AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING MICROCONTROLLER MAIN DOCUMENT

-by
saidatta 09s35a0402 slcs engg college tathagata 09s35a0401 slcs engg college trinadh 09s35a0403 slcs engg college

Introduction
This chapter includes the problem statement, system block diagram and explanation about the each block. It also includes the relevance of our project i.e. what are the applications of this projects.
In the fast paced world human beings require everything to be automated. Our life style demands everything to be remote controlled. Apart from few things man has made his life automated. And why not? In the world of advance electronics, life of human beings should be simpler hence to make life simpler and convenient; we have made AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM. A model of controlling irrigation facilities to help millions of people. This model uses sensor technology with microcontroller to make a smart switching device.

TYPES OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

Ditch Irrigation
Ditch Irrigation is a rather traditional method, where ditches are dug out and seedlings are planted in rows

Terraced Irrigation:
This is a very labor-intensive method of irrigation where the land is cut into steps and supported by retaining walls

 Drip Irrigation:
This is known as the most water efficient method of irrigation. Water drops right near the root zone of a plant in a dripping motion.

Sprinkler System & Rotary Systems:

This is an irrigation system based on overhead sprinklers, sprays or guns, installed on permanent risers. Rotary method of irrigation is best suited for larger areas, for the sprinklers can reach distances of up to 100 feet

NEED OF AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION:

There are several pains in in operating the irrigation systems in traditional ways. Water pumps, tanks and farms are distantly located at different places away from the operators house. The irrigation operator has to operate these systems against a series of hurdles like erratic power supply, long travel over difficult terrain and fear of animals on the way to pumps. These hurdles create inefficiency in the pump operations leading to heavy wastage of water and electricity. Excess water eroes the soil and damages the civil structures of water tanks. All in all, there is a huge loss of energy in many ways. Considering this, automating the irrigation sector is vital. Automatic irrigation systems are convenient, especially for those who travel. If installed and programmed properly, automatic irrigation systems can even save you money and help in water conservation. Dead lawn grass and plants need to be replaced, and that can be expensive. But the savings from automatic irrigation systems can go beyond that. Watering with a hose or with oscillator wastes water. Neither method targets plant roots with any significant degree of precision. Automatic irrigation systems can be programmed to discharge more precise amounts of water in a targeted area, which promotes water conservation.

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
An Embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few predefined tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems are often mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.
Physically, embedded systems ranges from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. In terms of complexity embedded systems can range from very simple with a single microcontroller chip, to very complex with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.

Examples of Embedded Systems:

Avionics, such as inertial guidance systems, flight control hardware/software and other integrated systems in aircraft and missiles. Cellular telephones and telephone switches. Engine controllers and antilock brake controllers for automobile

BLOCKS & EXPLANATION:

ATMEGA 16 Microcontroller:

LED DISPLAY SECTION & LM 358 Operational Amplifiers

A Light-Emitting Diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric current passes through it. The light is not particularly bright, but in most LEDs it is monochromatic, occurring at a single wavelength. The output from an LED can range from red (at a wavelength of approximately 700 nanometers) to blue-violet (about 400 nanometers). Some LEDs emit infrared (IR) energy (830 nanometers or longer); such a device is known as an infrared-emitting diode (IRED). LED or IRED consists of two elements of processed material called P-type semiconductors and N-type semiconductors. These two elements are placed in direct contact, forming a region called the P-N junction. In this respect, the LED or IRED resembles most other diode types, but there are important differences. The LED or IRED has a transparent package, allowing visible or IR energy to pass through. Also, the LED or IRED has a large PN-junction area whose shape is tailored to the application

LM 358 Operational Amplifiers:

The LM158 series consists of two independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage.

IMPLEMENTATION

WORKING OF AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM:

The power supply unit provides the required power to all the components and devices in the circuit The input is obtained from the moisture sensors whether the soil contains moisture or not. If the water is adequate, It is indicated by the GREEN LED in the circuit. When ever any two or more sensors founds that the water level in the farms are below the sensors fixed level, then RED LED glows indicating us that the water level is low and simultaneously the voltage at the OP AMP is Open circuited, There by gives the information to the PORT A of ATMEGA 16 Microcontroller according to the program code written in the micro controller using AVR Studio 4.0, When two or more sensors senses the decrease in the water level or insufficiency in the moisture level of the soil, then the YELLOW LED is indicated to be ON and Pin PB0 is set in high position such that the obtained voltage is amplified by the transistor 2N3904 which is an NPN transistor which helps in the amplification of the signal and fed to the RELAY As soon as the coil in the relay is energized, the motor is going to be in the ON Condition. Motor in the ON condition pumps the water in to the fields. As soon as the water is adequate in the field, and touches the sensors, the motor keeps still running till all the sensors get enough amount of water as such the sensors are short circuited and there is no difference in the voltage among the positive and negative terminals of the sensors. Thus by reaching this stage the motor switches to OFF condition as the sensors sends the signals that all the sensing elements are covered with the water and there is no need for the extra water to flow to the fields. Thus automation can be obtained without the human intervention.

ADVANTAGES:
Advantages 1. Saves water - Studies show that drip irrigation systems use 30 - 50% less water than conventional watering methods, such as sprinklers. 2. Improves growth - Smaller amounts of water applied over a longer amount of time provide ideal growing conditions. Drip irrigation extends watering times for plants, and prevents soil erosion and nutrient runoff. Also, because the flow is continuous, water penetrates deeply into the soil to get well down into the root zone. 3. Discourages weeds - Water is only delivered where it's needed. 4. Saves time - Setting and moving sprinklers is not required. A timer delay as per environment can be added to the system for automatic watering. 5. Helps control fungal diseases, which grow quickly under moist conditions. Also, wet foliage can spread disease. 6. Adaptable - A drip irrigation system can be modified easily to adjust to the changing needs of a garden or lawn. 7. Simplest Method - Start by drawing a map of your garden and yard, showing the location of plantings. Measure the distances required for lengths of hose or plastic tubing to reach the desired areas. With a numerous fields of application and various advantages of the system has made it one of the major option available for the farmers. The increasing interest in this area of research may bring about more and more consumer efficient system. Water scarcity the major problem is well handled by the system. The changing climatic condition and global warming issues prevailing throughout the world can be overcome only through this system

DIS-ADVANTAGES
1. Reliability: Sometimes failures will occur often these failures are because of human error in setting and maintaining the systems. A reuse system is good insurance to collect any excess run off when failures occur 2. Increased Channel Maintenance: There is a need to increase maintenance of channels and equipments to ensure the system works correctly. Channels should be fenced to protect the automatic units from stock damage. 3. Slopes in the fields: These systems require careful study of all the relevant factors like land topography, Soil, Water, Crop and agro-climatic conditions and suitability of irrigation system and its components Due to rust of sensors we cannot predict the water level after a period of time. APPLICATIONS Irrigation in fields. Irrigation in gardens, parks and golf fields Very efficient for paddy (Rice) fields. Picsiculture. Household purpose Used where large acres of land is involved

FUTURE SCOPE
In our India 70% people doing farming. This projects helps the farmer to overcome the drawbacks of traditional irrigation system. From this project we provide the new technology for farmer to improve the quality of their irrigation system. This project helps those farmers which do not have sufficient water for their farming. Also this project is very cheap it can be bought by poor farmers too.

Conclusion: In India agriculture plays a vital role in helping millions to earn their livelihood. So it is necessary to improve and maintain crops to fulfill their needs. The main challenge in front of farmers is the variation in climatic conditions. Also the farmer needs to visit the farm daily this may not be possible for those who own many acres of land. Lack of proper irrigation and unscientific use of fertilizers led to destruction of crops. Our project Automatic Irrigation System can solve these problems. We place sensors on fields there by making monitoring easy. This system automatically turns the motors ON and OFF based on the level of the water present in the fields. Thereby decreases the effort of the farmer.

REFERENCES 1. 8051-mirocontrolar and embedded system.-Mohd. Mazidi. 2. Micro processor Architecture, Programming & Applications -Ramesh S. Gaonkar. 3. Electronic Components -D. V. Prasad. 4. www.atmel.com 5. www.wikipedia.com 6. www.avrfreaks.net 7. www.google.com

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