insert_sfns1.execute();
END

6–30
 SQLPStatement

SQLPStatement
Allows prepared (repeated) execution of SQL statements that do not generate a result set.

Constructors

SQLPStatement (String statement)

Parameters

statement

An SQL statement that does not generate a result set. Enclose the SQL statement in
double quotes.

Throws

DhSQLException

EXAMPLE
This code fragment illustrates the SQLPStatement class:

SQLPStatement pstmt = new SQLPStatement ( "INSERT INTO T1 VALUES (?, ?) ") ;

SQLPStatement.execute
Executes the SQL statement. This method is common to the SQLIStatement and
SQLPStatement classes.

Format
public void execute()

Returns

None

Parameters

None

6–31
SQLPStatement

Throws

DhSQLException

EXAMPLE
This code fragment illustrates the execute and setParam methods in the SQLPStatement class:

SQLPStatement pstmt = new SQLPStatement (

"INSERT INTO T1 VALUES (?, ?) ") ;
pstmt.setParam (1, 10);
pstmt.setParam (2, 10);
pstmt.execute ();
pstmt.setParam (1, 20);
pstmt.setParam (2, 20);
pstmt.execute ();

SQLPStatement.makeNULL
Sets the value of an SQL statement’s input parameter to null. This method is common to the
SQLCursor, SQLIStatement, and SQLPStatement classes. This method is redundant with using
the setParam method to set an SQL statement’s input parameter to null.

Format
public void makeNULL(int f)

Returns

None

Parameters

An integer that specifies which input parameter of the SQL statement string to set to
null. (1 denotes the first input parameter in the statement, 2 denotes the second, and
so on.)

Throws

DhSQLException

6–32
 SQLPStatement

EXAMPLE
This code fragment illustrates SQLPStatement.makeNULL:

CREATE PROCEDURE sps_makeNULL()

BEGIN
SQLPStatement insert_sfns1 = new SQLPStatement ("INSERT INTO sfns
(fld_ref,small_fld,int_fld,doub_fld,char_fld,vchar_fld)
values (?,?,?,?,?,?)" );
insert_sfns1.setParam(1,new Integer(666));
insert_sfns1.makeNULL(2);
insert_sfns1.makeNULL(3);
insert_sfns1.makeNULL(4);
insert_sfns1.makeNULL(5);
insert_sfns1.makeNULL(6);
insert_sfns1.execute();
END

SQLPStatement.rowCount
Returns the number of rows affected (selected, inserted, updated, or deleted) by the SQL
statement. This method is common to the SQLCursor, SQLIStatement, and SQLPStatement
classes.

Format
public int rowCount()

Returns

An integer indicating the number of rows.

Parameters

None

Throws

DhSQLException

6–33
SQLPStatement

EXAMPLE
This example uses the rowCount method of the SQLPStatement class. It nests the method
invocation within SQLResultSet.set to store the number of rows affected (1, in this case) in the
procedure’s result set:

CREATE PROCEDURE sis_rowCount()

RESULT ( ins_recs INTEGER )

BEGIN
SQLPStatement insert_test103 = new SQLPStatement (
"INSERT INTO test103 (fld1) values (17)");
insert_test103.execute();
SQLResultSet.set(1,new Long(insert_test103.rowCount()));
SQLResultSet.insert();
END

SQLPStatement.setParam
Sets the value of an SQL statement’s input parameter to the specified value (a literal, procedure
variable, or procedure input parameter). This method is common to the SQLCursor,
SQLIStatement, and SQLPStatement classes.

Format
public void setParam(int f, Object val)

Returns

None

Parameters

An integer that specifies which parameter marker in the SQL statement is to receive
the value (1 denotes the first parameter marker, 2 denotes the second, and so on).

val

A literal or the name of a variable or input parameter that contains the value to be
assigned to the parameter marker.

6–34
 SQLPStatement

Throws

DhSQLException

EXAMPLE
This code fragment illustrates SQLPStatement.setParam:

CREATE PROCEDURE sps_setParam()

BEGIN
// Assign local variables to be used as
// SQL input parameter references
Integer ins_fld_ref = new Integer(1);
Integer ins_small_fld = new Integer(3200);
Integer ins_int_fld = new Integer(21474);
Double ins_doub_fld = new Double(1.797E+30);
String ins_char_fld = new String("Athula");
String ins_vchar_fld = new String("Scientist");
Float ins_real_fld = new Float(17);
SQLPStatement insert_sfns1 = new SQLPStatement ("INSERT INTO sfns
(fld_ref,small_fld,int_fld,doub_fld,char_fld,vchar_fld)
values (?,?,?,?,?,?)" );

insert_sfns1.setParam(1,ins_fld_ref);
insert_sfns1.setParam(2,ins_small_fld);
insert_sfns1.setParam(3,ins_int_fld);
insert_sfns1.setParam(4,ins_doub_fld);
insert_sfns1.setParam(5,ins_char_fld);
insert_sfns1.setParam(6,ins_vchar_fld);
insert_sfns1.execute();
END

6–35
SQLPStatement

6–36
 A
Progress SQL-92 Reference Information

This appendix provides reference information for Progress SQL-92. Specifically, it lists:

• Progress SQL-92 Reserved Words

• Progress SQL-92 System Limits

• Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Progress SQL-92 Reserved Words

Progress SQL-92 Reserved Words

Reserved words are keywords. You can use keywords as identifiers in SQL statements only if
you delimit them with double quotation marks. If you use keywords without delimiting them,
the statement generates one of the following errors:

error(-20003): Syntax error

error(-20049): Keyword used for a name

Table A–1 is a list of Progress SQL-92 reserved words.

Table A–1: Progress SQL-92 Reserved Words (1 of 4)

A ABS ACOS ADD

ADD_MONTHS AFTER ALL ALTER

AN AND ANY ARRAY

AS ASC ASCII ASIN

ATAN ATAN2 AVG BEFORE

BEGIN BETWEEN BIGINT BINARY

BIND BINDING BIT BY

CALL CASCADE CASE CAST

CEILING CHAR CHAR_LENGTH CHARACTER

CHARACTER_LENGTH CHARTOROWID CHECK CHR

CLEANUP CLOSE CLUSTERED COALESCE

COLGROUP COLLATE COMMIT COMPLEX

COMPRESS CONCAT CONNECT CONSTRAINT

CONTAINS CONTINUE CONVERT COS

COUNT CREATE CROSS CURDATE

CURRENT CURSOR CURTIME CVAR

DATABASE DATAPAGES DATE DAYNAME

DAYOFMONTH DAYOFWEEK DAYOFYEAR DB_NAME

A–2
 Progress SQL-92 Reserved Words

Table A–1: Progress SQL-92 Reserved Words (2 of 4)

DBA DEC DECIMAL DECLARATION

DECLARE DECODE DEFAULT DEFINITION

DEGREES DELETE DESC DESCRIBE

DESCRIPTOR DHTYPE DIFFERENCE DISTINCT

DOUBLE DROP EACH ELSE

END ESCAPE EXCLUSIVE EXEC

EXECUTE EXISTS EXIT EXP

EXPLICIT EXTENT FETCH FIELD FILE

FLOAT FLOOR FOR FOREIGN

FOUND FROM FULL GO

GOTO GRANT GREATEST GROUP

HASH HAVING HOUR IDENTIFIED

IFNULL IMMEDIATE IN INDEX

INDEXPAGES INDICATOR INITCAP INNER

INOUT INPUT INSERT INSTR

INT INTEGER INTERFACE INTERSECT

INTO IS JOIN KEY

LAST_DAY LCASE LEAST LEFT

LENGTH LIKE LINK LIST

LOCATE LOCK LOG LOG10

LONG LOWER LPAD LTRIM

LVARBINARY LVARCHAR MAIN MAX

METADATA_ONLY MIN MINUS MINUTE

MOD MODE MODIFY MONEY

MONTH MONTHNAME MONTHS_BETWEEN NAME

A–3
Progress SQL-92 Reserved Words

Table A–1: Progress SQL-92 Reserved Words (3 of 4)

NATIONAL NATURAL NCHAR NEWROW

NEXT_DAY NOCOMPRESS NOT NOW

NOWAIT NULL NULLIF NULLVALUE

NUMBER NUMERIC NVL OBJECT_ID

ODBC_CONVERT ODBCINFO OF OLDROW

ON OPEN OPTION OR

ORDER OUT OUTER OUTPUT

PCTFREE PI POWER PRECISION

PREFIX PREPARE PRIMARY PRIVILEGES

PROCEDURE PUBLIC QUARTER RADIANS

RAND RANGE RAW REAL

RECORD REFERENCES REFERENCING RENAME

REPEAT REPLACE RESOURCE RESTRICT

RESULT RETURN REVOKE RIGHT

ROLLBACK ROW ROWID ROWIDTOCHAR

ROWNUM RPAD RTRIM SEARCHED_CASE

SECOND SECTION SELECT SERVICE

SET SHARE SHORT SIGN

SIMPLE_CASE SIN SIZE SMALLINT

SOME SOUNDEX SPACE SQL

SQL_BIGINT SQL_BINARY SQL_BIT SQL_CHAR

SQL_DATE SQL_DECIMAL SQL_DOUBLE SQL_FLOAT

SQL_INTEGER SQL_LONGVARBINARY SQL_LONGVARCHAR SQL_NUMERIC

SQL_REAL SQL_SMALLINT SQL_TIME SQL_TIMESTAMP

SQL_TINYINT SQL_TSI_DAY SQL_TSI_FRAC_SECO SQL_TSI_HOUR

ND

A–4
 Progress SQL-92 Reserved Words

Table A–1: Progress SQL-92 Reserved Words (4 of 4)

SQL_TSI_MINUTE SQL_TSI_MONTH SQL_TSI_QUARTER SQL_TSI_SECOND

SQL_TSI_WEEK SQL_TSI_YEAR SQL_VARBINARY SQL_VARCHAR

SQLERROR SQLWARNING SQRT START

STATEMENT STATISTICS STOP STORAGE_ATTRIBUTE

S

STORAGE_MANAGER STORE_IN_PROGRESS SUBSTR SUBSTRING

SUFFIX SUM SUSER_NAME SYNONYM

SYSDATE SYSTIME SYSTIMESTAMP TABLE

TAN THEN TIME TIMEOUT

TIMESTAMP TIMESTAMPADD TIMESTAMPDIFF TINYINT

TO TO_CHAR TO_DATE TO_NUMBER

TO_TIME TO_TIMESTAMP TPE TRANSACTION

TRANSLATE TRIGGER TYPE UCASE

UID UNION UNIQUE UNSIGNED

UPDATE UPPER USER USER_ID

USER_NAME USING UUID VALUES

VARBINARY VARCHAR VARIABLES VARYING

VERSION VIEW WEEK WHEN

WHENEVER WHERE WITH WORK

YEAR – – –

A–5
Progress SQL-92 System Limits

Progress SQL-92 System Limits

Table A–2 is a list of the maximum sizes for various attributes of the Progress SQL-92 database
environment, and for elements of SQL-92 queries addressed to this environment. Attribute
names may be seen in ESQL/C.

Table A–2: Progress SQL-92 System Limits (1 of 2)

Attribute Name Value

Maximum number of procedure TPE_MAX_PROC_ARGS 50

arguments in an SQL CALL
statement

Maximum length of an SQL TPE_MAX_SQLSTMTLEN 131000

statement

Maximum length of a column in a TPE_MAX_FLDLEN 2000

table

Maximum length of default value TPE_MAX_DFLT_LEN 250

specification

Maximum length of a connect string TPE_MAX_CONNLEN 100

Maximum length for a table name TPE_MAX_IDLEN 32

Maximum length for an area name TPE_MAX_AREA_NAME 32

Maximum length for a username in a TPE_UNAME_LEN 32

connect string

Maximum length of an error message TPE_MAX_ERRLEN 256

Maximum number of columns in a TPE_MAX_FIELDS 500

table

Maximum length of a CHECK SQL_MAXCHKCL_SZ 240

constraint clause

Maximum number of nesting levels in SQL_MAXLEVELS 25

an SQL statement

Maximum number of table references SQL_MAXTBLREF 50

in an SQL statement: Microsoft
Windows

A–6
 Progress SQL-92 System Limits

Table A–2: Progress SQL-92 System Limits (2 of 2)

Attribute Name Value

Maximum number of table references SQL_MAXTBLREF 250

in an SQL statement: other platforms

Maximum size of input parameters SQL_MAXIPARAMS_SZ 512

for an SQL statement

Maximum number of outer references SQL_MAX_OUTER_REF 25

in an SQL statement

Maximum nesting level for view MAX_VIEW_LEVEL 25

references

Maximum number of check SQL_MAXCHKCNSTRS 1000 total

constraints in a table constraints per
table1

Maximum number of foreign SQL_MAXFRNCNSTRS 1000 total

constraints in a table constraints per
table1
1
The limit per table for the sum of (the number of check constraints plus the number of foreign constraints) is
1000.

A–7
Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

This section lists the error messages generated by the various components of Progress SQL-92.
Error messages generated by the Progress SQL-92 ODBC driver are documented in the
Progress ODBC Driver Guide.

Overview
In addition to the Progress SQL-92-specific error codes, error conditions have an associated
SQLSTATE value. SQLSTATE is a five-character status parameter whose value indicates the
condition status returned by the most recent SQL statement. The first two characters of the
SQLSTATE value specify the class code and the last three characters specify the subclass code:

• Class codes of a–h and 0–4 are reserved by the SQL-92 standard. For those class codes
only, subclass codes of a–h and 0–4 are also reserved by the standard.

• Subclasses S and T and class IM are reserved by the ODBC standard.

• Class codes of i–z and 5–9 are specific to database implementations such as Progress
SQL-92. All subclass codes in those classes are implementation defined except as noted
for ODBC.

Error Codes, SQLSTATE Values, and Messages

Table A–3 is a list of Progress SQL-92 error messages, ordered by error code number. The table
shows the corresponding SQLSTATE value for each message.

Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages (1 of 20)

SQL
Error
STATE Class Condition Subclass Message
Code
Value

00000 00000 Successful completion ***status okay

100L 02000 no data **sql not found.

10002 22503 Data exception Tuple Not Found for the Specified
TID

10012 N0N12 Flag ETPL_SCAN_EOP

A–8
 Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages (2 of 20)

SQL
Error
STATE Class Condition Subclass Message
Code
Value

10013 22914 Data Exception No more records to be fetched

10100 2150b Cardinality violation Too many fields exist

10101 70701 Progress/SQL MM error No more records exist

10102 2350i Integrity constraint Duplicate primary/index key value

10104 M0M06 Progress/SQL rss error Specified index method is not

supported

10107 N0N07 Flag EIX_SCAN_EOP flag is set

10108 50903 Progress/SQL rds error Duplicate record specified

10301 M0901 Progress/SQL rss error Table is locked and

LCK_NOWAIT

10400 22501 Data exception Invalid file size for alter log
statement

10920 22521 Data exception Already existing value specified

11100 50901 Progress/SQL rds error Invalid transaction id

11102 50903 Progress/SQL rds error TDS area specified is not found

11103 50504 Progress/SQL rds error TDS not found for binding

11104 50505 Progress/SQL rds error Transaction aborted

11105 50506 Progress/SQL rds error Transaction error

11109 50510 Progress/SQL rds error Invalid transaction handle

11111 50912 Progress/SQL rds error Invalid isolation level

11300 M0M00 Progress/SQL rss error Specified INFO type is not

supported

A–9
Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages (3 of 20)

SQL
Error
STATE Class Condition Subclass Message
Code
Value

11301 M0M01 Progress/SQL rss error Specified index type is not

supported

16001 22701 Data exception MM– No data block

16002 70702 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Bad swap block

16003 70703 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– No cache block

16004 22704 Data exception MM– Invalid row number

16005 70705 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Invalid cache block

16006 70706 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Bad swap file

16007 70707 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Row too big

16008 70708 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Array initialized

16009 70709 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Invalid chunk number

16010 70710 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Cannot create table

16011 70711 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Cannot alter table

16012 70712 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Cannot drop table

16020 70713 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– TPL ctor error

16021 70714 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Insertion error

16022 70715 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Deletion error

16023 70716 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Updation error

16024 70717 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Fetching error

16025 70718 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Sorting error

16026 70719 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Printing error

A–10
 Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages (4 of 20)

SQL
Error
STATE Class Condition Subclass Message
Code
Value

16027 70720 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– TPLSCAN ctor error

16028 70721 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Scan fetching error

16030 70722 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Can’t create index

16031 70723 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Can’t drop index

16032 70724 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– IXSCAN ctor error

16033 70725 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– IX ctor error

16034 70726 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– IX deletion error

16035 70727 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– IX appending error

16036 70728 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– IX insertion error

16037 70729 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– IX scan fetching error

16040 70730 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Begin transaction

16041 70731 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Commit transaction

16042 40000 Transaction rollback ***MM– Rollback transaction

16043 70732 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Mark point

16044 70733 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Rollback savepoint

16045 70734 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– Set & Get isolation

16050 70735 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– TID to char

16051 70736 Progress SQL-92 MM error MM– char to TID

20000 50501 Progress SQL-92 rds error SQL internal error

20001 50502 Progress SQL-92 rds error Memory allocation failure

20002 50503 Progress SQL-92 rds error Open database failed

A–11
Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages (5 of 20)

SQL
Error
STATE Class Condition Subclass Message
Code
Value

20003 2a504 Syntax error Syntax error

20004 28505 Invalid auth specs User not found

20005 22506 Data exception Table/View/Synonym not found

20006 22507 Data exception Column not found/specified

20007 22508 Data exception No columns in table

20008 22509 Data exception Inconsistent types

20009 22510 Data exception Column ambiguously specified

20010 22511 Data exception Duplicate column specification

20011 22512 Data exception Invalid length

20012 22513 Data exception Invalid precision

20013 22514 Data exception Invalid scale

20014 22515 Data exception Missing input parameters

20015 22516 Data exception Subquery returns multiple rows

20016 22517 Data exception Null value supplied for a

mandatory (not null) column

20017 22518 Data exception Too many values specified

20018 22519 Data exception Too few values specified

20019 50520 Progress SQL-92 rds error Cannot modify table referred to in
subquery

20020 42521 Access rule violation Bad column specification for

group by clause

20021 42522 Access rule violation Non-group-by expression in

having clause

A–12
 Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages (6 of 20)

SQL
Error
STATE Class Condition Subclass Message
Code
Value

20022 42523 Access rule violation Non-group-by expression in select

clause

20023 42524 Access rule violation Aggregate function not allowed

here

20024 0a000 Feature not supported Sorry, operation not yet

implemented

20025 42526 Access rule violation Aggregate functions nested

20026 50527 Progress SQL-92 rds error Too many table references

20027 42528 Access rule violation Bad field specification in order by

clause

20028 50529 Progress SQL-92 rds error An index with the same name
already exists

20029 50530 Progress SQL-92 rds error Index referenced not found

20030 22531 Data exception Table space with same name

already exists

20031 50532 Progress SQL-92 rds error Cluster with same name already
exists

20032 50533 Progress SQL-92 rds error No cluster with this name

20033 22534 Data exception Table space not found

20034 50535 Progress SQL-92 rds error Bad free <specification_name>

specification

20035 50536 Progress SQL-92 rds error At least column spec or null clause
should be specified

20036 07537 Dynamic sql error Statement not prepared

20037 24538 Invalid cursor state Executing select statement

A–13
Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages (7 of 20)

SQL
Error
STATE Class Condition Subclass Message
Code
Value

20038 24539 Invalid cursor state Cursor not closed

20039 24540 Invalid cursor state Open for nonselect statement

20040 24541 Invalid cursor state Cursor not opened

20041 22542 Data exception Table/View/Synonym already

exists

20042 2a543 Syntax error Distinct specified more than once

in query

20043 50544 Progress SQL-92 rds error Tuple size too high

20044 50545 Progress SQL-92 rds error Array size too high

20045 08546 Connection exception File does not exist or not accessible

20046 50547 Progress SQL-92 rds error Field value not null for some tuples

20047 42548 Access rule violation Granting to self not allowed

20048 42549 Access rule violation Revoking for self not allowed

20049 22550 Data exception Keyword used for a name

20050 21551 Cardinality violation Too many fields specified

20051 21552 Cardinality violation Too many indexes on this table

20052 22553 Data exception Overflow error

20053 08554 Connection exception Database not opened

20054 08555 Connection exception Database not specified or

improperly specified

20055 08556 Connection exception Database not specified or Database

not started

20056 28557 Invalid auth specs No DBA access rights

A–14
 Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages (8 of 20)

SQL
Error
STATE Class Condition Subclass Message
Code
Value

20057 28558 Invalid auth specs No RESOURCE privileges

20058 40559 Transaction rollback Executing SQL statement for an

aborted transaction

20059 22560 Data exception No files in the table space

20060 22561 Data exception Table not empty

20061 22562 Data exception Input parameter size too high

20062 42563 Syntax error Full pathname not specified

20063 50564 Progress SQL-92 rds error Duplicate file specification

20064 08565 Connection exception Invalid attach type

20065 26000 Invalid SQL statement name Invalid statement type

20066 33567 Invalid SQL descriptor Invalid sqlda

name

20067 08568 Connection exception More than one database cannot be

attached locally

20068 42569 Syntax error Bad arguments

20069 33570 Invalid SQL descriptor SQLDA size not enough

name

20070 33571 Invalid SQL descriptor SQLDA buffer length too high
name

20071 42572 Access rule violation Specified operation not allowed

on the view

20072 50573 Progress SQL-92 rds error Server is not allocated

20073 2a574 Access rule violation View query specification for view
too long

A–15
Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages (9 of 20)

SQL
Error
STATE Class Condition Subclass Message
Code
Value

20074 2a575 Access rule violation View column list must be specified
as expressions are given

20075 21576 Cardinality violation Number of columns in column list

is less than in select list

20076 21577 Cardinality violation Number of columns in column list

is more than in select list

20077 42578 Access rule violation Check option specified for

noninsertable view

20078 42579 Access rule violation Given SQL statement is not

allowed on the view

20079 50580 Progress SQL-92 rds error More tables cannot be created

20080 44581 Check option violation View check option violation

20081 22582 Data exception Number of expressions projected

on either side of set-op do not
match

20082 42583 Access rule violation Column names not allowed in

order by clause for this statement

20083 42584 Access rule violation Outerjoin specified on a complex

predicate

20084 42585 Access rule violation Outerjoin specified on a sub_query

20085 42586 Access rule violation Invalid Outerjoin specification

20086 42587 Access rule violation Duplicate table constraint

specification

20087 21588 Cardinality violation Column count mismatch

20088 28589 Invalid auth specs Invalid user name

20089 22590 Data exception System date retrieval failed

A–16
 Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages (10 of 20)

SQL
Error
STATE Class Condition Subclass Message
Code
Value

20090 42591 Access rule violation Table column list must be

specified as expressions are given

20091 2a592 Access rule violation Query statement too long

20092 2d593 Invalid transaction No tuples selected by the subquery

termination for update

20093 22594 Data exception Synonym already exists

20094 hz595 Remote database access Database link with same name
already exists

20095 hz596 Remote database access Database link not found

20096 08597 Connection exception Connect String not

specified/incorrect

20097 hz598 Remote database access Specified operation not allowed on

a remote table

20098 22599 Data exception More than one row selected by the
query

20099 24000 Invalid cursor state Cursor not positioned on a valid

row

20100 4250a Access rule violation Subquery not allowed here

20101 2350b Integrity constraint No references for the table

20102 2350c Integrity constraint Primary/Candidate key column

defined null

20103 2350d Integrity constraint No matching key defined for the

referenced table

20104 2350e Integrity constraint Keys in reference constraint

incompatible

A–17
Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages (11 of 20)

SQL
Error
STATE Class Condition Subclass Message
Code
Value

20105 5050f Progress SQL-92 rds error Statement not allowed in read only
isolation level

20106 2150g Cardinality violation Invalid ROWID

20107 hz50h Remote database access Remote database not started

20108 0850i Connection exception Remote Network Server not started

20109 hz50j Remote database access Remote database Name not valid

20110 0850k Connection exception TCP/IP Remote HostName is

unknown

20114 33002 Invalid SQL descriptor Fetched Value NULL & indicator
name var not defined

20115 5050l Progress SQL-92 rds error References to the table/record

present

20116 2350m Integrity constraint Constraint violation

20117 2350n Integrity constraint Table definition not complete

20118 4250o Access rule violation Duplicate constraint name

20119 2350p Integrity constraint Constraint name not found

20120 22000 Data exception **Use of reserved word

20121 5050q Progress SQL-92 rds error Permission denied

20122 5050r Progress SQL-92 rds error Procedure not found

20123 5050s Progress SQL-92 rds error Invalid arguments to procedure

20124 5050t Progress SQL-92 rds error Query conditionally terminated

20125 0750u Dynamic sql-error Number of open cursors exceeds

limit

A–18
 Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages (12 of 20)

SQL
Error
STATE Class Condition Subclass Message
Code
Value

20126 34000 Invalid cursor name ***Invalid cursor name

20127 07001 Dynamic sql-error Bad parameter specification for the

statement

20128 2250x Data Exception Numeric value out of range

20129 2250y Data Exception Data truncated

20132 5050u Progress SQL-92 rds error Revoke failed because of restrict

20134 5050v Progress SQL-92 rds error Invalid long datatype column
references

20135 5050x Progress SQL-92 rds error Contains operator is not supported
in this context

20135 m0m01 Progress SQL-92 Diagnostics statement failed

diagnostics error

20136 5050z Progress SQL-92 rds error Contains operator is not supported
for this datatype

20137 50514 Progress SQL-92 rds error Index is not defined or does not
support CONTAINS

20138 50513 Progress SQL-92 rds error Index on long fields requires that it
can push down only CONTAINS

20140 50512 Progress SQL-92 rds error Procedure already exists

20141 85001 Progress SQL-92 Stored Error in Stored Procedure

procedure Compilation Compilation

20142 86001 Progress SQL-92 Stored Error in Stored Procedure

procedure Execution Execution

20143 86002 Progress SQL-92 Stored Too many recursions in call

procedure Execution procedure

A–19
Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages (13 of 20)

SQL
Error
STATE Class Condition Subclass Message
Code
Value

20144 86003 Progress SQL-92 Stored Null value fetched.

procedure Execution

20145 86004 Progress SQL-92 Stored Invalid field reference

procedure Execution

20146 86005 Progress SQL-92 Triggers Trigger with this name already
exists

20147 86006 Progress SQL-92 Triggers Trigger with this name does not
exist

20148 86007 Progress SQL-92 Triggers Trigger Execution Failed

20211 22800 Data exception Remote procedure call error

20212 08801 Connection exception SQL client bind to daemon failed

20213 08802 Connection exception SQL client bind to SQL server

failed

20214 08803 Connection exception SQL NETWORK service entry is

not available

20215 08804 Connection exception Invalid TCP/IP hostname

20216 hz805 Remote database access Invalid remote database name

20217 08806 Connection exception Network error on server

20218 08807 Connection exception Invalid protocol

20219 2e000 Invalid connection name ***Invalid connection name

20220 08809 Connection exception Duplicate connection name

20221 08810 Connection exception No active connection

20222 08811 Connection exception No environment defined database

20223 08812 Connection exception Multiple local connections

A–20
 Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages (14 of 20)

SQL
Error
STATE Class Condition Subclass Message
Code
Value

20224 08813 Connection exception Invalid protocol in connect_string

20225 08814 Connection exception Exceeding permissible number of

connections

20226 80815 Progress SQL-92 snw error Bad database handle

20227 08816 Connection exception Invalid host name in connect string

20228 28817 Invalid auth specs Access denied (Authorization

failed)

20229 22818 Data exception Invalid date value

20230 22819 Data exception Invalid date string

20231 22820 Data exception Invalid number strings

20232 22821 Data exception Invalid number string

20233 22822 Data exception Invalid time value

20234 22523 Data exception Invalid time string

20235 22007 Data exception Invalid time stamp string

20236 22012 Data exception Division by zero attempted

20238 22615 Data exception Error in format type

20239 2c000 Invalid character set name Invalid character set name
specified.

20240 5050y Progress SQL-92 rds error Invalid collation name specified

20241 08815 Connection Exception Service in use

20300 90901 DBS error Column group column does not

exist

A–21
Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages (15 of 20)

SQL
Error
STATE Class Condition Subclass Message
Code
Value

20301 90902 DBS error Column group column already

specified

20302 90903 DBS error Column group name already

specified

20303 90904 DBS error Column groups have not covered

all columns

20304 90905 DBS error Column groups are not

implemented in Progress storage

23000 22563 Progress SQL-92 Data Table create returned invalid table
exception id

23001 22564 Progress SQL-92 Data Index create returned invalid index
exception id

25128 j0j28 Progress SQL-92 odbc trans Query terminated as max row limit
layer exceeded for a remote table

25131 j0j29 Progress SQL-92 odbc trans Unable to read column info from
layer remote table

30001 5050w Progress SQL-92 rds error Query aborted on user request

30002 k0k02 Progress SQL-92 network Invalid network handle

interface

30003 k0k03 Progress SQL-92 network Invalid sqlnetwork INTERFACE

interface

30004 k0k04 Progress SQL-92 network Invalid sqlnetwork INTERFACE

interface procedure

30005 k0k05 Progress SQL-92 network INTERFACE is already attached

interface

30006 k0k06 Progress SQL-92 network INTERFACE entry not found

interface

A–22
 Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages (16 of 20)

SQL
Error
STATE Class Condition Subclass Message
Code
Value

30007 k0k07 Progress SQL-92 network INTERFACE is already registered

interface

30008 k0k08 Progress SQL-92 network Mismatch in pkt header size and
interface total argument size

30009 k0k09 Progress SQL-92 network Invalid server id

interface

30010 k0k10 Progress SQL-92 network Reply does not match the request
interface

30011 k0k02 Progress SQL-92 network Memory allocation failure

interface

30031 k0k11 Progress SQL-92 network Error in transmission of packet

interface

30032 k0k12 Progress SQL-92 network Error in reception of packet

interface

30033 k0k13 Progress SQL-92 network No packet received

interface

30034 k0k14 Progress SQL-92 network Connection reset

interface

30051 k0k15 Progress SQL-92 network Network handle is inprocess

interface handle

30061 k0k16 Progress SQL-92 network Could not connect to sql network
interface daemon

30062 k0k17 Progress SQL-92 network Error in number of arguments

interface

30063 k0k18 Progress SQL-92 network Requested INTERFACE not

interface registered

30064 k0k19 Progress SQL-92 network Invalid INTERFACE procedure id

interface

A–23
Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages (17 of 20)

SQL
Error
STATE Class Condition Subclass Message
Code
Value

30065 k0k20 Progress SQL-92 network Requested server executable not

interface found

30066 k0k21 Progress SQL-92 network Invalid configuration information

interface

30067 k0k22 Progress SQL-92 network INTERFACE not supported

interface

30091 k0k23 Progress SQL-92 network Invalid service name

interface

30092 k0k24 Progress SQL-92 network Invalid host

interface

30093 k0k25 Progress SQL-92 network Error in tcp/ip accept call

interface

30094 k0k26 Progress SQL-92 network Error in tcp/ip connect call

interface

30095 k0k27 Progress SQL-92 network Error in tcp/ip bind call

interface

30096 k0k28 Progress SQL-92 network Error in creating socket

interface

30097 k0k29 Progress SQL-92 network Error in setting socket option

interface

30101 k0k30 Progress SQL-92 network Interrupt occurred

interface

40001 L0L01 Progress SQL-92 env error Error in reading configuration

210001 08P00 Connection exception Failure to acquire share schema

lock during connect

210002 08004 Connection exception Failure in finding DLC

environment variable

A–24
 Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages (18 of 20)

SQL
Error
STATE Class Condition Subclass Message
Code
Value

210003 08004 Connection exception DLC environment variable

exceeds maximum size
<max_size> -> <DLC path>

210004 08004 Connection exception Error opening convmap.cp file

<filename> <path>

210005 P1000 Unavailable resource Failure getting lock table on table

<table_name>

210011 08004 Internal error Fatal error identifying database log

in SQL

210012 22P00 Data exception Column <column_name> in table

<table_name> has value exceeding
its max length or precision

210013 08004 Connection exception Unable to complete server

connection.
Function<function_name>; reason
<summary_of_reason>

210014 22P01 Data exception Column values too big to make

key. Table <table_name>; index
<index_name>

210015 P1000 Unavailable resource Failure getting record lock on a

record table <table_name>

210016 P1001 Unavailable resource Lock table is full

210017 P1002 Unavailable resource Failure to acquire exclusive

schema lock for DDL operation

210018 0AP01 Unsupported feature Update of word indexes not yet

supported. Table <table_name>,
index <index_name>

210019 0A000 Unsupported feature Scan of word indexes not yet

supported. Table <table_name>,
index <index_name>

A–25
Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages (19 of 20)

SQL
Error
STATE Class Condition Subclass Message
Code
Value

210020 0AP03 Unsupported feature The first index created for a table
may not be dropped

210021 85001 Progress/SQL Stored Location of the Java compiler was

Procedure compilation not specified

211013 3F001 Bad schema reference SQL-92 cannot alter or drop a table
created by 4GL or SQL-89

211014 3F002 Bad schema reference Incorrect view owner name on

CREATE VIEW – cannot be PUB
or _FOREIGN

211015 3F003 Bad schema reference Database table or view owned by

“sysprogress” cannot be created,
dropped or altered

211016 3F004 Bad schema reference Database schema table cannot be

created, dropped or altered

211017 3F004 Bad schema reference Attempt to insert, update, or delete

a row in a schema table

211018 0A000 Array reference error Array reference/update incorrect

218001 P8P18 Progress I18N NLS error Failure to create a NLS character
set conversion handler

219901 P0000 Internal error Internal error <error_num1>

<error_meaning> in SQL from
subsystem <subsystem_name>
function <function_name> called
from <calling_function> on
<object_2> for <object_1>. Save
log for Progress technical support

219902 P0001 Internal error Failure reading schema during

DDL operation

A–26
 Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

Table A–3: Progress SQL-92 Error Codes and Messages (20 of 20)

SQL
Error
STATE Class Condition Subclass Message
Code
Value

219903 P0002 Internal error Inconsistent metadata - contact

Progress technical support

219951 40P00 Transaction rollback Fatal error <error_num>

<error_meaning> in SQL from
subsystem <subsystem_name>
function <function_name> called
from <calling_function> on
<object_2> for <object_1>. Save
log for Progress technical support

A–27
Progress SQL-92 Error Messages

A–28
 B
Progress SQL-92 System Catalog Tables

Progress SQL-92 maintains a set of system tables for storing information about tables, columns,
indexes, constraints, and privileges. This appendix describes those System Catalog Tables.
Overview of System Catalog Tables

Overview of System Catalog Tables

Progress SQL-92 maintains a set of system tables for storing information about tables, columns,
indexes, constraints, and privileges.
All users have read access to the system catalog tables. SQL Data Definition Language (DDL)
statements and GRANT and REVOKE statements modify system catalog tables. The system
tables are modified in response to these statements, as the database evolves and changes.
The owner of the system tables is sysprogress. If you connect to a Progress SQL-92
environment with a username other than sysprogress, you must use the owner qualifier when
you reference a system table in a SQL query. Alternatively, you can issue a SET SCHEMA
’sysprogress’ statement to set the default username for unqualified table names to ’sysprogress’.
Core tables store information on the tables, columns, and indexes that make up the database.
The remaining tables contain detailed information on database objects, and statistical
information.
Table B–1 lists the system catalog tables in the same order that they are presented in following
sections.

Table B–1: System Tables and Descriptions (1 of 4)

System Table Summary Description

SYSTABLES Core Core system table. One row for each TABLE in the database.
SystemTable

SYSCOLUMNS Core Core system table. One row for each COLUMN of each table
SystemTable in the database.

SYSINDEXES Core Core system table. One row for each component of each
SystemTable INDEX in the database.

SYSCALCTABLE A single row with a single column set to the value 100.
System Table

SYSCHARSTAT System One row for each CHARACTER column in the database.
Table

SYSCOLAUTH System One row for each column for each user holding privileges on
Table the column.

SYSCOLSTAT System Provides mappings between SYSCOLUMNS table and

Table SYS*STAT tables.

B–2
 Overview of System Catalog Tables

Table B–1: System Tables and Descriptions (2 of 4)

System Table Summary Description

SYSCOLUMNS_FULL Superset of information in core system table SYSCOLUMNS.

System Table

SYSDATATYPES Information on supported data types.

System Table

SYSDATESTAT System One row for each DATE column in the database.
Table

SYSDBAUTH System One row for each user with database-wide privileges.
Table

SYSFLOATSTAT One row for each FLOAT column in the database.

System Table

SYSIDXSTAT System Information on each index in the database.

Table

SYSINTSTAT System One row for each INTEGER column in the database.
Table

SYSNUMSTAT System One row for each NUMERIC column in the database.
Table

SYSPROCBIN System One row for each compiled Java stored procedure or trigger in
Table the database.

SYSPROCCOLUMNS One row for each column in the result set of a stored procedure.
System Table

SYSPROCEDURES One row for each stored procedure in the database.

System Table

SYSPROCTEXT System One row for each Java source code for a stored procedure or
Table trigger in the database.

SYSREALSTAT System One row for each REAL column in the database.
Table

SYSSMINTSTAT One row for each SMALLINT column in the database.

System Table

B–3
Overview of System Catalog Tables

Table B–1: System Tables and Descriptions (3 of 4)

System Table Summary Description

SYSSYNONYMS One row for each SYNONYM in the database.

System Table

SYSTABAUTH System One row for each unique user/table combination holding table
Table privileges on a table in the database.

SYSTABLES_FULL Superset of information in core system table SYSTABLES.

System Table

SYSTBLSTAT System Contains statistics for each user table in the database.
Table

SYSTIMESTAT System One row for each TIME column in the database.
Table

SYSTINYINTSTAT One row for each TINYINT column in the database.

System Table

SYSTRIGCOLS System One row for each column specified in each trigger in the
Table database.

SYSTRIGGER System One row for each trigger in the database.

Table

SYSTSSTAT System One row for each TIMESTAMP column in the database.
Table

SYSVARCHARSTAT One row for each VARCHAR column in the database.

System Table

SYSVIEWS System One row for each VIEW in the database.

Table

SYS_CHKCOL_USAGE One row for each CHECK CONSTRAINT defined on a

System Table column in the database.

SYS_CHK_CONSTRS One row for each CHECK CONSTRAINT defined on a user

System Table table in the database.

SYS_KEYCOL_USAGE One row for each column in the database defined with a
System Table PRIMARY KEY or FOREIGN KEY.

B–4
 Overview of System Catalog Tables

Table B–1: System Tables and Descriptions (4 of 4)

System Table Summary Description

SYS_REF_CONSTRS One row for each table in the database defined with a
System Table REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT.

SYS_TBL_CONSTRS One row for each CONSTRAINT defined on a table in the

System Table database.

B–5
SYSTABLES Core SystemTable

SYSTABLES Core SystemTable

Contains one row for each table in the database.

Table B–2: SYSTABLES Core System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

creator VARCHAR 32

has_ccnstrs VARCHAR 1

has_fcnstrs VARCHAR 1

has_pcnstrs VARCHAR 1

has_ucnstrs VARCHAR 1

id INTEGER 4

owner VARCHAR 32

rssid INTEGER 4

segid INTEGER 4

tbl VARCHAR 32

tbl_status VARCHAR 1

tbltype VARCHAR 1

B–6
 SYSCOLUMNS Core SystemTable

SYSCOLUMNS Core SystemTable

Contains one row for each column of every table in the database.

Table B–3: SYSCOLUMNS Core System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

charset VARCHAR 32

col VARCHAR 32

collation VARCHAR 32

coltype VARCHAR 10

dflt_value VARCHAR 250

id INTEGER 4

nullflag VARCHAR 1

owner VARCHAR 32

scale INTEGER 4

tbl VARCHAR 32

width INTEGER 4

B–7
SYSINDEXES Core SystemTable

SYSINDEXES Core SystemTable

Contains one row for each component of an index in the database. For an index with n
components, there will be n rows in this table.

Table B–4: SYSINDEXES Core System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

abbreviate BIT 1

active BIT 1

creator VARCHAR 32

colname VARCHAR 32

desc VARCHAR 144

id INTEGER 4

idxcompress VARCHAR 1

idxmethod VARCHAR 2

idxname VARCHAR 32

idxorder CHARACTER 1

idxowner VARCHAR 32

idxsegid INTEGER 4

idxseq INTEGER 4

ixcol_user_misc VARCHAR 20

rssid INTEGER 4

tbl VARCHAR 32

tblowner VARCHAR 32

B–8
 SYSCALCTABLE System Table

SYSCALCTABLE System Table

Contains exactly one row with a single column with a value of 100.

Table B–5: SYSCALCTABLE System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

fld INTEGER 4

B–9
SYSCHARSTAT System Table

SYSCHARSTAT System Table

Contains one row for each column in the database with datatype CHAR. Used by the optimizer,
each row contains a sampling of values in the column.

Table B–6: SYSCHARSTAT System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

colid INTEGER 4

rssid INTEGER 4

tblid INTEGER 4

val1 VARCHAR 2000

val2 VARCHAR 2000

val3 VARCHAR 2000

val4 VARCHAR 2000

val5 VARCHAR 2000

val6 VARCHAR 2000

val7 VARCHAR 2000

val8 VARCHAR 2000

val9 VARCHAR 2000

val10 VARCHAR 2000

B–10
 SYSCOLAUTH System Table

SYSCOLAUTH System Table

Contains one row for the update privileges held by users on individual columns of tables in the
database.

Table B–7: SYSCOLAUTH System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

col VARCHAR 32

grantee VARCHAR 32

grantor VARCHAR 32

ref VARCHAR 1

sel VARCHAR 1

tbl VARCHAR 32

tblowner VARCHAR 32

upd VARCHAR 1

B–11
SYSCOLSTAT System Table

SYSCOLSTAT System Table

Provides mapping information between syscolumns and sys*stat tables.

Table B–8: SYSCOLSTAT System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

colid INTEGER 4

coltype VARCHAR 10

rssid INTEGER 4

tblid INTEGER 4

B–12
 SYSCOLUMNS_FULL System Table

SYSCOLUMNS_FULL System Table

A superset of information in the SYSCOLUMNS core system table.

Table B–9: SYSCOLUMNS_FULL System Table (1 of 2)

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

array_extent INTEGER 4

charset VARCHAR 32

col VARCHAR 32

collation VARCHAR 32

coltype VARCHAR 10

col_label VARCHAR 60

col_label_sa VARCHAR 12

col_subtype INTEGER 4

description VARCHAR 144

dflt_value VARCHAR 323

dflt_value_sa VARCHAR 12

display_order INTEGER 4

field_rpos INTEGER 4

format VARCHAR 60

format_sa VARCHAR 12

help VARCHAR 126

help_sa VARCHAR 12

id VARCHAR 4

label VARCHAR 60

B–13
SYSCOLUMNS_FULL System Table

Table B–9: SYSCOLUMNS_FULL System Table (2 of 2)

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

label_sa VARCHAR 12

nullflag CHARACTER 2

owner VARCHAR 32

scale INTEGER 4

tbl VARCHAR 32

user_misc VARCHAR 20

valexp VARCHAR 144

valmsg VARCHAR 144

valmsg_sa VARCHAR 12

view_as VARCHAR 100

width INTEGER 4

B–14
 SYSDATATYPES System Table

SYSDATATYPES System Table

Contains information on each data type supported by the database.

Table B–10: SYSDATATYPES System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

autoincr SMALLINT 2

casesensitive SMALLINT 2

createparams VARCHAR 32

datatype SMALLINT 2

dhtypename VARCHAR 32

literalprefix VARCHAR 1

literalsuffix VARCHAR 1

localtypename VARCHAR 1

nullable SMALLINT 2

odbcmoney SMALLINT 2

searchable SMALLINT 2

typeprecision INTEGER 4

unsignedattr SMALLINT 2

B–15
SYSDATESTAT System Table

SYSDATESTAT System Table

Contains one row for for each column of datatype DATE. Used by the optimizer, each row
contains a sampling of values in the column.

Table B–11: SYSDATESTAT System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

rssid INTEGER 4

colid INTEGER 4

tblid INTEGER 4

val1 DATE 4

val2 DATE 4

val3 DATE 4

val4 DATE 4

val5 DATE 4

val6 DATE 4

val7 DATE 4

val8 DATE 4

val9 DATE 4

val10 DATE 4

B–16
 SYSDBAUTH System Table

SYSDBAUTH System Table

Contains the database-wide privileges held by users.

Table B–12: SYSDBAUTH System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

dba_acc VARCHAR 1

grantee VARCHAR 32

res_acc VARCHAR 1

B–17
SYSFLOATSTAT System Table

SYSFLOATSTAT System Table

Contains one row for each column of datatype FLOAT. Used by the optimizer, each row
contains a sampling of values in the column.

Table B–13: SYSFLOATSTAT System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

colid INTEGER 4

rssid INTEGER 4

tblid INTEGER 4

val1 FLOAT 4

val2 FLOAT 4

val3 FLOAT 4

val4 FLOAT 4

val5 FLOAT 4

val6 FLOAT 4

val7 FLOAT 4

val8 FLOAT 4

val9 FLOAT 4

val10 FLOAT 4

B–18
 SYSIDXSTAT System Table

SYSIDXSTAT System Table

Contains statistics for each index in the database.

Table B–14: SYSIDXSTAT System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

idxid INTEGER 4

nleaf INTEGER 4

nlevels SMALLINT 2

recsz INTEGER 4

rssid INTEGER 4

tblid INTEGER 4

B–19
SYSINTSTAT System Table

SYSINTSTAT System Table

Contains one row for each column of datatype INTEGER. Used by the optimizer, each row
contains a sampling of values in the column.

Table B–15: SYSINTSTAT System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

colid INTEGER 4

rssid INTEGER 4

tblid INTEGER 4

val1 INTEGER 4

val2 INTEGER 4

val3 INTEGER 4

val4 INTEGER 4

val5 INTEGER 4

val6 INTEGER 4

val7 INTEGER 4

val8 INTEGER 4

val9 INTEGER 4

val10 INTEGER 4

B–20
 SYSNUMSTAT System Table

SYSNUMSTAT System Table

Contains one row for each column of datatype NUMERIC. Used by the optimizer, each row
contains a sampling of values in the column.

Table B–16: SYSNUMSTAT System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

colid INTEGER 4

rssid INTEGER 4

tblid INTEGER 4

val1 NUMERIC 32

val2 NUMERIC 32

val3 NUMERIC 32

val4 NUMERIC 32

val5 NUMERIC 32

val6 NUMERIC 32

val7 NUMERIC 32

val8 NUMERIC 32

val9 NUMERIC 32

val10 NUMERIC 32

B–21
SYSPROCBIN System Table

SYSPROCBIN System Table

Contains one or more rows for each stored procedure and trigger in the database. Each row
contains compiled Java bytecode for its procedure or trigger.

Table B–17: SYSPROCBIN System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

id INTEGER 4

proc_bin VARBINARY 2000

proc_type CHARACTER 2

rssid INTEGER 4

seq INTEGER 4

B–22
 SYSPROCCOLUMNS System Table

SYSPROCCOLUMNS System Table

Contains one row for each column in the result set of a stored procedure.

Table B–18: SYSPROCCOLUMNS System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

argtype VARCHAR 32

col VARCHAR 32

datatype VARCHAR 32

dflt_value VARCHAR 250

id INTEGER 4

nullflag CHAR 1

proc_id INTEGER 4

rssid INTEGER 4

scale INTEGER 4

width INTEGER 4

B–23
SYSPROCEDURES System Table

SYSPROCEDURES System Table

Contains one row for each stored procedure in the database.

Table B–19: SYSPROCEDURES System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

creator VARCHAR 32

has_resultset CHARACTER 1

has_return_val CHARACTER 1

owner VARCHAR 32

proc_id INTEGER 4

proc_name VARCHAR 32

proc_type VARCHAR 32

rssid INTEGER 4

B–24
 SYSPROCTEXT System Table

SYSPROCTEXT System Table

Contains one or more rows for each stored procedure and trigger in the database. The row
contains the Java source code for a procedure or trigger.

Table B–20: SYSPROCTEXT System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

id INTEGER 4

proc_text VARCHAR 2000

proc_type CHARACTER 2

rssid INTEGER 4

seq INTEGER 4

B–25
SYSREALSTAT System Table

SYSREALSTAT System Table

Contains one row for each column of datatype REAL. Used by the optimizer, each row contains
a sampling of values in the column.

Table B–21: SYSREALSTAT System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

colid INTEGER 4

rssid INTEGER 4

tblid INTEGER 4

val1 REAL 4

val2 REAL 4

val3 REAL 4

val4 REAL 4

val5 REAL 4

val6 REAL 4

val7 REAL 4

val8 REAL 4

val9 REAL 4

val10 REAL 4

B–26
 SYSSMINTSTAT System Table

SYSSMINTSTAT System Table

Contains one row for each column of datatype SMALLINT. Used by the optimizer, each row
contains a sampling of values in the column.

Table B–22: SYSSMINTSTAT System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

colid INTEGER 4

rssid INTEGER 4

tblid INTEGER 4

val1 SMALLINT 2

val2 SMALLINT 2

val3 SMALLINT 2

val4 SMALLINT 2

val5 SMALLINT 2

val6 SMALLINT 2

val7 SMALLINT 2

val8 SMALLINT 2

val9 SMALLINT 2

val10 SMALLINT 2

B–27
SYSSYNONYMS System Table

SYSSYNONYMS System Table

Contains one row for each synonym in the database.

Table 2-23: SYSSYNONYMS System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

ispublic SMALLINT 2

screator VARCHAR 32

sname VARCHAR 32

sowner VARCHAR 32

sremdb VARCHAR 32

stbl VARCHAR 32

stblowner VARCHAR 32

B–28
 SYSTABAUTH System Table

SYSTABAUTH System Table

Contains information about table privileges for each user in the database.

Table B–24: SYSTABAUTH System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

alt VARCHAR 1

del VARCHAR 1

exe CHAR 1

grantee VARCHAR 32

grantor VARCHAR 32

ins VARCHAR 1

ndx VARCHAR 1

ref VARCHAR 1

sel VARCHAR 1

tbl VARCHAR 32

tblowner VARCHAR 32

upd VARCHAR 1

B–29
SYSTABLES_FULL System Table

SYSTABLES_FULL System Table

A superset of information in the SYSTABLES core system table.

Table B–25: SYSTABLES_FULL System Table (1 of 2)

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

can_dump VARCHAR 126

can_load VARCHAR 126

creator VARCHAR 32

description VARCHAR 144

dump_name VARCHAR 16

file_label VARCHAR 60

file_label_sa VARCHAR 12

frozen BIT 1

has_ccnstrs VARCHAR 1

has_fcnstrs VARCHAR 1

has_pcnstrs VARCHAR 1

has_ucnstrs VARCHAR 1

hidden BIT 1

id INTEGER 4

last_change INTEGER 4

owner VARCHAR 32

prime_index INTEGER 4

rssid INTEGER 4

segid INTEGER 4

B–30
 SYSTABLES_FULL System Table

Table B–25: SYSTABLES_FULL System Table (2 of 2)

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

tbl VARCHAR 32

tbltype VARCHAR 1

tbl_status VARCHAR 1

user_misc VARCHAR 20

valexp VARCHAR 144

valmsg VARCHAR 144

valmsg_sa VARCHAR 12

B–31
SYSTBLSTAT System Table

SYSTBLSTAT System Table

Contains statistics for each user table.

Table B–26: SYSTBLSTAT System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

card INTEGER 4

npages INTEGER 4

pagesz INTEGER 4

recsz INTEGER 4

rssid INTEGER 4

tblid INTEGER 4

B–32
 SYSTIMESTAT System Table

SYSTIMESTAT System Table

Contains one row for each column of datatype TIME. Used by the optimizer, each row contains
a sampling of values in the column.

Table B–27: SYSTIMESTAT System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

colid INTEGER 4

rssid INTEGER 4

tblid INTEGER 4

val1 TIME 4

val2 TIME 4

val3 TIME 4

val4 TIME 4

val5 TIME 4

val6 TIME 4

val7 TIME 4

val8 TIME 4

val9 TIME 4

val10 TIME 4

B–33
SYSTINYINTSTAT System Table

SYSTINYINTSTAT System Table

Contains one row for each column of datatype TINYINT. Used by the optimizer, each row
contains a sampling of values in the column.

Table B–28: SYSTINYINTSTAT System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

colid INTEGER 4

tblid INTEGER 4

val1 TINYINT 1

val2 TINYINT 1

val3 TINYINT 1

val4 TINYINT 1

val5 TINYINT 1

val6 TINYINT 1

val7 TINYINT 1

val8 TINYINT 1

val9 TINYINT 1

val10 TINYINT 1

B–34
 SYSTRIGCOLS System Table

SYSTRIGCOLS System Table

Contains one row for each column specified in each UPDATE trigger in the database.

Table B–29: SYSTRIGCOLS System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

colid INTEGER 4

owner VARCHAR 32

triggername VARCHAR 32

B–35
SYSTRIGGER System Table

SYSTRIGGER System Table

Contains one row for each trigger in the database.

Table B–30: SYSTRIGGER System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

fire_4gl BIT 1

owner VARCHAR 32

refers_to_new CHAR 1

refers_to_old CHAR 1

rssid INTEGER 4

statement_or_row CHAR 1

tbl VARCHAR 32

tblowner VARCHAR 32

triggerid INTEGER 4

triggername VARCHAR 32

trigger_event VARCHAR 1

trigger_time VARCHAR 1

B–36
 SYSTSSTAT System Table

SYSTSSTAT System Table

Contains one row for each column of datatype TIMESTAMP. Used by the optimizer, each row
contains a sampling of values in the column.

Table B–31: SYSTSSTAT System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

colid INTEGER 4

rssid INTEGER 4

tblid INTEGER 4

val1 TIMESTAMP 8

val2 TIMESTAMP 8

val3 TIMESTAMP 8

val4 TIMESTAMP 8

val5 TIMESTAMP 8

val6 TIMESTAMP 8

val7 TIMESTAMP 8

val8 TIMESTAMP 8

val9 TIMESTAMP 8

val10 TIMESTAMP 8

B–37
SYSVARCHARSTAT System Table

SYSVARCHARSTAT System Table

Contains one row for each column of datatype VARCHAR. Used by the optimizer, each row
contains a sampling of values in the column.

Table B–32: SYSVARCHARSTAT System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

colid INTEGER 4

rssid INTEGER 4

tblid INTEGER 4

val1 VARCHAR 2000

val2 VARCHAR 2000

val3 VARCHAR 2000

val4 VARCHAR 2000

val5 VARCHAR 2000

val6 VARCHAR 2000

val7 VARCHAR 2000

val8 VARCHAR 2000

val9 VARCHAR 2000

val10 VARCHAR 2000

B–38
 SYSVIEWS System Table

SYSVIEWS System Table

Contains one row for each VIEW in the database.

Table B–33: SYSVIEWS System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

creator VARCHAR 32

owner VARCHAR 32

seq INTEGER 4

viewname VARCHAR 32

viewtext VARCHAR 2000

B–39
SYS_CHKCOL_USAGE System Table

SYS_CHKCOL_USAGE System Table

Contains one row for each column on which a check constraint is specified.

Table B–34: SYS_CHKCOL_USAGE System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

cnstrname VARCHAR 32

colname VARCHAR 32

owner VARCHAR 32

tblname VARCHAR 32

B–40
 SYS_CHK_CONSTRS System Table

SYS_CHK_CONSTRS System Table

Contains one row for each CHECK CONSTRAINT specified on a user table. The chkclause
column contains the content of the CHECK clause.

Table B–35: SYS_CHK_CONSTRS System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

chkclause VARCHAR 2000

chkseq INTEGER 4

cnstrname VARCHAR 32

owner VARCHAR 32

tblname VARCHAR 32

B–41
SYS_KEYCOL_USAGE System Table

SYS_KEYCOL_USAGE System Table

Contains one row for each column on which a PRIMARY KEY or FOREIGN KEY is specified.

Table B–36: SYS_KEYCOL_USAGE System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

cnstrname VARCHAR 32

colname VARCHAR 32

colposition INTEGER 4

owner VARCHAR 32

tblname VARCHAR 32

B–42
 SYS_REF_CONSTRS System Table

SYS_REF_CONSTRS System Table

Contains one row for each REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT specified on a user
table.

Table B–37: SYS_REF_CONSTRS System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

cnstrname VARCHAR 32

deleterule VARCHAR 1

owner VARCHAR 32

refcnstrname VARCHAR 32

refowner VARCHAR 32

reftblname VARCHAR 32

tblname VARCHAR 32

B–43
SYS_TBL_CONSTRS System Table

SYS_TBL_CONSTRS System Table

Contains one row for each table constraint in the database.

Table B–38: SYS_TBL_CONSTRS System Table

Column Name Column Data Type Column Size

cnstrname VARCHAR 32

cnstrtype VARCHAR 1

idxname VARCHAR 32

owner VARCHAR 32

tblname VARCHAR 32

B–44
 C
Data Type Compatibility Issues with
Previous Versions of Progress

This appendix addresses compatibility issues when using the Progress SQL-92 environment and
earlier versions of the Progress database. Specifically, it discusses:

• Mapping between Progress 4GL supported data types and the corresponding Progress
SQL-92 data types.

• Progress SQL-92 support for the ARRAY data type created using the Progress 4GL
Dictionary.
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

C.1 Supported Data Types and Corresponding SQL-92 Data Types

Progress SQL-92 supports many data types that do not correspond to Progress 4GL data types.
Table C–1 lists the Progress data types that do correspond to Progress SQL-92 data types.

Table C–1: Progress 4GL Supported Data Types and Corresponding

Progress SQL-92 Data Types

Progress 4GL Data Type Progress SQL-92 Data Type

ARRAY See the “Support for the ARRAY Data

Type” section

CHARACTER VARCHAR

DATE DATE

DECIMAL DECIMAL or NUMERIC

INTEGER INTEGER

LOGICAL BIT

RAW VARBINARY

RECID INTEGER

NOTES

• All other SQL-92 types are not compatible with 4GL. In particular, Progress SQL-92
CHARACTER data is not compatible with the 4GL. Use SQL-92 type VARCHAR to map
4GL CHARACTER data.

• Data columns created using the Progress SQL-92 environment that have a data type not
supported in the Progress 4GL environment are not accessible through Progress 4GL
applications and utilities.

C–2
 Data Type Compatibility Issues with Previous Versions of Progress

C.2 Support for the ARRAY Data Type

For compatibility with earlier Progress databases, Progress SQL-92 provides limited support for
the ARRAY data type.

C.2.1 Overview
Array fields are created using the Progress 4GL Dictionary. Progress SQL-92 provides a
mechanism for referencing and updating these arrays. Subscripted references are not supported.
Progress SQL-92 manages the arrays as NVARCHAR strings, and the string representation is
the concatenation of each array element, with a semicolon ( ; ) separating each element.
To escape an instance of a semicolon in the data of a Progress CHARACTER array, use the
escape character tilde before the semicolon ( ~; ). An unquoted question mark represents a
NULL element. To distinguish a NULL element from a question mark, use a tilde as an escape
character for a question mark in the data ( ~? ). A tilde is also the escape character for a
tilde ( ~~ ).
Progress SQL-92 supplies three built-in functions for extracting an element, and for adding
escape characters to and removing escape characters from a single element of a character array.
The PRO_ELEMENT, PRO_ARR_ESCAPE, and PRO_ARR_DESCAPE functions provide
full internationalization support. A description of each function follows.

C.2.2 PRO_ELEMENT Function

Extracts one or more elements from an array column and returns the NVARCHAR or
VARCHAR string between the specified positions, including any internal separator characters
and any internal escape characters.

SYNTAX

PRO_ELEMENT ( ’array_style_expression’, start_position, end_position ) ;

array_style_expression

A string of datatype VARCHAR or CHAR, with a semi-colon ( ; ) separating each element

of the array.

start_position

The position in the string marking the beginning of the element PRO_ELEMENT is to extract.

end_position

The position in the string marking the end of the element to be extracted.

C–3
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

EXAMPLES
The following example returns the string ’bb’:

PRO_ELEMENT(’aa;bb;cc’, 2, 2) ;

The next example returns the string ’aa;bb’:

PRO_ELEMENT(’aa;bb;cc’, 1, 2) ;

The third example returns the string ’aa~;aa’:

PRO_ELEMENT(’aa~;aa;bb;cc’, 1, 1) ;

NOTES

• The array_style_expression must be data type NVARCHAR, VARCHAR, or CHAR.

• The returned string does not include the leading separator of the first element, or the
trailing separator ( ; ) of the last element.

• Even if you are extracting only one element, the escape characters are included in the
result.

• You must invoke PRO_ARR_DESCAPE to remove any escape characters.

C.2.3 PRO_ARR_ESCAPE Function

Adds required escape characters to a single element of a character array.
PRO_ARR_ESCAPE scans the char_element looking for the separator character ( ; ) or an
escape character ( ~ ). The function inserts an additional escape character, when it finds any of
these constructs:

• Escape character followed by a separator character ( ~; )

• Escape character followed by another escape character ( ~~ )

• Escape character followed by a NULL terminator ( ~\0 )

C–4
 Data Type Compatibility Issues with Previous Versions of Progress

SYNTAX

PRO_ARR_ESCAPE( ’char_element’ ) ;

char_element

The character representation of an array element, without any leading or trailing

separators. Must be data type NVARCHAR or VARCHAR or CHAR.

EXAMPLES
The following example returns the string ’aa~;aa’:

PRO_ARR_ESCAPE(’aa;aa’) ;

The following example returns the string ’aa~aa’. There is no change, since another special
character does not follow the escape character:

PRO_ARR_ESCAPE(’aa~aa’) ;

The third example returns the string ’aa~~;aa’:

PRO_ARR_ESCAPE(’aa~;aa’) ;

NOTES

• char_element must be data type NVARCHAR, VARCHAR, or CHAR.

• char_element must not be the name of an array column, since the column contains true
separators which would be destroyed by this function.

C–5
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

C.2.4 PRO_ARR_DESCAPE Function

Removes escape characters from a single element of a character array. PRO_ARR_DESCAPE
scans the char_element looking for the separator character ( ; ) or an escape character ( ~ ). The
function removes an escape character, when it finds any of these constructs:

• Escape character followed by a separator character ( ~; )

• Escape character followed by another escape character ( ~~ )

• Escape character followed by a NULL terminator ( ~\0 )

SYNTAX

PRO_ARR_DESCAPE( ’char_element’ ) ;

char_element

The character representation of an array element, without any leading or trailing

separators. Must be data type NVARCHAR or VARCHAR or CHAR.

EXAMPLES
The following example returns the string ’aa;aa’:

PRO_ARR_DESCAPE(’aa~;aa’) ;

The following example returns the string ’aa~aa’. There is no change, since another special
character does not follow the escape character:

PRO_ARR_DESCAPE(’aa~aa’) ;

The third example returns the string ’aa~;aa’:

PRO_ARR_DESCAPE(’aa~~;aa’) ;

NOTE: char_element should not be the name of an array column, since the column contains
true separators which would be destroyed by this function.

C–6
 Data Type Compatibility Issues with Previous Versions of Progress

C.2.5 Unsubscripted Array References

When there is a reference to an unsubscripted Progress array column, Progress SQL-92
performs these operations:

• Extracts each element from the Progress 4GL array

• Converts the element to a DT_VARCHAR data type

• Passes the element to the PRO_ARR_ESCAPE function for the addition of any necessary
escape characters

• Concatenates the result to a composite with the separator character ( ; ) between this
element and the next element

This results in dual data types for array fields. The fetch type is TPE_DT_NVARCHAR for the
unsubscripted references. The underlying Progress 4GL data type is the native type.

EXAMPLES
The first example assumes a character array named ARRAYCHAR containing three elements
in a row in the customer table where the cust_num column is equal to 88, and with values:

ARRAYCHAR[ 1 ] = ’aa’

ARRAYCHAR[ 2 ] = ’bb’

ARRAYCHAR[ 3 ] = ’cc’

The ARRAYCHAR example returns the value ’aa;bb;cc’.

SELECT arraychar FROM customer WHERE cust_num = 88 ;

ARRAYCHAR

---------
aa;bb;cc

1 record selected

C–7
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

To retrieve an individual element from an array with any escape characters removed, use the
PRO_ELEMENT and PRO_ARR_DESCAPE functions. For example, ARRAYTYPE[ 2 ]
contains the value ’aa;bb’. The PRO_ELEMENT function in the ARRAYTYPE example
returns ’aa~;bb’ and PRO_ARR_DESCAPE(’aa~;bb’) removes the escape character ( ~ ),
returning the element value ’aa;bb’.

select pro_arr_descape(pro_element(arraytype,2,2)) from customer ;

ARRAYTYPE

---------
aa;bb

1 record selected

C.2.6 Unsubscripted Array Updates and Inserts

Progress SQL-92 applies the reverse of the fetch algorithm for updates to unsubscripted
Progress 4GL array columns. An SQL-92 operation accepts an NVARCHAR string, complete
with separators and any required escape characters. Progress SQL-92 converts the string to the
underlying data type and stores it in the current element of the array in the Progress database.
SQL-92 repeats this operation for each element of the array until all elements have been
inserted.
This is the SQL-92 syntax for an unsubscripted array update:

SYNTAX

UPDATE table_name SET array_name = (’char_element’ ) WHERE where_criteria ;

EXAMPLE
The ARRAYINT example assumes an integer array named ARRAYINT. The result of the
UPDATE operation is:

ARRAYINT[ 1 ] = 13

ARRAYINT[ 2 ] = 15

ARRAYINT[ 3 ] = 19

UPDATE customer SET arrayint = ’13;15;19’ WHERE cust_num = 77 ;

C–8
 Data Type Compatibility Issues with Previous Versions of Progress

If the number of elements in the NVARCHAR string does not match the number of elements in
the target column for the update, Progress SQL-92 returns an error, unless there is exactly one
element in the NVARCHAR string for an INSERT operation.
If there is a single element in the NVARCHAR string, you can use the Progress SQL-92
INSERT statement to propagate the value to all elements of the array.
This is the SQL-92 syntax for this short form of an INSERT assignment:

SYNTAX

INSERT INTO table_name ( arr_col_name ) VALUES ( ’one_value’ ) ;

EXAMPLE
The following INSERT example illustrates how you can assign values to an entire date array
from a single value in the VALUES clause of an SQL-92 INSERT statement:

INSERT INTO customer ( begin_quota_date ) VALUES ( ’01/01/00’ ) ;

This INSERT example assigns the value ’01/01/00’ to every element of the date array
’begin_quota_date’ column in the customer table.
NOTE: Progress SQL-92 does not support the assignment of a single value to an entire array
using an SQL-92 UPDATE statement.

Updating a Single Element of an Array

To update a single element of an array, you must construct a string for the entire array, and
assign the string to the array using an SQL-92 UPDATE statement.
This is the SQL-92 syntax for updating a single element of an array:

SYNTAX

UPDATE table_name SET array_col = literal_string ;

C–9
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

EXAMPLES
To assign a value to the first element of an array of size three, construct a literal string that
concatenates these components:

• Update value for the first element in the array

• Semicolon separator

• Values for elements two and three in the array

Use PRO_ARR_ESCAPE to insert any necessary escape characters into the new value. Use
PRO_ELEMENT to extract the values for elements two and three from the array. This example
assigns the value ’aaa’ to the first element of the arraychar array for customer 99, and retains
the existing values for elements two and three.

UPDATE customer SET arraychar =

PROARR_ESCAPE(’aaa’)
|| ’;’
|| PRO_ELEMENT(arraychar,2,3)
WHERE cust_num = 99 ;

To assign a value to the second element of an array of size three, construct a string that
concatenates these components:

• Value of the first element in the array

• Semicolon separator

• Update value for the second element

• Semicolon separator

• Value of the third element in the array

Use PRO_ARR_ESCAPE to insert any necessary escape characters into the new value. Use
PRO_ELEMENT to extract the first and third elements from the array. This example assigns
the value ’bbb’ to the second element of the arraychar array for customer 99, and retains the
existing values for elements one and three in arraychar.

C–10
 Data Type Compatibility Issues with Previous Versions of Progress

UPDATE customer SET arraychar =

PRO_ELEMENT(arraychar,1,1)
|| ’;’
|| PROARR_ESCAPE(’bbb’)
|| ’;’
|| PRO_ELEMENT(arraychar,3,3)
WHERE cust_num = 99 ;

C–11
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

C–12
 D
Progress SQL-92 Elements and Statements
in Backus Naur Form (BNF)

This reference appendix presents Progress SQL-92 language elements and SQL-92 statements
in Backus Naur Form (BNF). The elements and statements are presented in this order:

• Data types

• Expressions

• Literals

• Query expressions

• Search conditions

• Statements, DDL and DML

Data Types Syntax in BNF

Data Types Syntax in BNF

DATA TYPE
SYNTAX

data_type ::=
char_data_type
| exact_numeric_data_type | approx_numeric_data_type
| date_time_data_type | bit_string_data_type

CHARACTER DATA TYPE

SYNTAX

char_data_type ::=
{ CHARACTER | CHAR } [ ( length ) ]
| { CHARACTER VARYING | CHAR VARYING | VARCHAR }
[ (length) ]

EXACT NUMERIC DATA TYPE

SYNTAX

exact_numeric_data_type ::=
TINYINT
| SMALLINT
| INTEGER
| NUMERIC | NUMBER [ ( precision [ , scale ] ) ]
| DECIMAL [ ( precision , scale ) ]

APPROXIMATE NUMERIC DATA TYPE

SYNTAX

approx_numeric_data_type ::=
{ REAL | DOUBLE PRECISION | FLOAT [ ( precision ) ] }

D–2
 Data Types Syntax in BNF

DATE-TIME DATA TYPE

SYNTAX

date_time_data_type ::
DATE | TIME | TIMESTAMP

BIT STRING DATA TYPE

SYNTAX

bit_string_data_type ::=
BIT | BINARY [ ( length ) ]| VARBINARY [( length ) ]
| LONG VARBINARY [( length ) ]

D–3
Expressions Syntax in BNF

Expressions Syntax in BNF

EXPRESSION (expr)

SYNTAX

expr ::=
[ { table_name.| alias. }] column_name
| character_literal
| numeric_literal
| date-time_literal
| aggregate_function
| scalar_function
| numeric_arith_expr
| date_arith_expr
| conditional_expr
| (expr)

NUMERIC ARITHMETIC EXPRESSION

SYNTAX

numeric_arith_expr ::=
[ + | - ] { numeric_literal | numeric_expr }
[ { + | - | * | / } numeric_arith_expr ]

DATE ARITHMETIC EXPRESSION

SYNTAX

date_arith_expr ::=
date_time_expr { + | - } int_expr
| date_time_expr - date_time_expr

D–4
 CONDITIONAL EXPRESSION

CONDITIONAL EXPRESSION
CASE EXPRESSION
A type of conditional expression.

SYNTAX

case_expr ::=
searched_case_expr | simple_case_expr

SEARCHED CASE EXPRESSION

SYNTAX

searched_case_expr ::=
CASE
WHEN search_condition THEN { result_expr | NULL } [ , ... ]
[ ELSE expr | NULL ]
END

SIMPLE CASE EXPRESSION

SYNTAX

simple_case_expr ::=
CASE primary_expr
WHEN expr THEN { result_expr | NULL }[ , ... ]
[ ELSE expr | NULL ]
END

D–5
Literals Syntax in BNF

Literals Syntax in BNF

DATE-TIME LITERAL Syntax

DATE LITERAL
SYNTAX

date-literal ::=
{ d ’yyyy-mm-dd’ }
| mm-dd-yyyy
| mm/dd/yyyy
| mm-dd-yy
| mm/dd/yy
| yyyy-mm-dd
| yyyy/mm/dd
| dd-mon-yyyy
| dd/mon/yyyy
| dd-mon-yy
| dd/mon/yy

TIME LITERAL
SYNTAX

time_literal ::=
{ t ’hh:mi:ss’ } | hh:mi:ss[:mls ]

D–6
 Query Expressions Syntax in BNF

Query Expressions Syntax in BNF

QUERY EXPRESSION

SYNTAX

query_expression ::=
query_specification
| query_expression set_operator query_expression
| ( query_expression )

SET OPERATOR
SYNTAX

set_operator ::=
{ UNION [ ALL ] | INTERSECT | MINUS }

QUERY SPECIFICATION
SYNTAX

query_specification ::=
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT ]
{ *

| { table_name.| alias.}* [, { table_name.| alias.}* ] ,...

| expr [ [ AS ] [ ’]column_title[’ ] ]
[, expr [ [ AS ] [ ’]column_title[’ ] ] ] ,...
}
FROM table_ref [, table_ref ] ...
[ WHERE search_condition ]
[ GROUP BY [ table.]column_name
[, [ table.]column_name ] ,...
[ HAVING search_condition ]
;

D–7
Query Expressions Syntax in BNF

TABLE REFERENCE
SYNTAX

table_ref ::=
table_name [ AS ][ [ (column_alias [, ... ] ) ] ]
alias
| (query_expression) [ AS ] alias [ (column_alias [ ,... ] ) ]
| [ ( ] joined_table [ ) ]

JOINED TABLE
SYNTAX

joined_table ::=
{ table_ref CROSS JOIN table_ref
|table_ref [ INNER | LEFT [ OUTER ] ] JOIN
table_ref ON search_condition
}

FROM CLAUSE INNER JOIN

SYNTAX

from_clause_inner_join ::=
{ FROM table_ref CROSS JOIN table_ref
| FROM table_ref [ INNER ] JOIN table_ref
ON search_condition
}

WHERE CLAUSE INNER JOIN

SYNTAX

where_clause_inner_join ::=
FROM table_ref, table_ref WHERE search_condition

FROM CLAUSE OUTER JOIN

SYNTAX

from_clause_outer_join ::=
FROM table_ref LEFT OUTER JOIN table_ref
ON search_condition

D–8
 Query Expressions Syntax in BNF

WHERE CLAUSE OUTER JOIN

SYNTAX

where_clause_outer_join ::=
WHERE [ table_name.]column (+) = [ table_name.]column
| WHERE [ table_name.]column = [ table_name.]column (+)

D–9
Search Conditions Syntax in BNF

Search Conditions Syntax in BNF

SEARCH CONDITION
SYNTAX

search_condition ::=
[ NOT ] predicate
[ { AND | OR }{ predicate | ( search_condition ) } ]

PREDICATE
SYNTAX

predicate ::=
basic_predicate
| quantified_predicate
| between_predicate
| null_predicate
| like_predicate
| exists_predicate
| in_predicate
| outer_join_predicate

RELATIONAL OPERATOR
SYNTAX

relop ::=
= | <> | != | ^= | < | <= | > | >=

BASIC PREDICATE
SYNTAX

basic_predicate ::=
expr relop { expr | ( query_expression ) }

QUANTIFIED PREDICATE
SYNTAX

quantified_predicate ::=
expr relop { ALL | ANY | SOME } ( query_expression )

D–10
 Search Conditions Syntax in BNF

BETWEEN PREDICATE
SYNTAX

between_predicate ::=
expr [ NOT ] BETWEEN expr AND expr

NULL PREDICATE
SYNTAX

null_predicate ::=
column_name IS [ NOT ] NULL

LIKE PREDICATE
SYNTAX

like_predicate ::=
column_name [ NOT ] LIKE string_constant
[ ESCAPE escape_character ]

EXISTS PREDICATE
SYNTAX

exists_predicate ::=
EXISTS (query_expression)

IN PREDICATE
SYNTAX

in_predicate ::=
expr [ NOT ] IN
{ (query_expression) | (constant , constant [ , ... ] ) }

OUTER JOIN PREDICATE

SYNTAX

outer_join_predicate ::=
[ table_name.]column = [ table_name.]column (+)
|[ table_name.]column (+) = [ table_name.]column

D–11
Statements, DDL and DML Syntax in BNF

Statements, DDL and DML Syntax in BNF

This sections lists Progress SQL-92 Data Definition Language (DDL) and Data Manipulation
Language (DML) statements in Backus-Naur Form (BNF).

ALTER USER Statement

SYNTAX

alter user statement ::=

ALTER USER ’username’, ’old_password’, ’new_password’ ;

BEGIN-END DECLARE SECTION

SYNTAX

begin declare section ::=

EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
host_lang_type variable_name ;
.
.
.
END DECLARE SECTION ::=
EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION

Host Language Type

SYNTAX

host language type ::=

{ char
| short
| long
| float
| double
}

CALL Statement
SYNTAX

call statement ::=

CALL proc_name ( [ parameter ][ , ...] ) ;

D–12
 Statements, DDL and DML Syntax in BNF

CLOSE Statement

SYNTAX

close ::=
EXEC SQL CLOSE cursor_name ;

COMMIT Statement
SYNTAX

commit statement ::=

COMMIT [ WORK ] ;

CONNECT Statement
SYNTAX

connect statement ::=

CONNECT TO connect_string
[ AS connection_name ]
[ USER user_name ]
[ USING password ] ;

CONNECT STRING Statement

SYNTAX

connect_string ::=
{ DEFAULT | db_name
| db_type:T:host_name:port_num:db_name }

CREATE INDEX Statement

SYNTAX

create index statement ::=

CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX index_name
ON table_name
( { column_name [ ASC | DESC ] } [, ... ] )
[ AREA area_name ];

D–13
Statements, DDL and DML Syntax in BNF

CREATE PROCEDURE Statement

SYNTAX

create procedure statement ::=

CREATE PROCEDURE [ owner_name.]procname
( [ parameter_decl [ , ...... ] ]
)
[ RESULT ( column_name data_type [ , ... ] ) ]
[ IMPORT
java_import_clause ]
BEGIN
java_snippet
END

Parameter Declaration
SYNTAX

parameter_decl ::=
{ IN | OUT | INOUT } parameter_name data_type

CREATE SYNONYM Statement

SYNTAX

create synonym statement ::=

CREATE [ PUBLIC ] SYNONYM synonym
FOR [ owner_name.] {table_name |view_name |synonym } ;

D–14
 Statements, DDL and DML Syntax in BNF

CREATE TABLE Statement

SYNTAX

create table statement ::=

CREATE TABLE [ owner_name.]table_name
( { column_definition | table_constraint }, ... )
[ AREA area_name ]
;

create table statement ::=

CREATE TABLE [ owner_name.]table_name
[ (column_name [ NULL | NOT NULL] , ...) ]
[ AREA area_name ]
AS query_expression
;

Column Definition
SYNTAX

column_definition ::=
column_name data_type
[ DEFAULT { literal | NULL | SYSDATE } ]
[ column_constraint [ column_constraint ... ] ]

Column Constraint
SYNTAX

column_constraint ::=
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
NOT NULL [ PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE ]
| REFERENCES [ owner_name.]table_name [ ( column_name ) ]
| CHECK ( search_condition )

D–15
Statements, DDL and DML Syntax in BNF

Tabel Constraint
SYNTAX

table_constraint ::=
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
PRIMARY KEY ( column [, ... ] )
| UNIQUE ( column [, ...... ] )
| FOREIGN KEY ( column [, ... ] )
REFERENCES [ owner_name.]table_name [ ( column [, ... ] ) ]
| CHECK ( search_condition )

CREATE TRIGGER Statement

SYNTAX

create trigger statement ::=

CREATE TRIGGER [ owner_name.]trigname
{ BEFORE | AFTER }
{ INSERT | DELETE | UPDATE [ OF column_name [ , ... ] }
ON table_name
[ REFERENCING { OLDROW [, NEWROW ] | NEWROW [, OLDROW ]}]
[ FOR EACH { ROW | STATEMENT }]
[ IMPORT
java_import_clause ]
BEGIN
java_snippet
END

CREATE USER Statement

SYNTAX

create user statement ::=

CREATE USER ’username’, ’password’ ;

D–16
 Statements, DDL and DML Syntax in BNF

CREATE VIEW Statement

SYNTAX

create view statement ::=

CREATE VIEW [ owner_name.]view_name
[ ( column_name, column_name,... ) ]
AS [ ( ] query_expression [ ) ]
[ WITH CHECK OPTION ] ;

DECLARE CURSOR Statement

SYNTAX

declare cursor ::=

EXEC SQL DECLARE cursor_name CURSOR FOR
{ query_expr [ ORDER BY clause ][ FOR UPDATE clause ]
| prepared_statement_name
} ;

DELETE Statement
SYNTAX

delete statement ::=

DELETE FROM [ owner_name.] {table_name |view_name }
[ WHERE search_condition ];

DESCRIBE BIND VARIABLES Statement

SYNTAX

describe bind variables ::=

EXEC SQL DESCRIBE BIND VARIABLES FOR statement_name
INTO input_sqlda_name ;

DESCRIBE SELECT LIST Statement

SYNTAX

describe select list ::=

EXEC SQL DESCRIBE SELECT LIST FOR statement_name
INTO output_sqlda_name ;

D–17
Statements, DDL and DML Syntax in BNF

DISCONNECT Statement
SYNTAX

disconnect statement ::=

DISCONNECT { ’connection_name’ | CURRENT | ALL | DEFAULT } ;

DROP INDEX Statement

SYNTAX

drop index statement ::=

DROP INDEX [ index_owner_name.]index_name
[ ON [ table_owner_name.]table_name ]

DROP PROCEDURE Statement (ODBC Core SQL Grammar)

SYNTAX

drop procedure statement ::=

DROP PROCEDURE [ owner_name.]procedure_name ;

DROP SYNONYM Statement

SYNTAX

drop synonym statement ::=

DROP [ PUBLIC ] SYNONYM synonym ;

DROP TABLE Statement

SYNTAX

drop table statement ::=

DROP TABLE [ owner_name.]table_name ;

DROP TRIGGER Statement

SYNTAX

drop trigger statement ::=

DROP TRIGGER [ owner_name.]trigger_name ;

D–18
 Statements, DDL and DML Syntax in BNF

DROP USER Statement

SYNTAX

drop user statement ::=

DROP USER ’username’ ;

DROP VIEW Statement

SYNTAX

drop view statement ::=

DROP VIEW [ owner_name.]view_name ;

EXEC SQL Statement

SYNTAX

EXEC SQL ::=

EXEC SQL sql_statement ;

EXECUTE Statement

SYNTAX

EXECUTE ::=
EXEC SQL EXECUTE statement_name
[ USING {[ SQL ] DESCRIPTOR structure_name
| :host_variable [[ INDICATOR ] :ind_variable ] , ... }
] ;

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement

SYNTAX

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE ::=

EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
{ statement_string | host_variable } ;

D–19
Statements, DDL and DML Syntax in BNF

FETCH Statement
SYNTAX

fetch ::=
EXEC SQL FETCH cursor_name
{ USING SQL DESCRIPTOR structure_name
| INTO :host_var_ref [[ INDICATOR ] :ind_var_ref ] , ...
} ;

GET DIAGNOSTICS Statement

SYNTAX

get diagnostics statement ::=

GET DIAGNOSTICS
:param = header_info_item
[ , :param = header_info_item ] ,...
;

Header Info Item

SYNTAX

header_info_item ::=
{ NUMBER
| MORE
| COMMAND_FUNCTION
| DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
| ROW_COUNT
}

GET DIAGNOSTICS EXCEPTION Syntax

SYNTAX

get diagnostics exception statement ::=

GET DIAGNOSTICS EXCEPTION number
:param = detail_info_item
[, :param = detail_info_item ] , ...
;

D–20
 Statements, DDL and DML Syntax in BNF

Detail Info Item Syntax

SYNTAX

detail_info_item ::=
{ CONDITION_NUMBER
| RETURNED_SQLSTATE
| CLASS_ORIGIN
| SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
| ENVIRONMENT_NAME
| CONNECTION_NAME
| CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
| CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
| CONSTRAINT_NAME
| CATALOG_NAME
| SCHEMA_NAME
| TABLE_NAME
| COLUMN_NAME
| CURSOR_NAME
| MESSAGE_TEXT
| MESSAGE_LENGTH
| MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH
}

GRANT RESOURCE, DBA Statement

SYNTAX

grant resource, dba statement ::=

GRANT { RESOURCE, DBA } TO user_name [ , user_name ] , ...
;

GRANT PRIVILEGE Statement

SYNTAX

grant privilege statement ::=

GRANT { privilege [, privilege ], ... | ALL [ PRIVILEGES] }
ON table_name
TO { user_name [, user_name ] , ... | PUBLIC }
[WITH GRANT OPTION] ;

D–21
Statements, DDL and DML Syntax in BNF

PRIVILEGE
SYNTAX

privilege ::=
{ SELECT | INSERT | DELETE | INDEX
|UPDATE [ ( column , column , ... ) ]
| REFERENCES [ ( column , column , ... ) ] }

INSERT Statement
SYNTAX

insert statement ::=

INSERT INTO [ owner_name.]
{table_name |view_name }
[ ( column_name [, column_name ] , ... ) ]
{ VALUES ( value [, value ] ,... ) | query_expression } ;

See also the Query Expressions Syntax in BNF.

LOCK TABLE Statement

SYNTAX

lock table statement ::=

LOCK TABLE table_name [, table_name ] , ... IN { SHARE | EXCLUSIVE } MODE ;

OPEN Statement
SYNTAX

open ::=
EXEC SQL OPEN cursor_name
[ USING { [ SQL ] DESCRIPTOR structure_name
| :host_variable [[ INDICATOR ] :ind_variable ] , ... }
] ;

PREPARE Statement
SYNTAX

prepare ::=
EXEC SQL PREPARE statement_name FROM statement_string ;

D–22
 Statements, DDL and DML Syntax in BNF

REVOKE RESOURCE, DBA Statement

SYNTAX

revoke resource, dba statement ::=

REVOKE { RESOURCE | DBA }
FROM { user_name [ , user_name ] ,... } ;

REVOKE PRIVILEGE Statement

SYNTAX

revoke privilege statement ::=

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ privilege [, privilege , ] , ... | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON table_name
FROM { user_name [ , user_name ] , ... | PUBLIC }
[ RESTRICT | CASCADE ] ;

PRIVILEGE Syntax
SYNTAX

privilege ::=
{ SELECT | INSERT | DELETE | INDEX
|UPDATE [ ( column , column , ... ) ]
| REFERENCES [ ( column , column , ... ) ]}

ROLLBACK Statement
SYNTAX

rollback statement ::=

ROLLBACK [ WORK ] ;

D–23
Statements, DDL and DML Syntax in BNF

SELECT Statement
SYNTAX

select statement ::=

query_expression
ORDER BY { expr | } [ ASC | DESC ]
posn
[ , { expr | posn} [ ASC | DESC ] , ... ]
FOR UPDATE [ OF [ table.]column_name , ... ] [ NOWAIT ]
;

See also section Query Expressions Syntax in BNF.

SET CONNECTION Statement

SYNTAX

set connection statement ::=

SET CONNECTION { ’connection_name’ | DEFAULT } ;

SET SCHEMA Statement

SYNTAX

set schema statement ::=

SET SCHEMA { ’string_literal’ | ? | :host_var | USER }

SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL Statement

SYNTAX

set transaction isolation level statement ::=

SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL isolation_level_name ;

ISOLATION LEVEL NAME

SYNTAX

isolation_level_name ::=
READ UNCOMMITTED | READ COMMITTED | REPEATABLE READ | SERIALIZABLE

D–24
 Statements, DDL and DML Syntax in BNF

UPDATE Statement
SYNTAX

update statement ::=

UPDATE table_name
SET assignment [,assignment ], ... [ WHERE search_condition ] ;

ASSIGNMENT CLAUSE
SYNTAX

assignment ::=
column = { expr | NULL }
| ( column [, column ], ... ) = ( expr [, expr ], ... )
| ( column [, column ], ... ) = ( query_expression )

UPDATE STATISTICS Statement

SYNTAX

update statistics statement ::=

UPDATE STATISTICS [ FOR table_name ]

WHENEVER Statement

SYNTAX

whenever ::=
EXEC SQL WHENEVER
{ NOT FOUND | SQLERROR | SQLWARNING }
{ STOP | CONTINUE |{ GOTO | GO TO } host_lang_label } ;

D–25
Statements, DDL and DML Syntax in BNF

D–26
 E
Compliance with Industry Standards

This appendix identifies the level of ANSI SQL-92 compliance and ODBC SQL Grammar
compliance for Progress SQL-92 statements, and the SQL-92 and ODBC compatibility for
Progress SQL-92 scalar functions.

• Scalar Functions

• SQL-92 DDL and DML Statements

Scalar Functions

Scalar Functions
This section listsProgress SQL-92 scalar functions. Table E–1 identifies the compatibility of the
function as SQL-92 compatible, ODBC compatible, or a Progress extension.

Table E–1: Compatibility of SQL-92 Scalar Functions (1 of 5)

Progress
Scalar Function SQL-92 ODBC Notes
Extension

ABS – √ – –

ACOS – √ – –

ADD_MONTHS – – √ –

ASCII – √ – –

ASIN – √ – –

ATAN – √ – –

ATAN2 – √ – –

CAST √ – – –

CEILING – √ – –

CHAR – √ – –

CHR – – √ –

COALESCE √ – – –

CONCAT – √ – –

CONVERT – √ – Requires ODBC

escape clause – { fn }

CONVERT – – √ Not compatible with

ODBC CONVERT

COS – √ – –

CURDATE – √ – –

E–2
 Scalar Functions

Table E–1: Compatibility of SQL-92 Scalar Functions (2 of 5)

Progress
Scalar Function SQL-92 ODBC Notes
Extension

CURTIME – √ – –

DATABASE – √ – –

DAYNAME – √ – –

DAYOFMONTH – √ – –

DAYOFWEEK – √ – –

DAYOFYEAR – √ – –

DB_NAME – – √ –

DECODE – – √ –

DEGREES – √ – –

EXP – √ – –

FLOOR – √ – –

GREATEST – – √ –

HOUR – √ – –

IFNULL – √ – –

INITCAP – – √ –

INSERT – √ – –

INSTR – – √ –

LAST_DAY – – √ –

LCASE – √ – –

LEAST – – √ –

LEFT – √ – –

E–3
Scalar Functions

Table E–1: Compatibility of SQL-92 Scalar Functions (3 of 5)

Progress
Scalar Function SQL-92 ODBC Notes
Extension

LENGTH – √ – –

LOCATE – √ – –

LOG10 – √ – –

LOWER √ – – –

LPAD – – √ –

LTRIM – √ – –

MINUTE – √ – –

MOD – √ – –

MONTH – √ – –

MONTHNAME – √ – –

MONTHS_BETWEEN – – √ –

NEXT_DAY – – √ –

NOW – √ – –

NULLIF √ – – –

NVL – √ –

PI – √ – –

POWER – – √ –

PREFIX – – √ –

PRO_ARR_DESCAPE – – √ –

PRO_ARR_ESCAPE – – √ –

PRO_ELEMENT – – √ –

E–4
 Scalar Functions

Table E–1: Compatibility of SQL-92 Scalar Functions (4 of 5)

Progress
Scalar Function SQL-92 ODBC Notes
Extension

QUARTER – √ – –

RADIAN – √ – –

RAND – √ – –

REPEAT – √ – –

REPLACE – √ – –

RIGHT – √ – –

ROUND – – √ –

ROWID – – √ –

RPAD – – √ –

RTRIM – √ – –

SECOND – √ – –

SIGN – √ – –

SIN – √ – –

SQRT – √ – –

SUBSTR – – √ –

SUBSTRING – √ – –

SUFFIX – – √ –

SYSDATE – – √ –

SYSTIME – – √ –

SYSTIMESTAMP – – √ –

TAN – √ – –

E–5
Scalar Functions

Table E–1: Compatibility of SQL-92 Scalar Functions (5 of 5)

Progress
Scalar Function SQL-92 ODBC Notes
Extension

TO_CHAR – – √ –

TO_DATE – – √ –

TO_NUMBER – – √ –

TO_TIME – – √ –

TO_TIMESTAMP – – √ –

TRANSLATE – – √ –

UCASE – √ – –

UPPER √ – – –

USER √ √ √ –

WEEK – √ – –

YEAR – √ – –

E–6
 SQL-92 DDL and DML Statements

SQL-92 DDL and DML Statements

This section lists Progress SQL-92 DDL and DML Statements. Table E–2 identifies the
compliance of each statement as SQL-92, a level of ODBC SQL Grammar, or as a Progress
extension.

Table E–2: Compliance of SQL-92 DDL and DML Statements (1 of 4)

ODBC
SQL-92 Progress
SQL-92 SQL Notes
Statement Extension
Grammar

ALTER USER – – √ –

CALL – Extended – Must enclose

in an ODBC
escape clause
{ fn }

BEGIN-END √ – – Compliant if C
DECLARE Language
SECTION types used
Embedded
SQL-92 only

CLOSE √ – – Embedded
SQL-92 only

COMMIT √ – – –

CONNECT √ – USING password –

CREATE INDEX – Core AREA area_name –

CREATE – Core √ –
PROCEDURE

CREATE – – √ –
SYNONYM

CREATE TABLE √ Minimum AREA AS –

query_expression

CREATE – Core √ –
TRIGGER

E–7
SQL-92 DDL and DML Statements

Table E–2: Compliance of SQL-92 DDL and DML Statements (2 of 4)

ODBC
SQL-92 Progress
SQL-92 SQL Notes
Statement Extension
Grammar

CREATE USER – – √ –

CREATE VIEW √ Core – –

DECLARE √ – prepared_stmt_name Embedded

CURSOR SQL-92 only

DELETE √ Extended – –

DESCRIBE √ – – Embedded
SQL-92 only

DISCONNECT √ – – –

DROP INDEX – Core – –

DROP – Core √ –
PROCEDURE

DROP SYNONYM – – √ –

DROP TABLE – Minimum √ –

DROP TRIGGER – – √ –

DROP USER – – √ –

DROP VIEW – Core √ –

EXEC SQL √ – – Embedded

SQL-92 only

EXECUTE √ – – Embedded
SQL-92 only

EXECUTE √ – – Embedded
IMMEDIATE SQL-92 only

FETCH √ – USING DESCRIPTOR Embedded

SQL-92 only

E–8
 SQL-92 DDL and DML Statements

Table E–2: Compliance of SQL-92 DDL and DML Statements (3 of 4)

ODBC
SQL-92 Progress
SQL-92 SQL Notes
Statement Extension
Grammar

GET – – √ Embedded
DIAGNOSTICS SQL-92 only

GRANT √ Core INDEX –

RESOURCE
DBA

INSERT √ Core – –

LOCK TABLE – – √ –

OPEN √ – USING DESCRIPTOR Embedded

SQL-92 only

PREPARE √ – – Embedded
SQL-92 only

REVOKE √ Core INDEX –

RESOURCE
DBA

ROLLBACK √ – – –

SELECT √ Extended FOR UPDATE –

SET √ – – –
CONNECTION

SET SCHEMA √ – – –

SET – – √ –
TRANSACTION
ISOLATION
LEVEL

UPDATE √ Extended assignments of form: –

( column, column )
= ( expr, expr )

E–9
SQL-92 DDL and DML Statements

Table E–2: Compliance of SQL-92 DDL and DML Statements (4 of 4)

ODBC
SQL-92 Progress
SQL-92 SQL Notes
Statement Extension
Grammar

UPDATE – – √ –
STATISTICS

WHENEVER √ – SQLWARNING Embedded

STOP ACTION
SQL-92 only

E–10
 Glossary
Add [ an ODBC Data Source ]
Makes a data source available to ODBC through the Add operation of the ODBC
Administrator utility. Adding a data source tells ODBC where a specific database resides
and which ODBC driver to use to access it. Adding a data source also invokes a setup
dialog box for the particular driver so you can provide other details the driver needs to
connect to the database.
Alias
A temporary name for a table or column specified in the FROM clause of an SQL query
expression. Also called Correlation Name. Derived tables and search conditions that join
a table with itself must specify an alias. Once a query specifies an alias, references to the
table or column must use the alias and not the underlying table or column name.
Applet
A special kind of Java program that a Java-enabled browser can download over the
network and execute.
ASCII
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange) seven-bit character set that
provides 128 character combinations.
Bytecode
Machine-independent code generated by a Java compiler and executed by a Java
interpreter.
Cardinality
Number of rows in a result table.
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

Cartesian Product
Also called Cross-Product. In a query expression, the result table generated when a
FROM clause lists more than one table but specifies no join conditions. In such a case, the
result table is formed by combining every row of every table with all other rows in all
tables. Typically, Cartesian products are not useful and are slow to process.
Client
Generally, in client server systems, the part of the system that sends requests to Servers
and receives the results produced by acting on those requests.
Collation
The rules used to control how character strings in a character set compare with each other.
Each character set specifies a collating sequence that defines relative values of each
character for comparing, merging, and sorting character strings.
Column Alias
An alias specified for a column. See Alias.
Constraint
Part of an SQL table definition that restricts the values that can be stored in a table. When
you insert, delete, or update column values, the constraint checks the new values against
the conditions specified by the constraint. If the value violates the constraint, it generates
an error. Along with Triggers, constraints enforce Referential Integrity by ensuring that
a value stored in the foreign key of a table must either be null or be equal to some value in
the matching unique or primary key of another table.
Correlation Name
Another term for Alias.
Cross Product
Another term for Cartesian Product.
Data Dictionary
Another term for System Catalog.
Data Source
See ODBC Data Source.
Derived Table
A Virtual Table specified as a query expression in the FROM clause of another query
expression.

Glossary–2
 Glossary

Driver Manager
See JDBC Driver Manager and ODBC Driver Manager.
Form of Use
The storage format for characters in a character set. Some character sets, such as ASCII,
require one byte (Octet) for each character. Others, such as Unicode, use multiple bytes,
and are called multi-octet character sets.
Java Snippet
See Snippet.
JDBC
(Java Database Connectivity) A database-independent SQL interface that allows Java
programs to access relational databases. JDBC is quite similar to ODBC.
JDBC Driver
Database-specific software that receives calls from the JDBC Driver Manager, translates
them into a form that a database server can process, and then returns data to the
application.
JDBC Driver Manager
A Java class that implements methods to route calls from a JDBC application to the
appropriate JDBC Driver for a particular JDBC URL.
Join
A relational operation that combines data from two tables.
Input Parameter
In a Stored Procedure specification, an argument that an application must pass when it
calls the stored procedure. In an SQL statement, a Parameter Marker in the statement
string that acts as a placeholder for a value that will be substituted when the statement
executes.
Interface
In Java, a definition of a set of methods that one or more objects will implement. Interfaces
declare only methods and constants, not variables.
Metadata
Data that describes the objects (tables, columns, views, and indexes) that are stored in the
database. Metadata is “data about data.” It is stored in a collection of tables called System
Tables.

Glossary–3
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

Octet
A group of eight bits. Synonymous with byte, and often used in descriptions of character
set encoding format.
ODBC Application
Any program that calls ODBC functions and uses them to issue SQL statements.
ODBC Data Source
In ODBC terminology, a specific combination of a database system, the operating system
it uses, and any network software required to access it. Before applications can access a
database through ODBC, you use the ODBC Administrator to add a data source-register
information about the database and an ODBC driver that can connect to it-for that
database. More than one data source name can refer to the same database, and deleting a
data source does not delete the associated database.
ODBC Driver
Software that processes ODBC function calls for a specific data source. The driver
connects to the data source, translates the standard SQL statements into syntax the data
source can process, and returns data to the application. Progress SQL-92 includes an
ODBC Driver.
ODBC Driver Manager
A Microsoft-supplied program that routes calls from an application to the appropriate
ODBC driver for a data source.
Output Parameter
In a stored procedure specification, an argument in which the stored procedure returns a
value after it executes.
Package
A group of related Java classes and interfaces, like a class library in C++. The Java
development environment includes many packages of classes that procedures can import.
The Java run-time system automatically imports the java.lang package. Stored
procedures must explicitly import other classes by specifying them in the IMPORT clause
of a CREATE PROCEDURE statement.

Glossary–4
 Glossary

Parameter Marker
A question mark (?) character in a procedure call or SQL statement string that acts as a
placeholder for a parameter’s value. The actual value for the input or output parameter will
be supplied at run time when the procedure executes. The CALL statement (or
corresponding ODBC or JDBC escape clause) uses parameter markers to pass parameters
to stored procedures, and the SQLIStatement, SQLPStatement, and SQLCursor objects use
them within procedures.
Primary Key
A subset of the columns in a table, characterized by the constraint that no two records in a
table can have the same primary key value, and that no columns of the primary key can
have a null value. Primary keys are specified in a CREATE TABLE statement.
Procedure Body
In a Stored Procedure, the Java code between the BEGIN and END keywords of a
CREATE PROCEDURE statement.
Procedure Result Set
In a stored procedure, a set of data rows returned to the calling application. The number
and data types of columns in the procedure result set are specified in the RESULT clause
of the CREATE PROCEDURE statement. The procedure can transfer data from an SQL
Result Set to the procedure result set or it can store data generated internally. A stored
procedure can have only one procedure result set.
Procedure Specification
In a CREATE PROCEDURE statement, the clauses preceding the procedure body that
specify the procedure name, any input and output parameters, any result set columns, and
any Java packages to import.
Procedure Variable
A Java variable declared within the body of a stored procedure, as compared to a
procedure Input Parameter or Output Parameter, which are declared outside the
procedure body and are visible to the application that calls the stored procedure.
Query Expression
An important element of the SQL languages. Query expressions specify a result table
derived from some combination of rows from the tables or views identified in the FROM
clause of the expression. Query expressions are the basis of the SELECT, UPDATE,
DELETE, and INSERT statements, and can be used in some expressions and search
conditions.

Glossary–5
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

Referential Integrity
The condition where the value stored in a database table’s foreign key must either be null
or be equal to some value in another table’s matching unique or primary key. SQL
provides two mechanisms to enforce referential integrity: constraints specified as part of
CREATE TABLE statements prevent updates that violate referential integrity, and
Triggers specified in CREATE TRIGGER statements execute a stored procedure to
enforce referential integrity.
Repertoire
The set of characters allowed in a character set.
Result Set
In a Stored Procedure, either an SQL Result Set or a Procedure Result Set.
More generally, another term for Result Table.
Result Table
A virtual table of values derived from columns and rows of one or more tables that meet
conditions specified by an SQL query expression.
Row Identifier
Another term for Tuple identifier.
Search Condition
The SQL syntax element that specifies a condition that is true or false about a given row
or group of rows. Query expressions and UPDATE statements can specify a search
condition. The search condition restricts the number of rows in the result table for the
query expression or UPDATE statement. Search conditions contain one or more
predicates. Search conditions follow the WHERE or HAVING keywords in SQL
statements.
Selectivity
The fraction of a table’s rows returned by a query.
Server
Generally, in client server systems, the part of the system that receives requests from
Clients and responds by sending back the results produced by acting on them.
Snippet
In a stored procedure, the sequence of Java statements between the BEGIN and END
keywords in the CREATE PROCEDURE (or CREATE TRIGGER) statement. The Java
statements become a method in a class that SQL creates and submits to the Java compiler.

Glossary–6
 Glossary

SQL Diagnostics Area

A data structure that contains information about the execution status (success, error, or
warning conditions) of the most recent SQL statement. The SQL-92 standard specified the
diagnostics area as a standardized alternative to widely varying implementations of the
SQLCA. Progress SQL-92 supports both the SQLCA and the SQL diagnostics area. The
SQL GET DIAGNOSTICS statement returns information about the diagnostics area to an
application, including the value of the SQLSTATE status parameter.
SQLCA
SQL Communications area. A data structure that contains information about the execution
status (success, error, or warning conditions) of the most recent SQL statement. The
SQLCA includes an SQLCODE field. The SQLCA provides the same information as the
SQL diagnostics area, but is not compliant with the SQL-92 standard. Progress SQL-92
supports both the SQLCA and the SQL diagnostics area.
SQLCODE
An integer status parameter whose value indicates the condition status returned by the
most recent SQL statement. An SQLCODE value of zero means success, a positive value
means warning, and a negative value means an error status. SQLCODE is superseded by
SQLSTATE in the SQL-92 standard. Applications declare either SQLSTATE or
SQLCODE, or both. SQL returns the status to SQLSTATE or SQLCODE after execution
of each SQL statement.
SQL Result Set
In a stored procedure, the set of data rows generated by an SQL statement (SELECT and,
in some cases, CALL).
SQLSTATE
A five-character status parameter whose value indicates the condition status returned by
the most recent SQL statement. SQLSTATE is specified by the SQL-92 standard as a
replacement for the SQLCODE status parameter (which was part of SQL-89).
SQLSTATE defines many more specific error conditions than SQLCODE, which allows
applications to implement more portable error handling. Applications declare either
SQLSTATE or SQLCODE, or both. SQL returns the status to SQLSTATE or
SQLCODE after execution of each SQL statement.
Stored Procedure
A snippet of Java source code embedded in an SQL CREATE PROCEDURE statement.
The source code can use all standard Java features as well as use Progress
SQL-92-supplied Java classes for processing any number of SQL statements.

Glossary–7
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

System Catalog
Tables created by SQL to store descriptions of objects (tables, columns, views, and
indexes) that are stored in the database.
System Table
Another term for System Catalog.
Tid
Another term for Tuple Identifier.
Transaction
A group of operations whose changes can be made permanent or undone only as a unit.
Trigger
A special type of Stored Procedure that helps ensure referential integrity for a database.
Like stored procedures, triggers also contain Java source code (embedded in a CREATE
TRIGGER statement) and use Progress SQL-92 Java classes. However, triggers are
automatically invoked (“fired”) by certain SQL operations (an insert, update, or delete
operation) on the trigger’s target table.
Trigger Action Time
The BEFORE or AFTER keywords in a CREATE TRIGGER statement. The trigger
action time specifies whether the actions implemented by the Trigger execute before or
after the triggering INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement.
Trigger Event
The statement that causes a trigger to execute. Trigger events can be SQL INSERT,
UPDATE, or DELETE statements that affect the table for which a trigger is defined.
Triggered Action
The Java code within the BEGIN END clause of a CREATE TRIGGER statement. The
code implements actions to be completed when a triggering statement specifies the target
table.
Tuple Identifier
A unique identifier for a tuple (row) in a table. The SQL scalar function ROWID and
related functions return tuple identifiers to applications.

Glossary–8
 Glossary

Unicode
A superset of the ASCII character set that uses multiple bytes for each character rather
than ASCII’s seven-bit representation. Able to handle 65,536 character combinations
instead of ASCII’s 128, Unicode includes alphabets for many of the world’s languages.
The first 128 codes of Unicode are identical to ASCII, with a second-byte value of zero.
View
A Virtual Table that re-creates the result table specified by a SELECT statement. No data
is stored in a view, but other queries can refer to it as if it were a table containing data
corresponding to the result table it specifies.
Virtual Table
A table of values that is not physically stored in a database, but instead derived from
columns and rows of other tables. SQL generates virtual tables in its processing of query
expressions: the FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, and HAVING clauses each generate a
virtual table based on their input.
Virtual Machine
The Java specification for a hardware-independent and portable language environment.
Java language compilers generate code that can execute on a virtual machine.
Implementations of the Java virtual machine for specific hardware and software platforms
allow the same compiled code to execute without modification.

Glossary–9
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

Glossary–10
 Index

Symbols ACOS scalar function 4–10

ADD_MONTHS scalar function 4–12

! relational operators 2–31
Aggregate functions
{ d } escape clause for ODBC date literals
AVG 4–4
2–45
COUNT 4–5
{ t } escape clause for ODBC time literals MAX 4–6
2–47 MIN 4–7
SUM 4–8
{ ts } escape clause for ODBC timestamp
Alias
literals 2–49
definition Glossary–1
Aliases 2–17, 2–38, 3–103, 3–104
Numbers column aliases 2–17, 3–104
4GL issues ALL argument to SELECT clause 2–15
ARRAY data type C–3 to C–11
corresponding SQL-92 data types C–2 ALTER USER statement 3–3
data type mapping C–2
AND logical operator 2–30

A Applet
definition Glossary–1
ABS scalar function 4–9 Arithmetic expressions
date 2–40
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

ARRAY data type C–3 to C–11 Basic predicates 2–32

PRO_ARR_DESCAPE function C–6 query expressions in 2–32
PRO_ARR_ESCAPE function C–4 to
C–5 BEGIN clause of CREATE PROCEDURE
PRO_ELEMENT function C–3 to C–4 statement 3–19
unsubscripted array references C–7 to
C–8 BEGIN clause of CREATE TRIGGER
unsubscripted array updates and inserts statement 3–29
C–8 to C–9
BETWEEN predicate 2–33
updating a single array element C–9 to
C–10 BINARY data type 2–11
Ascending indexes 3–17 BIT data type 2–11
ASCII
BNF, See also Backus Naur Form
definition Glossary–1
Bold typeface
ASCII scalar function 4–13
as typographical convention xix
ASIN scalar function (arcsine) 4–14
Bytecode
Assigning NULL Values definition Glossary–1
wasNULL Java method 5–28
ATAN scalar function 4–16 C
ATAN2 scalar function 4–17 CALL statement 3–6

Audience xvii Cardinality

definition Glossary–1
Authentication
ALTER USER statement 3–3 Cartesian Product 2–24
CREATE USER statement 3–36 definition Glossary–2
DROP USER statement 3–62
Cascading deletes
Automatic archiving using triggers for 5–38
using triggers for 5–38
Cascading updates
AVG aggregate function 4–4 using triggers for 5–38
CASE scalar function 4–19
B
CAST scalar function 2–40, 4–23
Backus Naur Form (BNF) D–1 to D–25
CEILING scalar function 4–24
Data types syntax D–2 to D–3
DDL statements syntax D–12 to D–25 CHAR scalar function 4–25
DML statements syntax D–12 to D–25
Expressions syntax D–4 to D–5 CHARACTER data type 2–6
Literals syntax D–6
Query expressions syntax D–7 to D–9 Character string literals 2–44
Search conditions syntax D–10 to D–11

Index–2
 Index

CHR scalar function 4–26 Connecting to a database

using SQL Explorer 1–9
Class condition
in error message A–8 Connection management
CONNECT statement 3–14
Client DISCONNECT statement 3–50
definition Glossary–2 SET CONNECTION statement 3–112
close Java method 6–3 Constants 2–43
COALESCE scalar function 4–27 Constraint
definition Glossary–2
Collation
definition Glossary–2 Constraints
candidate key 3–10
Column Alias column constraints in CREATE TABLE
definition Glossary–2 3–9
Column aliases 2–17, 3–104 explicitly naming 3–9
foreign key 3–9
Column constraint in CREATE TABLE 3–9 primary key 3–9
REFERENCES clause 3–10
Column names 2–3, 2–17, 2–38, 3–103, referential 3–10
3–104 table constraint in CREATE TABLE
aliases in FROM clause 2–17, 3–104 3–119
in GROUP BY clause of query unique key 3–10
expressions 2–18
in indexes 3–17 Controlling format of date-time values 2–50
in procedure result sets 3–20 Conventional Identifiers 2–3
in tables 3–26
CONVERT scalar function (extension)
Column titles 2–16, 3–100
4–30
COMMIT statement 3–12
CONVERT scalar function (ODBC) 4–29
CONCAT scalar function 4–28
Correlation Name
Conditional expressions 2–42 definition Glossary–2
CASE 2–42
Correlation names 2–17, 2–38, 3–103,
COALESCE 2–42, 4–27
DECODE 2–42, 4–41 3–104
IFNULL 2–42, 4–48 COS scalar function 4–32
INSERT 4–50
NULLIF 2–42, 4–72 COUNT aggregate function 4–5
subset of scalar functions 2–42
summary 2–42 CREATE INDEX statement 3–17
CONNECT statement 3–14 CREATE PROCEDURE statement 3–19,
5–8 to 5–11

CREATE SYNONYM statement 3–23

Index–3
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

CREATE TABLE statement 3–25 to 3–28 Data Types

column constraint 3–9 support for (continued)
DEFAULT clause 3–26 DECIMAL 2–9
table constraint 3–119 DOUBLE PRECISION 2–10
FLOAT 2–10
CREATE TRIGGER statement 3–29 INTEGER 2–8
NUMBER 2–8
CREATE USER statement 3–36 NUMERIC 2–8
CREATE VIEW statement 3–38 REAL 2–10
SMALLINT 2–8
CROSS JOIN syntax 2–24 TIME 2–11
TIMESTAMP 2–11
Cross Product TINYINT 2–8
definition Glossary–2 VARCHAR 2–7

CURDATE scalar function 4–33 Data Types syntax

Backus Naur Form (BNF) D–2 to D–3
CURTIME scalar function 4–34
Data Types, mapping SQL to Java data
types 5–20
D
DATABASE scalar function 4–35
Data Dictionary
definition Glossary–2 Date arithmetic expressions 2–40

Data type compatibility DATE data type 2–10

SQL-92 and earlier versions C–1 to C–2 Date format strings 2–51
Data type conversion
Date literals
between SQL and Java types 5–18
ODBC escape clause 2–45
Data Types
Date-time functions
4GLmapping to SQL-92 C–2
ADD_MONTHS 4–12
categories of
CURDATE 4–33
approximate numeric 2–10 CURTIME 4–34
bit-string 2–11
DAYNAME 4–36
character 2–6
DAYOFMONTH 4–37
date-time 2–10 DAYOFWEEK 4–38
exact numeric 2–8
DAYOFYEAR 4–39
in column definitions 3–26
HOUR 4–47
of stored procedure parameters 3–20 LAST_DAY 4–54
of stored procedure result set columns
MINUTE 4–65
3–20
MONTH 4–67
support for MONTHNAME 4–68
ARRAY C–3
MONTHS_BETWEEN 4–69
BINARY 2–11
NEXT_DAY 4–70
BIT 2–11 NOW 4–71
CHARACTER 2–6
QUARTER 4–79
DATE 2–10
SECOND 4–92

Index–4
 Index

Date-time functions (continued) DhSQLException Java class 6–6 to 6–8

SYSDATE 4–100
SYSTIME 4–101 DhSQLResultSet Java class 6–9 to 6–12
SYSTIMESTAMP 4–102
TO_DATE 4–105 Diagnostics Area
TO_TIMESTAMP 4–107, 4–108 GET DIAGNOSTICS statement 3–73
WEEK 4–114 DISCONNECT statement 3–50
YEAR 4–115
DISTINCT argument to SELECT clause
Date-time literals 2–44
2–15
DAYNAME scalar function 4–36
DML statements syntax
DAYOFMONTH scalar function 4–37 Backus Naur Form (BNF) D–12 to D–25

DAYOFWEEK scalar function 4–38 DOUBLE PRECISION data type 2–10

DAYOFYEAR scalar function 4–39 DROP INDEX statement 3–54

DB_NAME scalar function 4–40 DROP PROCEDURE statement 3–56, 5–14

DBA privilege DROP SYNONYM statement 3–57

creating a stored procedure 5–14
DROP TABLE statement 3–59 to 3–60,
granting 3–79
revoking 3–94 3–62

DDL statements syntax DROP TRIGGER statement 3–61

Backus Naur Form (BNF) D–12 to D–25 DROP USER statement 3–62
DECIMAL data type 2–9
DROP VIEW statement 3–63
DECODE scalar function 4–41

DEFAULT clause of CREATE TABLE E

statement 3–26
Equi-joins 2–25
DEGREES scalar function 4–43
err Java method 6–5
DELETE privilege
granting 3–79 Error code
in error message A–8
DELETE statement 3–44
Error handling
Delimited Identifiers 2–4 in stored procedures 5–30
Derived Table 2–17, 3–104 Error messages A–8
column aliases for 2–17, 3–104 class condition A–8
definition Glossary–2 error code A–8
SQLSTATE value A–8
Descending indexes 3–17 subclass message A–8

Index–5
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

Escape clause Functions 4–1 to 4–115

{ d } date literals 2–45 aggregate functions 4–4 to 4–8
{ t } time literals 2–47 definition 4–1
in LIKE predicate 2–34 AVG 4–4
ODBC date literals 2–45 COUNT 4–5
ODBC time literals 2–47 MAX 4–6
ODBC timestamp literals 2–49 MIN 4–7
SUM 4–8
Exact numeric data types 2–8 scalar functions 4–9 to 4–115
definition 4–1
EXCLUSIVE MODE locking 3–84 ABS 4–9
execute Java method 6–2 ACOS 4–10
ADD_MONTHS 4–12
EXISTS predicate 2–35 ASCII 4–13
ASIN (arcsine) 4–14
EXP scalar function 4–44 ATAN 4–16
ATAN2 4–17
Expressions 2–37 CASE 4–19
comparing with relational operators 2–31 CAST 2–40, 4–23
conditional 2–42 CEILING 4–24
date arithmetic 2–40 CHAR 4–25
numeric arithmetic 2–39 CHR 4–26
COALESCE 4–27
Expressions syntax CONCAT 4–28
Backus Naur Form (BNF) D–4 to D–5 CONVERT (extension) 4–30
CONVERT (ODBC) 4–29
COS 4–32
F CURDATE 4–33
CURTIME 4–34
fetch Java method 6–3 DATABASE 4–35
DAYNAME 4–36
FLOAT data type 2–10
DAYOFMONTH 4–37
FLOOR scalar function 4–45 DAYOFWEEK 4–38
DAYOFYEAR 4–39
Format strings DB_NAME 4–40
date 2–51 DECODE 4–41
date-time values 2–50 DEGREES 4–43
TIME 2–53 EXP 4–44
using TO_CHAR function to specify FLOOR 4–45
4–104 GREATEST 4–46
HOUR 4–47
found Java method 6–3 IFNULL 4–48
INITCAP 4–49
FROM clause of query expression 2–16, INSERT 4–50
3–103 INSTR 4–52
query expressions in 2–17, 3–104 LAST_DAY 4–54
LCASE 4–55
LEAST 4–56
LEFT 4–57

Index–6
 Index

Functions Functions
scalar functions (continued) scalar functions (continued)
LENGTH 4–58 USER 4–113
LOCATE 4–59 WEEK 4–114
LOG10 4–60 YEAR 4–115
LOWER 4–61
LPAD 4–62
LTRIM 4–64 G
MINUTE 4–65
MOD 4–66 GET DIAGNOSTICS statement 3–73
MONTH 4–67
MONTHNAME 4–68 getDiagnostics Java method 5–30
MONTHS_BETWEEN 4–69
getValue Java method 6–4
NEXT_DAY 4–70
NOW 4–71 GRANT statement 3–79
NULLIF 4–72
NVL 4–73 GREATEST scalar function 4–46
PI 4–74
POWER 4–75 GROUP BY clause of query expression
PREFIX 4–76 2–18
QUARTER 4–79
RADIANS 4–80
RAND 4–81 H
REPEAT 4–82
REPLACE 4–83 HAVING clause of query expression 2–19,
RIGHT 4–84 3–108
ROUND 4–85 to 4–87
ROWID 4–88 HOUR scalar function 4–47
RPAD 4–89
RTRIM 4–91
SECOND 4–92 I
SIGN 4–93
SIN 4–94 Identifiers 2–3 to 2–5
SQRT 4–95 conventional 2–3
SUBSTR 4–96 delimited 2–4
SUBSTRING 4–97 row 4–88
SUFFIX 4–98
SYSDATE 4–100 IFNULL scalar function 4–48
SYSTIME 4–101
SYSTIMESTAMP 4–102 Immediate execution
TAN 4–103 SQLIStatement 5–21
TO_CHAR 4–104
IMPORT clause
TO_DATE 4–105
CREATE PROCEDURE statement
TO_NUMBER 4–106
TO_TIME 4–107 3–19, 5–10
CREATE TRIGGER statement 3–29
TO_TIMESTAMP 4–108
TRANSLATE 4–109 IN predicate 2–36
UCASE 4–111 query expressions in 2–36
UPPER 4–112

Index–7
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

Index names 3–17 Internationalization

specific elements (continued)
INDEX privilege LEAST function 4–56
granting 3–79 LEFT function 4–57
LENGTH function 4–58
INITCAP scalar function 4–49
LIKE predicate 2–35
INOUT and OUT parameters LOCATE function 4–59
LPAD function 4–63
in Java stored procedures 5–32
LTRIM function 4–64
Input parameter PREFIX function 4–77
definition Glossary–3 REPEAT function 4–82
REPLACE function 4–83
Input parameters RIGHT function 4–84
to stored procedures 5–17 RPAD function 4–91
RTRIM function 4–90
insert Java method 6–4 SUBSTR function 4–96
SUBSTRING function 4–97
INSERT privilege SUFFIX function 4–99
granting 3–79 UCASE function 4–111
INSERT scalar function 4–50 UPPER function 4–112
Internationalization, general considerations
INSERT statement 3–82
for 1–5
query expressions in 3–82
INSTR scalar function 4–52 INTERSECT set operator 2–20

Italic typeface
INTEGER data type 2–8
as typographical convention xix
Interface, in Java
definition Glossary–3
J
Internationalization
CHAR and CHR functions 4–26 Java class reference 6–2 to 6–5
character string literals 2–44
date-time literals 2–44 Java classes
language elements 2–2 DhSQLException 5–30, 6–6 to 6–8
relational operators 2–32 DhSQLResultSet 5–25, 6–9 to 6–12
specific elements SQLCursor 5–23, 5–25, 6–13 to 6–25
ASCII function 4–13 SQLIStatement 6–26 to 6–30
CHAR and CHR functions 4–25 SQLPStatement 6–31 to 6–35
CHARACTER and VARCHAR data using 5–15
types 2–7
Java classes, summary
CONCAT function 4–28
CONVERT function 4–31 DhSQLException 5–7
DhSQLResultSet 5–7
GREATEST function 4–46
SQLCursor 5–7
INITCAP function 4–49
INSERT function 4–51 SQLIStatement 5–7
SQLPStatement 5–7
INSTR function 4–53
LCASE function 4–55

Index–8
 Index

Java code Joining tables 2–17, 2–18, 3–104, 3–106

CREATE PROCEDURE statement 3–19 aliases 2–17, 3–103, 3–104
CREATE TRIGGER statement 3–29 Cartesian product 2–24
CROSS JOIN syntax 2–24
Java methods equi-joins 2–25
close 6–3 self joins 2–25
err 6–5 specifying search conditions 2–24
execute 6–2
fetch 6–3
found 6–3 K
getDiagnostics 5–30, 6–4
getValue 5–16, 6–4 Keystrokes xix
insert 6–4
log 6–4 Keywords A–2 to A–5
makeNULL 6–2
open 6–3
rowCount 6–3 L
set 6–4
setParam 5–15, 6–2 LAST_DAY scalar function 4–54
wasNULL 6–3
LCASE scalar function 4–55
Java snippet 5–8
LEAST scalar function 4–56
Java stored procedures and triggers 5–1
advantages of 5–2 LEFT scalar function 4–57
calling 5–5
creating 5–3 LENGTH scalar function 4–58
executing 5–5 LIKE predicate 2–34
from SQL Explorer 5–13
INOUT and OUT parameters 5–32 Literals
using 5–6 character string 2–44
Java wrapper types date-time 2–44
numeric 2–43
mapping to SQL data types 5–20
time 2–47
JDBC timestamp 2–49
definition Glossary–3 Literals syntax
JDBC call escape sequence 5–12 Backus Naur Form (BNF) D–6

JDBC CallableStatement 5–13 LOCATE scalar function 4–59

JDBC Driver LOCK TABLE statement 3–84 to 3–87

definition Glossary–3 Locking
JDBC Driver Manager EXCLUSIVE MODE 3–84
definition Glossary–3 SHARE MODE 3–84
table level 3–84
Join
log Java method 6–4
definition Glossary–3

Index–9
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

LOG10 scalar function 4–60 N

Logical operators 2–30
Names
LOWER scalar function 4–61 alias 2–17, 2–38, 3–103, 3–104
column 2–3 to 2–5, 2–17, 2–38, 3–103,
LPAD scalar function 4–62 3–104
column names in indexes 3–17
LTRIM scalar function 4–64 column names in procedure result sets
3–20
correlation 2–17, 2–38, 3–103, 3–104
M index 3–17
procedure 3–19
makeNULL Java method 6–2 table 2–3, 2–17, 2–38, 3–25, 3–103,
3–104
Manual table names in indexes 3–17
organization of xvii trigger 3–29
syntax notation xx view 2–3
MAX aggregate function 4–6 NEWROW objects
passing values to triggers 5–39
Metadata
definition Glossary–3 NEXT_DAY scalar function 4–70
MIN aggregate function 4–7 NOT logical operator 2–30
MINUS set operator 2–20 NOW scalar function 4–71
MINUTE scalar function 4–65 NULL predicate 2–34
MOD scalar function 4–66 Null values
in stored procedures 5–27
Monospaced typeface
wasNULL Java method 5–27
as typographical convention xix
NULLIF scalar function 4–72
MONTH scalar function 4–67
NUMBER data type 2–8
MONTHNAME scalar function 4–68
Numeric arithmetic expressions 2–39
MONTHS_BETWEEN scalar function
4–69 NUMERIC data type 2–8

Numeric literals 2–43

NVL scalar function 4–73

Index–10
 Index

O Output parameters
from stored procedures 5–17
Octet
definition Glossary–4
P
ODBC
SQLExecDirect call 5–12 Package, in Java
definition Glossary–4
ODBC Application
definition Glossary–4 Package, Java 5–10

ODBC call escape sequence 5–12 Parameter declarations

in CREATE PROCEDURE statement
ODBC Data Source 3–20
definition Glossary–4 in CREATE TRIGGER statement 3–29
ODBC Driver Parameter Marker
definition Glossary–4 definition Glossary–5
ODBC Driver Manager PI scalar function 4–74
definition Glossary–4
POWER scalar function 4–75
ODBC escape clause
date literals 2–45 Precision
for timestamp literals 2–49 DECIMAL data type 2–9
time literals 2–47 FLOAT data type 2–10
NUMERIC data type 2–8
OLDROW objects
passing values to triggers 5–39 Predicates
basic 2–32
open Java method 6–3 BETWEEN 2–33
components of search conditions 2–30
Operators EXISTS 2–35
logical 2–30 IN 2–36
relational 2–31 LIKE 2–34
in quantified predicates 2–33 NULL 2–34
set OUTER JOIN 2–36
INTERSECT 2–20 quantified 2–33
MINUS 2–20 relational operators in 2–31
UNION 2–19
PREFIX scalar function 4–76
OR logical operator 2–30
Prepared execution
OUTER JOIN predicate 2–36 SQLPStatement 5–23
Output of date-time values Primary Key
controlling 2–50 definition Glossary–5
Output Parameter Primary key constraint 3–9
definition Glossary–4

Index–11
Progress SQL-92 Guide and Reference

Privilege Query Expressions (continued)

revoking 3–95 in IN predicate 2–36
in quantified predicates 2–33
PRO_ARR_DESCAPE function in search conditions 2–30
support for ARRAY data type C–6 in UPDATE statements 3–123
INTERSECT clause 2–20
PRO_ARR_ESCAPE function
MINUS clause 2–20
support for ARRAY data type C–4 to C–5 SELECT clause 2–15
PRO_ELEMENT function select list 2–16
support for ARRAY data type C–3 to C–4 table references 2–16, 2–17, 3–104
UNION clause 2–19
Procedure Body where allowed 2–14
definition Glossary–5 WHERE clause 2–18

Procedure Result Set 5–10 Query expressions syntax

definition Glossary–5 Backus Naur Form (BNF) D–7 to D–9

Procedure Specification
definition Glossary–5 R
Procedure Variable RADIANS scalar function 4–80
definition Glossary–5
RAND scalar function 4–81
Procedures
CREATE PROCEDURE statement 3–19 REAL data type 2–10
declaring result set columns 3–20
DROP PROCEDURE statement 3–56 REFERENCES clause
names 3–19 foreign key constraint 3–9
referential integrity constraint 3–9
PUBLIC
granting privilege to 3–79 REFERENCES privilege
granting 3–79

Q References to tables in query expressions

2–16
Quantified predicates 2–33 derived tables 2–17, 3–104
query expressions in 2–33 explicit 2–17, 3–103
joined tables 2–17, 3–104
QUARTER scalar function 4–79
Referential constraint 3–10
Query Expression
Referential Integrity
definition Glossary–5
definition Glossary–6
Query Expressions 2–14 to 2–24
Relational operators 2–31
FROM clause 2–16, 3–103
GROUP BY clause 2–18 in quantified predicates 2–33
HAVING clause 2–19, 3–108 REPEAT scalar function 4–82
in basic predicates 2–32
in FROM clause of a query expression Repertoire
2–17, 3–104 definition Glossary–6

Index–12
 Index

REPLACE scalar function 4–83 Scalar functions (continued)

ATAN2 4–17
Reserved words A–2 to A–5 CASE 4–19
CAST 2–40, 4–23
RESOURCE privilege CEILING 4–24
creating a stored procedure 5–14 CHAR 4–25
granting 3–79 CHR 4–26
revoking 3–94 COALESCE 4–27
RESULT clause CONCAT 4–28
CREATE PROCEDURE statement 3–19 CONVERT (extension) 4–30
CONVERT (ODBC) 4–29
Result Set 5–10 COS 4–32
definition Glossary–6 CURDATE 4–33
CURTIME 4–34
Result Table DATABASE 4–35
definition Glossary–6 DAYNAME 4–36
DAYOFMONTH 4–37
REVOKE statement 3–94 DAYOFWEEK 4–38
DAYOFYEAR 4–39
RIGHT scalar function 4–84 DB_NAME 4–40
DECODE 4–41
ROLLBACK statement 3–97
DEGREES 4–43
ROUND scalar function 4–85 to 4–87 EXP 4–44
FLOOR 4–45
Row Identifier GREATEST 4–46
definition Glossary–6 HOUR 4–47
IFNULL 4–48
Row identifiers INITCAP 4–49
ROWID function 4–88 INSERT 4–50
INSTR 4–52
rowcount Java method 6–3 LAST_DAY 4–54
LCASE 4–55
ROWID scalar function 4–88 LEAST 4–56
RPAD scalar function 4–89 LEFT 4–57
LENGTH 4–58
RTRIM scalar function 4–91 LOCATE 4–59
LOG10 4–60
LOWER 4–61
S LPAD 4–62
LTRIM 4–64
Scalar expressions, See also Expressions MINUTE 4–65
MOD 4–66
Scalar functions MONTH 4–67
ABS 4–9 MONTHNAME 4–68
ACOS 4–10 MONTHS_BETWEEN 4–69
ADD_MONTHS 4–12 NEXT_DAY 4–70
ASCII 4–13 NOW 4–71
ASIN (arcsine) 4–14 NULLIF 4–72
ATAN 4–16 NVL 4–73

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Scalar functions (continued) Search conditions 2–30

PI 4–74 in HAVING clause of query expressions
POWER 4–75 2–19, 3–108
PREFIX 4–76 in inner joins 2–25
QUARTER 4–79 in WHERE clause of query expressions
RADIANS 4–80 2–18
RAND 4–81 predicates 2–30
REPEAT 4–82
REPLACE 4–83 Search conditions syntax
RIGHT 4–84 Backus Naur Form (BNF) D–10 to D–11
ROUND 4–85 to 4–87
SECOND scalar function 4–92
ROWID 4–88
RPAD 4–89 SELECT clause of query expression 2–15
RTRIM 4–91
SECOND 4–92 Select list of query expression 2–16
SIGN 4–93
SIN 4–94 SELECT privilege
SQRT 4–95 granting 3–79
SUBSTR 4–96
SUBSTRING 4–97 SELECT statement 3–98 to 3–111
SUFFIX 4–98
SYSDATE 4–100 Selectivity
SYSTIME 4–101 definition Glossary–6
SYSTIMESTAMP 4–102
Self joins 2–25
TAN 4–103
TO_CHAR 4–104 Server
TO_DATE 4–105 definition Glossary–6
TO_NUMBER 4–106
TO_TIME 4–107 SET CONNECTION statement 3–112
TO_TIMESTAMP 4–108
TRANSLATE 4–109 set Java method 6–4
UCASE 4–111
UPPER 4–112 Set operators
USER 4–113 INTERSECT 2–20
WEEK 4–114 MINUS 2–20
YEAR 4–115 UNION 2–19

Scale SET SCHEMA statement 3–114

DECIMAL data type 2–9
NUMERIC data type 2–8 SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION
LEVEL statement 3–116
Search Condition
definition Glossary–6 setParam Java method 6–2

SHARE MODE locking 3–84

SIGN scalar function 4–93

SIN scalar function 4–94

Index–14
 Index

SMALLINT data type 2–8 SQL Explorer (continued)

starting
Snippet, Java in character mode 1–7
definition Glossary–6 on Windows-NT 1–6
SQL Communications Area, See also SQL keywords A–2 to A–5
SQLCA
SQL reserved words A–2 to A–5
SQL Diagnostics Area
definition Glossary–7 SQL Result Set
definition Glossary–7
SQL Explorer 1–6 to 1–19
character mode 1–7 SQL-92
command line syntax 1–7 international standard 1–3
connecting to a database 1–9
character mode 1–9 SQLCA
GUI mode 1–10 definition Glossary–7
exiting 1–7
SQLCODE
including files into history 1–14
parameters definition Glossary–7
-char 1–7 SQLCursor class 5–23
-command 1–8
-db 1–8 SQLCursor Java class 6–13 to 6–25
-H 1–7
-help 1–9 SQLIStatement Java class 6–26 to 6–30
-infile 1–8
-outfile 1–8 SQLPStatement 6–31 to 6–35
-password 1–9
-S 1–7 SQLSTATE A–8
-sqlverbose 1–9 definition Glossary–7
-url 1–8 in error message A–8
-username 1–9 SQRT scalar function 4–95
properties, how to modify 1–14
properties, list of Stored Procedure, Java
autocommit 1–14 definition Glossary–7
columnwidthlimit 1–14
columnwidthmin 1–15 Stored procedures
echo 1–15 See also Java stored procedures
fetchlimit 1–15 calling 5–12
logfile 1–15 calling another stored procedure 5–32
logging 1–16 CREATE PROCEDURE statement 3–19
useurl 1–17 definition 5–2
running a single statement 1–11 deleting 5–13
running in batch mode 1–19 DROP PROCEDURE statement 3–56
running multiple statements 1–13 getting started 5–7
running statements from an input file invoking 5–12
1–13 modifying 5–13
saving statements to a file 1–13 names 3–19
passing values to and from 5–17

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Stored procedures (continued) SYSIDXSTAT system table B–19

passing values to SQL-92 statement 5–15
security 5–14 SYSINDEXES core system table B–8
statement 5–15
structure 5–9 SYSINTSTAT system table B–20
writing 5–11 SYSNUMSTAT system table B–21
Subclass message
SYSPROCBIN system table B–22
in error message A–8
SYSPROCCOLUMNS system table B–23
SUBSTR scalar function 4–96
SYSPROCEDURES system table B–24
SUBSTRING scalar function 4–97
SYSPROCTEXT system table B–25
SUFFIX scalar function 4–98
sysprogress username 1–11
SUM aggregate function 4–8
SYSREALSTAT system table B–26
Summation updates
using triggers for 5–38 SYSSMINTSTAT system table B–27
Synonyms SYSSYNONYMS system table B–28
creating 3–23
dropping 3–57 SYSTABAUTH system table B–29
in FROM clause of query expression
2–17, 3–103 SYSTABLES core system table B–6

Syntax notation xx SYSTABLES_FULL system table B–30 to

B–31
SYSCALCTABLE system table 4–30,
4–66, B–9 SYSTBLSTAT system table B–32

SYSCHARSTAT system table B–10 System Catalog

definition Glossary–8
SYSCOLAUTH system table B–11
System catalog tables B–1 to B–44
SYSCOLSTAT system table B–12
System core tables B–6 to B–8
SYSCOLUMNS core system table B–7
System limits A–6 to A–7
SYSCOLUMNS_FULL system table B–13 max length area name A–6
to B–14 max length check constraint clause A–6
max length column name A–6
SYSDATATYPES system table B–15 max length connect string A–6
max length default value spec A–6
SYSDATE scalar function 4–100 max length error message A–6
SYSDATESTAT system table B–16 max length of SQL statement A–6
max length table name A–6
SYSDBAUTH system table B–17 max length username A–6
max num check constraints A–7
SYSFLOATSTAT system table B–18 max num foreign constraints A–7

Index–16
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System limits (continued) System tables (continued)

max num input params A–7 SYS_REF_CONSTRS B–43
max num nesting levels A–6 SYS_TBL_CONSTRS B–44
max num outer references A–7
max num table refs A–6, A–7 System tables and descriptions B–2 to B–5
max number of columns A–6
SYSTIME scalar function 4–101
max number of procedure args A–6
System Table SYSTIMESTAMP scalar function 4–102
definition Glossary–8 SYSTIMESTAT system table B–33
See also System tables
SYSTINYINTSTAT system table B–34
System tables B–9 to B–44
SYSCALCTABLE B–9 SYSTRIGCOLS system table B–35
SYSCHARSTAT B–10
SYSCOLAUTH B–11 SYSTRIGGER system table B–36
SYSCOLSTAT B–12
SYSCOLUMNS core table B–7 SYSTSSTAT system table B–37
SYSCOLUMNS_FULL B–13 to B–14
SYSDATATYPES B–15 SYSVARCHARSTAT system table B–38
SYSDATESTAT B–16
SYSVIEWS system table B–39
SYSDBAUTH B–17
SYSFLOATSTAT B–18 SYS_CHKCOL_USAGE system table
SYSIDXSTAT B–19 B–40
SYSINDEXES core system table B–8
SYSINTSTAT B–20 SYS_CHK_CONSTRS system table B–41
SYSNUMSTAT B–21
SYSPROCBIN B–22 SYS_KEYCOL_USAGE system table
SYSPROCCOLUMNS B–23 B–42
SYSPROCEDURES B–24
SYSPROCTEXT B–25 SYS_REF_CONSTRS system table B–43
SYSREALSTAT B–26
SYSSMINTSTAT B–27 SYS_TBL_CONSTRS system table B–44
SYSSYNONYMS B–28
SYSTABAUTH B–29
SYSTABLES core table B–6 T
SYSTABLES_FULL B–30 to B–31
SYSTBLSTAT B–32 Table constraint in CREATE TABLE 3–119
SYSTIMESTAT B–33
Table names 2–17, 2–38, 3–25, 3–103,
SYSTINYINTSTAT B–34
SYSTRIGCOLS B–35 3–104
SYSTRIGGER B–36 in indexes 3–17
SYSTSSTAT B–37 Table references in a query expression 2–16
SYSVARCHARSTAT B–38
derived tables 2–17, 3–104
SYSVIEWS B–39
explicit 2–17, 3–103
SYS_CHKCOL_USAGE B–40
SYS_CHK_CONSTRS B–41 joined tables 2–17, 3–104
SYS_KEYCOL_USAGE B–42 Tables 2–17, 3–104

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Tables, derived 2–17 Trigger

column aliases for 3–104 definition Glossary–8
TAN scalar function 4–103 Trigger Action Time
definition Glossary–8
Tid (tuple identifier)
definition Glossary–8 Trigger Event
definition Glossary–8
TIME data type 2–11
Triggered Action
Time format strings 2–53 definition Glossary–8
Time literals 2–47 Triggers 5–34 to 5–40
ODBC escape clause 2–47 CREATE TRIGGER statement 3–29
DROP TRIGGER statement 3–61
TIMESTAMP data type 2–11
execution relative to constraints 3–32
Timestamp literals 2–49 NEWROW objects 5–39
OLDROW objects 5–39
ODBC escape clause 2–49
structure 5–35
TINYINT data type 2–8 uses for
automatic archiving 5–38
Titles, for columns in select lists 2–16, cascading deletes 5–38
3–100 cascading updates 5–38
summation updates 5–38
TO username using 5–34
granting privilege 3–79
Trigonometric functions
TO_CHAR scalar function 4–104 ACOS 4–10
specifying date-time format strings in ASIN 4–14
2–50 ATAN 4–16
ATAN2 4–17
TO_DATE scalar function 4–105 COS 4–32
SIN 4–94
TO_NUMBER scalar function 4–106
TAN 4–103
TO_TIME scalar function 4–107 Tuple Identifier (tid)
TO_TIMESTAMP scalar function 4–108 definition Glossary–8
Typographical conventions xix
Transaction
definition Glossary–8
Transaction management U
COMMIT statement 3–12
LOCK TABLE statement 3–84 to 3–87 UCASE scalar function 4–111
ROLLBACK statement 3–97 Unicode
SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION
definition Glossary–9
LEVEL statement 3–116
TRANSLATE scalar function 4–109 UNION set operator 2–19

UNIQUE constraint 3–120

Index–18
 Index

UNIQUE index 3–17 CREATE TABLE statement 3–26

UNIQUE keyword VARCHAR data type 2–7

candidate key constraint 3–10
View
unsubscripted array references C–7 to C–8 definition Glossary–9
unsubscripted array updates and inserts C–8 View names 2–3
to C–9
Virtual Machine
UPDATE privilege definition Glossary–9
granting 3–79
Virtual Table
UPDATE statement 3–123 definition Glossary–9
query expressions in 3–123
search conditions in 2–30
W
UPDATE STATISTICS statement 3–125
wasNULL Java method 6–3
updating a single array element C–9 to C–10
WEEK scalar function 4–114
UPPER scalar function 4–112
WHERE clause of query expression 2–18
USER scalar function 4–113
WITH GRANT OPTION 3–79

V
Y
Value expressions, See also Expressions
YEAR scalar function 4–115
Values, specifying default values in

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Index–20