X Ray Generator

July 2003
X-ray Generators
Scope of this Product Comparison
This Product Comparison covers x-ray generators designed for use as part of general-purpose radiographic, radiographic/fluoroscopic (R/F), tomographic, angiographic/interventional R/F, and cardiac catheterization R/F imaging systems. For related information, see the following Product Comparisons: Radiographic Systems, Film; Digital Radiographic/Fluoroscopic Systems, Angiographic/Interventional; Cardiovascular Radiographic/Fluoroscopic Systems, GeneralPurpose; Cameras, Radiographic Photospot Radiographic/Tomographic Systems, Linear R/F, and tomographic procedures. The control panel also operates auxiliary devices such as film changers, photospot cameras, and automatic exposure controls (AECs).
Principles of operation
The major components of an x-ray generator are the control panel and the transformer assembly (see Fig. 1). The control panel permits the selection of technique factors for radiographic or fluoroscopic examinations and the initiation of radiographic exposures. The transformer assembly contains transformers, rectifiers, and
UMDNS information
This Product Comparison covers the following device term and product code as listed in ECRIs Universal Medical Device Nomenclature System (UMDNS): X-ray Generators [16-602]
Purpose
X-ray generators modify incoming voltage and current to provide an x-ray tube with the power needed to produce an x-ray beam of the desired peak kilovoltage (kVp) and current (mA). The generator supplies continuous power to the x-ray tube for fluoroscopic examinations, and its switching and timing devices ensure proper timing for discrete radiographic exposures. The x-ray generator control panel allows the selection of technique factors for different radiographic,
X-ray generator console
193245 424-010
A NONPROFIT AGENCY
5200 Butler Pike, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462-1298, USA Telephone +1 (610) 825-6000 G Fax +1 (610) 834-1275
E-mail hpcs@ecri.org
Healthcare Product Comparison System

x-ray tube; another circuit containing a step-down transformer supplies power to heat the filament of the x-ray tube. An autotransformer, a specialized type of variable transformer that includes a single coil of wire wrapped around an iron core, supplies the voltage for these two circuits and provides a location for the kVp meter, which indicates the voltage applied across the x-ray tube. Rectification
Transformer Assembly High-Voltage Circuit Timer Circuit
C156UN1A
Line Voltage
Control Panel kV Selector
Autotransformer
Timer Controls mA Selector
Filament Circuit
X-ray Tube
Figure 1. X-ray generator components

three major circuits the high-voltage circuit, the filament circuit, and the timer circuit that supply the x-ray tube with the necessary power to produce an x-ray beam of the desired voltage, current, and duration. Transformers modify the voltage of incoming alternating-current (AC) electrical signals to increase or decrease the voltage in a circuit. A simple transformer consists of two wire coils, called primary and secondary coils, which are wrapped around a core of iron or other material susceptible to magnetic forces. When an AC is applied to the primary coil, the resulting electromagnetic field causes a current to flow through the secondary coil. The current and voltage induced in the secondary coil are related to the initial current and voltage by the ratio of the number of turns of the two coils, as expressed by the following equation:
T1/T2 = V1/V2
Rectifiers in the transformer assembly convert AC into the direct current (DC) required by the x-ray tube (see Fig. 2). A rectifier restricts current flow in an x-ray tube to one direction (from cathode to anode), thereby preventing damage to the x-ray tube filament. There are two types of rectification half wave and full wave; all x-ray generators listed in the chart use fullwave rectification. Typically, in half-wave rectification, two rectifiers are connected in series with the x-ray tube, with one on either side. As a result, electrons can flow from cathode to anode during the first half of each AC cycle but are blocked during the second half-cycle. In full-wave rectification, two pairs of rectifiers are configured to operate alternately, and electrons flow from cathode to anode during both halves of the AC cycle in a pulsating current. While both vacuum-tube and solid-state rectifiers are available, solidstate silicon rectifiers are now most widely used. Depending on the rectifiers and components included in the high-voltage circuit, the secondary voltage waveform presented to the x-ray tube can be single-phase, full-wave rectified; 3-phase, 6-pulse; 3phase, 12-pulse; high-frequency; or constant potential. Examples of each voltage waveform are shown along with the corresponding radiation intensity waveforms in Figure 3. The ideal secondary voltage waveform for presentation to the x-ray tube is a flat DC waveform with no temporal variations in voltage. Waveforms that deviate from this ideal lower the efficiency of x-ray production. Efficiency is affected by the ripple factor of the
where T1 and T2 are the number of turns for the primary and secondary coils and V1 and V2 are the primary and secondary voltages. In a step-up transformer, voltage increases and current decreases in the secondary circuit because the secondary coil contains more turns than the primary coil. Conversely, in a step-down transformer, voltage decreases and current increases in the secondary circuit because the primary coil contains more turns than the secondary coil. In the transformer assembly, one circuit containing a step-up transformer supplies the high voltage to the
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X-ray Generators
voltage waveform (the difference between the minimum and maximum x-ray tube voltages, expressed as a percentage of the maximum voltage) presented to the x-ray tube. Generators with a lower ripple factor have a greater x-ray output. The ripple factor for a singlephase generator is 100% because the voltage increases from 0 to a maximum value with each wave cycle. The ripple factor for a 3-phase, 6-pulse generator is 13.5% because at 100 kV, the voltage fluctuates between 86.5 and 100 kV; ripple is accentuated when 3-phase generators are operated under load (i.e., operating conditions). High-voltage circuit The high-voltage circuit provides the electrical power needed to accelerate the flow of electrons from the cathode to the anode of the x-ray tube to produce x-rays of the specified kVp and waveform. Also called the cathode-anode circuit, the high-voltage circuit consists of a step-up transformer (also called the highvoltage transformer) and an autotransformer. Because the potential difference across the secondary coil may be as great as 150,000 volts (V), the step-up transformer is sealed within an oil-filled tank, which enhances heat dissipation and provides electrical insulation between various components. A kVp meter and an mA meter are incorporated into the high-voltage circuit to monitor, respectively, the potential across the x-ray tube and the current through the tube during an exposure. The kVp meter is usually located between the autotransformer and the step-up
1 sec 60
a. Ideal DC
Time
Radiation Intensity
Voltage
Time
1 sec 60 b. Single-phase, half-wave rectified
1 sec 60
c. Single-phase, full-wave rectified
1 sec 60
d. Three-phase, six-pulse
1 sec 60
e. Three-phase, twelve-pulse
a. 60 Hz AC waveforms from power company
Voltage
1 sec 500
f. High-frequency
b. Half-wave rectification of same signal

C156UN1D
C156UN1B
g. Constant potential
c. Full-wave rectification of same signal
Figure 2. Voltage waveforms demonstrating rectification
Figure 3. Secondary voltage waveforms (left) and radiation intensity waveforms (right)

transformer; the mA meter is connected in the secondary coil of the step-up transformer. Before reaching the step-up transformer, the input voltage is shunted to the autotransformer. When a particular kVp is selected, an appropriate pair of secondary taps in the autotransformer is automatically connected into the circuit to provide the correct input voltage to the step-up transformer for the specified output voltage. The primary voltage is increased by a factor of approximately 600 to achieve the voltage required for radiographic and fluoroscopic exposures. Filament circuit The filament circuit supplies the x-ray tube filament (a coiled tungsten wire that emits electrons when heated) with the voltage needed to provide the desired tube current. A step-down transformer the filament transformer supplies the power to heat the tube filament, which is connected directly to the secondary coil of the transformer. The voltage of the primary coil (100 to 220 V) is provided by tapping off a number of turns from the autotransformer. The step-down transformer converts this voltage to the potential difference required by the tube filament, which is approximately 10 V. If an x-ray tube with dual focal spots is used, the filament circuit includes a separate transformer for each filament. Because small changes in filament current yield large changes in tube current, the filament voltage must be precisely controlled. Therefore, resistors are placed in the circuit leading to the autotransformer, and selectable resistance is controlled by a switch on the control panel. Additional components of the filament circuit include a voltage stabilizer that carefully regulates filament voltage and a device that compensates for the changes in x-ray tube current caused by changes in the selected kVp (line voltage compensation). Types of x-ray generators Single-phase, full-wave rectified generators and single-phase, two-pulse generators use single-phase line voltage input to the primary circuit. A bridge of four rectifiers included in the secondary coil of the highvoltage circuit permits current flow from the x-ray tube cathode and anode during both halves of the alternating cycle. The resulting voltage waveform includes 2 x-ray pulses per cycle, or 120 pulses per second. The average x-ray tube voltage is substantially lower than the peak x-ray tube voltage, and the ripple factor is 100%. Three-phase, full-wave rectified waveforms are produced by high-voltage circuits containing three autotransformers and three windings on both the primary and secondary coils of the high-voltage transformer. When the three windings are electrically connected in a wye configuration (shaped like the letter Y), a 120 phase difference in the voltage waveform is produced. When the three windings are arranged in a delta configuration (shaped like a triangle), a 150 phase difference in the voltage waveform is produced. Three-phase, 6-pulse generators have a wye transformer and six rectifiers in their secondary coil; the resulting waveform consists of 6 pulses per cycle, or 360 pulses per second (for a 60-hertz [Hz] supply). Three-phase, 12-pulse generators have one delta and one wye transformer and 12 rectifiers in their secondary coil; the resulting waveform consists of 12 pulses per cycle, or 720 pulses per second. Because threephase generators produce outputs much closer to the ideal DC than do single-phase models, they produce x-rays more efficiently. High-frequency, or multipulse, generators operate somewhat differently from traditional single- and three-phase generators, because they have additional components in the high-voltage circuit. The 50 or 60 Hz line voltage (either single- or three-phase) is rectified and filtered to create a nearly DC signal. Next, a high-frequency inverter, or oscillator, circuit converts this DC voltage into a sinusoidal waveform with a frequency as high as 100 kilohertz (kHz). This signal is then input to a single high-voltage transformer. Full-wave rectification on the secondary side of the high-voltage circuit doubles the number of x-ray pulses per second to as high as 200,000. A capacitor, located in the high-voltage circuit before the x-ray tube, smooths the full-wave rectified waveform, reducing the ripple factor to approximately 2%. The resultant measured waveform has ripple similar to that of waveforms produced by 3-phase or 6- or 12-pulse generators, reflecting highly efficient x-ray production. This waveform is identical for single- or three-phase input power. Because high-frequency generators produce a multipulse wave with low ripple, more accurate timing is possible, and patient exposure is lessened. An additional advantage of high-frequency generators is their small size the transformer assembly for a high kW, high-frequency generator is about 1/3 the size of a high kW, 12-pulse generator. Low kW, high-frequency generators do not require a separate transformer housing; they can be housed together with the x-ray tube in a normal-sized tube shield, thus eliminating the need for high-voltage cables. Constant-potential generators, which produce a true DC, are a variation on the 3-phase, 12-pulse circuit. Two triode (three-electrode) or tetrode (four-electrode)
X-ray Generators
control vacuum tubes are placed between the output of the transformers secondary wye and delta windings and the cathode and anode ends of the x-ray tube. Each control tube contains an electrode called a grid. Modifications of the voltage applied to the grid cause the control tube to act as a variable resistance, thus changing the magnitude of the voltage reaching the x-ray tube. A comparator circuit reads the voltage outputs at the two control tubes and alters their respective grid bias voltages to maintain a constant potential difference across the x-ray tube. The response of the comparator circuit and control tubes is nearly instantaneous, resulting in a DC voltage waveform reaching the x-ray tube. Some constant-potential generators use solid-state field-effect transistors rather than tetrode/triode control tubes to produce a ripple-free DC output. Timer circuit The timer circuit initiates the radiographic exposure, sustains it for a preset length of time, and terminates it. A timer mechanism controls the length of the exposure, and switches initiate and terminate the exposure. Typical exposure times range from 1/120 of a second to 6 seconds. Controls for the timer circuit are located on the control panel. The actual timer and switch units are contained in the high-voltage circuit. Three types of timer mechanisms have been used in x-ray generators mechanical, synchronous, and electronic. Mechanical timers are similar to springdriven kitchen timers; the exposure duration is determined by the length of time required for the spring to unwind from a preset, calibrated position. Because they are accurate to only about 1/4 of a second, they are unsuitable for standard x-ray exposures, which are often much shorter than that. Synchronous timers are driven by synchronous motors, which operate in tandem with the 60 Hz power frequency. These timers allow exposures to begin and end only at zero-crossings of the sinusoidal, 60 Hz voltage waveform and consequently offer precisely timed x-ray exposures in multiples of 1/120 of a second; however, they are unable to provide exposures in the millisecond (msec) range or a rapid series of repeated exposures. Electronic timers are most commonly used in x-ray generators. Their operation is based on the time needed to charge or discharge a capacitor, as determined by the value of a variable resistance in the timer circuit; selecting an exposure time from the control panel adjusts this resistance to the proper value. When used with electronic switches, electronic timers can provide accurate exposures as brief as 1 msec, as well as a rapid series of repeated exposures. Switching mechanisms are classified as primary or secondary according to their location in the high-voltage circuit. Primary switching is less complicated and expensive because it is easier and safer to switch the lower primary voltages on and off. Three types of primary switches are electromechanical contactors, thyratrons, and silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs). An electromechanical contactor causes a springloaded plunger to open or close a circuit when a current is applied to an electromagnetic coil. Because of inertia, these contactors are slow to respond, and their ability to handle a rapid series of repeated exposures is consequently limited. They are also expensive to maintain. Thyratrons are gas-filled, hot cathode tubes that function as electronic switches. A grid is usually negatively charged to prevent current flow through the thyratron tube, which in turn prevents current flow through the high-voltage circuit. If the negative charge on the grid is sufficiently reduced, a continuous flow of current results, allowing x-rays to be produced. A second thyratron is necessary to terminate the exposure. Thyratrons respond quickly (because of lack of inertia) and are able to handle rapid sequences of exposures, but they generate large amounts of heat and are expensive to maintain. SCRs, also called thyristors, are the solid-state analogs of thyratrons, retaining the advantages of thyratrons without the disadvantages. They can be used in synchronized or unsynchronized switching configurations. In synchronized switching, the SCRs begin and end their conduction of current flow only at zero-crossings of the 60 Hz line voltage, resulting in x-ray exposure durations that are precisely timed to multiples of 1/120 of a second (8.33 msec). Unsynchronized switching allows x-ray exposures to be initiated and terminated independently of zero-crossings. The high-speed electronic precontacting feature allows a response time of 1 to 2 msec for the initiation of an exposure, the pulsed commutation feature allows the initiation of an exposure without regard to synchrony with zero-crossings, and the forced extinction termination feature allows termination of an exposure without regard to zero-crossings. This combination of features reduces exposure durations to 1 to 2 msec and makes a rapid series of repeated exposures possible. The two available secondary switching mechanisms are triode or tetrode switch tubes and grid-controlled x-ray tubes; both are complex and expensive. Triode or tetrode switching tubes are used in constant-potential

generators; as described earlier, they are the same tubes used to maintain a constant voltage across the x-ray tube. In addition to this function, the grid bias voltage also acts to initiate and terminate x-ray exposures by conducting and blocking current flow to the x-ray tube. Response time is nearly instantaneous, exposures as short as 0.5 msec are possible, and an extremely rapid series of exposures can be produced. In grid-controlled x-ray tubes, a grid bias voltage is also used to switch x-ray tube current flow on and off. In this case, the grid is the focusing cup of the x-ray tubes cathode itself. Applying a small (2 to 3 V) bias voltage to the grid prevents electron flow to the anode, while removing the bias voltage allows current flow and the production of x-rays. Grid-controlled x-ray tubes are used primarily in fluoroscopy, providing up to 500 exposures per second. Other generator features Additional features available to improve the performance of x-ray generators include radiographic AEC, anatomic programming, and fluoroscopic automatic brightness control. AEC automatically terminates radiographic exposures when sufficient x-ray intensity to provide acceptable film darkening has reached the x-ray film cassette. This feature ensures the production of satisfactory images, reducing the chance that human error will necessitate repeat exposures. AEC detectors, sometimes called phototimers, include one or more elements placed in front of or behind the film cassette. The two most common types of detectors used in AEC are photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and ionization chambers. PMTs collect the light emitted as x-rays strike a fluorescent material and convert the light intensity into a current proportional to the total x-ray intensity reaching the fluorescent material. (Solid-state photodiodes are sometimes used instead of PMTs.) The ionization chambers used in AEC are typically flat-plate, gas-filled chambers. As x-rays pass through the chamber, they ionize the gas molecules, creating a current proportional to the radiation intensity reaching the chamber. Both types of AEC detectors are calibrated so that a predetermined current provides the desired film density. When this current level is achieved, the termination switch in the generator timer circuit automatically activates. An SCR switch with forced extinction termination allows the extremely short, precisely timed exposures required for rare-earth film/screen combinations. Forced extinction is not needed with high-frequency generators operating above 50 kHz because lower ripple and faster exposure times make AEC more accurate and reproducible. Standard AECs require the technologist to select specific kVp and mA settings on the control panel, with the exposure time automatically determined by the AEC circuit. Anatomic programming is often used to select kV and mA for each examination. These values are preprogrammed into the control console based on an institutions programs. Generators featuring anatomic programming include an additional series of push buttons on the control panel that are labeled with various anatomic regions and projections and preset to represent a fixed set of technique factors of the users choice, including kVp, mA, and AEC timing or exposure time. Supplemental fine adjustments account for variations in patient size and density. The technologist can prepare the generator for an x-ray exposure by selecting a single button, without having to consult the technique chart typically used for manual exposure selection. In addition to this ease of operation, anatomic programming ensures consistent technique factors within a department and allows them to be changed quickly and accurately during the course of an examination. In fluoroscopy, a constant brightness at the output phosphor of the image intensifier should be maintained so that the image does not lighten or darken markedly when scanning varying thicknesses of patient anatomy or introducing contrast media. Fluoroscopic automatic brightness control regulates fluoroscopic image brightness by adjusting the generator technique settings to provide a fixed radiation exposure rate at the image intensifiers input phosphor. Various types of detectors are available to monitor the image intensifiers photocathode current and luminance at its output phosphor as well as the video signal intensity at the camera CRT (cathode ray tube). In each case, as changes are detected, the automatic brightness control circuit immediately adjusts the kVp and/or mA output of the generator to restore the desired radiation exposure rate at the image intensifiers input phosphor, concurrently restoring the desired image brightness.
Reported problems
X-ray generators must be operated by knowledgeable individuals to avoid potential problems related to automatic features and fluoroscopic radiation exposure. Careful patient positioning is required for optimal performance of AEC devices and anatomic programming. Errors in patient positioning can result in rejected films and repeat examinations, which unnecessarily increase patient radiation exposure and examination costs.
X-ray Generators
Fluoroscopic examinations must be conducted with great caution to minimize radiation exposure to patients and tableside personnel. In the United States, federal and state regulations limit generators exposure rates to 5 or 10 roentgens per minute (R/min) at the location where the radiation beam enters the patient (depending on specification). Under typical conditions of fluoroscopic operation, patient skin entrance exposure is in the range of 2 to 5 R/min. To minimize patient radiation exposure, a fluoroscopic examination should involve as little beam-on time as possible, and the monitors last-image-hold feature should be used, if available, to retain the image on the monitor screen after the fluoroscopic exposure. To minimize personnel radiation exposure, protective garments and beam-shielding devices must be used, and distance from the radiation beam should be maximized. In addition, the fluoroscopic exposure rate should be measured quarterly by a medical physicist to ensure safety and regulatory compliance and to monitor the performance consistency of the automatic brightness control feature. the generator under load. The following formula is used to calculate power ratings for three-phase generators:
kW = (kVp mA) 1,000
For single-phase generators:

kW = (kVp mA 0.7) 1,000
For most generators, the power rating is not constant over the entire kV range, and the maximum mA and kVp values cannot be obtained simultaneously. For this reason, it is important to carefully examine the way the manufacturer indicates this information. Typically, power ratings are specified at 100 kVp, with maximum mA values listed for several different kVp values. The power rating and timing capabilities of a new generator should be selected based on the types of examinations to be performed and the operating technique factors required with the type of generator selected. For example, an examination using a three-phase or high-frequency generator requires lower kVp and/or mAs than the same examination using a single-phase generator. Routine radiographic, angiographic, fluoroscopic, and tomographic procedures also vary in their kVp and mAs requirements. All x-ray system components must also be selected for compatibility as an integrated system. Specifically, it is critical to choose compatible x-ray tubes and generators so that all features of both components can be fully utilized. Positioning the generator too far from the x-ray tube may cause distortions in voltage waveforms and timing responses caused by capacitance in excessively long high-voltage cables. Cost containment A purchase decision should be based on issues such as life-cycle cost, local service support, discount rates and non-price-related benefits offered by the supplier, and standardization with existing equipment in the department or hospital (i.e., purchasing all x-ray generators from one supplier). The initial acquisition cost is only a fraction of the total cost of operation. Therefore, before making a purchase decision based solely on the acquisition cost of an x-ray generator, buyers should consider operating costs over the lifetime of the equipment. The following costs should be considered when purchasing an x-ray generator: Special features (e.g., pulsed fluoroscopy capability) Service contract X-ray tube replacement Utilities
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Purchase considerations
The x-ray generator and radiographic or R/F table are the primary components of any x-ray room. Each must be selected in consideration of both clinical needs and cost-effectiveness. For x-ray generators, the primary selection factors are secondary waveform type, power rating, timing capabilities, and compatibility with other system components. As noted previously, the secondary waveform type determines the efficiency of x-ray production, including the magnitude of ripple and the ratio of average to peak x-ray tube voltage. Single-phase, full-wave rectified secondary waveforms provide the least efficient production of x-rays, which results in longer radiographic exposure times and higher patient radiation exposure than for the same examination using the same kVp (because of higher skin exposure from lowenergy x-rays that do not reach the image receptor). In addition, single-phase generators cause increased x-ray tube anode heating, thus restricting small focal spot examinations and reducing tube life. Three-phase generators (and other generators producing waveforms with low ripple) allow higher mA exposures at shorter exposure times, thus reducing motion unsharpness and producing higher-quality radiographs for many examinations. If three-phase power service is not available at a location proposed for it, power installation costs must be added to the project budget. Power ratings, in units of kilowatts (kW), describe the maximum kilovoltage (kV) and mA capabilities of

Accessories, such as glassware, parts, and quality control devices Contributions to overhead For customized analyses and purchase decision support, readers should contact ECRIs SELECT Group. Hospitals can purchase service contracts or service on a time-and-materials basis from the supplier. Service may also be available from a third-party organization. The decision to purchase a service contract should be carefully considered. Purchasing a service contract ensures that preventive maintenance will be performed at regular intervals, thereby reducing the possibility of unexpected maintenance costs. Also, many suppliers do not extend system performance and uptime guarantees beyond the length of the warranty unless the system is covered by a service contract. ECRI recommends that, to maximize bargaining leverage, hospitals negotiate pricing for service contracts before the system is purchased. Additional service contract discounts may be negotiable for multiple-year agreements or for service contracts that are bundled with contracts on other generators in the department or hospital. Purchasing multiple generators from one supplier could result in a significant discount. Standardizing equipment can make staff training easier, simplify servicing and parts acquisition, and provide greater bargaining leverage when negotiating new equipment purchases and/or service contract costs. Curry TS 3rd, Dowdey JE, Murry RC Jr. Christensens physics of diagnostic radiology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1990. Hendee WR, Ritenour ER. Medical imaging physics. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby-Year Book; 2002. Hiss SS. Understanding radiography. 3rd ed. Springfield (IL): Charles C Thomas; 1993. Noce JP. Diagnostic x-ray fundamentals: the generator. Biomed Instrum Technol 1993 May-Jun; 32(3):318-20.
Standards and guidelines

Note: Although every effort is made to ensure that the following list is comprehensive, please note that other applicable standards may exist. American Association of Physicists in Medicine. Performance specifications and acceptance testing for x-ray generators and automatic exposure control devices [report]. Diagnostic X-ray Imaging/X-ray Generators and Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) Devices Task Group. 14. 1985. British Standards Institution. Specification for highvoltage generators of diagnostic x-ray generators [standard]. BS 5724:Section 2.7. 1987. International Electrotechnical Commission. Medical electrical equipment part 1: general requirements for safety [standard]. IEC 60601-1 (1988-12). 1988. Medical electrical equipment part 1: general requirements for safety. Amendment 1 [standard]. IEC 60601-1-am1 (1991-11). 1991. Medical electrical equipment part 1: general requirements for safety. Amendment 2 [standard]. IEC 60601-1-am2 (1995-03). 1995. Medical electrical equipment part 1: general requirements for safety. Section 2. Collateral standard: electromagnetic compatibility requirements and tests. IEC 60601-1-2 (1993-04). 1993. Medical electrical equipment part 2: particular requirements for the safety of associated equipment of x-ray equipment [standard]. IEC 60601-2-31. (1994-03). 1994. Medical electrical equipment part 2: particular requirements for the safety of high voltage generators of diagnostic x-ray generators [standard]. IEC 60601-2-7. (1998-02). 1998.
Stage of development
Microprocessor-controlled and modular x-ray generators have been available for several years. Microprocessor-controlled generators provide extensive automatic operation, which simplifies use and allows the technologist to spend more time on patient positioning. Automatic controls also reduce the likelihood of operator errors that require retakes, thus reducing radiation exposure to patients and operators. In addition, microprocessor-controlled generators feature internal self-diagnostics, which cause an error message to appear on the console when a component malfunctions. Modular generators are individually constructed to incorporate the purchasers selection of optional features. Solid-state electronic components have reduced generator sizes, simplified repairs, and aided the development of shared generators, which are used to control several x-ray rooms simultaneously.
Bibliography
Balter S. X-ray generation and control. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 1999 Jan;46(1):92-7.
X-ray Generators
National Electrical Manufacturers Association. Power supply guidelines for x-ray machines [standard]. 1984 (revised 1989, 1994; reaffirmed 1999). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Food and Drug Administration. Diagnostic x-ray systems and their major components. 21 CFR 1020.30. 2000. Additional performance and safety standards are included in the radiation protection codes of individual states and countries. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (as per 21 CFR Part 1000), as well as several international organizations, have developed recommendations and requirements for acceptance testing and periodic calibration of x-ray equipment, including x-ray generators. For further information, contact Toshibas Assist Center by telephone at (800) 521-1968. Source: FDA Enforcement Rep 2001 Jul 25; Manufacturer. A4714 Great Britain. Medical Devices Agency. X-ray generator exposure timer: manual timer selector switch on Picker R703 MkII and R500 MkII generators. London: Department of Health; 2002 Mar. 3 p. (Safety notice; no. SN2002[09]). A5160 FDA has designated Class II Recall No. Z-0649-03 certain Sedecal high-voltage generators and controls. The generators fail to comply with the U.S. federal performance standard due to incorrect identification labels and failure to use the required sampling for the certification testing program. The distributor initiated a recall by letter dated April 9, 2003. Verify receipt of the April 9, 2003, letter from Sedecal. For further information, contact Sedecal by telephone at (847) 394-6960. Source: FDA Enforcement Rep 2003 Apr 30; Distributor. 39249 Davidson RA. Determination of radiographic characteristics of tissue compensation filters using a Compton scatter technique. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 2001 Sep;24(3):166-71. 39625 Wang JX, Zhang LA, Li BX, et al. Cancer incidence and risk estimation among medical x-ray workers in China, 1950-1995. Health Phys 2002 Apr;82(4): 455-66.
Citations from other ECRI publications

Health Devices
Radiographic quality control devices [evaluation]. 2000 Apr;29(4):97-139. Eye on medical errors: radiographic QA programs help ensure high-quality healthcare. 2000 Apr;29(4): 100-1.
Health Devices Alerts

This Product Comparison lists Health Devices Alerts (HDA) citations published since the last update of this report. Each HDA abstract is identified by an Accession Number. Recalls and hazard reports include descriptions of the problem involved; abstracts of other published articles are referenced by bibliographic information. HPCS subscribers can call the Hotline for additional information on any of these citations or to request more extensive searches of the HDA database. A4443 FDA has designated Class II Recall No. Z-04941 certain Philips Optimus CP x-ray generator firmware. If a bolus run is started on the systems, the injector may inject contrast medium without exposure. The distributer initiated a recall by field change order on February 16, 2001. If you system has not been modified, or for further information, contact Philips Medical Systems North America by telephone at (800) 455-4350. Source: FDA Enforcement Rep 2001 Apr 25; Distributor. A4493 FDA has designated Class II Recall Nos. Z-579/581-1 certain Toshiba x-ray generator/controls. The x-ray generator/controls do not comply with 21 CFR 1020.31(a)(2) because exposure nontermination can occur as a result of tube arcing. The manufacturer initiated a recall by letter dated July 19, 2001. Identify any affected product in your inventory. Follow the instructions for safe use of the x-ray generators.
Supplier information
Americomp Americomp Inc [170184] 2901 W Lawrence Ave Chicago IL 60625-3621 Phone: (773) 588-2444, (800) 458-1782 Fax: (773) 583-1751 E-mail: info@americompus.net Internet: http://www.americompus.net
Amrad Summit Industries Inc [171242] 2901 W Lawrence Ave Chicago IL 60625-3621 Phone: (773) 588-2444, (800) 972-9776 Fax: (773) 588-3424 E-mail: info@summitindustries.net Internet: http://www.summitindustries.net

Apelem Apelem SA [194762] Parc Scientifique Georges Besse 175 allee Von Neumann F-30035 Nimes Cedex France Phone: 33 (466) 290907 Fax: 33 (466) 297123 E-mail: export@apelem.com Internet: http://www.apelem.com Del Medical Del Medical Systems Group [376429] 11550 W King St Franklin Park IL 60131-1851 Phone: (847) 288-7000, (800) 800-6006 Fax: (847) 288-7011 E-mail: sloehrke@delmedical.com Internet: http://www.delmedical.com emd Technologies emd Technologies [393535] 310 Blvd Industriel St-Eustache PQ J7R 5R4 Canada Phone: (450) 491-2100, (888) 491-2100 Fax: (450) 491-4138 E-mail: mkt@emd-tech.net Internet: http://www.emd-tech.net emd Technologies Europe SA [393559] 58 rue Roger Salengro F-94126 Fontenay-sous-Bois Cedex France Phone: 33 (1) 45140606 Fax: 33 (1) 48762514 E-mail: marketing@emd-tech.net Internet: http://www.emd-tech.net Furrer Furrer Roentgentechnik [168492] Bueelmatt 12 CH-6204 Sempach Switzerland Phone: 41 (41) 4602120 Fax: 41 (41) 4603283 E-mail: info@roe-furrer.ch GE Medical GE Medical Systems [102107] PO Box 414 Milwaukee WI 53201-0414 Phone: (262) 544-3011, (800) 643-6439 Fax: (262) 544-3384 Internet: http://www.gemedicalsystems.com GE Medical Systems Asia (Japan) [300443] 4-7-127 Asahigaoka Hino-shi Tokyo 191-8503 Japan Phone: 81 (3) 425826820 Fax: 81 (3) 425826830 Internet: http://www.gemedical.co.jp
Control-X Control-X Medical Inc [108554] 2289 Westbrooke Dr Bldg C Columbus OH 43228-9644 Phone: (614) 777-9729, (800) 777-9729 Fax: (614) 777-0395 E-mail: lhurd@cxmed.com Internet: http://www.cxmed.com
CPI Communications & Power Industries Inc (CPI) [272875] 607 Hansen Way Palo Alto CO 94394-1130 Phone: (650) 846-3645 Fax: (650) 846-3276 Internet: http://www.cpii.com Communications & Power Industries Inc (CPI) Canada [272874] 45 River Dr Georgetown ON L7G 2J4 Canada Phone: (905) 877-0161, (888) 274-9729 Fax: (905) 877-5327 E-mail: marketing@cmp.cpii.com Internet: http://www.cpii.com/cmp
Daeyoung Daeyoung Medical Systems [202155] 638-2 Sangelo 1-dong Dong Jak-ku Seoul 156-031 Republic of Korea Phone: 82 (2) 8259231 Fax: 82 (2) 8259232 E-mail: dae-young@dae-young.co.kr Internet: http://www.dae-young.co.kr
10
X-ray Generators
GE Medical Systems Canada [174606] 2300 Meadowvale Blvd Mississauga ON L5N 5P9 Canada Phone: (800) 668-0732 Fax: (905) 567-2115 Internet: http://www.gemedicalsystems.ca GE Medical Systems Europe [171319] 283 rue de la Miniere boite postale 34 F-78533 Buc Cedex France Phone: 33 (1) 30704040 Fax: 33 (1) 30709855 E-mail: info@gemedicalsystems.com Internet: http://www.gemedicalsystemseurope.com/frfr GTR Labs GTR Labs Inc [384436] 510 Elk St Gassaway WV 26624 Phone: (304) 364-2211, (888) 871-9232 Fax: (304) 364-2212 E-mail: gsa00214@mail.wvnet.edu Internet: http://www.gtrllc.com LISTEM LISTEM Corp [392886] 414-1 Chongchon-2 dong Pupyong-gu Inchon Republic of Korea Phone: 82 (32) 5155511 Fax: 82 (32) 5129814 E-mail: obd@listem.co.kr Internet: http://www.listem.co.kr LISTEM USA Inc [393197] 5200 NW 43rd St Suite 102 PMB 338 Gainesville FL 32606 Phone: (352) 271-5232 Fax: (352) 271-8978 E-mail: wchoi12@cs.com Internet: http://www.listem.co.kr Meditech Meditech Roentgensysteme GmbH [282234] Kardinal-von-Galen-Strasse 12 D-33332 Guetersloh Germany Phone: 49 (5241) 95555 Fax: 49 (5241) 955599 E-mail: info@meditech-roentgensysteme.de Medstone Medstone International Ltd [372618] Medstone House Ridge Way Donibristle Industrial Park Dalgety Bay, Fife KY11 5JN Scotland Phone: 44 (1383) 821890 Fax: 44 (1383) 821877 E-mail: jeremy.wheeler@medstone.co.uk Internet: http://www.medstone.co.uk Metaltronica Metaltronica srl [176850] via della Pisana 431 I-00163 Roma Italy Phone: 39 (06) 66160206 Fax: 39 (06) 66160357 E-mail: sales@metaltronica.com Internet: http://www.metaltronica.com Pacioni Pacioni & C snc [227240] via Peralba 18-20 I-00141 Roma Italy Phone: 39 (06) 8170030 Fax: 39 (06) 8170030 E-mail: mailcomp@tin.it Internet: http://www.pacioni-c.com Philips Philips Medical Systems Asia [188101] 30/Fl Hopewell Centre 17 Kennedy Road Wanchai Hong Kong SAR Peoples Republic of China Phone: 852 28215888 Fax: 852 25276727 E-mail: medical@philips.com Internet: http://www.medical.philips.com Philips Medical Systems North America [102120] 22100 Bothell Everett Hwy PO Box 3003 Bothell WA 98041-3003 Phone: (425) 487-7000, (800) 526-4963 Fax: (425) 485-6080 E-mail: medical@philips.com Internet: http://www.medical.philips.com
11

Philips Nederland bv Medical Systems [152365] Postbus 90050 NL-5600 PB Eindhoven The Netherlands Phone: 31 (40) 2782559 Fax: 31 (40) 2780160 E-mail: medical@philips.com Internet: http://www.medical.philips.com Rendix Rendix Ltd [179167] PO Box 2183 Qiryat Tivon IL-36094 Israel Phone: 972 (4) 9590233 Fax: 972 (4) 9937104 E-mail: rendix@netvision.net.il Shimadzu Shimadzu (Asia Pacific) PTE Ltd [172209] 16 Science Park Drive #01-02 The Pasteur Singapore Science Park Singapore 118227 Republic of Singapore Phone: 65 7786280 Fax: 65 7792935 E-mail: sales@shimadzu.com.sg Internet: http://www.shimadzuasiapac.com.ag Shimadzu Europe GmbH [161064] Albert-Hahn-Strasse 6-10 D-47269 Duisburg Germany Phone: 49 (203) 76870 Fax: 49 (203) 766625 E-mail: webmaster@shimadzu.de Internet: http://www.shimadzu.de Shimadzu Medical Systems [106973] 20101 S Vermont Ave Torrance CA 90502-3130 Phone: (310) 217-8855, (800) 228-1429 Fax: (310) 217-0661 E-mail: info@shimadzumed.com Internet: http://www.shimadzu.com Shimadzu Medical Systems Oceania Pty Ltd [408259] Unite E/F 10-16 South Street Rydalmere 2116 NSW Australia Phone: 61 (2) 96844200 Fax: 61 (2) 96844055 E-mail: info@shimadzu.com.au Internet: http://www.shimadzu.com.au SMAM SMAM srl [177065] via Tiziano 24 I-20053 Muggio MI Italy Phone: 39 (039) 2781554 Fax: 39 (039) 790213 E-mail: info@smam.it Internet: http://www.smam.it
Stadler Stadler Elektronik AG [428453] Bahnhofstrasse 16 CH-6014 Littau/Lucerne Switzerland Phone: 41 (41) 2505633 Fax: 41 (41) 2505677 E-mail: info@stadler-elektronik.com Internet: http://www.stadler-elektronik.com
Stephanix Stephanix [401705] boite postale 294 F-42014 Saint Etienne France Phone: 33 (4) 77478160 Fax: 33 (4) 77375519 E-mail: contact@stephanix.com Internet: http://www.stephanix.com
Toshiba Toshiba America Medical Systems Inc [101894] 2441 Michelle Dr PO Box 2068 Tustin CA 92680-7047 Phone: (714) 730-5000, (800) 421-1968 Fax: (714) 832-2570 E-mail: info@tams.com Internet: http://www.medical.toshiba.com Toshiba Corp Medical Systems Co Ltd [140664] 1385 Shimoishigami Otawara-shi, Tochigi Pref 324-8550 Japan Phone: 81 (287) 266301 Fax: 81 (287) 266050 E-mail: info@tams.com Internet: http://www.toshiba-medical.co.jp
12
X-ray Generators
Toshiba Medical (Australia) Pty Ltd [373230] 5 Byfield Street North Ryde, NSW 2113 Australia Phone: 61 (2) 98876000 Fax: 61 (2) 98874866 Internet: http://www.medical.toshiba.com.au Toshiba Medical Systems Europe bv [160817] Zilverstraat 1 NL-2718 RP Zoetermeer The Netherlands Phone: 31 (79) 3689222 Fax: 31 (79) 3689444 E-mail: info@tmse.nl Internet: http://www.toshiba-europe.com/medical Note: The following companies did not provide us with any product information in time for publication. Their addresses are listed as a service to our readers. Innomed Medical Inc [150026] Szabo Jozsef utca 12 H-1146 Budapest Hungary Phone: 36 (1) 4609200 Fax: 36 (1) 4609222 E-mail: innomed@innomed.hu Internet: http://www.innomed.hu Oy Medira AB [162451] Ilkontie 1 FIN-36220 Kangasala Finland Phone: 358 (3) 2345200 Fax: 358 (3) 2345250 E-mail: medira@medira.fi Internet: http://www.medira.fi Roentgen-Service AG [170912] Meierholweg 4 Emmen CH-6032 Luzern Switzerland Phone: 41 (41) 2600266 Fax: 41 (41) 2608266 Internet: http://www.roentgen-service.ch
Villa Villa Sistemi Medicali SpA [156442] via delle Azalee 3 I-20090 Buccinasco MI Italy Phone: 39 (02) 488591 Fax: 39 (02) 4881844 E-mail: sales@villasm.com Internet: http://www.villasm.com
About the chart specifications

The following abbreviations are used in the chart: ABS Automatic brightness stabilization
VMI VMI Industria e Comercio Ltda [174435] Rua Pref Eliseu Alves da Silva 400 Dist Industrial Genesco Aparecido de Oliveira Lagoa Santa-MG 33400-000 Brazil Phone: 55 (31) 36819560 Fax: 55 (31) 36819565 E-mail: vmi.bh@zaz.com
AEC Automatic exposure control CE Communaute Europeen CE mark Conformite Europeene mark CRT Cathode ray tube CSA Canadian Standards Association DSS Digital satellite system EEC European Economic Community EN European Norm
XMA X-Ray Marketing Assoc [106898] 1205 W Lakeview Ct Romeoville IL 60446-6500 Phone: (630) 378-1992, (800) 325-8880 Fax: (630) 378-1048 E-mail: webmaster@xma.com Internet: http://www.xma.com
ETL ETL Testing Laboratories FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration FET Field-effect transistor HL7 Health Level 7 HV High voltage IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
13

IGBT Insulated-gate bipolar transistor ISO International Organization for Standardization LCD Liquid crystal display LED Light-emitting diode MDD Medical Devices Directive PC Personal computer PMT Photomultiplier tube SCR Silicon-controlled rectifier UL Underwriters Laboratories UPS Uninterruptible power supply The data in the charts derive from suppliers specifications and have not been verified through independent testing by ECRI or any other agency. Because test methods vary, different products specifications are not always comparable. Moreover, products and specifications are subject to frequent changes. ECRI is not responsible for the quality or validity of the information presented or for any adverse consequences of acting on such information. When reading the charts, keep in mind that, unless otherwise noted, the list price does not reflect supplier discounts. And although we try to indicate which features and characteristics are standard and which are not, some may be optional, at additional cost. For those models whose prices were supplied to us in currencies other than U.S. dollars, we have also listed the conversion to U.S. dollars to facilitate comparison among models. However, keep in mind that exchange rates change often.
Note:
Need to know more?

For further information about the contents of this Product Comparison, contact the HPCS Hotline at +1 (610) 825-6000, ext. 5265; +1 (610) 834-1275 (fax); or hpcs@ecri.org (e-mail).
About ECRI . . .
ECRI is a nonprofit health services research agency and a Collaborating Center of the World Health Organization, providing information and technical assistance to the healthcare community to support safe and cost-effective patient care for more than 25 years. The results of ECRIs research and experience are available through its publications, information systems, databases, technical assistance program, laboratory services, seminars, and fellowships. Our full-time staff includes a wide range of specialists in healthcare technology, hospital administration, financial analysis, risk management, and information and computer science, as well as hospital planners, attorneys, physicists; biomedical, electrical, electronic, chemical, mechanical, and registered engineers; physicians; basic medical scientists; epidemiologists and biostatisticians; and writers, editors, and communications specialists. Underlying ECRIs knowledge base in healthcare technology are its integrity and objectivity. ECRI accepts no financial support from medical product manufacturers, and no employee may own stock in or consult for a medical equipment or pharmaceutical company. The scope of ECRIs resources extends far beyond technology. ECRI keeps healthcare professionals, manufacturers, legal professionals, information specialists, and others aware of the changing trends in healthcare, healthcare standards and regulations, and the best ways to handle environmental and occupational health and safety issues. ECRI also advises on management issues related to healthcare cost containment, accreditation, risk management, human resources, quality of care, and other complex topics. ECRI has more than 35 publications, databases, software, and services to fulfill the growing need for healthcare information and decision support. They focus on three primary areas: healthcare technology, healthcare risk and quality management, and healthcare environmental management.
14
X-ray Generators
Product Comparison Chart

MODEL AMERICOMP Spectra 30 HF WHERE MARKETED Worldwide AMERICOMP Spectra 30 HF AP Worldwide AMERICOMP Spectra 325e Worldwide AMRAD 300 HF Worldwide
FDA CLEARANCE CE MARK (MDD) TYPE
Yes Not specified High frequency
Yes Not specified Low frequency
MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLED POWER RATING kW rating @ 100 kVp mA @ kVp
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
30 300 @ 100
30 300 @ 100
37.5 300 @ 125
30 300 @ 100
RADIOGRAPHIC MODE kV range mA range Small focus Large focus mAs range Timer range, sec Switching AEC Detector type
40-125
40-125
40-125
40-125
50, 100 150, 200, 250, 300 0.5-400 0.004-2.666 IGBT Optional Ion chamber
50, 100 150, 200, 300 0.4-600 0.0083-6 SCR Optional Ion chamber
Anatomic programming FLUOROSCOPIC MODE kV range mA range Maximum number of exposures/sec Maximum exposure rate, R/min at patient entrance Pulsed fluoroscopy, pulses/sec Automatic brightness control
No No NA NA
Yes No NA NA
No No NA NA
Yes No NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
This is the first of two pages covering the above model(s). These specifications continue onto the next page.
Colons separate data on similar models of a device.
15

MODEL AMERICOMP Spectra 30 HF TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS No 1 AMERICOMP Spectra 30 HF AP No 1 AMERICOMP Spectra 325e No 1 AMRAD 300 HF No 1
Automatic Yes 230-250 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 100 A minimum
Automatic Yes 230/250 VAC, singlephase, 100 A minimum
DIMENSIONS Control cabinet H x W x D, cm (in)
5 x 30 x 18 (2 x 11.8 x 7.1)
5 x 30 x 18 (2 x 11.8 x 7.1)
117 x 58 x 30 (46.1 x 22.8 x 11.8)
5 x 30 x 18 (2 x 11.8 x 7.1)
Weight, kg (lb) HV transformer H x W x D, cm (in)
2 (4.4)
2 (4.4)
102 (225)
2 (4.4)
94 x 51 x 46 (37 x 20.1 x 18.1)
94 x 51 x 46 (37 x 20.1 x 18.1)
123 x 45 x 41 (48.4 x 17.7 x 16.1)
94 x 51 x 46 (37 x 20.1 x 18.1)
Weight, kg (lb) PURCHASE INFORMATION List price, std configuration Warranty Year first sold Fiscal year OTHER SPECIFICATIONS
86 (189.6)
86 (189.6)
91 (200)
86 (189.6)
$12,320 5 years Not specified Not specified Meets requirements of UL.
16
X-ray Generators

MODEL AMRAD 325 WHERE MARKETED Worldwide AMRAD 375 HF Worldwide AMRAD 500 HF Worldwide APELEM MAGNUM 40 : MAGNUM 50 Worldwide
Yes Not specified Low frequency
Yes Yes High frequency, 100 kHz
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
37.5 300 @ 125
37.5 300 @ 125
50 500 @ 100
40 : 50 500 @ 80 : 630 @ 80
40-125
40-125, optional 150
40-150
50, 100 150, 200, 300 0.4-600 0.00083-6 SCR Optional Ion chamber
25-200 in 25 mA 25-375 in 25 mA 0.1-420 Not specified FET Optional Ion chamber
25-500 in 25 mA 25-500 in 25 mA 0.1-600 Not specified FET Optional Ion chamber
10-500 : 10-630 10-500 : 10-630 0.5-1,000 0.001-6.3 IGBT Yes Ion chamber
No No NA NA
Yes No NA NA
Yes No NA NA
768 programs No : Yes NA : 40-125 NA : 0.5-6
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA : 30 NA : Not specified
NA
NA
NA
NA : No
NA
NA
NA
NA : Yes
17

MODEL AMRAD 325 TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS No 1 AMRAD 375 HF No 1 AMRAD 500 HF No 1 APELEM MAGNUM 40 : MAGNUM 50 Yes 1+1 (optional) : 2
Automatic Yes 320-250 VAC, singlephase, 70 A minimum
Automatic Yes 230/250 VAC, singlephase, 100 A minimum
Automatic Yes 400 VAC, 3-phase, 100 A minimum
Automatic Yes 380 VAC 10%, 50/60 Hz, 3-phase
117 x 58 x 30 (46.1 x 22.8 x 11.8)
8 x 43 x 23 (3.1 x 16.9 x 9.1)
8 x 43 x 23 (3.1 x 16.9 x 9.1)
7 x 56 x 23 (2.8 x 22 x 9.1)
102 (224.9)
3 (6.6)
3 (6.6)
4 (8.8)
123 x 45 x 41 (48.4 x 17.7 x 16.1)
94 x 41 x 46 (37 x 16.1 x 18.1)
94 x 41 x 46 (37 x 16.1 x 18.1)
123 x 45 x 41 (48.4 x 17.7 x 16.1)
91 (200.7)
100 (220.5)
100 (220.5)
107 (236)
$6,985 5 years Not specified Not specified Meets requirements of UL>.
Not specified 1 year 1998 Not specified Digital display; full x-ray tube protection; 3-, 2-, 1-point techniques; optional capacitordischarge model (GTI 30HF/DC). Meets requirements of ISO.
18
X-ray Generators

MODEL APELEM MAGNUM 65 : MAGNUM 80 WHERE MARKETED Worldwide CONTROL-X Milestone MS 325 : MS 525 Worldwide CONTROL-X Milestone HF MS 350HF Worldwide CONTROL-X Milestone HF MS 450HF : MS 550HF Worldwide
Yes No Single-phase
Yes Yes High frequency, single- or 3-phase
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
65 : 80 800 @ 80 : 1,000 @ 80
30 : 40 300 @ 125 : 500 @ 90, 400 @ 110, 300 @ 125 40-125
30 360 @ 80, 300 @ 100, 150 @ 150
40 : 50 500 @ 80, 400 @ 100, 200 @ 150 : 600 @ 80, 500 @ 100, 250 @ 150 40-150
40-150
40-150
10-800 : 10-1,000 10-800 : 10-1,000 0.5-1,000 0.001-6.3 IGBT Yes Ion chamber
25-100 100-300 : 100-500 0.2-600 0.008-6 SCR Optional Solid-state
20-200 100-400 0.4-600 0.003-6 IGBT Optional Solid-state
20-200 100-500 : 100-600 0.4-600 0.003-6 IGBT Optional Solid-state
768 programs Yes 40-125 0.5-6
No Optional 40-125 1-4
100 exams Optional 50-125 0.5-9
30 Not specified
10 10 with ABS
10 10 with ABS
10 10 with ABS
Optional
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
19

MODEL APELEM MAGNUM 65 : MAGNUM 80 TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS Yes 2 CONTROL-X Milestone MS 325 : MS 525 Yes 1 CONTROL-X Milestone HF MS 350HF Yes 2 CONTROL-X Milestone HF MS 450HF : MS 550HF Yes 2
Automatic Yes 380 VAC 10%, 50/60 Hz, 3 phase
Automatic Yes 208-240 VAC : 380 VAC; 50/60 Hz, 100 A, single phase
Automatic Yes 208-240 VAC, single or 3 phase or 380-400 VAC, 3 phase, 50/60 Hz
Automatic Yes 208-240 VAC, 50/60 Hz, single or 3 phase or 380-400 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 3 phase
7 x 56 x 23 (2.8 x 22 x 9.1)
109 x 40 x 33 (43 x 16 x 13)
40 x 46 x 95 (16 x 18 x 37.5)
40 x 46 x 95 (16 x 18 x 37.5)
4 (8.8)
86 (190)
120 (265)
120 (265)
Not specified
58 x 33 x 46 (23 x 13 x 18)
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
107 (236)
154 (340)
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
Not specified 1 year 1998 Not specified Digital display; full x-ray tube protection; 3-, 2-, 1-point techniques; optional highcontrast fluoro mode. Meets requirements of ISO.
Not specified 5 years (2 full, 3 prorated) Not specified January to December Digital display; tube overload protection; mAs display; digital timer; MS 525 is equipped with overcurrent protection.
Not specified 5 years (2 full, 3 prorated) Not specified January to December Compact control console and cabinet; manual override; technique reprogramming; selfdiagnostic software.
Not specified 5 years (2 full, 3 prorated) Not specified January to December Compact control console and cabinet; manual override; technique reprogramming; selfdiagnostic software.
20
X-ray Generators

MODEL CONTROL-X PCX 525/I WHERE MARKETED Worldwide CONTROL-X PCX HF 350HF : 450HF Worldwide CONTROL-X PCX HF 550HF Worldwide CONTROL-X PCX HF 850HF : 1050HF Worldwide
Yes No Single-phase
Yes Yes High frequency, 3-phase
Yes Yes High frequency, 3-phase
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
50 500 @ 100, 400 @ 125
30 : 40 400 @ 80, 300 @ 100, 150 @ 150 : 500 @ 80, 400 @ 100, 200 @ 150 40-150
50 600 @ 80, 500 @ 100, 250 @ 150
65 : 80 800 @ 80, 650 @ 100, 420 @ 150 : 1,000 @ 80, 800 @ 100, 500 @ 150 40-150
40-125
40-150
25-200 100-500 0.2-600 0.008-6 SCR Optional Solid-state
20-200 100-400 : 100-500 0.4-600 0.003-6 IGBT Optional Solid-state
20-200 100-800 : 100-1,000 0.5-600 0.003-6 IGBT Optional Solid-state
127 exams Optional 40-115 1-4
10 10 with ABS
10 10 with ABS
10 10 with ABS
10 10 with ABS
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
21

MODEL CONTROL-X PCX 525/I TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS Yes 2 CONTROL-X PCX HF 350HF : 450HF Yes 2 CONTROL-X PCX HF 550HF Yes 2 CONTROL-X PCX HF 850HF : 1050HF Yes 2
Automatic Yes 208-240 VAC, 100 A, 50/60 Hz, singlephase
Automatic Yes 208-240 VAC, 50/60 Hz, single- or 3-phase or 380-400 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 3-phase
Automatic Yes 240 or 380-400 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 3-phase
Automatic Yes 380/480 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 3-phase
38 x 41 x 36 (15 x 16 x 14)
40 x 46 x 95 (15.7 x 18 x 37.5)
40 x 46 x 95 (15.7 x 18 x 37.5)
57 x 56 x 203 (22.5 x 22.3 x 80)
12 (26)
120 (265)
120 (265)
306 (680)
56 x 66 x 84 (22 x 26 x 33)
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
234 (515)
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
Not specified 5 years (2 full, 3 prorated) Not specified January to December Continuous digital readouts on CRT display; integrated computer records exposure parameters and is equipped with self-diagnostics.
Not specified 5 years (2 full, 3 prorated) Not specified January to December PC controlled with touchscreen monitor, manual override, technique reprogramming, selfdiagnostic software.
22
X-ray Generators

MODEL CPI CMP200 30 kW : CMP200 32 kW WHERE MARKETED Worldwide CPI CMP200 40 kW : CMP200 50 kW Worldwide CPI Indico 100 32 kW Worldwide CPI Indico 100 40 kW Worlwide
Yes Yes High frequency
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
30 : 32 Not specified
40 : 50 Not specified
32 Not specified
40 Not specified
40-125
40-125 : 40-150
40-150
40-150
25-400 * 25-400 * 0.4-500 0.001-6.3 FET inverter, 100 kHz Yes Ion chamber or solid-state 768 techniques No NA NA
25-500 : 25-600 * 25-500 : 25-600 * 0.4-500 0.001-6.3 FET inverter, 100 kHz : Not specified Yes Ion chamber or solid-state : Not specified 768 techniques No NA NA
10-320 * 10-320 * 0.5-1,000 (non-AEC) 0.001-6.3 FET inverter, 100 kHz Yes Ion chamber, solidstate, or PMT 768 techniques Yes 40-125 0.5-6 continuous **
NA NA
NA NA
Not specified Not specified
NA
NA
2.5, 6, 12.5, 25,50; 3, 7.5, 15, 30, 60 *** Yes
2.5, 6, 12.5, 25,50; 3, 7.5, 15, 30, 60 *** Yes

NA
NA
Colons separate data on similar models of a device. * Not to exceed manufacturer's x-ray tube limits. ** High-contrast fluoroscopy levels available. *** Depends in imaging system. With multiple programmable kV/mA tracking curves.
23

MODEL CPI CMP200 30 kW : CMP200 32 kW TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS No 1 CPI CMP200 40 kW : CMP200 50 kW No 1 CPI Indico 100 32 kW Yes 2 CPI Indico 100 40 kW Yes 2
Automatic Error codes 208/230 VAC, singlephase : 400/480 3phase *
Automatic Error codes 400/480 VAC, 3-phase *
Automatic Error codes 230 VAC, singlephase; 400/480, 3-phase *
Automatic Error codes 213 VAC, singlephase; 400/480, 3-phase *
3.7 x 10.9 x 12.3 (1.5 x 4.3 x 4.8)
3.7 x 10.9 x 12.3 (1.5 x 4.3 x 4.8)
3.7 x 16.6 x 12.3 (1.5 x 6.5 x 4.8)
3.7 x 16.6 x 12.3 (1.5 x 6.5 x 4.8)
Not specified
Not specified
Not specified
Not specified
24.3 x 13.7 x 19.7 (9.6 x 5.4 x 7.8)
24.3 x 13.7 x 19.7 (9.6 x 5.4 x 7.8)
48.7 x 22 x 18.2 (19.2 x 8.7 x 7.2)
48.7 x 22 x 18.2 (19.2 x 8.7 x 7.2)
51 (112.5)
51 (112.5)
112 (247)
112 (247)
Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified Optional GenWare service software, laptop interface, pedestal stand, wall mount, x-ray handswitch, collimator, lamp power.
Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified Optional GenWare service software, laptop interface, pedestal stand, wall mount, x-ray handswitch, collimator, lamp power.
Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified Optional GenWare service software, DSS, digital interface, laptop interface, remote fluoro, pedestal stand, wall mount, x-ray handswitch, kV/mAs stepping, color touchscreen, integral DAP, falling load operation, custom interfaces, 3-phase 208/240 VAC line adjust transformer.
Colons separate data on similar models of a device. * Other output power levels available between 30 kW and 50 kW with single-phase input requirements.
24
X-ray Generators

MODEL CPI Indico 100 50 kW WHERE MARKETED Worldwide CPI Indico 100 65 kW Worldwide CPI Indico 100 80 kW Worldwide CPI Indico 100 100 kW Worldwide
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
50 Not specified
65 Not specified
80 Not specified
100 Not specified
40-150
40-150
40-150
40-150
10-1,000 * 10-1,000 * 0.5-1,000 (non-AEC) 0.001-6.3 FET inverter, 100 kHz Yes Ion chamber, solidstate, or PMT 768 techniques Yes 40-125 0.5-6 continuous **
10-1,000 * 10-1,000 * 0.5-1,000 (non-AEC) 0.001-6.3 FET inverter, 100 kHz Yes Ion chamber, solidstate, or PMT 768 techniques Yes 40-125 0.5-6 continuous **
2.5, 6, 12.5, 25,50; 3, 7.5, 15, 20, 60 *** Yes
2.5, 6, 12.5, 25,50; 3, 7.5, 15, 30, 60 *** Yes
2.5, 6, 12.5, 25,50; 3, 7.5, 15, 30, 60 *** Yes
2.5, 6, 12.5, 25,50; 3, 7.5, 15, 30, 60 *** Yes

Colons separate data on similar models of a device. * Not to exceed manufacturer's x-ray tube limits. ** High-contrast fluoroscopy levels available. *** Depends in imaging system. With multiple programmable kV/mA tracking curves.
25

MODEL CPI Indico 100 50 kW TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS Yes 2 CPI Indico 100 65 kW Yes 2 CPI Indico 100 80 kW Yes 2 CPI Indico 100 100 kW Yes 2
Automatic Error codes 400/480 VAC, 3phase *
3.7 x 16.6 x 12.3 (1.5 x 6.5 x 4.8)
3.7 x 16.6 x 12.3 (1.5 x 6.5 x 4.8)
3.7 x 16.6 x 12.3 (1.5 x 6.5 x 4.8)
3.7 x 16.6 x 12.3 (1.5 x 6.5 x 4.8)
Not specified
Not specified
Not specified
Not specified
48.7 x 22 x 18.2 (19.2 x 8.7 x 7.2)
48.7 x 22 x 18.2 (19.2 x 8.7 x 7.2)
48.7 x 22 x 18.2 (19.2 x 8.7 x 7.2)
48.7 x 22 x 18.2 (19.2 x 8.7 x 7.2)
112 (247)
113 (249.2)
114 (251.4)
115 (253.6)
Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified Optional GenWare service software, DSS, digital interface, laptop interface, remote fluoro, pedestal stand, wall mount, x-ray handswitch, kV/mAs stepping, color touchscreen, integral DAP, falling load operation, custom interfaces.
Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified Optional GenWare service software, DSS, digital interface, laptop interface, remote fluoro, pedestal stand, wall mount, x-ray handswitch, kV/mAs stepping, color touchscreen, integral DAP, falling load operation, custom interfaces.
Colons separate data on similar models of a device. * Other output power levels available between 30 kW and 50 kW with single-phase input requirements.
26
X-ray Generators

MODEL CPI Indico 100L 30 kW : Indico 100L 37.5 kW WHERE MARKETED Worldwide CPI Indico 100L 50 kW Worlwide CPI MILLENIA 350 Worldwide CPI MILLENIA 650 Worldwide
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
30 : 37.5 Not specified
50 Not specified
30 Not specified
50 Not specified
40-125
40-125
40-150
40-150
25-300 : 25-375 * 25-300 : 25-375 * Not specified 0.001-6.3 FET inverter, 100 kHz Yes Ion chamber or solid-state 1,728 techniques No NA NA
25-500 * 25-500 * Not specified 0.001-6.3 FET inverter, 100 kHz Yes Ion chamber or solid-state 1,728 techniques No NA NA
10-320 10-320 0.5-1,000 (non-AEC) 0.002-6.3 NA Yes Ion chamber or solid-state 768 techniques Yes 40-125 0.5-6
10-630 * 10-630 * 0.5-1,000 (non-AEC) 0.002-6.3 NA Yes Ion chamber or solid-state 768 techniques Yes 40-125 0.5-6
NA NA
NA NA
NA
NA
3, 7.5, 15, 30
3, 7.5, 15, 30
NA
NA
Yes
Yes
Colons separate data on similar models of a device. * Not to exceed manufacturer's x-ray tube limits.
27

MODEL CPI Indico 100L 30 kW : Indico 100L 37.5 kW TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS No 1 CPI Indico 100L 50 kW No 1 CPI MILLENIA 350 Yes 2 CPI MILLENIA 650 Yes 2
Automatic Error codes 230 VAC, singlephase; 400/480 3phase : 400/480 3phase
Automatic Error codes 400/480 VAC, 3phase
Automatic Error codes 240 VAC, singlephase; 400/480 VAC, 3-phase
Automatic Error codes 400/480 VAC, 3-phase
3 x 17 x 8.8 (1.2 x 6.7 x 3.4)
3 x 17 x 8.8 (1.2 x 6.7 x 3.4)
6.1 x 55.9 x 23.1 (2.4 x 22 x 9.1)
6.1 x 55.9 x 23.1 (2.4 x 22 x 9.1)
Not specified
Not specified
Not specified
Not specified
37.5 x 16 x 18 (14.8 x 6.3 x 7.1)
37.5 x 16 x 18 (14.8 x 6.3 x 7.1)
17.7 x 61.3 x 53.3 (7 x 24.1 x 21.1)
17.7 x 61.3 x 53.3 (7 x 24.1 x 21.1)
90 (198.5)
90 (198.5)
240 (529.2)
240 (529.2)
Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified Optional services software, laptop interface, pedestal stand, wall mount, x-ray handswitch, 150 kV option, collimator, lamp power.
Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified Optional services software, laptop interface, pedestal stand, wall mount, x-ray handswitch, 150 kV option, collimator, lamp power.
Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified Optional GenWare service software, DSS, digital interface, laptop interface, remote fluoro, pedestal stand, wall mount, x-ray handswitch, A2EC**@,pkV/mAs stepping.
Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified Optional GenWare service software, DSS, digital interface, laptop interface, remote fluoro, pedestal stand, wall mount, x-ray handswitch, A2EC2, kV/mAs stepping.
28
X-ray Generators

MODEL CPI MILLENIA 850 WHERE MARKETED Worldwide CPI MILLENIA 1050 Worldwide DAEYOUNG FAILED TO RESPOND * DYD-1250Z Asia, Australia, Middle East No No Single-phase DEL MEDICAL ATC 525 : ATC 725 Worldwide
Yes No High frequency
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
65 Not specified
80 Not specified
50 500 @ 100
40 : 50 400 @ 100 : 500 @ 100
40-150
40-150
45-125
40-125
10-800 ** 10-800 ** 0.5-1,000 (non-AEC) 0.002-6.3 NA Yes Ion chamber or solid-state 768 techniques Yes 40-125 0.5-6
10-1,000 ** 10-1,000 ** 0.5-1,000 (non-AEC) 0.001-6.3 NA Yes Ion chamber or solid-state 768 techniques Yes 40-125 0.5-6
50-100 200-500 1-800 0.02-6 Not specified No Not specified
600 max : 700 max 600 max : 700 max 1-500 : 1-600 0.01-6 SCR inverter Optional Ion chamber
Yes No NA NA
Yes No NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
3, 7.5, 15, 30
3, 7.5, 15, 30
NA
NA
Yes
Yes
NA
NA
Colons separate data on similar models of a device. * Specifications current as of March 2000. ** Not to exceed manufacturer's x-ray tube limits.
29

MODEL CPI MILLENIA 850 TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS Yes 2 CPI MILLENIA 1050 Yes 2 DAEYOUNG FAILED TO RESPOND * DYD-1250Z No 1 DEL MEDICAL ATC 525 : ATC 725 Optional 1
Manual Yes 220/380/440 VAC, 50/60 Hz
Yes Yes 208-240 VAC, 1-phase (30 kW version) or 208-480 VAC, 3-phase : 208-480 VAC, 3-phase
6.1 x 55.9 x 23.1 (2.4 x 22 x 9.1)
6.1 x 55.9 x 23.1 (2.4 x 22 x 9.1)
92 x 53 x 36 (36.2 x 20.9 x 14.2)
92.7 x 40.6 x 32.4 (36.5 x 16 x 12.8)
Not specified
Not specified
75 (165.4)
36.3 (80)
17.7 x 61.3 x 53.3 (7 x 24.1 x 21.1)
17.7 x 61.3 x 53.3 (7 x 24.1 x 21.1)
42 x 45 x 52 (16.5 x 17.7 x 20.5)
161 x 67.3 x 49.5 (63.3 x 26.5 x 19.5) rack cabinet 272 (600)
240 (529.2)
240 (529.2)
166 (366)
$15,000 2 years 1995 January to December None specified.
$17,500 : $25,000 1 year, parts 1991 August to July Meets requirements of ISO 9001 and UL.
Colons separate data on similar models of a device. * Specifications current as of March 2000.
30
X-ray Generators

MODEL DEL MEDICAL ATC 550 : ATC 750 WHERE MARKETED Worldwide DEL MEDICAL ATC 650 : ATC 850 Worldwide DEL MEDICAL GX-525 Worldwide EMD TECHNOLOGIES CPX 160 Worldwide, except Europe Yes No Constant potential
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
40 : 50 400 @ 100 : 500 @ 100
65 : 80 800 @ 80, 630 @ 100 : 1,000 @ 80, 800 @ 100
30 300 @ 100
60 800 @ 75
40-150
40-150
40-125
40-150
320 max 500 max : 600 max 0.5-1,000 0.002-6 SCR inverter Optional Ion chamber
320 max 800 max : 1,000 max 0.5-1,000 0.002-6 SCR inverter Optional Ion chamber
500 max 500 max 1-500 0.0083-6 SCR inverter Optional Ion chamber
10-800 * 10-800 * 0.4-1,000 0.001-8 HV solid-state secondary Yes Ion chamber or PMT
Yes Optional 40-125 0.5-6
Yes Optional 40-125 0.5-6
No No NA NA
Yes Yes 40-125 0.5-10 continuous, 10-50 pulsed
30 Not specified
30 Not specified
NA NA
Not specified 5; 10 with ABS
Not specified
3.75/7.5/15/30
NA
30, 15, 10, 7.5, 5, 3.75 (optional) Yes **

Yes
Yes
NA
Colons separate data on similar models of a device. * Automatic/manual focal spot selection. ** With 2 editable kV/mA tracking curves.
31

MODEL DEL MEDICAL ATC 550 : ATC 750 TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS Optional 2 DEL MEDICAL ATC 650 : ATC 850 Optional 2 DEL MEDICAL GX-525 Optional 1 EMD TECHNOLOGIES CPX 160 Yes 2
Yes Yes 400/480 VAC, 3-phase
Yes Yes 400/480 VAC, 3-phase
Yes Yes 240 VAC, 150 A, 60 Hz, 1-phase or 208-480 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 3-phase
Automatic Yes 208/220-240/400-480 VAC, 50/60 Hz, single-phase
88.9 x 55.9 x 25.4 (35 x 22 x 10)
88.9 x 55.9 x 25.4 (35 x 22 x 10)
33 x 25.4 x 7.6 (13 x 10 x 3)
6.6 x 43 x 23 (2.6 x 17 x 9)
13.6 (30)
13.6 (30)
36.3 (80)
1 (2.2)
175 x 61 x 54 (68.9 x 24 x 21.3) rack cabinet 317.5 (700)
175 x 61 x 54 (68.9 x 24 x 21.3) rack cabinet 317.5 (700)
27.9 x 38.1 x 43.2 (11 x 15 x 17); 46 x 66 x 46 (18 x 26 x 18) power module 54 (118); 55 (120) power module
155 x 56 x 53 (61 x 22 x 21)
545 (1,200)
$20,000 : $23,500 1 year, parts 1999 August to July Meets requirements of ISO 9001 and UL 2601.
$40,575 : $50,775 1 year, parts 1990 August to July Meets requirements of ISO 9001 and UL 2601.
$13,000 1 year, parts 1987 August to July Meets requirements of ISO 9001 and UL.
Not specified 1 year 1996 June to May Integrated low-speed starter; high-speed starter; automatic tube calibration; anode heat integrator; mA stabilizer; x-ray tube overload protection; standard universal interface; single cabinet and console. Complies with most standards.
32
X-ray Generators

MODEL EMD TECHNOLOGIES CPX 360 WHERE MARKETED Worldwide EMD TECHNOLOGIES CPX 380 Worldwide EMD TECHNOLOGIES CPX 3100 Worldwide EMD TECHNOLOGIES EPS 28CT : EPS 42CT Worldwide
Yes Yes Constant potential
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
60 800 @ 75
80 1,000 @ 80
100 1,000 @ 100
28 : 42 200 @ 140 : 300 @ 140
40-150
40-150
40-150
100-140
10-800 * 10-800 * 0.4-1,000 0.001-8 HV solid-state secondary Yes Ion chamber or PMT
10-1,000 * 10-1,000 * 0.4-1,000 0.001-8 HV solid-state secondary Yes Ion chamber or PMT
10-1,000 * 10-1,000 * 0.4-1,000 0.001-8 HV solid-state secondary Yes PMT or photodiode
NA NA NA Duty cycle 20%, 60 sec on, 4 min off IGBT No NA
No No NA NA
Not specified 5; 10; 20 with ABS
NA NA
30, 15, 10, 7.5, 5, 3.75 (optional) Yes **
30, 15, 10, 7.5, 5, 3.75 (optional) Yes **
30, 15, 7.5
NA
Yes
NA
Colons separate data on similar models of a device. * Automatic/manual focal spot selection. ** With 2 editable kV/mA tracking curves.
33

MODEL EMD TECHNOLOGIES CPX 360 TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS Yes 2 EMD TECHNOLOGIES CPX 380 Yes 2 EMD TECHNOLOGIES CPX 3100 Yes 2 EMD TECHNOLOGIES EPS 28CT : EPS 42CT No 1
Automatic Yes 208/220-240/400-480 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 3-phase
Automatic Yes 208/220-240/400-480 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 3-phase
Automatic Yes 400-480 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 3-phase
DC input Yes 270-500 VOC
6.6 x 43 x 23 (2.6 x 17 x 9)
6.6 x 43 x 23 (2.6 x 17 x 9)
6.6 x 43 x 23 (2.6 x 17 x 9)
NA
1 (2.2)
1 (2.2)
1 (2.2)
NA
160 x 56 x 58 (63 x 22 x 23)
160 x 56 x 58 (63 x 22 x 23)
160 x 56 x 58 (63 x 22 x 23)
22 x 28 x 41 (8.7 x 11 x 16.1)
636 (1,400)
636 (1,400)
636 (1,400)
18.5 (40.8)
Not specified 1 year 1998 June to May Integrated low-speed starter; high-speed starter; automatic tube calibration; anode heat integrator; mA stabilizer; x-ray tube overload protection; standard universal interface; single cabinet and console; optional integrated highspeed starter. Complies with most standards.
Not specified 1 year 1996 June to May Integrated low-speed starter; high-speed starter; automatic tube calibration; anode heat integrator; mA stabilizer; x-ray tube overload protection; standard universal interface; single cabinet and console. Complies with most standards.
Not specified 1 year 1996 June to May For cardiovascular applications; standard pulse fluoroscopy with nongridded tubes; anode heat integrator; integrated high-speed starter; standard universal interface. Complies with most standards.
Not specified 1 year 2003 June to May Immunity to tube arcs; solid dielectric HV units; high-efficiency power converter; designed for computed tomography. Meets requirements for Canada and U.S. (CSA, UL); CE directive 93/42/EEC Class II B.
34
X-ray Generators

MODEL EMD TECHNOLOGIES EPS 45R : EPS 50R WHERE MARKETED Worldwide Yes FDA CLEARANCE CE MARK (MDD) TYPE High frequency High frequency High frequency High frequency Yes EMD TECHNOLOGIES EPS 45RF : EPS 50RF Worldwide Yes Yes EMD TECHNOLOGIES EPS 65R : EPS 80R Worldwide Yes Yes EMD TECHNOLOGIES EPS 65RF : EPS 80RF Worldwide Yes Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
45 : 50 500 @ 90 : 630 @ 80
45 : 50 500 @ 90 : 630 @ 80
65 : 80 800 @ 80 : 1,000 @ 80
65 : 80 800 @ 80 : 1,000 @ 80
40-150
40-150
40-150
40-150
10-500 : 10-630 10-500 : 10-630 0.4-1,000 0.001-10 IGBT Optional Ion chamber, solidstate Up to 1,536 programs No NA NA
10-500 : 10-630 10-500 : 10-630 0.4-1,000 0.001-10 IGBT Optional Ion chamber, solidstate, PMT, photodiode Up to 1,536 programs Yes 50-125 0.1-10 continuous, 2.5-75 pulsed
10-800 : 10-1,000 10-800 : 10-1,000 0.4-1,000 0.001-10 IGBT Optional Ion chamber, solidstate Up to 1,536 programs No NA NA
10-800 : 10-1,000 10-800 : 10-1,000 0.4-1,000 0.001-10 IGBT Optional Ion chamber, solidstate, PMT, photodiode Up to 1,536 programs Yes 50-125 0.1-10 continuous; 2.5-75 pulsed
NA NA
Up to 90 (optional) 5 : 10 with ABS, 20 high-level fluoro 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 30
NA NA
Up to 90 (optional) 5 : 10 with ABS, 20 high-level fluoro 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 30
NA
NA
NA
Yes
NA
Yes
35

MODEL EMD TECHNOLOGIES EPS 45R : EPS 50R TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS Yes 1; 2 optional EMD TECHNOLOGIES EPS 45RF : EPS 50RF Yes 1; 2 optional EMD TECHNOLOGIES EPS 65R : EPS 80R Yes 1; 2 optional EMD TECHNOLOGIES EPS 65RF : EPS 80RF Yes 1; 2 optional
5.5 x 33.3 x 27.6 (2.2 x 13.1 x 10.9)
5.5 x 33.3 x 27.6 (2.2 x 13.1 x 10.9)
5.5 x 33.3 x 27.6 (2.2 x 13.1 x 10.9)
5.5 x 33.3 x 27.6 (2.2 x 13.1 x 10.9)
2.6 (5.7)
2.6 (5.7)
2.6 (5.7)
2.6 (5.7)
57.5 x 43.7 x 47.4 (22.6 x 17.2 x 18.7)
57.5 x 43.7 x 47.4 (22.6 x 17.2 x 18.7)
57.5 x 43.7 x 47.4 (22.6 x 17.2 x 18.7)
57.5 x 43.7 x 47.4 (22.6 x 17.2 x 18.7)
45 (99.2) : 50 (110.3)
45 (99.2) : 50 (110.3)
55 (121.3) : 60 (132.3)
55 (121.3) : 60 (132.3)
Not specified 18 months 2003 June to May Integrated low speed or high speed anode drive; automatic tube calibration; flexible interface including support for flat-panel, canbus, RS-232. Full QA CSA 22.2.114/601, UL 2601; CE directive 93/42/EEC Class II B.
36
X-ray Generators

MODEL FURRER Raypower RP-50 WHERE MARKETED Internationally GE MEDICAL MPH 50 : 65 : 80 Worldwide GE MEDICAL Proteus XR/a Worldwide GE MEDICAL Silhouette VR Worldwide
No Yes High frequency
Yes Yes Not specified
Yes Yes Not specified
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
50 500 @ 100
50 : 65 : 80 See footnote *
32, 50, 65, 80 Not specified
32; 50 optional Not specified
40-125
40-150
40-150 kVp
40-150 kVp
1-300 1-500 0.5-600 0.003-5 IGBT Optional Ion chamber
Not specified Not specified 0.5-640 0.001-6.4 IGBT Yes Ion chamber
10-400 @ 32 kW ** 10-400 @ 32 kW ** Not specified 0.0001-6.3 Not specified Yes Ion chamber
10-400; 630 @ 50 kW 10-400; 630 @ 50 kW Not specified 0.00125-6.3; 0.001 (50 kW) Not specified Yes Ion chamber
75 programs No NA NA
48 programmable Yes 40-125 0.4-10
>1,700 programs No NA NA
>1,700 programs No NA NA
NA NA
12 95
NA NA
NA NA
NA
Not specified
NA
NA
NA
Yes
NA
NA
Colons separate data on similar models of a device. * [640 : 800 : 1,000 mA] @ 80 kVp; [500 : 600 : 800 mA] @ 100 kVp; [400 : 520 : 640 mA] @ 125 kVp; [333 : 433 : 533 mA] @ 150 kVp. ** 10-630 @ 50 kW, 10-800 @ 65 kW, 10-1,000 @ 80 kW.
37

MODEL FURRER Raypower RP-50 TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS No 1 GE MEDICAL MPH 50 : 65 : 80 Optional 2 GE MEDICAL Proteus XR/a Optional 1 GE MEDICAL Silhouette VR No 1
Yes Yes 380-480 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 3-phase
10% Yes 380-480 VAC, 10%; 50/60 Hz, 5%; 3-phase
10% Yes 380-480 VAC, 10%; 50/60 Hz, 5%; 3-phase
28 x 20 x 4 (11 x 7.9 x 1.6)
195.1 x 101.6 x 44.5 (76.8 x 40 x 17.5)
159.8 x 45 x 54.9 (62.9 x 17.7 x 21.6)
NA (integrated into table base)
0.8 (1.8)
299.3 (660)
401 (884.2)
NA
Integral
Not specified
Included in control cabinet
48.3 x 40 x 49.7 (19 x 15.7 x 19.6)
55 (121)
Not specified
Included in control cabinet
30 (66)
Not specified 1 year Not specified January to December High-power inverter IGBT; microprocessor controlled; fault self-diagnostic on display.
Not specified 1 year Not specified January to December None specified.
Not specified 1 year 1999 January to December None specified.
NA 1 year 1998 January to December Integrated into table base to save space.
38
X-ray Generators

MODEL GTR LABS CF-3 WHERE MARKETED Worldwide GTR LABS CR-30RF Worldwide GTR LABS CR-50RF Worldwide GTR LABS CR-600C Worldwide
Yes No High frequency, cardiac cath lab
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
6 50 @ 125
30 300 @ 100
50 500 @ 100
60 600 @ 100
NA
40-125
40-150
NA
NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
25-400 25-400 0.05-600 0.002-6 Inverter Yes Ion chamber
25-600 25-600 0.05-600 0.002-6 Inverter No NA
NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
No Yes 40-125 15-50
No Yes 40-125 15-25
No Yes 40-125 15-25
NA Yes 40-125 25-600
60 10 with ABS
60 10 with ABS
60 10 with ABS
60 10 with ABS
1-60
1-60
1-60
1-60
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
39

MODEL GTR LABS CF-3 TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS No 1 GTR LABS CR-30RF Yes 1 GTR LABS CR-50RF Yes 1 GTR LABS CR-600C No 1
Automatic Yes 188-253 VAC, 50/60 Hz, single-phase
61 x 63.5 x 25.4 (24 x 25 x 10)
61 x 63.5 x 25.4 (24 x 25 x 10)
61 x 63.5 x 25.4 (24 x 25 x 10)
68.6 x 81.3 x 193 (27 x 32 x 76)
22.9 (50)
31.7 (70)
31.7 (70)
136 (300)
30.5 x 40.6 x 30.5 (12 x 16 x 12)
30.5 x 40.6 x 30.5 (12 x 16 x 12)
30.5 x 40.6 x 30.5 (12 x 16 x 12)
Included
38.5 (85)
38.5 (85)
38.5 (85)
Included
$14,600 5 years 1996 Not specified UL listed.
40
X-ray Generators

MODEL GTR LABS V-325 WHERE MARKETED Worldwide GTR LABS V-425 Worldwide GTR LABS V-550 Worldwide GTR LABS V-650 Worldwide
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
20 200 @ 100
30 300 @ 100
40 400 @ 100
50 500 @ 100
40-125
40-125
40-150
40-150
25-300 25-300 0.05-600 0.002-6 Inverter Optional Ion chamber
25-400 25-400 0.05-600 0.002-6 Inverter Optional Ion chamber
No No NA NA
No No NA NA
No No NA NA
No No NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
41

MODEL GTR LABS V-325 TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS Yes 1 GTR LABS V-425 Yes 1 GTR LABS V-550 Yes 1 GTR LABS V-650 Yes 1
Automatic Yes 188-253 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 3-phase (optional 380 VAC, 3-phase)
Automatic Yes 188-253 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 3-phase (optional 380 VAC, 3-phase)
111.8 x 61 x 31.8 (44 x 24 x 12.5)
111.8 x 61 x 31.8 (44 x 24 x 12.5)
111.8 x 61 x 31.8 (44 x 24 x 12.5)
111.8 x 61 x 31.8 (44 x 24 x 12.5)
68 (150)
68 (150)
68 (150)
68 (150)
Included
Included
Included
Included
Included
Included
Included
Included
$7,290 (plus options) 5 years 2000 Not specified Meets requirements of UL 2601.
$9,115 (plus options) 5 years 2000 Not specified Meets requirements of UL 2601.
$11,400 5 years 2000 Not specified Meets requirements of UL 2601.
$14,230 5 years 2000 Not specified Meets requirements of UL 2601.
42
X-ray Generators

MODEL LISTEM DXG-325R WHERE MARKETED Not specified LISTEM DXG-525R Not specified LISTEM MC 120 Not specified LISTEM NCG600 Not specified
No No Single-phase, full wave
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
22 300 @ 100, 200 @ 125
37 500 @ 100, 300 @ 125
7.5 100 @ 120 kV
Not specified 57 @ 120 kVp, 600 @ 90 kVp
40-125
40-125
120
55, 73, 90, 120
1.0 mm 2.0 mm 0.4-600 mAs 0.008-6 Not specified Optional Not specified
1.0 mm 2.0 mm 0.01-500 0.008-6 Not specified Optional Not specified
1.0 mm 2.0 mm 1.5-100 Not specified Not specified Optional Not specified
1.0 mm 2.0 mm Not specified Not specified Not specified Optional Not specified
No No NA NA
No No NA NA
Yes No NA NA
Yes No NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
43

MODEL LISTEM DXG-325R TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS Not specified 125 kVp LISTEM DXG-525R Not specified 125 kVp LISTEM MC 120 No 125 kVp LISTEM NCG600 No 125 kVp
Yes Yes 220 VAC, 50/60 Hz, single-phase
Yes Yes 220 VAC, 50/60 Hz, single-phase
Manual Not specified 220 VAC, 50/60 Hz, single-phase
Manual Not specified 220/380/415 VAC, 60 Hz, singlephase
95 x 30 x 62 (37.4 x 11.8 x 24.4)
Not specified
24 x 42 x 33 (9.4 x 16.5 x 13)
53 x 31 x 75 (20.9 x 12.2 x 29.5)
120 (264.6)
Not specified
20 (44.1)
60 (132.3)
76 x 43 x 53 (29.9 x 16.9 x 20.9)
Not specified
37 x 44 x 33 (14.6 x 17.3 x 13)
36 x 41 x 60 (14.2 x 16.1 x 23.6)
220 (485.1)
105 (231.5)
60 (132.3)
80 (176.4)
Not specified 18 months Not specified Not specified Meets requirements of ISO 9001.
44
X-ray Generators

MODEL LISTEM X ENT WHERE MARKETED Not specified MEDITECH BBX-50 (30/80) Germany MEDSTONE xhf 315 mammography Worldwide MEDSTONE xhf 330 Worldwide
No Yes 3-phase (6- or 12pulse)
Yes Yes 100 kHz resonance
Yes
Software controlled
Yes
Yes
2.5 200 @ 85 kVp
50 (30-80) 500 @ 100; 300-800 @ not specified
15 kW @ 69 kVp 217 mA @ 69 kVp
30 300
75, 85
20-69
40-135 kVp
2.0 mm 2.0 mm 0.29-200 mAs Not specified Not specified Optional Not specified
50-200 50-500 1-600 maximum programmable 0.004-3.6 Thyristor Yes Ion chamber
Tube dependent Tube dependent 1,000 0.003-32 200 kHz Yes Ion chamber, solidstate Yes No NA NA
Tube dependent Tube dependent 500 0.003-6 200 kHz Yes Ion chamber, solidstate Yes Optional 40-125 25, 32, 40
Yes No NA NA
80 programs Yes 125 max * See footnote *
NA NA
NA NA
30 Selectable
NA
Not specified
NA
7.5-30
NA
Not specified
NA
Yes
Colons separate data on similar models of a device. * Range is dose rate controlled.
45

MODEL LISTEM X ENT TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS No 125 kVp MEDITECH BBX-50 (30/80) Yes 2 with 2 focal spots MEDSTONE xhf 315 mammography Yes 1 (mammographic single port) Automatic Yes 208/380/425 VAC, 3-phase MEDSTONE xhf 330 Yes 1
Manual Not specified 220 VAC, 50/60 Hz, single-phase
Automatic Text message on screen 400 VAC 10%, 50/60 Hz, 140 A, 3-phase
Automatic Yes 220-240 VAC, singlephase; 208/380/425 VAC, 3-phase; battery supported from wall outlet
30 x 7 x 19 (11.8 x 2.8 x 7.5)
190 x 60 x 410 (74.8 x 23.6 x 161.4); 35 x 40 x 40 (13.8 x 15.7 x 15.7) touchscreen monitor 120 (265); 8 (17.6) touchscreen monitor 100 x 50 x 50 (39.4 x 19.7 x 19.7)
4.5 x 30.5 x 34 (1.8 x 12 x 13.4)
4.5 x 30.5 x 34 (1.8 x 12 x 13.4)
Not specified
3 (6.6)
3 (6.6)
19 x 26 x 26 (7.5 x 10.2 x 10.2)
35.6 x 50.8 x 37.5 (14 x 20 x 14.8)
35.6 x 50.8 x 37.5 (14 x 20 x 14.8)
Not specified
300 (661)
110 (242.6)
110 (242.6)
DM 35,000-40,000 (US$15,259-17,438) 1 year 1992 January to December Touchscreen virtual keyboard; integrated software-generated constancy check; printer documentation of patient examination parameters; can be used with available old system HV transformers (Siemens, Picker, Europa, TUR, GEMS, Hofmann, Italray, etc.).
Not specified 2 years 2002 Not specified None specified.
46
X-ray Generators

MODEL MEDSTONE xhf 340 WHERE MARKETED Worldwide MEDSTONE xhf 350 : xhf 355 Worldwide METALTRONICA TORIX 90 Worldwide PACIONI CLINIX-HF 650 Worldwide
No Yes High frequency, 25 kHz (50 kHz ripple)
Not specified Yes High frequency, 100 kHz, 3-phase
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
40 400
50 500
14 140 @ 100, 200 @ 60, 130 @ 84, 100 @ 120 40-120
50 or 80 600 @ 80, 500 @ 100, 400 @ 125, 320 @ 125 or 800 @ 100, 640 @ 125, 530 @ 150 40-150 (111 steps)
40-135 kVp
40-135 : 40-150
Tube dependent Tube dependent 500 (optional up to 2,300) 0.003-13 200 kHz Yes Ion chamber, solidstate Yes Optional 40-125 25-400
Tube dependent Tube dependent 500 (optional up to 2,300) 0.003-13 200 kHz Yes Ion chamber, solidstate Yes Optional 40-125 25-400
100-200 NA 0.3-200 0.0015-2 Mosfet inverter Optional Not specified
35-600 (10 steps) * 35-600 (10 steps) * Not specified 0.002-9 (35 steps) FET Yes Ion chamber, solidstate 840 programmable Yes 40-120 (81 steps) 0.5-5 (10 steps)
16 programs No NA NA
30 Selectable
30 Selectable
NA NA
7.5-30
7.5-30
NA
Not specified
Yes
Yes
NA
Yes
Colons separate data on similar models of a device. * Or 20-1,000 (10 steps).
47

MODEL MEDSTONE xhf 340 TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS Yes 1 MEDSTONE xhf 350 : xhf 355 Yes 1 METALTRONICA TORIX 90 No 1 PACIONI CLINIX-HF 650 Yes 2; 4 accessories
Automatic Yes 208/380/425 VAC, 3-phase
Automatic Yes 208/380/425 VAC, 3-phase
Automatic Display of defective block 220/230/240 VAC, 50/60 Hz
Automatic Error messages 380/440/480 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 3-phase
4.5 x 30.5 x 34 (1.8 x 12 x 13.4)
4.5 x 30.5 x 34 (1.8 x 12 x 13.4)
105 x 70 x 50 (41.3 x 27.5 x 19.7)
87 x 43 x 19 (34.3 x 16.9 x 7.5)
3 (6.6)
3 (6.6)
155 (342)
36 (79.4)
35.6 x 50.8 x 37.5 (14 x 20 x 14.8)
35.6 x 50.8 x 37.5 (14 x 20 x 14.8)
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
110 (242.6)
110 (242.6)
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
$17,000-30,500 1 year Not specified January to December Low-voltage capacitor discharge; LCD; tube overload microprocessor controlled; automatic line compensation.
15,000 (US$15,937), 17,000 (US$18,062) Not specified 1994 January to December LED and LCD displays; anatomic and free techniques; designed to supply power to 1 or 2 separate diagnostic radiology rooms without having to install the control unit in the middle (a small console in each room permits operator to program automatic anatomic techniques); IQ Net. Meets requirements of EN 46001 and ISO 9001.
48
X-ray Generators

MODEL PHILIPS OPTIMUS 50 WHERE MARKETED Worldwide PHILIPS OPTIMUS 65 Worldwide PHILIPS OPTIMUS 80 Worldwide PHILIPS SUPER 50 CP Worldwide
Yes Yes Direct-current equivalent, high voltage generated by converters Yes
Yes Yes High frequency, multipulse (12-pulse equivalent)
Yes
50 650 @ 70, 500 @ 100, 400 @ 125, 333 @ 150 40-150
65 900 @ 70, 650 @ 100, 520 @ 125, 433 @ 150 40-150
80 1,100 @ 70, 800 @ 100, 640 @ 125, 533 @ 150 40-150
50 630 @ 80, 500 @ 100, 400 @ 125, 320 2 150 40-150
1-650 1-650 (depends on tube type) 0.5-850 0.001-6 Transistor Yes Ion chamber (4), photodiode (1) Yes Yes 40-110 0.1-3, 0.1-6
1-900 1-900 (depends on tube type) 0.5-800 0.001-6 Transistor Yes Ion chamber (4), photodiode (1) Yes Yes 40-110 0.1-3, 0.1-6
1-1,100 1-1,100 (depends on tube type) 0.5-800 0.01-6 Transistor Yes Ion chamber (4), photodiode (1) Yes Yes 40-110 0.1-3, 0.1-6
10-630 10-630 (depends on tube type) 0.5-850 0.001-6 Thyristor Yes Ion chamber (6)
Yes Yes 40-110 0.1-3, 0.1-6, 30 max
6 Not specified
6 Not specified
6 Not specified
8* Not specified
No
No
Not specified
0.5-15
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Colons separate data on similar models of a device. * Up to 100 (cine operation).
49

MODEL PHILIPS OPTIMUS 50 TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS Yes 2 (3 with EXT) PHILIPS OPTIMUS 65 Yes 2 (3 with EXT) PHILIPS OPTIMUS 80 Yes 2 (3 with EXT) PHILIPS SUPER 50 CP Yes 3
Automatic Displays error codes 400 VAC 10%, 50/60 Hz, 3-phase
Automatic Displays error codes 400 VAC +6/-10% with neutral and ground conductors, 3-phase
195 x 55 x 52 (76.8 x 21.6 x 20.5)
195 x 55 x 52 (76.8 x 21.6 x 20.5)
195 x 55 x 52 (76.8 x 21.6 x 20.5)
195 x 55 x 52 (76.8 x 21.6 x 20.5)
220 (485)
220 (485)
220 (485)
250 (552)
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
105 x 53 x 52 (41.3 x 20.9 x 20.5)
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
126 (277.8)
Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified 1,000+ APRs; Vario Focus; x-ray tube overload protection; 6 x 43 x 33.5 cm (2.4 x 17 x 13.2 in) operator control panel; tomographic density control.
Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified 1,000+ APRs; Vario Focus; x-ray tube overload protection; 6 x 43 x 33.5 cm (2.4 x 17 x 13.2 in) operator control panel; tomographic density control.
Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified 1,000+ APRS; Vario Focus; x-ray tube overload protection; 6 x 43 x 33.5 cm (2.4 x 17 x 13.2 in) operator control panel; tomographic density control.
Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified DSI compatible; control desk; gridcontrolled (pulsed) fluoroscopy; computer-corrected exposure parameters based on fluoroscopic data; singleplane cine imaging; interface for universal and peripheral angio; optional patient data printout.
50
X-ray Generators

MODEL PHILIPS SUPER 80 CP WHERE MARKETED Worldwide PHILIPS SUPER 100 CP Worldwide RENDIX Harmonix 350HF : Harmonix 650HF Israel RENDIX Harmonix 850HF : Harmonix 1050HF Israel
Yes Not specified High frequency, single-phase : High frequency, 3-phase Yes
Yes Not specified High frequency, 3-phase
Yes
Yes
Yes
80 1,000 @ 80, 800 @ 100, 630 @ 125, 500 @ 150 40-150
100 1,000 @ 100, 800 @ 125, 630 @ 150
30 : 50 300 @ 100, 200 @ 150 : 600 @ 80, 300 @ 150 40-150
65 : 80 800 @ 80, 400 @ 150 : 1,000 @ 80, 500 @ 150 40-150
40-150
10-1,000 10-1,000 (depends on tube type) 0.5-850 0.001-6 Thyristor Yes Ion chamber (6)
10-1,000 10-1,000 (depends on tube type) 0.5-850 0.001-6 Thyristor Yes Ion chamber (6)
10-300 : 10-600 10-300 : 10-600 0.5-600 0.006-6 : 0.002-6 SCR Yes Ion chamber
10-800 : 10-1,000 10-800 : 10-1,000 0.5-600 0.002-6 SCR Yes Ion chamber
Yes Yes 40-110 0.1-3, 0.1-6, 30 max
Yes Yes 40-110 0.1-3, 0.1-6, 30 max
8* Not specified
8* Not specified
Not specified 5 and 10, adjusted
25 : 50 5 and 10, adjusted
0.5-15
0.5-15
Not specified : In development Yes
In development : Up to 60 Yes
Yes
Yes
Colons separate data on similar models of a device. * Up to 100 (cine operation).
51

MODEL PHILIPS SUPER 80 CP TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS Yes 3 PHILIPS SUPER 100 CP Yes 3 RENDIX Harmonix 350HF : Harmonix 650HF Yes 2 RENDIX Harmonix 850HF : Harmonix 1050HF Yes 2
Automatic Yes 220 or 380 VAC : 380 or 480 VAC
Automatic Yes 380 or 480 VAC
195 x 55 x 52 (76.8 x 21.6 x 20.5)
195 x 55 x 52 (76.8 x 21.6 x 20.5)
180 x 60 x 55 (71 x 24 x 22)
180 x 60 x 55 (71 x 24 x 22)
250 (552)
250 (552)
150 (330)
150 (330)
105 x 53 x 52 (41.3 x 20.9 x 20.5)
105 x 53 x 52 (41.3 x 20.9 x 20.5)
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
126 (277.8)
126 (277.8)
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
$25,000 : $44,000 Not specified Not specified Not specified Touchscreen; 2- or 3-point; heat display; automatic calibration; 8 devices; interface board; service panel; tube selection. Meets requirements of IEC 601-1.
$53,000 : $65,000 Not specified Not specified Not specified Touchscreen; 2- or 3-point; heat display; automatic calibration; 8 devices; interface board; service panel; tube selection. Meets requirements of IEC 601-1.
52
X-ray Generators

MODEL SHIMADZU AUD150G WHERE MARKETED Worldwide SHIMADZU UD150B-30 Worldwide SHIMADZU UD150L-30 Worldwide SHIMADZU UD150L-30E : UD150L-30EX Worldwide
Yes Yes High-frequency inverter, 3-phase
Yes Yes High-frequency inverter, singleor 3-phase
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
100 1,000 @ 100
80 800 @ 100
50 500 @ 100
50 * 500 @ 100
40-150
40-150
40-150
40-150
10-160 10-1,250 0.5-800 0.001-10 IGBT Yes PMT
10-160 10-1,000 0.5-800 0.001-10 IGBT Yes Solid-state, PMT
10-160 10-630 0.5-800 0.001-10 IGBT Yes Solid-state, PMT
90 stations Yes 50-110 0.2-9
400 stations Yes 50-125 0.2-4
400 stations Yes 50-125 0.2-4
224 stations : 384 stations Yes 50-125 0.3-2.5
120 10
30 10
30 10
30 10
3.75, 7.5, 15, 30
3.75, 7.5, 15, 30
3.75, 7.5, 15, 30
3.75, 7.5, 15, 30
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Colons separate data on similar models of a device. * 50 kW for 3-phase, 32 kW for single-phase.
53

MODEL SHIMADZU AUD150G TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS No 2; optional 3 SHIMADZU UD150B-30 Yes 2; optional 3 SHIMADZU UD150L-30 Yes 2; optional 3 SHIMADZU UD150L-30E : UD150L-30EX Yes 1
Automatic Yes 380, 400, 415, 480 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 3-phase or 210 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 3-phase
Automatic Yes 380, 400, 415, 440, 480 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 3-phase
182 x 73 x 60 (71.7 x 26.7 x 23.5)
175 x 80 x 40 (68.9 x 31.5 x 15.8)
175 x 80 x 40 (68.9 x 31.5 x 15.8)
71 x 90 x 40 (28 x 35.4 x 15.7) : 91.5 x 97 x 45 (36 x 38.2 x 17.7)
270 (595)
250 (551.3)
240 (529.2)
180 (396.9) : 230 (507.2) Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
Not specified 1 year 1994 January to December Plasma touchscreen; pulsed fluoroscopy; DSA capable. Meets requirements of ETL.
Not specified 1 year 1998 January to December EL display; exposure time and mAs setting 12.5%; optional touch-sensitive panel. Meets requirements of ETL.
Not specified 1 year 1998 January to December EL display; exposure time and mAs setting 12.5%; optional touch-sensitive panel. Meets requirements of ETL.
Not specified 1 year 1999 January to December Digital LED display; exposure time and mAs setting 12.5%. Meets requirements of ETL.
54
X-ray Generators

MODEL SHIMADZU UD150L-30F WHERE MARKETED Worldwide SHIMADZU UD150L-30FX Worldwide SMAM TOP 28 Africa, Asia, Europe, South America Not specified Yes High frequency STADLER SE8040 (40 kW) Worldwide
Yes Yes High-frequency inverter, singleor 3-phase
Submitted Yes High frequency
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
See footnote * 500 @ 100
50 500 @ 100
32 320 @ 100
40 400 @ 102
40-150
40-150
38-125
40-150
50, 63, 80 100, 125, 160, 200, 250, 320 0.2-320 0.008-6.3 By on button Optional Telamat Comet
25-400 25-400 0.1-500 0.001-5 IGBT Yes Ion chamber or solid-state Up to 250 in 2 tables Yes 40-110 0.3-5 continuous, 10-50 pulsed
224 stations Yes 50-125 0.3-2.5
224 stations Yes 50-125 0.3-2.5
24 programs ** No NA NA
30 10
30 10
NA NA
Not specified 5/10
3.75, 7.5, 15, 30
3.75, 7.5, 15, 30
NA
30/15/7.5/5.3/3.75
Yes : NA
Yes
NA
See footnote ***

Colons separate data on similar models of a device. * 50 kW for 3-phase, 32 kW for single-phase. ** 4 thickness-compensation levels. *** Editable kV/mA tracking curve.
55

MODEL SHIMADZU UD150L-30F TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS Yes 2; optional 3 SHIMADZU UD150L-30FX Yes 2 SMAM TOP 28 Yes 1 STADLER SE8040 (40 kW) Yes 2
10% Through LCD 230 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 16 A, single-phase
Automatic Error messages, self-test program 3 x 400 VAC, 10%, 50 Hz, 3-phase
71 x 90 x 40 (28 x 35.4 x 15.7)
91.5 x 97 x 45 (36 x 38.2 x 17.7)
95.1 x 57.3 x 41 (37 x 22.6 x 16.1); 90.8 x 50 x 25 (35.7 x 20 x 9.8) console Not specified
7 x 38 x 31 (2.8 x 15 x 12.2)
180 (396.9)
230 (507.2)
3.5 (7.7)
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
69.2 x 58.3 x 35.7 (27.2 x 23 x 14.1)
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
50 (110.3)
Not specified 1 year 1993 Not specified 93/42/EEC directive CEO459.
Not specified 2 years 2003 January to December Modular construction; PC interface; PC control panel with touchscreen; plug-and-play installation program software interface HL7; interface for dose product; easy editing organ tables; maintenance via notebook; optional high speed starter.
56
X-ray Generators

MODEL STADLER SE8050 (50 kW) WHERE MARKETED Worldwide STADLER SE8060 (65 kW) Worldwide STEPHANIX N32 HF Worldwide STEPHANIX N32 HFR Worldwide
Not specified Yes High frequency, single- or 3-phase
Not specified Yes High frequency
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
50 500 @ 102
65 640 @ 102
32 320 @ 100
30 320 @ 93
40-150
40-150
40-125, 40-150
40-125 or 40-150
10-400 10-400 0.1-500 0.001-10 By button (on), by softkey (off) Optional Not specified
10-320 10-320 0.1-500 0.001-10 Not specified Optional Not specified
Up to 864 programs (touchscreen model) Yes 40-120 0.5-5
Up to 864 programs (touchscreen model) No NA NA
Not specified 5/10
Not specified 5/10
NA NA
30/15/7.5/5.3/3.75
30/15/7.5/5.3/3.75
1-30
NA
See footnote *
See footnote *
Optional
NA
Colons separate data on similar models of a device. * Editable kV/mA tracking curve.
57

MODEL STADLER SE8050 (50 kW) TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS Yes 2 STADLER SE8060 (65 kW) Yes 2 STEPHANIX N32 HF Yes 3 STEPHANIX N32 HFR Yes 3
Automatic Error messages, self-test program 3 x 400 VAC 10%, 50 Hz, 3-phase
Automatic Error messages, self-test program 3 x 400 VAC 10%, 50 Hz, 3-phase
Automatic Yes 220/480 VAC, 50/60 Hz, single- or 3-phase
Automatic Yes 220/240 VAC, 50/60 Hz, single-phase
7 x 38 x 31 (2.8 x 15 x 12.2)
7 x 38 x 31 (2.8 x 15 x 12.2)
54.5 x 36 x 64.2 (21.5 x 14.2 x 25.3)
Not specified
3.5 (7.7)
3.5 (7.7)
95 (209.5)
Not specified
69.2 x 58.3 x 35.7 (27.2 x 23 x 14.1)
69.2 x 58.3 x 35.7 (27.2 x 23 x 14.1)
Not specified
Not specified
50 (110.3)
50 (110.3)
Not specified
Not specified
Not specified 2 years 2003 January to December Modular construction; PC interface; PC control panel with touchscreen; plug-and-play installation program software interface HL7; interface for dose product; easy editing organ tables; maintenance via notebook; optional high-speed starter.
Not specified 2 years 2003 January to December Modular construction; PC interface; PC control panel with touch-screen; plug-and-play installation program software interface HL7; interface for dose product; easy editing organ tables; maintenance via notebook; optional high-speed starter.
Not specified 1 year Not specified January to December Load capacity 52,500 mAs @ 100 kV; UPS option.
58
X-ray Generators

MODEL STEPHANIX N40 HF WHERE MARKETED Worldwide STEPHANIX N40 HFR Worldwide STEPHANIX N50 HF Worldwide STEPHANIX N50 HFR Worldwide
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
40 400 @ 100
40 400 @ 100
50 500 @ 100
50 500 @ 100
40-125 or 40-150
40-125 or 40-150
40-125 or 40-150
40-125 or 40-150
NA NA
NA NA
1-30
Na
1-30
NA
Optional
NA
Optional
NA
59

MODEL STEPHANIX N40 HF TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS Yes 3 STEPHANIX N40 HFR Yes 3 STEPHANIX N50 HF Yes 3 STEPHANIX N50 HFR Yes 3
54.5 x 36 x 64.2 (21.5 x 14.2 x 25.3)
Not specified
54.5 x 36 x 64.2 (21.5 x 14.2 x 25.3)
Not specified
95 (209.5)
Not specified
9.5 (209.5)
Not specified
Not specified
Not specified
Not specified
Not specified
Not specified
Not specified
Not specified
Not specified
60
X-ray Generators

MODEL STEPHANIX N65 HF WHERE MARKETED Worldwide STEPHANIX N80 HF Worldwide TOSHIBA KXO-80G Worldwide TOSHIBA KXO-100G Worldwide
Not specified Yes High frequency, 3-phase
Not specified Yes High frequency, 3-phase
Yes Yes High-frequency inverter
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
65 650 @ 100
80 800 @ 100
80 1,000 @ 80, 800 @ 100, 630 @ 125, 500 @ 150 40-150, 1 kV steps
100 1,250 @ 80, 1,000 @ 100, 800 @ 125, 630 @ 150 50-125
40-125 or 40-150
40-150
10-320, 6 steps 10-1,000 0.5-800 0.001-0.9, 1-10 IGBT Yes SOLIDET
Not specified Not specified 100-1,250 0.001-1 Not specified Not specified Not specified
Yes Yes 50-125, 1 kV steps 0.5-4, 0.1 mA steps
Not specified Yes 50-125 continuous, 50-110 pulsed 0.5-4 continuous
30 Not specified
6 10 (federal limit)
1 10 (federal limit)
1-30
1-30
Optional
10-1,000
Optional
Optional
Yes
Yes
61

MODEL STEPHANIX N65 HF TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS Yes 3 STEPHANIX N80 HF Yes 3 TOSHIBA KXO-80G Yes 3 TOSHIBA KXO-100G No 2
Yes Yes 200/220/240 VAC, 3 phase; 380-480 VAC, 3-phase
Yes Yes 380/400/415/440/480 VAC, 3-phase
54.5 x 36 x 64.2 (21.5 x 14.2 x 25.3)
54.5 x 36 x 64.2 (21.5 x 14.2 x 25.3)
175 x 40 x 111 (68.9 x 15.7 x 43.7)
231.2 x 57.2 x 46.1 (91 x 22.5 x 18.1)
9.5 (20.9)
9.5 (20.9)
420 (924)
110 (242)
Not specified
Not specified
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
Not specified
Not specified
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
Not specified 1 year 1994 April to March APR programming standard; 1-touch operation.
Not specified 1 year 1999 April to March None specified.
62
X-ray Generators

MODEL VILLA G100C WHERE MARKETED Worldwide VILLA G100 R/F Worldwide VILLA G100RAD Worldwide VILLA Genius 500 : Genius 750 Worldwide
Not specified Not specified Single phase, 2 pulse : 3-phase, 6 pulse
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
32 320 mA @ 100 kVp
50 500 mA @ 100 kV
50 500 mA @ 100 kV
55 : 70 600 @ 100, 500 @ 120, 300 @ 150 : 750 @ 95, 700 @ 100, 500 @ 125 40-125
40-125 kV, 1 kV step
10-400, 17 kV steps Not specified 0.5-500, 31 steps 0.001-6.3 sec, 39 steps IGBT Optional Solid-state
10-630, 19 steps Not specified 0.25-1,000, 35 steps 0.001-6.3 sec, 39 steps IGBT Optional Solid-state
10-630, 19 steps Not specified 0.25-1,000, 35 steps 0.001-6.3 sec, 39 steps IGBT Optional Solid-state
25-200 200-600 : 200-750 Not specified 0.01-8 : 0.01-6 SCR Optional Not specified
Yes No NA NA
Yes Yes 40-125 kV, 1 kV step 0.5-6 mA
Yes No NA NA
No Yes 40-120 0-5
NA NA
25 fps Not specified
NA NA
8 Not specified
NA
30
NA
Not specified
NA
Yes
NA
Yes
63

MODEL VILLA G100C TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS No 1 VILLA G100 R/F Yes 2 VILLA G100RAD Yes 2 VILLA Genius 500 : Genius 750 Not specified 2
Yes Yes 400 VAC 10%, 50/60 Hz, 3-phase
Optional Not specified 220/380/415 VAC, 50/60 Hz, singlephase : 220/380/415 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 3-phase
62 x 50 x 35 (24.4 x 19.7 x 13.8)
124 x 46 x 41 (48.8 x 18.1 x 16.1)
124 x 46 x 41 (48.8 x 18.1 x 16.1)
97 x 79 x 39 (38 x 31 x 15.4) : 97 x 93 x 39 (38 x 36.6 x 15.4) 139 (306) : 168 (370) 51 x 38 x 38 (20 x 15 x 15) : 98 x 35 x 50 (38.5 x 14 x 19.7) 184 (406) : 248 (547)
55 (121.3)
107 (235.9)
107 (235.9)
Integrated in the cabinet
Not specified
Not specified
Not specified
Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified None specified.
64
X-ray Generators

MODEL VILLA Genius 1000 WHERE MARKETED Worldwide VILLA Genius HF 65 Worldwide VILLA Genius HF 80 Worldwide VMI COMPACTO Plus 500 (40 kW) : (50 kW) Worldwide
Not specified Not specified 3-phase, 12 pulse
No No High frequency
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
100 1,000 @ 100, 800 @ 120, 600 @ 150
65 800 @ 81, 630 @ 103, 500 @ 130, 400 @ 150 40-150, 1 kV steps
80 1,000 @ 80, 800 @ 100, 630 @ 127, 500 @ 150 40-150, 1 kV steps
40 : 50 500 @ 80 : 400 @ 125
40-150
40-125 : 40-150
50-200 300-1,000 Not specified 0.003-6 SCR Optional Not specified
10-320 32-1,000 0.4-630 0.001-16 IGBT Optional Solid-state
25-150 200-500 Not specified 0.005-5 IGBT inverter Optional Solid-state
No Yes 40-120 0-5
Yes Yes 40-120 0.5-5
Yes Yes 40-120 0.5-5
Yes Yes NA NA
8 Not specified
50 Not specified
50 Not specified
NA NA
Not specified
Yes
Yes
NA
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
65

MODEL VILLA Genius 1000 TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS Yes 2 VILLA Genius HF 65 Yes 3 VILLA Genius HF 80 Yes 3 VMI COMPACTO Plus 500 (40 kW) : (50 kW) Yes 1
Optional Not specified 220/380/415 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 3-phase
Automatic Yes 220/380 VAC 10%, 50/60 Hz, 3-phase
97 x 79 x 39 (38 x 31 x 15.4)
195 x 55 x 52 (76 x 21.7 x 20.5); 90 x 47 x 43 (35.4 x 18.5 x 16.9) operator console 200 (441); 25 (55.1) operator console Included in cabinet
195 x 55 x 52 (76 x 21.7 x 20.5); 90 x 47 x 43 (35.4 x 18.5 x 16.9) operator console 200 (441); 25 (55.1) operator console Included in cabinet
98 x 62 x 35 (38.6 x 24.4 x 13.8)
177 (390)
8 (17.6)
124 x 79 x 39 (49 x 31 x 15.4)
85 x 50 x 39 (33.4 x 19.7 x 15.4)
380 (838)
Included in cabinet
Included in cabinet
80 (176) : 60 (132)
$14,000 : $15,000 1 year Not specified January to December Tube overload, tube filament, and anode-circuit failure protection systems. Meets requirements of Health Ministry's Sanitary Vigilance certificate and IEC 601.
66
X-ray Generators

MODEL VMI PULSAR Plus 500 (40 kW) : (50 kW) WHERE MARKETED Worldwide VMI PULSAR Plus 800 Worldwide XMA Infinity 325 Canada, USA XMA Infinity HF30 Canada, USA
Not specified Not specified Single-phase
Not specified Not specified Single-phase, high frequency
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
40 : 50 500 @ 80 : 400 @ 125
64 800 @ 80
30 300 @ 125
30 500 mAs @ 125
40-125 : 40-150, 1 kV increments 25-150 200-500 Not specified 0.005-5 IGBT inverter Optional Solid-state
40-150, 1 kV increments 25-150 200-800 Not specified 0.005-5 IGBT inverter Optional Solid-state
30-125
40-125
50-100 150-300 Not specified 0.008-6 SCR Optional Ion chamber
24-120 240-360 1-500 0.0083-3 SCR Optional Ion chamber
Yes Yes 50-110 0.5-5
Yes Yes 50-110 0.5-5
No No NA NA
No No NA NA
Not specified 10 with ABS
Not specified 10 with ABS
NA NA
NA NA
1-30
1-30
NA
NA
Yes
Yes
NA
NA
67

MODEL VMI PULSAR Plus 500 (40 kW) : (50 kW) TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS Yes 2 VMI PULSAR Plus 800 Yes 2 XMA Infinity 325 No 1 XMA Infinity HF30 No 1
12-step manual Not specified 240 VAC, 60 Hz, 100 A, single-phase
Manual No 240 VAC, 60 Hz, 100 A, single-phase
98 x 62 x 35 (38.6 x 24.4 x 13.8)
98 x 62 x 35 (38.6 x 24.4 x 13.8)
106.7 x 56.5 x 27.9 (42 x 22.3 x 11)
91.4 x 26.7 x 22.9 (36 x 10.5 x 9)
8 (17.6)
8 (17.6)
Not specified
Not specified
85 x 50 x 39 (33.4 x 19.7 x 15.4)
85 x 50 x 39 (33.4 x 19.7 x 15.4)
54.6 H x 38.1 diam (21.5 H x 15 diam)
43.2 x 38.1 x 27.9 (17 x 15 x 11)
60 (132)
80 (176)
Not specified
Not specified
$18,000 : $20,000 1 year Not specified January to December Tube overload, tube filament, and anode-circuit failure protection systems. Meets requirements of Health Ministry's Sanitary Vigilance certificate and IEC 601.
$24,000 1 year Not specified January to December Tube overload, tube filament, and anode-circuit failure protection systems. Meets requirements of Health Ministry's Sanitary Vigilance certificate and IEC 601.
Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified Meets requirements of UL.
68
X-ray Generators

MODEL XMA Infinity HF50SE WHERE MARKETED Canada, USA
Not specified Not specified Single-phase, high frequency
Yes
30 500 mAs @ 125
40-125
300 maximum 300 maximum 1-500 Not specified Not specified Optional Ion chamber
No No NA NA
NA NA
NA
NA
69

MODEL XMA Infinity HF50SE TOMOGRAPHIC MODE X-RAY TUBES, MAXIMUM LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATION SELF-DIAGNOSTICS POWER REQUIREMENTS No 1
Automatic 6-field error indicator 260 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 100 A, single-phase; 120 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 3 A minimum for console/logic system
7.6 x 40.9 x 18.5 (3 x 16.1 x 7.3)
Not specified
81.3 x 38.7 x 38.7 (32 x 15.3 x 15.3) with power module Not specified
Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified 3 stations (up to 300 mA) selected at installation.
70

X Ray Generator

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How do x-ray generators modify voltage and current to produce x-rays?

How do x-ray generators modify voltage and current to produce x-rays?

What are the main components of an x-ray generator?

What are the main components of an x-ray generator?

July 2003

X-ray generator console

Healthcare Product Comparison System

Control Panel kV Selector

Timer Controls mA Selector

Figure 1. X-ray generator components

1 sec 60 b. Single-phase, half-wave rectified

a. 60 Hz AC waveforms from power company

b. Half-wave rectification of same signal

c. Full-wave rectification of same signal

Figure 2. Voltage waveforms demonstrating rectification

Healthcare Product Comparison System

Healthcare Product Comparison System

For single-phase generators:

Healthcare Product Comparison System

Standards and guidelines

Citations from other ECRI publications

Health Devices Alerts

Healthcare Product Comparison System

Healthcare Product Comparison System

About the chart specifications

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Product Comparison Chart

FDA CLEARANCE CE MARK (MDD) TYPE

Yes Not specified High frequency

Yes Not specified High frequency

Yes Not specified Low frequency

Yes Not specified High frequency

MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLED POWER RATING kW rating @ 100 kVp mA @ kVp

37.5 300 @ 125

Colons separate data on similar models of a device.

Healthcare Product Comparison System

Product Comparison Chart

Automatic Yes 230-250 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 100 A minimum

Automatic Yes 230-250 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 100 A minimum

Automatic Yes 230-250 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 70 A minimum

Automatic Yes 230/250 VAC, singlephase, 100 A minimum

DIMENSIONS Control cabinet H x W x D, cm (in)

117 x 58 x 30 (46.1 x 22.8 x 11.8)

Weight, kg (lb) HV transformer H x W x D, cm (in)

94 x 51 x 46 (37 x 20.1 x 18.1)

94 x 51 x 46 (37 x 20.1 x 18.1)

123 x 45 x 41 (48.4 x 17.7 x 16.1)

94 x 51 x 46 (37 x 20.1 x 18.1)

$12,320 5 years Not specified Not specified Meets requirements of UL.

$13,150 5 years Not specified Not specified Meets requirements of UL.

$6,985 5 years Not specified Not specified Meets requirements of UL.

$11,250 5 years Not specified Not specified Meets requirements of UL.

Colons separate data on similar models of a device.

Product Comparison Chart

FDA CLEARANCE CE MARK (MDD) TYPE

Yes Not specified Low frequency

Yes Not specified High frequency

Yes Not specified High frequency